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Fish parasites
April 25, 2016 / By Knut / In Uncategorized
Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, . Rapporter et annet bilde Rapporter det støtende bildet.
Can parasites kill fish?
Do all fish have parasites? How do I identify freshwater fish parasites ? What are the most common parasites? Bufret Lignende Oversett denne siden Cause: Fish who develop fungus are already in a vulnerable state, the result of other serious health problems or attacks, such as parasites , a physical injury or a bacterial infection.
All living organisms, including fish , can have parasites. Parasites are a natural occurrence, not contamination. They are as common in fish as insects are in fruits and vegetables.
The majority of the fish parasites which cause disease in fish include protozoal parasites.
Typically, these parasites are present in large numbers either on the surface of the fish, within the gills, or both. When they are present in the gills, they cause problems with respiration and death will commonly occur when additional. But destroying the nematodes at 1degrees is like cooking a burger well-done.
As Harold McGee explains in On Food and Cooking, most fish shrink at 1degrees and begin to become dry around 1degrees. He places the ideal cooked temperature for most fish at . Basics, Identification, and TREATMENT in Aquarium and Pond Fish. If you have had a certain fish for over a year, with no additions or possible intermediate hosts in the last six months, . All of the major groups of animal parasites are found in fish, and apparently healthy wild fish often carry heavy parasite burdens.
Knowledge of specific fish hosts greatly . Sushi lovers are being warned of the dangers of ingesting parasites from raw and undercooked fish. Experts treated a 32-year-old man, in Lisbon, who was . Koi infested with numerous female Lernaea. From a human infection perspective, the most common roundworms are from the family of Anisakidae and include Anisakis spp.
Deep-freezing fish can kill harmful parasites if the temperature stays cold enough long enough, according to F. It is easy to exaggerate the dangers, both real and imagine of these parasites. There is no reason why fish caught by the California marine angler or bought at the . Two common parasites which infect the gills of the fish include Dactylogyrus and Neobenedenia.
Anisakiasis, or herring worm disease, is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes (worms) that attach to the wall of the esophagus, stomach, or intestine. The best ways to prevent this disease is to avoid eating raw or undercooked fish or squid.
Chlorosis
Gmo corn


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Laprida, es un barrio comodorense que integra el municipio y aglomerado de Comodoro Rivadavia, en el departamento Escalante, Chubut. A pesar de que nació como una zona de quintas de inmigrantes europeos, que se configuró muy cerca de yacimientos petroleros como Valle - C; fue alcanzada por expansión de la ciudad de Comodoro. No obstante por su separación del centro del aglomerado urbano comodorense tiene un trato especial respecto de otros barrios de Comodoro.

Descripción

Se encuentra a pocos metros del barrio Manantial Rosales y a poca distancia del barrio Sarmiento y del barrio Güemes, zona denominada Valle Oeste de Comodoro Rivadavia. Laprida fue alcanzado por la expansión de Comodoro Rivadavia, pero de todos modos es el barrio más poblado de esta zona de la ciudad del Cerro Chenque. Laprida dejó a Manantial Rosales bajo su órbita, siendo este considerado y confundido a favor de Laprida en determinadas ocasiones, aunque no siempre.

Población

Contó con  e integra el aglomerado urbano de Comodoro Rivadavia - Rada Tilly, siendo uno de los más importante del conjunto.

Infraestructura comunitaria

Centros de Salud: Centro de Atención Primaria barrio Laprida
Bogotá 860

Deportivos

Gimnasio Laprida
Paisandú 380

Club Laprida:
calle Paraguay

Asociación Vecinal:Asociación Vecinal Barrio Laprida
Paraguay y Quito

Sistema Educativo

Jardines de Infantes
Jardín N.º 417
Ottawa y El Salvador

Escuelas EGB 1 y 2
Escuela N.º 27 Fray Luis Beltrán
Bogotá 845

Escuelas EGB 3 y Polimodal
Escuela N.º 732 Ignacio Koening
Paysandú 375

Lugares de culto

Parroquia Sagrado Corazón de Jesús
Bogotá s/n.
Cuba 350-360

Bibliotecas:Biblioteca "Jorge Troncoso"
Paraguay 650

Policía:Comisaría Barrio Laprida
Jamaica 527

Localidades de Comodoro Rivadavia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Life Lessons – Off the Shelf 120 with Gary Jansen
By Pete Socks
15 April AD 2019
Off the Shelf 120 – Gary Jansen
This week on Off the Shelf, Gary Jansen returns to discuss a recently released book from Image Books that is likely familiar to many of us. Your Life Is Worth Living: 50 Lessons to Deepen Your Faith by Fulton Sheen has been brought back to print by Image and as Gary tells us it's one he knew he had to bring back. Listen in as we explore some of the timeless wisdom Bishop Sheen has for all of us.
From the publisher Image Books
Back in print with a new preface by Robert Barron, fifty inspiring lessons to deepen your faith from one of the leading religious figures of the twentieth century and author of the Catholic bestseller Life of Christ.
For over four decades, Fulton Sheen was the face of Catholicism in America and literally received hundreds of thousands of letters from people around the world in search of truth, faith, salvation, and spiritual guidance. In this newly repackaged reissue of one of Sheen's classic works, the Emmy Award-winning priest takes an intimate look at our sacred journey to God and answers some of life's most profound questions. With his clever wit and straightforward language, he explains how we can find contentment in the modern world by applying the Christian philosophy of life in our day-to-day exchanges.
Drawing authority from scripture, and created for people of all ages and backgrounds, Sheen explores our journey home to God in an insightful conversation designed to strengthen the reader's personal relationship with Jesus. Sheen also shares humorous stories that made him one of the most celebrated personalities of his time. This book is a lasting testament that your life is worth living.
Gary Jansen is the director of Image Books and a senior editor at Penguin Random House where he has edited and published books by New York Times bestselling authors Pope Benedict XVI, Pope Francis, Deepak Chopra, Michael Singer, and Greg Kincaid. He is the author of the bestselling memoir Holy Ghosts: Or, How a (Not So) Good Catholic Boy Became a Believer in Things That Go Bump in the Night; The 15-Minute Prayer Solution; Station to Station; and the forthcoming book Life Everlasting (Tarcher Penguin. 2018). Paulo Coelho, The New York Times bestselling author of The Alchemist, has called Jansen's work "Wonderful;" while legendary Newsweek Religion Editor Kenneth L. Woodward has called him, "A fine writer." A frequent lecturer, Jansen has been featured on NPR, The Huffington Post, CNN, Coast to Coast AM, A&E, the Sundance Channel, and has appeared numerous times on the Travel Channel's Mysteries at the Museum. His website is www.garyjansen.com.
Read my complete archives at The Catholic Book Blogger.
Archbishop Fulton Sheen, Breadbox Media, Gary Jansen, Image Books, Pete Socks, The Catholic Book Blogger, Your Life is Worth Living
Pete Socks
Pete Socks converted to the Catholic faith in 1996. He continues to learn the riches of our Faith through books. The passion to read has led to his ministry as a book reviewer for leading Catholic publishers. You can find his reviews at The Catholic Book Blogger (www.catholicbookblogger.com). Pete also serves as General Manager of the national Catholic podcasting network Breadbox Media (www.breadboxmedia.com) where he also hosts his own weekly show Off the Shelf. When not reading, writing, and recording interviews, Pete is the happily married father of five working his way through life as a freelance consultant in rural PA.
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MANAMA, Bahrain (NEWSCORE) – Government forces using helicopters and concussion grenades opened fire on mourners marching near Pearl Square in the center of Bahrain's capital Friday and witnesses said demonstrators were crumpling to the ground, the New York Times reported.
A toll of dead or injured was difficult to immediately assess although CNN said an ambulance worker reported at least four people were killed. The Times reported at least one dead and 50 wounded.
The paper said people ran in panic as at least one helicopter sprayed gunfire but it was not immediately clear if the ammunition was live or rubber. However, the Times said the crowd was screaming "live fire, live fire."
The paper also tweeted that security forces stopped to fire at two of its employees -- reporter Michael Slackman and video producer Sean Patrick Farrell -- who were shooting footage.
Meanwhile, Crown Prince Salman bin al-Khalifa promised to open a national dialogue once peace returned, AFP said. In a speech on television, Prince Salman said "our dialogue must take place in a climate of total calm," adding "no issue can be excluded from that dialogue."
Tens of thousands gathered earlier in the day for the funerals of those killed when government forces first moved to crush the protest movement in the early hours of Thursday, killing five.
Bahrain is a key US ally, and unrest there is a major headache for Washington so soon after the fall of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, whose country was a cornerstone of US policy in the Middle East.


We have already seen the iPhone XS Max, the iPhone XS, and the iPhone XR. However, rumours surrounding other releases continue to churn.
Based on rumours and speculations, we do already have a good idea of what is coming next this year. Is it going to be the iPhone 11? Or something like the iPhone XI? Well, as of yet, we are not sure about it. Moreover, it is quite early to make any guesses as there is a range of different dots to connect.
If we have to take a definitive guess, we will say that the Apple iPhone 2019 may come out in September. And why is that? It is because most of the Apple iPhone launch occur in the month of September.
In this regard, however, we have not heard of anything yet.
We can expect the Apple iPhone 2019 to be released and launched in the month of September unless of course, we get to know something in the coming months.
In 2018, Apple seemingly sold a big amount of products. Apparently, the company made an unreal amount of money on these. Now, the earnings forecasts have been revised by Apple due to the expected underperformance. In other words, Apple still may be able to sell millions of products at a price of 999+ Euros, the customers at large are not satisfied with the constant rise in the prices. As a result of this, the iPhone XR did not really fit in the market very well at the price range of 749 Euros.
However, this may not definitely mean that the prices in 2019 will drop. Well, they might. But it looks like Apple believes that a range of other economic factors are responsible here, as a result of this the higher price per device is still worth holding on to. Still, considering the response near the end of 2018, we will be quite surprised if Apple still goes on to increase the prices in 2019.
For now, everything that we say is purely based on speculation. There is a growing trend of using a punch-hole screen cut out for the front cameras, among the Android flagship phones. This is something that is also expected from the Samsung Galaxy s10. However, based on one rumour, Apple is not ready to follow that route just yet.
Based on a leaker, Apple will continue to use the already known iPhone XS notch for the Apple iPhone 2019. However, they might choose a hole in the year 2020. If all of this is true, then we can fairly assume that the year 2019 is yet another revision year. On the other hand, we may see a drastic shift in the design in the year 2020.
Rumours revolving around the screen suggests that there won't be any dramatic shifts there. This is primarily because the iPhone XS Max and iPhone XS already offer the best-looking screens in the market. Though, some say that iPhone will make use of touch-integrated OLED panels just as Samsung, for its phone in 2019. This will allow the iPhone XS successor to be much lighter and thinner.


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Bellarion The Fortunate: A Romance
By Rafael Sabatini - Published 2000
Rafael Sabatini had earned quite a name for himself as a writer of both historical novels and biographies in the first part of ...Read Review
Mr Darwin's Shooter
By Roger McDonald - Published 2000
AdventureBiographical Fiction
In 1832, a ship named Beagle sailed, carrying Charles Darwin and his assistant Syms Covington. Syms served as Darwin's shooter, collecting specimens for ...Read Review
A Famine Of Horses
By P. F. Chisholm - Published 1994Published 1999
In 1592, Sir Robert Carey, weary of court life, left London to take up his new post as Deputy Warden of the West March ...Read Review
Mollie Peer: Or the Underground Adventure of the Moosepath League
By Van Reid - Published 2000
The first book in this series of adventures of the Moosepath League, Cordelia Underwood, took place in the summer of 1896. This, the second, ...Read Review
Flight of the Crow
By Paul Clayton - Published 1996
AdventureSaga
This is the second book in a trilogy about Calling Crow, a Native American from the 16th century, and his conflicts with the ...Read Review
By Lisa St. Aubin de Terán - Published 1999
AdventureLiterary
At the beginning of The Palace, the narrator, a young soldier in Garibaldi's army, narrowly escapes execution by firing squad. When he ...Read Review
Calling Crow Nation
This is the third and final book in the Calling Crow trilogy, which if you have just read the review of Flight of ...Read Review
The Abyssinian
By Jean-Christophe Rufin - Published 2000
AdventureThriller
Abyssinia, cut off from Westerners for generations, is an irresistible goal for a number of Western contingents at the start of the 18th ...Read Review
By Sara Donati - Published 1999
AdventureRomance
Elizabeth Middleton, an Englishwoman, arrives in upper New York State in December 1792 with the hopes of fulfilling a lifelong dream, to be a ...Read Review
Arthur, The Bear of Britain
By Edward Frankland - Published 1998
The grim reality of sixth century Britain comes to life in Frankland's novel of the legendary King Arthur. In this novel, originally ...Read Review
« Previous 1 … 162 163 164 165 Next »
Select Period... Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Ancient World (Other) Arthurian (ca 450-600) Biblical Classical Colonial America


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namespace objc {

namespace dont_use
{
    // These two functions should never be used. They are helpers to
    // the is_class template below. They cannot be located inside
    // is_class because doing so causes at least GCC to think that
    // the value of the "value" enumerator is not constant. Placing
    // them out here (for some strange reason) allows the sizeof
    // operator against them to magically be constant. This is
    // important to make the is_class<T>::value idiom zero cost. it
    // evaluates to a constant 1 or 0 depending on whether the
    // parameter T is a class or not (respectively).
    template<typename T> char is_class_helper(void(T::*)());
    template<typename T> double is_class_helper(...);
}

template <typename T>
struct is_class
{
  // is_class<> metafunction due to Paul Mensonides (leavings@attbi.com). For
  // more details:
  // http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&selm=000001c1cc83%24e154d5e0%247772e50c%40c161550a&rnum=1
 public:
    enum { value = sizeof(char) == sizeof(dont_use::is_class_helper<T>(0)) };
};

/// isPodLike - This is a type trait that is used to determine whether a given
/// type can be copied around with memcpy instead of running ctors etc.
template <typename T>
struct isPodLike {
  // If we don't know anything else, we can (at least) assume that all non-class
  // types are PODs.
  static const bool value = !is_class<T>::value;
};

// std::pair's are pod-like if their elements are.
template<typename T, typename U>
struct isPodLike<std::pair<T, U> > {
  static const bool value = isPodLike<T>::value & isPodLike<U>::value;
};

/// \brief Metafunction that determines whether the two given types are
/// equivalent.
template<typename T, typename U>
struct is_same {
  static const bool value = false;
};

template<typename T>
struct is_same<T, T> {
  static const bool value = true;
};

// enable_if_c - Enable/disable a template based on a metafunction
template<bool Cond, typename T = void>
struct enable_if_c {
  typedef T type;
};

template<typename T> struct enable_if_c<false, T> { };

// enable_if - Enable/disable a template based on a metafunction
template<typename Cond, typename T = void>
struct enable_if : public enable_if_c<Cond::value, T> { };

namespace dont_use {
  template<typename Base> char base_of_helper(const volatile Base*);
  template<typename Base> double base_of_helper(...);
}

/// is_base_of - Metafunction to determine whether one type is a base class of
/// (or identical to) another type.
template<typename Base, typename Derived>
struct is_base_of {
  static const bool value
    = is_class<Base>::value && is_class<Derived>::value &&
      sizeof(char) == sizeof(dont_use::base_of_helper<Base>((Derived*)0));
};

// remove_pointer - Metafunction to turn Foo* into Foo.  Defined in
// C++0x [meta.trans.ptr].
template <typename T> struct remove_pointer { typedef T type; };
template <typename T> struct remove_pointer<T*> { typedef T type; };
template <typename T> struct remove_pointer<T*const> { typedef T type; };
template <typename T> struct remove_pointer<T*volatile> { typedef T type; };
template <typename T> struct remove_pointer<T*const volatile> {
    typedef T type; };

template <bool, typename T, typename F>
struct conditional { typedef T type; };

template <typename T, typename F>
struct conditional<false, T, F> { typedef F type; };

}

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Home page >> The Team >> Executive Director's Office
Prof. Michael Hartal
Executive Director's Office
Prof. Michael Hartal, MD, MPH, has been the Executive Director of the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute since 2017. He is a public health physician by training, and has spent the majority of his career strengthening population health practice and policy in the public service. Prof. Hartal received his MD degree from Ben-Gurion University Medical School in 1995 and a Masters of Public Health from the Hebrew University Braun School of Public Health in 2002.
Prior to coming to MJB, Prof. Hartal served as a medical officer in the Israel Defense Forces for over 20 years, attaining the rank of lieutenant colonel. Having completed varied assignments as an epidemiologist, a public health officer and a health services administrator, he attended the IDF Command and Staff College in 2010 and assumed command of the IDF public health agency. He later headed the Academy and Research Branch of the Medical Corps, where he held responsibility for the research programs of the IDF's four medical research institutes.
Prof. Hartal also served as commander of the IDF Medical Cadet Program at the Hebrew University Medical School, and was responsible for the academic development of active duty medical personnel. He also developed and supported numerous international collaborations in research and education. An associate professor at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, he teaches public health, research methods, and leadership skills. He has authored over 90 research papers.
Throughout his career, Prof. Hartal has spent a significant amount of time working in Israel's Ministry of Health, both in the office of the Director General and in the Public Health Service, where he was active in developing Israel's national public health policy. His policy research experience includes population- based studies, social determinants of health, and provision of community services.
In his current role as Executive Director of the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute, Prof. Hartal heads Israel's leading center for applied social research, directing the Institute's research, evaluation and consultation programs. The mission of Myers-JDC-Brookdale is to strengthen Israeli society by using meticulous study, rigorous research and extensive knowledge to help inform policy, advise programming, and improve services for individuals, families, and communities. The Institute works to strengthen Israeli society and the wellbeing of all its members throughout the life cycle, from children and youth at risk to the elderly, in central dimensions of life, including health, employment and human services.
Predictors of Health Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Preferences regarding Receipt of Professional Services
Dr. Michal Laron, Rachel Goldwag, Prof. Michael Hartal
The study goal was to examine the correlation between the respondents' socio-demographic background and the changes in their health behaviors and emotional state during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this analysis is to identify vulnerable groups and to learn their preferences regarding the receipt of professional help.


At Verb, part of what we love to do is highlight other people or companies who are out there really living their Verb. For this month's Q&A we spoke to Sophia Penrose Winter, an artist in more ways than one. While Sophia has a series of her own artwork, she also styles and photographs interiors, fashion and portraits.
Here we talked to her about artistry, travel, her love for discovering new music and her dream to flip a villa in Europe.
Sophia began her creative exploration as an artist in a garage. For Sophia, visual expression began first as an outlet and has since transformed into a life source, a moving meditation, a process irreplaceable by any other means.
Sophia lives by this quote that she was once told, "you're only an artist on the days that you do art." So be it a pencil in her hand or paint misplaced onto yet another pair of "good jeans," she intentionally makes space for a daily creative practice.
Design, art and creative ideation comprise an overwhelmingly large industry, most people fail to recognize that the world as we know it would cease to exist without the design-minded workers.
Travel (and all that it encompasses such as art, architecture, landscape, cultural dress and cuisine) has always been an inspiring source for me. Lately though, I've found myself more inspired by a feeling than a facade. I'm in a transitory place in my life right now so the brush strokes, texture, shapes and colors in some of my recent artwork has reflected that sense of transition.
What's your favorite software/app/website to use for work?
I built my website using a platform called Wix and frequently use Canva for a myriad of tasks, which have included creating a visual portfolio, social media posts and I recently used one of their resume templates!
Athena Calderone of Eyeswoon has always been an aspirational platform that I follow closely. I also love Tappan Collective for art inspiration and CN Traveler for my travel musings.
Some bands/artists that I've had on repeat lately and that always make me feel really good are the Brooke & the Bluff, Maggie Rogers, The Rolling Stones (currently listening to Beast of Burden) and Lake Street Drive. A lesser-known love of mine is discovering new music and creating playlists! Music matters!
In an alternate life, what would your career be?
I have a dream to buy and flip an old villa somewhere in Europe and turn it into a retreat of sorts filled with local art and timeless (yet eclectic) interior design that offers an outstanding culinary experience, acres of land for outdoor activities and a place for creatives to go, share, collaborate, and work all while being fully immersed in the overall experience. In an alternate life, perhaps I would have set out to pursue a design and architecture schooling from the start to create an intentional profession around this dream of mine.
Cultivating creativity is something I've been doing since I was two-years-old and began insisting that I dress myself in the most bizarre assortment of outfits. Since then, I have always worked with and around creative people and concepts. However, I first started selling my artwork when a woman came to my family's home a few years ago to view a piece of my mother's artwork and while getting a tour of the house, she pointed to a piece that I made for myself on my bedroom wall and asked "how much?".
After being left with a blank space on my wall and a check in my hands moments later, I began growing into the confidence that individuals (other than my friends and family) respect and appreciate the work I love to create.
The boundless opportunity as well as how meaningful and purposeful an artful/creative concept can be.
What drives you crazy about working as an artist?
The creative industry in general is incredibly subjective (which can be both a beautiful and disheartening thing). One aspect that often drives me crazy is the process of how art is priced. Everyone has different ambition and reason behind their prices and individual buyers have very different perspectives on what a piece should or shouldn't be worth. I would say this is emotionally and technically one of the details of the industry that can easily drive you crazy and be very difficult to navigate as a buyer, an artist or a retailer.
What's something about the art industry that most people wouldn't know?
I think many people are unaware and don't know the sheer impact that creative thinkers have on our daily lives. Because design, art and creative ideation comprises an overwhelmingly large industry, most people fail to recognize that the world as we know it would cease to exist without the design-minded workers behind city planning, public transportation and even the way the lid of your to-go coffee cup functions.
I've always been a huge proponent of education that incorporates art-based learning concepts that activate the right side of our brains while completing left-brained tasks. I think it's the creative thinkers that this world can't afford to lose to being convinced into a "more stable" career. We need those kids who doodle product design concepts in the margins of their biology textbooks because they're the ones who will continue to help push out-of-the-box innovation!
Did you always know this is something you wanted to do?
There's a quote in the Alchemist that says, "When you want something, the whole Universe conspires in helping you to achieve it" and I've always believed this because it's been true in my own life. So, yes, I've always known that I've wanted to grow into my creative tendencies and whether the opportunities have found me or I have intently sought them out, I've always wanted to be creating something visual that elicits visceral responses.
When I was younger I was always speculative as to how my creative capacities would materialize into a career and to be honest, I think this is something I will always wonder because creativity is a very fluid thing and the input and output associated with it changes constantly depending on what I'm doing in a job or a career. I think I would surprise myself if creating artwork became my sole source of income one day but no matter what I'm doing professionally, purposeful creativity is a practice I will maintain.
How do you find it balancing multiple facets of the art industry and combining them in your company?
Because I do freelance work for all facets, I've maintained the ability to control the flow and volume of each branch since I began offering services publicly.
However, I think it's an exceptional thing to be able to play a part in elevating someone's life even in the smallest of ways. The disciplines that I work in have the ability to transcend countless barriers because they all involve a sensory experience. Experiencing life through our senses is something that we as humans all have in common and have access to. We don't have to speak the same language or share the same beliefs to enjoy a meal made by someone totally different than us. Because of this, even if balance was nonexistent throughout the multiple facets, I think being a bridge for that kind of unity is something worth working incredibly hard for.
Finally, we always ask: What's your verb?


A large land plot is now available for sale in Diyar Al Muharraq project in Bahrain.
The land sprawls over a total area of 11113 sqft and it lies on two roads in a premium location.
The price per square foot is BHD29.5, while the land's total price is BHD327834.


text:
Home » My Dad - Ed Farrar » WWII » Prisoner of War » Stalag Luft IV
Category Archives: Stalag Luft IV
Stalag Luft IV, Lager D, Barracks 4, Room 12
February 16, 2022 7:00 AM / Leave a comment
In the mid-air collision of 28 September 1944 over Magdeburg, Germany of the B-17's of the John Oliver Buslee crew of the 544th Bomb Squadron and the James Joseph Brodie crew of the 545th Bomb Squadron of the 384th Bomb Group, four men survived to become prisoners of war.
One of the men of the Brodie crew, George Marshall Hawkins, Jr., was an officer. The other three, my father George Edwin Farrar, Harry Allen Liniger, and Wilfred Frank Miller, were enlisted men. Officers and enlisted men were housed in separate prison camps. Farrar, Liniger, and Miller were housed in Stalag Luft IV, although it seems as though none of them arrived at the same time.
Another airman of the Brodie crew, William Edson Taylor, who was not participating in the 28 September mission with his crew, became a prisoner of war on a later mission, about a week after his crewmates, and was also housed in Stalag Luft IV.
Until two weeks ago, I had never found any of their names on a roster of prisoners of the camp. But two weeks ago, when I was revisiting some POW websites that I had not visited for a long time, I found most of them.
Unfortunately, I did not find the name of Harry Liniger on any of the rosters I reviewed, but I am certain he was held in that camp.
I found three new rosters for prisoners held in D Lager – two rosters of American POW's and one roster of British POW's. It is possible that Liniger was held in D Lager, but also as likely that he was held in A, B, or C Lagers instead. I believe he would have arrived at Stalag Luft IV before Miller and Farrar, so my best guess is that he was a resident of C Lager.
George Farrar was a hospital patient until almost Thanksgiving 1944 and Wilfred Miller was originally held in Stalag Luft III until January 1945.
Gregory Hatton's website, Kriegsgefangen Lagar Der Luft VI and VI, contains a list of Camp Rosters, and in particular, one named Lunsford D Lager Diary Evacuated to Stalag 11A.
In the pages of the Lunsford D Lager Diary, I found my father, George Edwin Farrar listed as G. E. Farrar, on page 21. His S/N was 14119873 and his POW number was 3885.
George Edwin Farrar on Stalag Luft IV Lager D roster
Wilfred Frank Miller, listed as W.F. Miller (the second W.F. Miller on the page), is on page 44. His S/N was 36834864 and his POW number was 3916.
Wilfred Frank Miller on Stalag Luft IV Lager D roster
William Edson Taylor, listed as W.E. Taylor, is on page 72. His S/N was 16115332 and his POW number was 4059.
William Edson Taylor on Stalag Luft IV Lager D roster
I also found airman Cecil Carlton McWhorter, listed as C.C. McWhorter, of the 351st Bomb Group, who was my one of my dad's POW roommates and marching companions, on page 42. His S/N was 6285927 and his POW number was 3906.
Cecil Carlton McWhorter on Stalag Luft IV Lager D roster
But my finds didn't end there. Another roster on the Stalag Luft IV website was a roster of British airmen, Flt. Sgt. David Joseph Luft 4 roster RAF POWs at Luft IV. There on page 5, I found the name of my father's British POW roommate and marching companion, Lawrence Newbold. The British roster provided not only Lawrence Newbold's RAF S/N of 1576728 and POW number of 3113, it also told his Barracks number (4) and Room number (12).
Lawrence Newbold on Stalag Luft IV Lager D RAF roster
I now had confirmation of exactly where in Stalag Luft IV my father was held – Lager D, Barracks 4, and Room 12. But to really be able to visualize his place in the POW camp, a map of the camp would really come in handy. I found such a map on the website of a former prisoner of the camp, Jack McCracken.
Stalag Luft IV map drawing courtesy of Jack McCracken
With Jack's map drawing, I was able to see exactly where my father was held in the camp as a prisoner of war. To enlarge the map for a better look, click on the image. Each of the four Lagers – A, B, C, and D are noted with the letters circled. Looking in the "D" section, look just underneath the circled "D" to the circled "4." That would be Barracks 4.
As for Room 12, I have read that each barracks contained only 10 bunk rooms and that the POW's called common areas like hallways and kitchens by numbers, too. Room 12's sleeping arrangements may have been tabletops and floors rather than bunks, but I don't know for certain except to say "comfort" was probably not a word in the POW's everyday vocabulary.
Another bit of information, which I'll have to research in more depth, is that the men on the roster on which I found my dad's name were supposedly evacuated to Stalag 11A from Stalag Luft IV. I hope to learn more information about this detail as I delve deeper into my POW research.
Notes of Thanks and Credits
SSgt John Huston (Jack) McCracken,
Engineer/Top Turret Gunner
Thank you to S/Sgt. John Huston (Jack) McCracken for sharing his map drawing of Stalag Luft IV on the internet. S/Sgt. McCracken was an Engineer/Top Turret Gunner on a B-17 in the 570th Bomb Squadron of the 390th Bomb Group. He was shot down 9 September 1944 on a mission to Düsseldorf, Germany and imprisoned at Stalag Luft IV and Stalag Luft I. He was housed in Barracks 3 of C Lager according to notes on his map.
I wish to give full credit to Jack McCracken for his map drawing of Stalag Luft IV and have attempted to ask permission through several e-mail addresses I found on his webpage, to use his map in this article but without success.
Unfortunately, I cannot make my request to Jack himself as we lost this hero in 2012. You can read more about Jack McCracken in his obituary on Find a Grave.
Thank you, Jack, for making this information available for generations to come.
Thank you, Gregory Hatton, for providing Stalag Luft IV rosters and other information.
With the exception of images in this post provided by John Huston (Jack) McCracken, Gregory Hatton, and others, © Cindy Farrar Bryan and The Arrowhead Club, 2022
The Boxcars
March 25, 2020 7:00 AM / Leave a comment
Seventy-five years ago in the month of March 1945, the POW's of Stalag Luft IV continued their forced march across Germany which they had begun the previous month on February 6. Traveling on foot with very little food was so very difficult that when they saw an opportunity to travel by rail, it was seen to be a welcome relief. Instead, it turned out to be likely one of the most horrific parts of their journey.
For these men who completed the march and eventually gained their liberation and freedom, nightmares of this time in their lives would likely include these few days of the eighty-six day total when they were loaded into 40 x 8 boxcars for a short journey deep into hell.
Joseph P. O'Donnell, the Stalag Luft IV POW who recorded his experience and that of fellow POW's in the Shoe Leather Express books, included many individual stories of the boxcars in both the first book in the series, The Evacuation of Kriegsgefangenen Lager Stalag Luft IV Deutschland Germany, and the second book, The Shoe Leather Express – Book II -Luftgangsters Marching Across Germany.
Joe O'Donnell wrote of his personal experience that on Day 51, March 28, 1945, his group arrived at the town of Ebstorf, a small town west of the Elbe River. At 3 PM, he was loaded onto a 40 x 8 boxcar with sixty-four other POW's. A 40 x 8 boxcar is a train or rail car that is designed to carry forty men or 8 head of cattle.
They, and other groups of sixty or more POW's, were jammed into the cars and the doors locked shut. Although the sick were allowed to lie down, and there were many sick, the remainder of the men had to take turns standing and sitting as there was not room for all to sit at the same time.
At first, the men were relieved that they would be able to ride rather than walk to their next destination, but relief soon turned to horror when they realized that the boxcars were more dangerous than the road. The boxcars did not move for more than ten hours except for occasional movements of 100 to 200 yards back and forth from their original position.
The boxcars had no markings on them, nothing that allied aircraft could see from the air, to indicate they were filled with allied POW's. Aerial activity in the area was considerable and train movements were prime targets of allied aircraft. O'Donnell considered their confinement in the boxcars to be an intentional plan of the Germans to have the POW's killed by the strafings and bombings from their own aircraft.
Aside from the fear of the POW's inside the boxcars, the conditions inside were unbearable as the men had nowhere to urinate or defecate other than the boxcar floor, although some were able to break through holes in the floor for the purpose. On top of this, many were stricken with chronic dysentery.
After forty hours of confinement in the boxcars, the trains moved out toward Fallingbostel on March 30, 1945, for a thirty-mile journey. The men were not allowed out of the boxcars or provided with drinking water for the entire trip.
~The Shoe Leather Express – Book I, page 22
Bob Richards, Jr. (8th AF, 392nd BG, 577th Bomb Squadron) from Hanover, Pennsylvania, and John Hargrove (445th BG, 702nd Bomb Squadron) from Delran, New Jersey, noted in their personal journals that they were loaded into the 40 x 8 boxcars also on March 28, but in Hohenbunftorf, and traveled to Uelsen. However, they reported that only fifty men were confined in each car in which they spent two days and nights.
Walter V. Lawrence (8th AF, 44th BG, 506th Bomb Squadron) was on the March 28 train ride to Fallingbostel in the 40 x 8 boxcars.
~The Shoe Leather Express – Book I, pages 39/40
Lawrence "Larry" S. Moses (8th AF, 452nd BG, 728th Bomb Squadron) reported in his log that he left Uelzen by 40 x 8 boxcars on March 28, 1945 and arrived at Altengrabow, Stalag IIA, on March 30. (Although his date chart indicates he left Hohenbonstorf on the 28th, arrived Uelzen the same day, left Uelzen on the 29th, and arrived Altengrabow on the 30th).
Louis Wayne Dirickson (9th AF, 409th BG (Light), 643rd Bomb Squadron):
3/28/45 – Walked 7 kilometers to Ebstorf and 1 1/2 kilometers to the train station. Loaded into boxcars (60/car) at 1:30 P.M. we were given 3/8 loaf of bread and 1/5 of a 3/4 lb. of margarine for three days.
3/29/45 – Sat all night in the boxcars, all of today and part of the evening, without moving an inch. Jerries gave us 2 buckets of water for 60 men and nothing to eat. Started moving at 11 P.M.
3/30/45 – Arrived at Station at 12 o'clock – walked 2 kilometers to Stalag XIB located at Fallingbostel – got inside the camp at 3 P.M. (100 men to a tent). Got a carrot and barley soup at 6 P.M. Darn good.
Dr. Leslie Caplan provided testimony to Lt. Col. William C. Hoffman of the War Crimes Office on December 31, 1947, stating:
At 1500 hours on 28 March 1945 a large number of our men were loaded on freight cars at Ebbsdorf, Germany. We were forced in at the rate of 60 men or more to a car. This was so crowded that there was not enough room for all men to sit at the same time. We remained in these jammed boxcars until 0030 hours March 30, 1945 when our train left Ebbsdorf. During this 33 hour period few men were allowed out of the cars for the cars were sealed shut most of the time. The suffering this caused was unnecessary for there was a pump with a good supply of water in the railroad yards a short distance from the train. At one time I was allowed to fetch some water for a few of our men who were suffering from dysentery. Many men had dysentery at the time and the hardship of being confined to the freight cars was aggravated by the filth and stench resulting from men who had to urinate and defecate inside the cars. We did not get off these freight cars until we reached Fallingbostel around noon of 30 March 1945 and then we marched to Stalag IIB. The freight cars we were transported in had no marking on them to indicate that they were occupied by helpless prisoners of war. There was considerable aerial activity in the area at the time and there was a good chance of being strafed.
Joseph P. O'Donnell, in a section named "Kriegie Land," related an undated summarized log entry which followed his March 30, 1945 entry. I am not certain if this was O'Donnell's personal log or that of another prisoner.
We boarded boxcars at Ebstorf. We got on at 3 o'clock P.M. 60 men to a car. We stayed in the car all that night, next day, that night, another day and night. I arrived here [Stalag XIB, Fallingbustel] the next day at 12 NOON.
Tom Farrow (8th AF, 384th BG, 547th Bomb Squadron), walking with fellow 384th-er Ray Jablonski, wrote,
On Tuesday, the 27th of March, our group, numbering about 400, was crowded into boxcars, about 100 to a car designed to hold 40. We were given a quarter loaf of bread and the doors were shut and locked. The train started immediately but only for that day. We were stopped all night, the next day and night. The car had very small windows at each end for ventilation but was not enough to overcome the stench of diarrhea and vomit that soon covered the floor. There was not enough room for everyone to sit down, so we sat with our knees drawn up with another P.O.W. leaning on our knees.
On Thursday evening we began moving slowly through the night, stopping on Good Friday morning. The doors were opened and everyone struggled out, gulping fresh air. I never knew completely about the casualties of the trip. Everyone in our car made it, but a least two in the next car had died. We were marched to a very large camp to a compound of Russian workers. Large tents had been erected but there were no beds or straw.
~The Shoe Leather Express – Book II, page 32
James W. McCloskey of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, wrote in his log that he was loaded in a boxcar (48 in each) on March 17, 1945, rode all day on March 18 and 19, was in Hamburg Station on March 20 and received 1/2 bread, 1/3 margerine, and wurst, then arrived at Fallingbostel, Stalag 357, on March 21.
Harry Liniger (8th AF, 384th Bomb Group, 545th Bomb Squadron) boarded a train to Fallingbostel on March 28, 1945. I wrote about Harry's experience almost five years ago and you can read it in its entirety here. Harry used a cigarette paper to record this piece of his POW history,
51 day on the road. Boarded train at 2PM March 28. Recd [received] 3/8 of a loaf of bread per man. 60 men on a car.
I don't know if all of the POW's on the march from Stalag Luft IV had this same experience, but many of them were forced to endure a train ride through hell on the road to their liberation and freedom.
Upon capture, the Germans would tell their prisoners, "For you, the war is over." I don't think that statement was the least bit accurate. These men were living the war every single day, even in captivity. For these men, the war wasn't over until their liberation and return to civilian life, and for some of them, the war would never end until the end of life itself.
Stalag Luft IV, January 1945
January 22, 2020 7:00 AM / Leave a comment
I recently wrote about my dad and his Stalag Luft IV roomate, George Farrar, Lawrence Newbold, and Christmas 1944. By early January 1945, after a dismal 1944 holiday season, the POWs believed they were in for a long stay in Stalag Luft IV.
Stalag Luft IV was located at Gross Tychow, Pomerania, (now Tychowo, Poland), 20 kilometers (about 12 1/2 miles) southeast of Belgard.
On January 12, 1945, the Soviets launched the first phase of their long-planned Winter Offensive, with the Russian Red Army invading eastern Germany. German forces were greatly outnumbered as German troops and equipment had earlier been transferred from the eastern front to support the operation in the Ardennes to the west. The Germans retreated ahead of the Red Army's advance through Poland.
On January 16, Adolf Hitler moved his residence and base of operations to the underground air raid shelter/subterranean bunker complex at Berlin's Reich Chancellery known as the Führerbunker. It would be the last of the various headquarters he used in WWII, until the last week of the war. (On April 29, Adolf Hitler would marry Eva Braun there, less than two days before they committed suicide).
On January 17, the Soviet Red Army liberated the Polish capital of Warsaw, less than 300 miles southeast of Stalag Luft IV.
The POW's of Stalag Luft IV were aware of the Russian advance and some believed liberation by the Red Army and freedom might be possible. Others feared the results of the Soviets overrunning their camp.
Soon rumors of the evacuation of the camp of 10,000 Allied airmen began circulating. Beginning January 26, approximately 3,000 of Stalag Luft IV's most disabled POW's were evacuated by train to Stalag Luft I at Barth and Stalag VIIA at Moosburg. One of these men was the 384th Bomb Group's Patrick Dennis Benker.
Following the evacuation of the most disabled prisoners, POW's from Stalag XXA at Tourn and IIB at Hammerstein arrived at Stalag Luft IV as the Soviet Red Army moved into Pomerania.
Now expecting an imminent evacuation of Stalag Luft IV, the POW's began preparing to leave the camp.
By January 30, the Red Army had advanced within 100 miles of Berlin and Adolf Hitler delivered his final radio address. By the next day, the last day of January, 1945, the Soviets had reached the Oder River.
Wikipedia: Führerbunker
World War II Chronicle by the Editors of Publications International, Ltd.
C-Lager: Stalag Luft IV & the 86-Day Hunger March by David Dorfmeier
Chapter 13 of David Dorfmeier's book, C-Lager, covers the month leading up to the evacuation of Stalag Luft IV in great detail. C-Lager offers excellent descriptions of camp life and the march. David's father, Donald Dorfmeier, served as a waist gunner of the 398th Bomb Group, based at Nuthampstead, England, and was a POW at Stalag Luft IV. David's book can be found on Amazon using the link above in the Sources section.
The Next Generation Meets
June 19, 2019 7:00 AM / Leave a comment
On Sunday, June 2, 2019, the children of the waist gunners of both ships involved in the 384th Bomb Group's mid-air collision of September 28, 1944 over Magdeburg, Germany met for the first time.
L to R: George Edwin Farrar, Cindy Farrar Bryan, Harry Allen Liniger, Jr., and Harry Allen Liniger, Sr.
That's me, Cindy Farrar Bryan, daughter of George Edwin Farrar of the Buslee crew, on the left and Harry Liniger, Jr., son of Harry Allen Liniger, Sr. of the Brodie crew, on the right. Harry is pointing to his dad's name on a plaque in the garden of the Mighty Eighth Air Force Museum in Savannah, GA. The plaque is dedicated to the James Brodie crew of the 545th Bomb Squad of the 384th Bomb Group.
On September 28, 1944, the 384th Bomb Group flew their Mission 201 to Magdeburg, Germany. Coming off the target, two B-17's collided, the Buslee crew's 43-37822 and the Brodie crew's 42-31222 (also known as "Lazy Daisy.")
The only survivors of the Brodie crew were navigator George Hawkins, tail gunner Wilfred Miller, and waist gunner Harry Liniger.
The front section of the nose of the Brodie crew's "Lazy Daisy" was carried away, and with it, the togglier. Hawkins managed to break out of the right side of the nose just behind the right nose gun. Waist gunner Harry Liniger was attempting to escape through the waist door when an explosion threw him from the ship. The explosion also severed the tail of the ship and tail gunner Wilfred Miller rode the tail assembly down and later chuted from the tail section.
The only survivor of the Buslee crew was waist gunner George Edwin Farrar, my dad. He believed that the other ship must have hit right in the center of their ship, as they were knocked half in-to. At the time they were struck, Dad was knocked unconscious and fell about 25,000 feet, before he knew he was even out of the ship.
Both Liniger and Farrar (and also Miller) were confined as POWs in Stalag Luft IV and survived the 500-mile, 86-day Black March across Germany to their liberation in May 1945. Hawkins was so severely injured in the collision that he was confined to the hospital during the whole of his time as a prisoner of war.
Now that Harry and I have finally met, we'd like one day to meet the children of George Hawkins and Wilfred Miller, the only other survivors of the September 28, 1944 mid-air collision over Magdeburg. To those children, if you feel the same, please contact me.
384th Bomb Group Airmen Confined to Stalag Luft IV
During WWII, my dad, George Edwin Farrar, was a prisoner of war held in the Stalag Luft IV prison camp for enlisted airmen. I have seen several lists of WWII airmen who were held as prisoners of war in Stalag Luft IV, but until recently I have never found my father's name on any of the lists.
The only place I have seen Dad's name associated with Stalag Luft IV is his record in the digital records of the National Archives.
Recently, Fred Preller, the webmaster of the 384th Bomb Group website, added several new reports to the site, among them a list of 384th Bomb Group airmen who were prisoners of war in all prison camps. In all, 880 airmen of the 384th Bomb Group became POWs during their WWII service, and 156 of those were held in Stalag Luft IV. Finally, I have a list of Stalag Luft IV POWs that includes my father's name. This one's for you, Dad.
384th Bomb Group Airmen Held POW in Stalag Luft IV
Adams, Benjamin Harold Marshall, Sylvester Joseph
Amspacher, Ray Richard May, Gayle Gustavus
Anderson, Frank J McAnear, Carlton S
Anderson, Jack R McClure, Charles Roesler
Andrews, Ralph Cash, Jr McCracken, Dwight Howard
Atkinson, Owen Glenn Miles, Harold Ruoff
Baird, Ralph Edwin, Jr Miller, Robert Lee
Barnes, Karl Francis Miller, Wilfred Frank
Bartholomew, Everett Laverne Misiewicz, Joseph R
Bedsted, Lee Roy Moore, John William
Benker, Patrick Denis Mosbey, James Millard
Bianca, Buddy Armand Nickles, Mercer Chartos, Jr
Bingaman, Jack William Norton, Richard Anthony
Boon, Howard Goodall, Jr O'Leary, Edward Joseph
Borgeson, Wesley Clifton Odom, Rufus Thurman, Jr
Brannigan, Allen Francis Oldham, Jesse Zera
Brown, Cecil William Oliva, Armando (NMI)
Brown, Jack M Onstad, William Walter
Brown, James Paul Osepchook, Arthur John
Cameron, Robert Allen Owens, Norris Reece
Castiglione, Vincent Joseph Page, William Marvin
Clary, Leonard Estus Palladino, Joseph Anthony
Clymer, Charles Richard Parsons, Roland Westley
Cook, Herbert Arno Peckerar, Irvin Milton
David, Alfred Alme Perry, Gilbert Franklin
Day, Huley Newton Petrillo, Joseph (NMI)
Ecker, John Eric Pierce, Lee Clifton
Edwards, Thomas Joseph, Jr Pire, Irwin Joseph, Jr
Egger, Richard Henry Plotz, John James
Egger, Robert Ross Rabe, William Arthur, Jr
Fallesen, Wayne Peter Raines, Louis Edward
Farrar, George Edwin Rardon, Edward Perish
Farrow, Thomas Chapell Reed, Clarence Eugene
Faust, Glenn Millard Robinson, Warren Ray
Felicetti, Frank Dominick Romano, Vincent Peter
Fiory, William John Joseph Rood, James Raymond
Flaherty, James DeValera Sack, Ralph William
Fooder, Elmer H Sager, Edwin M
Foretich, Gerald Fabian Santosuosso, John Peter
Franzo, Anthony Joseph Saunders, Paul Ralph
Frederickson, Ralph Louis Schepers, Bob Eugene
Friedman, Jack Kenyon Schick, Frank Joseph, Jr
Fulwider, Albert Clayton, Jr Sexton, William Hiram
Gabriel, Daniel (NMI) Simon, Edward (NMI)
Gerhold, Melvin Henry Smith, Joseph H
Gilroy, Robert Peter Snead, William Austin
Girard, Donald Robert Snyder, Charles Leslie
Golka, Larry John Stanley, James Farrell
Gregorich, Vincent (NMI) Stephenson, Hilton Hubert
Gribbons, Warren David Stevens, Howard Orville
Grimes, Robert Albert Stropek, George Vincent
Hale, Kenneth Oliver Sylvia, Joseph Herbert
Hallam, Harley Ross Taylor, Homer William
Hamilton, Harry Tobais Taylor, William Edson
Harbrecht, Robert Francis Thompson, Raymond Archie
Hardman, John Bethany Thornhill, John G
Harrison, Joseph Horatio Traynor, James Patrick
Haverlah, Alton Bernhard Treat, John Afton
Hickey, James Currie Van Beveren, John Edward
Holler, Edward Ralph Vennel, Alexander Joseph
Hopkins, James Russell Wallo, Andrew (NMI)
House, Horace Doster, Jr Walsh, James Francis
Hunt, Walter Francis Walton, Horace Murphy
Jellings, Charles Albert Wasilewski, Aleck Michael
Jones, Leroy Charles Watson, Paul Leland
Kane, Francis P Way, Arthur Harold
Kenedy, John Joseph Whipple, Charles Thomas
Kidwell, Hugh Thomas Whitney, Stanley Clifford
Klonowski, Francis Dominick Wick, Andrew Oliver
Kohl, John Gustave Wilson, Gerald Eugene
Kushner, Jack (NMI) Wolfe, Clark Benjamin, Jr
Larocca, Frank (NMI) Woodruff, Walker Ace
Liniger, Harry Allen Woods, Harold Leroy
Louden, Jack Elmer Wright, William Clifford
Lunceford, John William Wyatt, Kenneth Ainley
MacGregor, Douglas Roy Younker, John Joseph
Madden, Arthur W Zesch, Charles Emil
Mariani, Waldo Frank Zordel, Wilbur Godfrey
Thanks, Fred, and thank you to all of the 384th Bomb Group volunteers who research and record, compile, and share information with me and all other 384th Bomb Group researchers. Whether we researchers are historians or family members, we all greatly benefit from the hard work of these few:
Fred Preller, 384thBombGroup.com Webmaster, tries to keep all the pieces of the website working together. Fred's father Robert H. Preller served as a 546th BS copilot from May to September 1944.
Keith Ellefson, combat data specialist. Keith's Uncle Raymond O. Wisdahl flew 35 missions with the 384th. Keith has taken a serious interest in data validity and completeness He has been especially involved in the Wing Panel Signing Project.
John Edwards, 384th Bomb Group, Inc. Historian and 384th NEXGEN Research Director. John is an aviation researcher who, thru friendships with 384th Veterans, formed a bond with the 384th family.
Mark Meehl, 384th Bomb Group, Inc. Archivist, is a researcher who specializes in ground personnel, and who also maintains the master log of all combat sorties. Mark's father Paul E. Meehl served as a 384th ground crew chief from early 1943 thru the end of the war.
Phil Hettel, combat data specialist. Phil's Uncle Joseph J. Rachunas flew 25 combat missions with the 384th, was shot down and became a POW on his last mission.
Marc Poole, 384thBombGroup.com Webmaster Emeritus, founder of the original 384th website. Marc now serves in an advisory capacity, with occasional forays into research. While a student at Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, Marc established the website in 1999. He was motivated by the wartime experiences of his uncle, Johnny Butler, who was a 547th Bomb Squadron pilot during Summer 1943. In 2004, Marc turned over operation of the site to current webmaster Fred Preller.
And, yes, I'm one of the research volunteers, too…
Cindy Farrar Bryan, author of this blog, researcher and website analyst. My father George Edwin Farrar, a gunner on the Buslee Crew, was the sole survivor of that crew when they were involved in a mid-air collision on the 28 September 1944 mission to Magdeburg, Germany.
All who contribute materials and suggestions – and who report factual errors and website problems. Additional volunteers are always welcome. If you have an interest in helping to preserve the heritage of the 384th, whether you are a computer whiz or not, there are tasks in the (overflowing) Official 384thBombGroup.com Job Jar to suit all capabilities. To inquire about opportunities, e-mail the Webmaster.
The above information was appropriated from Fred Preller's "About This Site" page on 384thBombgroup.com.
Zygmunt Wujek
I met Polish sculptor Zygmunt Wujek in July 2017 at the Museum of the Mighty Eighth Air Force in Pooler, Georgia, near Savannah, during a gathering of descendants of WWII POWs. In the above photo, Zygmunt is pictured at the museum with his American Aviator bronze bust.
The American Aviator is one of more than two hundred works Zygmunt created in his native Pomerania. Among Zygmunt's many works were monuments commissioned by Lech Walesa to mark the entrance to Stalag Luft IV. To see photos of Stalag Luft IV then and now, including the monuments created by Zygmunt Wujek, please visit this POW site.
The American Aviator bronze bust in the photo…
…is described on the accompanying plaque as …
the only exact copy of the "American Aviator" in the 1992 memorial at Stalag Luft IV, the WWII prison camp for enlisted American airmen in Poland. Wujek used a photograph of Joseph O'Donnell, a POW at Stalag Luft IV, as his model. At the 2006 dedication of the site as a Polish War Memorial, Wujek gave this bust to former POW Walter Grotz. It took Grotz five years to make the necessary import arrangements, and in 2011 he delivered the bust to this museum which will be its permanent home. Wujek presented it on behalf of the people of the Pomerania region of Poland as a Thank You to Eighth Air Force Veterans, all Veterans and the people of the United States.
Note: The POW from whom the American Aviator was modeled, Joseph O'Donnell, was the author of the series of "The Shoe Leather Express" books.
My father, George Edwin Farrar, was one of the American aviators imprisoned at Stalag Luft IV during WWII, and so this particular work of Zygmunt Wujek has special significance to me.
I have not been to the site of Stalag Luft IV to see the remains of the prison camp or the memorial erected there, but seeing and touching this memorial to all the men with whom my dad shared this part of his past sends waves of emotion though me. I am thrilled that we have such a monument on American soil to remind us what these men sacrificed for us so many years ago.
Next year, 2020, will be the seventy-fifth anniversary of the march of prisoners out of Stalag Luft IV. Plans are in the works to mark the anniversary at the memorial site and across Germany following part of the path of the march. I know Zygmunt would have taken part, but sadly Zygmunt Wujek died on December 22, 2018.
Zygmunt's obituary shared the following information:
On Saturday (22 December [2018]), a sad news came. At the age of 80, Zygmunt Wujek, a sculptor from Koszalin, a medalist, painter and draftsman and a social activist died. He became famous as the author of over two hundred monuments, including Jan Stawisiński, Victims of Bolshevism, General Władysław Anders and Martyrdom of the Polish Nation.
Zygmunt was born on September 22, 1938 in Rawicz, Poland. He studied sculpture at the State Higher School of Fine Arts (currently the Academy of Fine Arts) in Poznań. In the capital of Wielkopolska he was a participant in the demonstration of support for the workers' protest in June 1956. He worked as an instructor at the Youth Culture Center in Poznań, but in 1965 he came to Koszalin. Here he was a teacher at the Technical School of Building, and later a sculpture teacher at the State High School of Fine Arts and a lecturer at the Design Institute of the Koszalin University of Technology. He was an activist of the Union of Polish Visual Artists. Awarded many times, including decorated with the Gold Cross of Merit, the Mater Verbi Medal and the West Pomeranian Griffin.
The news about the artist's death is a huge loss for the Koszalin culture and a surprise for a group of his friends, because Zygmunt Wujek, who was still active, had many plans for the next year.
A more complete biography is included Zygmunt's full (translated) obituary here.
But something is missing from this summary of Zygmunt's life. What formed the man is not the list of his accomplishments, but the impressions that formed in his young mind when he was growing up in Poland.
Zygmunt was born during a terrible time in the world, during the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. Barely over a month following Zygmunt's birth, over 15,000 Polish Jews living in Germany were expelled without warning. They were loaded in boxcars and dumped at the Polish border. Weeks later, the Nazis coordinated widespread attacks on Jews throughout Germany in an event call Kristallnacht – the Night of Broken Glass.
Shortly before Zygmunt's first birthday, the Nazis invaded Poland, initiating WWII in Europe. Britain and France demanded Germany withdraw its troops, but instead the Luftwaffe raided Warsaw. In September of 1939, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand all declared war on Germany. Before the end of the month, Warsaw surrendered to the Nazis.
In the early years of Zygmunt Wujek's life, his country was under Nazi occupation. Concentration camps arrived and the extermination of Jews began. Stalag Luft IV opened in May 1944 for the imprisonment of captured allied enlisted airmen.
On January 17, 1945, with Zygmunt only six years old, Soviet troops captured and liberated Warsaw from Nazi control. On the 26th, the Soviets liberated the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. On February 6, with the Russian Army approaching, the POWs of Stalag Luft IV were made to gather their belongings and march from the camp, beginning their eighty-six day odyssey out of Poland and across Germany.
Until VE (Victory in Europe) Day, May 8, 1945, Zygmunt Wujek had known nothing but war in his life, but now at school age, those terrible times would become memories, but memories that would last a lifetime.
It is impossible to think of the memorial at Stalag Luft IV without remembering Zygmunt Wujek. Though he will be greatly missed by family and friends, including the daughters of Stalag Luft IV, his memory will live on through his works of art, and especially for me, his memorial sculpture for the airmen of Stalag Luft IV and the American Aviator.
The Shoe Leather Express
January 16, 2019 7:00 AM / 2 Comments on The Shoe Leather Express
Seventy-four years ago, near the end of WWII, with Allied forces advancing from the west and the Soviet Red Army advancing from the east, the Nazis began a series of forced marches of prisoners out of their prisoner of war camps. There is no definitive answer as to why the prisoners were marched from the camps or what the Nazis planned for them in the end. One theory is that the prisoners were marched out of the camps simply to delay their liberation.
By the end of January 1945, the plan to march allied prisoners out of Stalag Luft IV and away from liberation by the Soviet Red Army was ready to begin. The winter of 1945 was one of Germany's coldest on record with blizzard conditions. The prisoners of Stalag Luft IV, the POW camp in which Dad was held prisoner, were ill-equipped for a march in such weather. They had been underfed and were not clothed properly for the conditions.
On February 6, 1945 the march out of Stalag Luft IV began. With just a few hours notice to prepare to march out of the camp, the prisoners scrambled to gather what they could.
The prisoners did not know where they were going or how long they would be on the road. The march out of Stalag Luft IV has been given many names – the Death March, the Black March, and even the Shoe Leather Express. Most of those that survived just called it "The March". My dad, George Edwin Farrar, usually called it the "Forced March" when he told me stories of sleeping in the hay and stealing a chicken for food.
Many books have been written about the 86-day 500-mile march of Stalag Luft IV prisoners. The best book on the subject is the original The Shoe Leather Express by Joseph P. O'Donnell. Joe was Stalag Luft IV POW 1414 and experienced the prison camp and the march firsthand. Joe wrote a series of six books on the subject of POWs, with the first book of the Shoe Leather Express series subtitled The Evacuation of Kriegsgefangenen Lager Stalag Luft IV Deutschland Germany.
The complete list of the Shoe Leather Express books is as follows:
Book 1: The Shoe Leather Express, The Evacuation of Kriegsgefangenen Lager Stalag Luft IV Deutschland Germany
Book 2: The Shoe Leather Express Book II, Luftgangsters Marching Across Germany, A Potpourri of Prisoner of War Experiences in Nazi Germany During World War II
Book 3: The Pangs of the Thorn, Book III of The Shoe Leather Express, A Collection of True Stories of Prisoners of War in Japan and Nazi Germany WWII
Book 4: A History of Stalag Luft IV, May 1944 – February 1945, Book IV of The Shoe Leather Express
Book 5: And Then We Came Upon A Time of Great Rewarding, A Time of Remembrance, A Collection of Prayers and Poems for and by Prisoners of War
Book 6: Talent Behind Barbed Wire, A Collection of Sketches and Cartoons of Prisoner of War Life
The harsh conditions of the march from Stalag Luft IV and treatment of the POWs is not well known. The march itself is rarely a topic of discussion in the subject of WWII history. But that needs to change. February 6, 2020 will mark the 75th Anniversary of the start of the Black March, and this event from history should be recognized and remembered.
The 50th Anniversary of the Forced March was commemorated in the Congressional Record. On May 8, 1995, in the First Session of the 104th Congress, John William Warner entered the commemoration into the 141st Congressional Record (S6237). It may be read here in one of my past posts.
As for Joseph O'Donnell's Shoe Leather Express books, they are out of print and hard to find through used book sources, but the preface and first two chapters of the original Book I may be read online courtesy of Joseph O'Donnell and Gregory Hatton here.
Candy Kyler Brown, daughter of Stalag Luft IV POW John R. Kyler kindly provided me with the titles of all the books in Joseph O'Donnell's The Shoe Leather Express series. Candy began researching her father's WWII and POW experiences long before I began researching mine and has produced both a website and book with must-read information for anyone interested in learning more about the WWII POW experience.
Candy's book, What I Never Told You: A Daughter Traces The Wartime Imprisonment Of Her Father, is available on Amazon.
Candy's website, Remember History, offers a wealth of information about her father and about her friend, Joseph O'Donnell, and his POW experiences.
As Candy and I and other sons and daughters of Stalag Luft IV POWs have learned, it all starts with an inquisitive mind and a desire to know the truth about our fathers' captivity during WWII. Don't let this important part of our country's history and your family's history be lost to the past.
Learn everything you can by reading published books and personal accounts published online. Search for your own family WWII-era letters and photos long packed away.
If you're lucky enough to have a living father, grandfather, or uncle in his mid-90's, ask him if he served in WWII. Ask about his war service and learn everything you can from him. If he is a former prisoner of war, find out everything you can about his POW experience. Record it. Share it with the world or just share it with future generations of your family.
We must not forget their service and we must not forget their sacrifice. Remember and make these men proud.
Preface and first two chapters of The Shoe Leather Express Book I
What I Never Told You: A Daughter Traces The Wartime Imprisonment Of Her Father by Candy Kyler Brown
Candy Kyler Brown's website, Remember History
The 50th Anniversary of the Forced March commemorated in the Congressional Record
Laurie Newbold of Belton, Leicestershire, England
First, a recap…
In August, I wrote about an aspect of the WWII Black March of prisoners of war of Stalag Luft IV, the Combine. My father, George Edwin Farrar, who was a waist gunner in the 384th Bomb Group based in Grafton Underwood, England, was one of the prisoners on the March. Dad's B-17 went down on September 28, 1944 and after a lengthy hospital stay, he was placed in Stalag Luft IV around Thanksgiving.
I have found that when the prisoners of Stalag Luft IV were marched out of the prison camp on February 6, 1945, Dad, RAF airman Laurie Newbold, and 351st Bomb Group waist gunner Cecil McWhorter likely made up a three-man combine. I learned of these men through a letter Laurie Newbold sent Dad on July 15, 1946.
I wanted to know more about the two men my dad spent his darkest days with in the prison camp and on the March. I have already researched and written about the man I learned was "Old Mac Whorter." He was Cecil Carlton McWhorter and you can read more about him in these previous posts, Cecil Carlton McWhorter –
…End of recap
My search for Laurie Newbold began with his letter. I had his address, 6 Forest View Cottages, Belton, NR Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. Belton is a parish, or small village, in the district of North West Leicestershire in England. A Google Maps search today does not find "6 Forest View Cottages" in Belton.
I learned a few other things from the letter. Laurie was married and his wife's father ran the local pub. Laurie had one son before his war service. And after he returned home from the war, he had a second son.
In an internet search, I recently found a pub in Belton called "The Queen's Head Pub."
Queen's Head Pub in Belton
The Queen's Head Pub in Belton, Leicestershire has been a village pub for over 200 years. The building is a historic coaching inn which was built in the 1700's. It has been a pub since 1800. Now it is a restaurant with a bar and accommodations. The Queen's Head is situated in the center of the village facing the square. The pub is located at 2 Long Street, Belton, Loughborough, LE12 9TP.
I e-mailed the pub and quickly received a response from Jo Newby, General Manager of the Queen's Head. Jo did some checking and discovered that I had the correct Belton, England (there are two), but possibly not the right pub. Jo said that there were once two pubs in Belton. The other, the George Hotel, is no longer there, but she thinks it was the George which Laurie Newbold's father-in-law ran.
Jo found a few folks who remember Lawrence (Laurie) Newbold. A couple of Jo Newby's regulars at the Queen's Head, Barry and Mary-Jean, know a lot about Laurie. He was Mary-Jean's uncle and they lived next door to him. Laurie Newbold had three children, Michael, Stephen, and Janice. Laurie has passed away and so have Michael and Janice. But Stephen is still alive and lives in the adjacent village of Long Whatton.
Jo found an interesting photo hanging on a wall of the Queen's Head Pub. It is a picture of Laurie Newbold and the Long Whatton and Belton Home Guard. In the photo, Laurie Newbold is standing second from left in the second from top row. I have circled him in the photo.
Lawrence Newbold, second from left in the second from top row
Long Whatton and Belton Home Guard
Photo courtesy of Jo Newby
More internet searches revealed that L.E. (Laurie) Newbold was a Sergeant in the RAF, in the No. 50 Squadron of Bomber Command. He became a POW on March 18, 1944 when his Avro Lancaster #ED-308 went down on a mission to Frankfurt.
The No. 50 Squadron flew out of RAF Skellingthorpe in Lincoln, England, from November 26,1941 to June 20, 1942 and October 17, 1942 to June 15, 1945. Skellingthorpe was about seventy miles north of Grafton Underwood (where my dad was stationed) and Polebrook (where Cecil McWhorter was stationed).
The Back to Normandy website has a photo of ED-308 and some information about the March 18/19 mission. The site's publisher, Fred Vogels, wrote,
On Saturday, 18 March 1944, (a part of) the aircraft of the 50 squadron (RAF), took off for a mission to Frankfurt in Germany from a station (airfield) in or near Skellingthorpe.
One of the crew members was Flight Sergeant H J Rouse. He departed for his mission at 19:15.
He flew with a Avro Lancaster (type I, with serial ED308 and code VN-J). His mission and of the other crew members was planned for Sunday, 19 March 1944.
I found a list of the crew aboard ED-308 on March 18, 1944 on the UK's National Archives website. Once the page opens, scroll down and click Preview an image of this record. Select Image 12 and then go to full screen. About halfway down the page, you will see 18/19 March 1944 in the left column. Zooming in helps immensely. You can view the crew listing and comments even though viewing is obstructed by a water mark. The pilot's last name is Miller, and fourth line down on Miller's crew is Sgt. L.E. Newbold.
The Sortie notes state: Bombing Attack on Frankfurt. Aircraft Missing – no signal received.
I'm happy to have learned more about Laurie Newbold and have a photo of him thanks to Jo Newby. Perhaps someday Stephen Newbold and I will be able to meet face to face. I think that if I can look directly into his eyes, I will be able to see the ghost of his father and he will be able to see the ghost of mine, how they appeared seventy-four years ago when they helped each other survive what was probably the most fearful time in their lives, and watched each other waste away from lack of food, illness, and other hardships of marching across Germany, not knowing if they would live to ever see their families again. Stephen Newbold, this is our shared history. The history of our fathers, two survivors of WWII.
Cecil Carlton McWhorter, Part 3 of 3
Cecil Carlton McWhorter, continued..
In my search for Cecil Carlton McWhorter and descendants, I also turned to Ancestry.com for personal information.
Cecil was born in Olney, Texas on March 4, 1918. His birth year explains why Laurie Newbold considered Cecil McWhorter "old." Cecil would have been twenty-seven years old in 1945. Most of the men who made up WWII air crews were in their late teens and early twenties.
In 1930, the United States Census reported that the McWhorter family lived in Throckmorton County, Texas. Cecil's father was Isaac McWhorter, 51 years old, and was a farmer. Isaac was born in Kentucky as was his father. Isaac's mother was born in Tennessee. Cecil's mother was Susan Cloyd McWhorter. She was born in Kentucky as was her mother. Her father was born in Tennessee. Susan was 41 years old in 1930. She and Isaac had been married for 23 years.
Isaac and Susan McWhorter had 5 children living at home in 1930. Albert was 20, Cecil was 12, Martha Dee was 10, Louis Winston was 6, and Eldon Cloyd was 2 1/2. They also had an older daughter, Francis, who was 22 and no longer living at home.
Shortly before being shipped overseas, on May 6, 1944, at age 26, Cecil Carlton McWhorter married Martha Elizabeth Rohner in Highlands County, Florida. At the time, he listed his address as the 399th Bomb Squadron of the 88th Bomb Group, stationed at Avon Park Army Air Field. He listed his occupation as S/Sgt., U.S. Army. Martha's age was listed as 27, birthplace East Bernstadt, Kentucky.
Oddly, it was Cecil's marriage license that revealed how and where Cecil served in WWII before he was assigned to the 351st Bomb Group. The 88th Bomb Group was a training unit that was part of the 2nd and 3rd Air Forces and was based in Avon Park, Florida. It was inactivated on May 1, 1944, just five days before Cecil married Martha. They must have married knowing Cecil would soon be going overseas, leaving Martha behind. She must have worried greatly about her new husband when he was first declared missing in action and then prisoner of war.
Between 1956 and 1958, Cecil and Martha must have divorced. They are listed as husband and wife in the 1956 Louisville, Kentucky city directory. Cecil worked in the lab at Ford Motors and they lived at 1353 Lillian. In the 1958 directory, Cecil's wife is listed as Ethel L., and the couple lived at 1207 West Market. Cecil was employed as a Trimmer for Ford Motors. Cecil must have been 39 or 40 years old when he remarried in 1957 or 1958.
Cecil Carlton McWhorter died on February 10, 1965 in Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky at age 46 of pancreatic cancer, of which he had been suffering for ten months. On his death certificate, his occupation was listed as Assembler for the Ford Motor Company. His wife was listed as Mrs. Ethel McWhorter. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky.
Cecil's first wife, Martha Rohner, died March 21, 2010 in Louisville at the age of 93. The last name "McWhorter" was not included in her obituary title, leading me to believe that she and Cecil had indeed divorced. However, there was mention that she was preceded in death by her husband, Cecil [McWhorter]. Survivors listed in her obituary included nieces, nephews, great-nieces and great-nephews, but no children.
I cannot find an obituary, death record, or current address listing for Cecil's second wife, Ethel L. McWhorter. An obituary usually reveals whether a person had any children or not. Cecil and Martha apparently didn't have children, but I don't know if he and Ethel did. They were married for seven or eight years before he died, so could have.
When I visited the NPRC (National Personnel Records Center) in St. Louis, Missouri, I reviewed Cecil McWhorter's military record. Unfortunately, Cecil's record was destroyed in the fire of 1973, or at least most of his record. The only document it contained was Cecil's Final Payment Roll dated August 25, 1945.
As far as I know, on Black March Liberation Day, May 2, 1945, Dad, Laurie Newbold, and Cecil McWhorter finished their march across Germany together. The column of prisoners of which these three were a combine had been on the road marching since February 6, eighty-six days and five hundred miles. They endured so much together, but I don't believe that they ever saw each other again for the remainder of their lives. I would like to find their children to share the knowledge of the bond our fathers had almost seventy-five years ago with the next generation.
If you are a relative of 351st Bomb Group waist gunner Cecil C. McWhorter or RAF airman Laurie Newbold, please Contact Me.
August 29, 2018 7:00 AM / Leave a comment
Cecil Carlton McWhorter, continued…
On his final mission, Cecil McWhorter was left waist gunner on the Charles E. Cregar, Jr. crew of the 511th Bomb Squadron of the 351st Bomb Group on the October 3, 1944 Mission #213 to the Nuremburg Railroad Marshaling Yards. They were aboard B-17G 43-38518, which was a new ship assigned to the 511st Bomb Squad/351st Bomb Group less than two weeks before on September 21 according to Dave Osborne's B-17 Fortress Master Log. Cecil was on his twelfth mission with the 351st.
On October 3, 1944 the Cregar crew consisted of:
Pilot, 1st Lt Charles E. Cregar, Jr., SN O-1043908
Co-pilot, 2nd Lt Sanford N. Groendyke, SN O-819086
Navigator, F/O James D. Timmie, SN T-124869
Bombardier, 1st Lt John F. Dwyer, SN O-1283565
Top Turret Gunner/Engineer, T/Sgt Edward L. Huth, SN 32447653
Radio Operator, S/Sgt Elwood A. (Ziggy) Zigenfus, Jr., SN 13152369
Left Waist Gunner, S/Sgt Cecil C. McWhorter, SN 6285927
Ball Turret Gunner, S/Sgt Charles E. Weller, SN 35263548
Tail Gunner, S/Sgt Thomas W. Richardson, SN 15195066
All on board were taken prisoner of war with the exception of bombardier John F. Dwyer, who lost his life on that mission.
The details of MIssing Air Crew Report 9358 (MACR9358) explain what happened on October 3, 1944 to the Cregar crew.
According to witnesses from other aircraft in the formation, the Cregar crew's 43-38518 left the formation at 1150 hours under control for causes unknown. Pilot Donald Hadley noticed that Lt. Cregar's plane failed to turn with the formation coming off the target. Hadley reported no visible signs of damage and all four engines turning. There were no fighters in the area, but there was moderate flak. Cregar never caught up with the formation and descended under control out of sight. Hadley saw no parachutes and heard no radio call from 43-38518.
Another witness, tail gunner Jack Tucker, reported much the same as Donald Hadley, adding that as the plane left the formation, it began to lose altitude and traveled in an easterly direction. He saw nothing to indicate that Cregar's plane was damaged and the last he saw of them, they were flying at about 8500 feet (descending from their flying altitude of 25,500 feet).
Either Hadley or Tucker later added that thirty minutes after the aircraft left the formation, the pilot was heard to call for fighter support over VHF.
According to Individual Casualty Questionnaires included within the Missing Air Crew Report, just after Bombardier John Dwyer released the bombs and was observing the results, he was hit by flak and killed. One of the responders to the questionnaire (probably the navigator James Timmie, who would have been in the nose of the B-17 with Dwyer) reported,
The first shell burst about ten feet in front of the nose slightly to the right. A small fragment entered his head thru his steel helmet, earphone, and skull and started profuse bleeding. I administered firstaid to no avail and in a few minutes he was dead. His body was left with the plane, which did not burn, when last seen.
The pilot left formation in an attempt to fly the badly damaged ship to Switzerland.
The radio operator, Elwood Zigenfus, and tail gunner, Thomas Richardson, both reported that the pilot and co-pilot remained at the controls while the rest of the crew, with the exception of bombardier John Dwyer who was dead in the nose of the ship, assumed ditching positions in the radio room.
None of the men bailed out of the ship, but instead rode it down to a crash landing. The men reported that the ship struck the ground using various landmarks:
At Stellman (300 m west) 12 km west of Donauwoerth at 1230 hours
10 miles south of Ulm
Near Dilligen, Germany
Near Elms, Germany
At the small village of Stattinham
Bombardier John F. Dwyer (born September 10, 1918) was found dead in the aircraft after the emergency landing. His date and place of death were listed as October 3, 1944 in Stillnau at Leipheim/Donau. His initial date and place of interment were October 7, 1944 at Leipheim/Donau town cemetery.
One of the crew said that the German guards reported that Dwyer was given a military funeral near where the ship went down, a small town named Dillingen. According to Findagrave.com, Dwyer was later re-interred at Lorraine American Cemetery and Memorial at Saint-Avold, Department de la Moselle, Lorraine, France.
The pilot, Charles Cregar, summarized with:
The target was RR Yards in Marsburg. They were at the target at 11:55 a.m. at an altitude of 26,000 feet. They left the formation at the first turn off the target. He didn't bail out nor did any of the other members of the crew. He wrote:
All members of crew remained in the plane until we crash landed. One member was killed by the flak burst which knocked out our four engines. All other members uninjured then or in the crash landing that followed.
A German interrogator informed me voluntarily that Lt. Dwyer had been buried in Leipheim, "with full military honors just as if he had been a German officer."
On pilot Charles Cregar's page on the American Air Museum in Britain website, his son wrote about memories of his dad, in part,
Dad would never discuss the war, Mom said it brought up terrible memories. He regretted the death of his one crew member, and never discussed POW with anyone…Dad had fun, enjoyed friends including Ernie Kovacs (TV comedian), who was a childhood friend and Ziggy (from the flight crew). Never would eat potato soup or cabbage, apparently a POW thing.
Bombardier John Dwyer's page includes a photo and notes,
John Dwyer, 351st Bomb Group
Killed in Action (KIA) Crashed near Stellnau in B-17 4338518.
Lt. Dwyer was a member of the International Guards before Pearl Harbor and first served with the Infantry, then being transferred to the air corps. He received his training at Santa Anna, Cal., Las Vegas, Nev., Carlsbad, NM, and Avon Park, Fla.
He was overseas from July 1944, and had completed twelve missions. Lt. Dwyer received the Presidential Group Citation and a posthumous Purple Heart.
Tail gunner Thomas Richardson's page includes a photo,
Thomas Richardson, 351st Bomb Group
Pages for the remainder of the crew, including Cecil McWhorter, do not include any additional information or photos.
Thank you to 384th Bomb Group researcher Keith Ellefson for getting me a copy of Missing Air Crew Report 9358.
If you are a relative of 351st Bomb Group waist gunner Cecil C. McWhorter, or others on the Charles Cregar crew, or RAF airman Laurie Newbold, please Contact Me.


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