text:
Home Forums > Science > Earth Science >
If the World Stopped Spinning?
Discussion in 'Earth Science' started by pharaohmoan, Jan 14, 2008.
pharaohmoan The illusion is you, let go. Registered Senior Member
What would happen if the world stopped spinning? also
What if the Earth rotated twice as fast?
Key things i need to know are what effect would gravity have on us in the two scenarios above.
pharaohmoan, Jan 14, 2008
cat2only Registered Senior Member
Instantly or over time?
cat2only, Jan 14, 2008
cosmictraveler Be kind to yourself always. Valued Senior Member
If it stopped one side would be super heated and everything would cook to death on the other side of Earth it would freeze and those there would freeze to death. Yes it would get that hot and cold if the Earth stopped which one day it will. It is slowing down about one second a year or so. As for speeding up that won't happen so that's not to worry about. Gravity remains the same in both scenarios.
cosmictraveler, Jan 14, 2008
Myles Registered Senior Member
pharaohmoan said: ↑
Have you ever observed the moon through a telescope over a period of time ?
Myles, Jan 14, 2008
sly1 Heartless Registered Senior Member
Since the earth is not roating.....It would still be orbiting the sun....SO for only 1 side of the earth to see the sun would mean it had a synchronous orbit like the moon and would imply a roation. If the earth did not rotate at all and was still orbiting the sun, there would still be a day night cycle right? Of course at a much slower period of time.
so the non spinning earth's day would be 365 spinning earth days?
sly1, Jan 14, 2008
if it stopped would we float or would be pinned down if the awnser is either please say y
Nickelodeon Banned Banned
What would happen if the world stopped spinning?
I'd get off.
Nickelodeon, Jan 14, 2008
shichimenshyo Caught in the machine Registered Senior Member
Nikelodeon said: ↑
I dont see why you have to make everything sexual
shichimenshyo, Jan 14, 2008
orcot Valued Senior Member
if the earth would spin 2times as fast, the the planet would still rotate like it did 2 or 3 billion years ago, live has evolved on earth when it proberly spun even fasther. The biggest difference would be the obvious shorter day and a smaller temprature difference.
orcot, Jan 14, 2008
[a-5] Sex machine, coin operated. Registered Senior Member
shichimenshyo said: ↑
LMFAO.
[a-5], Jan 14, 2008
DwayneD.L.Rabon Registered Senior Member
Well, there could be two sunrises and sunsets in a day, if you lived on the horizon, or treminator of day and night. (such a scenerio has been mentioned in south american legends as i have heard).
Also one side of the earth would exsperince a ice age, and one side a heat wave, or very tropical enviorment, as the water of the oceans would evaporate causing a humid mist to cover the side facing the sun, filght would be easier you probally could get a hang glider and float half way around the world on thermals. much simualr to some speculation about the life of people in south americas past, hang gliding from tall mountains, and people living in on tall mountains. mainly because the mist lower is so dense that you could not see through it, but you could walk down through the mist almost to the bottom of the oceans, like the atlantic, Islands that are now in the ocean such as japan and england would become large mountains and be connected to the main lands. (which may be the reason for some of the sturctures found of the coast of the islands of japan). Flying in a hydrogen ballon would be easy but it would be just as easy to fly using a oxygen ballon. another reason for living on top of high mountains the ablity to breath.
The earth does not spin very fast only about 1046 miles per hour, and yes it is noted as slowing down, but there are other effects that may cause the earth to stop, the earth tilts 1 to 1.4 degrees every 100 years of about 0.5 miles per year at this rate the north pole or south pole was facing the sun some time in the past 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. the sphinks and pyamids of eygpt are thought to have been built 3,000 to 5,000 years ago some say 10,000 years ago, for the earth to do a 180 degree turn it would take from 18,000 years to 12,857 years.
If we chose a date 5,000 years ago about the time of the sphinks and pryamids then the earth has turned 50 degrees to to 70 degrees, if you and the current axis tilt to that say 23.5 degrees, it for the most part defines that the entrance into the pyramids was faceing the sun when they where built, which makes a lot of sense.
If the earth stopped spinning it would start again, as the force that causes the earth to spin is the sun, so if you look at how the Planet Neptune spins, you would find the way the earth would start spinning again, the spin axis would be at what we call the equator.
The current equator acts in opposstion to the force that caused the orginal spina of the earth, and so the earth should stop spinning soon, haveing about 23.5 degrees left before it stops which comes out to about 2,350 years from now. even so the current postion of the earths rotation actually defines that the earth does not rotate on its oringal axis but on the second axis which is bascially just a wobble, kind of like a lot of skips around in a circle, some skips are 30 minutes long some 90 minutes ect..... one thing about being in this postion is that we could lose skips rather quickly in the wrong motion causing the earth to come to a stop much quicker, a very good reason for not allowing nuclear testing.
The ozone whole has marked features of this type of effect on earth, as well Elnino, however elnino remains difficult to sort out as the region was subject to nuclear testing.
Many of the facts of geology support that the earth had a different oreintaion and rotation, even the dipcitions drawn and made by eygptian and ancient astronomers, as well biological life cycles also give some matches for a different rotation period, ancient calendars ect.... give reference ect...
One thying seems clear humans survied or came in to existance in that condition.
DwayneD.L.Rabon
DwayneD.L.Rabon, Jan 14, 2008
Carcano Valued Senior Member
DwayneD.L.Rabon said: ↑
If the earth stopped spinning it would start again, as the force that causes the earth to spin is the sun...
Hmmm, how does that work?
It makes sense to me that the earths rotation would be slowing down because of friction with the atmosphere.
Carcano, Jan 14, 2008
Gravity is caused by the mass not by the spin of an object.
Enmos Valued Senior Member
Well, there could be two sunrises and sunsets in a day
:wallbang:
1.	the interval of light between two successive nights; the time between sunrise and sunset: Since there was no artificial illumination, all activities had to be carried on during the day.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/day
Enmos, Jan 14, 2008
James R Just this guy, you know? Staff Member
There wouldn't be much difference in gravity in either case.
If the Earth stopped spinning, then apparent gravity everywhere would be the same as it is right now at the north or south poles, which aren't affected by the spin anyway.
If the Earth spun twice as fast as it does now, people would be a little lighter on the equator (I think the fractional decrease in apparent weight would be about 0.6%)
As cosmictraveler pointed out, apparent weight on Earth is mostly due to the mass of the Earth, and not primarily due to its spin. Gravity is due to the attraction of all bits of matter in the universe for all other bits of matter.
James R, Jan 15, 2008
D H Some other guy Valued Senior Member
Centripetal acceleration due to Earth rotation acts to slightly counter the acceleration due to Earth gravity. The centripetal acceleration varies with latitude. At the equator, the value is \(6378\text{km}*(2\pi/86400\text{sec})^2\) or 0.0337 m/s[sup]2[/sup]. This is quite small compared to 9.8 m/s[sup]2[/sup].
A much more significant effect is that the Earth's rotation affects the shape of the geopotential surface. The Earth's oceans would split into two polar oceans separated by a dry equatorial landmass if the Earth somehow stopped spinning but maintained its spheroidal shape. This article discusses this "what if" scenario.
A thumbnail view of the non-spinning Earth:
For a larger view, see
http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0703/graphics/geoid7_lg.jpg
D H, Jan 15, 2008
D H said: ↑
So does this mean if the earth stopped spinning and there were no centripetal force would we still be able to walk on earth, and would buildings still stand? Is a body that stands on the north pole heavier than on the equator?
Myles said: ↑
No why what happens appart from the different phases that is?
Carcano said: ↑
Well Carcano
The sun has a interface with the earth,where the earth is bound to the sun.
The sun rotates and that motion causes a motion in the earth, depending on where the earth is when it stops, will determine the new start velocity.
if at the equator the the new velocity will be determined by the motion of the suns equator, if away from the equator then at that velocity. eventualy the speed picks up and the earth starts spinning being positioned as the planet neptune, with the center of spin facing the sun, when the earth reaches a certain velocity it will start turning upward where the axis of spin departs from its position facing the sun, the axis then moves north or south and over time will again face the north. At about the 45 degree the spin changes from the primary spin to the secondary spin wobble, and there after the wobble spin beings to become more dominate.
It may be that both venus and mercury may once again start rotating, the unknown factor would suggest that it takes some long duration of time before the spin begins again if you trust the inference of the effects of mercury and venus.
91,200,000 miles mark a certain barrier for the sun, the out come of the effect of that barrier remains to be exsplored, earth is just about right at that distance from the sun,just out side of it, once earth passes through that barrier it just may mean no rotation for the earth, permeantly.
The lack of centrifugal force would cause the earth to exspand, which may speed up the revoultion around the sun, making the year shorter.
There is essentially no coupling between the Sun's rotation and the Earth's rotation. There is a very, very, very small coupling between the Earth's orbit about the Sun and the Earth's rotation about its axis.
Gravity is a 1/R[sup]2[/sup] force. Tidal effects result from the gradient of the gravitational acceleration, so this is a 1/R[sup]3[/sup] effect. This is why the Moon is the primary driver of tides on the Earth even though the Sun is much more massive than is the Moon. Tidal coupling is an even weaker effect than tidal gravity: 1/R[sup]6[/sup]. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_locking#timescale). The Sun will blow up to a red giant and condense into a cinder long before the Sun has any noticeable effect on the Earth's rotation.


It seems that Mr. Obama told a group of his fellow citizens that fathers should be more than one night stands. That men should be more responsible for their own actions and if they did this we wouldn't have so many unwed black mothers. If black men would be responsible for their children, we wouldn't have a situation where over 50% of black children grow up without a father.
Jackson Explains Himself – Outrageous!
Stanton Alleyne given raw deal… or lucky he wasn't charged for taking a kickback?
"If an individual is not worthy of his hire, why string him along? There are no adverse reports being held against Mr Alleyne.
Why Did Stanton Alleyne Take Money From A Government Contractor?
It is very simple folks. Really simple.
Back on March 12, 1999, Stanton Alleyne as the acting manager of the Barbados Sanitation Service Authority wrote an official SSA letter to the Manager of the Caribbean Commercial Bank informing the bank that "Andrew's Builders" had been contracted to refurbish the SSA's recreational facilities for the sum of $130,000.
Then one week later on March 19, 1999, Stanton Alleyne cashed a $500 cheque made out to him by Andrew Builders and signed by none other than Andrew Thomas – the same government contractor hired for the $130,000 renovation at the SSA.
Once more on April 8, 1999, Stanton Alleyne cashed another $500 cheque again made out to him personally by Andrew Builders/Andrew Thomas.
There was a reason for the cheques. When the SSA Board recently became aware of the cheques, they asked Mr. Stanton Alleyne about that reason, and he refused to explain why a government contractor gave him the thousand dollars.
Mr. Thomas says that the reason he gave the money to Alleyne was clear. It was as a corrupt "compensation" for his being awarded the government contract at the Barbados SSA. Mr. Thomas even swore to that in writing in front of a Justice of the Peace.


text:
Ari Stidham
SCORPION: Elyes Gabel and Ari Stidham on Season 3 – Exclusive Interview Part 2
In Part 2 of Assignment X's exclusive interview with SCORPION stars Elyes Gabel, who plays Walter O'Brien, and Ari Stidham, who plays Sylvester "Sly" Dodd, the two actors talk about stunts, fake bats and more in the CBS series, which airs Monday nights and returns for its fourth season in the fall. ASSIGNMENT X: Stunt-wise, what are some of the things they've allowed you to do that you've enjoyed the most? ELYES GABEL: Yeah, there are so many, through each single episode. We did a lot of wall work again, there are some things that I didn't enjoy doing, but […]Read On »
SCORPION, a Nielsen Top 20 show, wraps up its third season Monday night on CBS and has been renewed for a fourth season. The series, developed by Nick Santora, concerns a team of geniuses headed up by Elyes Gabel's Walter O'Brien, who are brilliant at solving problems that would stump MacGyver. However, the members of Team Scorpion are so socially awkward that they need former waitress Paige Dineen, played by Katharine McPhee, to help them interact with the outside world. Cabe Gallo (Robert Patrick) is their liaison to Homeland Security. Sylvester "Sly" Dodd, played by Ari Stidham, is one of […]Read On »
SCORPION: Eddie Kaye Thomas talks Toby in Season 3 – exclusive interview
In SCORPION, now in its third season Monday nights on CBS, Eddie Kaye Thomas plays Dr. Toby Curtis. Toby is the expert in psychology among the team of unruly geniuses headed by Walter O'Brien (played by Elyes Gabel). Even with his insights into others, Toby has his own issues. He has been battling a gambling addiction and is now engaged to fellow Scorpion member and engineering whiz Happy Quinn (Jadyn Wong), who had previously married Walter so that Walter could get a green card. Happy had thought she was pregnant; she and Toby were disappointed to learn that she was […]Read On »
SCORPION: Show runner Nicholas Wootton talks Season 3 – exclusive interview
SCORPION is now in its third season on CBS on Monday nights. Everybody on the team of geniuses headed up by Walter O'Brien (Elyes Gabel) is having ups and downs. If Walter can ever get out of his own way, he may yet win over single mom Paige (Katharine McPhee), whose young son Ralph (Riley B. Smith) has his own super-high IQ. Paige is having issues now that her con artist mother (Lea Thompson) has reappeared in her life. Sylvester Dodd (Ari Stidham) is still mourning the loss of his wife, Walter's sister Megan. Toby (Eddie Kaye Thomas) has re-proposed […]Read On »
SCORPION: Nick Santora discusses Season 2 – exclusive interview
SCORPION, in its second season on CBS Mondays at 9 PM, has been renewed for a third year. Based loosely on real-life genius Walter O'Brien and his Scorpion consulting company, the action-adventure/comedy/thriller/drama stars Elyes Gabel as team leader Walter, Eddie Kaye Thomas as psychologically astute Toby Curtis, Jadyn Wong as mechanical expert Happy Quinn, Ari Stidman as fearful statistics whiz Sylvester Dodd and Katharine McPhee as the relatively normal Paige Dineen, who helps everyone else deal with the rest of the world as her brilliant young son Ralph (Riley B. Smith) flourishes in the high-IQ environment. Robert Patrick plays Cabe […]Read On »
SCORPION: Ari Stidham on Sylvester's character development – exclusive interview
In SCORPION, CBS' quasi-fact-based series about a team of crime-solving geniuses, now in its second season Mondays at 9, Ari Stidham plays Sylvester Dodd. Sylvester is a statistics whiz who is passionate about comic books and afraid of heights, depths, germs and any other sort of danger. Team Scorpion's adventures, with leader Walter O'Brien (Elyes Gabel) and Federal liaison Cabe Gallo (Robert Patrick), get Sylvester out of his comfort zone on a regular basis. This season, some of Sylvester's more notable achievements have included impersonating a serial killer in prison, appearing on THE PRICE IS RIGHT and marrying the love […]Read On »
SCORPION: Elyes Gabel teases what's to come in Season 2 – exclusive interview
On Season 2 of CBS' SCORPION, Mondays at 9 PM, Walter O'Brien and his team of geniuses – plus their "normal" friend Paige (Katharine McPhee) and FBI liaison Cabe Gallo (Robert Patrick) – continue to tackle unusual crimes that require some brilliance to solve. There is a real Walter O'Brien, who is one of SCORPION's executive producers, but on the show, he's played by English actor Elyes Gabel. Gabel (his first name is pronounced ELL-ee-as, surname is Gah-BELL) has been part of ensemble casts before – on TV in CASUALTY, GAME OF THRONES and BODY OF PROOF and in films […]Read On »
SCORPION: Actors Eddie Kaye Thomas and Ari Stidham talks Season 1 – Exclusive Interview
CBS' SCORPION, now in its first season Mondays at 9 PM and renewed for a second, is based on the life and work of Walter O'Brien. The real Walter O'Brien, who is one of SCORPION's executive producers, really does have a sky-high IQ, really does recruit fellow geniuses to work for his Scorpion Computer Services company and really does help the less socially skilled ones to become better at interacting with their fellow humans. On the series SCORPION, created by Nick Santora, Walter, played by Elyes Gabel, and his now-still-small group of associates work on all sorts of cases that […]Read On »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The owner of this 1995 HR42F decided to do something similar as I did with Regina Laska and had her completely refitted by a professional yard in Italy, BlueRefitting, specialised in refitting of prestigious boats, such as Swan, Hallberg-Rassy etc.
He was so overwhelmed by the result that he now plans to do the same once more, but this time with a bigger HR boat. For this reason, he is offering his refitted HR42F that has just been finalised on the market. The boat got ready in October 2015 and is now for sale, in an excellent condition with all major parts either having been serviced or replaced.
The boat is lying in Italy and the price can be given on demand. Please note that this boat has slab reefing and no inmast furling system, which some prefer, others don't.
All instruments completely new (Raymarine) incl radar, plotter etc.


Over the past century, in common with many capital cities, Cairo's population has increased exponentially. In recent years luxury private developments have popped up in the desert surrounding Cairo, making room for Egypt's business elite with backing from the Mubarak regime. The boom in the construction of wealthy suburbs away from the chaos of the over-crowded city is sharply underlining the vast gap between rich and poor in Egypt.
The talk will be moderated by Max Houghton, Course Leader of the MA in Photojournalism at the University of Westminster and co-editor of 8 magazine. Larkin was one of Houghton's first students at the University of Westminster and she takes a particular interest in photographic projects that combine images with the written word.
Jason Larkin is a British photojournalist who specialises in under-reported issues in the Middle East and Africa. He was recently awarded the Arnold Newman New Portraiture Award.


1st Wednesday each month. We hope to see everyone at 7:30 PM, Denny's @ Flying J in Springville, UT . If you have an appetite for good food, come early and order dinner, or bring an appetite for motorcycle related B.S.


text:
Literary journal catches the eye and the mind
By Merle Rubin
Originally an outlet for the literary aspirations of Cambridge University undergraduates, Granta, after a brief disappearance, resurfaced Alpheus-like in 1979 as an ``avant-garde'' literary magazine. Distributed by Viking Penguin, appearing four times a year, designed to resemble a paperback book (it sells for $6.95 an issue), Granta may remind some readers of such British book/periodicals as New Writing and Penguin New Writing. Granta's editor, William Buford, an American expatriate, stresses its international interests. Clearly, Granta has come a long way from its student days to its current incarnation as a medium for such internationally known figures as G"unter Grass, Nadine Gordimer, Milan Kundera, Doris Lessing, George Steiner, and Gabriel Garc'ia M'arquez.
Attractively designed, with each issue organized around a central topic, Granta represents a serious endeavor in the realms of literature, journalism, and packaging -- a slightly disquieting combination, perhaps.
But when one considers the effort that goes into packaging literary junk food, it may be reassuring to think that some efforts are also being made on behalf of ``good'' writing. In 1983, Granta's seventh issue brought us the ``Best of Young British Novelists'' (included were A. N. Wilson, Martin Amis, William Boyd, Maggie Gee, and Graham Swift). No. 8 featured America's practitioners of so-called ``Dirty Realism'' (Raymond Carver, Tobias Wolff, Richard Ford, Jayne Anne Phillips, and Elizabet h Tallent). With packages come labels, as well as claims that one's products are the ``best.''
Granta is launching its American publication with its latest issue (No. 15), featuring James Fenton's eyewitness account of ``The Fall of Saigon,'' followed by a triad of clashing viewpoints: Ex-CIA man Frank Snepp fears that excessive secrecy, far from increasing national security, will obscure the facts needed for sound decisionmaking; Norman Podhoretz warns of the dangers of national impotence, but would cure it by resuscitating our faith in the nobility of our intentions in Indochina; Noam Cho msky is appalled by such efforts to reconstruct a myth of noble intentions to cover what he sees as a reality of aggression, bad faith, and spitefulness.
Reading Chomsky and Podhoretz, one wonders if America is divided between these two opposing views or if some of us actually (almost schizophrenically) hold both views at once.
Fenton, who leaped aboard a North Vietnamese tank en route to South Vietnam's presidential palace, admits that his pro-Viet Cong sympathies were at odds with his recognition that the conquerors of Saigon were ``Stalinist-style'' communists.
Stories, essays, and reflections by Nadine Gordimer, John Berger, George Steiner, Salman Rushdie, G"unter Grass, Ted Solotaroff, Ryszard Kapuscinski, and Peter Greig round out the volume. A photo essay by Don McCullin shows us the kind of disturbing pictures of human suffering that many people may not care to see.
Thoughtful, eye-catching, serious, and eminently readable, Granta should certainly appeal to readers in this country as well as in Britain.
Merle Rubin reviews books regularly for the Monitor.
Is 2014 the year of the woman writer?
Is American literature 'massively overrated'?
'The Bones of Grace': Anam's 'Bengal trilogy' comes to a graceful close


text:
Les Sino-Canadiens sont une importante minorité ethnique du Canada. Ils sont originaires du monde chinois. En 2011, il y avait  Canadiens d'origine chinoise. Les premiers Chinois sont arrivés en 1788. Aujourd'hui, ils habitent surtout en Colombie-Britannique, en Ontario, au Québec et en Alberta.

Les Sino-Canadiens ont vécu certaines difficultés. Ils ont dû effectuer les tâches ouvrières du Canadien Pacifique. Leur immigration fut restreinte par Mackenzie King en 1923, mais ils purent venir en grand nombre après la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Plusieurs personnalités sino-canadiennes sont connues d'un large public : Olivia Chow, Wei Chen, Alan Lowe, Lily Kwan et Raymond Chan.

Voir aussi

 Communauté chinois au Québec
 Diaspora chinoise

Notes et références

Groupe ethnique au Canada

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:I}

SU($N$) Mott insulators are representative examples of quantum systems
with a large local Hilbert space where quantum fluctuations can be
strongly enhanced and exotic quantum phases could be stabilized.
All the SU($N$) spin operators are present in the effective model
for the Mott insulators and would be able to shuffle all the spin states
rather actively in the local Hilbert space. The system can be quite
delocalized within the local Hilbert space, that is to enhance
quantum fluctuations and induce exotic quantum phases. This aspect
is fundamentally different from the SU(2) Mott insulators with
large-$S$ local moments that also has a large local Hilbert space.
For the large-$S$ SU(2) Mott insulators, the pairwise Heisenberg interaction
is quite ineffective to delocalize the spin states in the large-$S$
Hilbert space, and thus quantum fluctuations are strongly suppressed.
Thus, it is the conventional wisdom not to search for exotic quantum phases
among the large-$S$ SU(2) Mott insulators, but among the spin-1/2 quantum
magnets with a strong frustration. In contrast, the emergence of the SU($N$)
Mott insulators brings a new searching direction for exotic quantum phases.

SU($N$) Mott insulators are not a theoretical fantasy, but exist in nature.
It has been shown that the ultracold alkaline-earth atoms (AEA) on optical lattices
can simulate quantum many-body physics with an SU($N$) symmetry
without any fine-tuning~\cite{Gorshkov2010}.
The nuclear spin of fermionic AEA can be as large as ${I=9/2}$ for \ce{^87Sr}, while the outer shell
electrons give a total spin ${S=0}$ and makes the hyperfine coupling inactive.
This observation effectively extends the realization of SU($N$)
magnets up to ${N=2I+1}$.
Early efforts by Congjun Wu explored total spin-3/2 alkaline fermions on optical
lattices where the SU(4) symmetry can be achieved with fine
tuning~\cite{PhysRevLett.91.186402,PhysRevB.77.134449,PhysRevLett.95.266404,WU_2006}.
Quantum Monte Carlo simulations were introduced later to study magnetic properties of the SU$(2N)$ Hubbard model~\cite{PhysRevB.88.125108,PhysRevLett.112.156403}.
There is also some effort in searching for an emergent SU($N$)
symmetry in real materials particularly for the SU(4) case.
The two-orbital Kugel-Khomskii model can become SU(4) symmetric
after some fine tuning~\cite{Kugel__1982,PhysRevB.60.6584}.
Experimental and numerical evidence also suggests that \ce{Ba3CuSb2O9} could be a prominent candidate on a decorated honeycomb lattice~\cite{PhysRevB.100.205131}, though the Cu-Sb dumbbell is quenched rather than an active degree of freedom.
The SU(4) Heisenberg model has further been proposed for the spin-orbit-coupled
Mott insulator $\alpha$-\ce{ZrCl3} where the degree of freedom is the spin-orbit-entangled
${J=3/2}$ local moment~\cite{PhysRevB.82.174440} on a honeycomb lattice~\cite{PhysRevLett.121.097201}.
\begin{figure}[b]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Fig01.pdf}
    \caption{(a) Triangular lattice with background U(1) gauge flux $\phi$ within each plaquette.
    (b) The spinon dispersions for chiral spin liquids with $\phi=5\pi/6$.}
    \label{fig:01}
\end{figure}
More recently, it has been proposed that the Mott insulating and
superconducting behaviors in twisted bilayer graphenes can be captured by a two-orbital
Hubbard model with an emergent SU(4) symmetry on a moir\'{e} triangular
lattice~\cite{PhysRevLett.121.087001}. Other work even suggested that double moir\'{e} layers,
built from transition metal dichalcogenides or graphenes, separated from one another
by a thin insulating layer would be a natural platform to realize Hubbard models on the
triangular lattice with SU(4) or SU(8) symmetries~\cite{Ashvin:2020,zhang2021su4}.

Owing to enhanced quantum fluctuations for SU($N$) Mott insulators,
the pioneering theoretical works~\cite{PhysRevLett.103.135301,PhysRevB.84.174441}
by Hermele \textit{et al}, have obtained
the topological chiral spin liquid (CSL) ground states with
intrinsic topological orders even for an unfrustrated square lattice
when ${N \geq 5}$~\cite{PhysRevLett.103.135301,PhysRevB.84.174441,PhysRevA.93.061601}.
Depending on the atom occupation numbers, the system can support both Abelian
and non-Abelian statistics for the anyonic excitations. Since unfrustrated
lattices such as square and honeycomb lattices already bring exotic and interesting
physics~\cite{PhysRevLett.107.215301,PhysRevLett.105.265301,PhysRevX.2.041013},
the frustrated lattices could further harbor nontrivial quantum phases, for example the triangular lattice with SU(3) and SU(4) spins \cite{10.21468/SciPostPhys.8.5.076,PhysRevB.101.245159,PhysRevResearch.2.023098}.
In this work, we focus on the SU($N$) Heisenberg model
on a triangular lattice where each lattice site comprises the fundamental
representation of the SU($N$) group. For AEA,
this corresponds to one atom per lattice site and is known to be most stable
against the three-body loss. Because the $1/N$ filling is kept throughout,
the large-$N$ limit differs fundamentally from the large-$N$ extension
of the spin-1/2 SU(2) models where the 1/2 is kept and two sites can form
a SU(2) spin singlet~\cite{Subir}. Here, as $N$ sites are needed to form a singlet, the
valence cluster solid (VCS) state is generically disfavored in the large-$N$ limit.
Instead, by our large-$N$ calculation, two types of CSL states with background U(1) gauge flux $\phi = \pi-\pi/N$ and $\pi-\pi/(2N)$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:01}(a)) are identified as the ground and lowest competing states for $6 \le N \le 9$, respectively.
For smaller $N$'s, various symmery-broken cluster/stripe states are obtained.
We expect the large-$N$ results are more reliable
when $N$ is large.

\begin{table}[t]
    \caption{
    The SCM results of the ground and
    lowest competing states for ${2 \le N \le 9}$. The average background fluxes of doubled unit-cell stripe states for $N=4$ and $5$ satisfy $\phi_{\text{avg}}=\pi-\pi/N$.}
    \label{tab:A}
    \begin{ruledtabular}
        \begin{tabular}{ccc}
            $N$  & Ground state & Lowest competing state \\
            \midrule
            2 & dimer state & CSL $\phi = \pi/2$ \\
            3 & three-site complex VCS & CSL $\phi = 2\pi/3$ \\
            4 & four-site VCS &  doubled unit-cell stripe\\
            5 & doubled unit-cell stripe & CSL  $\phi = 4\pi/5$\\

            $6\le N \le 9$ & CSL $\phi = \pi-\pi/N$ & CSL $\phi = \pi-\pi/(2N)$
        \end{tabular}
        \end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}

The rest of this paper is organized as follows.
The general Heisenberg model of SU($N$) spins is introduced and simplified at the large-$N$ saddle point in Sec.~\ref{sec:II}.
The self-consistent minimization algorithm is implemented to solve the reduced mean-field spinon Hamiltonian.
The technique details of this algorithm are described in Sec.~\ref{sec:III}.
It is emphasized that the optimized solutions strictly satisfy the local constraints.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:IV}, both the ground states and lowest competing states for $2 \le N \le 9$ are reported and analysed, especially for two types of CSL states.
Finally, in Sec.~\ref{sec:V}, this work conclude with a discussion about relevant systems and the experimental probes.

\section{The SU($N$) Heisenberg model in the large-$N$ approximation}
\label{sec:II}

We begin with an SU($N$) Heisenberg model
on the triangular lattice where each site comprises
the fundamental representation of the SU($N$) group.
This model can be obtained from the strong coupling limit of an
SU($N$) Hubbard model with $1/N$ filling or one particle per site.
The SU($N$) Heisenberg model is given as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:SpinHam}
    {\mathcal H}=J \sum_{\langle {\boldsymbol r} {\boldsymbol r}' \rangle}
    S_{\alpha\beta}({\boldsymbol r})S_{\beta\alpha}({\boldsymbol r}'),
\end{equation}
where $J$ is the antiferromagnetic exchange interaction and the sum is
taken over the nearest neighbor bonds and spin flavors.
The SU($N$) spin operators
can be simply expressed with the Abrikosov fermion representation
${S_{\alpha\beta}({\boldsymbol r})=f_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha}^{\dagger}
f_{{\boldsymbol r}\beta} }$, and ${\alpha,\beta=1,\ldots, N}$.
Hereafther, a summation over repeated indices in the form of Greek letters is supposed unless otherwise specified.
A local constraint on the fermion occupation
${f_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha}^{\dagger}f_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha}=1}$
is imposed to reduce the enlarged Hilbert space.
In principle, an SU$(N$) singlet could be formed by $N$ sites. But the SU($N$) exchange rapidly transforms one $N$-site singlet to other sets of $N$-site singlets, resulting in a failure of the conventional understanding.
Instead, the spin Hamiltonian
Eq.~\eqref{eq:SpinHam} is solvable in the limit $N \rightarrow \infty$
via a large-$N$ saddle point approximation in the imaginary-time
path integral formulation.
The corresponding partition function can be expressed as
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal Z} = \int  {\mathcal D} \chi^{\dagger}  {\mathcal D} \chi {\mathcal D} \mu
{\mathcal D} f^{\dagger} {\mathcal D} f e^{- {\mathcal{S}}}.
\end{eqnarray}
The action ${\mathcal S}$ is given as
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal S} &=& \int_0^{\beta} d\tau \Big[
\sum_{\boldsymbol r} f^{\dagger}_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha}  \partial_\tau^{}  f^{}_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha}
+ \sum_{\langle  {\boldsymbol r} {\boldsymbol r}'\rangle }
\big(\chi_{  {\boldsymbol r} {\boldsymbol r}' }^{}
f^{\dagger}_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha} f^{}_{{\boldsymbol r}'\alpha} + \mathrm{ h.c.}
\big)
+ N \sum_{\langle  {\boldsymbol r} {\boldsymbol r}'\rangle }
\frac{|\chi_{ {\boldsymbol r}{\boldsymbol r}'}^{}|^2}{\mathcal J} + \sum_{\boldsymbol r} \mu_{\boldsymbol r}^{}
( f^\dagger_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha} f^{}_{\boldsymbol r \alpha}- 1)
\Big],
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mu_{\boldsymbol r}$ is the Lagrangian multiplier to enforce the Hilbert
space constraint, $\chi_{ {\boldsymbol r}{\boldsymbol r}'}$ is the auxiliary field
to decouple the fermion operators, and ${{\mathcal J} \equiv NJ}$. As the action
${\mathcal S}$ scales linearly with $N$, the large $N$ limit leads to a saddle point
approximation that results in the saddle point equations,
${\chi_{ {\boldsymbol r}{\boldsymbol r}'}^{}=-{\mathcal{J}}\langle {f_{ {\boldsymbol r}'\alpha}^{\dagger} f^{}_{{\boldsymbol r}\alpha}} \rangle/N}$, ${\langle {f_{ {\boldsymbol r}\alpha}^{\dagger} f_{ {\boldsymbol r}\alpha}^{}} \rangle =1}$, and
the saddle point or mean-field Hamiltonian for the fermionic spinons is
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:MFTHam}
    \mathcal{H}_{\text{MF}}& =&
    \frac{N}{\mathcal{J}}\sum_{\langle {\boldsymbol{rr'}} \rangle}
    |\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}^{}|^2
    +\sum_{\langle \boldsymbol{rr}' \rangle}
     (\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}^{}f_{\boldsymbol{r}\alpha}^{\dagger}f_{\boldsymbol{r}'\alpha}^{}+ \mathrm{h.c.})
+\sum_{\boldsymbol{r}}\mu_{\boldsymbol{r}}^{}(1-f_{\boldsymbol{r}\alpha}^{\dagger}
f^{}_{\boldsymbol{r}\alpha}).
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
In the following, we will search for the saddle point with the
lowest mean-field energy $E_{\text{MF}}$ numerically and discuss the properties
of ground states.
Before that, we first discuss the lower bound of
$E_{\text{MF}}$ and the bound saturation conditions for reference.
An exact lower bound on $E_{\text{MF}}$
for generic lattices~\cite{PhysRevB.42.2526} was first obtained by
Rokhsar for the half-filling, and was shown to
be saturated by valence bond states with various spin singlet coverings.
These states break the lattice translation but preserve
the spin-rotation symmetry, and fluctuations beyond the mean field
can break the high degeneracy among them~\cite{Subir}.
The lower bound was generalized to
the $1/N$ filling with~\cite{PhysRevB.84.174441}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:simplexbound}
    E_{\text{MF}} \ge - N_s \frac{N-1}{2 N}\mathcal{J}_{\text{max}},
\end{equation}
where $N_s$ is the number of lattice sites.

We set ${\mathcal{J}_{\text{max}}=\mathcal{J}}$
for each bond. The saturation for Eq.~\eqref{eq:simplexbound}
is reached by a $N$-simplex VCS state composed by $N$-site simplices.
That is, every site on the lattice is directly connected to the other ${N-1}$ sites
within the same cluster by a single bond with an exchange coupling
$\mathcal{J}_{\text{max}}$.
On a $d$-dimensional lattice, the $N$-simplex VCS with $N>d+1$ is prohibited without fine-tuning of the exchange.
Thus, there are only two-simplex
and three-simplex VCS's on the triangular lattice. For ${N \ge 4}$,
possible cluster states are general $N$-site ones satisfying a stricter
energy bound~\cite{PhysRevB.84.174441}
$E_{\text{MF}} \ge -{ \mathcal{N}_b\mathcal{J}_{\text{max}}}/{N}$,
where $\mathcal{N}_b$ is the total number of isolated bonds in the lattice.

\begin{table}[b]
    \caption{\label{tab:B}
    The SCM results of the ground state and the lowest competing state energies for
    ${2 \le N \le 9}$.
    The energy is in units of $N\mathcal{J}N_s=N^2J N_s$.}
    \begin{ruledtabular}
        \begin{tabular}{c c c}
        $N$ & Ground state & Lowest competing state \\
        \midrule
        2 & $-0.1250000$ & $-0.1202034$ \\
        3 & $-0.1111111$ & $-0.0999171$ \\
        4 & $-0.0781250$ & $-0.0760440$ \\
        5 & $-0.0581877$ & $-0.0581046$ \\
        6 & $-0.0455285$ & $-0.0443810$ \\
        7 & $-0.0364651$ & $-0.0357994$ \\
        8 & $-0.0297864$ & $-0.0293744$ \\
        9 & $-0.0247509$ & $-0.0244826$ \\
        \end{tabular}
        \end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}

\section{The SCM algorithm}
\label{sec:III}

To determine the saddle-point solutions, we closely follow the numerical self-consistent minimization
(SCM) algorithm developed in Refs.~\onlinecite{PhysRevLett.103.135301,PhysRevB.84.174441}.
The technical details of the algorithm are described in the following.
During one energy optimization process for a given geometry and periodic boundary conditions, the algorithm starts from initializing the fields $\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}$
at each bond randomly with ${\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr'}}=|\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}|e^{i\phi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}}}$,
with a uniform distribution of amplitudes ${|\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}| \in [0.02,0.20]}$ and
phases ${\phi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}\in[0,2\pi]}$.
The chemical potentials are set to be the default value $\mu_{\bm{r}}=0$ in the beginning. Obviously, the local constraints are violated here in general and the deviation of the local fermion density can be denoted as $\delta n_{\bm{r}} = 1 - \braket{f_{\bm{r}\alpha}^{\dagger}f_{\bm{r}\alpha}}$. The expectation value is taken using the ground state of $\mathcal{H}_{\text{MF}}$ with the unchanged $\mu_{\bm{r}}$ at this stage. To obtain the correct density, one must adjust the chemical potential $\mu_{\bm{r}}$ by $\delta \mu_{\bm{r}}$ at each site. It is found that to the lowest order, the desired adjustment of chemical potentials $\delta\mu_{\bm{r}}$ can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:response}
    \delta \mu_{\bm{r}} = \sum_{\bm{r}'}G^{-1}(\bm{r}-\bm{r}',0)\delta n_{\bm{r}'},
\end{equation}
where $G^{-1}(\bm{r}-\bm{r}',0)$ is nothing but the inverse of the density-density correlation at zero frequency.
The elements of the correlation $G(\bm{r}-\bm{r}',0)$ can be calculated at the single particle level from the mean-field Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}_{\text{MF}}$, with the help of the standard linear response theory in principle.
However, it follows that the inversion of $G(\bm{r}-\bm{r}')$ naively diverges.
Physically, this is because a uniform adjustment of the chemical potential at every site is trivial and the fermion density will keep intact.
This obstacle is overcome by following the treatment suggested in Ref.~\onlinecite{PhysRevB.84.174441}; that is diagonalizing $G(\bm{r}-\bm{r}',0)$ and only focusing on its non-zero eigenvalues $g_{i}$.
Note that the index $i$ refers to the basis where $G(\bm{r}-\bm{r}',0)$ is diagonalized.
In such a basis, the relationship Eq.~\eqref{eq:response} becomes
\begin{equation}
    \delta \mu_{i} = \delta n_{i} / g_{i}.
\end{equation}
Here, the index $i$ should not be summed.
For all indices with vanishing eigenvalues $g_i$, $\mu_{i}$ is taken to be zero concurrently.
Then, the adjustment of the chemical potential $\delta \mu_{\bm{r}}$ is well-defined.
A simple replacement of $\mu_{\bm{r}}\rightarrow\mu_{\bm{r}}+\delta \mu_{\bm{r}}$ gives a new mean-field Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}_{\text{MF}}$ and related ground state.
In consequence, it affects the local fermion density conversely, resulting in a new deviation $\delta n_{\bm{r}}$.
These processes construct a self-consistent procedure and the problem of searching for an appropriate set of chemical potential deviation $\delta \mu_{\bm{r}}$ can be solved by iterating the procedure until the density is uniform.
This is the core of the algorithm to preserve the local single-occupation constraints $n_{\bm{r}}=\braket{f_{\bm{r}\alpha}^{\dagger}f_{\bm{r}\alpha}}=1$.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Fig02.pdf}
    \caption{Ground states in the large-$N$ limit for (a) ${N=2}$, (b) ${N=3}$, (c) ${N=4}$ and (d) ${N=5}$.
    For $2 \le N \le 4$, any state covering all sites by the same dimer/cluster unit has the same energy in each case.
    We merely show one of such configurations. For ${N=5}$, there is a stripe pattern with doubled
    unit-cell along one of lattice vectors. The grayness of bonds indicates the relative magnitude of expectation values $|\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}|$. Black (white) bonds refer to maximal (zero) $|\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}|$.}
    \label{fig:02}
\end{figure}

With the modified chemical potentials calculated in the previous step, an update set of auxiliary fields $\chi_{\bm{rr}'}$ can be determined via ${\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}'=-{\mathcal{J}}\langle {f_{\boldsymbol{r}'\alpha}^{\dagger}f_{\boldsymbol{r}\alpha}} \rangle/N}$, but the local constraints may be violated once again.
The amended auxiliary fields and chemical potentials can be treated as a new and better starting point.
The procedure described in the previous step is thus implemented iteratively until reaching a converge of the ground state energy within a given numerical error.
It has been shown in Ref.~\onlinecite{PhysRevB.84.174441} that the energy of the final state must be less or equal to that of the initial state after the optimization process.
Therefore, we eventually obtain a local energy minimum.
In order to reach the global minimum as much as possible, we start from at least 50 randomly initialized fields, and reap a collection of local minima satisfying the single-occupation constraints.
The lowest two are accepted as the best results of the ground state and lowest competing state energies.

\section{The mean-field results}
\label{sec:IV}

We describe the ground states and lowest competing states of the mean-field Hamiltonian
Eq.~\eqref{eq:MFTHam} from the SCM algorithm. Because different geometries can
accommodate different candidate ground states especially cluster states with unknown dimensions,
in the calculation, we consider all unit cells of a parallelogram geometry $\ell_1 \times \ell_2$ with
${\ell_{1,2} \le 2N}$ for ${2 \le N \le 5}$ and ${\ell_{1,2} \le N}$ for ${N \ge 6}$, respectively.
In some ordered cases for $N=4,5$, larger unit-cell sizes are also
considered for confirmation. Each unit cell is repeated by $L_{1,2}$ $({\ge 20})$ times
along the triangular Bravais lattice vectors to form a superlattice.
The superlattice itself has periodic boundary conditions.
In practice, for each case, we ran the SCM procedure at least 50 times with different random seeds to avoid any missing of ground states caused by numerical problem. The results are listed in Table~\ref{tab:A} and Table~\ref{tab:B}.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[]{Fig03.pdf}
    \caption{The lowest competing state in the large-$N$ limit for ${N=4}$.
    This is a stripe pattern with doubled unit-cell along one of lattice vectors.
    The grayness of bonds indicates the relative magnitude of expectation value $|\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}|$.}
    \label{fig:03}
\end{figure}

For $N=2$ and $3$, the lowest energies we found saturate the bound Eq.~\eqref{eq:simplexbound}, meaning that the ground states are dimer and three-site simplex VCS, respectively.
Actually, the obtained ground states are highly degenerate because any
state with each site covered by one dimer/cluster unit has the
same energy in the large-$N$ limit. An ordered dimer or three-site simplex VCS state, as illustrated in Figs.~\ref{fig:02}(a-b), is expected to be selected beyond the mean field.
Note that, the non-zero expectation values $|\chi_{\bm{rr}'}|$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:01}(a) and (b) can only take $1/2$ and $1/3$, respectively.
The true ground state for $N=2$ is the well-known
$120^{\circ}$ N\'{e}el state and differs from the mean-field here.
The $N=3$ case was also shown to have a three-sublattice magnetic order in previous numerics
~\cite{PhysRevLett.97.087205,PhysRevB.85.125116}.
This reflects the deficiency of the
large-$N$ approximation for small $N$ cases. In Table~\ref{tab:A}, we further find that
the lowest competing states are CSL states with $\phi = \pi-\pi/N$.

The $N=4$ case is more compelling due to the rapid growth of experimental proposals \cite{PhysRevLett.117.167202,PhysRevLett.121.225303,Ashvin:2020,zhang2021su4}
and large-$N$ approximation could provide useful insight here. We find the ground state
energy do not saturate the bound Eq.~\eqref{eq:simplexbound} as excepted, but saturate
the stricter bound discussed previously. The ground states are four-site VCS depicted in
Fig.~\ref{fig:02}(c), accompanied by a large degeneracy for
the same reason as $N=2$ and $3$.
The non-zero expectation values are $|\chi_{\bm{rr}'}|=1/4$.
A similar plaquette order was also reported in a recent work~\cite{zhang2021su4}.
In Fig.~\ref{fig:03}, we depict the lowest competing state for ${N=4}$.
One can see that the lattice is covered by stripes with three different bond expectation values $|\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}|\approx 0.030$, $0.158$, and $0.224$.
Along one of lattice vectors, there is a unit-cell doubling
that breaks the lattice translation.
The background fluxes through each plaquette are inhomogeneous as well and manifest the same unit-cell doubling pattern.
Specifically, the average flux is a constant value $\phi_{\text{avg}}=\pi-\pi/N$ where $N=4$.
The same ordered pattern has also been obtained through the DMRG study from the Kugel-Khomskii
model~\cite{Chaoming:2019}. They attribute the symmetry breaking to symmetry allowed
Umklapp interactions in certain finite geometries. In our results, however, such a stripy state is not the ground state even in the two-dimensional limit.

From ${N=5}$, neither the bound Eq.~\eqref{eq:simplexbound} nor
the stricter one can be saturated. Thus, the ground states are no longer VCS.
Our numerical calculation finds that the ground state for ${N=5}$ is very similar
to the lowest competing state for $N=4$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:02}(d)), except that the bond expectation values can only take $|\chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}|\approx 0.072$, $0.145$, and $0.179$, and the average background flux $\phi_{\text{avg}}=\pi-\pi/N$ shifts accordingly.
It also breaks the lattice translation symmetry along one of lattice vectors
and manifests itself as a stripe pattern with a doubled unit-cell.
The lowest competing state for $N=5$ is a CSL with $\phi = 4\pi/5$.
With further increasing $N$, the frustration is enhanced. Eventually, the ground states
become CSL states with $\phi = \pi-\pi/N$ when ${6\le N \le 9}$.
Correspondingly, the lowest competing states we found share the identical form.
They are CSL states as well except that the background magnetic fluxes shift
to $\phi = \pi -\pi/(2N)$.

With the two types of CSL states identified, we now discuss the properties of these topological liquid states. The CSL is characterized by the mean-field saddle point
\begin{gather}
    \chi_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}=|\chi| e^{i a_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}},\\
    \mu_{\boldsymbol{r}}=0.
\end{gather}
All bonds on the lattice have a uniform expectation value for $|\chi|$ but modulated by a
U(1) gauge field $a_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}$ so that the flux $\phi$ on each plaquette is a constant.
The CSL breaks both parity and time-reversal. The bond phase field $a_{\boldsymbol{rr}'}$ is
treated as a fluctuating $\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge field coupled to the fractionalized spinons.
By checking the behavior of the mean-field Hamiltonian Eq.~\eqref{eq:MFTHam} at the CSL saddle points,
we find that both types of CSL states have a fermion band structure with $N$ bands where
only the lowest is filled (see Fig.~\ref{fig:01}(b)). The Fermi level lies in the gap between the lowest two bands,
thus all discussion can be applied to both CSL states.
Furthermore, the first type of CSL with $\phi_{u,d}=\pi-\pi/N$ on the triangular lattice can be mapped to the counterpart on a square lattice up to a time-reversal. If we regard the adjacent up and down triangles as a unit shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:04}, the phase of the shared bond has no contribution to the total flux, and we have the relationship
\begin{equation}
    \phi_{u}+\phi_{d}=-\phi_{s} \mod 2\pi,
\end{equation}
where $\phi_s$ is the background U(1) flux through each square plaquette. In Ref.~\cite{PhysRevLett.103.135301}, Hermele \textit{et al}, found that, the CSL states are ground states for $5 \le N \le 10$ on the square lattice in the mean-field calculation.
As the spinon is gapped out by the emergent U(1) gauge flux pattern,
the Chern-Simons term enters the theory for U(1) gauge fluctuations.
After integrating the gapped spinons, one obtains a topological quantum field theory
with a Chern-Simons term corresponding to the chiral Abelian topological order
and anyonic statistics. The spinon is converted in anyons with a statistical angle ${\pi \pm \pi/N}$.
Gapless chiral states carrying spin degree of freedom are also supported by the CSL as edge modes and the low-energy theory is described by the SU(N)$_1$ WZW model.

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:V}

To summarize, we study the Heisenberg antiferromagnets with SU($N$) symmetry on the triangular lattice.
In the large-$N$ approximation, a variety of ground states and lowest competing states are identified for different parameter $N$.
At the mean-field level, the ground state for $2 \le N \le 4$ is a $N$-site VCS state
with a large degeneracy. Specifically, ordering patterns with doubled unit cell and average background flux $\phi_{\text{avg}}=\pi-\pi/N$ are found
in the $N=4$ and $5$ cases. These ordered states break the lattice translation symmetry
along one of lattice vectors and become the lowest competing state and ground state for
$N=4$ and $5$, respectively. The frustration from SU($N$) exchange interaction
is enhanced when $N > 5$, resulting two types of CSL states as the lowest two states for
$6 \le N \le 9$. Among them, the CSL states with $\phi=\pi-\pi/N$ have a lower energy,
and have its counterpart on the square lattice. Although the true ground states
are not what we found for $N<4$, our calculation can provide useful insight for
cases $N \ge 4$ where large-$N$ approximation becomes more reliable.
In a very recent DMRG study of an SU(4) spin model on the triangular lattice, phase diagrams for integer fillings were obtained and compared with conventional MFT ones \cite{zhang2021su4}.
The quite good agreement of the phase boundaries determeted by two methods suggests that $N = 4$ is perhaps large enough for the mean-field analysis we performed in this work.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[]{Fig04.pdf}
    \caption{The definition of the emergent U(1) gauge flux $\phi$ for CSL on the (a) square and (b) triangular lattices.
    The subscripts $s$, $u$ and $d$ refer to the square, up triangular and down triangular plaquettes, respectively.}
    \label{fig:04}
\end{figure}

Thanks to the development of ultracold experimental techniques,
the SU($N$) Mott insulators have been realized with AEA
on various optical lattices using the Pomeranchuk cooling~\cite{Taie_2012},
even the Mott crossover and SU($N$) antiferromagnetic spin correlations were recently observed
with \ce{^173Yb} atoms~\cite{PhysRevX.6.021030,taie2020observation}.
Nontrivial physics of multicomponent fermions with broken SU$(N)$ symmetry were also proposed on this platform~\cite{PhysRevA.98.063628}.
The emergency of the widely concerned SU(4) or even SU(8) symmetric
interaction has been proposed in the twisted bilayer graphene
and double moir\'{e} layers systems recently~\cite{Ashvin:2020,PhysRevLett.121.097201}.
This moir\'{e} lattice system could be an novel platform
to detect possible phases in this work.
The ultracold atom systems may have many restrictions
in the detection of anyonic spinon excitations and edge states.
 Nevertheless, spin-dependent Bragg
spectroscopy may be used to detect the spinon continuum~\cite{PhysRevB.84.174441,
PhysRevA.93.061601,PhysRevLett.103.135301},
 singlet-triplet oscillation technique can detect the nearest-neighbor spin correlation~\cite{taie2020observation} for CSLs,
 and the lattice potential could be adjusted to
 localize and manipulate the anyonic quasiparticles~\cite{PhysRevA.93.061601,PhysRevLett.103.135301,PhysRevB.84.174441}.
 For solid-state systems, more techniques are available.
 These include but are not restricted to quantized thermal Hall transport~\cite{Gao_2020}
 for the edge modes, scanning tunneling microscope of anyons at defects~\cite{PhysRevX.8.011037},
 or even angle-resolved photon emission measurement for the
spinon signatures~\cite{PhysRevB.87.045119}.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Shizhong Zhang for some discussion
and the proofreading of the manuscript. This work is supported by the
research funds from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
with grant No.2016YFA0301001, No.2018YFE0103200 and No.2016YFA0300500,
by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project with Grant
No.2019SHZDZX04, and from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong
with General Research Fund Grant No.17303819 and No.17306520.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Nested Unidirectional OnetoMany with Mapstruct Mapper interface returning null for the second level DTO class with I have 4 classes with Unidirectional @OneToMany relationship as below:
Class A {
  // some properties
  List<B> bList = new ArrayList<>();
}

Class B has a Set of Class C
Class B {
   // Some properties
   Set<C> cSet = new HashSet<>();
}

Class C  has a One to One relationship with Class D
Class C {
   // Some properties here
   D d;
}

AMapper interface looks below;
@Mapper(componentModel="spring", uses= {BMapper.class})
public interface AMapper {

    @Mapping(target = "aId", source="id")
    ADTO toDTO(final A a);

    @Mapping(target = "id", ignore = true)
    A toEntity(final ADTO aDTO);

}

BMapper as below:
@Mapper(componentModel="spring", uses= {CMapper.class})
public interface BMapper {
    @Mapping(target = "bId", source="id")
    @Mapping(target = "xxx", ignore = true)
    @Mapping(target = "yyy", ignore = true)
    BDTO toDTO(final BData entity);

    @Mapping(target = "id", ignore = true)
    B toEntity(final BDTO dto);

    Iterable<B> bDtoToBListEntity(Iterable<BDTO> list);

    Iterable<BDTO> bListEntityToBDto(Iterable<B> list);

}

CMapper as below
@Mapper(componentModel = "spring", uses = { DMapper.class })
public interface CMapper {
    CDTO toDTO(C c);

    @Mapping(target = "id", ignore = true)
    C toEntity(CDTO planet);

    Set<C> cDtoToCSetEntity(Set<CDTO> set);

    Set<CDTO> cSetEntityToCDto(Set<C> set);
}

DMapper as below:
@Mapper(componentModel = "spring")
public interface DMapper {
    DDTO toDTO(D d);

    D toEntity(DDTO d);
}

@Service
AService {
    public ADTO get(final Long id) {
        return aMapper.toDTO( findById(id));
    }
}

What is the problem?
I am able to successfully read the bList when through the service class's get method however, cSet from class B is empty (not null though). Should I manually read the bDTO to populate the cSet? I hope not as I assume that's where the mapstruct is helping us. Any idea what is that I am missing? Thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


OneWeb (World-Vu, Network Access Associates (NAA), we, our, us) are committed to protecting and respecting your privacy as a visitor to our website.
This notice (along with any other documents referred to on it) sets out the basis on which any personal data we collect from you, or that you provided to us, will be processed by us.
The rules on processing of personal data pertaining to citizens of the UK and the European Union are set out in the UK data protection Act 2018 (DPA18) and the general Data Protection Regulation 2018.
We are registered as a Data Controller with the UK Information Commissioners Office and our registration number is ZA445331.
For EU and UK purposes OneWeb trades as Network Access Associates ltd and is registered in England and Wales under company number 09439890 whose registered office is at: Asticus Building 2nd floor, 21 Palmer Street, London, SW1H OAD.
Questions, queries or feedback you leave, including your email address if you contact OneWeb.
Information on how you use this site, using cookies and page tagging techniques.
We may use analytics software (example Google Analytics) to collect information about how you use the OneWeb site. We do this to help make sure the site is meeting the needs of its users and to help us make improvements, for example improving site search.
Where is your data processed and stored?
We are committed to doing all we that we can to keep your data secure. We have set up systems and processes to prevent unauthorised access or disclosure of your data – for example, we protect your data using varying levels of encryption.
Our site contains links to other websites. These include our recruiting partner for those applying for roles at OneWeb.
OneWeb utilize the services of a third-party company, Greenhouse, to facilitate such requests.
When you apply to a job on this site, the personal data contained in your application will be collected by OneWeb ("Controller"), which is located at [ADDRESS] and can be contacted by emailing DPO@oneweb.net . The Controllers Data Protection Officer can also be reached via this email address. Your personal data will be processed for the purposes of managing Controller's recruitment related activities, which include setting up and conducting interviews and tests for applicants, evaluating and assessing the results thereto, and as is otherwise needed in the recruitment and hiring processes. Such processing is legally permissible under Art. 6(1)(f) of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation) as necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the Controller, which are the solicitation, evaluation, and selection of applicants for employment.
Your personal data will be shared with Greenhouse Software, Inc., a cloud services provider located in the United States of America and engaged by the Controller to help manage its recruitment and hiring process on the Controller's behalf. Accordingly, if you are located outside of the United States, your personal data will be transferred to the United States once you submit it through this site. Because the European Union Commission has determined that United States data privacy laws do not ensure an adequate level of protection for personal data collected from EU data subjects, the transfer will be subject to appropriate additional safeguards under standard contractual clauses. You can obtain a copy of the standard contractual clauses by contacting us at DPO@oneweb.net.
Your personal data will be retained by Controller as long as Controller determines it is necessary to evaluate your application for employment. Under the GDPR, you have the right to request access to your personal data, to request that your personal data be rectified or erased, and to request that processing of your personal data be restricted. You also have a right to data portability. In addition, you may lodge a complaint with an EU supervisory authority.
I these changes affect how your personal data is processed, OneWeb will take reasonable steps to let you know.
Previous versions of this policy may be available and can be obtained on request from DPO@oneweb.net.
You can also make a compliant to the Information Commissioner, who is an independent regulator.


nice antique pie safe cabinet for sale in.
black square bar pulls pineapple cabinet hardware knobs and pull kitchen.
antique white bathroom cabinets loading zoom storage.
united management services of good has hallmark home office once completed and signed it may be scanned or faxed to the rental a member site staff will coordinate your si.
round recessed medicine cabinet bathroom cabinets unique mirror.
dishwasher end panel white woodworking projects with cabinet installation.
honey shaker kitchen cabinets with white island cabinet wholesalers inc western states.
best kitchen cabinets colors image of modern contemporary style top cabinet ideas popular ca.
cabinet makers ca r c cabinets closets custom melbourne.
white glass kitchen cabinets the home depot cabinet wall in melamine and door ikea.


Prerequisite: AEM 2500 . Enrollment limited to: juniors and seniors. Co-meets with AEM 6580 .
An exploration of both opportunities and pitfalls of sustainable business using tools from both psychology and economics that are combined in the field of behavioral economics. The course will address the following questions: In a regulatory economy, with complex environmental law and technology, how can managers prevent costly environmental penalties, damage to the company reputation, and lawsuits? When if, and how can firms make money by going green? Can firms save money by reducing pollution? Will consumers pay for green? What business strategies have resulted in success and what strategies in failure? For example, has consumer suspicion of "green-washing" backfired on companies selling green? Answering these questions requires knowledge of law, economics, and psychology. Graduate students will be assigned additional reading and prepare two papers.


text:
American Command Regards as Premature the Report on Discovering Chemical Weapons Production Plant in Iraq
World » Americas
The Central Command (CENTCOM) of the US armed forces did not confirm the reports that a plant for the production of chemical weapons was discovered in the town of an-Najaf in southern Iraq.
A representative of the advanced CENTCOM headquarters in Qatar declared they had no information to confirm or refute these reports.
In its turn, the Fox TV company cites the CENTCOM statement to the effect that it regards as premature the reports on discovering the plant for the production of chemical weapons near the town of an-Najaf in southern Iraq.
At the same time, the statement points out that the US military are examining several facilities "of interest to them".
Earlier, Fox circulated the report that a representative of the Pentagon had confirmed the fact that the US troops discovered and occupied a big enterprise for the production of chemical weapons near an-Najaf, 150 km to the south of Baghdad.


text:
Yawn. How many contradictions can you find in this weird mess of self-argument, cultural bigotry, and hedging?
I supported this war, but the deteriorating situation is starting to convince me that we can't win.
It appears that the cynics were right: Arab societies can't support democracy as we know it. And people get the government they deserve.
For us, Iraq's impending failure is an embarrassment. For the Iraqis — and other Arabs — it's a disaster the dimensions of which they do not yet comprehend. They're gleeful at the prospect of America's humiliation. But it's their tragedy, not ours.
Iraq was the Arab world's last chance to board the train to modernity, to give the region a future, not just a bitter past. The violence staining Baghdad's streets with gore isn't only a symptom of the Iraqi government's incompetence, but of the comprehensive inability of the Arab world to progress in any sphere of organized human endeavor. We are witnessing the collapse of a civilization. All those who rooted for Iraq to fail are going to be chastened by what follows.
Iraq still deserves one last chance — as long as we don't confuse deadly stubbornness and perseverance. If, at this late hour, Iraqis in decisive numbers prove willing to fight for their own freedom and a constitutional government, we should be willing to remain for a generation. If they continue to revel in fratricidal slaughter, we must leave.
Ralph, you are so bi-polar and all over the map, I don't think you are doing either side of the argument any good. I was willing to give you an honest read, like I do The Commissar, but you just came up with this "other planet" thought. I'm sorry. You have been 51/49 with me for awhile. You are now 25/75. This is just nowhere near a logical string of thought.
And contrary to the prophets of doom, the United States wouldn't be weakened by our withdrawal, should it come to that. Iraq was never our Vietnam. It's al-Qaeda's Vietnam. They're the ones who can't leave and who can't win.
Islamist terrorists have chosen Iraq as their battleground and, even after our departure, it will continue to consume them. We'll still be the greatest power on earth, indispensable to other regional states — such as the Persian Gulf states and Saudi Arabia — that are terrified of Iran's growing might. If the Arab world and Iran embark on an orgy of bloodshed, the harsh truth is that we may be the
beneficiaries.
Iraq could have turned out differently. It didn't. And we must be honest about it. We owe that much to our troops. They don't face the mere forfeiture of a few congressional seats but the loss of their lives. Our military is now being employed for political purposes. It's unworthy of our nation.
Fine, you quit. Noted. Interesting timing.


text:
import UI_ROOT from "../UIRoot";
import { num, px } from "../utils";
import Bitmap from "./Bitmap";
import ImageManager from "./ImageManager";

const CHARS =
  "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz\"@  \n0123456789\u2026.:()-'!_+\\/[]^&%,=$#\nâöä?*";

const CHAR_MAP = {};
for (const [line, chars] of CHARS.split("\n").entries()) {
  for (const [col, char] of chars.split("").entries()) {
    CHAR_MAP[char] = [col, line];
  }
}

// http://wiki.winamp.com/wiki/XML_Elements#.3Cbitmapfont.2F.3E
export default class BitmapFont extends Bitmap {
  _charWidth: number;
  _charHeight: number;
  _horizontalSpacing: number = 0;
  _verticalSpacing: number;
  _externalBitmap: boolean = false; //? true == _file = another.bitmap.id
  _bitmap: Bitmap = null; // the real external bitmap

  setXmlAttr(_key: string, value: string): boolean {
    if (super.setXmlAttr(_key, value)) {
      return true;
    }

    const key = _key.toLowerCase();
    switch (key) {
      case "charwidth":
        this._charWidth = num(value);
        break;
      case "charheight":
        this._charHeight = num(value);
        break;
      case "hspacing":
        this._horizontalSpacing = num(value);
        break;
      case "vspacing":
        this._verticalSpacing = num(value);
        break;
      default:
        return false;
    }
    return true;
  }

  getHorizontalSpacing(): number {
    return this._horizontalSpacing;
  }

  _setAsBackground(div: HTMLElement, prefix: string) {
    if (this._externalBitmap) {
      if (!this._bitmap) {
        this._bitmap = UI_ROOT.getBitmap(this._file);
      }
      if (this._bitmap != null) {
        this._bitmap._setAsBackground(div, prefix);
      }
    } else {
      super._setAsBackground(div, prefix);
    }
  }

  // TODO: This could likely be made more efficient.
  // For example, if we could do this in CSS, we could define everything except
  // the background position just once.
  renderLetter(char: string): HTMLSpanElement {
    const span = document.createElement("span");
    const [x, y] = CHAR_MAP[char.toLocaleLowerCase()] ?? CHAR_MAP[" "];
    span.innerText = char; // Keep things accessible
    span.style.setProperty("--x", px(-(this._charWidth * x)));
    span.style.setProperty("--y", px(-(this._charHeight * y)));
    return span;
  }

  useExternalBitmap(): boolean {
    return this._externalBitmap;
  }

  setExternalBitmap(isExternal: boolean) {
    this._externalBitmap = isExternal;
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Reliable Home Remodeler: Suffolk County's Top-Rated Bathroom Remodeling Contractor Dix Hills
When homeowners in Dix Hills, NY need a remodeling company, there's only one they call: Reliable Home Remodeler. With years of experience and a reputation for excellence, our company provides affordable prices with superior quality craftsmanship and the fastest results. With that kind of service, it's no surprise why we're considered the leading vendor in Suffolk County.
Reliable Home Remodeler, a professional bathroom remodeler Dix Hills company, offers expert services for all aspects of your bathroom renovation. No matter the shape or size, we approach each job with the highest degree of professionalism. With our team's expertise, we'll deliver exceptional results on every project. We're not like other home remodeling companies in Suffolk County – we offer personal service and care to make sure you have everything you need to get the perfect project completed.
Our contractor will work with you to ensure that your project stays on budget so that you can enjoy a beautiful, functional, and relaxing space without breaking the bank. After discussing your specific needs, we'll provide you with an estimate that will be right on-point with the amount you're looking to spend. Our team will go the extra mile to make sure that your project stays within your comfort zone. If any changes do occur (you never know when a surprise is going to pop up), our contractor will fully explain the nature of the work and will always get your approval before proceeding. Unlike other contractors in the Dix Hills area, we'll never hit you with hidden costs or unexpected fees. You can get the bathroom that you've always wanted at a price you can afford with Reliable Home Remodelers!
Dix Hills is an affluent hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) on Long Island in the town of Huntington in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 26,892 at the 2010 census.
Settlers traded goods with the Indigenous Secatogue tribe for the land that became Dix Hills in 1699. The Secatogues lived in the northern portion of the region during the later half of that century. The land was known as Dick's Hills. By lore, the name traces to a local native named Dick Pechegan, likely of the Secatogues. Scholar William Wallace Tooker wrote that the addition of the English name "Dick" to the indigenous name "Pechegan" was a common practice.
Tooker wrote that Pechegan's wigwam and his planted fields became the hilly area's namesake, known as the shortened "Dix Hills" by 1911. The area was mostly used for farming until after World War II.
In the 1950s, Dix Hills and its neighbors Wyandanch and Melville, along with the area known as Sweet Hollow, proposed to incorporate as a single village. This village would have been known as the Incorporated Village of Half Hollow Hills, would have had an area of roughly 50 square miles (130 km2), and would have embraced the Half Hollow Hills Central School District (CSD 5). The plans were unsuccessful, and these areas would remain unincorporated.
Learn more about Dix Hills.
Useful links for Dix Hills, NY
Open a Dix Hills, NY map
Find the Dix Hills, NY United States Post Office
Locate nearby Dix Hills, NY pharmacies
View the current Dix Hills, NY weather report
Browse a list of Dix Hills, NY public and private schools
Dix Hills, NY is located in Suffolk county in New York State


Private Key Bitcoin Wallet Companies That Use Bitcoin Bitcoin Fpga Private Key Bitcoin Wallet Bitcoin Investment 10 Times Bitcoin Rates Graph Bitcoin Hash Calculator [ UPDATE as of June 26 ] : Download latest withdrawal form here. If you' re new to investing, get this FREE Download - Quick Start Guide to Investing in Philippines stock market! How to Open an Online Stock Trading Account in Philippines with Zero Capital.
My maid invests in the stock market ebook download. There' s a slight difference in the appearance of this.
2 My Maid Invests in the Stock Market. And Why You Should, Too!
Because Everyone Ought to Be Rich Bo Sanchez # 1 Bestselling Author of " Choose to Be Wealthy". My Maid Invests in the Stock Market My M aid invest s in the stock M arket Bo sanchez ISBNhow to retire a Millionaire Using the stock Market Once upon a time, Bo Sanchez was a poor missionary who received an allowance of P30 a day.
There were days when he couldn' t afford to pay for a bus ticket to preach in a prayer meeting.
My Maid Invests in the Stock Market - Bo Sanchez free pdf ebook download. Get your free download - Bo Sanchez ebook pdf -.
Or if you simply want to get a free copy of the Bo Sanchez' best selling starting in the stock market book " My Maid Invests in the Stock Market" ( if Bo Sanchez' maid can do it, you can too!


But as a result of the AKA and other kratom advocates, we have also had encouraging news coming from states who are in the midst of swearing in new regulators.
Here is some good news and hope for 2019 that we've noticed just in the past couple of weeks.
A bill sitting in the New York General Assembly's Senate Health Committee would restrict the sale of kratom to anyone under the age of 18 in the state. For a majority of kratom advocates, it's an encouraging sign when a state moves to put reasonable restrictions on a substance, rather than a reactionary, ill-advised ban on it.
After the Georgia House study committee hearing on December 28, where many kratom advocates testified, Georgians are waiting to hear whether the legislature will decide to regulate kratom.
Based on the hearing, a Fox 5 report published yesterday out of Atlanta is suggesting that, as a result of the hearing, kratom may become regulated instead of outright banned in the state.
As we covered last week, the Ohio Board of Pharmacy, who was considering recommending a ban on kratom, voted to defer any action until March 2019. As a result of kratom advocacy by the American Kratom Association, affiliated scientists, and citizen activists, Ohio appears to finally be listening to the science on kratom.


text:
Interview on Sky News Live with Paul Murray
Interview on Sky News Live…
Paul Murray: Birmo joins us now. The Finance Minister, his first go around putting a budget together. Mate if the ABC can only find one or two losers. It seems like you put together a pretty good political a political document. But to those sitting watching those debt pictures, what is there not to worry about some of the bigger numbers in this further down the track?
Simon Birmingham: G'day Paul, and thanks for the opportunity tonight. Look, what we've done is put together a budget that has been true to the types of promises that we made way back at the last election when we said we were going to deliver a strong economy that created jobs growth for Australians and funded the essential services Australians rely on. Now, in the interim, of course, we've had a global pandemic that has knocked parts of the world for six knocked parts of our economy for six for a period of time and knocked parts of our budget for six. But we've been able, because of the management through the covered crisis, get to a point where we're seeing strong economic growth. We've got more Australians now in work today than we had pre-pandemic. We're the only country across the developed world to be in that position where we've actually got more people back in work pre-pandemic. Everybody else is still struggling to get back to that starting point, and that is giving us the window of opportunity to be able to invest in our aged care services, in our mental health services in careful, targeted ways, but in ways that we're doing that still keep net debt lower than had been forecast in last year's budget. So we've actually managed to improve the economic circumstances enough to be able to make these investments and bring net debt down compared to what it was, both in absolute terms and as a share of the economy.
Paul Murray: Look, there's all obvious upsides in things like the traineeships, like the 300,000 dollars in super for people if they want to downsize. And I'll give you a chance to talk about those in a second, but I just want to try to nip it in the bud what I think is going to start to take hold here, you're going to be asked about a lot in the next few days. First is that debt question. Second is the immigration question I was just talking about with Mark Latham. In part of the document suggestion at one point we're going to be bringing in two hundred and thirty seven thousand new people to the country who aren't already here at the same time as we're being told that that would be something that would mean Australians don't get a pay rise, because if there are more people competing for jobs, then those numbers stay down the fewer people. Competing for those jobs means that wages go up. So what's the logic of 237,000 people coming in in just one year?
Simon Birmingham: So our migration policy settings, in terms of migration to Australia, we have maintained at a consistent level from what they were entering COVID and that operates as a cap, not a target. A ceiling, not a target. And importantly, there the focus always has to be on the quality of migrants coming into Australia, making sure that we have people who are going to make an economic contribution as so many people coming to this country have done over the years. Now, of course, when we reopen borders over a period of time, we will expect to see some significant movements of people overall, a return of some permanent residence, particularly potentially to Australia, a potential return in relation to international students and other temporary visa holders coming back in over a period of time as well. There's a lot of different moving parts that will come about in terms of the numbers of people that might come in or out of our country. But people should have absolute confidence in two things. One is we won't be reopening the borders until it is safe to do so, because continuing to suppress COVID is a key factor in our economic success as well as our health and safety. And the second thing is that when it comes to the permanent migration programme to this country, we will maintain a resolute focus on how we ensure those places are filled by people and families who are making the type of contribution as taxpayers to our country that Australians rightly expect.
Paul Murray: So for us to go from the deficit that was announced tonight to smaller ones in the next couple of years, it seems that the two biggest bets that the budget is making is that there will be a lot more money coming from company tax, i.e. more profits and more companies that will exist between now and 2025 and more people that will have a job and the higher rates of tax that they will pay because of their increased earnings. Put simply, to explain to people what I'm talking about here – in the budget forecasts this year, company tax. Eighty two billion dollars by June 2025, we're talking about 100 billion dollars. So 20 billion dollars up in the next couple of years, income tax goes from 219 billion up to two hundred and sixty one billion. So let's deal with company tax first. What evidence, what logic do you have that you will make? You know, the best part of, you know, 20 something billion dollars more in company tax than you do this year?
Simon Birmingham: This is a factor of economic growth that is forecast and forecast still at relatively careful and cautious levels, and you look at the types of assumptions that drive things like company tax revenue in Australia, for example, iron ore prices, we are still projecting a trajectory downwards of iron ore prices to a fifty five dollar a tonne level. So we're actually putting in place, as we've done consistently as a government quite conservative assumptions that underpin those sorts of revenue projections. So we've been careful in that regard to not seek to gild the lily in any way, but to make sure that we have those cautious approaches even in relation to income tax receipts, as you said. Yes, these projected strong growth there that can sustain strong growth relative to what had been forecast, even with income tax cuts that mean many Australians are paying less in income tax at present. But we're achieving those outcomes because we've got more people in work. Now, are our projections for a further 250,000 extra jobs realistic? We're confident they are because we're only projecting in this budget that unemployment comes down to four and three quarter per cent. The Reserve Bank had already been out there forecasting 4.5 per cent. That would come even further down than our assumptions. So, again, an example of where we're applying a conservative and a cautious bias when it comes to these budget projections. And the proof really is in the fact that historically we have always exceeded the types of ambitions because we've adopted these sorts of cautious and conservative approaches.
Paul Murray: Again, I'm going off your own budget papers here. How the hell did we get to the state as a country where we are spending more than two to one on welfare than anything else in the federal budget? Two hundred and nine billion dollars, health 94 billion. Education, 42 billion. Defence, 34 billion. Now I get it. Welfare means lots of different things. It doesn't it doesn't just mean the dole it means family tax benefits. It means childcare subsidies to some degree. But that is an extraordinary number, when it is two to one. The next biggest thing in the federal budget part of the gig, the finance minister and certainly your predecessor in Mathias Cormann, was to be obsessed about numbers like this. What do you say to people when they see the graph they can currently see on screen that two to one is money that doesn't really create much. It supports lots of people. It helps in politics, but it's two to one. Anything else?
Simon Birmingham: That we fully realise the importance of shifting people wherever possible from welfare into work. Every single person we move off of JobSeeker and into employment is in effect a budget savings measure. If you look just at the impact in this financial year, the fact that we saw some 200,000 fewer people on JobSeeker than had been projected, that means that we were able to save three dollars billion in those welfare payments and generate a further two billion dollars in tax receipts, in payments from people making a bigger contribution to the economy and therefore acting as taxpayers in the type of way that we want to see much more of. And that's where the focus on the two hundred fifty thousand additional jobs forecast to be created over the next few years again helps to move more people from welfare into work, investment in relation to skills and training, and the creation of thousands of new apprenticeships designed to be able to help make that a reality. Now, of course, there are then areas such as the superannuation measures we've put in place, the incentive and the ability for people if they're downsizing their home at an earlier age to be able to top up their superannuation. That again helps to reduce the welfare bill into the future because people getting more money into their superannuation in their early 60s will see either fewer people needing a whole pension or a reduction in relation to the part pension that they might be receiving.
Paul Murray: Alright, well, I'll check it in a couple of weeks how members of your family reacted to that news when you asked them about what their plan is going to be. Minister, thank you for the chat. Appreciate it. Congrats on your first budget.
Simon Birmingham: Thanks, Paul my pleasure.
PreviousPrevious post:Doorstop, Parliament House, CanberraNextNext post:Interview on ABC The Business with Kathryn Robinson


As an environmental health officer or practitioner (EHO or EHP for short), you could work in either the public or private sector carrying out advisory or enforcement work and aiming to make sure that people's environmental quality and their living and working surroundings were safe and hygienic.
You might specialise in one of these areas, or you might deal with all environmental health issues in your local area or company.
Inspecting businesses for health and safety, food hygiene and food standards.
Following up complaints and investigating outbreaks of food poisoning, infectious disease or pests.
Collecting samples for laboratory testing.
Advising community groups and giving educational talks.
Giving evidence in cases that come to court.
Advising employers on all environmental health matters.
You would work closely with EHO(P)s from other areas, Government Agencies, specialists in a variety of fields of activity, the public and a wide range of businesses.
You would work between 35 and 39 hours per week, Monday to Friday, which may occasionally include evening or weekend work. Part-time work and job sharing may be available.
You would have an office base, but spend much of your time out in the workplace or visiting businesses and homes. Sites may be dirty, unpleasant or potentially dangerous, although you would wear protective clothing such as safety masks and overalls when necessary.
Salaries in local government are normally between £25,000 and £30,000 a year. Senior and management salaries can reach £60,000 a year.
There are opportunities with local councils and also in the private sector, for example checking on food standards and health and safety for companies like food suppliers and hotels.
Jobs and training placements may be advertised in the local and national press, by local councils and the CIEH in its members' magazine EHN.
Get an environmental health degree (BSc) or postgraduate degree (MSc) that is approved by the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH).
Pass a series of professional exams.
To get onto an environmental health degree you will usually need five GCSE's (A-C) and 200 points at A level (or 160 points including a science subject) or an alternative to A levels such as an Access to Higher Education course or a BTEC National Diploma. You should check with universities about their exact entry requirements.
For an MSc in environmental health, you will need a first degree in a related field or a scientific subject.
See the CIEH website www.ehcareers.org to find out where you can study for approved degree and postgraduate courses.
Alternatively, you could start as an environmental health technician with a local council if you have A levels, a BTEC National Diploma or HND in a scientific subject, or previous experience in related work.
To work in a food hygiene or health and safety you will need an accredited course accepted by the Food Standards Agency (FSA).
Your employer may then offer you the chance to progress to fully-qualified EHO by sponsoring you to do the degree part-time whilst you are working as an environmental health technician.
You are likely to need a full driving licence for this job.
Keep a training logbook, known as an Experiential Learning Portfolio (ELP), during your work-based learning.
Have your ELP assessed as competent.
Pass the CIEH Professional Examination.
When you have successfully completed all these stages, you will be fully qualified and receive the Certificate of Registration from Environmental Health Registration Board. This gives you voting membership of CIEH.
As a qualified environmental health officer, you should keep up to date with new developments throughout your career. CIEH offers a range of short courses and seminars to help your professional development.
After around five years of professional practice, you can apply to CIEH for Chartered Environmental Health Practitioner status. See the CIEH website www.cieh.org for details.
The ability to understand and explain legislation, procedures and requirements.
Good 'people skills', for dealing with people from all backgrounds.
A good level of scientific and technical understanding.
The ability to investigate, analyse and provide solutions to problems.
In local government there is a clearly defined promotion structure to senior, principal and chief environmental health officer.
With experience, you could also choose become an environmental health consultant in the private sector, advising businesses on environmental health law.


Chihuahua or small dog toothbrush to promote good dental hygiene and give your chihuahua or small dog their own personal toothbrush that is soft yet durable and fits on your finger for easy controlled brushing. Supplied in a handy little case our finger toothbrush is perfect for travel or overnight stays with granny! In pink or blue - we will even add a little My Chi and Me label if you tell us the name you want to appear on the label!


text:
2017 Thomas F. Kelly
You are here: Home1 / Awards2 / Peter Duncumb Award3 / 2017 Thomas F. Kelly
Thomas F. Kelly
Thomas F. Kelly received his B.S. with highest honors in Mechanical Engineering from Northeastern University in June 1977 and a Ph.D. in Materials Science in December 1981 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was on the faculty at the University of Wisconsin-Madison from January 1983 until September 2001. Tom was also Director of the Materials Science Center from 1992 to 1999.
While serving as a professor of Materials Science and Engineering in the University of Wisconsin-Madison College of Engineering until September 2001, Tom founded Imago Scientific Instruments to commercialize the Local Electrode Atom Probe, or LEAP. The LEAP is a major advance for atom probe tomography by capturing a three-dimensional atom-by-atom "images" of materials at high speeds and high resolution.
Tom Kelly has been active in the fields of analytical electron microscopy, atom probe microscopy, rapidly solidified materials, and electronic and superconducting materials for over 40 years. He has published over 250 papers and 17 patents in these fields in that time. Tom has driven innovation in instrumentation for atom probe tomography over the past two decades. He continues to pursue microscopy innovations such as atomicscale tomography by developing new detector technologies and combining atom probe tomography with electron microscopy in a single instrument.
Tom was a member of the executive council of the Microscopy Society of America from 2000 to 2002, the International Steering Committee of the International Field Emission Society from 2002 to 2008 and President of the International Field Emission Society from 2006 to 2008. He has served as the inaugural chair of the Microscopy Today Innovation Awards Committee for the Microscopy Society of America since 2010. Tom was an Editor of Microscopy and Microanalysis from 2010 to 2015 and is on the Editorial Board of Microscopy Today. From 2010 to 2012, Tom served on the Council of the Microanalysis Society. In 2012, he was elected President of the Microanalysis Society and served as President from August 2014 to August 2016. He is a fellow of the Microscopy Society of America and the International Field Emission Society.


The Chinese government's response to the massive earthquake in Sichuan province on May 12 that resulted in nearly 70,000 deaths has been extraordinary. Given the area affected – 500,000 square kilometers in Sichuan and neighboring provinces, about the size of Spain – China displayed a "remarkable" ability to mobilize domestic and international resources quickly and effectively, said Mara Warwick, an urban specialist at the World Bank in Beijing.
Warwick said Beijing solicited international institutions and foreign governments for advice on disaster recovery aftrer the quake, and has taken suggestions to heart. "It's a very positive story."
The follow-up to the initial relief efforts has been just as impressive. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) drafted a comprehensive blueprint for the reconstruction of the hardest-hit areas (about a quarter of the total) in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces three months to the day after the quake struck. According to Warwick, some refugees from rural areas have returned to newly built homes within six months of the quake.
Since the financial crisis, reconstruction has taken on other dimensions as well. In November the NDRC's plan comprised a quarter of the US$586 billion fiscal stimulus package announced by Beijing. Not just a humanitarian relief mission, the project is seen as a key part of China's efforts to keep growth at healthy levels over the next few years.
"Reconstruction is going to be generating a lot of GDP growth [for Sichuan]," said Chen Xingdong, chief economist for China at BNP Paribas.
Chen estimates that, pushed along by the inflow of government funds and investment, Sichuan could account for 0.5 to 1 percentage points of China's total GDP growth over the next three years.
Rebuilding collapsed homes and damaged infrastructure is the first part of the effort, scheduled to take about three years; the second phase – catching the areas up with the rest of fast-developing Sichuan – will be a 10-year project. Restoring tourism to the area, which includes the Wolong wildlife reserve, the natural habitat of many of China's pandas, will be the spearhead behind which other industries can follow and be built up.
Sichuan's provincial government estimates that US$438 billion will be needed to cover the full cost of reconstruction and development, of which the central authorities will be footing 20%. Other sources of financing, including donations, capital markets and loans from banks, will be required for the rest, said Sichuan Executive Vice Governor Wei Hong.
Continued investment in the province from businesses will be crucial. Inbound investment since the start of the central government's Western Development Strategy in 2000 to bridge the gap between the poorer western provinces and the coastal areas has been "a major boon" for Sichuan, said a Western diplomatic expert in Chengdu, the provincial capital. As a result, Sichuan has recorded growth rates 2 to 3 percentage points higher than the country as a whole over the period.
The so-called "Go West" program has helped the province build on a wide industrial base, which includes autos, aerospace, electronics, power, steel, mining, gas and agriculture.
Much of the investment has found its way to Chengdu, which was mostly unharmed by the quake. Relatively isolated from the east (it has no major river port like its neighbor, Chongqing), Chengdu has focused on building up its high-tech prowess instead of manufacturing. The city's twin high-tech zones house dozens of production and R&D centers for multinational electronics, pharmaceutical and precision machinery firms that followed early arrivals Motorola and Intel.
Sichuan has also been somewhat insulated from the shocks that have resulted in closures of low-margin coastal factories. Sichuanese migrant workers returning home from export-heavy areas like Guangdong and Zhejiang will be a valuable addition as the province develops local industries, said Chen.
Rather than scaring off foreign investors, the earthquake has drawn focus to Sichuan, and many firms have deepened their commitments. In the earthquake zone, there are many opportunities for experts to advise on gas, heat supply and wastewater treatment projects.
Businesses that have chosen to come to Chengdu reliably cite business-friendly government and a skilled and affordable local workforce as a key edge over other western cities. Well-respected universities feed a capable talent pool that, due to the high local quality of life, is not easily lured to the higher-paying eastern cities.
"The turnover here is quite low, which promotes team stability," said Nathan Hu, chief executive of MaesInfo, a Silicon Valley-based software and IT outsourcing firm.
In line with Beijing's drive to promote domestic demand and lessen dependence on exports, Chengdu will increasingly become the production and distribution hub for the western China market. Sichuan's own market appears to be bouncing back. Despite a sharp slowdown from May to August, year-on-year retail sales growth rebounded to 22.3% in October, and 19.9% for the first 10 months of 2008.
A drawback of Chengdu has been poor links with the rest of the region, but the last two years have seen extensive construction of road, rail and air transport links, said BNP Paribas's Chen. More companies, including KFC owner Yum! Brands, are using Chengdu as a base from which to penetrate markets in the west.
This will not happen overnight, as much still needs to be rebuilt. "The first year will be difficult," said Chen. "[But] once everything is in place, then there will be momentum for further growth."