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Book: The Canterbury Tales
Topics: Epilogue
?The Canterbury Tales as a Microcosm of Chaucer's England Chester Louis Spiceman http://voices. yahoo. com/the-canterbury-tales-as-microcosm-chaucers-england-159517. html? cat=38 The "Canterbury Tales" is more that just an entertaining collection of stories and characters; it is a representation of the society Chaucer lived in. In Chaucer's world the traditional feudal system was losing its importance as more and more people became part of the emerging middle class.
The church was another important part of Chaucer's England; however, in Chaucer's day the Church was often corrupt and strayed from its spiritual mission to obtain secular wealth. Finally, Chaucer shows that the main drive of almost all of the characters is to obtain wealth and status. Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" is a microcosm of late 14th century England because of its illustration of the growth of the middle class and decline of the feudal system, corruption and power of the Church, and the fundamental drive for wealth and power.
During Chaucer's time the traditional feudal system was dieing and a new middle class was being born. Chaucer illustrates this by the amount of characters he uses from each background. The aristocratic feudal system has only two possibly three pilgrims: The Knight, the Squire, and possibly the Franklin, because he is part of the landed gentry. On the other hand, there are ten pilgrims from the Middle Class, five representing the guilds, the Physician, the Merchant, the Sergeant at Law, the Manciple and the Cook.
There are thirty pilgrims in the Canterbury tales and they are supposed to represent English society as a whole during Chaucer's time. Chaucer has members of the middle class as being a third of the total amount of pilgrims and the aristocracy having only a tenth of the total amount of pilgrims. Chaucer illustrates the rise of the middle class and the decline in the aristocracy by their relative proportions and numbers in the pilgrimage. Although England in Chaucer's day was most definitely not 33% middle class, Chaucer felt it was important to make them such a large part of his "Canterbury Tales" due to their rise and importance.
Likewise only 10% of the pilgrims are from traditional feudal institutions which illustrates the decline of the feudal system. The Church was one of the most powerful institutions in England, rivaling the King for total power. The fact that the pilgrims are visiting the shrine of Thomas a Becket, the former Archbishop of Canterbury who was killed by the King's knights, shows the power the Church has over the monarchy. However, the Church's great power caused internal corruption and members of the clergy began to ignore their spiritual duties and seek secular wealth.
Chaucer clearly illustrates this point in the "Canterbury Tales". There are nine members of the Church on the pilgrimage and all but one of them is corrupt in some way. The Nun is more interested being courtly than in being religious, the Monk is rich and loves hunting, the Friar is not celibate, and the Summoner and the Pardoner are greedy and sinful. Having five out of the six known Church pilgrims being represented in a negative way Chaucer clearly illustrates that he feels the Church was a corrupt institution. The only good member of the clergy is the Parson.
Chaucer presents him as the ideal member of the clergy. He lives in Christ-like poverty, holds all people to the same spiritual standards, and he travels around his parish visiting all the people who need his help, whether rich or poor. By contrasting the other members of the Church with the Parson, Chaucer shows the current state of the Church with how it was and how it should be. The pursuit of wealth and status is the common denominator of most of Chaucer's pilgrims. Only four pilgrims do not chase wealth and power and Chaucer presents them as the most moral of the pilgrims.
The Knight, the Parson, the Plowman, and the Clerk have declined to chase money or status and instead dedicated their lives to study, religion, and kind deeds. The other 26 pilgrims chase wealth and status with energy. Wealth is the primary motivator for such pilgrims as the Summoner and the Pardoner while other pilgrims seek status such as the Wife of Bath or the Nun. The avarice many of the pilgrims show that greed was a major problem in late 14th Century England while the quest for status was an equally large problem.
By having the most saintly of the pilgrims not interested in money or status Chaucer illustrates his opinion that the drive for wealth and status is one the fundamental problems of his England. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is a microcosm Chaucer's England because of his portrayal of the rise of the middle class, the corruption of the church, and his society's primary motivation; wealth and status. The middle class' rise is followed by the feudal system's decline both of which Chaucer illustrates.
The Church is corrupt instead of being the moral and spiritual leader that it once was, Chaucer gives these qualities to the Parson as the ideal member of the Clergy while the rest are portrayed as corrupt in some way. Chaucer also shows how the pursuit of wealth and power is the primary motivator in his society and how it contributes to the problems of his society. In his 'Canterbury Tales", Chaucer created a group of people who accurately reflect society and its problems in Chaucer's world. Esther Lombardi, http://classiclit. about. om/od/canterburytales/fr/aa_canterbury. htm The Canterbury Tales is the work of the great English medieval poet, Geoffrey Chaucer and is considered to be his masterpiece. Drawing on the Decameron of Boccaccio (and far surpassing the ambition of that work), The Canterbury Tales combines wonderful poetry with one of the first and foremost psychological studies in the English language. Writing in a series of prologues and tales, Chaucer passes himself off as a member of a contemporary pilgrimage and uses this position to satirize and ennoble archetypal characters of his day.
He also allows them to speak in their own voices, either defending or damning themselves through their storytelling. Brilliant and sparkling–even today when much of his language is no longer widely spoken–Chaucer has a feel for the everyday and the human that is unsurpassed. The General Prologue–at the beginning of The Canterbury Tales–is spoken from the point of view of the poet himself. He surveys an inn in which are gathered a number of diverse people all of who have determined to go on a pilgrimage to Canterbury cathedral. He describes these characters in all the glory of their tics and eccentricities.
There is a knight, a number of religious people, as well as a laity well represented by craftsmen and the lower classes. The room is, quite purposefully, a microcosm of the society of the middle ages. Their host at the inn suggests that there should be a story-telling contest to pass their time on the road, and that each person should tell two stories in order of their place in the social hierarchy. This is broadly thought to be a good idea, and the begin to tell their tales beginning with the knight–who tells a long romance about two knights desperately in love with the same woman.
However, after the knight has finished the order of the tales breaks down, and the story-telling becomes a means of settling rivalries and mocking enemies. The Miller jumps in and tells a now famous story about a carpenter who is tricked into thinking that a biblical flood was on its way. The reeve – who the story's satirical edge is broadly aimed at – then tells a story in kind to get back at the Miller. Story follows story, each of which illuminates the character of the person who is telling it (often artfully discussed by Chaucer, the poet, in the prologues to their tales).
Some of the most famous are the lustful Wife of Bath, who buried three husbands before she was eighteen (and who tells a story of a clever wife who deceives her husband by sleeping with a younger man) and the nun, who tells of a poor child who is killed by evil Jews, but who magically continues to sing after his throat is cut. Unfortunately for readers, The Canterbury Tales is not a complete work, although it is not known whether Chaucer purposefully left the work unfinished, or whether he died before he could complete the requisite two stories per pilgrim.
Most impressively Chaucer has chosen to take on an enormous task, which is not simply a series of connected tales like that of The Decameron, but is also to create a study of the social fabric of his times. Passing from pilgrim to pilgrim and between their various professions, Chaucer both plays in stereotypes of his day and inverts them. He seems to make a very concerted attempt to take on the "voice" of the people he was writing about by letting them tell the tales (a very rare occurrence in the literature of the middle ages).
By sublimating his own voice into those of the characters he has created, Chaucer could be seen to be foreshadowing novelists and dramatists that came centuries after him. He also shows an amazing chameleon-like ability to portray characters of every social class. Satirical, bawdy, sometimes shocking and sometimes beautiful, Chaucer's is a great work of poetry–a poetic novel perhaps, well before its time. Its attention to the nuance of character, whilst painting of the broadest of canvasses, is quite spectacular. The Canterbury Tales is, undoubtedly, one of the great works of English literature.
Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Microcosm and Macrocosm http://www. epertutti. com/inglese/Geoffrey-Chaucer-Canterbury-Ta12374. php Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer were a busy middle class-man. Little is recorded about him as a man and a poet. He was born around 1343, the son of a London wine merchant. He led a vary busy life: he served three kings, Edward III, Richard II and Henry IV. He grew up in close contact with the royal family of the Plantagenets. He supported the religious views of John Wycliffe and Lollardy. He died in 1400 and was the first poet to be buried in Westminster Abbey, in what was to become the Poets' Corner.
Chaucer is regarded as the father oh English literature and as the first major secular poet. His language, the dialect of his native London, gradually becamestandard English, thus becoming the basis of Modern English. During the decade between 1368 and 1378, Chaucer's journeys brought him also to Italy where he became interested in Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. His works are usually divided into three period. The French period is so called because it includes poems modelled on French romance styles and subject such as: The Broke of the Duchesse, The Romaunt of the Rose.
The Italian periodshows a greater maturity of perception and skill in the manipulation of the metres. The following belong to this period: The Parlament of Foules, The House of Fame, The Legende of Good Women, Troylus and Criseyde. The English period is marked by greater realism and includes Chaucer's masterpiece: Canterbury Tales. Canterbury Tales (1387) The plot It is spring and thirty people, all belonging to different social classes and including Chaucer himself, are going on a pilgrimage to Thomas Becket's shrine in Canterbury.
They gather at the Tabard Inn in London. The host of the inn suggests that every pilgrim should tell two stories while going to Canterbury, and two coming back. He says that there will be a prize for the best story as well as a penalty for anyone who gives up. All the pilgrim and set off. The structure The work consists of a General Prologue, where the pilgrims are usually preceded by a prologue, which introduces the theme of the tale, and sometimes followed by an epilogue. The point of departure, the inn, is linked to worldly pleasures while the destination is holy.
Canterbury is the symbol of the celestial city itself, the end of life, and the journey of pilgrims becomes work remained unfinished, and Canterbury is not reached by the pilgrims. Realism and allegory Realism is the most distinctive feature of the work. The pilgrimage is also a key metaphor for life from the religious sphere. We are all pilgrims on the way to the heavenly city. Chaucer narrator The tales are narrated by the different pilgrims but the reporting pilgrim is Chaucer himself. He tells us directly or sometimes ironically what he sees and what he thinks about it. Microcosm and Macrocosm
The English Renaissance The English Renaissance covers the historical period from 1509 to 1660. The English Renaissance developed later than its European equivalents and distinguished itself as an original, typically English movement. Its main feature was its strong Protestant, and in some aspects, Puritan basis, influenced by the Reformation under the reign of Henry VIII, who broke with Rome and declared that the king was the head of the English Church. The English literature of the period lacked the an serenity of the Italian Renaissance and was less linked to the visual arts. New Learning
There was also the training in classical imitation of a number of humanist scholars and translators. The 'New Learning', as Humanism was also called. It encouraged confidence in the power of human reason to interpret Man and Nature, in the value of literature as an instrument of reason and in the dignity of modern English as a literary medium. Universal order The world picture of this period is based on a general conception of order. The Renaissance man pictured the universal order under the forms of a chain and a cosmic dance. The chain of being The chain stretched from God to the lowest of inanimate.
First there is the inanimate class: the elements, liquids and metals. Then there is the vegetative class, Then there is the animal class learning up to man, two has not only existence, life and feeling, but also understanding. Finally there are the angels. The position of man was extremely interesting. Given his double nature of matter and spirit, he had the unique function of linking together all creation. The cosmic dance The created universe was itself in a state of music, of perpetual dance. The whole universe was governed by divine will; Nature was God's instrument.
It followed that order and unity were the natural rules for the state, which should be subject to a single head. So the Sovereign became the symbol of stability and unity. New discoveries In 16th century there were new geographical discoveries and the new wealth linked to the expansion of markets abroad, by political upheaval and religious wars. The old order of ideas was weakened by the theories of Nicolaus Copernicus who created a new model of the Solar System, in which the Sun was at the centre, with the Earth and other ets moving in a combination of circular movements around it.
The invention of the telescope by Galileo Galilei, proved it. Moreover the Italian astronomer established the scientific method, that is, the study of the physical world by sensory observation, experiment and by mathematical measurement. The Royal Society The modern science in English gained impetus from the foundation of the Royal Society in 1662. The society's aim was "to overcome the mysteries of all the works of nature" and to apply that knowledge "for the benefit of human life". The development of the English character
The Puritanism contributed to the development of the English character. The political events connected with the Civil War of the 17th century led to the settlement of Parliament as a guarantee that Royal absolutism should never be established in England; the heard-working attitude of the Puritans was to be of great value in the future development of a industrial nation The new scientific attitude encouraged a belief in human progress and the development of a materialistic and practical mind.
An Analysis of the Characters of The Canterbury Tales An interesting aspect of the famous literary work, "The Canterbury Tales," is the contrast of realistic and exaggerated qualities that Chaucer entitles to each of his characters. When viewed more closely, one can determine whether each of the characters is convincing or questionable based on their personalities. This essay will analyze the characteristics and personalities of the Knight, Squire, Monk, Plowman, Miller, and Parson of Chaucer's tale.
One of Geoffrey's less believable main characters is the Knight, for reasons of chivalry. The knight displays many traits which make him seem almost too good to be true, and a true gentleman that rarely exists in reality. The narrator sums up the knights character by stating that "Though he were worthy, he was wys,/And of his port as meeke as is a mayde. " (pg. 5, The Canterbury Tales) The knight holds four main admirable traits, making him the most liked traveler in "The Canterbury Tales," and also amplying the doubt of his realism.
The reader is prepared to learn of each of his noble accomplishments and importance when the narrator remarks that" A knight ther was, and that a worthy man,/That fro the tyme that he first bigan/To ryden out, he loved chivalrye,/Trouthe and honour, fredom and curteisye. " (pg. 4, The Canterbury Tales) From the characters impressive introduction, it is clear that this man is the most valued and honorable traveler among the group. This perfect gentleman holds a love of ideals that are often not displayed by people.
First and foremost, he believes in the ideals of chivalry, and always stays true to its principles. He also feels that one should be honest, truthful and faithful, which many people are not all of these ideals. The knight thinks one should only do what is right, and what will gain him honor and reputation. This character also believes in freedom and generosity towards all, and displays this ideal repeatedly throughout the novel. And lastly, the knight also strongly feels that any proper person should display courtesy and elegance at all times.
Another aspect of this character's life which makes him seem too prestigious to be truthful is his impressive military career. He fought in the holy war, known as the Crusades and was involved in 15 "mortal battles. " In the prologue, the narrator informs the reader that "Ful worthy was he in his lordes werre,/And therto hadde he riden, no man ferre,/As wel in Cristendom as hethenesse,/And ever honoured for his worthinesse. " (pg. 4, The Canterbury Tales) The knight obviously held a very respectable reputation, and was treated with much honor and respect.
He was a perfect gentleman, showing kindness and understanding to everyone he came in contact with. The knight was extremely well-mannered, always being on his best behavior. His appearance was the "finishing touch," adding honor and integrity to his courageous and gentle spirit. This main character was clothed still in his armor, wearing a tunic of harsh cloth and his coat of mail is rust-stained, clearly showing remaining signs of past battles. "Of fustian he wered a gipoun/Al bismotered with his habergeoun;/For he was late y-come from his viage. " (pg. , The Canterbury Tales) The qualities of the knight resemble those of very few people in modern society, giving a quality of exaggeration to the perfectness found in the knight. He represents the embodiment of the ideal man as seen by Chaucer. The knight's son however, the Squire. does not display the degree of falseness the knight does. The vivacious personality of this young man closely resembles that of a modern man. He is a "lusty bachelor" of twenty, who is ultimately concerned with his appearance. He places more importance on fighting for his lady's honor, unlike his father who fought for abstract ideals or God.
He also wore stylish, but very "daring" garments. The squire was dressed in a very short gown, equal in extremity to today's modern mini-skirt, which was looked down upon by the Church. The vain squire made every effort to ensure that he had perfectly curled hair. "With lokkes crulle as they were leyd in presse. " (pg. 6, The Canterbury Tales) It seems as though it appeared that this young man purposely curled his hair, just as a woman would do. He is described as being as fresh as the month of May, showing his cleaniless and delightful appearance to which he took so much pride. He was as fresh as is the month of May. " (pg. 6, The Canterbury Tales) This young man is slowly but surely aspiring to knighthood just as his father did, therefore he's courteous, humble, and respects his father because he is an apprentice to his father. The young man did however, hold many social talents, which were important to have when becoming a knight. He has the abilities to sing, dance, write songs and poems, and joust, which were all important social accomplishments. The vain attitude of the Squire, and his selfish outlook, relate closely to the shallow demeanor of people today.
However, due to the acuteness of the squire's perfection in the sense of manlihood, he can also be viewed as a sort of a fairytale "Prince Charming. " Fairytale heros relate very well to the squire, because both are willing to do whatever they can for the love of a lady. The squire seems to possess all that a lady might dream of: agility, strength, courtesy, a nice family, manners, and good looks. Prince Charming would also possess these ideal traits and follow these lines almost exactly. Both the squire and Prince Charming are meant to be "good guys," and they both are in many aspects.
They are well bred and chivalrous, fight well for honor, and have the flaw of falling in love for beauty and passion. This comparison and likeness to the fairytale prince also gives this young squire his own degree of falseness and exaggeration. In certain aspects, the Monk also displays the impression of realism through his personality and actions. The Monk is not an ordinary holy man, but yet a worldly man who holds dear his means of personal enjoyment. He holds a very cocky, sarcastic attitude, not normally found in men of the church, which is the biggest sign of his realistic vitality.
Monks usually stay apart from the outside world, not go out for "venery," a word that carries sexual connotations, or in other words hunts for pleasure, which definately sets this Monk apart from his other church officials. The narrator states that "This ilke Monk leet olde thinges pace,/And held after the newe world the space. " (pg. 10, The Canterbury Tales) This statement indicates to the reader that this Monk finds joy and happiness in modern priviladges, differing him from conventional church officials.
He is introduced as "An out-rydere, that lovede venerye;/A manly man, to been an abbot able. " (pg. 8, The Canterbury Tales) The author describes him as being a "manly man," providing the reader with the assumption that the monk took his hunting and other "manly" activites very seriously. The author also makes it a point however, to state that he was a "fat and personable priest. " So in essence, this particular monk has an unusual appearance, such explained by the Host, that he appears as though he's in charge of food and drink, or like a rooster with plenty of hens.
This description confirms the impression that this Monk appears quite different from other religious figures, but yet is realistic due to his actions and appreciation of worldly pleasures. In order to explain his love of the hunt, the narrator states: "Of prikyng and of huntyng for the hare/Was al his lust, for no cost wolde he spare. " (pg. 34, The Canterbury Tales, A Literary Pilgrimage) He differs greatly from other church officials in that he appears to believe its pointless to follow his monastic duties. His rejection of the life of one's mind is explicit, and the narrator agrees: "And I seyde his opinion was good. What sholde he studie and make hymselven wood. " (Pg. 35, The Canterbury Tales, A Literary Pilgrimage) This Monk particularary enjoys hunting, a pastime of the nobility, which proves that the Monk cares about enjoyment rather than concerning himself with his religious duties all the time. The monk often "hunted a hare" or any other type of game that suited him. His values and attitude resemble the selfish corrupt ideals of people, who partake in actions without considering the consequences or benefit of others.
This character seems to have a mix of both realistic aspects and exaggerated ones. The Monk's selfishness and desire for recreation gives him the realistic feature. However, the author's stress of his sarcassim and selfishness also applies an angle of exaggeration to his character. An emphasis of a certain trait can also be examined in the Plowman. The Plowman is stressed as the example of an ideal middle class citizen. "A trewe swinker and a good was he,/Livinge in pees and parfit charite;" (pg. 26, The Canterbury Tales) This character is a very chivalrous workman, just as the knight was.
By looking closely at this character's actions and dialogue, it can be inferred that he is the type of individual who would gladly work for a person without pay. He pays all his Church taxes on time, and is a devoted churchgoer. This citizen treats his neighbor as he would want to be treated, making him well-liked, much as the knight was. Also, he is certainly not as rowdy as the other characters. He is a decent human being, and portrays a hard-working, devoted citizen, giving him much in common with the chivalrious knight.
The plowman's personality can be related to the common working class citizen of today, with the exception of a slight exaggerated flawlessness. Another character portraying an actual individual would be in the case of the Miller. The Miller is an obnoxious character who represents the modern day bully in a sense. He is a large man with imposing figure, making him seem more powerful than the other characters. This intimidation is developed by the physical description of the miller. The workman is brawny, big-boned and muscular, and is also a good wrestler.
This character is said to have a red beard and hair. He also has a rude and corrupt attitude treating his fellow travelers with contempt. His character matches the medieval conception that millers were the most important but dishonest tenants on a manor farm. He is shameless and selfish, and has a bad temper and is easily angered. In one instance, this character stole corn and proceded to charge three times the price, thinking nothing of the person he stole from. This man shows his vulgar and rude temperment when he becomes irritated upon hearing the Knight's tale of kings and queens and knights and ladies.
He drunkly shouts, "I wol now quyte the Knyghtes tale. " (pg. 146, The Canterbury Tales) The Host interupts the drunken man and pleads with him to wait to tell his tale, but he refuses and the Host critisizes him for his stubborness. "Thou art a fool; thy wit is overcome. " (pg. 146, The Canterbury Tales) He continues to entertain his fellow travelers by telling a tale about a devious student who plans to have an affair with the wife of a dimwitted carpenter, showing his immaturity and delight in other people's misery. He also is said to have developed a "Hell mouth," or speaks "in Pilates voys. (pg. 146, The Canterbury Tales) The miller's character can be viewed as realistic, because his personality matches that of a modern day bully, in that he is very intimidating, rude and uncaring. However, his characteristic anger is slightly overstressed. The Parson on the other hand, was a very religious, devoted, decent man. He is described as being very principled and intelligent. The parson is very noble and sets a good example towards his fellow parishioners. It is stated by the author that he is "also a lerned man, a clerk, / That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche" (pg. 80, The Canterbury Tales) He even hates collecting income taxes from his citizens. He is known to practice what he preaches, and his values and hard work sets a good example for the common people. He worked very hard to better the lives of others around him, and therefore worked in the absence of the comforts that tend to come along with fame and glory. The Parson is in many ways the ideal traveler on the journey to Canterbury. He is learned, but unlike the other men, possess much virtue. He realizes that if the priest that the people put their trust and faith in is machiavellian, then no one can ever expect the people to be virtuous. For if a preest be foul, on whom we truste,/No wonder is a lewed man to ruste;/" (pg. 24, The Canterbury Tales) This Parson is favorable over many other church officials, because unline them he does not run off to bigger and better places and rent his parish to someone else. These ideal qualities make him more approved than many of the other travelers, especially spiritually. He worked hard to spread goodness, act charitably, and was never hypocritical. These commendable qualities makes him a suitable parellel to what the world might view now as a model human being.
Such virtue and qualities seem too good to be true, and in a way represent what every person should be like instead of how they really are. In essence, the plot development is also based on the development of the characters and the contrast of reality and exaggeration. Chaucer purposely chose to give his characters certain aspects of reality and exaggerated traits to help develop each of the characters' tales. It is noticeable in the novel that each character's tale matches his or her personality in one way or another.
For example, the knight's heroic tale of chivalry and kings and queens obviously coinsides with his traits and lifestyle. The Miller's tale of dishonesty and cheating also matches his personality of anger and rudeness. Chaucer's use of characterization helps to establish the plot and motives of the tale. Of course, the tales told by each of Chaucer's characters reciprocates the personality traits displayed by them. The knight spoke a tale of chivalry and virtue and of ladies in waiting, while the Squire spoke of love and intrigue in his story.
The differences in their personalities leads to the conflicts and balance of reality and exaggeration. The knight for example, shows a great degree of embellishment because he is so well mannered and holds such virtuous ideals, which are not commonly displayed by normal beings, because of the selfish nature of humans. The knight seems to represent what Chaucer believes everyone should be like, and holds the values that people seem to overlook. The Squire, on the other hand, shows a more realistic display of characteristics, and adds variety to the story line.
He displays a sense of reality in that he isn't as concerned with honor and values as his father, but rather with his own enjoyment and vanity. Chaucer's novel would be incomplete without the continuing budding of his characters. How to Cite this Page MLA Citation: "An Analysis of the Characters of The Canterbury Tales. " 123HelpMe. com. 03 Aug 2013 . Analysis of Major Characters ; The Knight The Knight rides at the front of the procession described in the General Prologue, and his story is the first in the sequence.
The Host clearly admires the Knight, as does the narrator. The narrator seems to remember four main qualities of the Knight. The first is the Knight's love of ideals—"chivalrie" (prowess), "trouthe" (fidelity), "honour" (reputation), "fredom" (generosity), and "curteisie" (refinement) (General Prologue, 45–46). The second is the Knight's impressive military career. The Knight has fought in the Crusades, wars in which Europeans traveled by sea to non-Christian lands and attempted to convert whole cultures by the force of their swords.
By Chaucer's time, the spirit for conducting these wars was dying out, and they were no longer undertaken as frequently. The Knight has battled the Muslims in Egypt, Spain, and Turkey, and the Russian Orthodox in Lithuania and Russia. He has also fought in formal duels. The third quality the narrator remembers about the Knight is his meek, gentle, manner. And the fourth is his "array," or dress. The Knight wears a tunic made of coarse cloth, and his coat of mail is rust-stained, because he has recently returned from an expedition.
The Knight's interaction with other characters tells us a few additional facts about him. In the Prologue to the Nun's Priest's Tale, he calls out to hear something more lighthearted, saying that it deeply upsets him to hear stories about tragic falls. He would rather hear about "joye and greet solas," about men who start off in poverty climbing in fortune and attaining wealth (Nun's Priest's Prologue, 2774). The Host agrees with him, which is not surprising, since the Host has mentioned that whoever tells the tale of "best sentence and moost solaas" will win the storytelling contest (General Prologue, 798).
And, at the end of the Pardoner's Tale, the Knight breaks in to stop the squabbling between the Host and the Pardoner, ordering them to kiss and make up. Ironically, though a soldier, the romantic, idealistic Knight clearly has an aversion to conflict or unhappiness of any sort. The Pardoner The Pardoner rides in the very back of the party in the General Prologue and is fittingly the most marginalized character in the company. His profession is somewhat dubious—pardoners offered indulgences, or previously written pardons for particular sins, to people who repented of the sin they had committed.
Along with receiving the indulgence, the penitent would make a donation to the Church by giving money to the pardoner. Eventually, this "charitable" donation became a necessary part of receiving an indulgence. Paid by the Church to offer these indulgences, the Pardoner was not supposed to pocket the penitents' charitable donations. That said, the practice of offering indulgences came under critique by quite a few churchmen, since once the charitable donation became a practice allied to receiving an indulgence, it began to look like one could cleanse oneself of sin by simply paying off the Church.
Additionally, widespread suspicion held that pardoners counterfeited the pope's signature on illegitimate indulgences and pocketed the "charitable donations" themselves. Chaucer's Pardoner is a highly untrustworthy character. He sings a ballad—"Com hider, love, to me! " (General Prologue, 672)—with the hypocritical Summoner, undermining the already challenged virtue of his profession as one who works for the Church. He presents himself as someone of ambiguous gender and sexual orientation, further challenging social norms. The narrator is not sure whether the Pardoner is an effeminate homosexual or a eunuch (castrated male).
Like the other pilgrims, the Pardoner carries with him to Canterbury the tools of his trade—in his case, freshly signed papal indulgences and a sack of false relics, including a brass cross filled with stones to make it seem as heavy as gold and a glass jar full of pig's bones, which he passes off as saints' relics. Since visiting relics on pilgrimage had become a tourist industry, the Pardoner wants to cash in on religion in any way he can, and he does this by selling tangible, material objects—whether slips of paper that promise forgiveness of sins or animal bones that people can string around their necks as charms against the devil.
After telling the group how he gulls people into indulging his own avarice through a sermon he preaches on greed, the Pardoner tells of a tale that exemplifies the vice decried in his sermon. Furthermore, he attempts to sell pardons to the group—in effect plying his trade in clear violation of the rules outlined by the host. The Wife of Bath One of two female storytellers (the other is the Prioress), the Wife has a lot of experience under her belt. She has traveled all over the world on pilgrimages, so Canterbury is a jaunt compared to other perilous journeys she has endured.
Not only has she seen many lands, she has lived with five husbands. She is worldly in both senses of the word: she has seen the world and has experience in the ways of the world, that is, in love and sex. Rich and tasteful, the Wife's clothes veer a bit toward extravagance: her face is wreathed in heavy cloth, her stockings are a fine scarlet color, and the leather on her shoes is soft, fresh, and brand new—all of which demonstrate how wealthy she has become. Scarlet was a particularly costly dye, since it was made from individual red beetles found only in some parts of the world.
The fact that she hails from Bath, a major English cloth-making town in the Middle Ages, is reflected in both her talent as a seamstress and her stylish garments. Bath at this time was fighting for a place among the great European exporters of cloth, which were mostly in the Netherlands and Belgium. So the fact that the Wife's sewing surpasses that of the cloth makers of "Ipres and of Gaunt" (Ypres and Ghent) speaks well of Bath's (and England's) attempt to outdo its overseas competitors.
Although she is argumentative and enjoys talking, the Wife is intelligent in a commonsense, rather than intellectual, way. Through her experiences with her husbands, she has learned how to provide for herself in a world where women had little independence or power. The chief manner in which she has gained control over her husbands has been in her control over their use of her body. The Wife uses her body as a bargaining tool, withholding sexual pleasure until her husbands give her what she demands.
Doctors Tale in Canterbury Tales
Canterbury Tales Essay - Wife of Bath and the Battle of the Sexes:
Canterbury Tales Study Guide
Irony In The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales Quotes
Topic: Canterbury tales


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Monty Hall & Getting it Right the First Time
Let's talk a little about the Philosophy of Probability, maybe we'll stumble more into Decision Theory, just for giggles[1], specifically, I'd like to think about the Monty Hall problem. The Monty Hall
Kae Bagg
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I created a Spotify playlist. Check it out. I'll update this frequently with past and present music I'm feeling. There are 2 hours of music on "PJ's Picks" to start, which gives you a bit of an insight into what influences my sound.


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Obama Vetoes $612B Defense Bill Over Gitmo, Increased Defense Spending
John Hayward
President Obama is keeping a promise by vetoing the $612 billion defense policy bill, inviting reporters and photographers to watch him wield his veto pen in the Oval Office.
"Obama says he opposes the bill because it uses creative budget maneuvers to boost defense spending by $38 billion without increasing domestic spending. Obama wants higher spending for both," reports ABC News, which also mentions the President was upset that the bill would make it harder for him to close the terrorist detention facility at Guantanamo Bay.
"I'm going to be sending it back to Congress and my message to them is very simple: 'Let's do this right,'" said Obama, as quoted by Reuters. "We're in the midst of budget discussions. Let's have a budget that properly funds our national security as well as economic security."
The president's veto threat has been criticized by Republicans as an effort to hold military spending hostage to his domestic spending priorities, "economic security" having nothing to do with the business of national defense. Even friendly media outlets are characterizing Obama's veto as a "rebuke" to Republicans – which, they will assert, is synonymous with politicizing national defense in a moment of national peril.
Such was the critique leveled by presidential candidate Jeb Bush, for example, on the eve of the promised presidential veto:
Disturbed that @POTUS is having a photo op where he's using funding for our troops as bargaining chips. https://t.co/bExdELURc5
— Jeb Bush (@JebBush) October 21, 2015
"The president will not only veto the bill, he's going to brag about it. Not only going to veto the bill, he's going to brag about it in a photo op today down at the White House," said Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) on Thursday.
McConnell predicted he would have enough votes to override a presidential veto, while Minority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) was equally confident he would have enough votes to sustain it. The Hill notes that Reid would have to flip some Democrats who voted for the bill to sustain Obama's veto, as it passed the senate with 20 Democrat votes earlier this month, on a 70-27 vote.
Outgoing House Speaker John Boehner (R-OH) was also aware of the presidential veto threat when he signed the defense bill on Tuesday. "I recognize the president wants to make a point about spending, but there are certainly ways to do that that don't involve putting our troops in the middle," he said, hoping in vain that the President would "do the right thing and sign this bill for our troops and our families."
"President Obama's politically-motivated veto of bipartisan legislation to fund our troops is troubling on its own, but the fact he used the occasion for a photo-op will go down as one of the lowest moments of his failed presidency," said Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus after the veto ceremony. "Funding our national security priorities should be above partisan politics and our men and women in uniform should never be used as a bargaining chip. With the Russians and ISIS terrorists on the march, President Obama's decision to hold funding for the military hostage is not only petty, it is undeniably reckless."
"The fact President Obama would walk away from his responsibilities as commander-in-chief at such a dangerous time in an attempt to reverse unrelated budget caps he signed into law shows how out of place his priorities are," Priebus continued. "Hillary Clinton's silence amid this irresponsible brinksmanship is telling and she should immediately call on President Obama to fund our military with no strings attached."
National SecurityPoliticsBarack ObamaDefenseHarry ReidJeb BushJohn BoehnermilitaryMitch McConnellveto


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09.17.2013 Sports
Williams' free kick starts Tuckers off on right foot
By Bob Liepa
GARRET MEADE PHOTO | Southampton's Elliot LaGuardia and Mattituck's Paul Hayes in pursuit of the ball.
TUCKERS 2, MARINERS 1
Free-kick taking is an art, and what Kevin Williams crafted on Tuesday was a thing of beauty. At least in Mattituck eyes.
For over an hour of play in the Southampton-Mattituck boys soccer game, neither team had scored, and one began to wonder if either would before the day was over. Then, in the 64th minute, Mattituck was awarded a direct free kick 28 yards in front of the Southampton goal.
Mattituck's free-kick responsibilities are shared by the left-footed Kaan Ilgin and Williams, who prefers his right foot. Ilgin deferred to Williams, and the junior central defender stepped up to take the kick.
What makes taking a direct free kick in such situations so tricky is that the kicker must strike the ball high enough to go over the defensive wall, yet not so high that it rises over the crossbar. At the same time, the shot must have the power and the placement to beat the goalkeeper.
Williams' attempt had all of the above.
"I thought it was going to hit the crossbar, and in the last second it looked like it dipped a lot," he said.
The ball flew into the net, to the right of flying goalkeeper Garrett Pike for Williams' first goal of the young season. It was the sort of goal players dream about.
"You just can't teach that," Mattituck's attacking center midfielder, James Hayes, said admiringly. "That was a great goal."
GARRET MEADE PHOTO | Mattituck junior forward Kaan Ilgin assisted on the winning goal, put 3 of his 4 shots on goal and completed 21 of 29 passes.
It was the first of 3 goals within a span of 3 minutes 43 seconds in the Suffolk County League VII game, leaving Mattituck with a 2-1 victory in its home opener. Hayes spotted Mattituck a 2-0 lead 2:20 after Williams' strike.
But it was the first goal, the ice-breaker, that was the most impressive.
"I've seen him take shots like that in practice, and he did it again," Mattituck coach Mat Litchhult said. "You know, it's tough to get that kind of a swerve on a ball."
Moments after the first goal, Ilgin slid a cutting pass into the penalty area for Hayes, who then slid the ball under Pike for a 2-0 lead and Hayes' second goal of the season.
Ilgin is a tremendously skilled player. "His technical ability on the ball is some of the best I've ever seen," said Litchhult.
The junior forward had 49 touches on the ball, put 3 of his 4 shots on goal, and connected on 21 of 29 passes.
If Williams' goal loosened things up for the Tuckers (2-1, 2-0), the second goal may have made them feel too loose, said Litchhult. "I think the 2-nothing lead hurt us a little bit because I think we relaxed and we thought the game was over."
It wasn't.
Southampton (2-2, 1-2) pulled itself back in the game 1:23 later when Elliot LaGuardia knocked the ball between goalkeeper Steve Ostrowski's legs.
Four minutes into the game, Ilgin nearly set up a goal by Mario Arreola, only to see Southampton's Tyler Wisner clear the ball.
Another close call came six minutes into the second half when Hayes passed to Oswaldo Aldaz, whose creative flick nearly reached the net before Southampton's Kevin Dexter booted the ball to safety.
Mattituck survived a couple of threatening shots by Southampton's Ezekiel Martinez that barely missed their target in the second half.
All in all, it was a good showing by the Tuckers.
"We strung so many passes and they couldn't touch it," Hayes said. "It's just good to watch."
Mattituck, a New York State Class B semifinalist last year, once again has plenty of talent. At the same time, the team is young. Only two of Mattituck's 25 players are seniors, Aldaz and Ostrowski. Expectations are high.
"I'd say this is one of the best teams that Mattituck has ever had," Hayes said. "I know we can go to states and I'm positive we can win it; it's just a matter of the hard work we can put in like we did last year."
An occasional goal off a set piece wouldn't hurt, either.
Williams is the first to acknowledge that the majority of free kicks don't find their mark, instead sailing over the crossbar, going wide or hitting the wall.
"You never really know where it's going to go," Williams said. "It has to be perfect. It's more of a 1-in-10-shot chance, but I guess I got it. I hit it."
Bob Liepa is the sports editor for Times Review Media Group, where he has worked since 1992. Raised in East Meadow, the Long Island native has won both Writer and Sportswriter of the Year from the New York State Press Association.
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11.16.2020	Sports
Two Tuckers ink letters of intent to play in college
It's the nature of this strange, pandemic-cursed year of 2020 that oddities arise, such as high school athletes with...
With season canceled, wood bat tournament gave Mattituck seniors one last chance to play ball together
The welcomed sounds of the crack of a bat and pitched baseballs popping into catchers' mitts were back. Although...
Girls Basketball: Mac's farewell comes with tears
When it ended, Mackenzie Hoeg looked down, raised her hands to her face, wiped away some tears and waited...
Girls Basketball: Tuckers fall when their shots don't
There's just something about Port Jefferson. Maybe it's the Royals' sharp shooting skill. Or their tenacious defense. Or their...
Girls Basketball Notebook: Mattituck's defense gets job done
The way basketball coaches see it, there's no defense for not playing defense. A player's shooting touch can come...
Boys Basketball Notebook: 'X' made his mark with Tuckers
Undoubtedly, this was not the way the X-Man wanted things to end. Possibly the greatest career in Mattituck High...


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Q: Rails select opton using images i have a select_tag in my rails form where i want to show images as option, i tried searching for a solution online but there is nothing quite good.
my form
<%= form.select :transport, ['Select an image', 'http://pngimg.com/uploads/tesla_car/tesla_car_PNG24.png', 'http://pluspng.com/img-png/png-hd-bike-ktm-duke-bike-png-download-1600.png' %>

i want something like this:
click here

A: Instead of struggling to let Rails handle it, It's recommended to use JQuery to populate options in the drop-down list.
This link guides you through the process to do it.
Click Here

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Our Face Elixir is a light yet highly nourishing oil based serum formulated with natural plant oils that promote healthier and softer skin.
Start with clean, dry skin. Use 3 to 5 drops of oil. Massage evenly over entire face.


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MieGames
Magic Moments Vodka Summer Breeze Youtube
Who we are. magic moments is the only wish granting organization devoted exclusively to creating magic moments in the lives of children in alabama with chronically life threatening medical conditions. a magic moment allows children and their families to forget, even if just for a little while, the fear and pain of their illness learn more about who we are >. Magic moment photography is a family owned business operating out of grayson, georgia. loralee beard, head photographer, started the business in 1996 after graduating from the photography program at gwinnett technical college. Magic moments inc. is an organization that promotes the arts by fostering an environment of acceptance, growth, learning, and support for our participants and the larger community by inviting people of all ages, with or without disabilities, amateur or professional, to perform in original musical theater productions. "this magic moment" is a song composed by lyricist doc pomus and pianist mort shuman, and is one of their best known songs. it was recorded first by ben e. king and the drifters. Perry como magic moments.
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Choosing childcare is one of the toughest decisions a parent makes in the early years of parenthood. despite all the research that a parent does to make certain that they are making the right decision, after all the checks and balances are performed, the choice often boils down to the gut feeling that you have when you feel that you are simply in the right place. Buy flowers from your local florist in carmichaels, pa magic moments will provide all your floral and gift needs in carmichaels, pa. Original drifters version. it was recorded first by ben e. king and the drifters. the drifters version spent 11 weeks on the billboard hot 100 and reached no. 16 on april 2, 1960. the session musicians jerry leiber and mike stoller hired to play on this record were: phil bodner on sax, ernie hayes on piano, george barnes (musician) and bucky pizzarelli on guitar, george duvivier on bass, and. Tabletop decor. theme props. lighting. drapery. lounge. floral design. interactive technology. custom design. Magic moments is a full service bridal shop offering wedding dresses, bridal gowns, prom dresses, tuxedo rental and alterations in evansville indiana.
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Welcome to magic moments learning center. we are the most respected and trusted child care facility in lake county, florida. with two locations in clermont, we serve families from minneola, groveland, and more. Flint hill is one of the wedding venues in atlanta ga that is full of southern charm and elegance. schedule a tour of this atlanta wedding venue here!. "jingle bells" (1957) "magic moments" (1957) "kewpie doll" (1958) "magic moments" is a popular song with music by burt bacharach and lyrics by hal david, one of the first compositions by that duo.magic moments" is a popular song with music by burt bacharach and lyrics by hal david, one of the first compositions by that duo. the song was published in 1957. Granting a magic moment is the best way to get involved. once a magic moment has been approved, a magic maker is assigned to each recipient. Magic moments. 1.1k likes. #magicmoments is an iphone app and online marketplace that allows you to take pictures, turn them into products, buy, share, and sell them!.
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"magic moments" is a popular song with music was written by burt bacharach, the lyrics by hal david, one of the first compositions by that duo. Magic moments before shark tank ever wish you could take a picture that you own the licensing to and put it on a mug or a t shirt? well, you can already do that, but how about from your smartphone. Creating memories. Book magic moment resort and kids club, kissimmee on tripadvisor: see 1,740 traveler reviews, 966 candid photos, and great deals for magic moment resort and kids club, ranked #1 of 161 hotels in kissimmee and rated 4.5 of 5 at tripadvisor. This site was designed by ©magical moments vacations 2009 2019 ©magical moments vacations is an independently owned travel agency. no part of this website may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission. ©magical moments vacations maintains exclusive ownership or all artwork, logo,and website content.
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Directed by lawrence gordon clark. with john abbott, shirley cassedy, tony caunter, charles collingwood. a successful magician is approached to do a tv special, which he has not done before. he and the beautiful producer of the show fall in love with each other, much to the disappointment of her possessive guardian (who is the person she works for). he sets out to wreck their happiness. We are a unique concept, with a contemporary style, in an incredible location! this marvelous blend sets us apart from the rest. but our most important feature is the seed in our concept. Magic moments is pleased to announce that we will be running another golf fundraiser on saturday august 3rd 2019. the fundraiser will take place at the wellshire golf course with an 7:30am shotgun start check in for the event begins at 6:30am and we will be running in a 4 person team scramble format. This three disc cd set is the closest thing you will get to an all encompassing set of non rock and roll or doo wop songs of the 1950's. it includes groups such as the four lads, the four preps, the mcguire sisters, and other groups in addition to individual singers such as johnny ray, teresa brewer, patti page, rosemary clooney, and others. How to view your senior pictures: 2015 2016 senior picture proofs will be avalible starting august 1st. 1) click image in center of homepage that says "senior proofs 2016" (or click here) 2)click the correct link for your school. 3) enter an email address it can be any email address 4) read the paragraph and press "click here to continue" 5) enter your keyword (last name last 4 digits of.
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Gender parity is a National value. How to Empower Women, the Youth, People with Disabilities, the Marginalized and Minorities to fully participate in decision making is now the issue.
Substantive gains for these Constituencies in the new Constitution must not only be protected but also be seen to be enjoyed through Affirmative Action in all shortfalls.
Up-grading of Educational and Med-care institutions to enhance the health, intellectual capacity and family values amongst the women.
As today's leaders, the energetic and zealous youth shall be motivated to occupy their leadership space in society through elections and appointments.
They must fully participate in the implementation of the new Constitution to be custodians of their own gains and watch-dogs of national interests.
Socio-political education and spiritual values shall be imparted in childhood education to mainstream leadership values and integrity.
Make own proposals distribution of Youth Fund for enterprise development.
Senior citizens are a heritage and national data bank. They require Welfare schemes for protection against vagaries of old age and marginalization in their sunset season.
Our People with Disabilities have suffered untold injustice for a long time. Kenya alone has Three Thousand (3,000) out of Six Hundred Thousand and Fifty people (650,000) worldwide.
Establishment of a permanent Commission on Rights and Dignity for People with Disabilities.


One of the best yet!!
One of the novellas is written by my client and friend, PJ Fiala.
Stories of Sun, Sand & Sea – Mistletoe & Palm Trees. "Makes for ten holiday celebrations like none other. Sunny skies. Check. Palm Trees. Check. Beaches. Maybe. Family. Sometimes. Love and Romance. Double Check. Scrumptious food and a few cocktails. Triple Check. Murder. At least one.
Ten novellas written with heartfelt holiday spirit that will make you laugh, bring tears to your eyes, warmth to your soul, intrigue to your psyche, with just enough romance to make you wish for more.
Celebrate with us!" — The ten authors of http://www.pjfiala.com/indie-publishing-coalition/.


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ITV agree deal to show Premiership rugby, including live final
Cowboys' Mike McCarthy explains what he would change about final play vs. 49ers
Home/news world/Sinking feeling: San Francisco's Millennium Tower is still leaning 3in every year | San Francisco
Sinking feeling: San Francisco's Millennium Tower is still leaning 3in every year | San Francisco
San Francisco's infamous Millennium Tower – a luxury condominium where star athletes and retired Google employees bought multimillion dollar apartments before they realized it was sinking – is continuing to sink and tilt to the side by about about 3in (7.5 cm) per year, according to the engineer responsible for fixing the troubled building.
In a few years, if the tilting continues at the current rate, the 58-story luxury building could reach the point where the elevators and plumbing may no longer operate, said Ron Hamburger, the engineer.
Millennium Tower opened to fanfare in 2009 and its more than 400 apartments quickly sold out, for a reported $750m in total. But by 2016, the building had sunk 16in (40 cm) into the soft soil and landfill of San Francisco's dense financial district.
The building's ongoing tilt, which has continued despite a planned $100m fix, has drawn comparisons to the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and prompted a lawsuit by residents against the building's developers and designers and rounds of recrimination between the developers and city officials.
In early litigation, some residents argued that apartments that were once assessed at prices as high as $5.1m were now worth almost nothing. In 2020, a confidential settlement included a $100m scheme for fixing the building, and a plan to compensate homeowners in the building for estimated losses.
But the sink-and-lean of the building has continued through the repair process.
Wolverines face tough test at healthier Nittany Lions – The Athletic
Atletico Madrid: Diego Simeone, Antoine Griezmann, Koke, Herrera and Joao Felix post positive COVID-19 tests
Work to reinforce the building's foundation came to a halt last summer, after engineers discovered the building had sunk an additional inch in the months since the attempted repairs had begun. An inch of tilt at the foundation of the building translated into an additional 5in lean at the top of the high-rise, NBC Bay Area reported last summer, pushing the building's total tilt at the time to 22in.
Today, the building's total tilt at the top is 26in, an increase of 10in since the "so-called fix" of the building began last year, NBC Bay Area reported.
Hamburger told the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in an update hearing last week that the building remains safe and that installing 18 steel piles to bedrock is the best way to stop the tilting and possibly reverse some of it, KNTV-TV reported.
"The building does continue to settle at a rate of about one-half inch per year and to tilt at a rate of about 3in per year," he told supervisors last week. "It is doing this whether we are conducting work at the site or not."
High-profile residents have included former San Francisco 49er Joe Montana, late venture capitalist Tom Perkins and San Francisco Giants outfielder Hunter Pence.
The building's perks included a wine cellar, film screening room and a button that promised to let residents summon "engineering" help within 15min.
Rams safety Jordan Fuller out for remainder of season, may need ankle surgery
'We just have to see what the future holds' – The Athletic


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Museum Statement On Holocaust Legislation in Poland
Andrew Hollinger
ahollinger@ushmm.org
Museum Press Kit
UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM DEEPLY CONCERNED OVER LEGISLATION TO CRIMINALIZE REFERENCES TO POLES' COMPLICITY IN NAZI CRIMES
WASHINGTON, D.C. – The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is deeply concerned over legislation adopted by the lower house of the Polish Parliament on January 26, 2018, which would make it illegal to reference the complicity of some Poles for crimes against the Jews committed during the Nazi occupation of the country during the Second World War. The law would chill a free and open dialogue addressing Poland's history during the Holocaust, including in Polish schools and universities as well as in the media. An accurate understanding of Holocaust history requires an unfettered exchange of ideas in classrooms and among the public.
"Historians of Poland, from both inside and outside the country, have conducted widely respected research on all aspects of the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland that is helping us better understand what made the Holocaust possible," said Museum Director Sara J. Bloomfield. "In order for Poland to continue to be a leader in Holocaust scholarship the government should allow open-ended debate and research and the healthy discussions it generates."
Historical Background:
From 1939-1945, Poland was brutally occupied by Nazi Germany. (The Soviet Union occupied eastern Poland between 1939-1941.) Deemed racially inferior in Nazi racial ideology, almost two million non-Jewish Polish civilians—including tens of thousands of Catholic priests, intellectuals, teachers, and political leaders—were killed by the Germans and millions more were imprisoned and subjected to forced labor. Over 1.5 million Poles were deported as forced laborers.
By the end of the war approximately three million Jews—90% of Poland's Jewish population—had been murdered in mass shootings and at stationary killing centers in occupied Poland, Auschwitz-Birkenau being the most well known. Many Poles risked their lives to save their Jewish neighbors. Over 6,600 individuals are recognized as "Righteous Among the Nations" by Yad Vashem, more than from any other country. However, many Poles were complicit in the crimes against Jews. As German forces implemented the mass murder of Jews, they drew upon some Polish agencies, such as Polish police forces and railroad personnel, in the guarding of ghettos and the deportation of Jews to the killing centers. Individual Poles often helped in the identification, denunciation, and hunting down of Jews in hiding, often profiting from associated blackmail, and actively participated in the plunder of Jewish property.
In July 1941, Polish residents of Jedwabne, a small town located in then German-occupied Poland, participated in the murder of hundreds of their Jewish neighbors.
About the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum:
A living memorial to the Holocaust, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum inspires citizens and leaders worldwide to confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity. Its far-reaching educational programs and global impact are made possible by generous donors. For more information, visit, ushmm.org.
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Guest Post: Handcuffed to the Past?
In the posts before the holidays I talked more about cellular memory and stress and its effects on us physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually. According to many well-respected experts, including Dr. Bruce Lipton, beliefs and cellular memories are in control of our cells – not our DNA. We also know that stress causes mutations in our cells – cell "suicide." There are all different types of stress – physical like injuries, accidents, surgeries, abuse; emotional like guilt, shame, fear and anger; and mental stress like worry, low sense of self-worth.
And we also know that stress is unique to each one of us. What stresses me out may not even affect you at all! But it all must be addressed internally. You cannot solve your problem, regardless of what it is, outside yourself. You cannot "blame" God or anyone else, even if they are the "cause" of the problem.
So besides praying that Prayer of Transformation, possibly the most essential step is http://www.impactministries.com/Resources/PrayerofTransformation.aspx forgiveness. This is critical physically as well as spiritually. Think about what we most often do when someone offends or hurts us – we feel that emotionally and unless the person comes to us and apologizes and we are able to release that offense, in order to "get over it" we bury it – we just ignore it in order to stop continually feeling it. However, it's not gone – it's just hidden inside us.
Dr. Jim Richards explained that the original meaning of the word forgive is to send away. So let's look at John 20:23 from the Amplified: "… if you forgive the sins of anyone, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of anyone, they are retained." If I substitute Dr. Richard's definition it reads: "If you send away the sins of anyone they are sent away; if you retain the sins of anyone, they are retained." Obviously retained means they are held on to but it also means to give them mastery! So you could say: If you send away the sins of any, they're sent away from you (!); if you retain them, then they have mastery over you. Wow! That is worth thinking about.
Well that hit me like a ton of bricks! So we are to forgive or send the offense away – not ignore it, bury it or pretend it doesn't bother us any more – because if we don't send it away, our bodies assume we want to keep it. It has less to do with the person who hurt us than it does the feeling it causes us because whenever we get into a similar situation in the future, that buried feeling from the offense is triggered. So, we are to send the offense away and to treat the person with "mercy" and wisdom – in other words, be more kind to them than they deserve but you don't have to necessarily trust them or spend time with them.
Are there sins or offenses that have been committed against you that you have not sent away?
When you hear the word "teach", what image comes to mind? You probably see a teacher in the front of the room imparting his/her wisdom to the students seated at their desks. Formal school structures, such as this, are an extremely productive way to teach our children; however, do you know we also teach them by how we behave? My Pastor, Bishop Daniel Robertson, Jr.[i] says, "Some things are taught; some things are caught", which means that our children absorb not just what we say, but also what we do.
All adults have influence on children, whether as a parent, neighbor, uncle, aunt, grandparent, coach, teacher, minister, community or business leader, so it is our collective responsibility to encourage the development of the skills children need to walk purposefully with the Lord. One way to ensure they will learn is if we demonstrate these skills. Children should not only see us reading our Bible and discussing God's Holy Word, but applying His divine principles by loving each other, being patient with those we interact with, and exhibiting God's joy in our conversations.
Smile and say "Please", "Thank You" and "Excuse Me"?
Refer to God's Holy Word when making decisions?
Exhibit a Spirit of Thanksgiving?
Pray at home and our respective houses of worship?
Help others willingly and cheerfully?
Even though I do not have children of my own, I act as if I do because God's children are all our children. It is my job (and yours too!) to bear the fruit of the Spirit so young people can truly understand that God is not only in Heaven, or just a mere abstraction, but resides in each of us through His Holy Spirit.
We all play a part in raising fruity children; the question is what fruit are we serving them? Love or Hate?
Remember, children learn what we teach them. They will exhibit fruit and what they catch from us is more than likely what they will display.
[i] Pastor of the Mt. Gilead Full Gospel International Ministries, Inc. of Richmond, VA: www.thebalmingilead.org.
How has the compassion of Christ healed your pain?
Have you ever played "not it"? A task or chore comes up that no one wants to do but someone must, and you are in a group of people, everyone yells "not it" and whoever yells last has to do the task or chore? Or as kids is was to see who had to catch everyone in a game of tag, or who had to go find everyone in a game of hide and go-seek. You always knew that no matter what the circumstance was, that sometime/someday your time to be "it" would come.
If we get lucky in life we keep those chances of being "it" to a minimum and we are able to sit-back and watch someone else do the work, however when it comes to our personal health we are "it". We cannot look to anyone else to be responsible for us. Losing weight or not gaining weight all begins and ends with diet. It can all start with something as simple as practicing portion control while eating. Did you know that weight loss is 80% diet and 20% exercise and that by making simple dietary changes you can dramatically improve your health? But you must become "it", you must take control!
We are in the midst of an obesity epidemic which in turn is spawning an increase in type2 diabetes. Currently type2 diabetes affects 24 million people in the U.S., but only 18 million know they have it. About 90% of those people have type 2 diabetes. Back in the year 2010 it was reported the costs for this disease was a staggering $174 billion a year to our country's health care system! Type2 diabetes is just one in a number of different diseases that are off-spring to the obesity epidemic. There just too many horror stories in the world today of folks just like you and I losing their entire retirements because of diseases like type2 diabetes because of the co-pays, supplies, and medicines that Medicare did not cover. Folks that had enough money to retire but not enough to manage a chronic disease such as diabetes. Would you want to work your entire life only to give it away for medical treatment/services that you may have prevented just by taking accountability for your personal health by eating better and getting a little exercise in your life? Just by being "it"?
We live in a time where it is expected we take accountability for any action or inaction, we can no longer declare "not it". If you want to protect your future and the future of those you love it is time to take responsibility.
When you think about the options (taking responsibility for our personal health) or saying "not it" and hoping for the best it would seem the answer is quite simple. If it means cutting out the processed foods and fast foods and replacing them with foods that have nutritional value, isn't that better than putting your health in jeopardy?
You can start off easy by first practicing portion control. Don't take so much food when dishing your food up and don't go back for seconds. Next stop buying the processed foods that contain little or no nutritional value and replace them with something better. There are plenty of nutritious meals you can make at home that are much better for you than processed foods or fast foods. If you wondering where to find these meals visit the internet where there many websites where you can download or copy recipes. Get yourself off the fast-food fix, if it's served in a box and through a window, look for healthier foods to eat. Lastly instead of saying "not it" say I am "it", I am going to take accountability for my personal health.
Jesus is all we need! How do you celebrate His infinite gifts?
The theme of this post is how to accelerate with action!
All of us know that we must take purposeful action to reach our powerful goals, right? Yet how often do we stall, even unwittingly, in the progress on our pathways? I have seen this in my own life and in my clients' lives. Are you experiencing any area of stagnancy or being stuck? I encourage you to take even one inspired action step in that area in order to accelerate your business…and accentuate your joy!
Creating Confidence. Action builds confidence. For example, a new coach may not have much faith in her skills. Yet, as she works with clients, she witnesses the results they bear time and time again. If she waited until she had strong confidence before enrolling clients, she may never start. Yet, in starting, she develops confidence. So don't wait for confidence in order to do; rather do in order to build confidence.
Wielding Wisdom. "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and instruction." (Proverbs 1:7) The Lord speaks to us when we love and revere Him. He speaks to us in His Word and through His Spirit. Often, too, He speaks to us when we are in action. I have learned some of the most valuable lessons by the actions I have taken and their corresponding failures or successes. Taking action not only reinforces what we know but also reveals to us new insights and inspirations.
Honing Holiness. We are made righteous by our faith in Jesus Christ, yet we express our faith in our doing. "But someone will say, 'You have faith and I have works.' Show me your faith apart from your works, and I will show you my faith by my works." (James 2:18) Acting upon our faith is an essential element of progressive sanctification.
These are seven powerful benefits of taking action. You may wonder now what action to take? Start with the next best step, and you can learn exactly how here in another post. Is there an area in which you have been postponing action? Pause to pray and then accelerate with God-inspired action!
If you need help with taking action or with building your business overall, I invite you to attract your ideal clients and powerfully boost your business over the next 40 days! There is no need to reinvent the wheel. I have organized my knowledge and experiences in business into an implementable 40-day series of actionable daily steps, instructional videos and powerful worksheets. If you need a serious boost in business, I encourage you to take the next step by visiting Purposeful Pathway Business Academy today!
Let's Pray: Loving Lord, thank You for inspiring us with action that glorifies You. Thank You for teaching us Your perfect ways and for paving our paths. Thank You for blessing us with eternal fruit when we sow faithfully in Your Name. Bless our businesses and our lives as we choose to follow You every moment of every day. It's in Jesus' Name we pray. Amen.
At some point in our life we all have given thanks for something, and oh what a wonderful feeling it was. When we think about giving thanks there is so much to be thankful for of which the biggest reason of course is for the sacrifice Jesus made for us on the cross. It is because of that sacrifice we have the chance to be saved and enjoy heaven's beatitude. That is why it is so very important for us to keep in mind and heed the words written in Colossians 3:17 "And whatever you do, whether in word or deed, do it all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him".
We find that the more we give thanks, the happier we are. Why? Because we are looking at the things in life we should be grateful for and by seeing and acknowledging the good basic things we have in life, it gives us strength, courage and wisdom to deal with the things that need change, the things that may be preventing us from finding inner happiness.
There is also great happiness in helping others find things in their life they can be grateful for. By doing so we enable them to give thanks, and to experience personal happiness as well. Also by doing this we hope to create the desire in them to want to do more. Yes, giving thanks is contagious and once you experience its goodness you most certainly will want give thanks even more.
I am excited and honored that the inspirational Myra Goldick shared on Purposeful Pathway Radio! Myra overcame a childhood laced with racial discrimination, poverty and disability. As a child completely paralyzed by polio, Myra was told she would never walk again and that living with it was her only option. Myra decided to fight for her physical and emotional survival. Through passion, perseverance, artistic creativity and God's grace, she rose above adversity and developed a life full of love, family, success, accomplishment and prosperity.
Today Myra is the host of the 'Never Say Impossible' radio show and 'The Dancing On Our Disabilities' show. She is an author, a speaker, and a professional artist. Her mission is to motivate, inspire, share other people's successes and engage the audience through thought-provoking communication.
Join us as Myra shares how to Never Say Impossible via [Purposeful Pathway Radio] Never Say Impossible with Special Guest Myra Goldick or via the media player below.
Bountiful blessings on your purposeful pathway!
Of His mercy and might.
Radiant reminders of Jesus' love surround us! What are some ways in which you are a radiant reminder to others of Jesus?


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Greg Mansell
Greg Mansell ( born November 8, 1987 at the Isle of Man) is a British racing driver and cyclists. He is a son of the Formula 1 World Champion Nigel Mansell, and younger brother of racing driver Leo Mansell.
3.1 Career stations
3.2 Le Mans results
Greg Mansell began his motorsport career in 2005 with his brother Leo in karting. 2006 changed both in the British Formula BMW. Greg Mansell finished 14th in the standings and took unlike his brother points. After the two brothers had gone in 2006 as a guest driver in a race the British Formula 3 Championship at the start, both drove in 2007 for Fortec Motorsport in this series. Greg Mansell scored three third places and finished in the end of the season tenth overall and was thus only one place behind Sebastian High Thal, who also went to the start for Fortec Motorsport. His brother Leo, who was finally 17, he distanced significantly.
2008 left Greg and Leo Mansell Europe and started in the Formula Atlantic team for the Walker Racing. While Greg Mansell with multiple placements came in tenth place overall in the top ten drivers end of the season, Leo, who was 19, had to admit defeat his younger brother again. 2009 Greg Mansell returned back to Europe in the World Series by Renault and first appeared in a different racing series as his brother. Starting for Ultimate Motorsport, he was his teammate Miguel Molina inferior to most end of the season and was 26th in the overall standings. He started on the last race weekend for Comtec Racing, since Ultimate Motorsport had retired before the end of the season. He also competed in one race in the Formula Atlantic and with his father in the 1000 km race at Silverstone Le Mans Series.
2010 Mansell denied as the Monegasque Stefano Coletti teammate for Comtec Racing its second season in the World Series by Renault. While Coletti was sixth, he finished at the end of the season 15th overall. He also denied and his brother Leo a full season of the Le Mans Series for the team her father Nigel. In some runs of the series and the 24 - hour race at Le Mans 2010, the two sons were also actively supported by Nigel Mansell as a driver.
2011 Mansell left Formula racing and moved to the GT racing. Together with his brother Leo, he takes for Lotus Italia Scuderia Giudici in the new Blancpain Endurance Series.
Greg Mansell is also active as a cyclist. In the Iceland Games 2011 he won the silver medal in the criterion for Jersey. Since 2012, he drives for the British Continental Team UK Youth Cycling.
2012 UK Youth Cycling
2013 Team UK Youth
2014 Team NFTO
Career stations
2005: Karting
2006: British Formula BMW ( 14th)
2007: British Formula 3 Championship ( 10th place )
2008: Formula Atlantic ( place 10 )
2009: World Series by Renault ( 26th place )
2010: World Series by Renault ( 15th place)
2011: Blancpain Endurance Series
Le Mans results
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions British Formula Three Championship Sebastian Hohenthal Atlantic Championship 2009 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season 2010 Formula Renault 3.5 Series season 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans 2011 Blancpain Endurance Series season Grand tourer
memim.com 2020
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Meditation can seem daunting and even a little 'woo-woo' however anyone can benefit from regular stillness and calming the mind. This course shows just how simple and easy it is to meditate, regardless which technique you choose and how easy it is to apply the learned methods into your everyday life. All meditations are short in length and so easy to fit into your schedule and range from simple guided meditations to transcendental meditations.
Everyone can benefit from regular meditation. This course is ideal for those who are curious about meditation or just beginning to practise. It is a comprehensive course yet everything is delivered and presented in a clear and simple way to make sure you can ease into your meditation practise with no drama.
This course is not suitable for experienced practitioners.
Your soothing voice, pace of presentation and phenomenal settings made the experience most enjoyable and beneficial. You did an exceptional job!! Thank you for spreading peace and love through your helpful suggestions on meditation and being in the now.


text:
Accounting | College of Business | Finance, Insurance, and Law | Graduation Services | Student Affairs
In their words: Joseph Berg reflects on graduating during the pandemic
Author By Evan Linden
Joseph Berg
This is the fifth story in a series in which students set to graduate in December reflect on how their final semester at Illinois State University has been impacted by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Joseph Berg is earning bachelor's degrees in accounting and finance from the College of Business.
Joseph Berg is not a traditional college student, but that did not discourage him from making the most of his experience at Illinois State. After a few years of feeling unfulfilled in the workforce, he decided to commit to his education by joining the Redbird family. He was eager to polish his professional skills and set himself up for a career he could be passionate about.
A few years later, it is clear that Berg made good on his intention. He is set to graduate summa cum laude this December.
"What I'll remember most from my time at Illinois State is my experience with the College of Business," said Berg. "It's an exceptional place to learn, and it's an exceptional place to grow."
Berg credits his accounting advisor, Brent Kane, as well as the Department of Accounting's Associate Professor Dr. Jomo Sankara and Associate Professor Dr. Rachel Birkey, as just a few of the individuals who have been responsible for his success within the College of Business. "They were very instrumental in making me feel like I belonged here," said Berg. "They were very kind and very professional people."
"The struggle of transitioning to online learning has been real for all of us, but I've been impressed by some of the faculty who have really taken it upon themselves to keep experiences intact. I've been impressed by some of my classmates, as well. Some people have really shown initiative in these tough times."
At Illinois State, Berg has become involved with Business Week as a transition seminar coordinator. "The Business Week transition seminars have a multitude of seminars on topics that have interest to graduating students," said Berg. "I was a part of the team in charge of coordinating those speakers, events, and topics."
Berg's Business Week experience was invaluable. "Interacting in a professional setting is always good practice. Gaining the confidence to reach out to professionals was beneficial for me."
The pandemic presented a new set of hurdles for Berg during his final two semesters. Berg worked at a restaurant at the start of the pandemic, and he was furloughed once restaurants initially closed. Being unable to work meant that Berg was unable to make rent payments, so he had to move back in with his family in Lake in the Hills in Chicagoland, where he has been learning remotely ever since.
"The struggle of transitioning to online learning has been real for all of us, but I've been impressed by some of the faculty who have really taken it upon themselves to keep experiences intact," said Berg. "I've been impressed by some of my classmates, as well. Some people have really shown initiative in these tough times."
Through all the ups and downs, Berg has relied on a solid support system from his family. "I've got to thank my mom, dad, brother, and sister-in-law for everything; I wouldn't be where I am without them," said Berg. "My family's very proud of me, and we will definitely be taking some time to celebrate my accomplishments. I'm very lucky to have people who support me like that."
After graduation, Berg is looking to work in finance. In his free time, Berg is also an amateur musician who hopes to release a couple of his songs within the next year. But no matter where he ends up, he knows his Illinois State education will take him far.
"I just can't wait to get back into the workforce and contribute what I've learned," said Berg. "The whole reason I went back to school was to not serve tables on weekends and holidays; I can't wait to spend holidays with my family instead. I can't wait to have a successful career."
For information about commencement, visit the Graduation Services website.
Commencement, Traditions


to help create a creative, clean and elegant idea, I am ready to work with you 24 hours.
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Are you aware that your business may be eligible for assistance in the form of grants, business advice or even overseas office space?
From research and development to hiring labour, there is a wide variety of assistance available to New Zealand businesses. It is commonly misconceived that the help is only for start-ups, but there are also a number of initiatives for mature organisations of all sizes. Grants may be given to develop new products and markets, including research and development and commercialisation of your ideas. There are a number of subsidies available if you are in a position to provide roles for the long-term unemployed, disadvantaged or people with disabilities. In addition, if you are exploring international markets, there are also services provided by overseas organisations such as the Japan External Trade Organisation.
Specialist services for professional advisors.


text:
Q: How to correctly read information from OBJ file and use it to render a model with DirectX 11 I'm trying to render a model in OBJ file format with DirectX. I'm using simple cube model, but I get some really strange results(picture below)
I've tried to render a cube by filling vertecies array manually and it worked pretty good. After studing OBJ file format I've thougth that I should do the similar thing, but I don't understand why this is not working.

Sending two functions and structs descriptions:

*

*initGeometry
In this function I set up my geometry, shaders and read information from file. I think that I do something wrong at the end of this function, because I didn't change shaders part and initializations part, only added new way to fill up a vertex array

*render
This function didn't changed at all from my first version, where I filled up a vertecies array mannualy.

*Structs
Just some structs descriptions.

HRESULT RenderDevice::initGeometry() {

    ///////READING INFO FROM FILE//////////
    ifstream *inp = new ifstream("test.obj");
    ofstream *out = new ofstream("result.txt");
    char str[256];
    while (!inp->eof()) {
        inp->getline(str, 256);
        meshInfo.coord.push_back(new std::string(str));
    }

    HRESULT hr = S_OK;
    ID3DBlob *pVSBlob = NULL;
    hr = compileShaderFromFile(L"texture.fx", "VS", "vs_4_0", &pVSBlob);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        MessageBox(NULL, L"Can't compile Vertex Shader", L"Error", MB_OK);
        return hr;
    }
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexShader(pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pVertexShader);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        pVSBlob->Release();
        return hr;
    }

    D3D11_INPUT_ELEMENT_DESC layout[] = {
        {"POSITION", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 0, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0},
        {"NORMAL", 0, DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT, 0, 12, D3D11_INPUT_PER_VERTEX_DATA, 0}
    };
    UINT numElemenets = ARRAYSIZE(layout);

    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateInputLayout(layout, numElemenets, pVSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pVSBlob->GetBufferSize(), &g_pVertexLayout);
    pVSBlob->Release();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return hr;
    }
    g_pImmediateContext->IASetInputLayout(g_pVertexLayout);
    ID3DBlob *pPSBlob = NULL;
    hr = compileShaderFromFile(L"texture.fx", "PS", "ps_4_0", &pPSBlob);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        MessageBox(NULL, L"Can't compile Pixel Shader", L"Error", MB_OK);
        return hr;
    }

    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreatePixelShader(pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pPixelShader);
    pPSBlob->Release();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return hr;
    }
    pPSBlob = NULL;
    hr = compileShaderFromFile(L"texture.fx", "PSSolid", "ps_4_0", &pPSBlob);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        MessageBox(NULL, L"Can't compile Solid Pixel Shader", L"Error", MB_OK);
        return hr;
    }
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreatePixelShader(pPSBlob->GetBufferPointer(), pPSBlob->GetBufferSize(), NULL, &g_pPixelShaderSolid);
    pPSBlob->Release();
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return hr;
    }

    /////////SPLITING INFO INTO DIFFERENT VECTORS/////////////////
    for (int i = 0; i < meshInfo.coord.size(); i++) {
        if (meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str()[0] == 'v' && meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str()[1] != 'n') {
            float tmpx, tmpy, tmpz;
            sscanf_s(meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str(), "v %f %f %f", &tmpx, &tmpy, &tmpz);
            meshInfo.positions.push_back(XMFLOAT3(tmpx, tmpy, tmpz));
        } else if (meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str()[0] == 'v' && meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str()[1] == 'n') {
            float tmpx, tmpy, tmpz;
            sscanf_s(meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str(), "vn %f %f %f", &tmpx, &tmpy, &tmpz);
            meshInfo.normals.push_back(XMFLOAT3(tmpx, tmpy, tmpz));
        } else if (meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str()[0] == 'f') {
            int iX, iY, iZ, nX, nY, nZ;
            sscanf_s(meshInfo.coord[i]->c_str(), "f %d//%d %d//%d %d//%d", &iX, &nX, &iY, &nY, &iZ, &nZ);
            meshInfo.indexiesPoints.push_back(iX);
            meshInfo.indexiesPoints.push_back(iY);
            meshInfo.indexiesPoints.push_back(iZ);

            meshInfo.indexiesNormals.push_back(nX);
            meshInfo.indexiesNormals.push_back(nY);
            meshInfo.indexiesNormals.push_back(nZ);
        }
    }

    meshInfo.indexiesAmount = meshInfo.indexiesPoints.size();

    meshInfo.vertexAmount = meshInfo.positions.size();
    meshInfo.normalsAmount = meshInfo.normals.size();
    Vertex *vertices = new Vertex[meshInfo.indexiesAmount];

    //////////////FILLING VERTECIES ARRAY///////////////
    for (int i = 0; i < meshInfo.indexiesAmount; i++) {
        vertices[i].normal.x = meshInfo.normals[meshInfo.indexiesNormals[i] - 1].x;
        vertices[i].normal.y = meshInfo.normals[meshInfo.indexiesNormals[i] - 1].y;
        vertices[i].normal.z = meshInfo.normals[meshInfo.indexiesNormals[i] - 1].z;

        vertices[i].pos.x = meshInfo.positions[meshInfo.indexiesPoints[i] - 1].x;
        vertices[i].pos.y = meshInfo.positions[meshInfo.indexiesPoints[i] - 1].y;
        vertices[i].pos.z = meshInfo.positions[meshInfo.indexiesPoints[i] - 1].z;
    }

    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;
    ZeroMemory(&bd, sizeof(bd));
    bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(Vertex) * meshInfo.indexiesAmount;
    bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
    bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;

    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA initData;
    ZeroMemory(&initData, sizeof(initData));
    initData.pSysMem = vertices;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, &initData, &g_pVertexBuffer);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return hr;
    }

    ///////////////////FILLING INIXIES ARRAY///////////////////
    WORD *indixies = new WORD[meshInfo.indexiesAmount];
    for (int i = 0; i < meshInfo.indexiesAmount; i++) {
        indixies[i] = meshInfo.indexiesPoints[i];
    }

    bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(int) * meshInfo.indexiesAmount;
    bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_INDEX_BUFFER;
    bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    initData.pSysMem = indixies;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, &initData, &g_pIndexBuffer);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return hr;
    }

    UINT stride = sizeof(Vertex);
    UINT offset = 0;
    g_pImmediateContext->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, &g_pVertexBuffer, &stride, &offset);

    g_pImmediateContext->IASetIndexBuffer(g_pIndexBuffer, DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0);

    g_pImmediateContext->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);

    bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    bd.ByteWidth = sizeof(ConstantBuffer);
    bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
    bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    hr = g_pd3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, NULL, &g_pCBMatrixes);
    if (FAILED(hr)) {
        return hr;
    }

    return S_OK;
}

void RenderDevice::render() {
    float clearColor[4] = { 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f };
    g_pImmediateContext->ClearRenderTargetView(g_pRenderTargetView, clearColor);

    g_pImmediateContext->ClearDepthStencilView(g_pDepthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);
    updateLigth();

    for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        updateMatrix(MX_SETWORLD, i * (XM_PI * 2) / 6);
        g_pImmediateContext->VSSetShader(g_pVertexShader, NULL, 0);
        g_pImmediateContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &g_pCBMatrixes);
        g_pImmediateContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(1, 1, &g_pCBLigth);
        g_pImmediateContext->PSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, &g_pCBMatrixes);
        g_pImmediateContext->PSSetConstantBuffers(1, 1, &g_pCBLigth);
        g_pImmediateContext->PSSetShader(g_pPixelShader, NULL, 0);
        g_pImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(meshInfo.indexiesAmount, 0, 0);
    }

    g_pImmediateContext->PSSetShader(g_pPixelShaderSolid, NULL, 0);
    for (int m = 0; m < 2; m++) {
        updateMatrix(m, 0);
        g_pImmediateContext->DrawIndexed(meshInfo.indexiesAmount, 0, 0);
    }

    g_pSwapChain->Present(0, 0);
}

typedef struct Vertex {
    XMFLOAT3 pos;
    XMFLOAT3 normal;
}Vertex;

typedef struct MeshInfo {
    int vertexAmount;
    int normalsAmount;
    vector<XMFLOAT3> positions;
    vector<XMFLOAT3> normals;
    vector<string*> coord;
    vector<int> indexiesPoints;
    vector<int> indexiesNormals;
    int indexiesAmount;
}MeshInfo;

typedef struct ConstantBuffer {
    XMMATRIX mWorld;
    XMMATRIX mView;
    XMMATRIX mProjection;
    XMFLOAT4 vLigthDir[2];
    XMFLOAT4 vLigthColor[2];
    XMFLOAT4 vOutputColor;
}ConstantBuffer;

I expect to see 6 cubes in my program's window,
but I get this thing

A: OBJ file format stores indices using one-based numbering (first vertex index is 1) Wavefron Obg file format. DirectX uses zero-based numbering (first vertex index is 0, same as C, C++).
So you should convert indices values to use them. You can do it like this:
for (int i = 0; i < meshInfo.indexiesAmount; i++) {
    indixies[i] = meshInfo.indexiesPoints[i] - 1;
}

A: I've actually found a solution to my problem. The main problem was to make a correct order for vertecies to draw. But in .OBJ files only UNIQUE vertices, normals and texture coordinates are written. Also they are separated from each other (for example it can be 8 UNIQUE vertex coordinates and 6 UNIQUE normals coordinates). The main thing is happening in part, where are faces are described. Each face is pointing to a specific index of position, normal and texture coordinate, meaning that we can use same normals, positions and texture coordinates different times(I know it's obviously). And I realised that in my realisation I don't need indexies array at all, because Vertecies array, that I've filled up was already a model! And I ended up using method Draw instead of DrawIndexed in ID3D11DeviceContext.


text:
Lemuel Clarence ("Bud") Houser (21. září 1901 Winigan — 1. října 1994 Gardena) byl americký atlet, specializující se na vrh koulí a hod diskem, trojnásobný olympijský vítěz.

Na olympiádě v Paříži v roce 1924 zvítězil ve vrhu koulí i v hodu diskem (to se mu podařilo jako jedinému atletu v historii, mezi atletkami tohoto úspěchu dosáhla jen Tamara Pressová v roce 1964). Při další olympiádě v Amsterdamu v roce 1928 byl vlajkonošem výpravy USA. Startoval zde pouze v hodu diskem a obhájil vítězství.

Dne 3. dubna 1926 vytvořil světový rekord v hodu diskem výkonem 48,20 m. Mistrem USA v hodu diskem byl v letech 1925, 1926 a 1928, ve vrhu koulí v letech 1921 a 1925.

Externí odkazy

Narození v roce 1901
Narození 21. září
Američtí koulaři
Američtí diskaři
Olympijští vítězové v hodu diskem
Olympijští vítězové ve vrhu koulí
Američtí olympijští vítězové v atletice
Úmrtí v roce 1994
Úmrtí 1. října
Muži

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