Whether you paint vehicles, spray chemicals, or want to kill weeds, sprayguns are the most suitable option. They are much easier to handle than other products. You can purchase the chemicals or paint you trust and pour it into the container. You can find a variety of sizes, shapes, and nozzles available, allowing you to perform any application. You may find that these guns offer more advantages than others, as well.
One of the most significant problems you may find is overspray. Whether you're painting a car, spraying chemicals on weeds or fertilising your garden, you can't spray it too much. Sprayguns prevent overspray and also use less product. Overspray happens when extra chemicals or paint collects on the sprayed surface. The guns avoid that accumulation.
Because of that, you may find you spend less time working because you aren't spraying the same plants and don't have to remove overspray from painted vehicles. Along with such, you've got a better transfer efficiency. That means the chemical or paint shoots out of the gun and hits the surface without bouncing back. You can also choose the pressure in which the water, chemicals or paint shoot from the gun.
Tank Management Services has been around for 25 years, helping a variety of industries and individuals take care of things around the worksite or home. They're a dealer for many international and Australian brands because they're trusted by thousands to offer the highest-quality products on the market. Their Rapid Spray sprayguns are suitable for almost any spraying application. They're also comfortable to use for extended periods, so your arms and hands won't get tired on large projects. Plus, their products are designed for durability and functionality. You can also find lances that can reach the trees or the weeds near to the ground, allowing you complete control.


text:
Obama's Immigration Promises
https://www.futureofcapitalism.com/2012/04/obama-immigration-promises
The Washington Examiner has a deft editorial about President Obama's record on immigration:
"I can promise that I will try to do it in the first year of my second term," President Obama recently told Enrique Acevedo, an anchor at the Spanish language television network Univision. Obama was talking about comprehensive immigration reform, which would regularize the status of more than ten million people living in this nation illegally.
On the same subject, four years ago, then-Senator Obama told the League of United Latin American Citizens: "We need to do it by the end of my first term as President of the United States of America. And I will make it a top priority in my first year as president."
The editorial is headlined, "For Obama, Immigration Reform Is Always For Mañana."
by Editor | Apr 18, 2012 at 9:42 am Related Topics: Immigration receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free futureofcapitalism.com mailing list
Thoughts about immigration on July 4 [122 words] Adam Wildavsky Jul 4, 2012 20:33

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


After our Partner, Glenn Ricketti, helped out an Indiana Claims Representative working to resolve a Wisconsin fall down case which was the subject of a AAA Arbitration Hearing in Pennsylvania, he received the following accolades from the Claims Representative and the Regional Manager.
Our Partner, Glenn A. Ricketti, Esq. recently wrapped up a trial involving a hotly disputed, intersectional collision, motor vehicle case between the client's work van and the plaintiffs car where plaintiff alleged five herniated discs and proposed future back surgery. Halfway through the trial the Plaintiff's settlement demand remained over $225,000. Following Glenn's cross examination of the Plaintiff, in which Glenn caught the Plaintiff lying about his past medical condition, the case settled for a mere $7,500.
"My company was represented by Mr. Glenn Ricketti in a recent jury trial. I wanted to reach out to you and express what a pleasure it was to have him handle my case. He was extremely organized for the trial and prepared myself and our witness so that we both felt confident entering the courtroom. The case/trial was estimated to last three days but turned out to only last three hours with a settlement.
Jonathan D. Herbst and William E. Remphrey, Jr.


She dreams of being a stewardess when she grows up. "Kahit sa ospital, eroplano iniisip niya, (Even when she was hospitalized, she dreamt of being on an airplane,)" said her mother, Mercy Bardenas, 49.
21 year old Mary Jane Bardenas is a statuesque girl who could sure fit the bill of a flight attendant. She is the fourth of seven children born to Mercy and Hernani Bardenas, 58, who make a living by chopping firewood.
Unfortunately, she has difficulty walking. When she was 13, she came down with appendicitis, and the infection spread to her brain, even causing her to go into a comatose when she was confined. This resulted in her losing the strength in her lower legs, allowing her to walk only with the assistance of another person helping hold her up. She is also unable to hold a pen to write and has difficulty using a spoon to eat as well.
She was restricted to nasogastric tube feeding (NGT) and was also unable to speak for about three months after her operation in 2007. She was also limited to a lying position for about five months. As such, she had to stop schooling. She underwent therapy for about three years, but stopped when her family did not see much difference in her condition. Last year, they also tried enrolling her in the alternative learning system, but her father found it too difficult to transport her on his motorcycle.
However, she is still able to help out at home in her own little way by folding laundry and sewing to repair clothes. And when you meet her, you would have no trouble talking to her despite her slightly slurred speech. This gave us hope that she still has a bright future ahead of her. More important was her fighting spirit and desire to continue her studies.
Our volunteer doctor, Dr. Aldrin Yap, therefore recommended she acquire knee braces, and only use a wheelchair temporarily. "Matagalan talagang therapy 'yan, pero malaki ang chance na makalakad pa siya kung ituloy-tuloy kasi bata pa siya, (It will really require long-term therapy, but there is a good chance that she will be able to walk again if she continues because she is still young,)" he said.
He added that if she undergoes thorough therapy to bring back her fine motor skills to allow her to hold a pen again, she can go back to school in no time.
Thanks to Free Wheelchair Mission (FWM), a cheerful Mary Jane got her wheelchair at the Operation Blessing wheelchair distribution held at the Antipolo City plaza. Hopefully, this will help her get back to school. Then she would be able to soar high, whether literally as a stewardess, or as she defies the challenge of her condition along another path.
Mary Jane has a long way to go ahead of her. If you are burdened to help out in whatever way, whether to refer or volunteer as an orthopedic doctor or to give monetary support, please feel free to contact us at 477 7802 to 04.
When you help provide wheelchairs, you not only give the gift of mobility – you also give back the hope of fulfilling dreams.


text:
B.Ed / Jadavpur University B.Ed
Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023: Application Form, Dates, Eligibility Criteria
Jadavpur University offers admission into a two-year full-time B.Ed course for the school year 2023-24.
Candidates may get here the information you need regarding Jadavpur University B.Ed Admission 2023-24 such as the application process, eligibility criteria, fee, etc on this page.
In this post, we are providing Detailed Information about Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023, which includes Application Form, Fees, Important Dates, Eligibility Criteria, Selection Procedure, etc.
B.Ed. Subjects Available
Available to the method subjects are Bengali, English, Sanskrit, History, Mathematics, Physical Science, Work Education, and Education.
Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023 Highlights
Exam Name Jadavpur University B.Ed
Full-Form Jadavpur University Bachelor of Education
Exam Type UG Level
Exam Level State Level
Course Offered B.Ed
Conducting Body Jadavpur University
Application Mode Online Mode
Exam Date Will be Available
Official website http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/
Helpline Tel: 9133-24146666, 9133-2335 5215
Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023 Important Dates
The schedule for the Jadavpur University B.Ed Admission is given below.
Event Dates (Tentative)
Last date of online submission of applications 4th week of November 2023
Last date for submission of application fee 1st week of December 2023
Publication of Provisional merit list Last week of Jul
Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023 Application Form
Application form of Jadavpur University B.Ed. Admission 2023 will be available on the university website. Interested and eligible candidates can apply online from the official website at www.jaduniv.edu.in.
Also, apply as from the direct link which will be offered below. Applicants are advised has to ensure their eligibility and other procedures before filling in the online application.
Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023 Application Form will be released on the 4th week of November 2023.
The Last Date to Submit Application Form is 1st week of December 2023.
Applications for Jadavpur University B.Ed. Admission should be carried out online through the university website www.jaduniv.edu.in or https://admissionas.jdvu.ac.in. Applicants are required to complete the application online. On a successful application, you will receive an application number.
On the Main Page, you will get the link to pay online (Net Banking/Credit Card/ Debit Card) through SBI I-Collect System
Now you have to go to the link and pay the Application Fees when you use the Net Banking/Credit Card/Debit Card. Now you have to upload the SB Collect A Reference Number (starting with DU) on this website. Please click on the Login option of this website, and log into your account using your Application No/ Login ID at any time. In the Update Payment Details page to move their fees deposit details by clicking Insert Fees Details.
The Last Date of the application submission of application fees through the SBI I-Collect System (using Net Banking/ Credit Card/ Debit Card) is 2nd week of December 2023. After payment online please print the e-receipt for further reference.
Upload the fees deposit detailed information within 2nd week of December 2023 on the website. If any candidate does not upload the specific details within 2nd week of December 2023, his/her application shall not be completed. Incomplete and/or incorrect applications shall be liable to be canceled.
Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023 Eligibility Criteria
Category Minimum marks secured in the undergraduate or the
postgraduate program from any university/recognized
General (For both FRESHER) 50% (Honours graduate/ Master Degree)
General (For DEPUTED) 50% (Honours graduate/ Special Honours/ Master Degree)
SC/ST (For FRESHER) 40% (Honours graduate/ Master Degree)
PD (For FRESHER) 45% (Honours graduate/ Master Degree)
SC/ST (For DEPUTED) 40% (Honours graduate/ Special Honours/ Master Degree)
PD (For DEPUTED) 45% (Honours graduate/ Special Honours/ Master Degree)
For Fresher – 35 years (calculated as on 18th July 2023)
For Deputed – No Age Restriction
50% marks in graduation or post-graduation degree do not apply to people who are appointed as teachers before the start of the National Council for Teacher Education (Regulations, Norms, and Procedure) Second Amendment Regulation 2010.
To be considered under the deputed category the teachers from Secondary/ Higher Secondary schools affiliated to W.B.B.S.E./ W.B.C.H.S.E. must produce a copy of the appointment letter from the District Inspector of Schools and a No Objection Certificate from the Managing Committee of the school duly countersigned by the District Inspector of Schools (The Managing Committee must clearly certify whether or not the teacher teaches in class IX, X, XI, and XII), at the time of interview and admission.
Jadavpur University doesn't assume responsibility for payment of county council allowance.
Therefore, they should input on overall marks of three (3) semester examinations of M.A/M.Sc course. At this point of counseling/ admission, those students (if provisionally selected) must submit evidence of completion of M.A/ M.Sc Final Examination, 2023 authenticated by the competent authority of college/ institute/ university within the prescribed format (click here). They will be required to submit their mark sheet favorably by September 30, 2023.
Those showed up at M.A/M.Sc 4th semester (second year second semester) examination 2023 securing least 40% marks in each course and at least 50% (40% for SC/ST and 45% for PD) marks in the aggregate of all marks obtained in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-semester examinations also qualify. For such candidates, the percentage of marks Their provisional admission shall be automatically canceled if they are not declared to have passed securing at least the minimum percentage of marks as mentioned above in the aggregate of all marks obtained in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-semester examinations after the publication of the results of the fourth-semester examination. Their temporary admission will be canceled even if they were declared eligible for Special Supplementary Examination 2023 or any such Examinations as per the Examination Regulations of the University concerned.
Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023 Selection Procedure
For Secondary or equivalent
(Based on the aggregate of all marks obtained ) % of marks x 0.1
For Higher Secondary or equivalent % of marks** x 0.2
Obtained Marks will be calculated based on:
1. W.B.C.H.S.E.: Best of 4 subjects excluding marks of Environmental Studies/Environmental Education (out of 400 marks)
2. Central Board of Secondary Education / Council for the Indian School Certificate / Other Boards: Best of 4 subjects (out of 400 marks)
For Honours Graduates
(Based on the aggregate of all marks obtained in Honours paper only) % of marks x 0.3
For Post Graduate % of marks x 0.4
Choice of teachers under the Deputed category will be carried out based on the number of years of uninterrupted endorsed service in Government or Government aided schools.
As per circular Nos. BC-16014/1/82-SC dt.06/08/1984 & BCD-1, D.O.12017/11/89- SCD(R.CELL) dt.09/01/1990 and letter No.1510-SCW dt.31/05/2007 from the Government of West Bengal, Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes of the States other than West Bengal are not entitled to get the benefit of reserved quota in Educational Institutions in West Bengal.
Such students may get the advantage of the reserved quota whether they have a domicile certificate of 10 years residency in West Bengal.
For any other quires about Jadavpur University B.Ed 2023, you can leave your questions below in the comment box.
Rajasthan PTET 2023: Pre B.Ed Application Form, Dates, Eligibility
- Rajastan PTET 2023 Application Form will be Releasing Soon. The Rajasthan PTET 2023 Exam will be conducted by Government Dunger College, Bikaner (Rajasthan). It is...
BRAOU B.Ed 2023: B.Ed (SE) Application Form, Dates, Eligibility
- BRAOU B.Ed 2023 Answer Key will be Releasing Soon. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University supervises admissions into B.Ed. and B.Ed.(Special Education) Programs through Entrance...
BRAOU B.Ed. 2023 Application Form, Releasing Dates – Apply Online Here
- The BRAOU B.Ed Entrance Test is organized through Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University to offer admission to the candidates in the Bachelor of Education...
KU B.Ed 2023: Application Form, Dates, Eligibility, Pattern, Syllabus
- KU stands for Kumaun University which conducts a Bachelor's in Education (B.Ed) Entrance Exam to get admission to Bachelor in Education 2 years course. It...
MAH B.Ed CET 2023: Application Form (Out Soon), Dates, Eligibility
- MAH B.Ed CET 2023 Application Form will be Releasing Soon. Commissioner, State CET Cell will hold the MAH B.Ed CET in an online manner. The...
Jammu B.Ed Entrance 2023 Application Form (Till 30th Nov.) – Apply Online Here
- Jammu B.Ed 2023 Application Form will be Releasing Soon. The Jammu and Kashmir Board of Professional Examinations (BOPEE) has organized the Jammu B.Ed Entrance Examination...
Displaying 20 Comments
Vikram Majumdar says:
Why did you spreading fake news and ruining someone's life ? You already said in your website that Jadavpur B.ed Admission 2021 will starts from November last week and last date of submission will December 1st week ,but It already started on September 1 and ended on September 15 . You are spreading wrong information and many of them like me watch this kind of stuff and they miss the official date of submission , Now say what to do coz You're the reason of manipulating ,Or I will case on you
janet das says:
can an ignou student having completed M.A apply in Jadavpur University for B.Ed. Is there any evening college for B.ed?
RUNA GHOSH says:
I want to b.ed from j.u.please inform me the total cost of this course. I obtained 58% Mark's in b.sc hons n 69% Mark's in m.sc
Ruprekha Mukherjee says:
Can b.ed course be for 1 year?
What will be the fees?
I have above 50% in master degree & diploma in special education Autism,which is done after graduation so can I apply?


text:
Q: Dot Product Intuition I'm searching to develop the intuition (rather than memorization) in relating the two forms of a dot product (by an angle theta between the vectors and by the components of the vector ).
For example, suppose I have vector $\mathbf{a} = (a_1,a_2)$ and vector $\mathbf{b}=(b_1,b_2)$.  What's the physical or geometrical meaning that
$$a_1b_1 + a_2b_2 = |\mathbf{a}||\mathbf{b}|\cos(\theta)\;?$$
Why is multiplying $|\mathbf{b}|$ times $|\mathbf{a}|$ in direction of $\mathbf{b}$ the same as multiplying the first and second components of $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ and summing ?
I know this relationship comes out when we use the law of cosines to prove, but even then i cant get a intuition in this relationship.
This image clarifies my doubt:

Thanks

A: In 2D, the claim clearly holds for $\mathbf a=(1,0)$ and $\mathbf b=(\cos \theta,\sin\theta)$, and the relation is also invariant under scaling either of the two vectors or rotating both, hence it holds for arbitrary 2D vectors.
For higher dimensions, just notice that the two vectors $\mathbf a$, $\mathbf b$ span a two-dimensional subspace, for which the argument above applies. The only difference is: In true two dimensions we could still speak of an angle in the range $[0,2\pi)$ if we wanted, but in higher dimensions this no longer makes sense as we can rotate our subspace so that the distinction between angles $<\pi$ and $>\pi$ becomes moot.
For arbitrary vector spaces with dot product, the situation is in fact upside down: One proves the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality $(\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf b)^2\le (\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf a)(\mathbf b\cdot\mathbf b)$ and concludes that there exists a unique (if both vectors are nonzero) number $c\in[-1,1]$ such that $\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf b=c\left|\mathbf a\right|\left|\mathbf b\right|$ and then defines the angle between the vectors as the unique $\theta\in[0,\pi]$ with $\cos\theta=c$.

A: I don't know if this is exactly what you are looking for, but here is an alternative geometrical or physical explanation of the identity.
Consider the vector $\underline{b}'$ which is perpendicular to $\underline{b}$ and has components $(b_2,-b_1)$
Then the area of the parallelogram formed by the vectors $\underline{a}$ and $\underline{b}'$ is, by consideration of the surrounding rectangle comprising the components, equal to $$(a_1+b_2)(a_2+b_1)-a_1a_2-b_1b_2=a_1b_1+a_2b_2$$
But the area of the parallelogram is also $$|a||b|\sin(90-\theta)=|a||b|\cos\theta$$

A: Start with the following definition:

(with a negative dot product when the projection is onto $-\mathbf{b}$)
This implies that the dot product of perpendicular vectors is zero and the dot product of parallel vectors is the product of their lengths.
Now take any two vectors $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$.

They can be decomposed into horizontal and vertical components $\mathbf{a}=a_x\mathbf{i}+a_y\mathbf{j}$ and $\mathbf{b}=b_x\mathbf{i}+b_y\mathbf{j}$:

and so
$$\begin{align*}
\mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{b}&=(a_x\mathbf{i}+a_y\mathbf{j})\cdot(b_x\mathbf{i}+b_y\mathbf{j}),
\end{align*}$$
but the perpendicular components have a dot product of zero while the parallel components have a dot product equal to the product of their lengths.
Therefore
$$\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b}=a_xb_x+a_yb_y.$$

A: I found a reasonable proof using polar coordinates. Lets suppose the point "$a$" points is $(|a|\cos(r)$ , $|a|\sin(r) )$ and the point vector "$b$" points is ($|b|\cos(s),|b|\sin(s) $).
Then doing the definition of the scalar product we get :
$a\cdot b = |a||b|\cos(r)\cos(s) + |b||a|\sin(r)\sin(s) = |a||b|\cos(r - s)$. But $\cos(r-s) = \cos(\theta)$ where theta is the angle between the vectors.
So, $a\cdot b = |a||b|\cos(\theta)$.

A: Say you have a triangle with an hypotenuse of length $c$ in the plane. The hypotenuse starts at (0,0) and goes into the plane at some angle $\alpha$.

Your x-coordinate $b$, is equal to $||c||\cos(\alpha)$. Remember that $\cos(\alpha)\in[-1,1]$, so you can think about $||c||\cos(\alpha)$ as the fraction of the length of $c$ that points in the horizontal direction.
Now take the dot product $c\cdot b=(\,\,||c||\cos(\alpha)\,\,)||b||$. You are taking the part of $||c||$ that is pointing in the same direction as $||b||$ and using that for multiplying with $||b||$.
To see that this also works when $b$ isn't coinciding with the x-axis, stick a pin in the $\alpha$-corner and rotate the triangle.
I (at least) think this makes sense, two vectors have their own length and their own different directions, which means the vectors' lengths are "distributed" differently in each direction. If you want to multiply two vectors as is they were numbers, multiply the length they have in common.
So why should this equal $c_1b_1+c_2b_2$? Because of the Pythagorean theorem.
Let's say you have two vectors, $v$ and $v'$. In the case where $v=v'$, we have that $v_1v'_1+v_2v_2'=||v|| \,||v'||\cos(0)\,\,\Leftrightarrow\,\, v_1^2+v_2^2=||v||^2$, this is the familiar squares of the sides equal the square of the hypotenuse.
If you want to be a bit rude, you can think of $a_1b_1+a_2b_2=||a|| \,||b||\cos(\theta)$ as the Pythagorean theorem for when you split up the hypotenuse into different vectors, $\cos(\theta)$ then becomes a discount factor for the loss of 'shared direction' of your 'two hypotenuses'.

A: I was also uncomfortable with what is taught as standard. There is no geometric clarity like the cross product. After your question I became somewhat ruffled , but now  the circle power concept  developed here provides some part of the answer hopefully.
From  Mechanics  we know the scalar work $ F \cdot  r$ is defined by dot product, but here I shall dwell on geometric aspect I record here more or less as it came to me.
The derivation of cosine of angle difference and vector dot product definition of components are in essence same, as they follow one from the other conceptually except for language/ terminology. They express cos of angle enclosed between the vectors. Same sign conventions are followed.
$$ \Delta =(a−b) $$
$$ \cosΔ=\cos a \cos b+\sin a \sin b$$
$$ \cos Δ =\frac{a_x}{\sqrt{a_x^2+a_y^2 } }\cdot\frac{b_x}{\sqrt{b_x^2+b_y^2 } } +    \frac{a_y}{\sqrt{a_x^2+a_y^2 } }\cdot\frac{b_y}{\sqrt{a_x^2+a_y^2 } }$$
$$ \cos Δ =\frac{(a_x b_x + a_y b_y)  }{\sqrt{a_x^2+a_y^2 } {\sqrt{b_x^2+b_y^2 }}}$$
whose numerator is nothing but the definition of a Dot product.
EDIT 1:
As for the intuition.. embarassing to admit I have none satisfactory. The way we understand parallelogram areas/cross product association, we do not understand that constant projection is also constant dot product.
The situation when two vectors have a constant cross product needs to be illustrated. If $ A = a i + 0 j $ is a fixed vector on x-axis and another vector $R = r e^{ i \theta}$ moves upwards  holding  center at origin.. then the two vectors have a constant dot product $I$. The tip of  vector $R$ lies on a line parallel to y-axis. The projection $I//A$ is always constant.
EDIT2:
My Intuition for Vector DotProduct
Vector dot product can be seen as Power of a Circle with their Vector Difference absolute value as Circle diameter. The green segment shown is square-root of Power.

Obtuse Angle Case
Here the dot product of obtuse angle separated vectors $( OA, OB ) = - OT^2 $

EDIT 3:
A very rough sketch to scale ( 1 cm = 1  unit) for a particular case is enclosed. It convincingly shows that either projection is same, theoretically and by such verification also so that we may accept that dot product of 2 vectors is power of a circle whose vector tips are the difference vector diameter. Afik, the vector dot product had hitherto not been viewed geometrically in this way.

A: Observe that the dot product is a bilinear function:
$$(\mathbf{a'}+\mathbf{a''})\cdot(\mathbf{b'}+\mathbf{b''})  = \mathbf{a'}\cdot\mathbf{b'}+\mathbf{a''}\cdot\mathbf{b'}+\mathbf{a'}\cdot\mathbf{b''}+\mathbf{a''}\cdot\mathbf{b''}.$$
In particular, when you decompose the vectors on two orthogonal directions
$$(a_x\mathbf i+a_y \mathbf j)\cdot(b_x\mathbf i+b_y \mathbf j)$$
you get
$$a_xb_x+a_yb_y.$$
because
$$\mathbf i\cdot\mathbf i=\mathbf j\cdot\mathbf j=1\cdot1\cdot\cos(0)=1, \mathbf i\cdot\mathbf j=\mathbf j\cdot\mathbf i=1\cdot1\cdot\cos\left(\frac\pi2\right)=0$$

A: Here is the most intuitive account I could come up with. Consider the following diagram:

From the diagram we infer that
$$
\begin{pmatrix}a_1\\a_2\end{pmatrix}=s\cdot\vec b+t\cdot\widehat{\vec b}=\begin{pmatrix}s b_1-t b_2\\s b_2+t b_1\end{pmatrix}
$$
and therefore
$$
\begin{align}
a_1 b_1+a_2 b_2&=(s b_1-t b_2)b_1+(s b_2+t b_1)b_2\\
&=s(b_1 b_1+b_2 b_2)\\
&=s|\vec b|^2\\
&=s|\vec b|\cdot|\vec b|
\end{align}
$$
and from the diagram it should be clear that $s|\vec b|=|\vec a|\cos\theta$ which can be substituted into the last expression above, and the result follows.

A: $\def\va{\mathbf{a}}\def\vb{\mathbf{b}}\def\vc{\mathbf{c}}$We must accept some definition of the dot product.
Let us agree that the dot product between vectors $\va$ and $\vb$ is defined by $$\va\cdot\vb = |\va||\vb|\cos\theta,$$
where $\theta$ is the angle between $\va$ and $\vb$ and $0\le\theta\le\pi$.
(Here we consider two-dimensional vectors, but the argument easily extends to higher dimensions.)
Clearly the product is symmetric, $\va\cdot\vb=\vb\cdot\va$.
Also, note that $\va\cdot\va=|\va|^2=a_x^2+a_y^2=a^2$.
There is a geometric meaning for the dot product, made clear by this definition.
The vector $\va$ is projected along $\vb$ and the length of the projection and the length of $\vb$ are multiplied.
If the projection is in the direction opposite that of $\vb$ the product is negative, otherwise it is positive (or zero if the projection of $\va$ is zero).
This geometric picture makes obvious the claim that the dot product is distributive,
$\va\cdot(\vb+\vc)=\va\cdot\vb+\va\cdot\vc.$
Consider the product
$(\va+\vb)\cdot(\va+\vb).$
On the one hand,
\begin{align*}
(\va+\vb)\cdot(\va+\vb)
&= |\va+\vb|^2 \\
&=(a_x+b_x)^2+(a_y+b_y)^2 \\
&= (a_x^2+a_y^2)+(b_x^2+b_y^2)+2(a_xb_x+a_yb_y) \\
&= a^2+b^2+2(a_xb_x+a_yb_y).
\end{align*}
On the other hand, using the distributive and symmetric properties of the dot product,
\begin{align*}
(\va+\vb)\cdot(\va+\vb)
&= (\va+\vb)\cdot\va+(\va+\vb)\cdot\vb \\
&= \va\cdot\va+\vb\cdot\va+\va\cdot\vb+\vb\cdot\vb \\
&= a^2+b^2+2\va\cdot\vb.
\end{align*}
Therefore,
$a^2+b^2+2(a_xb_x+a_yb_y) = a^2+b^2+2\va\cdot\vb$
and so
$$\va\cdot\vb = |\va||\vb|\cos\theta = a_xb_x+a_yb_y.$$
Once we have shown that the dot product has the natural properties that the product is symmetric, distributive, and the dot product of a vector with itself is the magnitude of the vector squared, the relation in question follows necessarily.

A: The equivalence beetween the two definitions comes directly from the pythagorean theorem, for which the lenght of a vector is: $$|v|=\sqrt{v_1^2+v_2^2+v_3^2},$$
where $v_i$ are the coordinates respect to some orthonormal basis (the word "some" here is important).
To see this, let $\cal V^3$ be the space of geometric vectors and $\cal B=${$e_1,e_2,e_3$}, $\cal B'$={$e'_1,e'_2,e'_3$} two orthonormal basis of $\cal V^3$. Take $u,v\in \cal V ^3$. To show the equivalence beetween the two definitions, I'll first show that the expression $$u\cdot v=\sum u_iv_i$$ does not depend on the choice of a basis. Since the lenght of a vector does not depend on which set coordinates we use to evaluate it, we have:$$v _1 ^2+v _2 ^2+v _3 ^2=|v|^2=v _1' ^2+v _2' ^2+v _3' ^2,$$
where $v_i,v_i'$ are the coordinates respect to $\cal B$ and $\cal B'$, and the same result holds for $u$. Now:$$\sum (u_i^2
+v_i^2)+\sum 2u_iv_i=\sum (u_i+v_i)^2=|u+v|^2$$
so:$$\sum (u_i^2
+v_i^2)+\sum 2u_iv_i=\sum (u_i'^2
+v_i'^2)+\sum 2u_i'v_i',$$
and finally: $$\sum u_iv_i=\sum u_i'v_i'.$$
So we can freely choose $\cal B$ to evaluate $u\cdot v$ and take $e_1=\frac{v}{|v|}$. This completes the proof.

If you are comfortable with some linear algebra, you can observe that the function that maps the coordinates $y$ of $u$ and $x$ of $v$ respect to $\cal B$ in the ones respect to $\cal B'$ is linear and given by an orthogonal matrix. So: $$y^Tx=y^T (A^T A)x=(y^T A^T)(Ax)=y'^Tx'.$$

A: One can show that for an arbitrary rotation the scalar product remains.
Rotating so that the new x axis is around b gives:
$$
a_{x'} = a\cos\theta \quad a_{y'} = a\sin\theta \quad b_{x'} = b \quad b_{y'} = 0
$$
So the scalar product is:
$$
\vec{a}.\vec{b} = (a\cos\theta) \cdot b + (a\sin\theta)\cdot 0 = ab \cos\theta
$$

proof:
$$
\vec{v}.\vec{u} = v^T . u = v_x .u_x + v_y . u_y
$$
Rotation Matrix:
$$
R = \pmatrix{\cos\phi && -\sin\phi \\ \sin\phi && \cos\phi}
$$
$$
R(\vec{v}).R(\vec{u}) = \left[\pmatrix{\cos\phi && -\sin\phi \\ \sin\phi && \cos\phi} \pmatrix{v_x \\ v_y}\right]^T . \pmatrix{\cos\phi && -\sin\phi \\ \sin\phi && \cos\phi} \pmatrix{u_x \\ u_y}
$$
Evaluating:
$$
\cos^2\phi u_x v_x - \cos\phi\sin\phi v_x u_y - \sin\phi \cos\phi v_y u_x + \sin^2\phi u_y v_y + \sin^2\phi u_x v_x + \sin\phi\cos\phi u_y v_x + \cos\phi \sin\phi u_x v_y + \cos^2\phi u_y v_y = v_x .u_x + v_y . u_y
$$
So:
$$
\vec{v}.\vec{u} = R(\vec{v}).R(\vec{u}) = v_x .u_x + v_y . u_y
$$

So the intuition is that regardless of the rotation you choose, the scalar product remains. So you rotate to eliminate $b_y$ component.

A: By the scalar product (synonymously, the dot product) of two vectors $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$, denoted by $\mathbf{A} \cdot\mathbf{B}$, we mean the quantity:
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{A} \cdot\mathbf{B} = |\mathbf{A}| |\mathbf{B}| cos(\mathbf{A},\mathbf{B})
\end{equation}
i.e., the product of the magnitudes of the vectors times the cosine of the angle between them. It follows from the above relationship that the scalar product of $\mathbf{A}$ and $\mathbf{B}$ equals the magnitude of $\mathbf{A}$ times the projection of $\mathbf{B}$ onto the direction of $\mathbf{A}$. As a matter of fact, the projection of $\mathbf{A}$ onto $\mathbf{A}$, denoted by $\mathbf{A_B}$ is length of the segment cut from $\mathbf{B}$ by the planes drawn through the end points of $\mathbf{A}$ perpendicular to $\mathbf{B}$, taken with the plus sign if the direction from the projection (onto $\mathbf{B}$) of the initial point of $\mathbf{A}$ to the projection of the end point of $\mathbf{B}$ coincides with the positive direction of $\mathbf{B}$, and with the minus sign otherwise. We can also conclude that:
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{A} \cdot\mathbf{B} = \mathbf{A_B} \cdot \mathbf{B} =\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B_A}
\end{equation}
Thus Scalar multiplication of two vectors is commutative. Given a system of rectangular coordinates ${x^1,x^2,x^3}$ let $\mathbf{i_1,i_2,i_3}$ the corresponding basis vectors. Then any vector \mathbf{A} can be represented in the form:
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{A}  = A_1 \mathbf{i_1}+A_2 \mathbf{i_2}+A_3 \mathbf{i_3}
\end{equation}
Since the vectors $\mathbf{i_1,i_2,i_3}$ are orthonormal we have
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{i_j}  \cdot \mathbf{i_k}=\delta_{j,k}
\end{equation}
Then
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{A}  \cdot \mathbf{i_1} = (A_1 \mathbf{i_1}+A_2 \mathbf{i_2}+A_3 \mathbf{i_3}) \cdot \mathbf{i_1} = A_1
\end{equation}
In the similar way we have $\mathbf{A}  \cdot \mathbf{i_2}=A_2 $ and $\mathbf{A}  \cdot \mathbf{i_3}=A_3 $. In other words, $A_1$, $A_2$ and $A_3$ are the projections of the vector $\mathbf{A}$ onto the coordinate axes. Wae can also write:
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{A} = (\mathbf{A}  \cdot \mathbf{i_1})  \cdot \mathbf{i_1} +(\mathbf{A}  \cdot \mathbf{i_2})  \cdot \mathbf{i_2} + (\mathbf{A}  \cdot \mathbf{i_3})  \cdot \mathbf{i_3}
\end{equation}
The scalar product of two vectors A and B can easily be expressed in
terms of their components:
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B} =  (A_1 \mathbf{i_1}+A_2 \mathbf{i_2}+A_3 \mathbf{i_3}) \cdot (B_1 \mathbf{i_1}+B_2 \mathbf{i_2}+B_3 \mathbf{i_3})
\end{equation}
And when using the orthonormality condition:
\begin{equation}
\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{B} =  A_1 B_1 + A_2 B_2 +A_3 B_3
\end{equation}

A: Before we begin, I would like to slightly reframe the question.  If we rotate a vector, its length remains the same, and if we rotate two vectors, the angle between them stays the same, so from your formula, it is easy to show that $a\cdot b = R_{\theta}(a)\cdot R_{\theta}(b)$, where $R_{\theta}(v)$ means rotating $v$ by an angle of $\theta$.  I assert that this property is the conceptual geometric property that you care most about.  Further, by combining this property with the fact that you can pull scalars out of the dot product, you reduce your formula to computing the dot product where $a=(1,0)$.
So how do we show $a\cdot b = R_{\theta}(a)\cdot R_{\theta}(b)$?  The first step is to observe that rotation is a linear transform.  Since the column vectors of the matrix of a linear transform are just where it sends the basis vectors, and it is easy to rotate the vectors $\pmatrix{1 \\ 0}$ and $\pmatrix{0 \\ 1}$, and thus to compute $$R_{\theta}=\pmatrix{\cos \theta & -\sin \theta \\ \sin \theta & \cos \theta}.$$
Further, since $\cos (-\theta) = \cos \theta$ and $\sin (-\theta) = -\sin \theta$, we have that $R_{-\theta}=R_{\theta}^T$, the transpose.  We remark that we will need to observe how matrix multiplication interacts with matrix transposition, namely $(AB)^T=B^TA^T$.  Additionally, we observe that since rotating by $-\theta$ undoes rotation by $\theta$, if $M$ is the matrix for rotation by $\theta$, we have $M^TM=I$, where $I$ is the identity matrix.
Now, we are almost done.  If $v$ and $w$ are vectors, written as column vectors, we can write their dot product in terms of matrix multiplication $v\cdot w = v^Tw$.  Therefore, with $M$ as the matrix for rotation by $\theta$, we have
$$R_{\theta}(v)\cdot R_{\theta}(w)=(Mv)\cdot (Mw)=(Mv)^T(Mw)=v^T(M^TM)w=v^TIw=v^Tw=v\cdot w.$$
Of course, this proof raises a few questions, like "Why should the transpose of a rotation matrix be the inverse?" or even more fundamental, "What does a transpose mean geometrically?" but hopefully the actual computations involved were transparent.

After writing my response, I was thinking about how to generalize the proof to higher dimensions.  The key fact of the proof is that rotation matrices are orthogonal, which is obvious from the form of rotation matrices in two dimensions, but which is less obvious in three dimensions.  We can prove it in three dimensions by showing that every rotation is a product of rotations about the coordinate axes, but this is less obvious for higher dimensions.  However, there is another approach which does generalize more easily.
Polarization identity: $4(x\cdot y)=\left\|x+y \right\|^2-\left\|x-y \right\|^2$.
Proof. Using bilinearity, expand out $(x+y)\cdot (x+y)$ and $(x-y)\cdot (x-y)$.
Therefore, the dot product is completely determined by knowing the length of vectors.  This gives us the following result.
Corollary: A linear map that preserves lengths also preserves dot products.
Corollary: The dot product is invariant under rotations in all dimensions.
That is the result that we wanted, arrived at simply, with no matrix multiplication, and no explicit calculations, just the observations that (1) dot products are bilinear, (2) length is defined in terms of dot products, (3) rotations are linear, and (4) rotations preserve length.
While unnecessary for our present purposes, this also fixes the hole in generalizing our original proof by giving us the following result.
Corollary: All rotation matrices are orthogonal for any reasonable definition of higher dimensional rotation.

A:
I hope the picture shows the basic intuition underlying the definition itself of dot products.
I wished to develop the picture by Processing, by processing.org, which I consider a very interesting tool,  although not so apt to develop a picture like this one.
Comments  welcome

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Talk About Equality
Follow us on Twitter @TalkEquality
Archive | June, 2013
NOM breaks up the band
Former Scythian Drummer Andrew Toy
There's some news in the world of Scythian, the band with three anti-gay members and two one pro-equality members.
You might remember that time when the anti-gay hate group, The National Organization for Marriage announced that an utterly unknown band called "Ultramontane" would be playing at their big anti-gay hate march in DC. Well, upon further digging, we discovered that "Ultramontane" was actually just 3/5 of Scythian. Alexander Fedoryka, Danylo Fedoryka and Ben-David Warner had made the decision to join the anti-gay group while members Josef Crosby and Andrew Toy decided to sit this one out, due to their fundamental beliefs that all people deserved to be treated equally under the law.
The piece I posted, titled "Will NOM be this band's Yoko Ono" was never meant to actually be a prediction that NOM would cause the break-up of the band, but it's appearing that it may have been a bit prophetic.
On Tuesday, Andrew posted to his Facebook page:
"I want to let everyone know that I will no longer be performing with Scythian. I want to thank all of the great people that I have met along the way, whose support and friendship has been incredible. I'm looking forward to sharing with you all my future musical endeavors, whatever they may be!"
Two days later, Scythian followed up with:
"After two years of fine drumming with Scythian, Andrew is moving on to pursue different musical endeavors, and we wanted to thank him for his great musicianship, hard work, and professionalism while traveling the country with us, and for truly making us into a better bunch of musicians. Please join us in wishing Andrew the very best as he moves ahead in his musical career! Thank you Andrew!"
I would like to think, based on these posts, that Andrew's leaving was of his own accord. But upon some further research I discovered the band's new drummer – Tim Hepburn, like the anti-gay members of the band – is hyper-Catholic and attended Franciscan University along with them.
Seeing as the anti-gay members of the band have remained cowardly and silent (except to the volunteers they depend on) leaving Josef Crosby and Andrew Toy to answer for their bigoted and naive decisions, I don't expect to ever really know what happened. What I can say is that whether he left by choice, conscience or force, I believe Andrew will have a long and happy career without having to compromise his belief in a free and equal country for all Americans. We salute you, Andrew and thank you for standing with us on the right side of history.
Tags: Alexander Fedoryka, Andrew Toy, Anti-Gay, Bands, Bigotry, Josef Crosby, LGBT, Marriage, Marriage Equality, Music, Philadelphia, scythian
Categories Andrew Toy, Anti-Gay Discrimination, Brian Brown, Hate Group, LGBT, Maggie Gallagher, National Organization for Marriage, Scythian, Ultramontane, Uncategorized
Author Jamie McGonnigal
David Mixner
Freedom to Marry
Good As You
The Bilerico Project
The Daily Dish- Andrew Sullivan
The New Civil Rights Movement
The New Gay
LGBT, Civil Rights


Kelly said the plan is for newly acquired Christian Ponder to play against Denver on Saturday. The first two quarterbacks to play will be Blaine Gabbert and rookie Jeff Driskel.
Kaepernick, meanwhile, likely will rejoin practice when the 49ers return to Santa Clara.
Et cetera – Outside linebacker Aaron Lynch was wearing sunglasses Thursday after getting poked in the eye during Wednesday's joint practice with the Broncos. Lynch, who was involved in a brief melee Wednesday, did not practice Thursday. Several more skirmishes broke out in Thursday's joint session.
▪ Wide receivers Bruce Ellington (ankle) and DeAndre Smelter (hamstring) did not practice. Ellington suffered the injury during last Sunday's game against Houston. Smelter has not practiced in full for more than a week. He dealt with a hamstring injury in the spring, too.
▪ Arik Armstead (shoulder) did not practice but went through a conditioning session with the team's strength coach. That signals he will return to practice soon.
The 49ers and Broncos scrimmaged Wednesday in Englewood, Colo.
The San Francisco 49ers were down to two healthy quarterbacks in practice on Tuesday, Aug. 16, 2016.


During one of the most significant days in their life, every bride should be and feel as beautiful as ever; this is where HAYARI Couture Paris bridal gowns comes into play. Our contemporary bridal gowns are a trendy and appealing blend of classic elegance that allows for each bride to express her identity.
HAYARI Couture Paris' private or fully custom-made collections are a heartfelt testament to women's delicate beauty.
Nabil HAYARI's sumptuous wedding gowns are not simply inspired by and made for women; they are a testament to his unique savoir-faire and high standards.
The wedding dresses are perfectly tailored with attention to detail and a high quality finish that compliment their unique design. A lot of thought goes into the selection of materials and fabrics such as silk organza, chiffon drapes, crystal beads, lace and embroidery which also contribute to the singularity of each gown, instilling them with Luxury, modernity and character. The Atelier is parisian.
However you imagined your dream wedding dress, whether it be resolutely chic or deliciously extravagant, HAYARI Couture pledges to guide you through each step of the creation process from the initial draft design to its materialising into an exceptional creation for your memorable special day.


StreamField provides an editing model for freeform content such as blog posts and news stories, allowing diverse content types such as text, images, headings, video and more specialised types such as maps and charts to be mixed in any order. See Freeform page content using StreamField.
When installed, the new Wagtail API module provides a RESTful web API to your Wagtail site. You can use this for accessing your raw field content for your sites pages, images and documents in JSON format.
Wagtail now officially supports MySQL as a database backend.
Wagtail now officially supports running under Django 1.8.
The built-in project template is more like the Django built-in one with several Wagtail-specific additions. It includes bare minimum settings and two apps (home and search).
Page classes can specify an edit_handler property to override the default Content / Promote / Settings tabbed interface. See Customising the tabbed interface.
This release drops support for Django 1.6, Python 2.6/3.2 and Elasticsearch 0.90.x. Please make sure these are updated before upgrading.
If you are upgrading from Elasticsearch 0.90.x, you may also need to update the elasticsearch pip package to a version greater than 1.0 as well.
The old format is now deprecated; all existing InlinePanel declarations should be updated to the new format.
Django 1.8 now requires that all the fields in a ModelForm must be defined in its Meta.fields attribute.
As Wagtail uses Django's ModelForm for creating image model forms, we've added a new attribute called admin_form_fields that should be set to a tuple of field names on the image model.
See Custom image models for an example.
If you are upgrading from an older version of Wagtail, you probably want to remove these from your project settings.
Prevously, these two settings needed to be set to wagtailadmin_login and wagtailadmin_dashboard respectively or Wagtail would become very tricky to log in to. This is no longer the case and Wagtail should work fine without them.
In previous versions of Wagtail, page types that used the RoutablePageMixin had endpoints configured by setting their subpage_urls attribute to a list of urls with view names. This will not work on Django 1.8 as view names can no longer be passed into a url (see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.8/releases/1.8/#django-conf-urls-patterns).
Wagtail 1.0 introduces a new syntax where each view function is annotated with a @route decorator - see RoutablePageMixin.
The old subpage_urls convention will continue to work on Django versions prior to 1.8, but this is now deprecated; all existing RoutablePage definitions should be updated to the decorator-based convention.
Previously, Wagtail would try to use Celery whenever the djcelery module was installed, even if Celery wasn't actually set up. This could cause a very hard to track down problem where notification emails would not be sent so this functionality has now been removed.
It was previously possible to reverse the Wagtail login view using django.contrib.auth.views.login. This is no longer possible. Update any references to wagtailadmin_login.
Password reset view name has changed from password_reset to wagtailadmin_password_reset.
While it is not an official Wagtail API, it has been possible for Wagtail site implementers to define their own EditHandler subclasses for use in panel definitions, to customise the behaviour of the page / snippet editing forms. If you have made use of this facility, you will need to update your custom EditHandlers, as this mechanism has been refactored (to allow EditHandler classes to keep a persistent reference to their corresponding model). If you have only used Wagtail's built-in panel types (FieldPanel, InlinePanel, PageChooserPanel and so on), you are unaffected by this change.
Previously, functions like FieldPanel acted as 'factory' functions, where a call such as FieldPanel('title') constructed and returned an EditHandler subclass tailored to work on a 'title' field. These functions now return an object with a bind_to_model method instead; the EditHandler subclass can be obtained by calling this with the model class as a parameter. As a guide to updating your custom EditHandler code, you may wish to refer to the relevant change to the Wagtail codebase.
All of these templates are now deprecated. Wagtail now provides a set of Django form widgets for this purpose - AdminPageChooser, AdminDocumentChooser, AdminImageChooser and AdminSnippetChooser - which can be used in place of the HiddenInput widget that these form fields were previously using. The field can then be rendered using the regular wagtailadmin/shared/field.html or wagtailadmin/shared/field_as_li.html template.
Previously, the document_served signal (which is fired whenever a user downloads a document) passed the document instance as the sender. This has now been changed to correspond the behaviour of Django's built-in signals; sender is now the Document class, and the document instance is passed as the argument instance. Any existing signal listeners that expect to receive the document instance in sender must now be updated to check the instance argument instead.
Previously you could customize the Wagtail userbar using the construct_wagtail_edit_bird hook. The hook has been renamed to construct_wagtail_userbar.
The old hook is now deprecated; all existing construct_wagtail_edit_bird declarations should be updated to the new hook.
The IMAGE_COMPRESSION_QUALITY setting, which determines the quality of saved JPEG images as a value from 1 to 100, has been renamed to WAGTAILIMAGES_JPEG_QUALITY. If you have used this setting, please update your settings file accordingly.


text:
Share this Story: Jody Wilson-Raybould was the face of Trudeau's reconciliation vow, 'and now she's gone'
Jody Wilson-Raybould was the face of Trudeau's reconciliation vow, 'and now she's gone'
The Liberals found in her someone who wanted to make change from inside the system, despite the mistrust many Indigenous people harbour for the federal government
Maura Forrest
Mar 02, 2019 • March 2, 2019 • 13 minute read
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau with Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde during the Assembly of First Nations Special Chiefs Assembly in 2015. Photo by Chris Wattie/Reuters
OTTAWA — On July 4, 2017, three days after Canada's 150th birthday, Jody Wilson-Raybould gave a speech to members of the British Parliament in the Queen's robing room at the Palace of Westminster in London.
She reflected, delicately, on the "remarkable journey" Canada had taken since Confederation, and the "important role" the United Kingdom has played in the country's history.
Jody Wilson-Raybould was the face of Trudeau's reconciliation vow, 'and now she's gone' Back to video
However, she said, "not all Canadians have been celebrating Canada 150 so passionately.
"There are voices that question the celebration."
She went on to describe her own journey as a member of the Kwakwaka'wakw people of northern Vancouver Island who became regional chief of the British Columbia Assembly of First Nations, working to change laws that "have been used throughout Canada's history in a misguided attempt to assimilate and oppress Indigenous peoples."
Then she described meeting Justin Trudeau in 2013, when he first tried to recruit her as one of his star candidates for the 2015 election. "We talked about the future of Canada and his convictions with respect to Indigenous peoples," she said. "I came to see formal political participation as a chance to be part of a government whose leader made a solemn commitment to fundamental change with a vision for true reconciliation with Indigenous peoples."
The significance of Jody Wilson-Raybould invoking Indigenous 'Big House' laws to justice committee
First Nations leaders praise Wilson-Raybould but don't take sides against Trudeau
Reconciliation outlasts Wilson-Raybould: Indigenous senators
This week, Wilson-Raybould told a parliamentary committee in Ottawa about another, more recent conversation she'd had with the prime minister, one in which she'd looked him in the eye and asked if he was trying to interfere politically with her in her role as Attorney General of Canada. Less than four months after that meeting she was removed from her position as attorney general and justice minister. A month after that, the Globe and Mail would publish a story containing allegations that the Prime Minister's Office had pressured her to help Quebec engineering firm SNC-Lavalin avoid criminal prosecution, and that she had refused. In her explosive testimony on Wednesday, she told the committee she'd experienced a "consistent and sustained effort by many people within the government," including Trudeau, to make her change her mind.
Wilson-Raybould's new role as Trudeau's principal antagonist has come at a time of reckoning for this government. The Liberals made perhaps the biggest promises of their 2015 election campaign to Indigenous peoples, who responded, voter turnout on reserves jumping from 47 per cent in the 2011 election to 62 per cent in 2015. Most of those new votes went to the Liberals. As another election looms, those voters will have to decide whether Trudeau's team has delivered on its promises, despite the controversy over the end of Wilson-Raybould's tenure as the country's first Indigenous justice minister.
The Liberals had found in her someone who wanted to make change from inside the system, despite the deep-seated mistrust many Indigenous people harbour for the federal government and despite the difficult choices she would be forced to make. They had found someone willing to stand behind Trudeau as he announced the approval of the controversial Trans Mountain pipeline expansion that some First Nations vocally oppose, for instance; someone willing to go to London for Canada 150 and explain residential schools to the House of Lords.
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau speaks with new Justice Minister Jody Wilson-Raybould during a swearing-in ceremony at Rideau Hall, Nov.4, 2015. Photo by Adrian Wyld/The Canadian Press
Until, finally, she was no longer willing. In her testimony, Wilson-Raybould explained that she held fast to her independence as attorney general in part because "the history of Crown-Indigenous relations in this country includes a history of the rule of law not being respected."
She had been a human symbol of the Trudeau government's commitment to reconciliation, and it's hard not to see her departure as equally symbolic. For many Indigenous leaders, however, it's more complicated than that. Many hold out hope that some of the government's big commitments — to pass new legislation on Indigenous languages and child welfare, for example — will yield results. Reconciliation, they believe, is bigger than any one person.
Still, this isn't the way anyone would have wanted this story to go. The way some see it, when Wilson-Raybould left cabinet, they lost their champion.
"It's unfortunate," said Sophie Pierre, former chief of ʔaq'am, a community of the Ktunaxa Nation, who once worked with Wilson-Raybould at the B.C. Treaty Commission. "They lost one hell of a good woman, and one hell of a good opportunity."
It could not have been a simple thing for Wilson-Raybould to decide to seek federal office — to join an institution that many Indigenous people see as inherently oppressive. For some, to participate in federal politics is to lend "a measure of legitimacy" to a system they can't accept, said Gina Starblanket, an assistant professor of political science at the University of Calgary.
"Many Indigenous people don't identify as citizens of Canada," she said in an interview. "I'm not convinced of the merits of working from within a system that's historically been one of the main perpetrators of violations of our rights."
But Wilson-Raybould clearly saw things differently. She made her choice during a period of fresh optimism stoked by Trudeau's promises. Under his leadership, the Liberals made a series of major commitments to Indigenous peoples ahead of the 2015 election. They promised a new reconciliation framework that would recognize Indigenous rights, and pledged to implement all 94 of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's calls to action. They promised to eliminate long-term drinking-water advisories on First Nation reserves, to establish a new fiscal relationship with First Nations communities and to launch a national inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women.
Wilson-Raybould had long fought for the recognition of Indigenous rights and jurisdiction. As regional chief of the B.C. AFN, a position she held from 2009 until 2015, she co-authored a document with her husband, Tim Raybould, called the BCAFN Governance Toolkit, an 800-page volume intended to help First Nations negotiate self-governance and move "beyond the Indian Act."
It was a big, large period of optimism for us
But during those years, she also demonstrated a willingness to work with government that sometimes earned her criticism. In 2013, she met with then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper during the Idle No More protests, even though many First Nations leaders railed against the meeting.
Pierre said it was a "natural move" for Wilson-Raybould to run for office under the Liberal banner. "There are Indigenous people who are so fed up with everything that they don't see any solution in working with the federal government," she said. "But then, that's not really realistic."
In October 2015, Wilson-Raybould won her riding of Vancouver-Granville by a wide margin, and was sworn in the following month as justice minister and attorney general. Grand Chief Edward John of the B.C. First Nations Summit called it a "threshold moment."
"I would say her position … was the very epitome of the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Crown," he told the National Post. "It was a big, large period of optimism for us, that we would now begin to see the change in relationships."
If it was Wilson-Raybould's determination to effect change for Indigenous people that paved her way into cabinet, it seems also to have played a role in her exit.
On Wednesday, she told the justice committee that part of the reason she wouldn't bend to what she called a "barrage of people hounding" her in the SNC-Lavalin case was that Canadian law has not always been respected when it comes to Indigenous peoples. "I have seen the negative impacts for freedom, equality and a just society this can have first-hand, so when I pledged to serve Canadians as your minister of justice and attorney general, I came to it with a deeply ingrained commitment to the rule of law and the importance of acting independently of partisan political and narrow interests in all matters," she said.
She revealed little else of her thoughts on the government's progress on Indigenous files. But there is reason to suspect that her defiance regarding SNC-Lavalin accompanied growing frustration concerning some of the Indigenous issues that were most important to her.
Last week, privy council clerk Michael Wernick, the government's top bureaucrat, told the justice committee that the September meeting between Trudeau and the former attorney general had been called to address "a very serious policy difference" between Wilson-Raybould and Crown-Indigenous Relations Minister Carolyn Bennett over a new recognition of rights framework Trudeau had announced to much fanfare last February.
It's unclear what that disagreement was about, though First Nations leaders were raising concerns about the process at the time. Both Wilson-Raybould and Bennett declined requests to be interviewed for this story. Soon after, Wernick said, cabinet decided not to proceed with the framework.
That framework was a signature promise of the Trudeau government to Indigenous peoples, a pledge to enshrine the recognition of Indigenous rights in federal law. It was meant to help reconstitute traditional nations and get them out from under the Indian Act, and to help keep disputes out of court. It was, in short, the type of approach for which Wilson-Raybould had once advocated. In a statement when it was announced last February, she'd called it a "historic moment."
But last fall, after the framework was dropped, she made a number of public comments that seemed like veiled criticisms of the government's decision to shelve the project. "Thinking that good intentions, tinkering around the edges of the Indian Act, or that making increased financial investments — however significant and unprecedented — will in themselves close the gaps, is naive. Transformative change and new directions are required," she said during a November speech in Vancouver. "Yet, regrettably, it still has not happened in any comprehensive way."
The extent of this government's progress on Indigenous issues is partly in the eye of the beholder. But it's rare to find anyone who can't point to some source of disappointment. There were so many promises, and they were so vast.
The Liberals have certainly made strides that have been applauded. They've launched a national inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women, split the Indigenous affairs department in two, and supported a bill calling for the full implementation of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). They claim to be on track to eliminate all long-term drinking-water advisories on First Nation reserves by March 2021, and they've invested billions in First Nations education. They've recently tabled long-awaited Indigenous languages and child welfare legislation in the House of Commons.
But few of these steps have been unequivocal successes. The national inquiry has been plagued by accusations of disorganization and poor communication, and by the resignations of several senior staff members and one commissioner. Several First Nations say the fixes made to their water treatment plants are only Band-Aid solutions. The new laws haven't yet passed.
"We're now talking well into the fourth year, and the changes that we expected have yet to materialize in any significant way," John said.
Ry Moran, director of the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, said he's been disappointed by the slow progress on creating a National Council for Reconciliation, which was supposed to oversee the implementation of the TRC's calls to action. "Are there many of us in the community that would like to see progress on some very important items that are perhaps languishing a bit? Absolutely," he said. "I think everybody's worried that somehow we're going to lose momentum."
And then there's the recognition of rights framework that never materialized, the new consultations on the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion, which many First Nations oppose, but which the Trudeau government purchased and is determined will be built as well as the recent decision to move Jane Philpott, widely respected as the first minister of the new Indigenous services department, over to the Treasury Board and to replace her with former veterans affairs minister Seamus O'Regan.
To those inclined to be critical, it's certainly possible to suggest the Trudeau government is all talk and little action.
"They've been masters of promising everything but not delivering at the end of the day," said NDP reconciliation critic Romeo Saganash. "I hope people will have understood by now. This has been going on for 150 years."
For Russ Diabo, a First Nations policy adviser, all signs suggest that reconciliation is no longer top of mind for this government. "The treatment of Jody Wilson and her demotion, and moving Philpott and all of these things, it all signals that the government is shifting its priorities and Indigenous issues aren't up there," he said. He predicted that Indigenous people, whose voter turnout rose dramatically in the last election, will just stay home this time around.
"I believe that change is going to come from the outside, not the inside," he said.
But many people are still hopeful. Pierre said the Indigenous languages act, tabled in Parliament last month, is a "glimmer" of a real nation-to-nation relationship between the government and Indigenous peoples. Moran said there are "things that need to be celebrated," including Canada's adoption of UNDRIP.
"That hope is still there," John said. "But now we don't have a champion on the inside anymore."
For some, Wilson-Raybould's departure may not signal a blow to reconciliation so much as a shift, perhaps, from the heady optimism of the last election to something a little quieter, a little more resolute.
We don't have a champion on the inside anymore
"Very often, we see that people say that this is the end of reconciliation," Moran said. "I personally do not feel that reconciliation is dead, because so long as there remains one single person that holds within their hearts the idea of a fair and just and equitable country… that fire of reconciliation is still burning."
Still, it feels like a very long time ago that Wilson-Raybould left her first cabinet meeting in November 2015 and told reporters how "honoured and privileged" she felt to have that senior portfolio.
"Who gets the opportunity as a woman, as an Indigenous person, to hold the position of attorney general of Canada?" Saganash said. "Not too many people can be in that position. She was. And now she's gone."
On Thursday, the day after Wilson-Raybould appeared before the justice committee, O'Regan tabled the government's long-awaited Indigenous child welfare legislation, which would affirm Indigenous jurisdiction over child and family services in an effort to reduce the number of Indigenous children in foster care.
At the announcement, flanked by Bennett, Philpott, national Indigenous leaders and Indigenous MPs, O'Regan insisted to reporters that the SNC-Lavalin controversy will have no impact on reconciliation. "We are as committed as ever to reconciliation, and today is proof positive of that," he said.
If there was concern among those assembled about what Wilson-Raybould's resignation means for the government's relationship with Indigenous peoples, it was not on display that day. "Reconciliation is real, and we're going to move forward with this prime minister for as long as he's the prime minister and with this government as long as they do form government," said Métis National Council President Clément Chartier.
But there was concern of a different sort in that room — not about the symbols of reconciliation, exactly, but about the plodding, practical reality of it. The government has tabled its child welfare and Indigenous languages bills with just weeks to go in the last legislative sitting before an election, leaving little time for the new laws to get through the House and Senate by June.
Back in July 2017, during that Canada 150 speech, Wilson-Raybould spoke about what her position represented. "I see my appointment to cabinet not so much as a personal accomplishment but rather as a symbol of how far Canada has come," she said. "Not so long ago, Indigenous women like me would not have been allowed to practise law or to vote, let alone run for office. Today, an Indigenous woman is the chief law officer of the Crown."
It remains to be seen whether Trudeau can make good on his promises, and whether it's true, as he has repeatedly claimed, that no relationship is more important to his government than the relationship with Indigenous peoples.
He no longer has as powerful a symbol of that moral commitment as he had in Wilson-Raybould. What remains is the work — however much of it he's willing to do.
When he stepped forward on Thursday, Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde gave his own definition of reconciliation, a thinly veiled ultimatum for a government that promised the moon.
"Reconciliation will mean that these two very important pieces of legislation get adopted for royal assent," he said. "We have four months. That's what reconciliation will look like.
"October's coming," he continued. "Canadians will decide at that time who should be the leader."
• Email: mforrest@postmedia.com | Twitter: MauraForrest


Retirement Village is different from the care home. In Retirement Village, you can buy a house or rent the property and obtain all the facilities provided for seniors in the community. You can bring your furniture, decorate your house the way you want and you can even have visitors at any time during your stay in the Retirement Village. In some retirement villages, they allow pets to come as well. The residents can choose independent living or pay for on-site care & support services, and the professional caregivers will provide service whenever you need it.
The paid care and support team will help you with everything from shopping to assistance, including dressing, bathing, or cleaning, so on. Older adults love to stay in retirement villages as they get to meet the like-minded people and live their lifestyle as they like to live. The retirement villages also offer several activities and social events so that the residents can participate and get active in doing things that they like to do. The activities include several things from abseiling to tai chi.
These apartments usually have one or two bedrooms, and it offers you the strong security and 24hr support and access to the assistance. These service apartments are the perfect choice when you don't need a continuous support with your medical and physical needs. The service apartments offer help for daily living, including weekly cleaning, evening meals, assistance with personal care, and Laundry. The apartments come with a small kitchen so that you can make tea or breakfast, but the meals served to all the residents in a dining room.
You can also find independent living unit or villa in several retirement villages. These units offer a large range of home care services, including domestic help, doctor appointments, and transport facilities to the on-site residents. You can take help from in-house, or you can as well get help from other support agencies. The residents have to pay an additional price for care services.
The residents can get the additional financial support from the CHSP (Commonwealth Home Support Program) and HCP (Home care Packages).
Exit fees: When you buy a house in the village, and paying a standard service charge, then the residents are grateful to pay the exit fee or event fee. It becomes due if the resident dies or he/she moves on to full-time medical care at some other place, and if the house is sold. Some people describe this system as enjoy now and pay later form.
The exit fee also depends on the resident stay in the village; how long he/she stayed in the house. However, the exit fee will be 10 percent of the original purchase cost. In some cases, the exit fee will be around 30 percent in just three years of the stay. This exit fee is causing a lot of stress and anger for the residents since the Law Commission is considering this issue.
Some retirement villages claim that they offer sinking funds to take care of the building, and some other villages claim that they have to cover the cost of advertising the properties. Some retirement villages in the UK claim that they do not accept any connection to the tangible costs acquired by providers.


Tatsuo Shimabuku learned Seisan from his primary instructor, Chotoku Kyan. Previous to Kyan's instruction, the Seisan form was a staple of local traditions.
This kata is sometimes the first introduced to students after the First and Second Charts of basics have been learned. This is in contrast to other Shorin systems where this kata is learned after other fundamental kata.
The Gojū-ryū curriculum includes a related version of Seisan, but Isshin-ryū Seisan was learned from Kyan, not Miyagi.
The Seiunchin kata was brought into Isshin-ryū from Shimabuku's studies with the Gojū-ryū founder, Chojun Miyagi. It is theorized by researchers that this kata is an original composed by Miyagi, based on his experiences in Fuzhou, China.
The kata focuses on the stance "shiko-dachi" (sometimes referred to as "seiunchin-dachi"), a low horse stance at which the knees are bent at obtuse angles and the feet are angled away from the direction the body is facing at forty-five degree angles. The kata is broken into segments, each utilizing a specific breathing and muscle-tensing method. The kata has no obvious kicks, but one section contains hints of a rising knee strike.
Naihanchi [Shodan] comes to Isshin Ryu from studies with both Chotoku Kyan and Choki Motobu (a cousin of Kyan). It is also considered one of the staples of Ryukyu Ti, and is prevalent in most forms of Karate. The Isshin Ryu version is influenced heavily by the kumite of Motobu, with the exception of the turned-in toes (Motobu preferred the horse-riding stance with the toes in a neutral position).
The kata is also noted for its use of the "Nami Gaeshi", the returning wave kick. The kick has many different potentials for application, including the sweeping or redirecting of a low kick, a kick or knee to the inside of an opponent's thigh, knee, tibia, and ankle. It also has the movement training potential for the basics of the sequential summation of movement. Some interpret the move as a low "yoko-geri" (side kick) from naihanchi-dachi to the opponent's farthest ankle, inside-calf, or knee, and returning the kick to the body around the opponent's nearest leg across one's body to the hip and back down to naihanchi-stance.
A popular interpretation of the kata concerns its position: the entire sequence of moves in the kata is to be executed as if one is standing up against a wall and one's opponents are to his left, right, and straight ahead. It is because of this that the kata is usually taught with the back straight and the heels and back placed firmly either on a straight edge such as a board or a wall, or on top of a long piece of tape.
The main stance of naihanchi is a slight variant from the Isshin Ryu stance "kiba-dachi", in which both feet are shoulder-width apart facing forward. "Naihanchi-dachi," as it's called, takes kiba-dachi and turns the balls of the feet (area of foot just behind the toes) and turns them inward and accentuates the continuous bend at the knees Isshin Ryu Karateka are taught from initiation.
Also coming from Kyan, Wanshū (also known as Wansu) has several iterations on the island of Ryukyu. Popular history has the kata coming from a Chinese political visitor who, during his duties, taught his fighting method in the open.
Isshin Ryu's version of this form is unique for its inclusion of two side kicks - techniques seen in the system previously only in the Chart Two exercises. Current research hints at this change being made by Shimabuku Tatsuo himself.
For technical content, the form tends to focus on the slipping and in-close evasion and redirection of attack. It also contains a unique movement often described as a fireman's carry throw, or dump. Because of this, many schools nickname this kata "the dumping form". Also, depending on the lineage, Wansu is one of two kata in Isshin Ryu which use the "zenkutsu dachi", the longer front stance seen in other forms of karate.
As with most of the kata in Isshin Ryu, Chinto comes from the teaching of Kyan.
The kata differs from others in that its embusen is a line placed on a 30 degree angle. The footwork is indicative of a slipping, deflecting, and a whipping, relaxed body motion. Some karate instructors consider the previously learned forms of the system, Naihanchi and Wansu, to be preparatory and basic training forms, culminating in the kata Chinto.
Of the eight weaponless kata in Isshin-Ryu, five come from the teaching of Chotoku Kyan. Kusanku is one of these.
Kusanku is often referred to as a "night-fighting" kata, or a form which teaches fighting at night. In reality, the kata is set up in such a manner as to allow continual study of application potential from basic standing grappling and close striking in the beginning, to more aggressive and proactive techniques near the end. Its techniques may be utilized in places with low levels of light but is not exclusively a night fighting form.
Depending on the lineage, Kusanku is the second of two kata which contain the zenkutsu-dachi in Isshin-Ryu.
This kata was designed by the founder of Isshin-Ryu, Shimabuku Tatsuo, in approximately 1947. It incorporates several movements from other kata in the Isshin-Ryu syllabus, as well as from kata from other instructors, in addition to techniques and concepts Shimabuku favored. It was used as a dojo kata and as a personal project of the founder, prior to the founding of Isshin Ryu in 1956. Sunsu is the only kata that is only in Isshin Ryu. It takes sequences from the other katas in Isshin Ryu.
The Okinawa Prefecture Karate Kobudo Rengokai has recognized Sunsu as a kata of Okinawa. This represents an acceptance of Isshin-Ryu as a traditional Ryukyu martial art.
Coming from Miyagi Chojun, Sanchin has its origins in the Gojū-ryū system. Along with Seiunchin, this is one of two Gojū-ryū katas in Isshin-ryū. Previous to the instruction of Miyagi, the kata was practiced with open hands, turns, and natural breathing methods. With the founding of Gojū-ryū, this form was practiced with closed fists (a more traditional method on Okinawa), no turns, and a controlled, almost hard inhalation and exhalation.
Touted primarily for its physical training aspects, Sanchin also contains many applicable martial techniques.
Shimabuku also thought very highly of the form, saying once, "Sanchin is for health. Without health, how can one have karate?"
This bo form comes to the Isshin Ryu system from Shimabuku's time with Chotoku Kyan. Kyan is to have learned the form either from Tokumine himself, or from Tokumine's landlord after the aforementioned had passed on. Shimabuku Tatsuo also commented that this was his favorite kata. Different isshin -ryu schools spell the name differently by changing the "e" and the "i". Research thus far has shown that the kata was named after someone (Shitsunen Tokumine). However, at this time, no genealogical findings have been found for the spelling "Tokumine" while several are noted for "Tokumeni". (Incorrect. The kanji and the katakana on the 1966 film of Tatsuo Shimabuku clearing shows it is TOKU MINE (pronounced Toe-koo-mee-nei)).
The spelling changes, and pronunciation conflicts, may have indeed come from the 1966 film of Tatsuo Shimabuku and which is readily viewable on YouTube at the time of this update. At timeline 12:38 there is a sign indicating the name of this staff kata. It is not written in kanji (the preferred method when writing a native Japanese name). It is written in both Romaji (romanized spelling for Japanese writing) and in Katakana (a simplified form of Kanji also used for foreign words and non-Japanese names). The Romaji is shown as "TOKOMENI" (noting the "KO" on the sign and the common replacement as "KU" throughout most Isshin-Ryu schools). Yet the Katakana below it was not consistent with how the romanized spelling should have been done. It should have been written in Romaji as "TOKUMINE". The first katakana is definitely "TO", the second "KU", the third "MI", the fourth is not clear but reasonably "NE" and together "TOKUMINE".
The form Urashi no Kun was taught to Shimabuku by his kobudo instructor, Shinken Taira. Taira is the founder of the Ryukyu Kobudo Hozon Shinkokai. whose goal is the preservation of Okinawa's weapons forms.
Shimabuku learned this form from Shinken Taira who learned it from Kenwa Mabuni.
The kata itself uses the bo in a horizontal manner, different from other cudgel traditions.
This form is a product of Shimabuku's own research into the art of kobudo, the coverall for Okinawa's weapons studies.
The kata was built as an introduction to Sai practice, with the weapon movements replacing the empty-hand applications.
The form is taught one of two ways: with or without kicks. Initially, the kata was taught with kicks as it is a karate-based kata. Later, after 1960, the kicks were removed because Shimabuku wished to emphasize the weapon more so.
Chatan Yara is taught as the second Sai kata in the Isshin Ryu system, coming from Shimabuku's instruction with Shinken Taira.
The form focuses on the development of the "sequential summation of movement", which is the scientific term for full-body whipping motion. This is exemplified by the emphasis on whipping strikes, which make up a vast majority of the offensive movements in the form.
This form comes either from Shimabuku's studies of Sai methodology with Kyan, his primary karate instructor, or was possibly a form taught in its entirety. Shimabuku was teaching this kata in 1951 but by 1959 he had dropped in favor of Kusanku.
This form is from Shimabuku's studies with Shinken Taira. It is the only Tonfa kata in the Isshinryu system. Shimabuku always referred to the weapon, and thus the kata also, as tuifa.
The kata bears many similarities to the Uechi Ryū empty-hand form "Seisan", and actually contains an entire section from the form, albeit performed with weapons in-hand. It also has several postures seen in other kobudō kata, the most notable posture being "Crane on a Rock". Whether this is from the encyclopedic kobudō of Taira, or was a part of Hama Higa to begin with is not historically verifiable.
Some Isshin-Ryu schools teach the kata in a different order. However, Shimabuku Tatsuo taught the kata in the above order.
Developed by Tatsuo Shimabuku and one of his Okinawan students Eiko Kaneshi, the first chart (though some first-generation students learned this chart after the lower-body chart) of basic techniques is unique to the Isshin Ryu system.
Though the technical content and number of techniques varies by lineage, the first Chart One was simply a collection of 15 upper-body dominant techniques Shimabuku felt were necessary for proper development.
Developed at the same time as the first chart, the second set of techniques are, largely, the basic kicking techniques of the Isshin Ryu system. As with the first chart, the number of techniques, as well as actual technical content, vary by lineage. The initial chart contained nine kicking techniques and six stretching and calisthenic exercises.
Kotekitai is the Okinawan term for arm conditioning. Karada-kitai is the term for body conditioning with ashi-kitai for the feet, fukubu-kitai for the stomach, etc. It is not unique to Isshin Ryu, and is also used by other Okinawan styles such as Uechi-ryu.
As with the Kotekitai, the makiwara is a rather universal tool in Okinawan martial arts. It is made from an immovable punching post constructed of wood or some firm material, wrapped in straw or other soft padding.
The Makiwara is used primarily in the development of the striking surfaces utilized in karate. Unlike a hanging bag, timing, cadence, and footwork are rarely utilized with this implement, instead using it almost solely as a resistance training aide.
Striking of the makiwara tends to develop the muscles around the joints, strengthening them for the sometimes awkward or unorthodox strikes found in the various types of Ryukyu martial arts. The most common strikes used are straight punches using various hand formations and single, two, and three finger strikes.
Kumite is the practice of free-sparring, that is, sparring in a non-set pattern. Shimabuku was one of the first, if not the first, Okinawan instructors to institute free-sparring using full Kendo armor to allow for full-contact training while minimizing the risk of injury. Current equipment makes free-sparring much easier and safer, allow for a more involved and effective karate training method.
Shimabuku also taught a series of 45 self-defense techniques, some devised from movements from the Isshin-ryu kata, some derived from kata that he did not include in the Isshin-ryu curriculum (presumbably Gojushiho, Passai, and Ananku), and some derived from techniques that Shimabuku favored. Collectively, these techniques were listed in the dojo simply as Kumite, but some Isshin-ryu groups call them Shimabuku Tatsuo no Kumite (島袋龍夫の組手).
Goshin Isshin Ryu Karate Association is an academy that provides equal opportunities and has no bias on basis of colour, creed or religion.


1214 S Alma Street is a charming townhome community located within walking distance to local schools and parks in the Vista Del Oro region of San Pedro, California. Built in 1976, the 1214 S Alma Street complex is comprised of several 2-level luxury units. This community offers floor plans that feature wood flooring, skylights, fireplaces, open living areas, and private decks. Residents are drawn to 1214 S Alma Street because of the fantastic amenities and the quiet neighborhood. It is also a short distance to restaurants, stores, recreation, medical offices, and public transportation. This building offers garage parking, a spa, and in-home laundry.
Whether you are contemplating purchasing or selling your condo in 1214 S Alma St, it is imperative that you hire the right San Pedro Real Estate Expert that can exceed all of your expectations. When you work with The Ryan Case Team, your every need will be met with the greatest attention to detail. We are intimately familiar with 1214 S Alma St, and you will not find a more qualified San Pedro Real Estate Agent to help you achieve your goals.
As a seller of a Condo or Townhome in 1214 S Alma St, your unit will be front and center on our top ranked website. This gives you maximum exposure above what a normal San Pedro Realtor would provide, as our highly trafficked website will help us to sell your property in less time, at the highest possible net to you! After all, the same way you found us is how your next buyer will!
Listed once again as of March 29th at 8:40am, this home was originally listed on March 28th in 2019. The property is being listed at a price of $420,000 , the same as its original list price. This 2 bedroom, 1 full bath, 1 half bath residence is located on Alma Street, an excellent location in .
With a total floorspace of 1,353 square feet, this beautiful home comes in at $310.42 per square foot. That's 0.00% higher than the neighborhood average. There are also 2.00 garage spaces available for parking.
Originally built in 1976, this home sits on a 13,308 square foot lot.
Listing provided courtesy of Denise Nunez at Keller Williams Realty.


text:
The Human Paradox
Donald Trump's recent call for America to boycott Apple products last week was paradoxically tweeted to millions from his iPhone. It seems that for speed and impact there was simply no better medium, although he claims to use an android in para...
Earlier this week I met with an old colleague who has been responsible for managing emergency service contact centres. We mused about how things are so different with the advent of Twitter, and the progressive launch of new 3 digit numbers 101, 111 a...
The Dating Game v2.1
Valentine's Day is just around the corner for all those to celebrate their love, whether in long-term relationships or in anticipation of new partners. The dating game has changed radically; for some finding a new partner is as easy as swiping you...
Out with the old..?
An Emmy awarded to a Scottish inventor almost 140 years after his death, arrived to his home town of Kirkintilloch this week. Alexander Bain, who died in 1877, was given the unique honour for his pioneering work in the transmission of images. ...
Two shades of grey
An interesting photo from Mark Zuckerberg caught my attention on a flight to London this week. It was a photo of his wardrobe with multiple copies of only two types of garment; a dark grey hooded sweatshirt and a lighter grey shirt. The new dad r...
Fishy tales
Statistically speaking, most of you reading this will probably drift off to another distraction before the end of this blog. In fact according to recent research, goldfish now have a longer attention span than humble humans. Our ability to focus for ...
As someone who was more likely to sing Shang-a Lang than Modern Love, I've been surprised at just how David Bowie's death has impacted not just my generation but people of all ages; causing us to ponder the genius of a man who influenced ...
Where has the spark gone?
I've just finished the rather uncomfortable read 'Stuffocation', the best seller in which author James Wallman describes how he believes that we are making ourselves ill by the volume of 'stuff' that we have, in comparis...
Can you imagine how it would feel if your working day began with the Prime Minister, and just about every A-lister from the world of music, sport and entertainment wishing you well in your endeavours? Or knowing that you had personally enthused incal...
Not so quick wins
Wednesday, 9 December this week was deemed the least romantic day of the year; the rationale being that we are starting to get stressed by Christmas creeping closer, but the big day is still too far off to completely slow down. Would be romantics cit...
All hard work and play..
Winning the Davis Cup was a tremendous accolade for Andy Murray this week. Having ended a 76-year wait for a British male to win the US Open, a 77-year wait for a Briton to win Wimbledon, a 79-year wait for Britain to win the Davis Cup and a 104-year...
The Friday Factor
It's been a rather gloomy week in terms of news with global events creating a sense of uncertainty for many of us. At times like this we often find ourselves focusing on the small things in life and realising that we all have a lot to be t...
This BBC programme unearths some startling revelations for those who take part; I found myself unwittingly embroiled one evening this week in a similar exercise via ancestor.com, courtesy of a new found relative who is an avid genealogist. It's ...
Hire a hacker
The ongoing furore about hackers stealing Talk Talk customer data took a new twist this week with suggestions that large organisations should think about hiring the skills of the hackers. Unbelievably it appears that those responsible may be as young...
By any measure
"Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated." ― Confucius Elaine Wyllie would certainly get the thumbs up from Confucius. The recently retired award winning headmistress ensured that all her pupils in St Nin...
Talk is cheap, knowledge is power
Headlines this week have been dominated by theft and fraud of all sorts; depressing news for those who believe in the honesty of mankind. A traditional heist attempt in Aboyne (Aberdeenshire) backfired when thieves tried to steal a garage ATM mac...
Back to the Future!.... Again!
The media, internet and social channels were filled this week with 'Back to the Future' day! On what would normally have been another regular October day, movie fans worldwide celebrated the date in the film where Marty McFly and the Doc got into the...
Can't get no satisfaction...
Their capacity for partying may be unchanged; but the Rolling Stones request for instructions on how to use everything from the TV and DVD players to air conditioning and lighting indicates they have trouble mastering the latest technology. Acco...
Today draws Customer Service Week to an end. It's been an enjoyable period at CCA with an abundance of member engagement, in celebration of fantastic individuals across the spectrum of public and private sectors alike. This week also saw the anni...
Changing the rules...
The last few weeks since the election of Jeremy Corbyn as HM Leader of the Opposition in Parliament have been nothing short of eventful. Hoisted to the top despite having not put himself forward at the outset, he finds himself at odds with sections o...


UK aid spending topped £14billion for the first time in 2017, official figures on taxpayer cash spent in other countries reveals today.
The amount spent on aid rises every year because the Government is committed by law to spending 0.7 per cent of national income on it. If the economy grows the share also rises.
Aid spending is deeply controversial among Tory MPs who insist more money should be spent at home on public services or on defence.
Pakistan received the most direct cash from the UK, receiving more than £400million in development assistance. Nigeria was second on £327million.
Almost £530million was also ploughed into multi-national efforts to respond to humanitarian crises caused by wars in Somalia, Syria and Yemen.
A Government spokesman said: 'The UK was at the forefront of delivering lifesaving aid in humanitarian emergencies around the world in 2017, from wars in Yemen and Syria, to the Rohingya crisis in Bangladesh, to famine in South Sudan.
'We are spending UK aid where it is most needed, saving lives and helping poorer countries prosper.
'Poverty reduction is at the heart of what we do but UK aid is also tackling global challenges like disease, terrorism and conflict, and creating a safer, healthier and more prosperous world for us all.
Tory MP Jacob Rees-Mogg slammed the inflated budget.
Almost three quarters of UK aid is spent via the Department for International Development – but the figure is falling as other departments spend abroad.
Money spent by the Foreign Office and Ministry of Defence now makes up a bigger share as the Government focuses on work aimed at boosting the UK interest directly.
About 63 per cent of aid spending is ploughed directly into other countries by the UK, with the remaining 37 per cent spent via multinational aid agencies.
Over the past 12 months projects have included the first ever cholera vaccination campaign in Yemen.
The UK's Emergency Medical Team – which can rapidly set up a field hospital overseas in response to a disaster or emergency – was deployed to help curb the outbreak of diphtheria amongst Rohingya people in Cox's Bazaar, Bangladesh.
Aid spending was also used to respond to new Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo, supplying vaccines and personnel to treat patients.
Aid to the poorest countries in the world increased by £234million as the target of spending is redirected from middle income nations.


Perform this warmup before begining your workout.
The stationary bike is used for recovery and cardio intervals.
Perform each exercise in this circuit one after another resting for the specified time period after each exercise. Repeat this circuit 1 to 3 times.