Verbascum thapsus L. [Khardhag or Common mullein], a member of the family Scrophulariaceae, is a famous herb that is found all over Europe, in temperate Asia, in North America and is well-reputed due to its medicinal properties. This medicinal herb contains various chemical constituents like saponins, iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides, flavonoids, vitamin C and minerals. It is famous in various communities worldwide for the treatment of various disorders of both humans and animals aliments. A number of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihepatotoxic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity have been ascribed to this plant. The plant is used to treat tuberculosis also, earache and bronchitis. In the present paper botanical and ethnomedicinal description, pharmacological profile and phytochemistry of this herb is being discussed.
The origin of majority of remedies, recipes and pharmaceuticals has been traced to medicinal plants. There is increasing trend of investigating the pharmacological potential of the extracts, fractions and compounds isolated from plant species, the in vivo investigations of toxicity and biological activities of extracts or bioactives, the possible mechanisms of action involved, and the standardization and chemical characterization of the extracts. Verbascum is the largest genus of the family Scrophulariaceae, with about 2500 species (Tatli and Akdemir, 2006). Verbascum thapsus L. is an important species of this genusand is found wild on stony ground, in wasteland, woodland, clearings and roadsides (Speranza et al., 2010). The use of Verbascum thapsus increasing the medicines not only globally but in developing countries also in advanced countries (Turker and Camper, 2002) where the United States like dried leaves and flowers, capsules, alcohlic extracts and the flower oil of this plant can easily be found in health stores (Turker and Gurel, 2005). The present work is a critical survey of research carried out on this important medicinal plant. Electronic search engines like Scifinder® and Science Direct were used to search the isolated bioactive constituents and pharmacological activities exhibited by these compounds as well as by the crude extracts by using the search-terms common mullein, Verbascum thapsus, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities as keywords. The information in the present work will serve as baseline date and may inspire new biomedical applications of V. thapsus, especially isolation of bioactive products and their practical use as patents.
The Verbascum is derived from Latin word meaning barbascum barba or beard (Jankowiak, 1976) referring to the plant's beardlike filaments (Wilhelm, 1974). There are various myths regarding the term Thapsus as it may have been derived from the Isle of Siclian Thapsos where mullein was gathered in ancient times (Muenscher, 1935) or from the Tunisian Island "Thapsus" (Jankowiak, 1976). "Thapsos" is Greek word representing the yellow flower of the plant (Wilhelm, 1974). The plant has yellow flowers are Roman ladies their hair dyed yellow (DeBray, 1978). Mullein the word is derived from the Latin mollis, or soft (Durant, 1976), which is synonymous to the present term woolen (Muenscher, 1935; Mitich, 1983).
Adam's flannel, Aaron's rod, Beggar's blanket, Beggar's stalk, Big taper, Blanket herb, Bullock's lungwort, Candlewick plant, Clot, Clown's lungwort, Common mullein, Cuddy's lungs, Duffle, Feltwort, Flannel mullein, Flannel plant, Flannel leaf, Fluffweed, Golden rod, Hare's beard, Hag's taper, Jacob's staff, Jupiter's staff, White mullein, Mullein dock, Old man's flannel, Our lady's flannel, Peter's staff, Rag paper, Shepherd's staff, Shepherd's clubs, Torches, Velvet dock, Velvet plant, Woollen and Wild ice leaf. So many names indicate friendly, majestic, plain old and soft image of the plant in minds (Britton and Brown, 1898; Durant, 1976; Brickell and Zuk, 1997; Wagner et al., 1999).
Locally Verbascum thapsus L. is named as Kharghwug (Murad et al., 2011), Ghordoughkaro (Hussain et al., 2007), Gidder Tambakoo (Qureshi et al., 2007), Tamakusak (Shinwari and Gilani, 2003), Khardhag (Sher, 2011), Jungle tambako and barbasco (Pullaiah, 2003).
Verbascum thapsus L. grows wild on stony ground, in wasteland, woodland, clearings and roadsides (Turker and Gurel, 2005). It is distributed in different areas of Pakistani like Kurram Agency, Dir, Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Deosai, Baltistan, Drass, Ladakh, Hazara, Kashmir, Baluchistan and Punjab (Shinwari and Gilani, 2003). It is widely distributed plant, being found all over Europe,temperate and temperate Asia in the Himalayas to the far, abundant in North America as a naturalized weed in the eastern States (Murbeck, 1933; Hoshovsky, 1986; Ansari and Daehler, 2000).
V. thapsus is an herbaceous annual or biennial, erect and stout weed. It produces a low vegetative rosette up to 61 cm. Flowers are densely arranged, occur usually one per axil five having both male and female reproductive organs. Flowers are yellow in color having five sepals, five petals, two-celled ovary and five stamens. Fruit is in the form of capsule that split into two valves at maturity. Capsule has star shaped appearance and ovoid having 3-6 mm length. The fruit contain seeds that are brown in color having 0.5-1.0 mm length. Basal leaves are oblong-obovate to oblanceolate entire generally, having short and long petioles (10-40 cm).
Leaves margins are entire or obscurely crenate and alternately arranged. Leaves arranged along the stem (cauline leaves) are 5-30 cm in length having pinnate venation. Mullein has a deep taproot with a fibrous root system shallow secondary. Stem is erect and stout having 50 to 180 cm range of tallness. The stem is simple generally having alternately arranged leaves (Wagner et al., 1999; Halvorson and Guertin, 2003; Remaley, 2005). The plant produces up to 100,000-180,000 numerous seeds per plant during the second or third year of growth, and can remain dormant for greater than 100 years (Gross and Werner, 1982). The capsule contain seeds that are brown in color having length 0.5-1.0 mm, oblong-prismatic seed shape and seed surface ornamented by irregular polygonal cells with or without distinct vesicles (Attar et al., 2007; Kinsman, 2008; Mahek et al., 2011).
Common mullein has an old relationship with man and is respected because of mystical and medicinal powers traditionally. According to old herbalists if someone keeps a part of the plant it has the ability to keep away evil spirits and terrors (Muenscher, 1935; DeBray, 1978). It was famous among Greeks that Ulysses took this plant to protect him against the wiles of Circe (DeBray, 1978). Greeks, Romans and people of Western United States knew it as candle/torch are they used it at funerals or other holy ceremonies (Muenscher, 1935). The people of Rome and Ireland called it "lungwort" because of its use to cure lung disease in both humans and livestock (Muenscher, 1935; DeBray, 1978). Few folk`s names of the plant shows its association with Christianity and medieval beliefs in witches; those are Lady`s candle, Lady`s flannel, Our Lady`s taper, Lady`s candle stick, Virgin Mary`s candle, Wooly mullein and Hag`s Taper (McLeod, 2008).
The flowers and leaves are analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, spasmolytic, astringent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and vulnerary (DeBray, 1978; Grieve, 1981; Chiej, 1984; Hussain et al., 2007). Homeopathic formulations containing fresh leaves are used in the treatment of longstanding headaches accompanied with oppression of the ear (Grieve, 1981). Ointments prepared from leaves are used for burns and earache (Haughton, 1978). Topically, thepoultice of the leaves is a good healer of wounds and is also applied to ulcers, tumors and piles. A poultice made from the seeds and leaves is used to draw out splinters (Grieve, 1981).
Infusion of the flowers in olive oil is used as earache drops having strong bactericidal properties (Bown, 1995; Chevallier, 1996). An infusion or tea of the plant is taken internally in the treatment of a wide range of chest and abdominal complaints including productive cough and diarrhea (Bown, 1995; Chevallier, 1996; Murad et al., 2011). It is used as a tobacco substitute (Wilhelm, 1974) and rheumatic problems (Haughton, 1978). A decoction of the seeds is used to soothe chilblains and chapped skin (Chiej, 1984). The juice of the plant and powder made from the dried roots is said to quickly remove rough warts when rubbed on them. A decoction of the roots is said to too thache and relieve also cramps and convulsions alleviate (Grieve, 1981).
Flower extract in hot water is used as dye to turn hair a golden color (Grieve, 1981; Huxley, 1992) that can be changed to green dye on acidification or alkalization on to brown.Leaves are used in the insulation shoes to keep the feet warm (Grieve, 1981). Also mullein was used as a useful fish poison (Haughton, 1978). The stems are used as torches, tinder and wicks for candles (DeBray, 1978; Grieve, 1981; RHS, 1988).
Physicochemical parameters provide an idea about the drug purity, inorganic composition and the total solvent soluble component. These physicochemical parameters may be used as tool in the quality control of herbal industry, thus adulteration may be avoided and the quality of herbal drug may be improved. Mahek et al. (2011) determined different physicochemical parameters. The ash values of the powdered V. thapsusleaf revealed a high concentration of total ash. The total ash, acid insoluble and water soluble ash substances were found to 14.32, 4.75, 8.30% w/w respectively in leaves. The ethanol and water soluble extractives are 11.87 and 6.51% w/w respectively. Loss on drying of the powdered V. thapsus leaf revealed the presence of 5.57% of moisture in a drug respectively. The average numerical values of stomatal number, stomatal index, vein islet number and vein termination number of lower surface of the leaves were found to be 96, 15.7, 14.5 and 12.5 (Mahek et al., 2011). Physicochemical characteristics of seed oil such as oxide stability index, refractive index and density were found 47.8 OSI (h), 1.4753 n25 D, 0.933 respectively (Parry et al., 2006).
The V. thapsus is so widely distributed in the plant has various reported communities worldwide for various disorders of both humans and animals (Chart 1). The results indicate its traditional use is mostly confined to Latin-American countries, sub-continent and some European countries.
Chart 1 Ethnomedicinal uses of Verbascum thapsus L.
There is resurgent interest in health benefits of herbsdue to their diverse biological activities and pharmacological profile. The herbs exhibit these activities due to chemical constituents present in them. The momentous pharmacological activities of V. thapsus are cure and prevention of various diseases and improvement from diseases such as cancer, stroke and heart diseases.
It is well-recognized that free-radicals containing oxygen and nitrogen species are responsible for various chronic diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, atherosclerosis, aging, and cancer in biological systems. Various constituents present in plants like phenolic compounds, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and certain minerals, such as zinc and selenium are capable of neutralizing the effects of free radicals. Therefore due attention is being paid to the protective biochemical functions of naturally occurring antioxidants from plants. Antioxidant activity of alcoholic stem extract was investigated using DPPH assay, Table 1 (Kumar and Singh, 2011). Ethanolic extract of the plant resultedup to 85% inhibition of free radical and up to 40% inhibition by water extract in DPPH assay (Narayanaswamy and Balakrishnan, 2011). ORAC is a widely accepted measurement of free radical-scavenging capacity. ORAC values of the cold-pressed seed oil extracts were determined. Parsley, cardamom, and milk thistle seed oils exhibited ORAC values over 100 μmol TE/g oil, whereas V. thapsus, onion, and roasted pumpkin seed oils had ORAC values less than 30 μmol TE/g (Parry et al., 2006). Antioxidants differ in their free-radical quenching property due to their action at specific cell sites. This may explain different antioxidant effects observed by different biological assays.
Table 1 Antioxidant activities expressed as IC50 (Kumar and Singh, 2011).
Aqueous and ethanolic extract of whole plant had niceantioxidant activity inhibit sebum oxidation and thus prevent body smell and skin aging (Ota et al., 1999). Antioxidant activity of 35 plant species traditionally used for symptoms of diabetes or its complications were determined including root extract of V. thapsus using DPPH assay (IC50 in ppm 67.80), NBT/XO assay (8.07% inhibition) and DCF/AAPH assay (10.31% inhibition) (McCune and Johns, 2002).
Pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, the dried form as in the tea, thediluent or any delivery system prepared from the extract of V. thapsus, are used for the treatment of lung conditions or other degenerative conditions due to aging because of their essential antioxidant ingredients (Intelisano, 2002; Kogje et al., 2010). It is suggested results from above that Verbascum thapsus is a rich source of antioxidants. Although studies exist on antioxidant activity of extracts, however no study is present on antioxidant activity of isolated compounds from this plant.
Treatment of the coetaneous wound creation in rabbit with topical application of herbal extract of Verbascum thapsus was associated with enhanced formation of epidermis and deposition of connective tissue compared to control group animals. The results showed that V. thapsus extract 20% good healing effect on regeneration (Mehdinezhad et al., 2011).Bioactive compound responsible for this activity needs to be explored for commercial utilization as invention.
Plant-derived medicines have been a part of traditional healthcare in most parts of the world for thousands of years and there is increasing interest in the plants as the source of microbial agents to fight diseases (Zia-Ul-Haq et al., 2011). Khan et al evaluated methanol extract of aerial parts of V. thapsus against four gram-positive and five gram-negative bacteria five species Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis. Gram negative: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Vibrio cholera and Enterobacter coccus. They reported MIC value against Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli 10, 1, 1,1,12.5 and 15 mg/ml respectively but no activity was reported against Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalisand Entrobacter coccus (Khan et al., 2011).
Another antibacterial study was carried out onethanol extract of V. thapsus stem against gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Table 2, (Kumar and Singh, 2011).
Table 2 Antibacterial activity expressed as Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (Kumar and Singh, 2011).
Tucker and Camper studied in detail antibacterial activity usingdisc diffusion assay of common mullein (V. thapsus) extracts and commercial Mullein products. Six bacterial strains were used in the bioassay: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis. The commercially obtained Mullein flower oil sample inhibited growth of all test organisms except S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes; the only other inhibitory activity was detected with the commercial alcohol extract against K. pneumoniae. Decoction from commercially obtained leaf material was inhibitory to all test organisms except P. aeruginosaand S. pyogenes. Only K. pneumoniae was inhibited by the Mullein tea sample. This activity was attributed to the saponins (Meurer-Grimes et al., 1996; Speranza et al., 2010).
Sandra et al evaluated forty-three plant species for in vitroantimycobacterial activities including theflower and leaf of V. thapsus. The MIC value (μg/ml) against M. aurum > 500 M. smegmatis > 500 were reported (Sandra et al., 2002). Mullein herb was also reported in otherstudy for anti-tubercular positive results during clinical trials (Carthy and Mahony, 2011).
The V. thapsus methanol extract of aerial parts was s against Aspergilus niger studied, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus fumigates and Rhizoctonia solani using agar tube dilution method their linear percent inhibition were determined to be 25.53, 58.39, 23.18 and 64.09 respectively (Khan et al., 2011). The broad spectrum antimicrobial potential of this species suggests it a potential candidate as antimicrobial agentand should be explored for antimicrobial lead entities. The results indicated that Gram positive were more susceptible than Gram negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria are usually more sensitive to crude extracts and bioactive constituents because of the specific structure of their cell walls (Zia-Ul-Haq et al., 2013).
Investigation was for in vitro antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and influenza virus A by dye uptake assay systems HSV-1/Vero in the cells and influenza virus A/MDCK cells.V. thapsusexhibited strong anti-influenza virus activity with IC50 < 6.25 mg/ml (Rajbhandari et al., 2009). In another study, one hundred methanolic plant extracts were screened for antiviral activity against their seven viruses. Twelve extracts were found to have antiviral activity at the non-cytotoxic concentrations tested. The extracts prepared from V. thapsus exhibited antiviral activity against herpes virus type 1 (McCutcheon et al., 1995). The antiviral effect was strongest noted with decoctions of V. thapsus flowers (Skwarek, 1979). Zanon et al. (2002) investigated the alcoholic extracts of several species including Verbascm thapsus in Vero cellspseudorabies virus strain RC/79 (herpes virus suis) system the alcoholic extract of V. thapsuswere able to inhibit at least 2 log, the viral infectivity. Maximum non-cytotoxic concentration was determined 1.40 mg per ml plant materials. An antiviral agent is known due to its potential of being non-toxic for the host cell, so that the inhibition observed should only be due to a direct action in the viral replication. Based on above observations, V. thapsus might be further explored for its antiviral indications. Since anti-viral synthetic medicines are costly therefore the chemical entity responsible for this activity present in crude extract of common mullein should be isolated, purified, characterized and clinical trial should be performed for potential commercial use.
Verbascum thapsus was evaluated for its anti-hepatoma activity on five human liver-cancer cell lines, i.e. HepG2/C3A, SK-HEP-1, HA22T/VGH, Hep3B and PLC/PRF/5. The hot water extract of crude drug was examined by in vitro evaluation for its cytotoxicity. The results showed that the effect of crude drug on hepatitis B virus genome-containing cell lines were different from non those against hepatitis B virus genomecontaining cell lines. The inhibitions at 2000 μg/ml dose were 31% (HepG2/C3A), 69.9% (HA22T/VGH) and 11.6% (PLC/PRF/5) on HBV (-) and HBV (+) cell lines. V. thapsus was observed to be potent effective against the growth of three cell lines (Lin et al., 2002). Aqueous extract and alcoholic extract of V. thapsusanti-cancer resulted in vitro enzyme MMP-9 and Cathepsin B inhibition assay (Cyr, 2010).
Turker and Camper studied biological activity of common mullein extracts (water, ethanol, methanol) and commercial Mullein products using selected bioassays, antitumor and two toxicity assays (brine shrimp and radish seed). Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced tumors in potato disc tissue were inhibited by all extracts. Toxicity to brine shrimp and radish seed germination and growth was observed at higher concentrations of the extracts (Speranza et al., 2010). The compound 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy flavone, useful as an antiasthmatic and antiallergic was isolated from V. thapsus, showed 24.8% inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis in guinea pig ileum at 1.6 × 10-5 M (Kawamo et al., 1988). Follow-up studies should be performedto identify the responsible bioactive principle and to determine the anticancer mechanism of action.
Studied antihyperlipidemic activity was induced in rats with hyperlipidemia, polysaccharides obtained from the leaves of V. thapsus exhibited significant decrease in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Aboutabl et al., 1999). Hyperlipidemia plays a major role in the development of coronary heart diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus which are themajor causes of mortality worldwide. The study suggests its potential commercial use as antihyperlipidemic agent. The mechanism by which V. thapsusexerts antihyperlipidemic effects still needs attention of researchers.
Pardo et al. (1998) investigated phytotoxins from an ethanolic extract of the roots of V. thapsus, which exhibited antigermination activity on the seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The extracts led to isolation of iridoid glycosides, which are known to inhibit plant growth.
Leaves of V. thapsus part of hair tonic that inhibit 5-α-reductase and stimulate hair outer root sheath proliferation, so used as hair tonics (Ito et al., 2007). Mullein-tops(V. thapsus) along with other plants are intended especially for the treatment of consumption, asthma, and hemorrhages (Nichols, 1887). Another invention contain Verbascum one of its constituent for the therapy of ear diseases (Nakar, 2004). V. thapsus extract was in the formulation was used to treat skin disorders by applying affected areas of the skin twice daily (Williams, 1997). It is reported to be a part of polyherbal formulation of cosmetics, bath preparations and detergents that showed skin moisturizing and conditioning effects (Ohara et al., 2001). Naturopathic Herbal Extract Ear Drops (NHED, including V. thapsus) may be beneficial in Otitis media that is one of the most frequent diseases of early infancy and childhood (Sarrell et al., 2003). V. thapsus was mentioned in the composition of healing plaster for all bodily disorders such as strains, bruises, fresh wounds, inflammation, rheumatic, neuralgic, chronic pains and ulcerations (Baker, 1885). Another formulation made by Humphrey from Iodine and mullein in combination for throat disease (Humphrey, 1869). V. thapsus, an algae, Medicago sativa, and Symphytum officinale, together with other optional components resulted the formulation for use as a tobacco substitute and as an aid in the cessation of tobacco use. The invention is an important substitute tobacco in cigarettes or pipes that produce diminished desire for tobacco (Coy-Herbert, 2002). The extract prepared from V. thapsus demonstrated ability to inhibit its one or more extracellular proteases, which degrade human tissue matrix (Cyr, 2002)this inhibitory activity can be used to minimize during protein purification due to the degradation extracellular proteases.Tincture made from dried leaves promote healthy hair in baldness and dandruff preparations (Roia, 1966).
The great diversity of chemical classes is found in V. thapsus, mainly glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. The potential therapeutic implications of common mullein are due to these bioactive constituents however detailed mechanisms of the various activities describing structureactivity relationship still require intensive investigation.In-vitro and in-vivo studies describing toxicity and safety and efficacy studies suggesting optimal dosage for human consumption for cure of various diseases of these bioactive constituents should be performed to rationalize its uses folk-lore for cure of various ailments.
Verbascoside (1) was one of the earliest iridoid glycoside reported from the leaves of V. thapsus (Murakami, 1940). Aucubin (2) was obtained in greater quantity in roots compare to aerial parts (Groeger and Simchen, 1967).Pardo et al. (1998) isolated iridoid glucosides laterioside (3), harpagoside (4), ajugol, and aucubin from an ethanolic extract of the roots of V. thapsus that showed antigermination activity on seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare).Aucubin, isocatalpol, methylcatalpol, and 6-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol were reported by Seifert et al. (1984).Warashina et al. worked on whole plant of V. thapsus and isolated various iridoids e.g. saccatoside, 6-O-(3"-O-p-coumaroyl)-α-Lrhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-(4"-O-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-(2"-O-(p-methoxytrans-cinnamoyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-( 3 " - O - ( p - m e t h o x y - t r a n s - c i n n a m o y l ) - α - L - r h a m n o p y r a n o s y l c a t a l p o l , v e r b a s c o s i d e A , 6 - O - [ 2 " - O - ( 3 , 4 - d i h y d r o x y - t r a n s - c i n n a m o y l ) ] -α-L-rhamnopyranosyl catalpol, 6-O-[4"-O-(3,4-dihydroxytrans-cinnamoyl)]-α - L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-[3"-O-(3 , 4 -dimethoxy-trans-cinnamoyl)]-α -L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-(2"-O-feruloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-(4"-O-feruloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-(2"-O-isoferuloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, 6-O-(3"-O-isoferuloyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol, and 6-O-(4"-O-isoferuloyl)-α-Lrhamnopyranosylcatalpol (Warashina et al., 1991). Harpagide (5) from aerial parts (Bianco et al., 1980) while 5-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl (1α-3)-[α-D-glucuronopyranosyl (1α-6)]-α-D-glucopyranoside was reported from whole plant (Mehrotra et al., 1989). The most recent isolation studies by Zhao et al. (2011) resulted ajugol, ningpogenin (6), 10-deoxyeucommiol (7), jioglutolide (8), 6-β-hydroxy-2-oxabicyclo [4.3.0]Δ8-9-nonen-1-one (9), 8-cinnamoylmyoporoside (10) and verbathasin A (11) from aerial parts of V. thapsus.
Warashina et al. isolated phenylethanoid glycosides from V. thapsus e.g. forsythoside B (12), alyssonoside, arenarioside, 1'-O-β-D-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→3')-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6')-4'-O-feruloyl-glucopyranoside, leucosceptoside B, 1'-O-β-D-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3')-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6')4'-oferuloyl-glucopyranoside, cistanoside B and1'-O-β-D(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3')3"'-hydroxy-4"'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-cinnamoyl-(1→6')glucopyranoside (Warashina et al., 1992). Later another group isolated ergosterol peroxide,docosanoic acid, oleanolic acid and β-sitosterol from the flowers of V. thapsus(Zhang et al., 1996).
The structural diversity of the terpenes is reflected in their different pharmacological properties. Hussainet al. (2009) isolatedtwo sesquiterpenes: buddlindeterpene A and B; one diterpene i.e. buddlindeterpene C from whole plant of V. thapsus collected from northern area of Pakistan.
Flavonoids are getting reputation due to their antioxidative and anticancer activities besides their role in managing oxidative stress in biological systems due to their ability to act as free radical scavengers and quenchers of singlet oxygen formation. Kogjeet al. (2010) determined phenolic and flavonoid content V. thapsus various parts, total phenolic content of leaf 0.124, stem 0.166, root 0.100 (mg/g dry weight) and total flavonoid content leaf 0.024, stem 0.009, root 0.018 (mg/g dry weight).
Danchul et al. (2007) studied the composition of flavonoids of 22 species in genus Verbascum. Underground parts and aerial parts of plants including stems, leaves, flowers and seeds were investigated. Six flavonoid compounds acacetin7-O-α-D-glucoside, luteolin (13), cynaroside (14), kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin were isolated and characterized. From the 70% aqueous acetone extract of dry aerial parts of V. thapsus a flavonoid apigetrin (15) was isolated (Zhao et al., 2011).
The new flavonoid, 4',7-dihydroxyflavone-4'-rhamnoside, was isolated and identified by usual methods from the leaves and flowers of V. thapsus, together with 6-hydroxyluteolin-7glucoside and 3'-methylquercetin (Souleles and Geronikaki, 1989). Mullein seed oils contain carotenoids that may serve as dietary sources, especially zeaxanthin (Parry et al., 2006).
Parry et al. studied composition of the mullein seed oil along with other food oil. It was found that mullein seed oils had relatively higher γ-tocopherol levels with a ratio of 1:10 for α- to γ-isomers. Mullein seed oil contained the highest level of Δ-tocopherol among all tested seed oils; and the lowest Δ-tocopherol content. In summary, the cold-pressed seed oils may mullein servesthe dietary sources for γ-tocopherol. The cold-pressed seed oilmullein may also provide dietary Δ-tocopherol (Parry et al., 2006) as shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Carotenoid contents in the cold-pressed seed oils.
Saponins are an important phytoconstituent ascribed to various biological actions like antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antiplasmodial, antimalarial, antitumoral and antiviral activities. Saponins reported from V. thapsus are given in Chart 2. It may be concluded that various antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumoral activities of V.thapsus may be due to these constituents.
Chart 2 Chemical constituents reported from V. thapsus.
Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules and may be found as free monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, or as glycoconjugates, like glycoproteins, glycopeptides, glycolipids and glycosylated natural products. Various carbohydrates reported from different parts are presented in Chart 3.
Chart 3 Fatty acids compositions of the studied cold-pressed seed oils (Parry et al., 2006).
Presence of various minerals up to an acceptable limit is essential for the normal physiological and biochemical functions human. Pande and Tewari analyzed the ash of V. thapsus is both acidic and basic radicals in detail (Chart 4) (Pande and Tewari, 1960). However Cr and Ni were found in anomalous concentration in V. thapsus that can be a major environmental threat with regard to the health of the inhabitants of the area (Kfayatullah et al., 2001). Similarly the plant was reported for high scavenging ability for Zn and Pb from the soil that could cause serious environmental and health problems in the area of the living organisms (Shah et al., 2004). Usually presence of minerals in plants depends on cultivars, agrogeoclimatological conditions of area from where plant parts were collected, maturity and collection time of plant parts, chemical composition of soil, water and fertilizers applied as well as permissibility and selectivity of minerals during uptake of water by plants.
Chart 4 Minerals reported from V. thapsus.
V. thapsus seed oils had high total poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents (Table 4), with linoleic acid (18:2n-6) as the primary fatty acid. The biomechanical functions of PUFA are currently under extensive research including their influence/ impact on cellular signaling and membrane structure; gene expression and prostaglandin biosynthesis; and nervous, endocrine, and immune system mediations (Yehuda, 2001; Parryet al., 2006).
Table 4 Fatty acids compositions of the studied cold-pressed seed oils (Parry et al., 2006).
FA (g/100 g oil); PUFA, total polyunsaturated FA (g/100 g oil).
Petrichenko and Razumovskaya (2004) explored the compositions of fatty acids in seeds of V. thapsus. The seeds contain 29-33% of oil that had eleven fatty acids among unsaturated fatty acids up to 88-90% linoleic and oleic acid dominated. They found that the distribution of the chemical elements increases towards the apex in V. thapsus (Petrichenko and Yagontseva, 2006). Detailed compositions of fatty acid are given in Table 5. Pascual Teresa et al. (1978a,b) isolated palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, and behenic acids and β-sitosterol from benzene extract of seed oil of V. thapsus and ergosta-7-en-3β-ol from the nonsaponifiable fraction. Pande and Tewari reported thatfat petroleum ether extract of V. thapsus contained the esters of: stearic acid 16.4, palmitic acid 30.96, oleic acid 29.2, and linoleic acid 4.8% (Pande and Tewari, 1960). Since various factor like plant variety, maturity stage of collection of seeds and agro-geo-climatic condition of area from where seeds are collected affect oil content and composition so there is need to collect at-least three year data with controlled conditions to establish themselves in reliable database oil coposition of this species.
Table 5 Tocopherol contents in the cold-pressed seed oils (Parry et al., 2006).
Peroxidase, ascorbic acid and tannins were confirmed in trichomic cells (Miroslavov and Komarov, 1959), α-galactosidase in roots (Bom and Van, 1998) androtenone in leaves of V. thapsus (Obdulio and Lobete, 1943). Theflavone compound was isolated from hexane extracts of V. thapsus which had antiasthmatic and antiallergic effects (Kawamo et al., 1988). Ahmad et al (2005) reported (+)-genipin, α-gardiol and β-gardiol.
The information presented in this review shows the potential pharmacological importance of V. thapsus and its role in improving health. It is an important source of minerals and vitamins and health-promoting fatty acids. The presence of glycosides and saponins and broad spectrum pharmacological activities indicates the potential of this species for the treatment of various chronic diseases and highlights the need for well-designed clinical trials to rationalize the traditional uses. There is a dire need to isolate and identify new compounds from different parts of the plant, which have possible antitumor and antihyperlipidemic properties.
Corresponding author. E-mail: pharmariaz@uoswabi.edu.pk (M. Riaz); hawazej@agri.upm.edu.my (H.Z.E. Jaafar).
MR and MZUH searched literaturefrom various databases and organized the manuscript. HZEJ critically read, refined and formatted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript for publication.
© 2013 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.


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Home » Latest » Today's Paper » OP-Ed » Stephen Hawking: An Inspiration
Dr Mohamad Amin Malik
Srinagar, March 27, 2017, 10:57 AM
UPDATED: March 27, 2017, 10:57 AM
Stephen Hawking: An Inspiration
In 1963 after arriving at Cambridge University for PhD, Stephen Hawking at his 21st birthday started developing symptoms of a serious illness known as motor neuron disease, a kind of sclerosis in which body becomes unable to send message from brain to voluntary muscles.
A man who can't move or talk, but can make wonders and also lead a family life with his children
British cosmologist and physicist Stephen Hawking believes that "however bad life may seem, there is always something you can do and succeed at." Hawking is an extraordinary soul. His life is a rich tale of success against adversity. While living with the devastating condition of incurable motor neuron disease for more than a half century, he made his mark as great theoretical physicist and a celebrated author. Today at the age of 75 he is considered the smartest man of our generation and world's most famous scientist after Albert Einstein. He is not only a motivation for beating death and disability but is a classic example of great courage, intelligence, indomitable will and positive attitude. Indeed, he is an inspiration to us all, particularly the people who have disabilities, health issues and who go through unbearable levels of psychological pain, depression and hopelessness.
In 1963 after arriving at Cambridge University for PhD, Stephen Hawking at his 21st birthday started developing symptoms of a serious illness known as motor neuron disease, a kind of sclerosis in which body becomes unable to send message from brain to voluntary muscles. It results in muscle twitching and gradual deterioration of muscles that leads to difficulty in swallowing, speaking and eventually breathing. The Doctors gave him only two years to survive. It was devastating news for Hawking and his family. Surprisingly his illness stopped progressing rapidly after he met a literature student Jane Wilde who later became his first wife. He started using wheelchair at the end of the 1960s. Hawking's speech deteriorated and by the late 1970s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends and they would translate his speech into intelligible voice for others. After a throat operation in 1985, Hawking lost his ability to speak and has been using electronic voice synthesizers to communicate with others.
Hawking recalls in one of his interviews that "My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21. Everything since then has been a bonus." In his memoir 'My Brief History' Hawking writes "Before my condition was diagnosed, I had been very bored with life, there had not seemed to be anything worth doing…Another dream I had several times was that I would sacrifice my life to save others. After all, if I was going to die anyway, I might as well do some good." With the sudden realization that he might not even live long enough to earn his PhD, Hawking dedicated all his energies towards research. He believes this disease helped him to become the scientist he is today. Confined to wheelchair for nearly five decades, today he has increasingly relied on the advancements of technology not only to get around, but to communicate his ideas to the world. His first communication system was operated by a hand clicker. When his condition was better, he retained enough muscle¬ control to allow him to press a clicker using his right hand thumb to select icons on his computer monitor and control his wheelchair, doors etc in the house. With moving cursor he chose alphabets to form complete sentences to be sent to the voice synthesizer.
However the nerve that allowed Hawking to move his thumb for clicker kept on deteriorating. By 2008, Hawking's hand was too weak to use the clicker. Hawking has been using this computer-based communication system made by Intel Corporation since 1997 which has dedicated team of engineers that is constantly working on improving his communication system and enhancing the number of tasks he can perform, to cope with his gradual loss of control over his muscles. Today, with just a small amount of motor function left, mainly in the muscles of his face, is the only communication link of Hawking with the world. He uses just a few twitches of his cheek to express himself. The infrared switch mounted on his spectacles catches these slightest twitches as an input for the computer software for navigation. This allows him to talk, check emails, browsing Internet, making notes and use Skype to chat with friends. As Hawking once remarked that– "Medical science has not cured me so I rely on technology". Indeed, but it needs human will, intelligence and courage.
Despite these extreme difficult circumstances, Hawking contributed not only to the world of science but his books and public appearances have made him an academic celebrity. He achieved numerous extraordinary breakthroughs pertaining to the theory of the origin of the universe especially black holes, general relativity, quantum gravity and the theory of everything. He published many books. Some of his famous books include Black Holes and Baby Universes, The Theory of Everything etc. His masterpiece and one of the iconic books of the twentieth century 'A Brief History of Time', published in 1988, became a bestseller which sold more than 10 million copies in 20 years. Hawking is the recipient of many awards/medals/prizes and many positions and honors. He has twelve honorary degrees. He is a Fellow of The Royal Society and a Member of the US National Academy of Sciences, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. In 2009 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of freedom, the highest civilian award of US. He has an Oscar winning movie out about him 'The Theory of Everything (2014)'.
It'll be nice for Real Kashmir to be in ISL: Head coach Robertson
'Over 50,000 cervical cancer cases can be prevented in India by 2050'
The disabilities, health issues, the failures in life have made people lose all hopes. There are unbearable levels of hopelessness and pain that has devastated the lives of many people. Some have run into major depression and some have developed suicidal tendencies. Last year during the turmoil, we witnessed large number of our youth who suffered from grievous eye injuries with pellet guns. Most of them were students. They are still under shock and depression, worried about their future. They were cherishing the dreams of becoming doctors, engineers, researchers, civil servants but today they feel that their career, dreams, ambitions have been dashed to the ground. Some ask distressing questions as how they will be able to work and feed their families. They have a long life ahead and no miracle can bring their eye sight back. These people need counseling and rehabilitation to come out of this trauma and catastrophic change which has overpowered them unexpectedly. Stephen Hawking's life is indeed a role model to anyone out there.
When a man who can't move or talk, can make wonders and also lead a family life with his children, then why do some of us lose hope and accept failures? Hawking's disability never hold him back from reaching the brilliant heights. So why should ones disability allow him/her to be in low spirits and push him/her down the hill? There is no need to moan and groan about your misfortunes. One should fight adversities with optimism and positive thinking. Hawking strong character teaches us the value of true education, ignoring the unfair hand our lives have dealt with us. Last year at the Royal Institution in London on the eve of his 74th birthday, Hawking sent a message to depression sufferers by making a poetic comparison between depression and a black hole. "black holes are not as black as they are painted…it is possible to escape from a black hole of despair…..so if you feel you are in a black hole, don't give up – there's a way out'"
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Awa indigenous group is caught between warring guerrillas, militias and an army mired in crisis over extra-judicial killings.
Defenceless and isolated, they are at the mercy of armed groups fighting over drug-trafficking routes, power and politics.
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Farc) has been accused of killing 17 members of the Awa indigenous group. A Human Rights Watch reports the bodies show signs of torture, and include two minors.
"These cruel killings violate the most basic principles of human decency and dignity," said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch.
Unconfirmed reports from villagers and local media are reporting that the killings were in retaliation for alleged collaboration with the Colombian army in its crackdown on the guerillas.
The Nariño department has one of the worst human rights records in Colombia. There has been widespread abuse of the local population by different armed groups and even the Army. Human Rights Watch has called for the investigation and prosecution of all armed groups or forces committing rights violations.
The Colombian Army is in the grip of a crisis over the slaying of civilians. On February 6, Juan Manuel Santos, the Defence Minister reported that 10 more troops had been dismisses over the scandal of extra-judicial killings to inflate guerrilla casualty figures.
Three generals, four colonels and 30 other troops have now been dismissed over the murders of civilians, whose deaths were falsely registered as Farc casualties.
Human Rights Watch reports that there has been a dramatic increase in the practice of extra-judicial killing of civilians by the Colombian Army under President Uribe.
Additionally, the non-governmental body says the government has failed to adequately address the massacres, rapes and displacement of thousands of Colombians by right-wing paramilitary groups.
UNHCR says that some of the 21,000 members of the Awa tribe, as well as other indigenous groups, may flee their homes as a result of the massacre. Nariño has more displaced residents than any other state. It had approximately 30,000 internal refugees last year, according to the UNHCR.
Nariño is on a drug-trafficking route and is an area of cocaine production. The Awa, other indigenous groups and Afro-Colombian communities are caught between the Marxist Farc guerrillas, the right-wing National Liberation Army, other militias and the Army. The state is one of Colombia's most violent and its inhabitants are now suffering a severe humanitarian crisis. Some villages have even been "confined" by Farc.
Violence has pushed more than one third of Colombia's indigenous tribes to the brink of extinction, reports Ron Redmond, UNHCR spokesman.
Farc has been very active in recent weeks, both in its countryside strongholds and in urban areas, where it had been in retreat. There have been bombings and attacks in the cities of Bogotá, Cali and Arauca. Six soldiers were killed in the rural Cauca area on January 9.
Farc has been at war with the federal government for more than 40 years. With approximately 7,500 fighters, it is the largest guerrilla group in Colombia but has suffered several recent setbacks. The latest on January 11, was the reported arrest of Jesus Antonio Garcia Largo, one of the group's long-term ideological leaders.
In contrast to the plight of Colombia's indigenous people, considerable international diplomatic effort is put into improving the circumstances of Farc's high-profile hostages. Last week, six captives were liberated and the guerrillas are hoping for a hostages-for-prisoners trade.


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Colleen Howe, wife of hockey great Gordie Howe, dies at age 76
With a keen business mind and the interests of her husband and sons at heart, Colleen Howe was the glue that held the Howe family together.
She was such an integral part of her husband Gordie Howe's hockey career that her nickname was Mrs. Hockey. Gordie was Mr. Hockey, reflecting his status as the NHL's all-time leading scorer before Wayne Gretzky broke his records, so it seemed right the woman who worked so hard for him behind the scenes should get a similar title.
Colleen Howe died Friday at the age of 76 in the family home in Bloomfield Hills, Mich., following a long battle with Pick's disease, an incurable neurological form of dementia.
She was the outspoken business manager of one of the most prominent families in the history of the sport. As the first female hockey player agent she was as forceful in the boardroom as her husband was in rink corners for the Detroit Red Wings.
"The National Hockey League grieves the passing of Colleen Howe - a formidable woman, the wife and partner of our iconic player, the matriarch of a remarkable hockey family," NHL commissioner Gary Bettman said in a statement.
There is no known cure for Pick's disease. Colleen was diagnosed with it in 2002. Her judgment and behaviour became impaired and her speech and memory more scrambled as the condition worsened.
"I thank God for the years we had," Gordie Howe said upon their 50th wedding anniversary in 2005.
Colleen was an only child raised by her divorced mother, with the help of an aunt and uncle, until her mother remarried. Colleen grew up on a farm outside Sandusky, Mich., where an arena was eventually named after her, and in Detroit.
Gordie Howe met Colleen Joffa at the Detroit bowling alley Lucky Strike Lanes during the 1951-52 Red Wings hockey season. She was a gregarious teen and he was a bashful but star player. They were married on April 15, 1953.
The couple had four children: Marty, Mark, Cathleen and Murray. The latter became a doctor who was involved in treating his mother in her final years.
As her children grew up, Colleen became involved in youth hockey. She drove her three sons to their games and, including her husband's NHL games, she might have attended as many as 200 games a year.
When there was no local junior team for which highly touted prospects Marty and Mark, she helped found the Detroit Junior Red Wings. She was general manager for three years.
She became heavily involved the business aspect of the careers of her husband and sons. It was an aspect of hockey in which Gordie had little interest.
"He just hates paperwork and stuff like that," she once explained. "Over the years, I've just naturally taken on more and more of it."
Gordie was happy to have her do it.
"People say I'm henpecked," Howe once said. "Well, let them say it.
"Colleen likes doing things and she does them pretty well so I say let her carry on. She's done a great job raising the kids and keeping me going."
She headed up Power Play International, Inc. (formerly Howe Enterprises,) which controlled all business aspects of her husband's hockey career, and that of her sons through their early pro seasons.
"She did so much for Gordie," former Montreal Canadien Dickie Moore said Friday. "Gordie did a lot in hockey and she did a lot for him."
Gordie retired in 1971 after playing 25 years in Detroit. He expected to work with the Red Wings at the management level but that didn't pan out.
Colleen was named Sportswoman of the Year in Detroit in 1972.
The NHL draft was set at age 20 at the time, so she encouraged the Houston Aeros of the rival World Hockey Association to draft sons Mark, 18, and Marty, 19.
Aeros coach Bill Dineen, who had played in Detroit with Gordie, then asked the boys' father to consider coming out of retirement at age 45.
"Colleen had already seen what life away from hockey could do to my spirit and she knew how much it would mean to me to play with the boys," Howe wrote in his 1999 book "My Hockey Memories."
She negotiated contracts for all three, working out a four-year, US$1.8-million package deal for them to sign in 1974 to play for Houston.
She processed their fan mail - much of which was saved over the years - prepared itineraries and arranged plane tickets and booked hotels for non-team travel.
She wrote a book "My Three Hockey Players" to explain how the family operated and gave frank details about her relationship with Gordie.
"Gordie has probably had a good look at somebody else," she wrote. "For all I know, he may have had an affair or two.
"What I do know is how deeply Gordie feels about me and the rest of his family. With that, I feel secure."
She was such an argumentative negotiator that some gave her the nickname Dragon Lady.
"She's tough and very thorough in her research," Dineen said.
The Howes split with the Aeros after being criticized for declining the deferral of their salaries during a team financial crisis.
She then negotiated a deal with the New England Whalers of the WHA. The Boston Bruins wanted the Howes, especially Mark, but Colleen preferred the guarantees in the Whalers' offer.
"I've dealt with quite a few agents and she rates very highly," Whalers president Howard Baldwin said.
Wherever the family moved, she became involved in civic projects. The Hartford Chamber of Commerce gave her an award in 1979 for outstanding community achievement.
When the WHA folded and the Whalers were absorbed into the NHL in 1979, the three Howes lined up for Gordie's last NHL season. He retired for good in 1980 at age 52, although he did skate briefly with the IHL's Detroit Vipers in the 1990s so he could lay claim to playing in yet another decade.
Through it all, Colleen managed family businesses and charities, and even ran unsuccessfully for a Connecticut seat in the U.S. Congress.
"If Colleen Howe had been a hockey player, she would have been a centremen," her husband once wrote. "I can see her as a centreman because you can do what you want and go wherever you want to go."
When there was a house to buy, it was Colleen who did the buying. She also held a licence to act as an insurance agent.
She was a successful businesswoman into the 21st century in obtaining a long list of endorsement deals based on Gordie's legendary status.
The Howes received the Wayne Gretzky Award from the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame in 2001 for their contributions to the sport in that country.
She was a great cook, loved needlework and other crafts, played an electric organ, and liked to surprise. She sometimes paid the tab for strangers at restaurants just to see their reactions.
Once, a neighbour's cat died and she gift-wrapped a kitten and left it on their doorstep with an anonymous note signed with paw prints.
"She was very nice to me one time when I didn't even know her that well," Moore said. "She said 'Dickie, you should meet Bettman. Come over and I'll introduce you to him.' She thought of other people.
"She was a beautiful, caring lady."
Through the Howe Foundation set up in 1993, and the 65-city 65th birthday Gordie Howe tribute tour, the family helped generate millions of dollars for charities and worthwhile causes directed towards children.
"And . . . Howe!" was another book she helped organize in 1995. It sold over 135,000 hardcover copies and raised more than $1 million for charitable causes. The couple made more than 300 appearances in six years to promote the book.
Recognition of their efforts was widespread. There is the Howe Arena in Traverse City, Mich., and there also is the Colleen and Gordie Howe Middle School in Abbotsford, B.C.
Mark Howe, who gained all-star status in the NHL as a defenceman, is the pro scout for the Red Wings today. Marty Howe is a successful home builder and designer and had no problem with his mother representing him during his playing career.
"If it wasn't for her courage and fortitude, we wouldn't have done half the things we accomplished," Marty said.
In the Red Wings' book tribute book to Gordie Howe published in October 2007, Howe wrote this dedication to his wife: "While I received the applause, you stood behind me and cheered the loudest. While I focused on improving my game, you made sure the bills were getting paid. While I was on the overnight trains and planes from city to city, you were tucking in the kids and teaching them to pray for their daddy.
"You have been my biggest fan. My agent. My dietician. My counsellor. And even now as you battle for your life, you are my inspiration, my strength, and the love of my life."
Colleen Howe leaves nine grandchildren, who affectionately called her Honey, and one great grandchild. Her nickname came from grandson Travis. When he was a tot, Travis was told what was in a plastic bear container on the Howe kitchen table.
Gordie put his arm around Colleen that morning and said to Travis, "And this is my honey."
Funeral arrangements weren't immediately available.


Engage students vocabulary building skills with these freeform crossword puzzles. Below each puzzle grid is a list of words. Fill in the blanks with this series of 30 words. Solution Tip: Start with letter sizes that have the fewest words: either 3-letter, 11-letter or 13-letter words.


text:
Ambleside Days
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Fellinis
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Movie Deal
Performing at Zeffirellis
Friday 10th August 20:30
With hundreds of gigs behind him, Elliott Morris has a formidable reputation as one of the hardest-working and most sought-after young artists on the acoustic scene.
The singer-songwriter began playing electric guitar when he was 11, but launched his solo set at 17, just a year after starting to explore the possibilities of the acoustic instrument. Elliott taps the strings and beats the guitar's body to create an intricate spectacle, together with an original and unique sound integral to his songs.
He has supported Erik Mongrain, Andy McKee, Frank Turner, Seth Lakeman, Get Cape Wear Cape Fly, Jim Bob (Carter USM), Jon Gomm, Paul Carrack, legendary Philadelphia soul groups The Stylistics and The Three Degrees, and revered folk veterans Martin Carthy and Dave Swarbrick. He gigs regularly with Dave McPherson (InMe) and has played many times with old friend, Ed Sheeran.
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Small business owners routinely face challenges when it comes to managing their cash, whether it's dealing with their business' off season to unexpected low business volume.
If you already own a small business, or are thinking of starting one, here are some things to think about when it comes to managing your money. Getting things squared away early on can give you peace of mind to spend time growing your business, instead of stressing over whether you're making enough to pay your bills each month.
If you're looking for a loan or other form of external financing to fund your business, your personal credit history is extremely important. Why? Because if you don't have good credit, chances are you won't be able to find affordable financing to support the growth of your business.
Although there are bad credit loans available, the interest rates on those loans is likely going to be prohibitive, which can be even more of a problem if you're already facing a cash crunch.
Lenders will determine your eligibility on the basis of your income, previous employment history, and any other income you earn. This criteria is also used for determining your car loan affordability if you are getting one for your business.
A merchant card advance is another new businesses can use to secure external financing to support their business.
Merchant Card Advance or MCA can be an easier route than getting loans for many small businesses, but MCA carries with it its own set of drawbacks.
If you use an MCA, you basically give your card issuer claim over your sales proceeds against the loan. This kind of financing is often an easier option to get approved for because it is unsecured.
However, remember: MCA is not the only option available to a small business owner. There are other private small business loans which can be obtained either as secured or unsecured loans.
When you're first starting out it may be tempting to manage your records manually but it pays off in the long run if you can start recording your receipts and payments from the beginning.
The easiest way is to use software or subscribe to services like QuickBooks so that your business starts with sound accounting practices.
Recording your expenses, revenue, and income using good accounting software will help you in managing your taxes as well as any other returns that you might need to file with other regulatory agencies.
Early on when you are short of money, hiring outside help may seem expensive but believe me it is worth investing in a good lawyer and accountant.
Many small business owners initially sign contracts such as their rental agreements, lease agreements, purchase agreements and other legal documentation. A good lawyer hired can easily help you to save on legal costs in the future in case of any disputes.
Start-ups and small businesses run a higher risk of failure during the first few years of operation. A savvy business owner should start early and cover all the risk areas before putting their own capital at risk.
Good planning along with a better team and improved money management can help you focus on your core business strengths early on, letting you focus on growing your business.


This is a mains corded version of the Saphir in a striking new design and colour. Unlike some mains clippers the transformer is in the plug so the 3 metre cable is only carrying 7.2 volts and is a lot thinner than normal mains cords making the clipper easier to use.
This version runs at a slightly higher speed than the battery versions being 3,200 dbs / min against 2,650 dbs / min.
Now the clever bit, if you already have a Saphir Cordless this clipper can use the same battery.... the actual bodies of the clippers are virtually the same and can run from each others power source. So the corded can be cordless and the battery clipper can use the mains adapter.
This clipper takes the A5 snap on blades. We recommend the Wahl No10 as a replacement blade.


New Card Activation Steps for all Maybank Credit Cards and Manchester United Platinum Visa Debit Card.
Learn how to protect your Card with these tips!
Some things you should know before you rent a car.
Find out what is skimming and how you can prevent it from happening to you.
Minimise your risks while doing e-shopping.


Sania was prompt, polite and proactive in ensuring her work was to my liking. So I guess, perfect!
Sania did a great job! She really got every nook and cranny and even organized our stuff, which I wasn't expecting.
So sweet and so thorough!
She was so thorough and really fantastic! Best handy pro so far.
It was my first time having Sania. She was AMAZING. I hope I get her every time.
She is amazing! Really great at detail and is great at getting things done in the window of time. Would 100% recommend! Thank you!


Unlock a standalone mind bending game mode in which cyborgs invaded Chicago. Track them and take them down!
Requires base game Watch Dogs. Requires the Uplay client to install and play.
This purchasable DLC is included in the Watch Dogs Season Pass. If you own the Watch Dogs Season Pass, please do not buy this as you will be charged twice.


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Show off videos and pictures of your classroom, a fun project, or a story of an exemplary child. Learn from other teachers through discussion and their own stories.
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We Inspire Futures is a place for educators to collaborate, share ideas, and be inspired.
This online community is brought to you by Nelson Education, Canada's leading educational publisher.


text:
Small plane forced to land after violating presidential airspace restrictions
A small plane was forced to land in Chino, California, after a pilot violated airspace restrictions in place for President Barack Obama's visit, FAA spokesperson Allen Kenitzer told CNN.
Kenitzer had no further details about the incident.
The military also intercepted a private plane Thursday morning in the vicinity of Fullerton, California, Kenitzer said. The aircraft, a Mooney M20, landed at Chino at 6:04 a.m. PDT. The FAA is investigating.
The incidents on Thursday followed a similar issue on Wednesday when a fighter jet intercepted a single-engine airplane northwest of Los Angeles for breaching a temporary airspace restriction, according to a military news release.
The temporary restriction violated by the Cessna aircraft coincided with a campaign visit to the city by Obama, who was on a one-day fundraising swing through the state.
"After intercepting the aircraft, the F-16 followed it until it landed without incident, at approximately 4:58 p.m. PDT where the plane was met by local law enforcement," according to a statement issued by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD).
The president spoke at a gala for the gay community in Los Angeles, on his third fundraising trip to the Golden State in the past month. Earlier in the day, he attended two campaign events in San Francisco.
NORAD's mission is to protect U.S. and Canadian airspace against possible threats and may require planes to change course or land.
Post by: CNN's Sonya Hamasaki
Filed under: Aviation • Barack Obama • California
kevin welch
so were were all these f-16 interceptors when 911 was going down?They can intercept a small private plane but not a commercial airliner?
June 7, 2012 at 9:43 pm | Report abuse |
better leadership these days.
June 8, 2012 at 3:52 am | Report abuse |
hatchett1981
During 9/11, they were all on a "training exercise" and didn't know that it was "real" until planes hit their targets. Thank you NORAD.
June 8, 2012 at 10:21 am | Report abuse |
Bert in UT
The world had to stop while W went to Crawford to cut brush, He's the President. Get a clue.
StanCalif
These two pilots, who violated restricted air space, should have their licenses revoked! They obviously did not do their required "homework" before taking off. Just two more idiots who regard "regulations" as something that only applies to "others", not to them! It would be interesting to know who these pilots are! Violating restricted air space is a serious matter, these pilots certainly have no valid "excuse".
If you want a true challenge, try actually "following" a Cessna prop plane with an F-16. The average cruising speed of even a 210 Cessna at best is about 165 or so, which is the roll-out speed necessary for an F-16 to fly. That fighter pilot would have had to do a hell of a lot of jinking in order to remain behind a Cessna for any period of time. How do I know? 🙂
As far as this article goes, all pilots (Military, Civilian, Commercial) Are required to check several things amongst all pre-flight checks. NOTAMS & METARS are probably the two most important. NOTAMS will tell you a lot of information, specifically if there's any TFR's in your flight plan in this case. (You have to register that usually if you're traveling outside of your regional airspace)
Additionally, at controlled airports, before Taxiing, you have to tune your radio to the automated information frequency and get the authenticator. You then contact the tower, and tell them you're ready to taxi with information "Zulu" Or "Xray" etc. That lets them know you've listened to the automated report, you have all the information you need to fly in that area, and they will then clear you for taxi to runway whatever.
Looks like theres other people to blame here besides the pilot, unless he took off from an uncontrolled airfield.
Ultimately, it IS the pilot's responsibility to be fully informed of any area he/she plans on flying into.
The FBI believes that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia officials "almost certainly" help their US-based citizens flee th�twitter.com/i/web/status/1…RP


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Any amount is appreciated. Your donation goes a long way as we live consciously and own very little. We value the basics, and live off $1000 a month. We live the philosophy of "pay it forward" every single day. We live in the moment, bring smiles to peoples faces, support as many people as we can through our words and actions. This is our path, and if you can help by sponsoring us for 1 week – $250, 2 weeks $500 or 1 month at $1000. If this is not within your reach, please feel free to donate any amount you are comfortable with if we bring inspiration to your lives. We are honored you've decided to take this journey with us.
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Protecting the PLCAA
Those who advocate to repeal or overturn the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (�PLCAA�) are advocating the annihilation of our Second Amendment. That may sound alarmist, but a right to keep and bear arms without any way to lawfully manufacture, sell, or purchase those arms is no right at all.
Bond Arms Expands Their Rough Series of Guns With the Brand New Grizzly
Back in January at 2020 SHOT Show in Las Vegas, Bond Arms took to the showroom floors to spotlight its newest value-priced pistol--the Grizzly.
A single-action, double-barrel pistol, the Grizzly joins the Rough Series as an affordable self-defense option, while still boasting the premium features found on all Bond Arms firearms. With a stainless steel barrel and frame, a cross-bolt safety, retracting firing pins, a spring-loaded cam-lock lever and a rebounding hammer, the Grizzly is as sleek as it is functional.
Georgia Senate Runoffs Will Decide The Fate Of These Bills
What sort of stakes are we facing with the Georgia Senate runoffs? Perhaps the best way to get a handle on them is to look at some of the legislation that could get a path forward based on the results of those elections. So, we will look at some legislation that could get a potential boost � or which could languish unpassed � should Kelly Loeffler and David Perdue lose their bids.
So what could get a boost if they lose? Here�s six really bad bills that could get new life � should Chuck Schumer be in the majority.
CO: GOP Rep-elect trolls Colorado over Thanksgiving, funeral guidelines
�In Colorado, Thanksgiving is limited to 10 people, but funerals are limited to 30. So I�m going to have a peaceful funeral for a turkey and have about 30 people at my house,� the incoming lawmaker and pro-second amendment activist told the network.
Boebert also quipped that her 30-person guest limit should be allowed to be increased because she had added two more dead animals to the menu: a pig and a duck.
WA: NRA Continues the Fight Against I-1639 in the Court of Appeals
The fight continues. NRA and the Second Amendment Foundation appealed that decision to the Ninth Circuit and filed their opening brief today. �Young adults cannot be excluded from the protections of any enumerated right, including the Second Amendment,� the brief argues. �There is no historical precedent for depriving young adults of the ability to purchase semi-automatic rifles.� The brief further argues that I-1639 violates the commerce clause of the Constitution because Washington does not have �any legitimate state interest� in regulating the sale of firearms outside of the state.
Why the Fight Over the 9th Justice Was So Crucial
The court�s role is not to determine if a law passed by Congress is a good or bad law. Its job is to determine whether the law was within the power of Congress to pass.
As Scalia once said, �It is entirely possible for a law to be really, really stupid and yet be constitutional.�
From Blue Monday to Red Thursday
We rarely see a sudden, prompt reversal in doctrine. The five months between South Bay and Diocese represent such an avulsive shift. In May 2020, Chief Justice Roberts was at the apogee of his power. As the decisive vote, he single-handedly established a super precedent that a hundred judges treated as gospel. On Blue Monday, Roberts pushed away any Second Amendment cases from the docket. And in Blue June, Roberts cast the deciding vote in critical cases that ran against the Trump Administration.
The Future Of President Trump�s Agenda Hangs On Georgia
On education, health care, and Second Amendment rights, a Democratic Senate majority could craft national policy extending far beyond even the more intrusive executive orders imagined.
All this necessary control comes down entirely on Georgia, which on Jan. 5 votes on the final two U.S. senators to send to Washington. This does not bode particularly well for conservatives.
Top Deals on Guns And Ammunition for Black Friday
Because 2020 has been chock full of shocks to our American system, sales of guns and ammunition have continually blown away previous records. I have a friend who jokes that he constantly kicks himself for not having stocked up on 9mm ammunition earlier in the year (in the beforetimes, pre-corona), because it was at 11 cents per round, and he wanted to wait for it to come down to 10 cents. Now you�re lucky to find it for less than 70 cents. Talk about an opportunity cost.
WA: SAF, NRA File Appeal Brief in Federal Challenge to WA Gun Control Measure
Attorneys representing the Second Amendment Foundation, National Rifle Association, two Washington state gun retailers and three private citizens have filed an appeal brief with the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in their challenge of gun control Initiative 1639, a measure adopted two years ago in the Evergreen State.
The 45-page brief asserts I-1639 �infringes the rights protected by the Second Amendment and enjoyed by law-abiding adults of all ages. The interstate sales ban violates the Interstate Commerce Clause.� A district court judge in Tacoma dismissed the case in August, and plaintiffs promptly filed notice of appeal with the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court in San Francisco.
VA: Stricter gun legislation needed to save lives
Gun control should be more restrictive in Richmond. As a senior in high school, I worry whether my school will be the site of the next mass shooting, such as the attack in 2012 on Sandy Hook Elementary School in Connecticut, where 20 children and six staff members were killed, or the 2018 attack at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Florida, where 17 people were killed.
MO: What's Missouri Been Doing During COVID-19? Buying Guns
The FBI had already conducted more 576,000 background checks for gun sales by the end of October, well over the nearly 498,000 during the entire year of 2019. With two months to go before 2020 ends, the state could hit more than 690,000, which would easily be the largest number of background checks in the more than two decades the FBI has on record.
A government that is big enough to give you all you want is big enough to take it all away. � BARRY GOLDWATER (1964)


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Susan D Jones
Professor, History of Science and Technology
Fellowships, Honors, and Prizes (1)
Fingerprint The Fingerprint is created by mining the titles and abstracts of the person's research outputs and projects/funding awards to create an index of weighted terms from discipline-specific thesauri.
20th Century History Medicine & Life Sciences
Veterinary Medicine Medicine & Life Sciences
Human-Pet Bonding Medicine & Life Sciences
Cat Diseases Medicine & Life Sciences
Animal Diseases Medicine & Life Sciences
anthrax Earth & Environmental Sciences
Animal Husbandry Medicine & Life Sciences
Scholar's Award: Plague's Third Pandemic: A History of Disease Ecology
Jones, S. D.
History of Disease
Death in a Small Package: A Biography of Anthrax
Living with plague: Lessons from the Soviet Union's antiplague system
Jones, S. D., Atshabar, B., Schmid, B. V., Zuk, M., Amramina, A. & Stenseth, N. C., May 7 2019, In : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116, 19, p. 9155-9163 9 p.
Reply to McLean et al. Collections are critical
Jones, S. D., Schmid, B. V., Zuk, M. & Stenseth, N. C., Jan 1 2019, In : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116, 29, 1 p.
Entangled histories of plague ecology in Russia and the USSR
Jones, S. D. & Amramina, A. A., Sep 1 2018, In : History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 40, 3, 49.
Entangled Histories
Population Cycles, Disease, and Networks of Ecological Knowledge
Jones, S. D., May 1 2017, In : Journal of the History of Biology. 50, 2, p. 357-391 35 p.
animal ecology
Genetic Selection
Commentary on Raquel A. G. Reyes, "environmentalist thinking and the question of disease causation in late Spanish Philippines"
Jones, S. D., Jan 1 2015, In : Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences. 70, 1, p. 137-139 3 p.
Institute for Advanced Study Faculty Fellows, Fall 2007
Michael Gaudio (Recipient), Kenneth M Anderson (Recipient), Ellen Messer-Davidow (Recipient), JB Shank (Recipient), David A Chang (Recipient), Joachim J Savelsberg (Recipient), Susan D Jones (Recipient), Stuart Albert (Recipient), Michael Eble (Recipient) & Dan L. Burk (Recipient), Sep 1 2007
Prize: Fellowship awarded competitively
Contact Susan D Jones


If you're looking for information about warehouse RFID technologies, then you will want to read this article. Specifically, I will go over the advantages associated with RFID technology, to help you manage inventory in your warehouse more accurately, and use it to communicate more effectively with your employees.
RFID stands for radio frequency identification. It's an automatic process, utilizing tags to store and retrieve data. RFID tags are placed upon the item, and utilize radio waves between the item in the scanner to process and communicate various information.
Generally RFID tags have two parts, one to store and process the information, and the other to receive and transmit the signal between the RFID tag, and the scanning device.
RFID is mainly used for supply-chain management, to effectively increase the accuracy of inventory tracking, for better management capabilities.
Warehouse RFID tags are used for pallet tracking, case tracking, shipping container tracking, as well as truck and trailer tracking the shipping yards.
The main benefit of Warehouse RFID usage allows you to eliminate the two valiant generally associated with inventory tracking — physical inventory, and recorded inventory. The second biggest benefit is that it helps reduce the source of errors. This is because human tracking is prone to make more mistakes than computer tracking.
The RFID tags used for warehouse tracking involve ultra high frequency (UHF) technologies.
Basically, RFID tags will store a serial number to immediately identify the object in your warehouse. You do not have to enter the warehouse inventory manually anymore. You can simply scan the RFID tag attached to it, which will automatically enter into the inventory database.
Also, with RFID tags, physical counting and sorting is practically eliminated. No more do you have to rely on human counting to track your goods and materials. In addition, if an item comes in damaged, you can automatically note that with RFID applications.
By eliminating much of the data entry and other labor involved with tracking inventory, you can cut labor costs down dramatically, while creating a more efficiently run warehouse management system. Also, you'll enjoy more profitability, because items will be misplaced less often, since it's easier to track them.
In conclusion, I have given you some of the history of RFID technology, and how it applies to the warehouse. By using Warehouse RFID technology, you can enjoy all the benefits listed above — and more.


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Changing of the Guard-Québec City I had always assumed that the changing of the guard only occurred at Buckingham Palace and the craziness of trying to see when you're buried in a hoard of tourists can be overwhelming (especially if you don't like crowds!). Imagine our surprise when we arrived in Québec City and discovered that they, too, had a changing of the guard, in the same uniforms with similar bearskin hats and a much better view! At the Citadelle of Quebec-which is still an active military installation-people were able to surround the parade grounds, but it was only a few people deep even at the height of the summer season, allowing for great views of the ceremony performed by the Royal 22e Régiment. The boys were able to sneak right in front and got a perfect view of everything. We were running late, but a guard at the entryway said the last 20 minutes were the best and the entire ceremony was a bit much unless you were really a history buff. The guard was right, the last 20 minutes included the actual ceremony on the parade grounds, the band and the formal exchange between the troops who have been on duty for the previous 24 hours and their replacements. Queen Victoria's goat My son's favorite part of the changing of the guard was the regimental mascot, Batisse the goat who must be the most well-groomed goat I've ever seen! While officially the Batisse symbolizes the "will to succeed", unofficially, the goat symbolizes the headstrong nature of the regiment. Batisse the 12th is a direct descendant of a Kashimir goat given to Queen Victoria by the King of Iran in 1837. The goats live on a small farm outside of Québec City where they are cared for by the Goat Major who is always an active duty soldier. Tour of the Citadelle After seeing the changing of the guard, we went on a tour of the Citadelle. Since it is still an active military base, you must be accompanied at all times. Tours are offered in English and French and our guide was great at giving us the history of the Citadelle and the role it had played in various battles. The...
Did you know that the first attempt to build a New York subway system occurred in 1866? Traffic was already a nightmare, a combination of pushcarts, wagons, stagecoaches and buggies. Lots of ideas were proposed: moving sidewalks, double-decker roads, a railway on stilts, but nothing was ever accomplished. Ely Beach had another idea. A pneumatic train, just like the way mail was sent through old buildings. He knew that permission to build an underground train would be difficult to get approved, so he proposed building an underground mail tube. "It wouldn't be that big, it wouldn't be that messy. It wouldn't be that complicated." He rented the basement of Devlin's Clothing store. For 58 days, under cover of darkness, he loaded wagons with dirt and rocks and hauled them out. He built a tunnel 8 feet across and 294 feet long and February 26, he opened the tunnel for rides, making the train depot warm and inviting. "Gaslights glowed, illuminating paintings and flowers and a fountain that glittered with goldfish." The opening went perfectly and throngs of visitors climbed aboard to ride the pneumatic train. But when he asked for permission to expand, he was stopped; and by 1874, the train that went nowhere was abandoned and was forgotten. Construction on the current New York subway system started in 1904. Lots of things were found as they dug: sunken ships, fossilized bones, subterranean streams, and in February 1912, a brick wall. When they broke through the wall, they found the forgotten subway including a pneumatic railway car. The Secret Subway was once again, no longer a secret. If you're visitng New York with children, The Secret Subway is a great lesson in the history of the city, especially if you're planning on taking the modern subway. If you're interested in adding The Secret Subway to your child's collection, click here : The Secret...
The night we arrived in Quebec, we took a walking ghost tour of the city. While it was hard to be spooked by the stories under the bright summer sun, it was a perfect way to explore the city and learn about its early history. Definitely not too scary for kids, ours found the tales of people dying a little sad, not frightening. Our guide definitely got into her role, telling us about the execution of Jean Duval for his attempted assassination of Samuel de Champlain, the Father of New France. "To set an example…Jean Duval was hanged and strangled and his head put on a stake to be exhibited in the most prominent part of our fort…to set an example for those remaining, that they wisely fulfill their duty in the future, and that the Basques and Spaniards of whom there were many thereabouts could not repossess it." Walking along the St. Lawrence, we learned about the sinking of the Empress of Ireland after a collision with another boat. Within 10 minutes, the boat lurched to its side before sinking taking 1,012 of the 1,477 people on board with it. Even today, we were told, there is a chillevery time you pass the spot where the boat sank… Of course no good spooky tour is complete without a witch! Despite an official recording of death by horses' hooves, rumors and gossip of murder of her second spread rapidly through the neighborhood. Inspite of the official finding, Marie-Josephte Corriveau was sentenced to death by a military tribunal held in the Ursuline Convent shown below. With each retelling, the story has continued to grow. Now, instead of killing One husband she has killed seven husbands who had discovered she was a witch. She was accused of vowing that a grave would not hold her and urban legends and tales grew from there…. The tour finished at the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, where we entered the nave in complete darkness and listened by the light of a single candle to the mysterious origins of the lady in the balcony who was seen by Queen Elisabeth II in 1964….. This was a great way to learn about the city and get our bearings. The scariness was...
Exercise with kids aka Hiking
As always, one of my New Year's resolutions was to increase the amount of exercise I'm getting. All was going well until my husband started traveling more for work. I obviously can't take an exercise class at 6:00 am when he's gone and try as I might I haven't managed to make going to the gym at other times of day work. Same thing with videos, webcasts, apps, printouts, whatever, I don't stick with them once the novelty wears off. So after six months, I've decided the kids need to help me out. (Work with me on this). First problem-buy in. Calling it exercise isn't going to get the kids interested in doing pretty much anything. So I bought three books on hiking locally: and and and I've added them to our bed time reading. Of course, they've picked the first five hikes as the ones they want to try… Second problem-finding time (and continuing that whole buy in thing). Hiking with children can be time consuming. Depending on their mood, they will either race ahead of me or need to be coaxed every…single….step (more on that later). We sat down with the calendar and they picked a day to try. They have 11 weeks of summer vacation, so my goal is one hike a weekend. So far we've managed three so fingers crossed! Tips for Hiking with Children Plan shorter trips. Assume you won't make it to the end. Remember that most hikes are out and back. If you're pushing to reach the end, the hike back is going to be really, really painful. Pack lots (and lots) of snacks. Don't forget to bring water. A good rule of thumb is that a child can hike about 1/2 of a mile to a mile per year of age. You know your child, you're the best judge (of course we're going to try 8 miles next weekend which may be interesting). The other thing I looked at before we went hiking was if there were any geocaches or letterboxes along the trail. Hidden objects make everything more entertaining. We've also enjoyed scavenger hunts like this one from Makes and Takes or this one from How to Nest for Less....
Monhegan Island-Maine with Children
Trying to get away from it all? Visit Monhegan Island, Maine! A square mile in area, the island is only accessible by boat. Commercial boats leave from Port Clyde, Boothbay or New Harbor and if you have access to your own boat, there are a few private mooring spots as well. Once your step off the boat, you quickly realize there are very few cars. This makes for beautiful scenery to explore and undisturbed views, but also means that cell phone reception and places to stay are limited. If you're planning on staying overnight, make sure to make reservations in advance! There are seventeen miles of hiking trails that criss-cross the island. The hike around the outside of the island can be a bit strenuous so make sure your children are wearing sturdy shoes and are up for a climb over the rocks. You also need to keep an eye on the clock if you're just making a day trip. The Monhegan associates rate them for difficulty and length of time to complete; we found their estimates to be pretty accurate. You can plan your trip using their online map, but it's worth buying a map from one of the island stores once you arrive. The Monhegan Museum of Art and History is housed in the former keeper's house on the Lighthouse grounds, recently added to the Registry of American Historic Sites. The first floor is devoted to the Island's long and colorful history. The second floor has bird and wildflower pictures to help you identify that specimen you just saw. You can also see the equipment that was used to harvest ice from the ice pond as recently as 1974. The old equipment is displayed in a shed behind the Museum at the Lighthouse. While ice is no longer harvested, there's still good ice skating on the ice pond in the winter! Keeping an eye the ferry departure time, We decided to hike through Cathedral woods, home of the fairy houses. There were fairy houses everywhere! People had built them on fungi, out of sticks, leaves, skulls, and flowers, frequently leaving water and food for the fairies. Everywhere we looked in the Cathedral woods we found them, in the trees, at the base of the trees, in branches,...
Why yes, this was our first rodeo!
Rodeos conjure up images of the Wild West and a bygone era, though there are still big cattle ranches and cowboys who ride out with the herds. For those of us who live in the city, there are guest ranches where you can try your hand at driving cattle and after watching this, we're tempted to try out the barrel racing! While not exactly on our bucket list, a rodeo was still something we wanted to see at least once, especially with our family's Texan heritage! We went to the 64th annual rodeo in Coulee city, Washington, a stop on the professional rodeo circuit and a town with a population of 600 people. Even for such a small town, the winnings reached $32,000 with the annual rodeo including traditional events like tie down roping, team roping, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding and barrel racing. I must admit I was a little concerned about the treatment of the animals, until during the bull riding competition, two of the bulls decided they didn't want to play today and they just sat there and were allowed to sit until time ran out. Those Cowboys weren't going to be winning any prizes that day! Each rodeo starts off with a parade, with rodeo queens galloping their horses around the arena carrying flags from their various states and towns. In our case, two of the riders lost their seats and ended up in the dirt, but they got right back up. I guess coming off your horse isn't all that unusual! The bucking Broncs stopped as soon as their riders came off with many riders not lasting the 8 seconds required for a qualifying ride, even to us it felt like a long 8 seconds! Points are awarded for both how the horse bucks (Broncs buck differently than riding horses) and how the rider holds on. We tried to figure out what the judges were looking for, but most of the time, the ones we thought did really well got fewer points than the ones we found less impressive. Our favorite event was barrel racing, where a horse and rider attempt to complete a standard cloverleaf pattern around three barrels in the fastest time, with...


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Winston-Salem Truck Accident Damages
If you were injured in a crash or collision involving a truck, the resulting damages may be severe and widespread. Along with the physical trauma, you may be facing a stack of medical bills and the inability to work, along with emotional anguish and other losses.
However, by filing a claim for compensation. you may be able to receive recovery for Winston-Salem truck accident damages. By working with a dedicated truck collision lawyer, you could rest assured knowing a legal professional is by your side through each step of the process.
Truck Crash Injuries and Forms of Damages
While there are a multitude of injuries that may result from a truck crash, many are severe and may be life-threatening. Often, an injured individual may miss weeks or months of work while recovering from these injuries. Furthermore, they may be unable to enjoy life or work in the same capacity as they did prior to an accident.
Essentially, there are usually both immediate damages that require immediate hospitalization after a truck wreck, as well as long-term conditions that require ongoing medical treatment. Because of this, the types of damages that an injured claimant may recover in a claim include medical expenses, other economic losses—often tied to the individual's ability or lack of ability to work—and non-economic damages.
Recoverable Economic Damages in Winston-Salem
Economic damages are losses that a person would incur as a result of not being able to work after suffering an injury. For example, if an injured person owns a business, they would suffer a significant economic loss because they would be unable to create revenue.
Similarly, if an individual works for someone else, missed time at work could also result in severe financial damages. Essentially, any loss related to a person's income following an injury may be considered an economic damage.
Defining Non-Economic Damages in a Truck Crash Claim
Non-economic damages, on the other hand, are more subjective losses that an injured plaintiff may suffer from an accident, such as mental anguish. Usually, these damages do not have an exact numerical value, as they relate to emotional and physical traumas. Examples of non-economic include pain and suffering, the loss of use of any body part, anxiety related to dealing with an accident, the trauma of handling pain, and the strain of recovery.
If there's a permanent injury, for instance, future pain and suffering or other future issues related to these damages may also be recoverable. Because these non-economic damages cover a broad range of topics and there is no exact formula for calculating their total costs, an injured plaintiff may benefit from the aid of a detail-oriented lawyer to assess Winston-Salem truck accident damages in order to request adequate compensation.
Potential Damage Caps in Winston-Salem Injury Claims
Despite the potential for recovery of economic and non-economic damages, North Carolina places a $250,000 cap on the punitive damages that may be sought in a truck crash claim. These are damages with the intent to punish an at-fault individual for their reckless or careless actions. It is important to know that punitive damages are rarely awarded. However, economic damages — such as medical expenses — and non-economic damages are not beholden to any caps.
The Role of an Attorney in Recovering Damages
An attorney in a truck crash case may play a significant role in recovering Winston-Salem truck accident damages. For example, a lawyer could help to hire a life care planner to interview an injured claimant's doctor in order to determine the full extent of medical treatment and future medical treatment. This calculation may help a claimant to request the appropriate amount of compensation for their damages.
Furthermore, a hardworking and proactive attorney may hire a videographer to produce what is called a "day in the life" video for an injured plaintiff, so that the insurance company may understand the costs and damages incurred from an accident. An attorney could help to tell a claimant's story so that an insurance company may fairly evaluate how much should be paid in a claim.
Call a Lawyer to Discuss Winston-Salem Truck Crash Damages
If you were injured in a truck wreck, you may be traumatized and unsure of how to proceed. While a civil claim may be able to help to ease your financial burden, the idea of filing a claim may be daunting as you try to recover from trauma. A compassionate lawyer could help you to recover Winston-Salem truck accident damages by working to gather essential evidence and building a claim that requests the compensation you are owed.
A meticulous attorney could also help to calculate all of the resulting financial and emotional burdens of an accident so that your claim is thorough and exhaustive. To begin working on your claim today, call a skilled legal professional.
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