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Nautica Rewards Terms & Conditions
By registering to become a member (a "Member" or "you" or "your") of Nautica Rewards ("Nautica Rewards" or the "Program") and by participating in the Program, you (i) represent that you are 18 years of age or older and a resident of the United States, and (ii) agree to the following Program Terms and Conditions (these "Terms"), as well as the other rules, policies, and procedures of the Program posted or otherwise provided by us. Nautica Rewards is sponsored by Nautica Retail USA, Inc. ("Nautica"). Capitalized terms have the meaning specified in these Terms.
1. Nautica Rewards Overview
When you join Nautica Rewards, it allows you to earn points on your Qualifying Purchases at Nautica stores that are owned and operated by Nautica Retail USA, Inc. in the United States ("Nautica Stores"), as well as online at Nautica.com. Points are earned on an annual basis from January 1 to December 31 ("Program Year"). There are three "Rewards Cycles" in each Program Year (January 1 - April 30; May 1 - August 31; and September 1 - December 31). At the end of a Rewards Cycle, Members earning sufficient Points, as described below, will earn Rewards Certificates for that Rewards Cycle.
2. Membership
A. Eligibility: You must be at least 18 years of age and a resident of the United States to become a Member. Employees of Aero OpCo brands and individuals receiving a discount or free product to represent an Aero OpCo brand are not eligible to join Nautica Rewards.
B. How to Join: You may register to become a Nautica Rewards Member two different ways:
Online at NauticaRewards.com by creating a Rewards Account and indicating that you want to be a Nautica Rewards Member. Once you've created your Rewards Account, you will: earn Points on all Qualifying Purchases at Nautica Stores in the United States and on all Qualifying Purchases made at Nautica.com, be able to access your Member account balance, and view/print your Rewards Certificates to use for redemption. You will also be signing up to receive Program emails and Member Rewards Offers as well as general marketing emails.
At any Nautica Store in the United States by providing your first name, last name, and email address to sign up to be a Member. When you register at a Nautica store, you will accrue Points towards earning Rewards Certificates (as described below). You will also be signing up to receive Program emails and Member Rewards Offers as well as general marketing emails. You will receive a welcome email containing a link to these Terms and a temporary password for your Rewards Account online. It will be necessary for you to establish an online Rewards Account to view and print any Rewards Certificates you have earned and to access your Member points account balance. As described in these Terms and Conditions, once you have earned enough Points to qualify for a Rewards Certificate, Nautica will send you an email advisory at the end of the Rewards Cycle and you can then print your Rewards Certificates through your Rewards Account.
C. Creating Your Rewards Account Password: When setting up your Nautica Rewards Account, it is important that you create a complex password and that you ensure that you do not share your password with others. Both of these measures are your responsibility.
D. Updating Information: You are responsible for providing the correct email address to receive Rewards Certificates by email and to ensure proper accounting of Points. As a result, each Member is responsible for maintaining accurate and updated personal information, including your email address. You may update your personal information for your Rewards Account online at NauticaRewards.com.
E. Mobile Marketing Messages: During enrollment at NauticaRewards.com or while updating your Account Information, you may opt in to receiving marketing messages to your mobile phone as part of our Nautica Alerts program. You agree that the mobile telephone number that you use to enroll in Nautica Alerts is registered in your name, that you are the subscriber or non-subscriber customary user of the mobile telephone, that you have not and will not initiate Nautica Alerts for any mobile telephone that you do not own or control, and that you will update the mobile telephone number if it should change. If you elect to opt in to receiving mobile marketing messages, you consent to receive up to 6 marketing mobile messages per month from Nautica via automated technology to the mobile number provided. Signing up to receive Nautica Alerts is not a condition of purchasing any goods or services. Message and data rates may apply from your carrier. See full mobile marketing Terms and Conditions.
F. Membership Expiration:
Expiration: Any Rewards Account with no "Qualifying Purchase" (as defined below) for more than two (2) full Program Years will be deemed an Expired Account.
Expired Accounts: If a Rewards Account becomes an Expired Account, the Rewards Account will be terminated. Because unused Points expire at the end of each Program Year and Rewards Certificates expire 60 days after the conclusion of the Rewards Cycle in which they were earned, there will be no Points or Rewards Certificates in an Expired Account at the time of termination of an Expired Account.
3. Earning Points and Obtaining Your Rewards Certificates
A. Make Qualifying Purchases in the United States at Nautica Stores and online at Nautica.com to earn Points towards Rewards Certificates in each Rewards Cycle during a Program Year. Your Rewards Certificates can be used towards the purchase of merchandise (including taxes, shipping and delivery charges, gift boxes or wrapping) at Nautica Stores in the United States or online at Nautica.com. Rewards Certificates are earned as follows:
Except as otherwise provided below, earn one (1) Point for every U.S. Dollar spent on any eligible product that is purchased (a "Qualifying Purchase", as further described below).
"Qualifying Purchase(s)" include both regular and sale priced merchandise in Nautica Stores in the United States or online at Nautica.com. Purchases made at Nautica.com will accrue Points when the item(s) ship, not at the time the order is placed. No Points are earned when purchasing Gift Cards from Nautica, but you do earn Points when redeeming a Gift Card at Nautica stores in the United States or online at Nautica.com towards the purchase of regular or sale priced merchandise. In addition, no Points are earned for:
Payment of any form of sales tax, shipping charges, gift boxes or wrapping.
Any purchases of Nautica products (1) at Nautica Stores outside of the United States, (2) at other retailers that sell Nautica products, or (3) on websites other than Nautica.com.
Earn $10 in Rewards Certificate benefits for every 200 Points earned in a Rewards Cycle; however the maximum Rewards Certificate benefit that may be earned in any one Rewards Cycle is $50 (or 1,000 points). Any Points earned in excess of 1,000 Points in each of the first two (January 1 - April 30 and May 1 - August 31) Rewards Cycles will carry over into the subsequent (May 1 - August 31 or September 1 - December 31) Rewards Cycle. For the final (September 1 - December 31) Rewards Cycle, Rewards Certificates will be issued in your Account up to the 1,000 Point limit, however, any Points in excess of 1,000 Points will be "zeroed out" and not carry over into the subsequent Program Year (thus, will not carry over to the January 1 - April 30 Rewards Cycle).
Rewards Certificates have to be used within 60 days of the end of the Rewards Cycle in which the Points were earned, after which the Rewards Certificate will expire ("Certificate Use Period").
Provided the Rewards Certificate is used during the Certificate Use Period, it may be used multiple times until the balance has been used.
Any refunds or store credits received for the returns of merchandise after purchase will result in the corresponding Points to be deducted from your Rewards Account. Refunds or store credits received in a Rewards Cycle occurring after the Qualifying Purchase was made will be deducted from your Rewards Account in the Rewards Cycle in which you receive the refund or store credit.
You will receive an email notice of the availability of a Rewards Certificates (based on your Points total and the Points accrual rules described in these Terms) shortly after each Rewards Cycle ends. Your earned Rewards Certificate will be posted in your Rewards Account, and you can then access your Account to print the Rewards Certificate for use as described in these Terms.
If you have opted in to receiving mobile marketing messages, you may also receive texts alerting you that you have earned a Rewards Certificate.
For the January 1 - April 30 and May 1 - August 31 Rewards Cycles only: if you have less than 200 Points left over in those Rewards Cycles (including points that exceed the 1,000 point limit), those Points will carry over to the following Rewards Cycle and count towards earning Rewards Certificates in the following Rewards Cycle.
For the September 1 - December 31 Rewards Cycle only: Any Points under 200 remaining in your Rewards Account cannot accrue towards Rewards Certificate benefits and will not carry over into the subsequent Program Year (thus, will not carry over to the January 1 - April 30 Rewards Cycle); all Rewards Account Points will be "zeroed out" starting on January 1.
EXAMPLE: You spent $550 US Dollars in Qualifying Purchases in the January 1 - April 30 Rewards Cycle. Assuming you had no merchandise returns for store credit or refund in that Rewards Cycle, 400 Points will count towards a $20 Rewards Certificate benefit. 150 Points will carry over into the May 1 - August 31 Rewards Cycle.
EXAMPLE: You started the May 1 - August 31 Rewards Cycle with 150 Points and then spent $600 US Dollars in additional Qualifying Purchases in that Rewards Cycle, giving you 750 earned Points. However, you also returned $300 US Dollars of merchandise for refund in that Rewards Cycle, which are deducted from your 750 earned Points. You now have 450 earned Points. 400 Points will be applied towards your $20 Rewards Certificate benefits. 50 Points will then carryover into the September 1-December 31 Rewards Cycle.
EXAMPLE: You started the September 1 - December 31 Rewards Cycle with 50 Points and spent an additional $525 US Dollars in Qualifying Purchases during that Rewards Cycle. You had no merchandise returns for store credit or refund, so no Points are deducted, so you have a total of 575 Points for the Rewards Cycle. 400 Points will be applied towards your $20 Rewards Certificate benefits. You'll lose the remaining 175 Points on January 1 (the next Program Year) and you'll start the following January 1 - April 30 Rewards Cycle with a balance of 0 Points.
EXAMPLE: You spent $1,100 US Dollars in Qualifying Purchases in the January 1 - April 30 Rewards Cycle, with no merchandise returns, giving you 1,100 Points. 1,000 Points will be applied towards the maximum of $50 in Rewards Certificate benefits for that Rewards Cycle, and you will carry over 100 Points into the May 1 - August 31 Rewards Cycle. Assume you make no Qualifying Purchases or merchandise returns in the May 1 - August 31 Rewards Cycle. You then spend $1,250 US Dollars in Qualifying Purchases in the September 1 - December 31 Rewards Cycle. Assuming you don't return any merchandise for credit, your Account will have 1,350 Points (100 Points that is carried over from May 1 - August 31 Rewards Cycle, plus an additional 1,250 Points earned in the September 1 - December 31 Rewards Cycle). 1,000 Points will be applied towards your maximum $50 in Rewards Certificate benefits. The remaining 350 Points will be "zeroed out" on January 1 (the next Program Year), and you'll start the following January 1 - April 30 Rewards Cycle with a balance of 0 Points.
B. To log a Qualifying Purchase to your Nautica Rewards Account, you must provide at the time of purchase the email address that you used to become a Member when setting up your Rewards Account. Providing your email address at the point of checkout is unrelated to acceptance of a credit card transaction. If for some reason you did not provide your email address at the time of purchase, you may call Customer Service at 866.376.4184, or submit your request electronically at Contact Us page. Upon verification by Customer Service of your Qualifying Purchase and that you did not previously receive Points for that purchase, the Points associated with your Qualifying Purchase will be recognized in your Rewards Account.
B. To log a Qualifying Purchase to your Nautica Rewards Account, you must provide at the time of purchase the email address that you used to become a Member when setting up your Rewards Account. Providing your email address at the point of checkout is unrelated to acceptance of a credit card transaction. If for some reason you did not provide your email address at the time of purchase, you may call Customer Service at 866.376.4184, or submit your request electronically at https://www.nautica.com/on/demandware.store/Sites-nau-Site/default/CustomerService-ContactUs. Upon verification by Customer Service of your Qualifying Purchase and that you did not previously receive Points for that purchase, the Points associated with your Qualifying Purchase will be recognized in your Rewards Account.
C. Any returns of merchandise may result in a "negative" Points balance if there are not sufficient Points in the Account balance to fully deduct the return. However, negative Points balances remaining at the end of the Program Year will be "zeroed out" at the beginning of the subsequent Program Year.
EXAMPLE: You are in the May 1 - August 31 Rewards Cycle and have 160 Points. You return $300 US Dollars of merchandise for store credit. 300 Points are deducted from your Rewards Account and you now have a negative balance of -140 Points. Unless you make additional Qualifying Purchases of more than $140 US Dollars in the current Program Year, your Rewards Account will have a negative Point balance until it is "zeroed out" in the following Program Year.
D. Points have no cash value. Also, points are personal to you. You cannot give or transfer your points to anyone else.
It may take up to five (5) days for your Qualifying Purchases to appear online at your Rewards Account at NauticaRewards.com.
You will receive an email notification of the availability of your Rewards Certificates (based on your Points total as well as the Points accrual rules described in these Terms) shortly after each Rewards Cycle ends. You can then log-in to your Program Rewards Account to print your Rewards Certificate. If you have opted in to receiving mobile marketing messages, you may also receive texts alerting you that you have earned a Rewards Certificate. Remember: Rewards Certificates must be used within 60 days after the end of the Rewards Cycle in which the Rewards Certificate was earned, after which the Rewards Certificate will expire.
EXAMPLE: Your Rewards Certificate is issued (i.e., posted in your Rewards Account) on May 5. You have until June 29 to use the Rewards Certificate, which is 60 days after April 30 (the end of the Rewards Cycle where the Rewards Certificate was earned). If you try to use it on June 30, 61 days after April 30, it will already be expired.
Reward Certificates may not be used (i) at Nautica Stores outside of the United States, (ii) at other retailers or stores that sell Nautica products, or (iii) on any other websites other than Nautica.com.
Rewards Certificates are promotional items for Members of the Nautica Rewards program and are not gift cards of Nautica.
Each Nautica Rewards Certificate will contain a unique code that may be used to redeem the Rewards Certificate at Nautica Stores in the United States or at Nautica.com. If using at a Nautica store, at the time of purchase, you'll be asked by the store associate to input the unique code associated with your Rewards Certificate onto the pinpad during checkout. Similarly, if using at Nautica.com, you'll input the code during online checkout.
Rewards Certificates may be redeemed at the same time as using Nautica coupons, certificates, discounts, gift cards, or offers toward the purchase of products. Rewards Certificates have no cash value, are not redeemable for cash, and are not transferable. REMEMBER, Rewards Certificate benefits must be used during the Certificate Use Period or the value will expire. No change/currency will be given for any portion of a Rewards Certificate redemption.
EXAMPLE: You would like to purchase a $45 item at a Nautica Factory store and would like to use your $50 in Rewards Certificate benefits. The Rewards Certificate benefits will be debited for the $45, but you must use the remaining $5 during the Certificate Use Period (60 days) or the unused $5 will be forfeited.
If lost or stolen, the code on your Rewards Certificate may be used by anyone, and you are solely responsible for protecting it from unauthorized use. If the unique code for the Rewards Certificate that was assigned to your Nautica Rewards account is used in a manner that was not authorized by you, or is lost or stolen, Nautica will not replace the Rewards Certificate.
E. Nautica reserves the right to offer additional Program benefits or decline to offer certain benefits at any time in its sole discretion, with or without notice to you. This could include making bonus points and other promotional offers available to select Members based on purchase activity, geographic location, Program participation, or other information supplied by the Member. Provided, however, once a Rewards Certificate is issued, it will remain available for redemption during the Certificate Use Period. Further, if Nautica intends to make a material change to the value of the Program Points or Rewards Certificates that can be earned or when Rewards Certificates can be used, it will notify Members at the beginning of the Rewards Cycle preceding the Rewards Cycle in which the material change takes effect.
EXAMPLE: If Nautica decided that it would now take 300 points to earn a $10 Rewards Certificate, it would notify Members on January 1 that such change would take effect on May 1.
F. Nautica Rewards Members may also have early access to special events and be invited to participate in exclusive offers and experiences for Nautica Rewards Members (jointly the events and offers are "Member Rewards Offers").
4. Email and Privacy
A. By joining the Rewards Program, you agree to receive transactional emails about the Program, such as Program Points acquired, the Rewards Certificates earned, Account password reset, and notifications about your Account or changes to the Program (jointly these emails are "Program Emails"), emails with Member Rewards Offers from the Nautica Rewards Program and/or from Nautica, and general marketing emails from Nautica.
Members may not unsubscribe from Program Emails, but can cancel their membership in the Program as described below in the General Terms. Members may unsubscribe from emails with Member Rewards Offers and/or Nautica general marketing emails at any time via the unsubscribe link in those emails.
B. See the Nautica Privacy Policy at https://www.nautica.com/privacy-policy-nau.html for details on how your information is collected and used.
Membership in the Nautica Rewards Program and its benefits are offered at the discretion of Nautica, which reserves the right to terminate, change, limit, modify, or cancel any Program Terms, rules, regulations, benefits, or conditions of participation at any time.
We reserve the right, at our discretion, to change, modify, cancel, add or remove any or all portions of these Terms, any policy, FAQ, or guideline pertaining to the Nautica Rewards at any time. The revisions to the Program that Nautica may make include but are not limited to any of the following changes: (i) increase or decrease in the points required or rate at which Rewards Certificates can be earned; (ii) the value of Rewards Certificates that can be earned; (iii) change the method of becoming a Member; (iv) institute or add blackout dates for earning Rewards Certificates. If these Terms change in the future, we will let you know by posting an update to NauticaRewards.com with the most recent modification date. However, if Nautica intends to make a material change to the value of the Program Points or Rewards Certificates that can be earned or when Rewards Certificates can be used, it will notify Members at the beginning of the Rewards Cycle preceding the material change. Any changes or modifications will be effective immediately upon posting the revision and you waive any right you have to receive special notice of such change. By continuing to use Nautica Rewards, you agree to the revised terms.
In the event of Program cancellation, Rewards Certificates will be issued according to the current Terms for points earned in the final Program Year.
6. General Terms of the Nautica Rewards Program
A. These Terms are void where and to the extent prohibited by law. If any provision of these Terms & Conditions is held in an arbitration proceeding or by any court or administrative body of competent jurisdiction to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable, the legality, validity and enforceability of the remainder of the Terms & Conditions will not be affected. If such provision would cease to be illegal, invalid or unenforceable if some part of that provision were modified or deleted, the provision in question will apply with the least such modification or deletion as may be necessary to make the provision legal, valid and enforceable.
B. In the event of a dispute over ownership of a Nautica Rewards account, the registration will be declared to have been made by the authorized account holder of the email address submitted at the time of registration. For purposes of these Terms, the "authorized account holder" is the natural person who is assigned to the submitted email address by an internet provider, online service provider, or other organization (e.g., business, educational institution, etc.) that is responsible for assigning email addresses for the domain associated with the submitted email address.
C. Abuse of the Program, including failure to abide by these Terms, the sale or barter (or the attempted sale or barter) of Rewards Certificates, Points, or promotional offers, and any misrepresentation of fact relating thereto or other improper conduct as determined by Nautica in its sole judgment may result in cancellation of a Member's Rewards Account and future disqualification from Program participation, forfeiture of all Points accrued, and cancellation of previously issued but unused Reward Certificates. At our discretion we may prosecute abuse of the Program to the fullest extent of the law.
D. You may cancel your Nautica Rewards membership at any time by calling Nautica Customer Service at 866.376.4184, or by submitting your cancellation request electronically at Contact Us page. If you cancel your Nautica Rewards membership, your accrued Points will be forfeited.
E. Points are not transferable and may not be combined among Members or conveyed by any means to anyone, including through a Member's estate, and may not pass to a Member's successors and assigns. Accrued Points do not constitute property of the Member. Accrued Points are not transferable by the Member upon death, as part of a domestic relations matter, or otherwise.
F. By agreeing to participate in the Nautica Rewards Program, you release Nautica Retail USA, Inc., its parent and subsidiaries and affiliate entities, and their respective, directors, officers, employees and agents (the "Released Parties") from all liability with respect to the misdirection or misuse of any Points or Rewards Certificates or the use of any Rewards Certificates by an individual other than the Nautica Rewards Member who earned the Rewards Certificate. You further agree through your agreement to participate in the Program to release the Released Parties from and against any and all claims, damages, losses, liabilities, and other expenses (including, without limitation, attorney's fees) relating to your participation in the Nautica Rewards Program, use of Rewards Certificates, or agreement to these Terms.
G. The Released Parties make no warranty, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose with respect to Nautica Rewards, membership in Nautica Rewards, or any products or services related to Nautica Rewards.
H. The Nautica Rewards Program and these Terms will be governed by and construed under the substantive laws of the State of Delaware, without reference to conflict-of-laws considerations. Any claims must be raised and resolved in the federal or state courts located in Dover, Delaware.
I. The Nautica logo, Nautica Rewards Program logo, and other logos and taglines are the intellectual property of Nautica.
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If you have any question or need help with your account, Contact Us via email and we will assist you.
You can also call us anytime at (866) 376-4184. We are open 7 days a week from 8AM-2AM EST.
Or, you can Live chat with us 7 days a week from 9am-11PM EST.


Welcome to our information and advice page, as the hub of knowledge, news, tips, and guidance, here you can find inspiration and advice, buying guides, and our blog. The answers to your questions can be found by browsing our wide range of articles, or try out the Help Me Choose feature.
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You can find all of the answers to your dining chair questions in our handy FAQs section.
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If you change your mind and want to return or exchange an item, this article will explain the whole process.
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Q: Meaning of OVER_QUERY_LIMIT status code The documentation at https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/geocoding/#StatusCodes
 states: "OVER_QUERY_LIMIT" indicates that you are over your quota.
Is this same code returned when the 2500 per day limit is reached AND when the rate is exceeded?

A: yes it is the same for per second and per day limit.
Read the following to figure out which limit is reached, this is as mentioned in https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/business/articles/usage_limits
"Upon receiving a response with status code OVER_QUERY_LIMIT, your application should determine which usage limit has been exceeded. This can be done by pausing for 2 seconds and resending the same request. If status code is still OVER_QUERY_LIMIT, your application is sending too many requests per day. Otherwise, your application is sending too many requests per second."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The 145 per cent tariff has resulted in smuggling of black tea to Turkey leading to loss of revenues for the Turkish government and restricted market opportunities for Kenyan tea farmers.
Kenya's total exports to Turkey amounted to $23.14 million (about Sh2.3 billion) in 2017 while its imports from Turkey amounted to $156.05 million (about Sh15.6 billion).
Kenya's exports are mainly agricultural produce and include tea, tobacco, crude vegetables, leather, coffee, spices, cocoa, textile fibres, fish, raw materials for dye and paints.
The Kenya National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KNCCI) is lobbying for the lifting of a tax slapped on tea exports to Turkey.
Chairman Kiprono Kittony said the 145 per cent tariff has resulted in smuggling of black tea to Turkey leading to loss of revenues for the Turkish government and restricted market opportunities for Kenyan tea farmers.
"Both countries need to address the tariff issue, Kenya charges a tariff of 25 percent on Turkish imports to Kenya whereas Turkey has a tariff of 145 percent on Kenyan Tea.
"There are also other barriers to tea imports such as port restrictions. The government is losing revenue as a result of this smuggling," said Mr Kittony. He said Turkey has a well-established tea drinking culture and currently has the highest per capita consumption at 2.5kg annually that Kenya could take advantage of.
"There is a need of forming a bilateral trade agreement between Kenya and Turkey that will introduce a concession on imports to Turkey so as to enhance the great relationship between our two nations," said Mr Kittony at a recent meeting with Turkish delegation.
In 2017 Turkey imported tea worth Sh637 million.
Import products from Turkey are mainly electrical products and fertilisers. Fertiliser accounts for 20 per cent of the value of imports from Turkey.


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The board of Palestine Link is responsible for strategic matters and accountability, and represents the foundation vis a vis third parties.
Our advisory Committee consists of both Palestinian and international opinion leaders from all walks of life who share our vision and support our objectives.
Through its Link-Up programme, Palestine Link provides the opportunity for those who support our mission to link up with Palestine Link and contribute to our work.


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Averroës
Food and Culture, Food and History, Recipes Add comments
Today is the birthday (1126) of ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad Ibn ʾAḥmad Ibn Rushd (أبو الوليد محمد ابن احمد ابن رشد), commonly known as Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد) or by his Latinized name Averroës, an Al-Andalus Muslim polymath, a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Andalusian classical music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics, and celestial mechanics. Averroës was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, present-day Spain, and died in Marrakesh, present-day Morocco. He was interred in his family tomb at Córdoba.
Averroës was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against Ash'ari theologians led by Al-Ghazali. Averroës' philosophy was considered controversial in Muslim circles because Aristotle's rationalism conflicted with faith-based Islam. Averroës had a greater impact on Western European circles and he has been described as the "founding father of secular thought in Western Europe." The detailed commentaries on Aristotle earned Averroës the title "The Commentator" in Europe. Latin translations of Averroës' work led the way to the popularization of Aristotle and were responsible for the development of scholasticism in medieval Europe.
Averroës was born in Córdoba to a family with a long and well-respected tradition of legal and public service. His grandfather Abu Al-Walid Muhammad (d. 1126) was chief judge of Córdoba under the Almoravids. His father, Abu Al-Qasim Ahmad, held the same position until the Almoravids were replaced by the Almohads in 1146.
Averroës' education followed a traditional path, beginning with studies in Hadith (traditional Islamic literature), linguistics, jurisprudence ,and scholastic theology. Throughout his life he wrote extensively on philosophy and religion, attributes of God, the origin of the universe, metaphysics and psychology. It is generally believed that he was once tutored by Ibn Bajjah, also a noted Andalusian polymath, and his medical education was directed under Abu Jafar ibn Harun of Trujillo in Seville. Averroës began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail, the author of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and philosophic vizier of Almohad king Abu Yaqub Yusuf who was an amateur of philosophy and science. It was Ibn Tufail who introduced him to the court and to Ibn Zuhr, the great Muslim physician, who became Averroës' teacher and friend. Averroës' aptitude for medicine was noted by his contemporaries and can be seen in his major enduring work Kitab al-Kulyat fi al-Tibb (Generalities) which was influenced by the Kitab al-Taisir fi al-Mudawat wa al-Tadbir (Particularities) of Ibn Zuhr. Averroës later reported how it was also Ibn Tufail that inspired him to write his famous commentaries on Aristotle:
Abu Bakr ibn Tufayl summoned me one day and told me that he had heard the Commander of the Faithful complaining about the disjointedness of Aristotle's mode of expression — or that of the translators — and the resultant obscurity of his intentions. He said that if someone took on these books who could summarize them and clarify their aims after first thoroughly understanding them himself, people would have an easier time comprehending them. "If you have the energy," Ibn Tufayl told me, "you do it. I'm confident you can, because I know what a good mind and devoted character you have, and how dedicated you are to the art. You understand that only my great age, the cares of my office — and my commitment to another task that I think even more vital — keep me from doing it myself. "
However, while the thought of his mentors Ibn Tufail and Ibn Bajjah were mystic to a degree, the thought of Averroës was purely rationalist. Together, the three are considered the greatest Andalusian philosophers. Averroës devoted the next 30 years to his philosophical writings.
In 1160, Averroës was made Qadi (judge) of Seville and he served in many court appointments in Seville, Cordoba, and Morocco during his career. Some time during the reign of Yaqub al-Mansur, Averroës' political career was abruptly ended and he faced severe criticism from the Fuqaha (Islamic jurists) of the time.
A contemporary of Averroës, Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi writing in 1224, reported that there were secret and public reasons for his falling out of favor with Yaqub al-Mansur:
And in his days [Yaqub al-Mansur], Abu al-Walid Ibn Rushd faced his severe ordeal and there were two causes for this; one is known and the other is secret. The secret cause, which was the major reason, is that Abu al-Walid [Averroës] —may God have mercy on his soul— when summarizing, commenting and expending upon Aristotle's book "History of Animals" wrote: "And I saw the Giraffe at the garden of the king of the Berbers."
And that is the same way he would mention another king of some other people or land, as it is frequently done by writers, but he omitted that those working for the service of the king should glorify him and observe the usual protocol. This was why they held a grudge against him [Averroës] but initially, they did not show it and in reality, Abu al-Walid wrote that inadvertently.Then a number of his enemies in Cordoba, who were jealous of him and were competing with him both in knowledge and nobility, went to Yaqub al-Mansur with excerpts of Abu Walid's work on some old philosophers which were in his own handwriting. They took one phrase out of context that said: "and it was shown that Venus is one of the Gods" and presented it to the king who then summoned the chiefs and noblemen of Córdoba and said to Abu al-Walid in front of them "Is this your handwriting?" Abu al-Walid then denied and the king said "May God curse the one who wrote this" and ordered that Abu al-Walid be exiled and all the philosophy books to be gathered and burned. And I saw, when I was in Fes, these books being carried on horses in great quantities and burned.
Averroës was not reinstated until shortly before his death in 1198.
Averroës's works total 20,000 pages covering a variety of different subjects, including early Islamic philosophy, logic in Islamic philosophy, Islamic medicine, mathematics, astronomy, Arabic grammar, Islamic theology, Sharia (Islamic law), and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). His most important works deal with Islamic and Aristotelian philosophy, medicine, and Fiqh. He wrote at least 80 original works, which included 28 works on philosophy, 20 on medicine, 8 on law, 5 on theology, and 4 on grammar, in addition to his commentaries on most of Aristotle's works and his commentary on Plato's The Republic.
Averroës commentaries on Aristotle were the foundation for the revival of interest in Aristotle in the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe. He wrote short commentaries on Aristotle's work in logic, physics, and psychology, and longer commentaries provided an in-depth, line by line analysis of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, De Anima, Physics, De Caelo, and the Metaphysics. His most important original philosophical work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence (Tahafut al-tahafut), in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahafut al-falasifa).
Averroës is also a highly regarded legal scholar of the Maliki school. Perhaps his best-known work in this field is Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa Nihāyat al-Muqtaṣid ( بداية المجتهد و نهاية المقتصد), a textbook of Maliki doctrine in a comparative framework. Jacob Anatoli translated several of the works of Averroës from Arabic into Hebrew in the 13th century. Many of them were later translated from Hebrew into Latin by Jacob Mantino and Abraham de Balmes. Other works were translated directly from Arabic into Latin by Michael Scot. Many of his works in logic and metaphysics have been permanently lost, while others, including some of the longer Aristotelian commentaries, have only survived in Latin or Hebrew translation, not in the original Arabic. The fullest version of his works is in Latin, and forms part of the multi-volume Juntine edition of Aristotle published in Venice 1562-1574.
Averroës wrote a medical encyclopedia called Kulliyat ("Generalities", that is, general medicine), known in its Latin translation as Colliget. He also made a compilation of the works of Galen, and wrote a commentary on the Canon of Medicine (Qanun fi 't-tibb) of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037).
Averroës wrote three books on physics namely: Short Commentary on the Physics, Middle Commentary on the Physics and Long Commentary on the Physics. He defined and measured force as "the rate at which work is done in changing the kinetic condition of a material body" and correctly argued "that the effect and measure of force is change in the kinetic condition of a materially resistant mass." He took a particular and keen interest in the understanding of "motor force." Averroës also developed the notion that bodies have a (non-gravitational) inherent resistance to motion into physics. This idea in particular was adopted by Thomas Aquinas and subsequently by Johannes Kepler, who referred to this resistance by the Latin term "inertia" (inaction). In Optics Averroës followed Alhazen's incorrect explanation that a rainbow is due to reflection, not refraction. In astronomy, Averroës argued for a strictly concentric model of the universe, and provided explanations for sunspots and the occasional opaque colors of the moon.
Following Plato, Averroës accepted the principle of women's equality. They should be educated and allowed to serve in the military; the best among them should be philosophers or rulers. However, he also accepted Plato's harsher social policies such as the censorship of literature. He uses examples from Arab history to illustrate Plato's notion of just and degenerate political orders.
His most important original philosophical work was The Incoherence of The Incoherence (Tahafut al-tahafut), in which he defended Aristotelian philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahafut al-falasifa). Al-Ghazali argued that Aristotelianism, especially as presented in the writings of Avicenna, was self-contradictory and an affront to the teachings of Islam. Averroës' rebuttal was two-pronged: he contended both that al-Ghazali's arguments were mistaken and that, in any case, the system of Avicenna was a distortion of genuine Aristotelianism so that al-Ghazali was aiming at the wrong target.
His other major works are the Fasl al-Maqal, which argued for the legality of philosophical investigation under Islamic law, and the Kitab al-Kashf, which argued against the proofs of Islam advanced by the Ash'arite school and discussed what proofs, on the popular level, should be used instead.
Averroës tried to reconcile Aristotle's rationalist system of thought with Islam. He argued that there is no conflict between religion and philosophy, rather, they are different ways of reaching the same truth. He believed in the eternity of the universe. He also held that the soul is divided into two parts, one individual and one divine; while the individual soul is not eternal, all humans at the basic level share one and the same divine soul. Averroës asserted there were two kinds of knowledge of truth. The first is the knowledge of truth derived from religion. Being based in faith, knowledge via religion could not be tested, nor did it require training to understand. The second knowledge of truth is philosophy, which was reserved for an elite few who had the intellectual capacity to undertake its study.
Many people in the contemporary world are aware that the contribution of Islamic scholars to astronomy and mathematics was profound in the Middle Ages, and some are aware that many works of Greek and Latin philosophy would not have survived were they not preserved in that period in the Islamic world. Many fewer are aware of the major contribution that Averroës made in re-introducing Western Europe to its own philosophical traditions, slowly making incursions into what had hitherto been a strictly faith based philosophy.
Few Westerners today understand the difference between the Islamic and Christian worlds in the Middle Ages. For example, in the 10th century, when only about 40,000 people lived in Paris largely in their own filth, the Andalusian city of Córdoba, where Averroës was born, had a population of half a million, and had lighted streets, libraries with hundreds of thousands of volumes, 700 mosques and 900 public baths. The homes of the wealthy had fountains, plumbing, and running water. Their cooking was magnificent, and traces of it are still to be found in contemporary Andalusian cuisine. This included lamb meatballs, a spicy sausage called mirgas, fried fish (still common), and a kind of cheese cake today called almojabana. Another survivor in the Spanish world today is the churro, a cylindrical fried pastry which is now sprinkled with powdered sugar rather than, as in the old days, when they were dipped in boiling honey. In Argentina they are filled with dulce de leche. Yum.
The grand cuisine of Medieval Al-Andalus is little known these days. Want to try this royal recipe taken from a 13th century cookbook?
One takes a fat young sheep, skinned and cleaned. It is opened between the two muscles and till that is in its stomach is carefully removed, In its interior one puts a stuffed goose and in the goose's belly a stuffed hen, and in the hen's belly a stuffed young pigeon, and in the pigeon's belly a stuffed thrush and in the thrush s belly another stuffed or fried bird, all of this stuffed and sprinkled with the sauce described for stuffed dishes. The opening is sewn together, the sheep is put in the hot clay oven, or tannur, and it is left until done and crisp on the outside. It is sprinkled with more sauce, and then put in the cavity of a calf which has already been prepared and cleaned. The calf is then stitched together and put in the hot tannur, and left till it is done and crisp on the outside. Then it is taken out and presented.
Here is a 13th century recipe for buraniya from al-Andalus:
The preparation of buraniya, attributed to Buran, wife of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, of whom it is said that she was the first to invent this dish.
One takes a fat young sheep and puts it in the pot with salt, pepper, dried coriander, a little bit of cumin, saffron and oil. The pot is set on a moderately hot fire; a tablespoonful of soaked almori and two of vinegar are added. It is cooked till half done, then taken off and grilled eggplant is added. One adds a layer of meat, and another of grilled eggplant. Then prepared meatballs are added, and chopped almonds; all is done with a lot of saffron. Then it is thickened with whipped eggs, with lavender or cinnamon or saffron, and crowned with egg yolks. Then it is put in the oven and left till the sauce has dried and it is blended and the fat is left. It is then taken out and put on embers and left a while. Then it is served.
Almori was a very common ingredient. It consisted of salt, honey, raisins, pine nuts, almonds, hazel nuts, and possibly some flour, all pounded into a paste which was then allowed to harden in the sun. As needed, pieces were broken off, soaked, and added to the ingredients of a dish.
Here is a modern version of Buraniya, still popular in the Middle East.
Buraniya
5 cloves of garlic, finely chopped
2 ¼ lbs of lamb shoulder, cut into cubes
5 tomatoes, skinned and quartered
1 ½ tsps cinnamon
¾ tsp allspice
4-5 medium eggplants
4-5 red bell peppers
5 tbsps chopped flat-leaf parsley
Sauté the onions in about 2 tablespoons of oil until soft and golden. Add the garlic and the meat and brown it well.
Add the tomatoes and salt, pepper, lemon juice, cinnamon, and allspice. Cover with water, stir well, and bring to a boil.
Simmer gently, covered, for about 1 ½ hours, until the meat is very tender, adding water to keep the meat covered.
Cut the eggplants and red bell peppers into ½ inch thick slices and brush generously with oil. Cook under the broiler or (best) over charcoal, turning several times until lightly colored. Add to the stew.
Simmer, covered, for ½ hour, adding parsley towards the end.
Serve with rice and flatbread. To be fully traditional you should serve everything on common platters and eat with the fingers of the right hand.
Posted by admin at 8:33 am	Tagged with: Al-Andalus, Averroës, buraniya, churros, Cordoba, recipe
3 Responses to "Averroës"
Rita Nolan says:
Lovely! Thanks, Juan. Most people have no idea of the significance of these philosophers in the development of the Western philosophical canon, as you note! I studied them with the Jesuits–and never heard a word about them in later studies.
Frankly I find the complete ignorance of "eastern" (Islamic, Hindu, and Buddhist) philosophers and scientists, and the failure of the West to acknowledge their contributions, a disgrace. Not only did they save many works (e.g. Plato and Aristotle) from destruction in the Middle Ages, they also developed critical ideas that it took centuries for Western scholars to catch on to because they were mired in myopic Biblicism. Not that I am the enemy of theological reasoning, as you know. But it has its place. That's why I take pains to acknowledge the contributions of these giants here. I must be an anthropologist! Thanks for your comment.
Ironic that it should be the Jesuits, of all people, who taught you about them. They tend to be a bit loony, but they are not stupid. I was taught by two of them at Oxford and they were my most conscientious tutors.
R.M.S. Titanic (Menus) Charlie Chaplin
St Paul's Shipwreck

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The catastrophic war in Syria and the devastation of Aleppo has resulted in a shortage of – Aleppo peppers. Western chefs and gastronomists bewail the absence of the unique spice in their pantries. Yet before rightly considering that millions of displaced and starving people in Syria endure unimaginable horrors every day, consider the loss of Syrian farming land and livelihoods exemplified by the loss of this gourmet item.
Last year, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that between 2011 and 2016, Syrian field and tree crops worth US$903 million went up in smoke or gave out due to lack of water, fertilizer, farm equipment and government support.
This loss is part of an overall US$16 billion agricultural loss that includes livestock and fisheries. Their study indicates that it would take US$11-17 billion to get Syrian agriculture back on its feet, whenever the war ends or circumstances allow. Our eyes skim the numbers. But the mind can hardly take in the size of the humanitarian disaster. These numbers have one grim meaning: starvation.
So let's take Aleppo peppers as an example to bring the larger picture to an imaginable size. What does it take to produce Aleppo peppers ((Arabic: فلفل حلبي / fulful Ḥalabī), those chillies with the exotic flavor no other pepper imparts?
Cookbook author Marlene Matar ("The Aleppo Cookbook") wrote in an email interview with the NY Times that the pepper's character is partly due to its artisinal processing. Families gather with neighbors, and the community sets to. The pepper harvest is never washed. Each pepper is carefully wiped with a clean white cloth, then cut on one side to allow the seeds to be removed.
When the peppers are scraped clean inside, they're taken to the roof and laid out to partially dry. At the point when expert eyes judge the peppers ready, they're ground and mixed with salt and olive oil. The salt and olive oil help to preserve the ground pepper, which is then spread out to dry in the sun again. The finished peppers' color and flavor are uniquely Syrian, according to Ms. Matar. Chefs, restaurateurs and gourmet cooks rave about Aleppo pepper's medium-mild heat through which tones of citrus and a tomato-like sweetness emerge.
But it takes a harvest to process the peppers. When fields are burnt and insect pests attack crops weakened by poor care, there are no peppers to harvest, or very few. Many of the families and neighbors who knew how to process the peppers are missing; displaced or dead. The very rooftops where the peppers were laid out have disappeared, crumbling into the rubble left after air strikes. Existence, in Syria, has nothing normal in it anymore.You can help rebuild homes and lives by giving to a Syria Appeal today.
Very few farms are left around Aleppo. Those who can still cultivate the peppers do, selling them fresh in the markets but mostly exporting the dried product via Lebanon and charging appropriate amounts. Some American chefs and spice merchants get their Aleppo pepper through those vendors who bring it from Lebanon: no questions asked. Seeds smuggled out by Syrian refugees provided a stock from which the peppers are now cultivated in Turkey. And Americans have acquired some Turkish seed and are now cultivating their own.
You can still buy Aleppo pepper, online (some actually from Syria itself), or buy seedlings. A quick Google search will bring the vendors up. You might consider buying Aleppo pepper from Syria a way of supporting Syrian farmers. But we urge you to do another search and donate to a respected charity dedicated to helping the war-devastated people of Syria.
Photos: Peppers on the vine by Barni1 via Pixabay; the Syrian civil war via Getty; dried Aleppl pepper flakes via www.onlyfoods.net; peppers drying by chrizzel_lu via Pixabay; fresh Aleppo peppers by jpmatth via Flickr.


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from google.cloud import artifactregistry_v1beta2

def sample_get_file():
    # Create a client
    client = artifactregistry_v1beta2.ArtifactRegistryClient()

    # Initialize request argument(s)
    request = artifactregistry_v1beta2.GetFileRequest(
    )

    # Make the request
    response = client.get_file(request=request)

    # Handle the response
    print(response)

# [END artifactregistry_v1beta2_generated_ArtifactRegistry_GetFile_sync]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


An oil and gas major client currently require a SURF Contracts Engineer to join a major capital project to be based in Contractors offices in Paris, France, for a 12 month renewable contract.
The SURF Contracts Engineer will ensure compliance of contracting activities is in accordance with TEPA requirements and procedures; Impose strict confidentiality with regard to the Contractual and Commercial documentation managed; Ensure a high level SURF EPC contract Administration always protecting COMPANY interest; Demonstrate an exemplary behaviour with regards to H3SE rules & requirements and with regards to the Company Ethics and "Code of Conduct" policy.
You will have a degree within a related subject field with 10 years minimum experience. Ideally, you will have held position of Legal Counsel. You must have previous and strong experience within SURF, Topsides or EPC contracts. Previous oil and gas operator experience will be highhly advantageous.
You will be fluent in both English and French.
Please note, due to the location of the assignment, you must be eligible to work in France.


THE critical problem on the subject of Fatima is twofold. First of all, as with all other apparitions or extraordinary phenomena, there is the question of the supernatural character of the facts. From this point of view, the apparitions of Fatima in 1917 present quite the same problem as the apparitions of rue du Bac, Lourdes or Pontmain.
What a contrast with Lourdes, where the apparitions and the diffusion of the message are narrowly circumscribed in time  ! The parallel is most striking. The Virgin Mary appeared to Bernadette from February 11, 1858 until July 16 of the same year. The very evening of the first apparition, the seer told her sister Toinette everything, and then told her mother. Two days later, she spoke of it to her confessor, and on February 15 she mentioned it to Sister Damian, at school. She was immediately harassed with questions and interrogated innumerable times. Except for the three secrets which Our Lady had ordered her not to tell anyone, and the prayer Our Lady taught, to be used by Bernadette alone, Bernadette answered questions on everything, with no reservations. Already, in 1858, the message was perfectly well known. Only a few very secondary details were added later on in the six written accounts drawn up by Bernadette between 1861 and 1866. Thus at Lourdes, practically everything became known immediately, and eight years after the apparitions the seer had completely fulfilled her mission as witness.
And at Fatima  ? Precisely the opposite happens  ! It seems that since 1917 the message has continually grown. There is no end to the accounts of new apparitions or divine communications which Lucy continued to enjoy  : in 1925 and 1926, in 1927, 1929, 1939… in 1941, 1943… and here we must stop for lack of further information.
«  This very fact, even if it is not proper to Fatima alone, very early on aroused first the interest, and then the reservations of a good many critics  », Father Alonso writes. «  In this progressive growth of the facts and the message, was there not perhaps introduced, albeit in good faith, some human element, mixing in with the work of God and obscuring it  ?  » 2 There is the whole problem, which became especially acute during the 40's, after the appearance of works which drew quite generously on the four Memoirs which Sister Lucy had just written. Suspiciously inclined critics certainly had reason to be astonished  !
THE TWO VERSIONS COMPARED. To understand how much the message grew, it is enough to compare, point by point, the accounts in works appearing before 1938 with works appearing later. For example, The Great Wonders of Fatima by Vicomte de Montelo (alias Canon Formigao), published in 1930, compared with the great work of Father da Fonseca and Canon Barthas, Fatima, Unprecedented Miracle, which appeared in January 1943. What an astonishing contrast  !
For brevity's sake, let us compare the little pamphlet of Father Castelbranco, translated into French in 1939, The Unprecedented Miracle of Fatima, 3 with later editions of the same work.
In the account of 1939, everything began with «  the unexpected apparition  » of May 13, 1917, to the three shepherds, Lucy, Jacinta, and Francisco. This is the first notable omission  : the apparitions of the angel in 1916, which are now common knowledge, are not mentioned at all. Then comes the account of the six apparitions of Our Lady, from May 13 to October 13. Granted, the description of the apparition is given in detail. The same goes for all the exterior events, the persecutions and follies of all kinds that the children had to endure – nothing is lacking. But what is surprising for well informed readers is the content of the Message of Our Lady. What a contrast with the text published in the 40's  ! Even the words of Our Lady are briefer, in two or three places  ! Here are some significant details  : in June, there is no mention of the vision of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, or the prophetic announcement of the special vocation of the three seers. On July 13, it is astonishing not to find even the slightest allusion to the " great secret "  ! On the interior life, the prayers and heroic sacrifices of the three children, again nothing.
It seems that the event has no more than a purely national significance. Although accompanied by spectacular signs never witnessed before, the message appears to be no more than a reminder and an echo of Lourdes and Pontmain  : " Prayer and penance… " and the war will end. Paradoxically, everything which, since 1942, has been presented as the most important part is not yet present  : neither the vision of Hell nor the announcement of a Second World War. There are no allusions either to the role of Russia as a veritable scourge of God, or the request for its consecration, or above all, to the revelation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, so essential to the message. Such is the surprising fact, proper to Fatima, which poses such a serious problem for the critic.
These source books, so brilliantly supported by the highest levels of the hierarchy, enjoyed a prodigious success  : there are no less than seven editions of the work of Father da Fonseca in 1942-43. The French public became aware of it in 1943 by the adaptation of the work of Canon Barthas, Fatima, Unprecedented Miracle, and by his magnificent work, It Was Three Small Children, which has since been reprinted many times, and has now been translated into fifteen languages. These works, intended for the general public, multiplied, arousing everywhere fervour and enthusiasm for Our Lady of Fatima. Let us give one reliable figure  : in France, under the pontificate of Pius XII, almost one hundred works were written on Fatima  ! This great movement of faith and devotion launched by the consecration of the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary on October 31, 1942, encouraged and supported by Pius XII, would last… until 1960.
The " new message " of Fatima, however, did not gain unanimous support. Far from it  ! The " new themes " did not please everybody  ; they provoked a lively reaction on the part of a small minority of theologians. The message of 1917, being purely spiritual, did not disturb them. As one of these theologians, Father Dhanis, would later write  : «  Our Lady spoke of religious subjects, She recommended praying the Rosary and contrition for our sins…  » There could be no objection to that  ! The message of 1942 had an entirely different tone. It would explode like a bomb  : the Blessed Virgin is engaging in politics  !
It is true that, in 1942, Don Moresco and Father da Fonseca had altered the text of the Secret so as to avoid citing Russia by name. We shall closely study this most unfortunate falsification of the texts, astonishing on the part of men who were undeniably in good faith. Although the Germans thought that they were, in fact, meant by the «  impious propaganda  » that Our Lady denounced (according to the expression that our Roman authors had substituted for " Russia " in the text of the Secret), the excessively enthusiastic allies of Bolshevism could not be mistaken for long. 6 Since October 13, 1942, Cardinal Schuster had publicly interpreted the text in a clearly anti-communist sense  : «  When the promise of the Blessed Virgin is fulfilled  », he said, «  it will be the most beautiful and total victory of the Church over Bolshevism.  » In Portugal, the integral text of the Secret had been published, and informed persons had acted quickly to make known its authentic meaning. The Message openly denounced Soviet Russia, and it alone, as the instrument of the chastisement of God for all humanity, because of the errors it would spread throughout the world, the wars and persecutions it would spread everywhere, as long as it was not converted.
Here was something infuriating for our theologians who were partisans of the Christian Democrats, and the Resistance  : had not the Soviet Union been the spearhead of the " Crusade of the Democracies " against the one and only danger, Nazi Germany and Fascism  ? The Blessed Virgin was surely mistaken about the enemy… Germany, you see, was not even mentioned in the famous secret… It was very disturbing  ! Thus, the Blessed Virgin could not have said that. Was not this message, which dangerously intertwined religion and politics, very much open to question  ? Had not Lucy, the only survivor of the three witnesses, invented all that almost twenty years after the initial events  ? It was easily insinuated, it was written with a question mark after it, and before long certain people dared to say it openly.
In this context the critical problem of Fatima was posed with more violence and passion than ever.
(1) J. M. Alonso, Fatima I and Fatima II. The " old " and " new " history of Fatima, p. 59 in True and False Apparitions in the Church. Lethielleux, 1976.
(2) Alonso, Fatima I and Fatima II, p. 59.
(4) Le Meraviglie di Fatima.
(5) Cf. J. M. Alonso, Historia da Literatura sobre Fatima, p. 29-33.
(6) Cf. Robert A Graham, S. J., Profezie di Guerra. Fatima e la Russia nella propaganda dei belligeranti dopo il 1942. La Civilta Cattolica, October 3, 1981, p. 15-26.


In honour of Mother's Day – which is celebrated in May in the USA and Canada - four women, considered to be exceptional mothers, were invited to discuss motherhood on the popular Professor Gerry Cammy Show on Canada's national talk radio.
Among them were Devora Caytak, a mother of twelve from Ottawa, and her daughter, Sara Loewenthal , co-director of Chabad of South Kensington in London.
Devora Caytak doesn't just confine herself to being a full-time mother of twelve. Rather, she is an integral part of Ottawa's Jewish community, busy running the city's Camp Gan Israel, a Montessori Jewish preschool, friendship circle and Jewish youth library.
"I see it as my duty to mould good citizens. I always pray for insight in fulfilling my responsibilities to my children," said Caytak.
Sara Loewenthal spoke about how time is the most important gift that a parent can give to a child.
"My mother always makes sure to spend time with all twelve of us despite being so busy. I always remember spending quality and special time with her," said Loewenthal.
"Even though I'm now in London, we speak every day, and she gives me a great amount of encouragement."
In her role as co-director of Chabad of South Kensington, Loewenthal takes much inspiration from her parent'' philosophy of having an open house.
Asked what she learned from her mother, she responded "the blessing of community involvement," explaining how she had recently made Passover seders and meals for over 150 people.


really, it's not even worth using any other method. if you like crispy, evenly cooked bacon that requires, hmm, like, no time or attention or scrubbing of pans... oven fried bacon is your man.
but if you like standing over a hot skillet that is spitting hot grease on you and your whole stove and waiting and watching and trying to get your bacons to lie down flat while some parts burn and other parts remain fatty and squishy and unchewable, then, ok, you can make it that way, i did for years until i came across this article in cooks illustrated. and if you keep making it that way, in a pan on the stove or on a griddle, for a long time, you will probably get really good at it and it will be as good as my oven fried bacon method and i will have to bow to your skills. but you still have to scrub a pan (or a griddle. sad face.).
ready to bake some bacon?
this is thick cut bacon from Saugatuck Craft Butchery in Westport, CT. more on that later.
bacon in oven. i got to sneak a peek at my dutch baby.
not ready just yet. see how the fatty bits are still too soft looking?
now it's ready! they just glow!
using tongs, transfer the bacon to a plate that has brown paper, paper towels, or even the wax paper used to wrap your bacon (folded inside out) to drain excess grease.
Such kind of fry food always attractive by the people. They like to eat these type rich food so more. So i think they found more inspiration to get more fast food to see this recipe in here. They can also follow Best Oven tips for more.


Neal Ardley says that Saturday's visit of Rotherham will come too soon for striker Jason Prior's long-awaited return.
The 23-year-old, who has now put a double leg break behind him after nearly eight months out, was involved in today's training session, which was diverted to 3G pitches at Tooting and Mitcham Community Centre due to the weather.
However, speaking to Dons Player, Neal Ardley admitted that Prior is likely to be held back for Tuesday's Surrey Senior Cup second round match against Ashford Town with a view to him potentially being involved around Christmas time.
Midfielder Rashid Yussuff has shrugged off the hip infection that has sidelined him in recent weeks and returned to light training, but he is also not considered to be ready for a return.
The Wimbledon manager applies the same principle to the likes of Mat Mitchel-King and Pim Balkestein so the Dons could well be unchanged at the back for Saturday's match, which will be Wimbledon's first home match since the defeat to Southend on 20 November.
Byron Harrison is also struggling to shake off the back injury that has dogged him for the past few weeks and he is doubtful for Saturday.
Whatever the personnel, Neal Ardley knows that turning around his side's poor home form will prove a tough task against a Rotherham side flying high in League 2.
"The reports we got from a few people we spoke to at Gillingham was that Rotherham were the best team that they had played against all season," he said. "They seem to be in a rich vein of form, maybe not so much in terms of results, but in how well they are playing. They are a very good team with a big budget for this league and they are expected to be up there.
An in-depth video interview with Neal Ardley can now be viewed via Dons Player and tomorrow we will feature the thoughts of flying winger Toby Ajala on a promising start to his Wimbledon loan spell.


1. Heat oven to 300°F. Heat oil in a large Dutch oven or heavy pot over medium-high. Season pork all over with salt and pepper. Brown on all sides turning several times, about 10 minutes. Set pork aside.
2. Add celery, onion and carrot to Dutch oven. Sauté for 5 minutes until softened but not brown. Add garlic, thyme and bay leaf; cook 2 minutes.
3. Add wine to deglaze pan, scraping up all the bits from the bottom of the pan. Continue cooking until wine is reduced by half.
4. Add pork back to Dutch oven and add apple cider and chicken broth; bring to a simmer. Cover pot and place in 300°F oven. Braise pork until very tender, about 3 ½ hours.
5. Slice meat and transfer to serving platter. Strain liquid from pork and return it to the pot. Cook on medium-high until reduced by half, about 5 minutes. Whisk butter into sauce and pour over pork to serve.
1. While pork is cooking, bring large pot of salted water to a boil. Spray a casserole dish with nonstick cooking spray and set aside. Cook gnocchi in boiling water until floating, about 2 minutes. Drain and place in sprayed casserole dish.
2. Heat vegetable oil in large skillet over medium-high. Add cooked gnocchi and brown while tossing in the pan; about 2 minutes. Add shallots and garlic; cook 1 minute.
3. Turn heat down to medium and add butter. Cook 3 to 5 minutes until butter starts to brown. Add sage and toss to coat. Serve with Pork Shoulder.
Cider Braised Pork Shoulder with Gnocchi, Sage and Brown Butter?
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As the world becomes more advanced, people are consistently looking for ways to make our life more convenient. One of the areas would be made more intelligent is transportation. Using Dedicated Short-Range Communication, vehicles can share information such as speed, position and latitude with other neighbouring vehicles or Road Side Units (RSU). In the process, a large amount of data will be transmitted and shared. Hence, we can make use of the big data collected from the vehicles and apply techniques such as machine learning to discover some useful features from the data. The knowledge involved in this project is distributed over a wide range of issues. They are transport engineering, big data, machine learning, matlab programming, Cohda Wireless box's operation theory and Linux operation system. In this project, we will define a congestion problem, use an algorithm to find the extra time used for a vehicle to drive pass a congestion and simulate the data transmitting process between a Road Side Unit and a On Board Unit (MK 5). This project hopes achieve all the defined goals in the end.


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Accreditation Steering Group
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Nest brings 8 million pension pots to the STAR Initiative
Ahead of the first meeting of the ABI hosted pensions working group on 22 August, STAR is announcing one of the UK's biggest pension schemes, Nest, is joining the STAR Initiative.
A pensions industry initiative to work together to define appropriate standards and help drive change, STAR is working to define good-practice use that to drive down pension transfer times. It commits schemes to working towards reducing most transfers for defined contribution (DC) schemes to less than 21 days, and to promote regular reporting of average transfer times.
Consumers and advisers can find switching difficult; because of the time, complexity and cost involved; creating barriers that may result in consumers staying with products or platforms, which no longer meet their needs, or which offer them poor value for money.
There will be over 30 organisations, including Nest, represented at the inaugural meeting of the pension working group. The forum will be a place for organisations to share ideas and collaborate on developing industry best practice and problem-solve to reduce transfer times.
"This is great news and overdue. I'm glad Nest has signed up to the 21-day transfer pledge. Nest looks after the pensions of millions of people brought into retirement saving by automatic enrolment, so clearly it is important they send a message to the rest of the industry. Others need to act urgently to join them and show that they care about their customers, or face being 'named and shamed'."
Guy Opperman, Minister for Pensions and Financial Inclusion
"We're pleased to join the STAR initiative and share our experience to help other organisations reduce their transfer times. While we'll continue to offer quick transfers, we also want savers to have clear and easy to understand information to help them make informed decisions about their pension scheme – from transfer charges to how the scheme operates, from future investment prospects to past fund performance. At Nest we're committed to transparency and improving our service for our eight million members. We are looking forward to working together with colleagues across the industry to influence how good-practice is defined. Reducing transfer times is an industry-wide challenge and one we're eager to be involved in."
Mark Rowlands, Nest's Director of Customer Engagement
"We are delighted that Nest Corporation is supporting the STAR initiative, bringing with them such a high volume of consumers pensions. Frankly the more organisations that become involved, the firmer our foundations are and the more momentum we have. We are pleased with wide-ranging and extensive industry support we have received and continue to receive. We have begun to collaborate at our steering and working Groups which will help galvanise the industry to forge ahead with change and to improve things for consumers."
Tom McPhail, Hargreaves Lansdown and Chair of the STAR Steering Committee
Matthew Dransfield
Commercial and Marketing Director
media@criterion.org.uk
STAR was created as a collaboration between Criterion and TeX, combining the industry-reach, unique strengths, experience and shared ambition of the two not-for-profit organisations.
Criterion was formed for the industry in July 2017, as an independent, not-for-profit industry body providing Standards and Governance services. It was originally part of Origo Services Ltd and has been publishing process and integration standards for over 25 years. Criterion is uniquely positioned to facilitate and drive cross-industry engagement, helping organisations achieve higher levels of collaboration, reduce costs and achieve better outcomes for their consumers.
TeX is a not-for-profit organisation which works with the industry to ensure that the maximum benefit is provided to all members. This new company is financially independent from TISA but benefits from being linked to the TISA brand through name, the expertise provided by the two corporate entity directorships and the administrative support provided by TISA.
STAR poised for accreditation
Catch-up on IA's Transfers Week
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Q: Datagridview Combobox Column not displaying select combobox value I am using a normal Datagridview but I have a problem with it.
This way I am filling data in my grid and adding combobox column to it
db.DataEntities ss = new db.DataEntities();
DataGridview1.DataSource = ss.table1.ToList();

if (!DataGridview1.Columns.Contains("dgcolUser"))
{
    DataGridViewComboBoxColumn dgcombocolUser = new DataGridViewComboBoxColumn();
    dgcombocolUser.Name = "dgcolUser";

    var listOfAllUsers = ss.secAccountInformations.ToList();
    dgcombocolUser.DataSource = listOfAllUsers;
    dgcombocolUser.DisplayMember = "AccountName";
    dgcombocolUser.ValueMember = "UserId";
    DataGridview1.Columns.Add(dgcombocolUser);
}

foreach ( DataGridViewRow dgr in DataGridview1.Rows)
{
    dgr.Cells["dgcolUser"].Value = dgr.Cells["PermittedUserId"].Value;
}

I am opening this Form in a MDI parent
Form1 frm = new Form1() { MdiParent = MdiForm1};
frm.Show();

when I open my form it not displaying any selected value in Comboboxcolumn
But when I open my Form frm1 not it MdiParent it display selected value in Comboboxcolumn
Form1 frm = new Form1();
frm.Show();

so is this really happen because it shows data when i am showing my form without MdiParnet or is there any other reason due to which it is not happening
Please give me better suggesstion.. because showing form without MdiParent is not valid solution.

A: I had the same problem. I believe you are populating the DGV on form Load event. If you move that code to Form Activated Event then this should work within MDI form


P. Raising Kids Child Care Center is located at 222 West Center Street in Medina.
The main entrance is located behind West Center Street.
For more information contact the center at (585) 798-2121.
P.Raising Kids Child Care Center's mission statement emphasizes positively raising kids, hend the name P. Raising Kids. The Center emphasizes developing self-confidence, high self-esteem and coping strategies through positive play, positive praise and positive affirmations to help kids deal with situations kids face in everyday life. The goal and purpose of P.Raising Kids Child Care Center is to provide LOW COST, high quality childcare service to families in a safe, loving, Christian faith-based environment.


I had a fun day on Cinco De Mayo with my renters! They kindly invited me into my old sticks and bricks abode for Margaritas and FAJITAS!!! (Yum!) We lounged out on the back deck braving the mosquitos and downing our De Mayo appropriate drinks while fishing was had in the lake by the young'uns. (Dammit, … More Cinco De Mayo!
8 Comments Cinco De Mayo!


PrEP fact sheet: What does PrEP access through the pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS) mean?
Summary: This translated fact sheet provides facts on HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). It explains ways to get access to PrEP, what PBS co-payment is, as well as information on medication, testing and the access trials.


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Afghan presidential election: Heavy security as polls open
Gurjeet Singh, Ludhiana
People have voted in Afghanistan's presidential poll amid heavy security and bomb attacks from insurgents.
More than 70,000 security forces were deployed across the country to counter Taliban militants who have vowed to target polling stations.
The twice-delayed vote is taking place after Taliban-US peace talks collapsed earlier this month.
The two main candidates are the incumbent, Ashraf Ghani, and chief executive, Abdullah Abdullah.
They have shared power since 2014 in a unity government.
The Afghan war: The short and long story
Who are the Taliban?
Polls closed at 17:00 (12:30 GMT). At least one person has been killed and 27 others wounded in bomb and mortar attacks on voting centres.
But in the southern city of Kandahar, women were seen standing in queues to vote, despite a bomb attack on a polling station.
Women voters make up 35% of the more than nine million Afghans registered to vote.
The Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan expects to announce the results in three weeks.
Security is tight at polling stations throughout Afghanistan
Women make up about 35% of those registered to vote
Turnout is expected to be low, but one voter said she would cast her vote even if it meant standing in long queues for hours.
"Bravery is defined when one musters the courage to cast their vote in Afghanistan," said Roya Jahangir, a doctor based in the capital, Kabul.
"We hope this time there is no fraud - otherwise voters will feel cheated once again," she told Reuters news agency.
Authorities extended voting hours to ensure those queuing would have a chance to cast their ballot.
Why does this election matter?
Afghanistan's next president will lead a country devastated by four decades of war. The conflict continues to kill thousands of people every year, drawing in forces from around the world.
Afghanistan country profile
Nearly two decades since the international community intervened, the US has been trying to negotiate an end to the conflict with the Taliban.
The US currently has about 14,000 troops in Afghanistan, and there are thousands more from countries part of a Nato mission to train, advise and assist the country's security forces.
Whoever is elected president in the fourth election since US-led troops ousted the Taliban in 2001 should have a key role to play.
However, the Taliban currently refuse to negotiate directly with the Afghan government, saying it is illegitimate. They say they will only talk to Afghan authorities after a deal with the US is agreed.
Who sits at the head of Afghanistan's government matters to the people caught in the crossfire between the army, the Taliban and other insurgents.
BBC research found an average of 74 men, women and children died in the conflict every day during the month of August across Afghanistan. A fifth of those killed were civilians.
According to the United Nations, more civilians were killed by Afghan and US forces in the first half of this year than by insurgents.
What are the other issues?
Five years ago, the presidential election was mired by allegations of fraud and vote-rigging. It took months to reach a result, with a deal between the two main contenders negotiated by the US ending in a "national unity government".
Hopes are not high that things will be better this time.
Afghanistan war: Tracking the killings in August 2019
Has the war cost America $500bn?
Out of a population of about 37 million, fewer than 10 million are registered to vote - and even fewer are expected to cast a ballot. A poll carried out by the Transparent Election Foundation of Afghanistan found more than half of respondents were not planning to vote.
This is in part due to threats of violence from the Taliban, who have said they will attack polling booths and have already targeted election rallies.
Media captionIs peace with the Taliban possible?
There are also large areas of the country under Taliban control, where the Kabul government has little to no power, and voting is all but impossible.
But a perceived lack of enthusiasm among voters is also attributed to a feeling things may not change for the better - not helped by the fact the same two men who fought for months over the top job in 2014 are the front-runners once again.
Both have been accused of corruption while in office. Meanwhile, unemployment stands at about 25%, according to the UN, and almost 55% of Afghans are living below the poverty line.
Who are the contenders?
Eighteen men - including former warlords, ex-spies and members of the country's former communist government - initially put themselves forward to fight the election, but five have dropped out.
Not one woman is running for president, and only three women appear on the tickets of others.
Image copyrightBBC MONITORING
Who is Ashraf Ghani?
Who is Abdullah Abdullah?
How does the vote work?
The Afghan president is elected through a two-round direct voting system. A run-off is triggered if no candidate receives more than 50% of the votes cast.
Results are due three weeks later. A second round, if needed, will be held in November.
Media captionRunning an election in a war-torn country
Almost 5,000 polling stations will be open on Saturday for people to cast their votes.
A biometric voting system - based on fingerprints - will be used across the country to try to avoid fraud as people cast their ballots.
Gurjeet Singh
PRADHANAS AND DURJANAS
Another Pixel 4 hands-on video offers a high-quality look in English
Lok Sabha passed the contentious Citizenship Amendment Bill on Monday
Union Minister Shri Som Prakash attended PITEX-19 Valedictory Ceremony as chief guest
Union Minister Shri Som Prakash visited at PITEX-19, praised the organizers for wonderful organisation
Sharry Mann & Kulwinder Billa honoured by Aryans Group of Colleges
Ozone for Life, 35 years of Ozone Layer protection "
Tarot prediction by Aruna Aura(7January -13 January)
Enlisted the 12 zodiac sign.
Become A Reporter
Website Development Comapny in Ludhiana
Contact for Website Development, Online Shopping Portal, News Portal, Dynamic Website
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text:
Q: Show that $\lim _{n \to \infty}\left (a_{n} + b_{n}\right) = a + b$ help ?? Assume that $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n=a$ and $\lim_{n \to \infty} b_n=b$

*

*Show that $\lim_{n \to \infty}(a_n+b_n)=a+b$

*and that $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_nb_n=ab$
by using the definition of convergence of sequences
(well this is two seperate questions, but I guess the principles are pretty much the same)
I mean can I just say that the limit of a sequence is equivavent to the limit of a function as the limit approaches infinity? done? or do I actually have to "prove" it? if yes then I have no idea how to do that :D thanks for tips/solutions/advice :D

A: We have that $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = a$ and $\lim_{n \to \infty} b_n = b$
So $\forall \epsilon > 0 $ $\exists N_{1} \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $|a_{n} - a| < \epsilon/2$ $\forall n>N_{1}$
And also $\exists N_{2} \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $|b_{n} - b| < \epsilon/2$ $\forall n>N_{2}$
Now, let $N = max(N_{1}, N_{2})$ then $\forall n>N$ we have $|(a_{n} + b_{n}) - (a + b)| \leq |a_{n} -a| + |b_{n} - b|$ by the triangle law and then we immediately have $|(a_{n} + b_{n}) - (a + b)| \leq \epsilon /2 + \epsilon /2 = \epsilon$.
So $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n + b_n = a + b$.
Now, for the product we have to be a little bit sneakier. As $a_n$ tends to a limit $a$, we can show that the sequence is itself bounded: let $\epsilon > 0$ then $\exists N \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $|a_n - a| < \epsilon $ $\forall n > N$. Then we have $|a_n| < |a| + \epsilon$ $ $ $\forall n>N$. Now let $h =$ max $(|a_1|,|a_2|,...,|a_N|, |a| + \epsilon) $ then $|a_n| \leq h$ $\forall n$.
Now $\exists N_1 \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $|a_n - a| < \frac {\epsilon} {2(1 + |b|)}$ and $\exists N_2 \in \mathbb{N}$ such that $|b_n - b| < \frac {\epsilon} {2(1 + h)}$  where h is the maximum of $a_n$ defined in the last paragraph. W use the "$1 + ..$" in the denominator to avoid the awkward cases where either $b$ or $h$ is $0$

This is a really standard trick: we let $N = $max$(N_1, N_2)$, then we have $|a_n b_n - ab| = |a_n b_n - b a_n + b a_n - ab|$ (this is also a really standard trick, adding and subtracting the same thing from a modulus so that we can use the triangle law, which is what we do now). So we get:
$$
        |a_n b_n - ab| = |a_n b_n - b a_n + b a_n - ab| \leq |a_n b_n - b a_n| + |b a_n -ab| = |a_n| |b_n - b| + |b||a_n - a| \leq \frac {\epsilon |a_n| } {2(1 + h)} + \frac {\epsilon b }    {2(1 + b)} \leq \epsilon /2 + \epsilon /2 = \epsilon
$$
And so we get $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n b_n = ab$.
As an exercise for yourself you might like to try proving the quotient rule, that is if $b \neq 0$ then $lim_{n \to \infty} \frac {a_n} {b_n} = \frac {a} {b}$ .

A: Some guidance: For these kind of questions I always find it very useful to write down what we know. So in this case:
Since $\{a_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$ is convergent, by definition, there exists a $N_1 \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $\varepsilon > 0$ and for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$ with $n \geq N$ implies $|a_n - a| < \dfrac{\varepsilon}{2}$.
You can do the same for $\{b_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$.
Then, you have to find a suitable $N \in \mathbb{N}$.
After that, you should apply T. Bonger's hint. And then finally, reach the desired conclusion!
For the second question, do the same but note that $|a_nb_n - ab| = |a_nb_n - a_nb + a_nb - ab|\leq |a_nb_n - a_nb| + |a_nb - ab| = |a_n||b_n - b| + |b||a_n - a|$

A: Suppose $a_n \to a$ and $b_n \to b$.
1) Since $a_n -a \to 0$ and $b_n -b \to 0$ why? and $a_n +b_n -(a+b)=(a_n-a)+(b_n -b)$, it will suffice to show that if $c_n \to 0$ and $d_n \to 0$ so $c_n+d_n \to 0 $. Given $\varepsilon>0$ let choose $N$ such that $|c_n|< \varepsilon/2$ and $|d_n|< \varepsilon/2$ for all $n\ge N$ at the same time. Hence
$$|c_n +d_n|\le|c_n|+|d_n|< \varepsilon$$
as desired.
2) We proof  two special cases  if $c_n \to c$ and $k\in \mathbb{R}$ so $kc_n \to kc$. Choose $n_0$ such that $|c_n-c|<\varepsilon/(|k|+1)$ for all $n\ge n_0$. So $$|kc_n-kc|=|k||c_n-c|< \varepsilon$$
and the second special case. If $c_n \to c$ and $d_n \to d$, so $(c_n-c)(d_n-d)\to 0$. Given $\varepsilon>0$. Choose $n_0$ such that $|c_n-c|< \sqrt{\varepsilon}$ and $|d_n-d|<\sqrt{\varepsilon}$. Hence $$|(c_n-c)(d_n-d)|=|c_n-c||d_n-d|< \varepsilon$$
For the general case using $(1)$ and the special cases:
\begin{align}\lim_n (a_nb_n-ab)=\lim_n\big[(a_n-a)(b_n-b)+b(a_n-a)+a(b_n-b)\big]\\
=\lim_n(a_n-a)(b_n-b)+b\lim_n(a_n-a)+a\lim_n(b_n-b)\\
=0+b\cdot 0+a\cdot 0=0\end{align}


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This member is added by an implicit conversion from PollDispatcher to ArrowAssoc[PollDispatcher] performed by method any2ArrowAssoc in scala.Predef.
This member is added by an implicit conversion from PollDispatcher to Ensuring[PollDispatcher] performed by method any2Ensuring in scala.Predef.
This member is added by an implicit conversion from PollDispatcher to StringFormat performed by method any2stringfmt in scala.Predef.


text:
Spring break so tedenske počitnice na urniku ameriških šol in univerz ob pričetku pomladi (v nekaterih šolah jim pravijo March break ali spring recess), med katerimi se mladi množično odpravljajo zabavat v tople kraje. Podobno prakso poznajo tudi v nekaterih drugih državah, kjer se začnejo počitnice po koncu mrzlega dela leta (na primer septembra v Južni Afriki).

Mesto Fort Lauderdale na Floridi je bilo od konca druge svetovne vojne pa vse do 1980. let glavna destinacija Spring breaka, ki ga je populariziral tudi film Where the Boys Are (1960), v katerem študentje spoznavajo dekleta ravno na Spring breaku. Kasneje je praksa nekoliko zamrla zaradi sprejema zakonodaje, ki je omejila prodajo alkoholnih pijač mladoletnim osebam, zato so postale bolj priljubljene druge destinacije, tudi v tujini (predvsem na Karibih).

V Evropi so v zadnjih letih nekatere turistične agencije pričele tržiti aktivnosti za študente pod tem imenom, običajno v mesecu maju (po nekod za prvomajske praznike, drugod ob koncu maja).

Viri

Ameriška kultura
Počitnice
Pomlad

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Why Big Thought
The Opportunity Gap
Our Innovative Model
A Case for Imagination
Social and Emotional Learning (SEL)
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Thriving Minds Summer Camp 2019
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Art is Activism
May 15, 2018 Artivism, Youth Development No comments
"Art is commonly stereotyped as a solitary practice that forces you to isolate yourself and suddenly emerge with this outstanding piece of work that shows all of your troubles and how you overcame them.
This isn't true. Although art in many forms is about expressing what you feel/experience, it isn't something that requires the artist to do alone. There used to be a time where I tried to keep to myself and write a poem or two but, in the long run, I would always look to my mentors for help. I realized that being creative and brainstorming isn't always something you have to do alone.
Many people grow and experience similar situations in life, which is part of the reason we create such strong bonds with one another."
– Christian Morales, Youth Development Correspondent
Auditions for the 2018 season of Big Thought's Artivism program are this Saturday, May 19th from 2-4pm! Youth ages 16-20 will work together with professional artists to create an original play or film that speaks out about racial and social justice issues. Stipends are paid for the work. Do you know someone who may be interested? Share this page with them! Sign-up to audition here: https://www.bigthought.org/artivism
Big ThoughtArt is Activism 05.15.2018
May 3, 2018 Artivism, Creative Solutions, Youth Development No comments
By, Christian Morales
What is one thing every person has, but might not know how to use? A voice. In some way or form, everyone can express themselves. As a matter of fact, some of the most impactful voices are the ones we either refuse to acknowledge or ones that can't physically be heard.
Big ThoughtYouth Voice 05.03.2018
Meet six members of the Dallas Business Journal Leadership Trust
Community Engagement with SEL
Del Barrio al Liderazgo Comunitario
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© 2019 Big Thought. All rights reserved.
Big Thought Awards & Accomplishments
Big Thought commemorated the 20th anniversary of the Creative Solutions program in partnership with the Dallas County Juvenile Department. (2015)
The NCAA selects Big Thought to develop and manage the community-wide service learning initiative in conjunction with The NCAA Men's Final Four © to engage more than 7,000 in service projects. (2014)
Big Thought is presented with the Texas Medal of Arts Award for Art Education. Given by the Texas Cultural Trust, the TMA Awards celebrate Texans who have enriched the unique culture of Texas. (2013)
Big Thought celebrates its 25th anniversary. President/CEO, Gigi Antoni, co-authors More than the sum of its parts: Collaboration & Sustainability in Arts Education, with Thomas Wolf. (2012)
President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities selects Big Thought President/CEO Gigi Antoni as a "Champion of Change," serving on a White House panel highlighting best practices in arts education. (2011)
The Wallace Foundation and RAND Corporation select Dallas & Big Thought's Thriving Minds summer camp program to participate in a three-year longitudinal study on summer learning loss tracking the impact of comprehensive summer programs on the academic success of incoming fourth graders in six U.S. cities. (2011)
The trustees of Communities Foundation of Texas, who oversee the W.W. Caruth, Jr. Foundation, award a $2-million challenge grant to Big Thought to build a coordinated system upon the framework of its out-of-school-time initiative, Thriving Minds. (2010)
The Wallace Foundation awards Big Thought an $8M grant to plan and implement a citywide creative learning system and renews its commitment with a four-year $4.3M gift to continue implementation. (2010, 2005)
The Texas Education Agency awards three five-year grants to manage Big Thought's Thriving Minds After-School program in 33 Dallas ISD schools. (2010, 2009, 2008)
Americans for the Arts presents Big Thought with the Arts Education Award given annually to the organization identified as the best in arts education program design, execution, as well as leadership. (2009)
Big Thought is selected by the North Texas Super Bowl XLV Host Committee to design and execute the largest-ever youth-education program for the NFL in conjunction with Super Bowl XLV. (2009)
Big Thought publishes More Than Measuring outlining the organization's philosophy and assessment. (2007)
The U.S. Department of Education awards a $1.1 million Model Development and Dissemination Grant to support Big Thought's ArtsPartners National Model and provides an additional $1 million grant to train arts specialists as arts integration resources to strengthen the program. (2006, 2003)
Big Thought receives the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities Coming Up Taller Award. (2004)
The Ford Foundation awards Big Thought grants to develop a family learning and parent advocacy component as part of the Dallas ArtsPartners program (2003)


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Journal of Tolkien Research
Home > CCLIR > Library > JOURNALOFTOLKIENRESEARCH > Vol. 3 (2016) > Iss. 1
How to Do Things with Words: Tolkien's Theory of Fantasy in Practice
Simon J. Cook Dr., Independent ScholarFollow
After his St Andrews lecture on 'Fairy Stories' Tolkien projected his theory of sub-creation into his legendarium. In this projection the theory of what the human sub-creator does with thought and words became a model for what miraculous and magical beings can do with spirit and matter. For example, Fëanor's making of the Silmarils and Sauron's forging of the Ring were conceived (or in the first case, re-conceived) as acts analogous to human fantasy. Middle-earth thus became a world in which the magical potential of human words is revealed in the visible being of magical things.
Cook, Simon J. Dr. (2016) "How to Do Things with Words: Tolkien's Theory of Fantasy in Practice," Journal of Tolkien Research: Vol. 3 : Iss. 1 , Article 6.
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol3/iss1/6
All Issues Vol. 7, Iss. 1 Vol. 6, Iss. 2 Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Vol. 5, Iss. 1 Vol. 4, Iss. 2 Vol. 4, Iss. 1 Vol. 3, Iss. 3 Vol. 3, Iss. 2 Vol. 3, Iss. 1 Vol. 2, Iss. 1 Vol. 1, Iss. 1