This collection contains 10 boxes of slides, negatives, and prints of photographs taken by National Park Service photographer Jack Rottier. Numbering around 2,500 total, the photographs in this collection document politics, culture, and urban beautification in and around Washington, DC during the 1960s and 1970s. Subjects include United States presidents from Eisenhower to Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, the Washington Senators baseball team, the National Mall, and various Potomac-region landmarks and parks.
Jack Rottier photograph collection, Collection #C0003, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University.
Donated by Robin Rottier, September 22, 2009.
Processed by Eron Ackerman in 2010. EAD markup completed by Eron Ackerman in April 2010.
Jack Rottier was a photographer for the National Capital Region of the National Park Service from the early 1960s until he retired in 1975. Rottier was born in Bellaire, Michigan in 1910. He served in the Army in World War II and graduated from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. He moved to the Washington area about 1950 as a photographer for the American Forest Products Industries. He later joined the Commerce Department where he photographed trade fairs overseas, and then the Bureau of Land Management in the Interior Department, where he worked until transferring to the Park Service. Throughout his life he was an active member of the C and O Canal Association. In the course of his career with the Park Service, Rottier contributed to the photographic record of Lady Bird Johnson's beautification program and the development of the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington and the Wolf Trap Farm Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna. He died in 1988.
This collection contains 10 boxes of slides, negatives, and photographic prints documenting politics, culture, and urban beautification in and around Washington, DC during the 1960s and 1970s. Slides are in color 35mm and 55mm formats, negatives are both color and black and white and range from 35mm strips to 4" x 5", and prints are color and black and white and range in size from 4" x 5" to 11" x 14". Subjects include United States presidents from Eisenhower to Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, the Washington Senators baseball team, the National Mall, and various Potomac-region landmarks and parks.
Series 1, 35mm Slides, contains over 1,000 color slides documenting prominent parks, landmarks, and political figures in the Washington, DC area. Parks featured here include Glen Echo Park, Lady Bird Johnson Park, and the National Mall. Landmarks include the Capitol, Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument pictured in different seasons with tulips, daffodils, and cherry blossoms in the foreground. The series also contains slides of several politicians and former presidents, including around 150 slides of Gerald and Betty Ford and their family, 100 slides of Jimmy Carter, and 100 slides of Richard Nixon and his family. Also included are 1 slide of John F. Kennedy, 2 slides of Lyndon Johnson, several slides of Jackie Kennedy, Chuck Robb, Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower, and 14 slides of Lady Bird Johnson whom Rottier documented during her national beautification initiative. Other subjects in this series include the 1979 American Agriculture Movement Farm Strike in DC, a Cherry Blossom Festival from 1974, Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, and two Washington Senators baseball games, including a 1969 game with Richard Nixon in the audience and the team's final game on September 30, 1971.
Series 2, 55mm Slides, contains 131 large-format color slides documenting scenery and beautification in the Washington, DC area. Like Series 1, it includes slides of such landmarks as the Capitol, Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, and various parks in different seasons with tulips, daffodils, and cherry blossoms in the foreground. The series also includes slides of tourists at Oxon Hill Farm in Maryland, hikers on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and marchers at a 1969 anti-war demonstration.
Series 3, Color Negatives, consists of 65 color photographic negatives, ranging in size from 60mm to 5" X 7", which document various Washington, DC area landmarks and politicians. Subjects include the Capitol, a Cherry Blossom Festival from the early 1970s, and several Republican politicians, including senators Carl T. Curtis and Strom Thurmond and governors George Dewey Clyde of Utah, Goodwin Knight of California, and Robert Eben Smylie of Idaho.
Series 4, Large Format Negatives, dates back further than any other series in this collection, containing 137 4" x 5" black-and-white negatives with dozens from the 1950s and 1960s. Subjects include former presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and several former US congressmen. The series also contains negatives of Washington, DC monuments and of political events such as Eisenhower's inauguration and a 1953 congressional baseball game. Other subjects include the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (NSDAR) and the Izaak Walton League of America (IWLA).
Series 5, Small Format Negatives, contains 400 color and black-and-white 35mm negatives documenting Washington, DC area culture and politics. Subjects covered include Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, various Washington, DC area landmarks, a 1971 Cherry Blossom Festival pageant, the Washington Senators' last baseball game in September 1971, and a Wolf Trap concert hall opening also in 1971. The series also contains negatives of Jack Rottier and his family, Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower, and Liz Taylor and John Warner at a fundraiser in Gunston Hall.
Series 6, Medium Format Negatives, contains 475 black-and-white and color 120 film negatives depicting politics, culture, and beautification in Washington, DC. Subjects include Betty and Gerald Ford, John F. Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson and National Capital Parks Director Nash Castro, Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson, Pat and Richard Nixon, Harry Truman, Spiro Agnew, and Mamie Eisenhower. Also included are negatives of Washington area landmarks, several US senators, a 1970 Washington Metro signing, and an Association of Federal Investigators award ceremony.
Series 7, Small Format Photographs, contains 316 3.5" x 3.5" and 3.5" x 5" photographs, all in color except where specified. Subjects in this series include the beautification of Washington, DC, Lady Bird Johnson with National Capital Parks Director Nash Castro, National Capital Park rangers, and various Washington, DC area landmarks. Political figures in this series include Richard Nixon and Senators Carl T. Curtis, Leonard B. Jordan, and Strom Thurmond. Other subjects include a 1971 Cherry Blossom Festival pageant, a 1978 party of the National Geographic Society, and two of the last Washington Senators baseball games.
Series 8, Large Format Photographs, contains 100 8" x 10" photographs of DC area political events and landmarks, all black and white except where specified. Political figures in this series include Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gerald and Betty Ford, and Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson. This series also contains photographs of various political rallies and demonstrations, including an officially organized 1970 anti-litter rally and the Poor People's Campaign in the spring of 1968.
Series 9, Oversize Photographs, contains 5 11" x 14" photographs, including a photograph of the Washington Monument at night, aerial shots of the Jefferson Memorial and White House, a portrait of John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office, and a photograph of Lady Bird Johnson planting flowers as part of her Washington, DC beautification initiative.
This collection is organized into 9 series by media format. Each series is arranged alphabetically by subject. Wherever possible, item dates refer to the actual date the photograph was taken. Otherwise, dates indicate the month and year the photograph was developed.
Special Collections and Archives also holds other photograph collections of Washington, D.C. politics and culture, including Ollie Atkins, Charles Baptie and Arthur Scott.
This series contains over 1,000 35mm color slides documenting prominent parks, landmarks, and political figures in the Washington, DC area. Parks featured here include Glen Echo Park, Lady Bird Johnson Park, and the National Mall. Landmarks include the Capitol, Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument pictured in different seasons with tulips, daffodils, and cherry blossoms in the foreground. The series also contains slides of several politicians and former presidents, including around 150 slides of Gerald and Betty Ford and their family, 100 slides of Jimmy Carter, and 100 slides of Richard Nixon and his family. Also included are 1 slide of John F. Kennedy, 2 slides of Lyndon Johnson, several slides of Jackie Kennedy, Chuck Robb, Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower, and 14 slides of Lady Bird Johnson whom Rottier documented during her national beautification initiative. Other subjects in this series include the 1979 American Agriculture Movement Farm Strike in DC, a Cherry Blossom Festival from 1974, Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, and two Washington Senators baseball games, including a 1969 game with Richard Nixon in the audience and the team's final game on September 30, 1971.
This series contains 131 large-format color 55mm slides documenting scenery and beautification in the Washington, DC area. Like Series 1, it includes slides of such landmarks as the Capitol, Jefferson Memorial, Lincoln Memorial, Washington Monument, and various parks in different seasons with tulips, daffodils, and cherry blossoms in the foreground. The series also includes slides of tourists at Oxon Hill Farm in Maryland, hikers on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and marchers at a 1969 anti-war demonstration.
This series consists of 65 color photographic negatives, ranging in size from 60mm to 5" X 7", which document various Washington, DC area landmarks and politicians. Subjects include the Capitol, a Cherry Blossom Festival from the early 1970s, and several Republican politicians, including senators Carl T. Curtis and Strom Thurmond and governors George Dewey Clyde of Utah, Goodwin Knight of California, and Robert Eben Smylie of Idaho.
This series contains 137 black-and-white 4" X 5" negatives with dozens from the 1950s and 1960s. Subjects include former presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and several former US congressmen. The series also contains negatives of Washington, DC monuments and of political events such as Eisenhower's inauguration and a 1953 congressional baseball game. Other subjects include the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (NSDAR) and the Izaak Walton League of America (IWLA).
This series contains 400 color and black-and-white 35mm negatives documenting Washington, DC area culture and politics. Subjects covered include Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, various Washington, DC area landmarks, a 1971 Cherry Blossom Festival pageant, the Washington Senators' last baseball game in September 1971, and a Wolf Trap concert hall opening also in 1971. The series also contains negatives of Jack Rottier and his family, Julie Nixon and David Eisenhower, and Liz Taylor and John Warner at a fundraiser in Gunston Hall.
This series contains 475 black-and-white and color 120 film negatives depicting politics, culture, and beautification in Washington, DC. Subjects include Betty and Gerald Ford, John F. Kennedy and Jackie Kennedy, Lady Bird Johnson and National Capital Parks Director Nash Castro, Chuck Robb and Lynda Bird Johnson, Pat and Richard Nixon, Harry Truman, Spiro Agnew, and Mamie Eisenhower. Also included are negatives of Washington area landmarks, several US senators, a 1970 Washington Metro signing, and an Association of Federal Investigators award ceremony.
This series contains 316 3.5" x 3.5" and 3.5" x 5" photographs, all in color except where specified. Subjects in this series include the beautification of Washington, DC, Lady Bird Johnson with National Capital Parks Director Nash Castro, National Capital Park rangers, and various Washington, DC area landmarks. Political figures in this series include Richard Nixon and Senators Carl T. Curtis, Leonard B. Jordan, and Strom Thurmond. Other subjects include a 1971 Cherry Blossom Festival pageant, a 1978 party of the National Geographic Society, and two of the last Washington Senators baseball games.
This series contains 100 8" x 10" photographs of DC area political events and landmarks, all black and white except where specified. Political figures in this series include Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gerald and Betty Ford, and Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson. This series also contains photographs of various political rallies and demonstrations, including an officially organized 1970 anti-litter rally and the Poor People's Campaign in the spring of 1968.
1 photograph of a parade on Pennsylvania Avenue, possibly for Richard Nixon's 1969 Inauguration, featuring a float of the motivational musical performers "Up With People"
15 photographs; subjects include police with scooters and dozens of demonstrators, including Coretta Scott King and members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), women marchers from the Nationwide Welfare Rights Organization, and the Washington, DC chapter of the radical sixties counterculture group "Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers"; also included are close-ups and aerial shots of the protesters' squatter settlement on the National Mall known as "Resurrection City"
This series contains 5 11" x 14" photographs, including a photograph of the Washington Monument at night, aerial shots of the Jefferson Memorial and White House, a portrait of John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office, and a photograph of Lady Bird Johnson planting flowers as part of her Washington, DC beautification initiative.


Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS) 2016; 29(4): 530-538.
Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
a These two authors contributed equally to this work.
*Corresponding Author: Keun Kyu Park.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and pH of wet distillers grains (WDG, produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%) and to evaluate dietary effects of fermented total mixed ration (TMR) using WDG on the performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers from mid fattening to slaughter. In Exp. I, average dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen free extract of seven WDG samples from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates were 19.9%, 24.8%, 3.8%, 21.8%, 8.87%, 60.3%, 34.5%, and 40.7% (DM basis), respectively. For in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH, each sample was assigned to 7 incubation times (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Linear increase was observed between 12 and 48 h for ammonia concentrations, but final ammonia concentrations (72 h) were not significantly different among WDG samples and fermentation patterns of WDG samples showed similar tendency. In vitro pH varied among treatments from 0 to 24 h, but were not different statistically after 48 h. In Exp. II, 45 Hanwoo steers of 23 months (641±123 kg) from mid fattening period to slaughter (248 days) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pens each (five repetitions/each treatment) and assigned to one of three dietary treatments; i) Control (TMR), ii) WDG 15 (TMR containing 15% of WDG, as fed basis) and iii) WDG 28 (TMR containing 28% of WDG, as fed basis). The body weight (BW), ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control and WDG 15 and 28 during 248 days were 760.8, 740.1, and 765.5 kg, and 0.50, 0.50, and 0.52 kg/d, and 18.6, 17.6, and 17.1, respectively. The dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/d) of control (9.11) was higher (p<0.05) than WDG treatments (WDG 15%, 8.57; 28%, 8.70). Nevertheless, DMI did not affect BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo finishing steers. Blood metabolites were in normal ranges and were not different among treatments except the albumin concentration. In carcass characteristics, WDG 15 (30%) showed higher frequency of A-carcass yield grade than WDG 28 (15%) and control (7%), and WDG 28 (61%) showed higher frequency of 1++ and 1+-carcass quality grade than WDG 15 (40%) and control (60%). In conclusion, using WDG up to 28% in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance and blood metabolites, and improved carcass quality of Hanwoo steers. Therefore, WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter.
The cost of rearing Hanwoo cattle is not constant due to the unstable feed cost in South Korea. Feed cost takes more than half of the whole production cost of Hanwoo cattle in South Korea (Statistics Korea, 2015). Because of the high feeding cost, it is economical to partially replace feed ingredients with by-products, and the greater the addition of by-products in feeds can result in the most economical production costs.
Distillers by-products can be a good source of protein and energy in cattle diets (Rouse and Trenkle, 1980). Distillers grains (DG) are a cereal coproduct of the distillation process by a broader definition (Liu, 2011) and have been used widely for ruminants' feed ingredients in the last decade. Distillers grains can be classified into three different kinds as follows, wet distillers grains (WDG), dried distillers grains (DDG) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) by drying process. In DG, fiber, protein and fat are concentrated approximately 3-fold in distillers grains when starch is fermented to produce ethanol (Klopfenstein et al., 2008). Thus, DG have been shown to be an excellent protein source for growing ruminants (Waller et al., 1980). Feeding DDG and DDGS as a protein source has been presumed to be too expensive (Ham et al., 1994), however, using WDG may change these economics.
During the past decade, mostly in the United States, the bioethanol industry has experienced a dramatic growth, DDGS production have been increased, thus the studies to evaluate DDGS as a protein source have been widely conducted and the source of ethanol producing by-products was mostly DDGS from wheat and corn (Shurson and Noll, 2005). However, limited data are available about the usefulness of WDG from tapioca and rice, the most popular ingredients for producing ethanol in South Korea. Unlike the case of the United States, just four ethanol plants out of ten in South Korea have drying facilities (in 2012) for producing DG, thus the greatest amount of DG produced by ethanol plants is WDG, and the lowest amount of DG is DDGS.
Among the type of DG, WDG has some advantages as a feed ingredient for animals. WDG is more economical than DDGS and DDG. Due to the absence of drying process of WDG, the price of WDG (KRW 25/kg) is lower than DDG (KRW 280/kg) and DDGS (KRW 270/kg) in South Korea. Drying DG is an expensive process and may account for more than 40% of the energy cost incurred by the alcohol plant (Stock and Klopfenstein, 1982). Furthermore, WDG can have nutritional advantages over other DG if managed correctly, and supply less heat damaged protein due to the absence of drying process (Dooley et al., 2008). The effects of heat from drying on the nutritional value of DDGS had been debated (Van Soest, 1989; Weiss et al., 1989).
However, WDG has a typical moisture content of 75% to 80%, (Abrams et al., 1983, Kim et al., 2015). Due to the high moisture content, it cannot be economically transported to great distances from the ethanol plant and it can be contaminated easily, particularly in hot weather. Thus, it must be utilized as a livestock feed within a few days after separated from whole stillage (Abrams et al., 1983). Co-ensiling WDG with other feed sources such as a total mixed ration (TMR) can be a safe way to store WDG for long periods of time (Buckmaster et al., 2008) and WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for cattle farms near the ethanol plant, particularly feeding self-formulating TMR.
Waldo et al. (2009) reported that DDGS from wheat and corn was an excellent protein source for ruminants, but there are little data available concerning the characteristics and nutritional quality of WDG, particularly from tapioca and rice. Kim et al. (2015) reported that WDG from tapioca and rice can be an useful feed source for rearing Hanwoo steers from initial to mid-fattening period and can be used up to 20% (as fed basis) in the feeds. However, there is no information available investigating mid-fattening period to slaughter, carcass characteristics and beef quality of Hanwoo steers feeding WDG more than 20%. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to i) investigate ruminal fermentation characteristics of WDG from tapioca 70% and rice 30%, and ii) evaluate the ability of WDG as a feed ingredient of TMR for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter and meat quality.
WDG samples were obtained from a commercial ethanol plant (located in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea) producing for alcoholic liquors and medical disinfectants. Seven WDG Samples (A to G; Tables 2, 3, and 4) were collected from the ethanol plant at different dates, from November 2012 to August 2014 (11/19/2012, 11/07/2013, 12/06/2013, 04/15/2014, 04/23/2014, 06/11/2014, and 08/19/2014).
Seven-WDG samples were dried in a forced-air oven for over 24 hours. Drying temperature for WDG samples was 55°C, which was relatively low temperature to prevent browning reaction of protein. After drying, samples were ground through 1 mm screen using a Wiley mill (Model 4, Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ, USA). Prepared WDG samples after drying and milling were used for chemical analyses and in vitro trial.
Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE, crude fat), crude fiber (CF), and ash contents were determined according to AOAC official methods (1999), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF, ash-free) and acid detergent fiber (ADF, ash-free) contents were analyzed according to the procedure of Van Soest et al. (1991). Nitrogen free extract (NFE) value were calculated as follows, NFE = % DM−(% EE+% CP+% ash+% CF).
In vitro ruminal fermentation was conducted to determine the ammonia release and pH of WDG at each sampling time. The substrates used in in vitro study were seven-WDG from an ethanol plant at different dates (A to G). A Tilley and Terry (1963) procedure was performed for in vitro trial. Centrifuge tubes (50 mL; 7 samples×7 incubation times× triplicate) with fermentation gas release hole (diameter, 0.5 mm) were used for in vitro trial. Composited ruminal fluid was obtained from three ruminally fistulated (120 mm; Bar Diamond INC, Parma, ID, USA) Hanwoo steers (612 kg of average body weight [BW]) fed 8:2 forage:concentrate diet. Forage diet was rice straw with free access to water and mineral block (Rincal block, Daehan New Pham, Seoul, Korea; provided following nutrients per kg: I, 150 mg; Mn, 200 mg; S, 4,000 mg; Co, 100 mg; Fe, 2,000 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Ni, 50 mg; Cu, 100 mg; Mg, 3,000 mg; Ca, 2,000 mg; Se, 40 μg; NaCl, 380 g). The concentrate contained (DM basis) ground corn (1.9%), ground wheat (30.0%), wheat bran (11.8%), corn gluten feed (12.0%), rice bran (5.0%), salt (0.5%), molasses (6.5%), cottonseed hull (2.0%), ammonium chloride (0.15%), corn flour (6.0%), palm kernel meal (5.0%), copra meal (10.0%), rapeseed meal (3.6%), limestone (3.0%), porphyry (1.0%), vitamin-mineral premix (0.15%; Grobic-DC, Bayer Health Care, Leverkusen, Germany; each kg of DM of the vitamin and mineral mixture contained as follows: Vit. A, 2,650,000 IU; Vit. D3, 530,000 IU; Vit. E, 1,050 IU; niacin, 10,000 mg; Mn, 4,400 mg; Zn, 4,400 mg; Fe, 13,200 mg; Cu, 2,200 mg; I, 440 mg; Co, 440 mg).
Ruminal fluid was obtained before morning feeding and filtered through eight layers of cheese cloth and the container filled with CO2-saturated gas for 5 min to maintain anaerobic condition. After CO2 gas injection, ruminal fluid was transported immediately to the laboratory in a pre-warmed thermos and thermal box maintained at 39°C. Approximately 0.5 g of substrate (WDG) was weighed and placed in triplicate 50 mL centrifuge tubes and inoculum was prepared by diluting the rumen fluid with the McDougall's buffer (McDougall et al., 1948) in a 1:1 (vol:vol) ratio. After adding inoculum (40 mL) to the centrifuge tube, CO2-saturated gas was injected for five seconds to maintain an anaerobic condition in the fermentation tube. The tubes were incubated in a shaking water bath with constant oscillation (80 rpm) at 39°C for six incubation times (4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h; 0 time samples were not placed into the shaking water bath).
After each incubation time, pH of whole culture was measured immediately using a pH meter (pH meter 430, Corning, One Riverfront Plaza, New York, USA), and centrifuged at 25,000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant fraction was transferred into the 1 mL micro-centrifuge tube and stored frozen at deep freezer (−20°C). Ammonia (NH3-N) concentrations were analyzed as described by Chaney and Marbach (1962) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (UV-detector, 630 nm; Microplate reader Gen5, Biotek Instruments INC, Winooski, VT, USA).
Data obtained from in vitro ruminal fermentation experiments were subjected to statistical analysis using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS (Ver. 9.03, SAS Institute, 2002). All data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test was used to determine significant differences (p<0.01 and 0.05) among the treatments within each classification.
Forty five Hanwoo steers of 23 months age (average BW, 641±123 kg) were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pens each (five repetitions per each treatment) and assigned to one of the three dietary treatments for 248 days (mid-fattening period to slaughter). The experiment was conducted from April to December, 2014. Treatments in this study were as follows; i) Control (TMR; no WDG), ii) WDG-15 (TMR containing 15% of WDG, as fed basis) and iii) WDG-28 (TMR containing 28% of WDG, as fed basis). The ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets for each treatment are shown in Table 1.
The steers were housed in sawdust bedding-surfaced pens (3 steers/pen; 4.0 m wide×8.0 m length = 32 m2/pen; 10.7 m2/steer; 4.0 m wide linear feed bunk space; the water supply system was at the opposite side of feed bunk) with a blowing fan (2 m/s; diameter = 1,025 mm, 790 rpm; DVN-1007, Dongkun Industrial Co., Ltd, Incheon, South Korea) and were marked with numbered tag in their ear. Feeds were offered equally at 06:00 and 18:00 h on daily basis (7 kg/meal/steer; 14 kg/d/steer), and refused feed was removed every day and weighed back every week to determine daily intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR; feed/gain). They were allowed to access fresh water and mineral block without any restriction during the whole experimental period. Steers were weighed at initial (0 day), first mid (98 day), second mid (162 day) and final days (248 day) using a digital scale (Digital indicator Cl-200A, CAS, Seoul, South Korea) before morning feeding of whole experimental days.
Chemical composition (DM, CP, EE, CF, ash, NDF, ADF, and NFE) of experimental feeds were determined as the same procedure as in Exp. 1. FCR, total digestible nutrients (TDN) values of experimental feeds were calculated as follows: i) FCR = dry matter intake/BW, kg/kg. ii) TDN = 0.93×CP+0.92×(1+EE−ash−CP−NDF)+0.75× (NDF−ADL)×(1−ADL2/3/NDF2/3) (Conrad et al., 1984).
Blood from steers were collected on 162 day of experimental days. Blood samples were analyzed for alcohol, glucose, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) using an auto-chemistry analyzer (Modular Analytics, Roche, Basel, Switzerland).
After finishing in vivo trial, steers were transferred to slaughter house (located in Jeollanam-do, South Korea) after 24 hours fasting. Carcass characteristics were measured by the Korean Carcass Grading Standard (2010). The items of carcass characteristics measured in this study were cold carcass weight (kg), yield traits (back fat thickness, mm; M, longissimus dorci area at the 13th rib interface, cm2; Yield index; Yield grade, converted to numeric value: grade A = 1, B = 2, and C = 3; Frequencies of carcass yield grade, A:B:C, %) and quality traits (marbling score, 9 = the most abundant, 1 = devoid; meat color, 7 = dark red, 1 = bright; fat color, 7 = yellowish, 1 = white; texture, 3 = coarse, 1 = fine; maturity, 9 = mature, 1 = youthful; quality grade, converted to numeric value, grade 1++ = 1, 1+ = 2, 1 = 3, 2 = 4, and 3 = 5; frequencies of carcass quality grade, 1++:1+:1:2, %; dressing percentage, %).
Data obtained from the in vivo trial (BW, ADG, DMI, FCR, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics) were subjected to statistical analysis using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 2002; version 9.03). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range tests were used to determine significant differences (p<0.01 and 0.05) among treatments.
The chemical composition of WDG from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates are presented in Table 2. Average DM concentration of WDG was 19.9%. Because WDG have high moisture content, fermented TMR would be suitable for using WDG as a feed ingredient. In preparing a TMR, Xu et al. (2007) added water to adjust moisture content up to 55%. In our study, WDG 28 did not need an additional water supply into TMR (Table 1), thus, using WDG for fermented TMR can simplify TMR production. Besides, according to Stock and Klopfenstein (1982), drying WDG is expensive and may account for more than 40% of the energy costs incurred by the alcohol plant, thus WDG is more economical than DDG and DDGS, except for difficulties of transport and handling. In South Korea, the price of WDG (KRW 25/kg) is less than one-tenth of DDG (KRW 280/kg) and DDGS (KRW 270/kg).
According to Waldo et al. (2009), DG is a good protein source for growing and finishing cattle. In this study, CP concentrations of WDG from different sampling dates ranged from 19.6% to 30.3% (DM basis), and average CP concentrations of WDG were 24.8% (DM basis). Kim et al. (2015) reported that CP concentrations of WDG (tapioca and rice, 7:3) from seven ethanol plant ranged from 26.5% to 40.4% (DM basis), thus showed higher CP concentrations than our study. The concentration of CP for WDG depends on the proportion and type of grain sources. Although a typical ratio of tapioca and rice is known as 7:3 in ethanol producing companies of Korea, the actual ratio is confidential and can be varied by several factors such as cost and availability of grain sources, stockpile of old rice, and other situations in a company. For example, Quinn et al. (2011) reported average CP concentration of WDG (from corn and sorghum, 7:3) was 30.0% (DM basis). May et al. (2010) reported that WDG showed greater CP concentration from 9:1 blend of corn and sorghum grains (CP, 33.4%) than 7:3 blend of corn and sorghum grains (CP, 30.0%).
The changes of in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH of WDG from an ethanol plant with different sampling dates are shown in Table 3, Figure 1 and Table 4, respectively. There are limited data available about in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and pH of feeds using WDG. In addition, there were no data available about the in vitro ammonia concentrations and pH of WDG itself. WDG can be a useful protein source for ruminants (Kim et al., 2015), thus in vitro ammonia concentrations of WDG itself may be useful data.
In this study, in vitro ammonia concentrations of WDG at 0 h ranged from 69.3 to 77.0 mg/L and there were no differences among WDG samples. Ammonia concentrations at 4 h after incubation ranged from 71.2 (F) to 117.1 mg/L (C). During 4 to 48 h after incubation, ammonia concentrations of WDG were different (p<0.05) among samples, but fermentation patterns of WDG samples showed similar tendency. A dramatic increase was observed between 12 and 48 h, but final ammonia concentrations were not significantly different among WDG samples. Final ammonia concentrations at 72 h after incubation were ranged from 410.2 to 489.0 mg/L. Although the concentration of CP in WDG samples was varied by samples (19.6% to 30.3%, average 24.8%), WDG were mostly fermented from 24 to 48 h of incubation time. Therefore, when using WDG from tapioca and rice for feed ingredients, consideration of these fermentation characteristics is needed.
In vitro pH of WDG showed variations (p<0.05) at 0 to 24 h incubation time among samples. On the other hand, pH at 48 and 72 h did not show any statistical difference among WDG samples.
The BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR of control and WDG treatments are shown in Table 5. Initial (0 day) BW of control, WDG 15 and 28 were 634.6, 615.3, and 643.3 kg, respectively. Final (248 days) BW of control, WDG 15 and 28 were 760.8, 740.1, and 765.5 kg, respectively, and were not different among treatments. In addition, there were no statistical differences among treatments during the middle of experimental days (98 and 162 days).
The ADG of Hanwoo steers were 0.50, 0.50, and 0.52 kg/d for control, WDG 15 and 28, and were not different statistically during the whole experimental period. Kim et al. (2015) reported that ADG of Hanwoo steers during the initial to mid-fattening period were 0.74 kg/d for WDG 20% (as fed basis). In this study, ADG was lower than 0.50 after 99 d, because the Hanwoo steers were at the final fattening period. According to the Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo (NIAS, 2012), ADG of Hanwoo steers is decreased below 0.6 kg/d at the finishing of fattening period.
The DMI of Hanwoo steers at 0 to 98 days of experimental days were higher (p<0.03) in control (9.89 kg/d) than WDG 15 (9.19 kg/d) and 28% (9.33 kg/d), but were not different between WDG treatments. At 99 to 162 of experimental days, DMI of Hanwoo steers were higher (p<0.05) in control (8.47 kg/d) than WDG treatments (average 7.47 kg/d). DMI from 163 to 248 experimental days did not show any statistical difference. Consequently, DMI of whole experimental days were higher (p<0.05) in control (9.11 kg/d) than WDG treatments (WDG 15, 8.57 kg/d; 28%, 8.70 kg/d). Nevertheless, DMI did not affect BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo steers.
FCR of steers were 18.6, 17.6, and 17.1 for control and WDG 15 and 28, respectively, and did not show any significant difference among treatments throughout the whole experimental period. As an in vivo on-farm trial results, using WDG in feeds did not show negative effects on BW, ADG, and FCR of Hanwoo steers. Therefore, WDG can be used up to 28% in the TMR for Hanwoo steers at mid-fattening to slaughter. According to Owens et al. (1998) and Klopfenstein et al. (2008), the incidence of subacute acidosis may be decreased when DG are included as more than 20% of feedlot diets, because of increased fiber, protein and decreased starch in DG. However, subacute acidosis was not observed in our study.
Blood metabolites in this study are shown in Table 6. There was no alcohol detected from blood metabolites, thus using WDG for feed ingredient is safe from toxic effect of alcohol. According to Kim et al. (2015), despite of DG produced from alcohol processing, WDG had no alcohol content. Alcohol concentrations over 5% in the diet reduced ruminal fermentation of beef cattle (Itabashi et al., 1991).
Albumin concentrations of control and WDG treatments were lower (p<0.05) in WDG 28% (3.7 g/dL) than control (4.0 g/dL) and WDG 15 (3.9 g/dL). Total plasma proteinconsists primarily of albumin and globulins, thus it can be used as an indicator of protein status (Huntington et al., 2001; Scharf et al., 2010). Nevertheless, albumin concentrations did not affect in vivo parameters: BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR of Hanwoo steers. All blood metabolites, such as alcohol, albumin, AST, ALT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, creatinine, BUN values were in normal ranges.
Carcass characteristics and beef quality of Hanwoo steers fed WDG feed are presented in Table 7. Twenty-four h after slaughter the carcass was weighted to measure the cooling and shrinkage losses. Cold carcass weight of control (462.5 kg) and WDG treatment (15%, 439.1 kg; 28%, 463.2 kg) did not show any statistical difference.
Adding WDG in TMR did not affect yield traits, such as back fat thickness, M. longissimus dorci area and yield index. Converted numeric values of yield grade tended to be lower in WDG 15 (1.87) than control (2.47) and WDG 28 (2.27). However, WDG 15 showed the highest percentage of A-grade frequencies (30%) for carcass yield grade (A:B:C, %) and WDG 28 showed 15% of A-grade. Control showed only 7% of A-grade, thus WDG treatments had higher frequencies of A-grade than control. High frequencies of A grade in WDG 15 (11.4) may be influenced by the lower back fat thickness compared to control (14.7) and WDG 28 (14.5), although significant differences among treatments were not detected.
Quality traits in this study were not statistically different on marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture, maturity and dressing percentage. Converted numeric values of quality grade were 2.07 for WDG 28, 2.33 for control and 2.83 for WDG 15, in ascending order, but were not statistically different. Frequencies of carcass quality grade of 1++-grade were 0% for WDG 15, 13% for control and 23% for WDG 28. Low frequencies of 1++-grade for WDG 15 seems to be associated with low back fat thickness. According to Lee et al. (2012), marbling score was increased with the increase of backfat thickness in Hanwoo cows and steers, but only small relationship existed between marbling score and backfat thickness in Hanwoo bulls.
In conclusion of carcass characteristics, using WDG in fermented TMR up to 28% has an effect of enhancing carcass yield grade and carcass quality grade of Hanwoo steers above the control. Based on our results, for maximizing frequencies of A-carcass yield grade of Hanwoo steers, WDG 15 would be recommended instead of WDG 28. On the other hand, WDG 28 would be a better choice for enhancing frequencies of more than 1+-carcass quality grades (1++ and 1+ grade) than WDG 15. Although the reason is unclear, it may be a result from lower NFE of WDG 28 than WDG 15, caused by slightly higher CP, EE, and CF of WDG 28 compared with WDG 15 and control. Owens et al. (1998) reported that when DG was increased in the diet, CP and CF were increased, in contrast, starch was decreased in the diet. In South Korea, carcass quality grade is much more important than carcass yield grade to determine the price of beef, thus using WDG up to 28% in the diets may enhance the benefits of rearing Hanwoo steers.
WDG produced from tapioca and rice (7:3) can be a useful feed ingredient for ruminants, considering CP concentrations, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentration and pH. The use of WDG up to 28% (as fed basis) in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance and blood metabolites, and improved carcass quality of Hanwoo steers in the mid- to final fattening period. Therefore, WDG can be a useful feed ingredient for Hanwoo steers in mid-fattening period to slaughter.
This study was supported by 'Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ009156)' Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
Changes in in vitro ammonia concentrations (mg/L) of wet distiller's grains at different sampling dates.
TMR, total mixed rations; WDG, wet distillers grains; DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; CF, crude fiber; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; NFE, nitrogen free extract; TDN, total digestible nutrients.
1 WDG 15, WDG 15%, as fed basis; WDG 28, WDG 28%, as fed basis.
DM, dry matter; CP, crude protein; EE, ether extract; CF, crude fiber; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; ADF, acid detergent fiber; NFE, nitrogen free extract.
1 A to G, replication with different sampling dates during November 2012 and August 2014 (2012/11/19, 2013/11/07, 2013/12/06, 2014/04/15, 2014/04/23, 2014/06/11, and 2014/08/19).
1 A to G, replications with different sampling dates during November 2012 and August 2014 (2012/11/19, 2013/11/07, 2013/12/06, 2014/04/15, 2014/04/23, 2014/06/11, and 2014/08/19).
a–e Means within a row without a common superscript letter differ (p<0.05).
a–d Means within a row without a common superscript letter differ (p<0.05).
WDG, wet distiller's grains; TMR, total mixed rations; BW, body weight; ADG, average daily gain; DMI, dry matter intake; FCR, feed conversion ratio (feed intake/kg gain); SEM, standard error of means.
a–b Means within a row without a common superscript letter differ (p<0.05).
WDG, wet distiller's grains; SEM, standard error of means; ND, not detected; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
WDG, wet distiller's grains; SEM, standard error of means.
2 Converted to numeric value: grade A = 1, B = 2, and C = 3.
3 9 = the most abundant, 1 = devoid.
4 7 = dark red, 1 = bright.
5 7 = yellowish, 1 = white.
6 3 = coarse, 1 = fine.
7 9 = mature, 1 = youthful.
8 Converted to numeric value: grade 1++ = 1, 1+ = 2, 1 = 3, 2 = 4 and 3 = 5.
Abrams SM, Klopfenstein TJ, Stock RA, Britton RA, Nelson ML. 1983. Preservation of wet distillers grains and its value as a protein source for growing ruminants. J Anim Sci 57:729–738.
Buckmaster DR, Gunn PG, Lake SL, Lemenager RP, Claeys MC. 2008. Co-ensiling of wet distillers grains. In : Presentation no. 083645. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Meeting; Providence, RI, USA.
Chaney AL, Marbach EP. 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin Chem 8:130–132.
Conrad HR, Weiss WP, Odwongo WO, Shockey WL. 1984. Estimating net energy lactation from components of cell solubles and cell walls. J Dairy Sci 67:427–436.
Ham GA, Stock RA, Klopfenstein TJ, Larson EM, Shain DH, Huffman RP. 1994. Wet corn distillers byproducts compared with dried corn distillers grains with solubles as a source of protein and energy for ruminants. J Anim Sci 72:3246–3257.
Huntington G, Poore M, Hopkins B, Spears J. 2001. Effect of ruminal protein degradability on growth and N metabolism in growing beef steers. J Anim Sci 79:533–541.
Kim IY, Ahn GC, Kwak HJ, Lee YK, Oh YK, Lee SS, Kim JH, Park KK. 2015. Characteristics of wet and dried distillers grains on in vitro ruminal fermentation and effects of dietary wet distillers grains on performance of Hanwoo steers. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 28:632–638.
Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE, Bremer VR. 2008. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Use of distillers by-products in the beef cattle feeding industry. J Anim Sci 86:1223–1231.
Lee JM, Choe JH, Jin HJ, Kim TI, Park BY, Hwang DY, Koh KC, Kim CJ, Hwang KS. 2012. Effect of marbling score on carcass grade factors, physico-chemical and sensory traits of M. Longissimus Dorsi in Hanwoo. Korean J Food Sci Anim 32:659–668.
Liu KeShun. 2011. Chemical composition of distillers grains, a review. J Agric Food Chem 59:1508–1526.
McDougall EI. 1948. Studies on ruminant saliva. I. The composition and output of sheep's saliva. Biochem J 43:99–109.
Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR. 1998. Acidosis in cattle: A review. J Anim Sci 76:275–286.
Quinn MJ, May ML, DiLorenzo N, Ponece CH, Smith DR, Parr SL, Galyean ML. 2011. Effects of roughage source and distillers grain concentration on beef cattle finishing performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation. J Anim Sci 89:2631–2642.
Rouse G, Trenkle A. 1980. Stillage from grain alcohol and a feed source for cattle. A S Leaflet R307. Iowa State Univ; Ames, IA, USA: p. 1–2.
Scharf B, Carroll JA, Riley DG, Chase CC, Coleman SW, Keisler DH, Weaber RL, Spiers DE. 2010. Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat-tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat-susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge. J Anim Sci 88:2321–2336.
Shurson J, Noll S. 2005. Feed and Alternative Uses for DDGS. In : Proceeding of the 2005 Energy from Agriculture Conference; St. Louis, MO, USA. p. 14–15.
Tilley JMA, Terry AR. 1963. A two stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass Forage Sci 18:104–111.
Van Soest PJ. 1989. On the digestibility of bound N in distillers grains: A reanalysis. In : Proc. Cornell Nutrition Conf.; Ithaca, NY, USA. 44:p. 127–135.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 74:3583–3597.
Waldo G, Ortin Nuez, Yu Peiqiang. 2009. Nutrient variation and availability of wheat DDGS, corn DDGS and blend DDGS from bioethanol plants. J Sci Food Agric 89:1754–1761.
Waller J, Klopfenstein T, Poos M. 1980. Distillers feeds as protein sources for growing ruminants. J Anim Sci 51:1154–1167.
Weiss WP, Ericson DO, Ericson GM, Fisher GR. 1989. Barley distillers grains as a protein supplement for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 72:980–987.
Xu CC, Cai Y, Zhang JG, Ogawa M. 2007. Fermentation quality and nutritive value of a total mixed ration silage containing coffee grounds at ten or twenty percent of dry matter. J Anim Sci 85:1024–1029.


Poll: could BBC1 be more distinctive?
The BBC and the government are at loggerheads over the distinctiveness of BBC1, but who do you agree with?
Following last week's report on the battle for BBC1, please answer the poll to help Broadcast with its coverage of the white paper on charter renewal.
Do you agree with the white paper when it says "BBC1 could have greater levels of creative ambition" in its programming?


text:
Home FM Announces New Aatmanirbhar Bharat Package 3.0 Brings Stimulus Measures Up to Rs.29.87 lakh crore
FM Announces New Aatmanirbhar Bharat Package 3.0 Brings Stimulus Measures Up to Rs.29.87 lakh crore
Cleyon D'SouzaPosted on November 13, 2020 November 18, 2020
5 Reasons to Include Gold in Your Portfolio
Cleyon D'Souza
Aatmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan,
Emergency Credit Line,
EPFO,
Nirmala Sitharaman,
The Finance Minister (FM) Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman announced, in a press conference, a new stimulus package to boost the Indian economy as it recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic. This package is the third part of the Aatmarnirbhar Bharat campaign. The FM stated that the Indian economy had seen a strong recovery with the active COVID-19 cases now at 4.89 lakh, having reduced from 10 lakh, with a fatality rate of 1.47%.
From an economic standpoint, there has been great progress made in GST collections, with the collections crossing the 1 lakh crore mark for the first time in eight months this October 2020, and standing at Rs.1.05 lakh crore. It also saw a 10% increase year-on-year. The RBI has predicted that there is a strong likelihood that the Indian economy will return to positive growth in the third quarter of 2020-21, which is a quarter ahead of the earliest forecast.
A new scheme called 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana' has been launched to incentivise the creation of new employment opportunities. Under this scheme, new employees joining an Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) registered establishment with monthly wages less than Rs.15,000, will be eligible for benefits. They should have exited employment between 1st March 2020 and 30th September 2020, and are employed on or after 1st October 2020.
Establishments under the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat Rozgar Yojana' scheme will get subsidies for all new employees joining, provided a minimum of two and five new employees are added if the reference base is up to 50 and over 50 employees respectively as of September 2020.
The scheme is to be operational until 30th June 2021. The subsidy will include 12% of wages towards the employer's and employee's Provident Fund (PF) contributions for employees in establishments employing up to 1,000 candidates. For establishments with employees over 1000 employees, it will only include the employee's EPF contributions of 12% of wages. The subsidy support will get credited upfront in the Aadhaar-seeded EPFO account of eligible new employees.
An Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme had been announced as part of Aatmarnirbhar Bharat Abhiyan and has now been extended until 31st March 2021. It involves credit being provided to MSME units, business enterprises and MUDRA borrowers, as well as individual loans for business purposes.
An additional credit of up to 20% of outstanding loans as on 29th February 2020 for entities with an outstanding credit up to Rs.50 crore and an annual turnover up to Rs.250 crore. The outstanding loans should be no more than 60 days past the due date as on 29th February 2020. As of 12th November 2020, Rs.2.05 lakh crore has already been sanctioned to 61 lakh borrowers under this scheme, of which Rs.1.52 lakh crore has been disbursed.
A new guaranteed credit scheme has been launched to support 26 stressed sectors which have been identified by the Kamath committee, plus the health care sector, with credit outstanding of Rs.50 crore and up to Rs.500 crore as on 29th February 2020. The credit guarantee is to be utilized for 100% guaranteed collateral-free additional credit at capped interest rates. The scheme will be available until 31st March 2021.
Also Read: EPFO Makes Provision to EPS Pensioners to Submit Digital Life Certificate
A production-linked incentive scheme of Rs.1.46 lakh crore has been launched to boost manufacturing for 10 Champion sectors. An additional outlay of Rs.18,000 crore has been released for PM Awaas Yojana (PMAY) – Urban, which is expected to create 78 lakh additional jobs and increase consumption to 25 lakh metric tonnes (LMT) of steel and 131 LMT of cement.
Relaxation has been granted on the Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) and Performance Securities on government tenders. The Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) will not be required for tenders and will be replaced by a bid security declaration. The Performance Security on contracts will be reduced to 3% instead of 5% to 10%. These relaxations will be valid until 31st December 2021.
The economic slowdown has led to a decline in the prices of residential units. Hence, a demand booster is being provided for residential real estate in the form of an Income Tax relief for developers and home buyers. Section 43CA of the Income Tax Act restricts the differential rate between the circle rate and the agreement value to 10%.
This differential rate has been increased to 20% for the period from the date of this announcement until 30th June 2021 for only the primary sale of residential units of value up to Rs.2 crore. A consequential relief up to 20% shall also be allowed to home buyers under section 56(2)(x) of the Income Tax Act for the said period. This measure will reduce the hardships faced by both home buyers and developers, as well as help clear the unsold inventory.
The government has launched a Rs.1.10 lakh crore platform for infrastructure debt financing. The government is making an equity infusion to the extent of Rs.6,000 crore in the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) debt platform. The NIIF has already raised equity worth Rs.8,000 crore. The rest will be raised from private investors. By 2025, the NIIF will be geared towards providing project financing worth Rs.1.10 lakh crore.
On the agriculture front, an amount of Rs.65,000 crore is allocated for subsidised fertilisers, which will help 140 million farmers. It will ensure the adequate availability of fertilisers for the upcoming crop season. An additional outlay of Rs.10,000 crore will also be provided for the PM Garib Kalyan Rozgar Yojana in the current financial year to accelerate the growth of the rural economy.
For promoting project exports, an amount of Rs.3,000 crore is going to be released to EXIM bank through Lines of Credit (LOC) under the IDEAS scheme. An additional amount of Rs.10,200 will also be provided towards capital and industrial expenditure. This move is expected to benefit sectors such as domestic defence equipment, industrial incentives, industrial infrastructure and green energy.
Lastly, it was announced that the COVID Suraksha Mission would be granted Rs.900 crore for the research and development of a COVID vaccine. However, this amount will not go towards the distribution of the COVID vaccine. All the stimulus measures that have been announced till date amounts to Rs.29.87 lakh crore, and this is 15% of the overall GDP. The government's share alone of the stimulus measures is 9% of the GDP.
For any clarifications/feedback on the topic, please contact the writer at athena.rebello@cleartax.in
Athena is a globe-trotter whose aim is to see 30 countries before she's 30. When she's not travelling, she's busy planning her next trip. She's a Chartered Accountant by profession with a keen focus on GST. She writes by day and reads by night.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
U.K. Financial Conduct Authority Publishes Consultation on "Synthetic" U.S. Dollar LIBOR and Announces Intention that 3-Month "Synthetic" Sterling LIBOR will be Published Until End of March 2024
Nov 23 2022 14:00 GMT
LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Nov. 23, 2022-- Intercontinental Exchange, Inc. (NYSE:ICE), a leading global provider of data, technology, and market infrastructure, today noted that the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has published a consultation on a proposal to require ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (IBA), the administrator of LIBOR, to publish 1-, 3- and 6-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings under an unrepresentative "synthetic" methodology after the end of June 2023 until the end of September 2024, and that the FCA intends to require IBA to continue to publish the 3-month "synthetic" sterling LIBOR setting until the end of March 2024.
Publication of the Overnight and the 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings currently continues using panel bank contributions under the "panel bank" LIBOR methodology. IBA expects to continue to determine and publish these settings on this basis until the end of June 2023, at which point panel banks will stop contributing and the Overnight and 12-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings will permanently cease.
In light of feedback received in respect of its June consultation, the FCA is consulting on using its powers under the U.K. Benchmarks Regulation to compel IBA to continue to publish the 1-, 3- and 6-month U.S. dollar LIBOR settings under an unrepresentative "synthetic" methodology for a temporary period after the end of June 2023 until the end of September 2024. The consultation also seeks views on the proposed methodology the FCA would require IBA to use to determine "synthetic" U.S. dollar LIBOR and on which legacy use of "synthetic" U.S. dollar LIBOR the FCA should permit. The consultation will remain open until January 6, 2023, and the FCA expects to announce its decision in late Q1 or early Q2 2023.
Further to the FCA's announcement on September 29, 2022 that it had decided to require IBA to continue to publish 1- and 6-month "synthetic" sterling LIBOR settings until March 31, 2023, and in line with feedback from its consultation, the FCA has stated that it intends to require IBA to continue to publish the 3-month "synthetic" sterling LIBOR setting until the end of March 2024, after which this setting will permanently cease.
The FCA has previously stated that the "synthetic" Japanese yen LIBOR settings will cease at the end of 2022.
Please see IBA's LIBOR webpage and the FCA's LIBOR transition webpage for further information.
About ICE Benchmark Administration
ICE Benchmark Administration is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority for the regulated activity of administering a benchmark, and is authorized as a benchmark administrator under the UK Benchmarks Regulation. ICE, LIBOR, and ICE Benchmark Administration are registered trademarks of IBA and/or its affiliates.
Category: Exchanges
Rebecca Mitchell
Rebecca.Mitchell@ice.com
ICE Investor Contact:


Drawing geometric shapes can seem challenging at first. All it takes is a little practice to get the hang of it. Read over this tutorial, and watch the video below to learn how to draw 3d shapes.
Measuring is one of the most important drawing techniques an artist can learn, and it really helps when drawing geometric shapes. Once you've grasped the concept of how to use measuring, your drawings will become more accurate and precise.
Minimum of 3 pencils ranging from light to dark.
Notice the transparent shapes and how the lighter pencil was not erased in the final drawing.
Start out with the lighter 4H pencil - draw lightly & loosely - this layer serves as a substructure or grid.
Most shapes have corners that we can't see, but you can go ahead and draw those invisible lines if it helps you make better sense of your drawing.
Once you've drawn all lines with a lighter pencil, move on to a slightly darker pencil such as a 2H pencil. Now is the time to define the details and darken the "actual" lines.
End with the darker 4B pencil - this is the final step - draw slowly and carefully, define and refine the geometric shapes you've drawn.
Stay in the same spot as you draw.
straight as you take measurements.
Use an easel to prop up your paper. The closer it matches the angle of your imaginary glass pane, the easier it will be to transfer measurements onto your page!
overall width. Notice whether if forms a square?
a horizontal rectangle? a vertical rectangle?
front of you and make a note of what hour your pencil is pointing to - this can help you keep that angle as you transfer it to your page.
Ratios: Measurements are proportional and can be drawn larger or smaller depending on the size of your paper.
Angles: Here's the tricky part. The BIGGEST problem students run into is changing the angle the moment their pencil hits the page. Make sure that the angle you measured is the same as the angle you draw. If it helps, guide your arm with your free hand, and make sure you do not twist or bend your wrist as you draw that angle onto your page!
Close one eye while measuring the shape you're drawing.
As you measure keep your pencil perpendicular to your line of sight.
Use an easel to prop up you paper so that it is also perpendicular to your line of sight.
Don't change your viewpoint. Shifting even an couple of inches could change your measurements.
Keep your arm straight while you measure - bending your elbow will give you inconsistent results.
When finding an angle, pretend your pencil is pressed flat against an imaginary pane of glass. Tilting it forward foreshortens the pencil - giving you an incorrect measurement.
Measure the overall height and overall width of an object or group of objects - make note of which is longer and by how much - ex: does the width fit into the height twice, three times? etc.
When drawing an angle measurement onto paper, make sure you transfer the correct angle when drawing geometric shapes - don't twist or bend your wrist.


Thank you for your interest in Cranford Endodontics, a dental practice dedicated exclusively to endodontic care.
We are specialist members of the American Association of Endodontists, and look forward to being of service to you. Our expert team, led by respected endodontic specialists, includes an experienced endodontic staff. It is our goal to provide the highest standard of professional care in a friendly, comfortable environment. We hope that the information provided here answers many of your questions about endodontic treatment. If you would like additional information, please don't hesitate to contact us at Cranford Office Phone Number 908-276-7773 or at [email protected]. We will respond promptly.
By referring you to our office, your dentist has shown his/her concern that you receive the finest endodontic care possible. Our goal is to provide unsurpassed quality in a compassionate environment of professionalism and clinical excellence. We hope to exceed your expectations.
The information provided here should answer many of your questions about endodontic treatment. If you would like additional information, please contact us at Cranford Office Phone Number 908-276-7773.
A root canal is one of the most common dental procedures, with well over 14 million performed every year. This simple treatment can save your natural teeth and prevent the need for dental implants or bridges. For more information on root canal treatment at our Cranford NJ endodontic office, please visit our root canal page.
Pain in the mouth, and head and neck region, can be very debilitating. The problem is in determining whether or not the pain originates in the teeth, or in the surrounding tissues. Cranford Endodontics specializes in diagnosing these issues, and determining their origins. For more information on this issue, please call our office for an appointment.
Endodontic (root canal) surgery can be used to locate fractures or hidden canals that do not appear on x-rays, but still manifest pain in the tooth. Damaged root surfaces, or the surrounding bone, may also be treated with this procedure. The most common surgery used to save damaged teeth is an apicoectomy, or root-end resection. For more information on root canal surgery at our Cranford NJ endodontic office, please visit our root canal surgery page.


A rolling stone gathers no moss. There is only today. Be like the wind and be taken wherever fate sees fit. He who fights fate courts folly. You only live once. Power to those who do not wish for power. Avoid anything in a uniform. Challenge the old orders.
A chaotic neutral character values his own freedom and ability to make choices. He avoids authority and does not fear standing out or appearing different. In extreme cases, he may embrace a lifestyle entirely suited to himself—living in a cave near a city, becoming an artist, or otherwise challenging traditions. He never accepts anything at face value and makes up his own mind rather than blindly accepting what others tell him to do or think.


LAS VEGAS, January 6, 2015 – Mcor, the leader in industrial full-color 3D printing, today launched Mcor ARKe, the world's first, full-color, desktop 3D printer. With Mcor ARKe, Mcor now offers their industrial quality full color 3D printing on the desktop. The premium 3D printer is also low cost, reliable and safe, enabling 3D printing to jump the chasm to a much broader range of creative professionals and truly facilitating creative learning like no other 3D printer has to date. CES 2016 attendees can see Mcor ARKe in action today through Saturday, January 9 in the 3D Printing TechZone, Sands Expo Booth 72916.
Mcor ARKe has a launch price of $5,995 USD MSRP for the CES event and is available Q2 2016. For more information on Mcor ARKe, please visit [www.mcortechnologies.com] or stop by Booth 72916 at CES.
Mcor Technologies Ltd is an innovative manufacturer of the world's most affordable, full-color premium 3D printers. Established in 2005 with a talented team of specialists in the area of 3D printing hardware and software, Mcor's vision is to make 3D printing more accessible to everyone. The company operates internationally from offices in Ireland, the UK, America and APAC. www.mcortechnologies.com.
I had the opportunity to see samples printer on MCOR's printers and I was quite impressed. They are made from paper, and are printed in full color so the objects look close to being real. Despire being made of paper, the printed items feel quite solid. I am rather amazed by my first exposure to their amazing 3d printer.
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Smooth Breakfast with Eamonn Kelly 6am - 10am
Isn't She Lovely Stevie Wonder
George Michael tops Smooth's All Time Top 500 for the fifth time - see the full chart
George Michael tops Smooth's All Time Top 500 for 2022. Picture: Smooth/Global/Sony
George Michael has topped the chart once again in Smooth's All Time Top 500 for 2022!
George Michael won out with 'Careless Whisper', making it the fourth year in a row for the late singer, and fifth year in total.
Queen equalled last year's new entry at number two with 'Bohemian Rhapsody', while George again appeared in third place with 'A Different Corner'.
SEE THE FULL TOP 500 HERE
More than 68,000 votes were cast by the public in Smooth's All Time Top 500 – our annual countdown of the nation's favourite songs, which were revealed on air across the May Bank Holiday weekend.
George Michael wrote 'Careless Whisper' when he was just 17 years old and the timeless classic reached the number one spot in 25 countries.
The public interest in George and his music is being brought to life with the release of the highly anticipated George Michael documentary, Freedom Uncut, next month.
With George's third studio album, Older, set to be re-released this summer to mark 25 years since its launch, he continues to be as popular and relevant today as he was 38 years ago, when 'Careless Whisper' was first released.
The estate of George Michael and family said: "We are absolutely delighted that given the Freedom to vote for the songs they love the most, George's fans and Smooth Radio listeners have once again shown their 'Faith' and voted 'Careless Whisper' to number one."
George Michael has 23 songs in Smooth's All Time Top 500 – 17 of which are solo songs – cementing his position as the most popular artist of all time. 'A Different Corner' is at number three; 'Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me', his duet with Sir Elton John, is at number 24, followed by 'Jesus To A Child' (52) and 'Father Figure' (74).
Whitney Houston is the nation's most popular female artist, and with news of a new biopic about the legendary singer announced in April, it is no surprise Whitney has 12 songs placed in the chart.
After releasing Voyage, their first album of new material in 40 years in October 2021 and ahead of their new avatar concert at a custom-built arena in London later this month, ABBA is the most popular band of all time. The Swedish line-up have 12 entries in the chart, led by 'Dancing Queen' at number 10, and 'The Winner Takes It All' at number 40.
ABBA are tied with The Beatles and Queen for the most successful group. Picture: Getty
New-entry 'The Joker and the Queen' was the highest-placed song by a female artist, at number 14, beating last year's winner, Dolly Parton. Released in February by Taylor Swift and Ed Sheeran, it is the most recent song to be voted into the chart.
Smooth presenter Angie Greaves said: "Every year, Smooth's All Time Top 500 gives us an unprecedented insight into the nation's favourite songs and artists.
"George Michael's music clearly stands the test of time and it's wonderful to see him retain the top spot with Careless Whisper, ahead of his much-anticipated documentary released this year. For many of us, music continues to be a sanctuary and place of solace and it's wonderful to see the special place Smooth's line-up of iconic music artists continue to hold in the nation's hearts across the country."
The full top 20 is:
George Michael - 'Careless Whisper'
Queen - 'Bohemian Rhapsody'
George Michael - 'A Different Corner'
Michael Jackson - 'Man in the Mirror'
Ed Sheeran - 'Perfect'
John Lennon - 'Imagine'
Eagles - 'Hotel California'
Michael Jackson - 'Billie Jean'
Simon & Garfunkel - 'Bridge Over Troubled Water'
ABBA - 'Dancing Queen'
Toto - 'Africa'
ELO - 'Mr Blue Sky'
Luther Vandross - 'Dance with My Father'
Ed Sheeran & Taylor Swift - 'The Joker and the Queen'
Aerosmith - 'I Don't Want to Miss a Thing'
Robbie Williams - 'Angels'
Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers - 'Islands in the Stream'
Foreigner - 'I Want to Know What Love Is'
Prince - 'Purple Rain'
Patrick Swayze - 'She's Like the Wind'
Artists with the most entries:
George Michael - 17 (23 with Wham!)
Michael Jackson - 17
Elton John - 14
ABBA - 12
The Beatles - 12
Queen - 12
Whitney Houston - 12
David Bowie - 10
Fleetwood Mac - 9
Rod Stewart - 8


My Simpsons avatar, courtesy of my 10-year old, from this site. It's a shocking revelation of both my inner Milhous and the fact that I really should become reacquainted with the gym sometime soon.
Oh my gosh; that is so hilarious. I did one for myself after seeing this. Too much fun!
Out of the mouth of babes...or should that be fingers now?


text:
She conducts him to one of the " paid avoidance areas " in California, where people are paid to do without the full panoply of modern technology, as an alternative to spending billions to rebuild infrastructure after the earthquake.
Page "The Shockwave Rider" ¶ 9
She and conducts
She conducts music workshops around the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, including a workshop she created called " Building a Vocal Community: Singing in the African American Tradition ".
She demands that she be given complete control over the niece and, with the support of the parson, the Squire finally agrees and Mrs Western conducts her to her own more salubrious lodgings.
She conducts master classes in Fort Worth, New York City, Los Angeles and other cities around the country.
She conducts her affair with Lord Meldrum even when her husband is present in the house by secretly giving him sleeping pills.
She conducts her research at the Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen.
She has always admired her father ( who left his samurai family in Japan to protest the declining social status of the samurai ), and fondly remembers how he conducts himself — from his courtship of Jeanne's mother to his virtuoso pig-carving.
She conducts coaching clinics and talks for school kids.
She conducts numerous grisly experiments and frightens her neighbors, family, and slaves.
She conducts her squadron and the rest of her adoptive nation's fleet through several battle exercises to improve them.
She played a female preacher, " Reverend Brown ", who conducts a funeral service for a murdered policeman.
She regularly appears as a guest contributor and panelist on various news programs, conducts speaking engagements across the country, and blogs for the The Huffington Post.
: She is an easily angered woman who conducts experiments and creates humans who cannot feel physical pain.
She not only teaches Odissi but also conducts workshops in Chhau and Manipuri dance.
She then conducts on-the-street interviews, asking if anyone would kiss Neil.
She now is a commentator for major events, and conducts clinics worldwide.
She stared at him, her eyes wide as she thought about what he had said ; ;
She helped him with the dishes, then he brought more water in from the spring before it got dark.
She clung to him, talking to him, and dabbing at her eyes.
She had helped him change his mind.
She had picked up the quirt and was twirling it around her wrist and smiling at him.
She came down against him, and he tried to break her fall.
She brought up her free hand to hit him, but this time he was quicker.
She began it deliberately, so that none of her words would be lost on him.
She yanked away from him furiously.
She studied him hopefully, yearningly ; ;
She looked at him, lips compressed.
She wondered what had taken place in town, between him and his wife.
Meredith was irritated when the Grafin knocked at his door and told him, `` She is a great beauty!!
She set the dipper on the edge of the deck, leaving it for him to stretch after it while she looked on scornfully.
She snapped at him.
She grabbed at Feathertop's sleeve and shrieked, `` Help him!!
She has rarely been photographed with him and, except for Carl's seventy-fifth anniversary celebration in Chicago in 1953, she has not attended the dozens of banquets, functions, public appearances, and dinners honoring him -- all of this upon her insistence.
She couldn't cook or clean or make him comfortable.
She tells him of the consequences of his behavior.
She would hover over him and, looking like her brother, anxiously watch the progress of Scotty's fork or spoon.
She did not touch him.
She turned to him again.
She envied him.
She and one
She would return this symbol to the mountain, as one pours seed back into the soil every Spring or as ancient fertility cults demand annual human sacrifice.
She began to watch a blonde-haired man, also in shorts, standing right at the rear of the wrecked car in the one spot that most of the crowd had detoured slightly.
She was a top horsewoman and one of the city's most gracious hostesses.
She could not resist the opportunity `` of showing her superiority in argument over a man '' which she had remarked as one of the `` feminine follies '' of Sara Sullam ; ;
She designed and supervised the building of the Harbert, Michigan, house, most of which was constructed by one local carpenter who carried the heavy beams singly upon his shoulder.
She entreated me to see a doctor, and when I refused, brought one out to see me.
She regretted what she described as the `` unwarrantable & unnecessary '' check to their friendship and said that she felt that they understood one another perfectly.
`` She didn't really say '' -- She glanced away at the floor, then swooped gracefully and picked up one of Scotty's slippers.
She had been one of the first to collect her wits.
She was a juicy one.
She concluded by asking him to name another hour should this one be inconvenient.
She fell asleep leaning on her hand, hearing the house creaking as though it were a living a private life of its own these two hundred years, hearing the birds rustling in their cages and the occasional whirring of wings as one of them landed on the table and walked across the newspaper to perch in the crook of her arm.
She was going to tell Bobby Joe about how mistaken she had been, but he brought one of the cousins home for supper, and all they did was talk about antelope.
She hesitated, she hopped, she rolled and rocked, skipped and jumped, but in some two weeks she started to pace, From that time to this she has shown steady improvement and now looks like one of the classiest things on the grounds.
She also builds one or two waxen cups which she fills with honey.
She then described her experience as one in which she first had difficulty accepting for herself a state of being in which she relinquished control.
She was the John Harvey, one of those Atlantic sea-horses that had sailed to Bari to bring beans, bombs, and bullets to the U.S. Fifteenth Air Force, to Field Marshal Montgomery's Eighth Army then racing up the calf of the boot of Italy in that early December of 1943.
She was still in the play for pay business when she died, a top trollop who had given the world's oldest profession one of its rare flashes of glamour.
She replied, `` I know of one man that has not been friendly with him.
She was closing and within one more bound would have been able to reach the rear end of the bay, but -- and here Jones and Loveless and Ulyate were holding breath for all they were worth -- she never quite caught up that last bound.
She sidled along the booths one step at a time.
She had swished away, she had been gone for a long time probably when Sarah suddenly realized that she ought to stop her, pour out the coffee, so no one would drink it.
She had assumed before then that one day he would ask her to marry him.
She had a cup of something steaming, coffee perhaps, in one hand, a fresh piece of toast in the other.


text:
Beal Hill bezeichnet mehrere Erhebungen in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Beal Hill (Kentucky)
 Beal Hill (Washington)

Siehe auch:
 Beals Hill

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Big Changes Coming To Microsoft Outlook In Coming Years
Posted by kmjpro On January 13, 2021
Microsoft has been moving toward a unified "single version" of Outlook that would offer a seamless user experience across all platforms and devices. Unfortunately, thus far, that objective has remained elusive.
In late 2020, however, the company announced "Project Monarch" which seeks to create a new email/calendar client that will finally accomplish the company's long-stated goal.
Their goal is providing the same look, feel and functionality, no matter what type of device you log in from, and regardless of the OS that device runs on.
The company has provided a mock-up of the "One Outlook" dashboard on the Project Monarch blog. However, based on the information we've been able to glean about the initiative thus far, it's unlikely that Windows 10 users will be able to see it in action until mid to late 2022. Having said that, Windows Insiders will likely get an early preview of the client toward the end of 2021, but this preview won't replace the mail and calendar apps in Windows 10 right away.
Even though the finished product appears to be quite some distance out, this is big news and welcome indeed. Although far from perfect, Outlook is a wildly popular email platform with legions of users. Creating a unified user experience is a very big deal, because increasingly, consumers use a wide range of devices that are often powered by different OS's. It's not at all uncommon for a user to have a Windows-based PC, an Android-based smartphone, and a MacOS-based laptop they use at home and on the weekends. Being able to have the same user experience across all of those devices is invaluable.
Kudos to Microsoft for finally putting some teeth into the idea, and for providing a road map and a time frame for when we'll finally see "One Outlook."
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text:
package org.jitsi.impl.neomedia;

import java.util.*;

import org.jitsi.service.configuration.*;
import org.jitsi.service.libjitsi.*;
import org.jitsi.service.neomedia.*;
import org.jitsi.service.neomedia.event.*;

/**
 * Implements an {@link ActiveSpeakerDetector} (factory) which uses/delegates to
 * an actual algorithm implementation for the detections/identification of the
 * active/dominant speaker in a multipoint conference.
 *
 * @author Lyubomir Marinov
 */
public class ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl
    implements ActiveSpeakerDetector
{
    /**
     * The name of the <tt>ConfigurationService</tt> property which specifies
     * the class name of the algorithm implementation for the
     * detection/identification of the active/dominant speaker in a multipoint
     * conference to be used by <tt>ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl</tt>. The default
     * value is <tt>null</tt>. If the specified value is <tt>null</tt> or the
     * initialization of an instance of the specified class fails,
     * <tt>ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl</tt> falls back to a list of well-known
     * algorithm implementations.
     */
    private static final String IMPL_CLASS_NAME_PNAME
        = ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl.class.getName() + ".implClassName";

    /**
     * The names of the classes known by <tt>ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl</tt> to
     * implement actual algorithms for the detection/identification of the
     * active/dominant speaker in a multipoint conference.
     */
    private static final String[] IMPL_CLASS_NAMES
        = {
            ".DominantSpeakerIdentification",
            ".BasicActiveSpeakerDetector"
        };

    /**
     * The actual algorithm implementation to be used by this instance for the
     * detection/identification of the active/dominant speaker in a multipoint
     * conference.
     */
    private final ActiveSpeakerDetector impl;

    /**
     * Initializes a new <tt>ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl</tt> which is to use a
     * default algorithm implementation for the detection/identification of the
     * active/dominant speaker in a multipoint conference.
     */
    public ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl()
    {
        this(getImplClassNames());
    }

    /**
     * Initializes a new <tt>ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl</tt> which is to use the
     * first available algorithm from a specific list of algorithms (identified
     * by the names of their implementing classes) for the
     * detection/identification of the active/dominant speaker in a multipoint
     * conference.
     *
     * @param implClassNames the class names of the algorithm implementations to
     * search through and in which the first available is to be found and used
     * for the detection/identification of the active/dominant speaker in a
     * multipoint conference
     * @throws RuntimeException if none of the algorithm implementations
     * specified by <tt>implClassNames</tt> is available
     */
    public ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl(String... implClassNames)
    {
        ActiveSpeakerDetector impl = null;
        Throwable cause = null;

        for (String implClassName : implClassNames)
        {
            try
            {
                Class<?> implClass
                    = Class.forName(normalizeClassName(implClassName));

                if ((implClass != null)
                        && ActiveSpeakerDetector.class.isAssignableFrom(
                                implClass))
                {
                    impl = (ActiveSpeakerDetector) implClass.newInstance();
                }
            }
            catch (Throwable t)
            {
                if (t instanceof InterruptedException)
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                else if (t instanceof ThreadDeath)
                    throw (ThreadDeath) t;
                else
                    cause = t;
            }
            if (impl != null)
                break;
        }
        if (impl == null)
        {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                    "Failed to initialize an actual ActiveSpeakerDetector"
                        + " implementation, tried classes: "
                        + Arrays.toString(implClassNames),
                    cause);
        }
        else
        {
            this.impl = impl;
        }
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void addActiveSpeakerChangedListener(
            ActiveSpeakerChangedListener listener)
    {
        impl.addActiveSpeakerChangedListener(listener);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the actual algorithm implementation used by this instance for the
     * detection/identification of the active/dominant speaker in a multipoint
     * conference.
     *
     * @return the actual algorithm implementation used by this instance for
     * the detection/identification of the active/dominant speaker in a
     * multipoint conference
     */
    public ActiveSpeakerDetector getImpl()
    {
        return impl;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the names of the classes known by <tt>ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl</tt>
     * to implement actual algorithms for the detection/identification of the
     * active/dominant speaker in a multipoint conference. If the
     * <tt>ConfigurationService</tt> property {@link #IMPL_CLASS_NAME_PNAME}
     * specifies a class name, it is prepended to the returned array.
     *
     * @return the names of the classes known by
     * <tt>ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl</tt> to implement actual algorithms for the
     * detection/identification of the active/dominant speaker in a multipoint
     * conference
     */
    private static String[] getImplClassNames()
    {
        /*
         * The user is allowed to specify the class name of the (default)
         * algorithm implementation through the ConfigurationService.
         */
        ConfigurationService cfg = LibJitsi.getConfigurationService();
        String implClassName = null;

        if (cfg != null)
        {
            implClassName = cfg.getString(IMPL_CLASS_NAME_PNAME);
            if ((implClassName != null) && (implClassName.length() == 0))
                implClassName = null;
        }

        /*
         * Should the user's choice with respect to the algorithm implementation
         * fail, ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl falls back to well-known algorithm
         * implementations.
         */
        String[] implClassNames;

        if (implClassName == null)
        {
            implClassNames = IMPL_CLASS_NAMES;
        }
        else
        {
            List<String> implClassNameList
                = new ArrayList<String>(1 + IMPL_CLASS_NAMES.length);

            implClassNameList.add(normalizeClassName(implClassName));
            for (String anImplClassName : IMPL_CLASS_NAMES)
            {
                anImplClassName = normalizeClassName(anImplClassName);
                if (!implClassNameList.contains(anImplClassName))
                    implClassNameList.add(anImplClassName);
            }

            implClassNames
                = implClassNameList.toArray(
                        new String[implClassNameList.size()]);
        }
        return implClassNames;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void levelChanged(long ssrc, int level)
    {
        impl.levelChanged(ssrc, level);
    }

    /**
     * Makes sure that a specific class name starts with a package name.
     *
     * @param className the class name to prefix with a package name if
     * necessary
     * @return a class name with a package name and a simple name
     */
    private static String normalizeClassName(String className)
    {
        if (className.startsWith("."))
        {
            Package pkg = ActiveSpeakerDetectorImpl.class.getPackage();

            if (pkg != null)
                className = pkg.getName() + className;
        }
        return className;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     */
    @Override
    public void removeActiveSpeakerChangedListener(
            ActiveSpeakerChangedListener listener)
    {
        impl.removeActiveSpeakerChangedListener(listener);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What can head and neck cancer patients do to recover impaired taste? How can moisture be restored to dry mouth? Watch now to hear the latest approaches to side effect management from expert Dr. Brad Mons.


Use it anywhere, anytime any place!
This versatile Takionic® Cushion can be used in numerous ways. It helps to improve circulation, relax sore and tired muscles and relieve tension and stress. For those with bad backs it can be placed in the office chair, or in the car seat while driving. Take it with you to the sofa or your favourite chair to help you relax. It can be taken with you when you travel abroad on the plane for jet lag and can be used as a pillow to get that good night's rest at the other end. It is also a wonderful meditation tool. An invaluable friend in any situation.


The video above shows you to replace the headlight in your 2003 Buick LeSabre. Headlights grow dimmer by up to 20% over time and eventually burn out - for this reason, we recommend changing your headlights in pairs. Changing both headlight bulbs on your LeSabre at the same time will allow both bulbs to have the same intensity and prevent the new headlight bulb �... Select Your BUICK Model: Below is a list of BUICK models. You can narrow your headlight bulb search by selecting the BUICK model of your vehicle directly below, or can scroll down to locate your specific BUICK model and year among the complete list of vehicles.


We strive to work side by side with the community with the common goal of surpressing crime and making it safer for each and every resident and business owner.
Please click the photos below to open the link to all of our community programs. If you have any community needs, you can always contact our Community Resource Division at 281.577.8446.


Mr Mario Terenzio is a Shipping and Logistics Expert, with a 13-year seagoing experience in oceanographic, container and Ro-Ro vessels. Born in Genoa in 1958, Mr Terenzio got the Marine Master Licence in 1987 and in June 1992 joined Coeclerici Group as Coal Terminal Manager. From 1994, he was in charge of Logistics business development activities, focusing in customized floating terminals and self-unloading vessels. In 2006, Mr Terenzio founded Logmarin Advisors, a consultancy company, member of Rina group(Italian National Classification Society, IACS member). Logmarin's aim is to provide a comprehensive and integrated advisory service for marine terminals (both shore and off-shore) and associated handling infrastructures (evaluating different water transportation systems, identifying proper loading/unloading equipment, assessing all possible bottlenecks and finally identifying cost-effective and environmental-friendly solutions). The fleet of Floating Transfer Solutions designed and commissioned by Logmarin has grown up to22 units (of which, 20 units for coal transshipment operations, primary) which have handled over 70 million tonnes of bulk commodities during last 12 months. Furthermore, just in the past 9 years, Logmarin has developed more than 70 feasibility studies (in 22 countries) for the devising and optimization of supply chains for the import or export of dry bulk commodities (coal, grains, iron ore, wood chips, cement, etc).Focusing on Emerging Asian Coal Markets, Logmarin is currently involved in coal supply chains advice and design for new power station projects in Vietnam, Myanmar, India, and Thailand; Logmarin is also involved in the conceptual design of the largest coal floating HUB in South East Asia.Logmarin's mission is to work closely with its clients, competing together against bottlenecks intheir supply chain, rather than against its competitors.With 13 years of seagoing experience and more than 20 years spent in port facility and off-shore terminals design, as well as self-unloading vessels and floating cranes design, together with awareness of international IPP, BOO and BOOT Contracts negotiating processes, Mr Terenzio gained a wide expertise and assures a widespread competence about waterborne logistics.


text:
Brandon Dickson
In downtown Bristol, on what appeared to be a city's attempt at its own national mall, shall we call it a 'municipal mall', stands a statue to Edward Colston; philanthropist, member of parliament, local hero and slave owner. Colston is officially commemorated in Bristol through his philanthropic endeavours, with schools that he founded bearing his name, and countless halls, restaurants and residences bearing his name. The most obvious connection directly to the town however is a statue to Edward Colston on Colston Avenue bearing the words, "Erected by citizens of Bristol as a memorial of one of the most virtuous and wise sons of their city AD 1895".
What I wish to reflect on here is not the official state sanctioned site of memory, the Colson monument but rather the counter protest that surrounded the monument. Surrounding the memorial on the day of our visit were roughly 100 concrete figurines in the shape of people laid on the ground. Above the figurines wooden blocks bearing the words, "nail bar workers", "farm workers", "domestic servant", "sex worker", "here", "and", "now", "car wash attendant", "sex worker", "here", "and". I remember standing at the Colston statue and originally thinking that the figurines represented examples of modern slavery. Sex worker and domestic servant jumped out as particularly demonstrative of my inkling. Even farm worker in a North American context seemed to be particularly pressing with stories of illegal immigrants being brought to America exclusively for cheap labour and the solution of the current administration being to build some sort of physical barrier to prevent this. However, on further reflection, I somehow could not reconcile nail bar workers and car wash attendant with modern slavery. To the best of my knowledge and research, these two jobs are not flooded with enslaved people. In all honesty, I am not sure that I fully understood my own thoughts on this counter-memorial until I began writing. This counter memorial points to the all-encompassing nature of slavery. While there are still experiences of modern-day slavery, but to point exclusively to modern slavery largely misses the point. That slavery still exists is awful, but the long-lasting implications of slavery are even worse. As Poet Miles Chambers put it, "We can look at the descendants of the slaves and economically they are still worse off; psychologically they are still worse off; mentally they still feel collectively as inferior; more African-Caribbean males are disproportionately in prison and in the judicial system; they do worse at schools; economically are paid less and are working less" (Parkes, 2018). The very existence of the Colston statue continues to devalue the lives of these individuals. Colston remains a representative of the fact that a city cares more about its own economic success than about the individuals who funded it, and their descendants who are still paying the price "here and now". To me this counter-memorial stands as a symbol of empowerment. While there is no way to eradicate slavery, this display and all others in the wider Countering Colston movement show descendants of slavery that they are valued as members of the community. It stands as an acknowledgment of the fact that slave money still exists in Bristol and that the value of an individual is no greater because they donate money than if they were a car wash attendant or farm worker.
The fact that these two memorials take up the same physical space is a metaphor for the experience of living in Bristol. Where it is easy to point to the negative actions that Colston perpetrated, it is much more difficult for locals to separate their own identity from that of the slave trader. As we learned, children in Bristol used to be shown Colston's hair and fingernails. Graduates from the Colston Girls School take great pride in the name of their school. This instills fond memories of, if not Colston himself, certainly the name that dominates the town. To live in this complicated space of memory provides a much less straight forward approach to memory than simply changing the name of everything bearing Colston to something else. The void that this counter-memorial fills then is to complicate the memory of Colston. It does not necessarily require that the name be eradicated from the entire city, and it does not necessarily require that people be ashamed to be associated with it, rather that the narrative be complicated so that those affected by the actions behind the name are still heard.
To me this is the point not only of the counter-memorial but of phantoms of the past. The project seeks to dig into the phantoms of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to promote thought and reflection. It does not tell people how they ought to think, or what the 'right' information is, but rather seeks to demonstrate the nuances of the stories that we tell ourselves so as to add meaning and expand the narrative for a variety of stories to co-exist.