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Albany Sign Ordinance Update
ARTICLE IV. – SIGN REGULATIONS
Sec. 4-71. – Statement of purpose.
In adopting these sign regulations, it is the intent and purpose of the mayor and board of commissioners of the City of Albany not to impose an outright ban on signs, but instead to:
(a) Balance the right of individuals to convey their messages through signs and the right of the public to be protected against the unrestricted proliferation of signs;
(b) Further the objectives of the City's comprehensive land use planning;
(c) Protect the public health, safety and welfare;
(d) Reduce traffic and pedestrian hazards;
(e) Maintain the historical and cultural heritage and image of the City;
(f) Protect property values by minimizing the possible adverse effects and visual blight caused by signs;
(g) Avoid the harmful aspects of the unrestricted proliferation of signs;
(h) Promote economic development and tourism;
(i) Protect private property values; and
(j) Ensure the fair and consistent enforcement of sign regulations.
In adopting these sign regulations, the mayor and board of commissioners of the City have carefully considered and especially recognize the case law coming from Georgia courts, the federal courts, and courts throughout the United States, which recognize that the regulation of the size, location and quantity of sign structures is a valid and lawful means of achieving the above-stated intents and purposes, and that such intents and purposes are valid and lawful governmental interests. These decisions include: Granite State Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v. Cobb County, Ga., 193 Fed. Appx. 900 (C.A.11th 2006) (finding that the stated goals within a sign ordinance of protecting against traffic hazards and the adverse impact on the county's aesthetic qualities are substantial government interests); Gregory v. Clive, 2007 WL 2914515 (Ga. S.Ct. 2007) (recognizing as within a local government's police power the power to enact legislation governing billboards and signs, as such legislation clearly addresses the public health, safety, or general welfare of the community); H & H Operations, Inc. v. City of Peachtree City, Ga., 248 Ga. 500 (1981) (holding that, under its police power, a municipality can enact and enforce reasonable regulations governing the erection and maintenance of signs within its jurisdiction); Harnish v. Manatee County, Florida, 783 F.2d 1535 (C.A. 11th 1986) (finding that aesthetics are a substantial governmental goal which is entitled to, and should be accorded, weighty respect, and that the governmental entity charged with the responsibility of protecting the environment must be given discretion in determining how much protection is necessary and the best method of achieving that protection); Lamar Advertising Company v. City of Douglasville, Ga., 254 F.Supp.2d 1321 (N.D.Ga. 2003) (finding that where a sign ordinance asserts the goals of public safety, traffic safety, health, welfare and aesthetics, a municipality has shown an important or substantial governmental interest unrelated to the suppression of free speech); Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego, 453 U.S. 490 (1981) (holding that the goals of traffic safety and aesthetics advanced by a municipality as justification for regulating signs are a substantial governmental interest); St. Louis Poster Advertising Co. v. City of St. Louis, 249 U.S. 269 (1919) (finding that billboards may be prohibited in the residential districts of a city in the interest of the safety, morality, health and decency of the community); Members of the City Council of the City of Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789 (1984) (finding that a government entity can regulate signs and billboards when necessary to advance a significant and legitimate state interest, such as the protection of the aesthetics and quality of life within its jurisdiction); City of Doraville v. Turner Communications, Corp., 236 Ga. 385 (1976) (finding that under its police power authority, a municipality can regulate the location and maintenance of outdoor advertising signs within its territorial jurisdiction); Spratlin Outdoor Media, Inc. v. City of Douglasville, 2006 WL 826077 (N.D.Ga. 2006) (upholding sign ordinance where the ordinance's height and setback restrictions were rationally related to its stated goals of promoting the health, safety, morality and general welfare of the community, promoting the orderly and beneficial development of the city, promoting adequate access to natural light and air, improving the aesthetic appearance of the city, and encouraging the most appropriate use of land and buildings in accordance with the city's comprehensive plan).
Sec. 4-72. – General provisions and definitions.
(1) No sign structure shall be placed or maintained within the City except in conformity with this sign ordinance. The City reserves the right to take legal action to remove signs erected in violation of this article, to summarily remove signs illegally placed in the right-of-way, or to otherwise enforce the provisions of this article.
(2) Notwithstanding any other restrictions in this sign ordinance, any sign, display or device allowed under this article may contain any commercial or non-commercial message, or any political or non-political message, except that such messages cannot depict obscenity, as defined by O.C.G.A. § 16-12-80, nor can they depict sexual conduct or sexually explicit nudity, as defined in O.C.G.A. § 36-60-3, nor can they advertise any activity illegal under the laws of Georgia or the United States.
(3) Definitions. As used in this article, the following words have the following meanings. The general definitions and interpretative rules of the zoning ordinance shall also be used. To the extent those general rules or definitions conflict with these specific definitions, these definitions shall control.
Animated sign. Any sign that, in whole or in part, visibly moves or imitates movement in any fashion whatsoever. Any sign that contains or uses for illumination any lights (or lighting devices) that change color, flash or alternate, show movement or motion, or change the appearance of said sign or any part automatically.
Balloons. Any lighter than air or gas-filled object tethered in place or otherwise anchored to the ground.
Banner. A temporary sign, requiring a permit, consisting of durable and flexible material such as but not limited to coated, corrugated or non-corrugated paper, cardboard, vinyl, plastic, canvas, or fabric of any kind, intended to be hung rigidly, either with or without a frame, attached to one or more poles, or mounted as a temporary sign device, with or without characters, letters, illustrations, or ornamentations.
Billboard. A type of ground sign which is permitted in certain zoning districts as provided by this article, and which shall be a maximum of 35 feet in height and 382 square feet in sign face area, and which is greater than 100 square feet in sign face area. Billboards may be double-faced.
Building frontage. The front outside building wall facing a public street.
Canopy. Any permanent roof-like structure, including awnings and marquees, projecting beyond a building or extending along and projecting beyond the wall of a building, generally designed and constructed to provide protection from the weather.
Canopy sign. Any sign attached to, or made a part of, the front, side, or top of a canopy. These signs are regulated as wall signs.
Custom flag. A sign consisting of loose or semi-rigid material supported by a small to large, sometimes bowed, horizontal or vertical pole, including, but not limited to, signs commonly referred to as bowflag, flutter, stick, teardrop, drop, blade, small flags, beachwing, shark, U-shaped and feather signs.
Directional sign. An unofficial or non-standard traffic control sign, freestanding or mounted on a building, and dedicated to providing traffic direction such as enter, exit, drive through, etc., which may contain logos. These are limited to three feet in height and no larger than four square feet in area.
Double-faced sign. A sign which has two (2) display areas placed back to back against each other or where the interior angle formed by the display areas is sixty (60) degrees or less, where one face is designed to be seen from one direction and the other face from another direction.
Flag. Any outdoor display or device made of fabric that is larger than two square feet in area and used to convey a message. A flag differs from a banner because a flag is typically attached along only one side to a pole or hung from only one side beneath a beam or other overhead structure.
Flag Code. United States Code Title 4 Chapter 1, The Flag. The laws relating to the flag of the United States of America.
Ground sign. A sign that is anchored to the ground and is wholly independent of a building for support. Freestanding signs are included in this definition, as are signs on poles, frames, or other mounting structures other than buildings.
Hanging sign. Any non-fabric sign hanging or suspended from the exterior walls of a building structure, which is directed so as to be plainly visible from a public right-of-way. Includes projecting signs.
Historic sign. Any sign, other than a billboard, which existed and was displayed in the City a minimum of 50 years prior to the present day, and is deemed to have historic merit based on its uniqueness, age, character or association. Signs of less than 50 years old may be deemed historic if they possess exceptional characteristics. The National Register of Historic Places' Criteria for Evaluation will be applied to determine if the sign qualifies as a historic object.
Illuminated sign. A sign which contains an internal source of light or which is designed or arranged to reflect light from an artificial source.
Incidental or informational sign. A small sign that has a purpose secondary to the use of the parcel on which it is located. This includes, but is not limited to, credit cards accepted, official notice of services as required by law, trade affiliations, business hours, "telephone," "self-service," "private drive," "no trespassing," etc. These signs are typically located on doors, windows or building walls. Unless noted elsewhere in this article, these signs shall not require a permit. Signs shall be one square foot or less in size.
Luminaire. A complete lighting unit, comprised of a light source (lamp or lamps), together with the parts that distribute the light, position and protect the lamps, and connect the lamps to the power supply. The luminaire's function is to direct light to appropriate locations, without causing glare or discomfort.
Mansard sign. Any sign attached to or erected within 12 inches of an actual or simulated mansard of a building, with the sign face parallel to and within the limits of the building, but not exceeding the roofline, and not deemed to be a roof sign. These signs are regulated as wall signs.
Mobile sign. A sign display area attached to a wheeled vehicle (whether motorized or not) which may be legally operated upon any public road or street. A mobile sign is distinct from a vehicle with a sign in that a mobile sign is typically used for the purpose of advertising for hire as opposed to a message that directly relates to the vehicle, like those found on delivery trucks. Mobile signs include multiple-message type signs.
Monopole sign or unipole sign. A freestanding sign that is erected on a single pedestal attached to the ground for the display of messages irrespective of the number of faces or the configuration of the faces.
Monument sign. A permanent sign, other than a freestanding pole sign, placed upon or supported by the ground, independent of any other structure and constructed of stone, concrete, masonry, stucco or equal architectural material. These signs are regulated as ground signs.
Multiple-message signs. Signs which change the message or copy on the sign face mechanically or electronically by movement or rotation of panels or slats, or by changing electronic display on the sign face.
Nonconforming sign. A sign that was formerly a legally permitted sign. Subsequent to the sign being installed, the zoning of the property was changed, the parcel lines were altered, or regulations applied to signs were amended so as to make the sign no longer in accordance with the current requirements.
Order board. A sign for a drive-through window that includes an intercom allowing customers to place an order.
Out-of-store marketing device. An object located outside of a primary building on a site zoned for non-residential uses on which may contain messages or logos. Examples of out-of-store marketing devices include, but are not limited to: fuel pumps, bank ATM units, newspaper racks, drink machines, ice boxes, and phone booths.
Parapet signs. Signs affixed to a low wall along the roof of a building.
Portable signs. A movable sign not permanently affixed to a building, permanent structure or the ground including sign structures which are attached to vehicles, trailers, movable structures, or any sign which may be transported. Such signs include, but are not limited to, printed banners or billboards attached to vehicles and trailers and signs designed to be transported with or without wheels attached. Except as provided herein, the definition of portable structures does not include messages painted directly upon or attached by sticker or magnetic backing to a motor vehicle or placed within a motor vehicle such that it may be viewed from outside the vehicle through windows. Portable signs with the wheels, hitch or other apparatus which makes them portable removed and attached to the ground, or other permanent structure, will be considered as ground or wall signs.
Preview board. A sign for a drive-through window that does not include an intercom allowing customers to place an order.
Projecting sign. A sign which is attached perpendicularly to a building and extends one foot or more from the plane of the building wall but not more than five feet. Includes hanging signs. Such signs are considered wall signs.
Roof line. The top edge of a structure which is visible from the ground level.
Roof sign. Any sign erected, attached or mounted wholly upon or over the roof of any building, or which is dependent upon a building for support and projects above the roof line.
Setback. The distance from the property line to the nearest part of the applicable building, structure, or sign, measured perpendicularly to the property line.
Sidewalk, sandwich or A-frame sign. A non-illuminated sign which is normally in the shape of an "A" or some variation thereof and which is usually two-sided. This includes a sign mounted on an easel. For the purposes of this article, these signs are not considered portable signs.
Sign. Any display of words, shapes or images designed to convey a message to the viewer, located on the exterior of any dwelling, building or structure, or located anywhere on a lot upon a dedicated supporting structure or device, including poles, banners, windows and similar devices.
Sign face. The actual message-carrying portion of the sign that can be used to display content, including any area that can display or does display words, pictures or other communicative elements of the sign, including the background color.
Sign face area. The area of a sign is calculated by determining the area of the smallest square or rectangle which encloses the sign face and the structure surrounding the sign face. For example, the pole or base would not be included, but any frame holding the sign face in place would be counted. See examples below. However, this example is not a substantive regulation as to permissible types of signs.
Sign height. Measurement from centerline of street grade upon which the sign fronts vertically to the highest part of the sign structure.
Sign structure. This includes all the elements of the sign, including its supporting structure, sign face, base, lights and every portion of the sign.
Small signs. Signs one square foot or less in sign face area, and which are either wall or window signs, or which are ground signs less than three feet in height.
Stanchion sign. A freestanding sign mounted on one or more steel poles set in the ground and of sufficient strength and size to support the advertisement portion of such structure which rests upon or is supported by such poles.
Streamer. Narrow strips of material used for decoration, intended to be hung and visibly affected by the movement of the wind.
Street frontage. The width in linear feet of a lot or parcel where it abuts the right-of-way of any public street.
Subdivision sign. A permanent sign placed at the entrance to a land subdivision development.
Temporary sign. Any sign that by its design and construction is intended to be used for a limited period of time and is not permanently mounted or anchored. Such signs are constructed of materials and to a standard meant to last for less than one year. Includes signs put up during periods of rent, lease, sale or construction.
Variance. A deviation from the set of rules set forth in the text of this sign ordinance.
Wall sign. A sign that is fastened directly to, or is placed or painted directly upon, the exterior of a building, with the sign face parallel to the wall, and extending from the surface of the exterior no more than 24 inches.
Window sign. Any sign, excluding incidental signs, placed inside or on the outside of a window, intended to be seen from the exterior.
(4) Except as provided herein, the provisions of this article shall be administered by the planning and development services director and enforced by the code enforcement director. Whenever this article places a duty, obligation, power or authority in the planning and development services director or code enforcement director, it shall be construed to include that respective official's authorized designee.
Sec. 4-73. – Permits, inspections, etc.
(1) Permit required. Except as otherwise provided herein, it shall be unlawful for any person to erect, construct, enlarge, move, or convert any sign in the City or cause the same to be done without first obtaining a sign permit from the planning and development services director. These directives shall not be construed to require any permit for change of copy on any sign, replacement of the sign face, nor for the repainting, cleaning, or other normal maintenance or repair of a sign or sign structure for which a permit has previously been issued, so long as the sign or sign structure is not modified or enlarged in any way.
(2) Application. Sign permits may be applied for by the owner of the property upon which the sign will be located, or by that person or entity's authorized agent. In order to obtain a permit to erect, alter or relocate any sign under the provisions of this article, an applicant therefor shall submit to the planning and development services director a sign permit application which shall set forth in writing a complete description of the proposed sign including:
The name, address, and telephone number of the owner or persons entitled to possession of the sign and of the sign contractor or erector.
The name, address and telephone number of the owner or lessee of the lot on which the sign is located if different from those designated above.
The location by street address of the proposed sign structure.
A drawing of the proposed sign showing design, dimensions, construction specifications and sign location(s). There may be circumstances, as determined by the planning and development services director, when the drawing must be prepared and signed by an architect or engineer licensed by the State of Georgia.
Where the sign construction requires an electrical connection, the electrical contractor shall obtain an electrical permit.
Each applicant shall present to the planning and development services director on request a certificate of liability insurance or current occupation tax certificate prior to the issuance of a sign permit.
Where the application is for a multiple-message sign using electronic lighting as part of the display on the sign face, a copy of the sign manufacturer's specifications for luminosity shall be attached to the application.
(3) Issuance of permit if application in order. It shall be the duty of the planning and development services director, upon receipt of a completed application for a sign permit, to examine such plans and specifications and other data and, if the proposed structure is in compliance with the requirements of this section and all other applicable provisions of this article, to issue, within twenty (20) days from date of filing a completed application, a written permit evidencing the applicant's compliance therewith. An incomplete application shall not be accepted or processed by the planning and development services director. Sign permits shall be issued in the name of the property owner upon which the sign is to be located. Issuance of the permit shall in no way prevent the planning and development services director from later declaring said sign to be nonconforming if the permit is obtained based on false or misleading information submitted by the applicant. Should the planning and development services director deny a permit, the reasons for the denial shall be stated in writing and mailed by first class mail or via hand delivery to the address on the permit application on or before the twentieth (20th) day after the receipt of the completed application.
(4) Permit duration. A sign permit shall become null and void if the construction of the sign for which the permit was issued has not begun within a period of six months after the date of issuance and completed within 12 months after date of issuance.
(5) Work on illegal signs. No person shall erect or assist in the erection, construction, maintenance, alteration, relocation, repair or painting of, or do any work upon any sign for which a permit is required but has not been obtained. Any such sign shall be illegal, and the planning and development services director shall order the owner to remove the same immediately. If the owner fails to remove the same within 30 days, the planning and development services director shall proceed in accordance with this article.
(6) Inspection. All signs for which a permit is required by this article are subject to inspection by the planning and development services or code enforcement director.
(7) Revocation. The planning and development services director is hereby authorized and empowered to revoke any permit issued by him upon failure of the holder thereof to comply with the provisions of this section within 30 days after notification in writing.
(8) Permit fees. Before any permit is issued under the provisions of this section, the applicant shall pay a fee as follows:
For each permit for ground signs, illuminated or not, $0.50 per square foot on each face, to a maximum fee of $80.00.
For each permit for a wall sign and mobile sign as permitted by this article, $0.50 per square foot on each face, to a maximum fee of $80.00.
For each permit for a banner, custom flag, sidewalk, sandwich or A-frame sign, $30.00.
A double permit fee shall be paid in addition to any other penalties levied for violation of this section.
(9) Exemptions. Except as otherwise provided, the following signs may be erected without a permit, provided that each is in accordance with the prescribed conditions and all other applicable codes and regulations.
Signs having no electrical connection and a sign face with 32 square feet in area or less excluding banners, custom flags, sidewalk, sandwich, or A-frame signs.
Small signs having no electrical connection, provided that when two or more such signs are used together to form a single message, then such group of signs shall be treated as one sign for purposes of this article, provided the sign faces together are not greater than 32 square feet.
Menu and preview boards. In addition to any other signs authorized by this chapter, one menu and one preview board are allowed if such property contains a commercial or industrial building or structure where materials are delivered at a drive-through window located other than on the front side of the building. These signs cannot have electrical connections to be considered exempt.
Directional signs, without electrical connections.
Governmental signs and legal notices. Any sign or notice posted, erected by, or at the direction of the City, county, state, or federal government.
Holiday lights and decorations.
Incidental or informational signs.
Any sign not visible from the public right-of-way.
Temporary signs erected during the time that a property is actively being constructed or marketed for sale, lease, or rent. Such signs may be freestanding or attached to a building (wall sign).
Flags displayed in accord with the U.S. Flag Code.
Sec. 4-74. – Permitted signs by zoning district.
(1) If not otherwise stated, any sign not specifically permitted in a zoning district as provided under this section shall be prohibited. These regulations apply to signs located on any lot or development, except that any sign not visible from the outside of a structure or to passing members of the public is not restricted or regulated by this article.
(2) Signs permitted in R-E, R-G, R-1, R-2, R-3, C-8, R-MHS, R-MHP, and C-R zoning districts:
Ground signs. Three double-faced signs per lot. No single sign face may exceed six square feet. Height is limited to four feet.
Window signs. Permitted, but total window signage shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of windows facing road frontage.
Wall signs. Not permitted.
One additional ground sign is permitted during periods of rent, sale, lease or construction, not to exceed six square feet or four feet in height.
(3) Signs permitted in the C-1, C-2, C-3, C-5, C-6, C-7, M-1, M-2, FH and AG zoning districts:
Ground signs. One double-faced sign per street frontage. Maximum square footage for each sign face shall be two square feet for each linear foot of building frontage facing the public right-of-way, or one square foot for each linear foot of street frontage on the public right-of-way, whichever is larger, provided that no sign face may exceed 100 square feet. Maximum height for each sign structure shall be 25 feet.
Window signs. Permitted, but total signage shall not exceed 25 percent of the area of windows facing road frontage.
Wall signs.
Maximum square footage for all wall signs on a building shall be two square feet for each linear foot of building frontage on the public right-of-way, or one square foot for each linear foot of street frontage on the public right-of-way, whichever is larger, provided that no sign face may exceed 100 square feet, except as provided in subsection 2., below.
Where the closest point of a wall sign is greater than 50 feet from the right-of-way of the nearest public street, the maximum square footage shall be as follows:
Distance from wall sign to the right-of-way of the abutting street frontage: Maximum surface area, as determined in subsection 1. above, may be multiplied by a factor of:
50 – 100 feet 1.5 (but no larger than 150 square feet)
100 – 175 feet 2 (but no larger than 200 square feet)
175 – 250 feet 2.5 (but no larger than 250 square feet)
250 + feet 3 (but no larger than 300 square feet)
Wall signs may be located on multiple walls provided each sign faces a street or parking lot and the total square footage of the signs does not exceed what is set forth above.
Signs on multi-tenant lots.
On all multi-tenant lots having less than 25,000 square feet of gross enclosed air conditioned area, each individual establishment shall be permitted wall signage as though each individual establishment was an individual building with individual street frontage. Where such multi-tenant premises has a frontage of 200 lineal feet or more on either an arterial or collector street, an additional double-faced ground sign shall be permitted, not to exceed 32 square feet per sign face, and no greater than 25 feet in height. Such additional ground sign shall be no closer than 120 feet from the primary ground sign on the lot.
On multi-tenant lots having 25,000 or more square feet of gross enclosed air conditioned area, one ground sign for the first 500 lineal feet of frontage adjacent to a street and one additional ground sign for each additional 500 lineal feet of street frontage shall be permitted, provided that such ground signs on the lot shall be no closer to each other than 250 feet. Maximum surface area for each such ground sign shall be as follows: for multi-tenant lots having between 25,000 and 100,000 square feet of gross enclosed air conditioned area, the maximum area of sign faces shall be 175 feet; for multi-tenant lots having between 100,000 and 300,000 square feet of gross enclosed air conditioned area, the maximum area of ground sign faces shall be 200 square feet; for multi-tenant lots having greater than 300,000 square feet of gross enclosed air conditioned area, the maximum square footage for ground sign faces shall be 300 square feet.
Directional signs. Directional signs are limited to three feet in height and no larger than four square feet in area. Directional signs may be permitted within the rights-of-way with approval from the city commission.
One additional, non-illuminated ground sign per street frontage is permitted during periods of rent, sale, lease or construction. This sign shall not exceed 32 square feet or eight feet in height. Such signs shall be removed within ten days after the subject lot or building is rented, leased, sold, or construction is completed.
Projecting and hanging signs. For the purposes of this article, such hanging signs shall be regulated as wall signs, and shall be included in and count towards the amount of wall signage allowed under this article.
Menu and preview boards. One of each permitted where a building exists, not to exceed 32 square feet, and seven feet in height. Cannot be located in the required front yard. Speakers shall not be located closer than 200 feet from a residential zone without implementation of mitigation measures suggested by a professionally prepared noise study.
Additional signage allowed during business openings for a period of 30 days and during business closing for 60 days with one 30-day extension.
Mobile signs. Mobile signs, as defined in this article, require a permit and an occupational tax certificate. These signs are only permitted in the C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7, C-8, M-1 & M-2 zoning classifications. Mobile signs shall not exceed 64 square feet in size per sign face.
Historic signs. Historic signs within the City may be utilized if they do not comply with provisions of this article including height, size, illumination and motion. The erection, re-erection, or re-location of such non-conforming historic sign shall require a permit and shall count toward the number of signs permitted on a lot or per street frontage as the case may be. To qualify as a historic sign, the applicant must demonstrate in writing that the sign is historic through application of the National Register of Historic Places Criteria for Evaluation. Application for use of a non-conforming historic sign must be made to the Historic Preservation Commission.
(4) Billboards. Billboards are permitted only in the C-2, C-3, C-7, M-1 and M-2 zoning districts. In those districts, billboards may be constructed subject to the following conditions:
No billboard shall be constructed or permitted, except as a replacement for an existing billboard. No billboard which is also a multiple-message sign shall be constructed or permitted, except as a replacement for two and one-half times as much existing billboard sign face area as the multiple-message sign face area of the proposed billboard. The City shall maintain a list of all billboards in the City, including the location and total sign face area of each sign. Any application for a billboard building permit shall identify the billboard or billboards that are being replaced by the new billboard. Removal of replaced billboards shall be performed within six months after it has been determined that an existing billboard will be replaced by a new sign.
Billboards shall be located at least 750 feet from any residential zoning district, measured from the location of the base of the sign along the street frontage to the property line at the street of the nearest residentially zoned lot.
New billboards shall be located at least 1,000 feet from any existing billboard, measured from the base of the billboard along the street frontage to the base of the nearest existing billboard on the same side of the street.
The restriction of 50 percent of sign area generally applicable to multiple-message signs under this article shall not apply to billboards which are also multiple-message signs.
The owner of each billboard shall file on or before January 31st of each year a statement from a registered engineer licensed by the State of Georgia, or some other person possessing qualifications acceptable to the planning and development services director, certifying that the billboard has been inspected, and that it remains structurally sound and capable of safely carrying the loads placed upon it. If, upon inspection, it is determined that the billboard is not structurally sound, the engineer shall list the structural deficiencies and the actions which must be taken to correct the structural deficiencies. Prior to March 1st of the same year, the sign owner shall be required to take such actions and file a statement with the City certifying that each required repair has been completed.
No billboards shall be permitted in any historic district of the City.
Sec. 4-75. – Regulations for signs.
(1) Location and setback.
The property owner must give permission for all sign structures erected on the owner's property. Sign structures are not permitted in the public right-of-way except as provided in this article.
No portion of a sign or sign structure erected on private property shall encroach on or overhang the public right-of-way or any other person's property except as otherwise permitted by these regulations.
Distances are measured from the closest portion of the sign (whether that is the base, sign face, or the sign structure) to the right-of-way, curb or pavement.
(2) Restrictions in Residential Zoning Districts.
Other than subdivision entrance signs, parcels located in residential zoning districts shall not contain signs having an aggregate sign area greater than fifteen (15) square feet. No individual sign shall exceed six (6) square feet in sign area in a residential zoning district. Signs having a height of greater than five (5) feet above the grade level of the center line of the adjacent street to which the parcel on which the sign is located shall not be located in residential zoning districts. Signs meeting the standards of this section are exempt from permitting requirements.
(3) Residential Subdivision Entrance Signs.
Platted residential subdivisions consisting of more than 2 parcels may erect one
monument sign at each entrance to the subdivision. Such sign shall not exceed a height of five (5) feet above the grade level of the center line of the adjacent street and shall not
have a sign area greater than twenty-five (25) square feet. Such entrance signs shall not
count toward the maximum allowable signage on a residential parcel.
(4) Height Requirements. The following height requirements shall be applicable to signs located in non-residential zoning districts:
No stanchion sign shall exceed twenty-four (24) feet in height at the highest point on
the sign.
Monument signs shall not exceed six (6) feet in height.
All sign heights shall be measured from the grade level of the center line of the adjacent street to which the property on which the sign is located has access. The level of the ground shall not be altered in such a way as to provide additional sign height.
(5) Illumination.
Signs cannot be illuminated in the R-E, R-G, R-1, R-2, R-3, R-MHS, R-MHP, C-R, C-5, C-6, C-8, FH, and AG zoning districts. Signs may be illuminated in all other districts, subject to the following provisions.
Ground signs cannot be internally illuminated except where expressly permitted by this article. All signs may be externally illuminated. External illumination of any sign in any district shall be positioned and shielded so that the light source does not shine directly into the path of motorists on a public right-of-way or into the windows of adjacent dwellings or businesses without the permission of the owner and resident thereof. Signs located in residential districts shall not be illuminated between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.
Flashing, blinking or otherwise varying illumination are not permitted. No external or internal illumination that causes confusion with or distraction from any traffic signal or safety device shall be permitted.
All externally illuminated signs shall utilize low wattage luminaries, mounted in fixtures designed to direct the light and eliminate light trespass, such as light shining into residences or other neighboring structures.
All internally illuminated signs shall utilize low wattage luminaries designed to reduce light glow.
All illuminated signs over ten feet in height shall either be internally illuminated where permitted or illuminated by external lighting fixtures not visible to passing motorists.
No sign shall give off light which glares, blinds, or has any other adverse effect on traffic or adjacent properties. The light from an illuminated sign shall be established in such a way that adjacent properties and roadways are not adversely affected and that no direct light is cast upon adjacent properties and roadways. This shall be determined by measuring the foot-candles (lumens per square foot) that fall on adjacent properties or the public right-of-way. No sign shall exceed 0.5 foot-candles at any adjacent property line in a residential district or two foot-candles at any public right-of-way.
(6) Multiple-message signs.
Except as expressly provided in this article for multiple-message billboards, such signs are not permitted in the R-1, R-2, R-3, R-MHS, R-MHP, C-R, C-5, C-6, C-8, FH and AG zoning districts, but are permitted in all other zoning districts.
No multiple-message sign may change its message or copy, or any pictures or images that are part of the message, more frequently than once every 20 seconds, provided that multiple-message billboards shall be allowed to change the copy or images that are part of the message not more frequently than once every ten seconds.
When the message of a multiple-message sign is changed mechanically, it shall be accomplished in three seconds or less. When the message of a multiple-message sign is changed in an electronic manner, through the use of light emitting diodes, back lighting or other light source, the transition shall occur instantaneously. Multiple-messages signs shall not depict motion of any type through scrolling, flashing, etc.
Except as expressly provided in this article in regard to billboards, the portion of the sign face of a multiple-message sign which accommodates multiple-messages shall not exceed 50 percent of the total sign face area and may not change its message or copy, or any pictures or images that are part of the message, more frequently than once every 20 seconds; the remaining portion shall be static.
When any multiple-message sign is located within 250 feet of any residential district, the display of multiple-messages shall discontinue between the hours of 11:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m., and the sign shall be static and not display more than one message during that period.
Multiple-message signs which are illuminated or which use electronics to display messages shall be subject to the restrictions and limitations applicable to illumination in this article.
There shall be located no more than one multiple-message sign per lot, and such sign shall be permitted only on a ground sign or freestanding structure, and not on any wall sign or window sign.
The total number of multiple-message billboards within the City shall be limited to eight sign faces. After the adoption of this article, new multiple-message billboards shall only be permitted when both of the following location requirements are met:
The proposed multiple-message billboard is to be erected on an existing billboard sign structure as of the date of the adoption of this article or at the location of and as a replacement for such an existing billboard sign structure; and
The proposed multiple-message billboard will be located facing one of the following designated public right-of-ways, which are deemed by the City commission to be the only right-of-ways within the City where multiple-message billboards are appropriate: Cordele Road, Oakridge Drive, Old Dawson Road (between Dawson Road and Westover Boulevard only), Newton Road (south of Oakridge only), Oglethorpe Boulevard, Westover Boulevard, Dawson Road, Slappey Boulevard, Jefferson Street, Gillionville Road, Ledo Road, US-82, and US-19.
Multiple-message billboards constructed after the adoption of this article shall be located at least 5,000 feet from existing billboards using a multiple-message sign face, measured from the base of the billboard along the street frontage to the base of the nearest existing billboard using a multiple-message sign face on the same side of the street, and 3,000 feet from any existing billboard using a multiple-message sign face, measured along the shortest straight-line from sign structure to sign structure.
No multiple-message sign shall be permitted in any historic district of the City.
The total number of multiple-message signs, including multiple-message billboards, permitted (as defined in this article) within the City shall be limited to 100.
The total number of multiple-message mobile signs (as defined within this article) shall be limited to five.
Prior to the issuance of a multiple-message sign permit, the applicant shall provide a written certification from the sign manufacturer that the light intensity has been factory pre-set not to exceed the levels specified within this article, and the intensity level is protected from end-user manipulation by password-protected software or other method as deemed appropriate by the planning and development services director.
(7) Flags. Flags are permitted in all zoning districts, subject to the following size limitations:
Only one flagpole is permitted per lot;
Such flagpole shall not exceed the height of the tallest structure on the lot by ten feet; and shall in no case be greater than 60 feet in height;
The longest side of the flag shall not be greater than ¼ (25%) of the height of the flagpole to which the flag is mounted;
No flag shall exceed 150 square feet in area (a 10′ × 15′ flag at regulation size).
On officially designated City, state, or federal holidays, or as a sign of mourning if ordered by the president or governor, there shall be no maximum flag size or number or other limitations on display, with a three day prior to and three day after grace period for setup and removal of additional flags.
Flagpoles may be mounted on buildings and exceed the maximum heights if they are included and approved in the building plans.
(8) Banners and custom flags. Banners and custom flags are limited to 48 square feet; only one banner per property or road frontage; only one custom flag per 120 feet of road frontage up to a maximum of six per property; and only permitted in C-1, C-2, C-3, C-5, C-6, C-7, C-8, M-1, and M-2 zoning classifications; and the flag or banner must be mounted or attached to a building, pole, mast, arm or other structure. Banners and custom flags may only be exhibited six times each calendar year for a period of not more than 21 consecutive days during each period. Banners shall be attached to a rigid frame or displayed in such a manner that they do not sag or flutter. Banners and custom flags shall be maintained in good repair, and shall be maintained free of defects such as holes, tears, fading, cracks, breaks or missing portions. Upon written notice of any such defects, the banner or custom flag must be repaired or removed. Violation of any of these requirements will result in a six-month suspension of new banner or custom flag permits. Violation for one type will not limit application for the other. Flags properly mounted to a pole, streamers and balloons may also be exhibited and are not subject to the six times per calendar year/21 consecutive days set forth above. Flags, streamers and balloons shall be maintained free of defects such as holes, tears, fading, cracks, breaks or missing portions. Upon written notice of any such defects, the flags, streamers or balloons must be repaired or removed.
Permits are required for banners, flags, custom flags, streamers and balloons, and written application shall be made to the planning and development services director. The planning and development services director shall establish an application form and the permit fees.
(9) Vehicles with signs. For purposes of this article, motor vehicles which are used in connection with a business at the site and which have more than six square feet of painted or permanently affixed sign face may be parked onsite provided the vehicle is parked within the lateral lines of a parking space. Vehicles with signs are only permitted in the C-1, C-2, C-3, C-5, C-6, C-7, M-1 and M-2 zoning classifications.
(10) Sidewalk, sandwich or A-frame signs are regulated as A-frame, sandwich type, sidewalk or curb signs within a commercial zoning district. Signs may be two-sided and shall be limited to six square feet per side. Maximum height shall be six feet above the sidewalk or ground and shall be located within ten feet of the entrance of the building. A-frame signs shall be located so as not to obscure safe vision of vehicular or pedestrian traffic. One A-frame sign may be allowed for each entrance to the building or business. Signs shall not obstruct vehicle safety or pedestrian traffic.
(11) Mansards and parapets. Signs on mansards and parapets are allowed, provided that the sign must not extend above the top of the mansard or parapet roof line.
Sec. 4-76. – Safety and construction standards.
(1) Official confusion. Signs which contain or are an imitation of an official traffic sign or signal, or can be confused with an official traffic sign, are prohibited.
(2) Fire safety. No sign or sign structure may be erected or maintained which obstructs any fire escape, ventilation, or door; nor shall any sign or sign structure be attached to a fire escape.
(3) Corner visibility. No sign or sign structure above a height of three feet shall be maintained within 25 feet of the intersection of the right-of-way lines of two streets, or of a street intersection with a railroad right-of-way.
(4) Traffic visibility and safety. No sign or sign structure shall obstruct the traffic sight line, or the view of vehicles entering the roadway (i.e., the view of oncoming traffic by vehicles attempting to enter the road, or vice versa). No sign shall be erected on any traffic island.
(5) Location in general.
All signs shall be located on and over private property only, except those specifically permitted by this article.
No sign shall be attached to any utility pole or other structure in the public right-of-way.
No sign requiring a permit shall be attached to an existing sign, fence, rock, tree or other form of vegetation.
All signs shall be erected in such a manner as not to interfere with or obstruct the view of any authorized traffic sign, signal or device. N
No sign shall be attached to or placed against a building in such a way as to prevent egress through any door or window required or designed for access to any building; nor shall any sign be attached to or obstruct a fire escape, or interfere with openings required for proper light or ventilation.
All signs shall be located in such a way that they maintain horizontal and vertical clearance from all overhead utilities in accordance with electrical code specifications. In no case shall any sign be installed within three feet horizontally or vertically from an overhead utility line or utility guide wire.
(6) Good Repair. All signs, together with all their supports, braces, guys, and anchors shall be kept in good repair. Any structure formally used as a sign, but not in use for any other purpose, must be removed by the owner of the property within ten (10) days after written notification from a designated City official or thirty (30) days after its use as a valid sign has ceased, after which time, the City may cause the removal of the sign at the owner's expense.
(7) Removal of Unsafe Signs and Safety Hazards. The City may remove a sign in violation of this Ordinance, without giving notice to any party, if said sign is upon the public right-of-way or upon other public property, or said sign poses an immediate safety threat to the life or health of any members of the public.
Sec. 4-77. – Prohibited signs.
The following types of signs are prohibited in every zoning district:
(1) Roof signs. See subsection 4-78(3)(d) for regulation of roof signs in existence prior to the adoption of this article.
(2) Rotating signs.
(3) Except where expressly permitted, changing copy, moving signs, or signs with moving parts are prohibited. This includes animated signs involving motion or sound; fluttering ribbons; "trivision"-type signs; signs displaying moving pictures or images; LED signs or EVMC signs with content that changes more than once daily; signs with moving words; signs with waiving elements, whether motorized or wind-powered; or similar moving signs. This regulation shall not be construed to prohibit flags, which are regulated as other non-moving signs.
(4) Signs on public rights-of-way other than publicly owned or maintained signs, signs pertaining to railroad crossings, or signs otherwise permitted by this article.
(5) Signs, including, but not limited to, banners, custom flags, streamers and balloons, erected by nailing, fastening or affixing the sign in any manner to any tree, fence, rock, utility pole, out-of-store marketing device, or other structure except as set forth herein.
(6) Signs which emit or utilize in any manner any sound capable of being detected on any traveled road or highway by a person with normal hearing.
(7) Portable signs.
(8) Temporary signs not otherwise allowed by this article. Examples of temporary signs allowed by this article include banners, streamers, balloons, A-frame signs and custom flags.
(9) Swinging or projecting signs.
(10) Signs with more than two sides.
Sec. 4-78. – Existing signs.
(1) It is the intent of this article to bring into conformity permanent sign structures which legally existed at the adoption of this article or an amendment thereto, but which are non-conforming to the provisions of this article or the provisions of an amendment to this article. It is the intent of the mayor and city commission to protect the investment-backed expectations of property and sign structure owners, and to accomplish conformity while allowing property and sign structure owners a reasonable return on their investment.
(2) The provisions of this section shall have no application to any sign which is subject to a valid and current permit issued by the state department of transportation under O.C.G.A. § 32-6-70 et seq. Nor shall this provision have any effect on any billboard which is existing legally at the time of the adoption of this article. A list of such billboards known to the City is identified as "Billboards existing in the City of Albany, Georgia" and attached [by reference] to the ordinance adopting this article as exhibit A, and in the future shall be maintained by the planning and development services director. In the event that any billboard sign is legally existing at the time of the adoption of this article, but not included on such list, the owner of such sign shall have a period of 90 days running from the adoption of this article to register such sign with the planning and development services director, who, upon confirming that such sign is a billboard lawfully existing as of the date of the adoption of this article, shall place such sign on the list. The planning and development services director shall place a notice in the legal organ of the City once each month during such 90-day period advising owners of billboard signs that they should register the sign with the planning and development services director within such 90-day period. For the purposes of this amortization section, any billboard which has not been registered shall be presumed to not be a lawfully-existing billboard existing as of the time of the adoption of this article unless the owner thereof can show that the billboard structure was existing in its current location, design, height and sign face size on the date of the adoption of this article. During such 90-day period, there shall be a moratorium on the issuance of any permits for the erection of billboard sign structures to allow for the registration of existing signs. After the running of the 90-day period and the automatic expiration of such moratorium, whenever a permit is issued for any billboard, such billboard will be added to the list, along with the date upon which the permit was issued.
(3) Except as otherwise provided and subject to the restrictions of this sub-paragraph, a nonconforming sign may be used, but not expanded nor improved unless the sign is made conforming. Nonconforming signs are subject to the maintenance requirements of this chapter and may be subject to removal for violations of maintenance standards. No structural repairs or change in shape or size of a nonconforming sign shall be permitted except to make the sign comply with all standards of this chapter, provided that a nonconforming sign damaged up to 50 percent of its value by act of God or by other circumstances beyond the control of the owner of the sign may be repaired without regard to the restrictions of this paragraph.
A nonconforming sign shall not be replaced by another nonconforming sign, except that the substitution or interchange of poster panels, painted boards, or dismountable material on nonconforming signs shall be permitted. All nonconforming signs shall be maintained in good repair.
Repairs; material change. Minor repairs and maintenance of nonconforming signs shall be permitted. Provided, however, no structural repairs or changes in the size or shape of a nonconforming sign shall be permitted except to make the sign comply with the standards of this article; this includes the replacement of channel letters on raceway wall signs, and poles and/or frames for ground signs. To the extent that any sign allowable hereunder is damaged up to 50 percent of its value by act of God or by other circumstances beyond control of owner of the sign, then such sign may be repaired without regard to the restrictions of this section.
A nonconforming sign shall not be in a location that restricts the visibility of traffic traveling on the road or entering and exiting to and from the roadway.
The owner of each nonconforming roof sign shall file on or before January 31st an annual statement from a registered engineer licensed by the State of Georgia, or some other person possessing qualifications acceptable to the planning and development services director, certifying that the sign has been inspected, and that it remains structurally sound and capable of safely carrying the loads placed upon it. If, upon inspection, it is determined that the roof sign is not structurally sound, the engineer shall list the structural deficiencies and the actions which must be taken to correct the structural deficiencies. Prior to March 1st of the same year, the sign owner shall be required to take such actions and file a statement with the City certifying that each required repair has been completed.
Sec. 4-79. – Sign and sign structure maintenance.
(1) The sign and sign structure shall be maintained in good repair, structurally sound, with proper anchorage capable of supporting the imposed loads, so as not to pose a threat to the public health, safety or welfare. All structural members shall be maintained free from deterioration, and shall be capable of safely supporting the imposed dead and live loads.
(2) All exterior surfaces shall be maintained in good condition. Exterior wood surfaces, other than decay-resistant woods, shall be protected from the elements and decay by painting or other protective covering or treatment. Peeling, flaking and chipped paint shall be eliminated and surfaces repainted. When required, all exposed surfaces of metal or wood shall be protected from the elements and against decay or rust by periodic application of weather-coating materials, such as paint or similar surface treatment. Sign faces shall be maintained in good repair and shall have neatly painted, posted or otherwise maintained display surfaces, free of defects such as holes, tears, cracks, breaks or missing portions, which are plainly visible from the public right-of-way.
(3) When a sign or sign structure is found to be in need of maintenance, the code enforcement officer shall issue a notice of violation to the property owner, which shall describe the maintenance issue, and provide a reasonable amount of time to repair the violation.
(4) If, after receiving the notice of violation, the property owner fails to remedy the maintenance issue within the time provided, it shall be a violation of this article, subject to citation. The code enforcement director or designee may also institute the appropriate proceeding at law or in equity to restrain, correct or abate such violation, or to require the removal of the sign or sign structure. The reasonable cost of any action taken by the City or its agents to remedy the maintenance issue shall be charged against the real estate upon which the structure is located and shall constitute a lien upon such real estate.
(5) The issuance of a notice of violation may be appealed to the planning and development services director by written appeal received at the director's office within ten calendar days of the notice. The appeal shall set forth in detail why the appealing party feels its sign or sign structure is in good repair, etc. as required by this section. .
(6) The planning and development services director shall consider the appeal by holding a hearing, open to the public, within 30 days of receipt of the appeal. The appealing party and code enforcement may present testimony and documentary evidence at the hearing.
(7) The planning and development services director has the authority to review what is presented by the appealing party and code enforcement and decide whether to affirm, reverse, or modify the notice of violation. This includes the authority to extend the length of time in which the maintenance issue must be completed.
Sec. 4-80 Variances. Variances shall be limited to the minimum relief necessary to overcome the hardship. No variance shall be granted to allow a greater number of signs than would be allowed if the hardship did not exist. A variance from compliance with the sign regulations of this ordinance shall be limited to the following hardship situations:
(1) Standards.
The variance request is due to unusual conditions pertaining to sign needs for a specific building or lot; and
The variance would not create a hazard; and
The variance would not be objectionable to adjacent property owners; and
The variance would not adversely affect residential property through excessive glare and lighting; and
The variance would be in keeping with the general character of the surrounding area; an
The variance is in harmony with the general purposes and intent of the zoning code; and
The applicant has established that there are practical difficulties in complying with the sign ordinance and that the property owner proposes to use the property in a reasonable manner not otherwise permitted. (Economic considerations alone do not constitute practical difficulties.); and
The plight of the landowner is due to circumstances unique to the property not created by the landowner; and
The variance will not permit any use that is not allowed in the zoning district where the affected land is located; and
The variance will not alter the essential character of the surrounding area.
Variance applications shall be submitted to the planning and development director on such forms as shall be determined by the director who shall return a written decision within twenty (20) days that a completed application is filed. Approval or denial of a variance application shall be in writing with reasons for the decision. Approval of a variance application may include such conditions as deemed necessary to comply with the standards for approval. Appeals shall be heard under the same time frames and rules governing appeals under Sec. 4-81.
Sec. 4-81. – Appeals.
Appeal by an aggrieved party of a decision of the planning and development services director under this article shall be to the planning commission. The aggrieved party shall file such appeal in writing within 30 days of the date of the appealed decision. The planning commission shall consider the appeal at a public meeting conducted within 35 days of the filing of the appeal. The aggrieved party or its agent and the planning and development services director shall be allowed to present testimony and evidence as to whether the decision should be affirmed, reversed or modified. Such testimony and evidence shall constitute the record. The planning commission shall consider this record in light of the requirements and intent of this article, and shall vote to affirm, reverse or modify the decision at such public meeting. In the event that the planning commission fails to render a decision on the appeal within 35 days of the filing of the notice of appeal, the decision of the planning and development services director shall stand affirmed. Any person aggrieved by the decision of the planning commission or the planning and development services director, as the case may be, may petition for writ of certiorari to the Dougherty County Superior Court within 30 days of the decision.
Sec. 4-82. – Legal provisions.
(1) Any person or entity violating or refusing to comply with any provision of this article shall be subject to citation to the municipal court, and upon conviction, may be sentenced to imprisonment for up to 60 days, to pay a fine of up to $1,000.00, or both. Each day a violation exists shall be considered a separate violation for purposes of citation and sentencing. The City may also seek civil remedies including injunctive, declaratory or equitable relief for violations of this article. The City may summarily remove signs in the rights-of-way.
(2) Should any section or provision of this article be declared by the courts to be unconstitutional or invalid, such declaration shall not affect the validity of this article as a whole or any part thereof other than the part so declared to be unconstitutional or invalid.
(3) This article replaces the City's prior sign ordinance existing and in effect immediately prior to the adoption of this article. In the event all of this article is struck down as void, unconstitutional or invalid, including therefore this provision, that prior ordinance shall be considered to not have been repealed, and shall therefore still be in effect.
(4) This article shall take effect and be in force as of the date of its adoption, the public welfare of the City demanding.
This entry was posted in Member Announcements on March 17, 2021 by Mary Bickerstaff.
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London (5 tracks)
London City Guide
Why visit London?
If you're searching for a place where you and your party can have a lot of fun, London has loads to offer. From brilliant restaurants and bars, to great sporting events and fixtures, all the way to late-night excitement on the tiles, the country's capital really is the top place to visit for anyone wanting high octane thrills, both on and off the track.
Whether you choose to race at our Edmonton, Acton, Docklands or Tower Bridge courses, you'll be sure to have an excellent time away with your friends and family. London is a 24/7 city, but don't let that scare you if you're not a night owl – the bustling, surprisingly green city comes into its own during the day, and all sorts of great things can be discovered.
When you're not tearing it up behind the wheel of our karts, you can enjoy a spot of classic sightseeing at the endless list of locations across the city, or immerse yourself in history at the capital's many museums, art galleries and cultural hubs - most of which can be enjoyed for free.
Love to shop? Indulge in a well-earned spot of retail therapy in the many shopping centres and retail areas, home to the best brands from across the UK and beyond, before enjoying a delicious bite to eat and a glass of something cold. London is a city that never sleeps, and it truly has something for everyone!
If you're staying longer than a day (which we definitely recommend you do) there is a large selection of accommodation options to choose from, close to all of TeamSport's locations.
In Edmonton, North London, there are a host of smaller bed and breakfasts, guest houses and hotels to stay a night or two in, alongside larger chains Travelodge and Premier Inn.
Looking to Acton in the west of the capital, there's a similarly great selection of hotels on offer, with guest houses and hotels located throughout. Travellers wanting to spend more money on karting can also choose from budget options such as Holiday Inn, Travelodge and Premier Inn.
TeamSport's Docklands location is amply served by a range of luxury and budget hotel options – customers can choose from hotels managed by Marriot, Hilton, Novotel, Ibis, Travelodge, Britannia and Premier Inn, and for those wanting to splash out higher-priced rooms can easily be snapped up.
Situated in the centre of London, guests heading to Teamsport's London Bridge track can choose between swanky self-catering apartments, classic high-end hotels, budget names and group-friendly hostels.
There are very few cities in the UK, if not the world, that can match the exceptional range of nightlife opportunities hidden across the length and breadth of London. The city's centre is home to internationally renowned clubs, bars, venues and comedy joints, but even moving away from the core, London's dynamic nature means that wherever you go, you'll definitely find something that fits your bill.
For groups of comedy buffs, there's venues such as Comedy Carnival and The Top Secret Comedy Club, and fans of the theatre will love the great variety of plays, operas and musicals staged year round.
After catching a show, beer lovers will swoon over the selection at any of London's excellent pubs – all of which are enjoying something of a real ale renaissance – although the best way to sample them is via one of the great pub crawl tours that snake through the best bars in the city.
If bright lights, banging bass lines and late opening hours are more your thing, be sure to check out heavy-hitter clubs Ministry of Sound, Egg London and Studio 338, while if you're after gigs from the coolest up-and-coming bands, Shoreditch's XOYO, Corsica Studios and all sorts of others throughout the capital hold regular gigs.
Not sure what to do? Hop on the tube, take a walk, keep your eyes open and you're sure to find something that'll put an extra spark into your evening.
The world's best restaurateurs, chefs and culinary innovators are easily found in London, ensuring that visitors are able to eat and drink to their heart's content during their visit.
For those with cash to spare, highly regarded gems such as The Five Fields, Gastronhome, Typing Room and Marianne offer meals that are boundary breaking while still being firmly mouth-watering.
For those wanting a mouthful of some of the best food in the world, it's easy to find a Michelin-Starred offering in the city – Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, Alain Ducasse at The Dorchester and La Gavroche – Michel Roux Jr, to name but a few.
High-flying foods aren't the only thing on offer, though. The massive independent scene that's blossoming across the metropolis is making sure that on every street there's something delicious to get your mitts on, and the explosion in pop-up outlets and street food sellers means that wherever you look, tasty and surprisingly inexpensive eats are available.
The same goes for London's drink scene. Whether you enjoy a pint of ale, fine glass of wine, expertly mixed cocktail or a selection of lesser-known spirits, there are a massive variety of bars and pubs to visit, and all sorts of expertly manned tasting sessions happening within them.
Whichever sport you follow or team you support, if you get a thrill from physical pursuits and edge-of-your seat competitions, London has a brilliant array of experiences on offer. Practically every sport is represented in some form throughout the city, and most can be seen at a professional and international level.
For footie fanatics, the city is home to all sorts of greats, including Arsenal, Chelsea, West Ham, Tottenham and Crystal Palace. Catch a game and enjoy the famous excitement and electricity of London's grounds or enjoy a guided tour through the stadium of your choice, learning more about the game and the teams that make it.
Other sports are well-represented too, of course. Athletics, cycling, running, rugby, cricket, horse racing, hockey, tennis – the inherent size of London means that the capital is a buzzing hub of all things sporty.
Of course, if you're on this page, chances are you're looking to enjoy one of the (in our opinion) best sports out there – go karting. While watching sport or enjoying a run around is pretty fun, nothing beats getting behind the wheel and pounding around a track in some of the fastest, most technologically advanced karts available. Our London tracks range from between 400m and 800m in length, and feature all sorts of twists and turns – the perfect accompaniments to a trip to the capital.
Want to make the most of what London has to offer? The capital has a lot to show for itself, providing day trip opportunities that everyone can get on board with. Everywhere across the city there are things to enjoy, and thanks to the many cafes, restaurants and bars, you can easy see an entire day's worth of time disappear!
If you like history, art and culture, museums such as the Natural History Museum, British Museum, Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum are perfect to spend a few hours exploring and feature all sorts of treasures, from the Rosetta Stone to skeletons that date back hundreds of millions of years.
London's green spaces are second-to-none, and practically every borough is home to leafy open areas, from the massive Hyde Park to the watery St James's, and even in the centre of the city, visitors can find pretty squares and riverside walks – perfect for a sunny day spent sightseeing.
If you're looking for a more thrilling day out, be sure to head to attractions such as The London Dungeon, Emirates Air Line, speedboat rides and, of course, go karting – who needs rollercoasters anyway!
London for stags and hens
As you might expect, stag and hen dos of all varieties are totally catered for from the moment they descend on the world-class bars, restaurants and venues that make up the nation's capital.
For stags and hen parties looking for some action, there's scope for fun and energetic dance classes, pulse-raising paintballing, footgolfing and zorbing, as well as nail-biting days at the races.
If you're not one for high-tempo excitement, there are loads of more relaxed activities to choose from too. Cheeky and artistic life drawing sessions, spa days at some of the most sumptuous retreats in the country and cocktail-making sessions that always end up being a riot, all the way to more sedate card gaming, personalised treasure hunts and tours around iconic sports grounds.
London's nightlife is similarly exceptional, and for stags and hens, it certainly doesn't disappoint. Big-name comedy nights, bar crawl packages around the hottest venues in the city, multi-course meals at the world's finest restaurants, and high-flying cruises down the River Thames – there's a huge amount of things to choose from.
For both stags and hens, nothing beats a trip around the track at one of TeamSport's five London go karting locations too. Whether you're looking for a dose of action in North London, West London, the London Docklands, Tower Bridge or Mitcham (coming soon), we'll make sure you find it!
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Didn't know who this was but according to Wikipedia: "James David T "Arg" Argent is an English television personality, singer, and radio DJ. Argent has been a cast member of ITV2's The Only Way Is Essex since its first series in 2010. Argent also joined Hospital Radio as a host." Anyway, here he is in his underwear.


text:
Clinics vol.74 São Paulo 2019 Epub Mar 14, 2019
Is there any association between osteoporotic vertebral fracture and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit-1 polymorphism in Turkish society? A pilot study
Merih OzgenI *
Didem Turgut CosanII
Fulya DoganerIII
Ahu SoyocakIV
Onur ArmaganI
Selen KuzgunV
Ayse Merve AydoganI
Hasan Veysi GunesII
Irfan DegirmenciVI
Fezan MutluVII
IDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
IIDepartment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
IIIDepartment of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
IVDepartment of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
VDepartment of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zübeyde Hanım Campus, Eskişehir State Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
VIDepartment of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
VIIDepartment of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
In this study, the relationship between osteoporotic vertebral fractures and 9041 Guanine/Adenine and 3673 Guanine/Adenine polymorphisms related to the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit-1 (VKORC1) gene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was investigated.
DNA was isolated from blood samples collected from 150 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Genotyping of the two polymorphic regions (9041 Guanine/Adenine and 3673 Guanine/Adenine) in VKORC1 was performed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The presence of radiographic fractures among the 150 patients was ascertained by using the Genant method.
At least one fracture was detected in 98 patients, and no fracture was observed in 52 patients on radiological images. We found no association between the 9041 Guanine/Adenine (p=0.283) and 3673 Guanine/Adenine (p=0.232) polymorphisms of the VKORC1 gene and the development of secondary postosteoporotic fractures in our study.
There was no relationship between osteoporotic vertebral fracture and VKORC1 gene polymorphism in a postmenopausal Turkish population.
Key words: Osteoporosis; Polymorphism; Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit-1 Gene; Vertebral Fracture
Osteoporosis is a disease that causes general health problems associated with low bone mass and microarchitectural damage in bone tissue. These changes in bone structure cause increased bone fragility and fracture susceptibility (1). The increased prevalence of osteoporosis-associated fractures with increased life span has resulted in lower quality of life, disability and even death (2). Environmental factors such as nutritional and genetic factors play an important role in osteoporosis (3,4).
According to recent studies, vitamin K could be associated with bone metabolism and may provide protection against fractures (5-8). Vitamin K is a co-factor that involves many biochemical pathways related to carboxylation reactions (9). The carboxylation of osteocalcin, which is an important bone matrix protein, depends on vitamin K. Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) enzyme activity is necessary for the effect of vitamin K on bone metabolism (9-11). In humans, the VKORC1 gene is found in the 16p11.2 region of the chromosome, coding a 163-amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 18 kDa (12). In the VKORC1 gene, many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified, including SNPs 1173 (6484) C/T (rs9934438) in intron 1, 9041 (3730) Guanine (G)/Adenine (A) (rs7294) in the 3′-untranslated region and 3673 (1639) G/A (rs9923231) in the promoter (13).
Many reports on vitamin K treatment in osteoporosis and related fractures have been published (7,14-16). However, there have been few studies on the association between osteoporosis and polymorphisms of the VKORC1 enzyme (11,17). In addition, in the literature, there are no studies on the relationship between genetic variations in the VKORC1 gene and bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporotic fractures in the Turkish population.
Determination of the association of some vitamin K-related polymorphisms with osteoporosis and osteoporosis fractures could be used for clinical prevention and the planning of individual treatment targets. Therefore, we aimed to investigate VKORC1 9041 G/A and 3673 G/A polymorphisms that varied among populations in osteoporosis and postosteoporotic vertebral fractures in Turkish women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
This study included 150 female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Thoracal and lumbar lateral radiographs and double energetic X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) results of female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis were retrospectively analyzed in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation clinics of Eskisehir Osmangazi University. Patients with normal complete blood count, calcium, phosphorus, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, uric acid, urea nitrogen, blood creatinine, urine calcium creatinine ratio, parathyroid hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone and cortisol levels were included in this study.
Patients with a history of traumatic fractures, surgical menopause, or medical conditions that have a potential effect on bone metabolism (e.g., parathyroid, thyroid, liver or rheumatic disease or malignancy) or drug use (corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, heparin, etc.) were excluded from the clinical evaluation.
At least one fracture was detected in 98 patients, and no fracture was observed in 52 patients on radiological images. Body mass index (BMI) and age were recorded. The working procedures have been approved in writing by Eskişehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (no. 2009/229). The DNA samples collected for the study were used in accordance with the decision of the ethics committee no. 2012/103.
Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measurement
DXA (Hologic QDR, 4500 W) was used to measure bone density in the lumbar vertebral and femoral bone (femur neck, trochanter and Ward triangle). Bone density test results were evaluated as T-scores and Z-scores. According to WHO recommendations, patients with a T-score below -2.5 of the young adult mean value standard deviation were classified as osteoporosis (18).
Radiographic Assessment
The presence of radiographic fractures among the 150 patients was ascertained by using the Genant method. In this method, the rate of the decrease in the middle and/or posterior height of T4-L4 vertebrae in the lateral spinal X-rays (Shimadzu, RADspeed PRO, MO2ABC775003/TAEK13136, Japan) was used. Fracture presence was indicated by loss of height in at least one vertebra between T4 and L4 in lateral spinal radiography (19).
Blood samples (10 mL) were obtained from all subjects for genomic DNA extraction using the salt extraction method (20). The collected genomic DNA samples were kept at 4°C. The purity and amount of isolated DNA samples were measured by spectrophotometry (ASP 3700, ACTGene, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
Determination of VKORC1 Genotypes
9041 G/A and 3673 G/A VKORC1 polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) analysis. Briefly, isolated DNA samples were amplified using Taq DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific, California, USA) and the specific primers for the VKORC1 polymorphisms (Table 1) in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Sacem Life Technologies, Peltier based Thermal Cycler SCM 96G, Turkey). The PCR conditions are shown in Table 1. Approximately 0.5 μl of DNA sample was amplified using a 25 μl PCR mixture containing 2.5 pmol from each primer, 1x PCR buffer with magnesium chloride (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, United Kingdom), 0.2 mM dNTPs, and 0.5 U Taq polymerase (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, United Kingdom). Following amplification, PCR products were digested by restriction enzymes. The 674-bp VKORC1 9041 G/A fragment was digested with AciI (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, United Kingdom) in a 25 μl reaction containing 10 μl PCR fragment, 2.5 μl Reaction Buffer (NEBuffer 3) (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, United Kingdom), 12 μl PCR grade water and 0.5 μl AciI at 37°C for 1 h. The 636-bp VKORC1 3673 G/A fragment was digested with NciI (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, United Kingdom) in a 25 μl reaction containing 10 μl PCR fragment, 2.5 μl Reaction Buffer (NEBuffer 4) (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, United Kingdom), 12.4 μl PCR grade water and 0.1 μl of NciI at 37°C for 1h. The digested products were analyzed for the presence or absence of recognition sites by SYBR® Safe DNA gel stain (Invitrogen, Paisley, United Kingdom) of fragments separated through a 2% agarose gel and analyzed under UV light (Synegene Gene Genius Gel Light Imaging System, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Digested patterns belonging to the 674 bp amplicon of 9041 G/A SNP and the 636 bp amplicon of the VKORC1 3673 G/A SNP are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 PCR protocols and primer sequences for amplification of different loci of the vitamin K reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene.
Size and fragments
PCR protocol
9041 G/A F-5′-TTTAGAGACCCTTCCCAGCA -3′R-5′-AGCTCCAGAGAAGGCAACAC-3′ 674 bp GG 117 bp 216 bp 341 bp 95°C for 30 s
59°C for 1 min
72°C for 1 min for 35 cyc
GA 117 bp 216 bp 341 bp 557 bp
AA 117 bp 557 bp
3673 G/A F- 5′-ATCCCTCTGGGAAGTCAAGC-3′R- 5′-CACCTTCAA CCTCTCCATCC-3′ 636 bp GG 50 bp 114 bp 472 bp 95°C for 30 s
GA 50 bp 114 bp 472 bp 522 bp
A Adenine, G Guanine, C Cytosine, T Thymine.
Statistical analyses were calculated by using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics are displayed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and median (%25, %75) for continuous variables and number and percentage with characteristics for categorical variables. Pearson chi-square analysis was used for categorical variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed for 9041 G/A and 3673 G/A in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients with and without fractures. The results of analysis, odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) are displayed. All p-values <0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.
A total of 150 female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis were included in the study to investigate the relationship between postosteoporotic spinal fractures and the distribution of 9041 G/A and 3673 G/A polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene. In our study, the mean age of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis was 61.78±8.11, the mean BMI was 27.78±4.19, the mean T score in the femoral neck was -2.93±0.41, and the mean T score in the lumber vertebrae was -2.83±0.75. Radiographic assessments showed the presence of at least one fracture in 98 patients with osteoporosis.
There was no relationship between the VKORC1 9041 G/A polymorphism and allele frequency in patients with and without postmenopausal osteoporosis (p=0.283, p=0.221). However, the mutant A allele frequency was decreased in 67 (34.18%) postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and fractures compared with that in 129 (41.35%) patients with no fractures (Table 2). In patients with vertebral fractures compared with those with no fractures, the frequency of the AA allele was 1.73 times smaller than that of the GG allele. However, this increase was not statistically significant (OR=0.568, 95% CI 0.276, 1.158 p=0.120) (Table 3).
Table 2 9041 G/A and 3673 G/A genotype and allele frequency distribution in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients with and without fracture.
Genotype
Postmenopausal Patients with Osteoporosis
p values
Without Fracture (n=52)
With Fracture (n=98)
9041 G/A GG 16 (31%) 43 (44%) 0.283
GA 29 (56%) 43 (44%)
AA 7 (13%) 12 (12%)
Allele frequency G 61 (58.6%) 129 (41.35%) 0.221
A 43 (41.35%) 67 (34.18%)
3673 G/A GG 16 (30.8%) 22 (22.4%) 0.232
GA 18 (34.6%) 48 (49%)
AA 18 (34.6%) 28 (28.6%)
Allele frequency G 50 (48.08%) 92 (96.94%) 0.851
A 54 (51.92%) 104 (53.06%)
Table 3 9041 G/A and 3673 G/A in postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis with and without fracture.
OR (95% Cl)
9041 G/A GG 1 (reference) 0.120
AA+GA 0.568 (0.279-1.158)
Similar to the 3673 G/A polymorphism and allele frequency, the genotype distribution of this polymorphism also did not differ between patients with osteoporosis with or without fractures (p=0.232, p=0.851). However, the mutant A allele frequency was decreased in 104 (53.06%) postmenopausal women with osteoporosis with fractures compared with that in 92 (51.92%) patients with no fractures (Table 2). In patients with vertebral fractures compared with patients with no fractures, the frequency of the AA allele was 1.535 times higher than that of the GG allele. However, this increase was nonsignificant (OR=1.533, 95% CI 0.723, 0.271, p=0.266) (Table 3).
The genetic factors of osteoporosis are important for understanding the diagnosis and development of new treatment methods. In studies that investigated the genetic basis of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures, several candidate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed, and SNPs, which may be associated with the development of osteoporosis, have been identified (21-25).
Based on previous studies, the VKORC1 haplotype profile varies between large populations of different origins (26). Moreover, considering that BMD distribution varies per population, genetic variants of the VKORC1 gene may be associated with BMD and osteoporosis. The 3673 G/A and 1173 C/T SNPs of the VKORC1 SNP genotype have been associated with higher BMD values, while polymorphisms in VKORC1 (rs8050894 and rs2884737) are related to reduced BMD. Furthermore, the association between VKORC1 and BMD reportedly exhibits certain variations according to populations (17). In studies that have investigated the association between BMD, atherosclerosis and VKORC1 1173 C>T polymorphisms in patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia, a high frequency of the TT genotype has been found in VKORC1 1173 C>T polymorphisms. The TT genotype is more common in the osteoporotic group than in the osteopenic group, and the TT genotype of VKORC1 1173 C>T could be a potential genetic marker for osteoporosis (27). The effect of VKORC1 polymorphisms on BMD and fractures was analyzed in a pilot study. In that study, genotyping for VKORC1 3673 G/A or 9041 G/A derivatives was performed using allele-specific PCR in 149 of the 184 individuals, and an association was observed between genotypes and clinical parameters. Significantly high levels of 9041 GG and GA were detected in patients with low BMD (p=0.012). Therefore, a higher risk of low BMD was identified for individuals carrying at least 1 G allele. No significant correlation was found between the 3673 G/A derivative and BMD, and none of the variants were associated with fractures. In this study, genetic variation in the 3′ locations of the VKORC1 gene (9041 AG and GG) was correlated with significantly reduced BMD. Therefore, genetic variations may have an important role in osteoporosis. In our study, the association of the VKORC1 gene polymorphisms with both osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures was examined. In our study, similar to the study by Holzer et al. (11), the relationship between the development of osteoporosis and the 9073 G/A and 3673 G/A polymorphisms of the VKORC1 gene were investigated, and no correlation was found between these polymorphisms. In addition, there was no correlation between 9073 G/A and 3673 G/A polymorphisms and vertebral fractures associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis in our study.
Our study has several limitations that must be considered. The number of patients in our study was small in terms of statistical power analysis. There were no data on the distribution of VKORC1 9041 G/A and 3673 G genotypes in a Turkish population. In addition, there was insufficient information on the nutritional patterns and blood vitamin K levels that may be associated with osteoporotic vertebral fractures in female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the relation between VKORC1 genotypes and vertebral fracture among postmenopausal women in the literature and Turkish society.
Genetic studies with patients with osteoporosis may allow the development of new strategies for the widely available therapeutic agents or the identification of target molecules for new therapeutic agents. The present study was planned to demonstrate a possible relationship between vertebral fracture and polymorphisms of the VKORC1 gene in osteoporosis. As a result of this study, there was no relationship between osteoporotic vertebral fracture and VKORC1 gene polymorphism in a postmenopausal Turkish population. According to the results of the logistic regression analysis of our study, if the number of patients was increased, there may be a relationship in terms of alleles. For this reason, there is a need for multicenter studies with wider populations, including all osteoporosis subgroups.
This study was supported by the Research Foundation of Eskisehir Osmangazi University Turkey (Project No: 201211D08). No potential conflict of interest was reported.
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Received: April 10, 2018; Accepted: November 28, 2018
Corresponding author. E-mail: merihsarhus@hotmail.com / mozgen@ogu.edu.tr
Ozgen M and Cosan DT conceived the research, interpreted the collected data, reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript. Doganer F, Soyocak A, Kuzgun S and Degirmenci I collected the data, helped in interpreting the collected data and approved the final version of the manuscript. Armagan O conceived the research, reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript. Aydogan AM and Gunes HV reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript. Mutlu F interpreted the collected data, reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.


text:
Олександр Ігорович Хохлачов (; 9 вересня 1993, м. Москва, Росія) — російський хокеїст, центральний нападник. Виступає за «Бостон Брюїнс» у Національній хокейній лізі (НХЛ).

Вихованець хокейної школи «Спартак» (Москва). Виступав за МХК «Спартак», «Віндзор Спітфаєрс» (ОХЛ), «Спартак» (Москва), «Провіденс Брюїнс» (АХЛ), «Бостон Брюїнс».

В чемпіонатах НХЛ — 4 матчі (0+0), у турнірах Кубка Стенлі — 0 матчів (0+0).

У складі молодіжної збірної Росії учасник чемпіонатів світу 2012 і 2013.

Досягнення
 Срібний призер молодіжного чемпіонату світу (2012), бронзовий призер (2013)

Посилання
 Профіль  на Eliteprospects

Уродженці Москви
Російські хокеїсти
Хокеїсти МХК «Спартак»
Хокеїсти «Спартака» (Москва)
Хокеїсти «Бостон Брюїнс»
Задрафтовані «Бостон Брюїнс»

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