The goal of every chef and manager is a profitable kitchen. In the competitive world of food service there are countless dining facilities available for customers. This forces kitchens to constantly look for new and creative ideas to increase revenue and profitability. Great kitchens are both following the latest trends and revisiting good old fashioned approaches, overlooking nothing in even the busiest kitchen.
Over the last two years Winnow has helped hundreds of kitchens and thousands of individuals measure and manage food waste and as a consequence increase their food gross margins by 2-6 percentage points.
Kitchens are reducing waste and raising profitability at the same time. Along the way we have seen many great ideas implemented in different segments of professional kitchens. Our clients always amaze us with their creative and effective ideas they apply to supercharge their operations. We have asked them to share their experiences and tips with us.
Technology can help minimise the day to day pressure of keeping track of all information needed to run a busy kitchen. It can save time, energy and labour while resulting in improved profitability.
Sustainability not only helps reduce your carbon footprint but also improves your kitchen's cash flow. According to the report of Sustainable Restaurant Association, more consumers are seeking out sustainable food choices. Becoming more responsible and communicating it properly to your customers will help increase your profit and popularity.
Marketing activities help your restaurant get to the next level in profitability. Applying a few simple and creative marketing ideas can help you connect to new and loyal customers and boost your sales.
Staff engagement and profitability go hand in hand. Your team's cooperation and buy-in make or break operational activities in your kitchen. Engaged employees mean better productivity and a real boost to the bottom line.
Focusing on these areas of kitchen management will not only increase profitability, but will also improve the overall efficiency of the kitchen's operation.
Do you want to know more about how to pursue a profitable catering business? Download our guide with 14 profitability boosting tips and tricks focusing on the four areas above.


Video is not only hot but it's taking over the internet entirely. And having a good quality video is never enough… it has to be unique and stand out from the crowd. We know that virtual studios are great, but finding a good quality virtual studio is not that easy.
To create a high quality virtual studio, proper 3D software – that is very difficult to build – is needed. You may find a place that sells a virtual studio background, but it will cost you a fortune for a single virtual studio. That's why today I bring to you a solution. Let's check out my 3D Virtual Studio Review to discover more details!
What will you get inside 3D Virtual Studio?
In a nutshell, 3D Virtual Studio by Levidio is a massive collection of unique virtual Studios you can use for any video or presentation projects.
What do you get with 3d virtual studio? You'll get a huge collection of ready-to-use high quality Animated Virtual Studio Set with the price that less than 1 set.
3D Virtual Studio was created by Maulana Malik & his partner Ilham Zulkarnain. Malik is the founder of Rootpixel – A company that provides Multimedia Services, Website Design Development, Photography, Videography and Designs Services.
Before 3D Virtual Studio by Levidio, he has developed many products including Levidio Personal Branding, Levidio Volume 5, Levidio Storyboard, etc. Now, let's look at the next part of this 3D Virtual Studio Review and find out its features.
For a limited time, you can grab 3D Virtual Studio by Levidio with early bird discount price in these options below. Let's pick the best suited options for you before this special offer gone!
Don't forget to use the coupon "3OFF" (without the quote) at check out page for instant $3 off.
Thank you so much for reading my 3D Virtual Studio Review. I really hope it did help you with your buying decision. This system is coming out with many bonuses for the early bird. Take your action ASAP for the best deal.


This Sylenth bank was created with the sound of the OVO roster in mind. There are pads in here perfect for PartyNextDoor and Drake, to arps and leads perfect for iLoveMakonnen or Majid Jordan.
This bank also goes beyond the muted soft sound Noah "40" Shebib is known for, but contains patches that cover the more energetic sound heard all over Drake's "If You're Reading This It's Too Late" album.
pretty cool bank tho love it!!!
I use it all the time definitely would recommend it to anyone, overall a great soundbank and sounds that really fit the description.
A lot of these sounds are very unique and can be used for different genres. When you buy this pack you get more than just a basic patch bank. You get a bunch of sounds that already have processing and effects and the result is inspiring. I finally bought sylenth just for this pack.
There were a lot of sounds that came in very useful. My only gripe (for me you might be different) is some preset are unnecessary like the ovo snare sounds you can find in a drum kit. Either than that really like the product and recommend it.
5 out of 5	Really great!
Out of all the sylenth ovo banks I own this one is one of the best.
5 out of 5	Very versatile and really caters to OVO than just Drake.
Amazing pack, I actually own almost every preset bank with "OVO" in their title and I must say, this is in my top 3 when it comes to OVO sound and not just Drake sound. Arps are great and sylenth makes it easier to tweak the patches. A lot of potentianl in the sounds and very versatile for real.


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Category "Abortion"
Unconscionable that Government is making telemedicine abortion permanent after HSE admits that it increases chances of women being coerced into abortions
Abortion, NewsBy ONEOFUS November 14, 2022
At the Pro Life Campaign's National Conference in Dublin on Saturday, the group strongly criticised government plans to make 'at home' telemedicine abortion a permanent fixture. The Government sanctioned the practice following the Covid outbreak but gave strong assurances at the time that the practice would end along with other Covid restrictions being lifted. However,…
Maltese prime minister hints at liberalising restrictive abortion laws
Malta might soon liberalise its total ban on abortions. Prime Minister Robert Abela hinted at that during an interview with local media. An amendment will be on the table within two weeks, Abela promised in an interview with Times of Malta on Sunday. He stressed that this amendment was not about legalising abortion but about saving mothers'…
SYMPOSIUM "Analyzing euthanasia and assisted suicide worldwide"
Abortion, Euthanasia, Events, News, One of UsBy ONEOFUS November 7, 2022
European Parliament, Brussels november 16th from 9h20 to 16h30 Our countries face increasing pressure to legalize euthanasia or to include new groups in current euthanasia laws. Doctors are increasingly faced with requests from patients to end their lives through euthanasia. Ending the suffering does not imply a right to require a care professional to end…
The main clinics dedicated to performing abortions in Madrid have invoiced 7.3 million euros during 2020, the first year of the coronavirus pandemic
Abortion, NewsBy ONEOFUS October 31, 2022
Today El Debate publishes a research report in which it reveals the finances of the seven abortion centers most profitable in the capital of Spain. In the same way, this newspaper publishes the names of the businessmen behind this millionaire business. Since 2016, the year in which 93,131 abortions were registered in Spain, until today, the…
Abortion will not become a constitutional right in France. The French Senate rejected a motion to that end.
After heated discussions, 172 Senators voted against it, while 139 supported the motion. Most opponents of the proposal belong to the right-wing of the political spectrum, while the left was mainly in favour of including abortion in the Constitution, Valeurs Actuelles reports. The text of the draft would add two sentences to the Constitution, La Croix reports. "No one…
Abortion international company Planned Parenthood is sued in court for using the abortion pill to induce a "fully formed" 30-week-old baby
A lawsuit filed against Planned Parenthood accuses the organization of miscalculating a woman's pregnancy so egregiously that she painfully delivered a "fully formed" 30 to 36-week baby boy into a toilet. The suit alleges that the abortionist calculated her pregnancy at just six (6) weeks, then prescribed her abortion pills. The named "defendants" are Planned Parenthood abortionist…
Irish Pro Life Campaign denounces a new bill that seeks to ban peaceful pro-life vigils in the vicinity of abortion facilities
The Irish Pro Life Campaign (PLC) made a submission to the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Health in relation to the Bill that the Committee is considering on exclusion zones outside abortion facilities. The bill seeks to prohibit peaceful pro-life vigils in the vicinity of abortion facilities, establishing an exclusion zone of 100 metres in radius…
Inhuman and degrading treatment of the remains of aborted babies
Abortion, Life, News, One of UsBy ONEOFUS October 18, 2022
The Care Quality Commission (CQC) has stated that British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) Bournemouth's safety "requires improvement", while also rating its leadership "inadequate", in a damning report. Very serious failings were discovered at BPAS Bournemouth, situated on Ophir Road, which was subject to a CQC inspection on 28 June 2022. One discovery was the discarding of individual baby remains "into…
VI European Forum "ONE OF US"
Abortion, News, One of UsBy ONEOFUS October 17, 2022
Follow the VI Forum One of Us online HERE Dear One of Us friends, when French President Emmanuel Macron's announced at the start of the French Presidency of the European Union on May 9 in Strasbourg, his intention to prioritize abortion as part of the European Union's Charter of fundamental rights, we confirmed the conviction…
The abortion fight against science
For many women facing an unexpected or difficult pregnancy, having an ultrasound is a moment that changes their lives forever. Hearing their unborn baby's beating heart and seeing their child moving and even making faces on the screen is enough to remind them that their child is a wonderful and precious human being deserving of…
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Kate Middleton: this party she has planned for her 40th birthday
# Christmas, Covid-19, Kate Middleton, Prince Andrew, Prince Charles, Prince Edward, Prince George, Prince Louis, Prince William, Princess Charlotte
On January 9, 2022, Kate Middleton will pass the 40th anniversary. The Duchess of Cambridge, 39, spent Christmas with family in privacy at their Norfolk home. Due to the restrictions imposed by covid-19, the celebration of his 40th birthday is also expected to be muted. So for her 40th birthday, Kate should plan a party with only family and close friends. Although her 40th birthday is an important passage, so there will not be a big party for the mother of Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis.
Kate Middleton is 40: this royal tradition that will be missed
Elizabeth II: her touching photos for Kate Middleton's 40th birthday
See this post on Instagram
For Kate Middleton's birthday last year, the storyline was pretty much the same. The Cambridges celebrated Kate's birthday with the family. Prince William, 39, is said to have organized a tea party for the family of five at their country house in Sandringham, according to the Mirror. This year again, we shouldn't expect a big flashy party. Besides, it's not the Cambridge practice. "There will likely be low-key celebrations for the Duchess. She didn't want anything flashy anyway," a source told Mail on Sunday.
No bells for the 40th birthday of the Duchess of Cambridge, Kate Middleton
According to tradition, Westminster Abbey rings the bells for the older members of the royal family. For the Duchess's birthday this year, the bells will not ring. Westminster Abbey is forced to cut costs due to the Covid-19 pandemic. According to Hello magazine, the bells will no longer ring for the birthdays of Princess Ann, Prince Andrew, Prince Edward or the Duchess of Cornwall.
The restriction also applies to the Cambridges and their children. The bells will only be heard ringing for the Queen and Prince Charles. "Due to the financial challenges posed to the Abbey by the Covid-19 pandemic, and in consultation with Buckingham Palace, the bells will now only ring for the birthdays of HM The Queen and HRH the Prince of Wales," said the abbey last year.
Catherine (Kate) Middleton, Duchess of Cambridge © Alex Bramall
Meghan and Harry: this gesture for Kate Middleton on her 40th birthday
Prince Andrew accused of sexual assault: soon ruined, he retains the support of the queen
Prince Charles: this gesture that will please his son Harry
Meghan Markle: how she would have tried to eclipse the queen?
Prince George: the nice gesture of the creators of his favorite cartoon
News People / Monarchy / Kate Middleton: this party she has planned for her 40th birthday


The game of soccer is one that virtually anyone can enjoy playing. If soccer is something you thought only kids played, you really should learn more about the topic of soccer. This article will tell you how everyone can enjoy soccer.
Depending on your skill level will determine what kind of cleats you end up buying. Plastic or synthetic cleats are the best choice for new players with little skill. Pros should choose screw-in cleats made of metal, usable on all sorts of fields.
Once a defender is closing in on you, pass the ball. The ball should be kept for a long time so you're able to advance past everyone safely so you can pass it off. This technique allows the player a few extra seconds before the defense gets to them.
When you are making short passes, use the inward side of your foot to increase your accuracy. Long passes require you to use the top of your foot. Kicking in this way will allow you to drive a ball further if you need to.
It might be obvious, but you have to watch the ball all the time. The game is really quick and the ball is able to cross the field quite quickly if you're not paying attention. The opponent may possibly score a goal if you lose sight of who has the ball.
TIP! You can shake a defender if you dribble the ball the opposite way of where you are trying to head. The defender will likely follow you and then you can quickly change sides.
Practice and commitment is the only way to get better. Understand that you will not become a great player in a matter of days. Schedule some time to practice each day. You should always practice all skills even if they seem simple. Don't stop practicing the things you're good at because you need to maintain and improve those skills too.
If you want to be on the principal soccer team, show how combative you are. Never give up, be willing to run across the entire field, aid your teammates, and generally show a good attitude. Show your coach that you're a team player and you will have much better chances of being picked.
It's important to communicate with other players. Communicating with teammates enhances your ability to work together. Professional soccer players work hard to keep communication lines open on the field.
If soccer has long been a mystery to you, take heart. Since you know more about it, you can appreciate it more. Use the information you have read to become more knowledgeable about soccer.


Reece Australia Pty Ltd will on occasions collect personal information from individuals. The Privacy Act does not apply to companies. The privacy of your personal information is afforded the highest level of importance by Reece Australia Pty Ltd. We are bound by the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) regarding the manner in which we handle your personal information and how we respond to your requests to access and correct it. This document sets out our information handling procedures and the rights and obligations that both you and we have in relation to your personal information.
We note that if Reece Australia Pty Ltd is not able to collect your personal information it may not be able to provide you with a credit facility if you are eligible and to provide you with an appropriate level of service.
If you are not satisfied with how we have handled your personal information, or want to complain that there has been a breach of an Australian Privacy Principle or any APP code which applies you are entitled to lodge a complaint with the Federal Privacy Commissioner. Information regarding how to lodge a complaint is available from the Commissioner's website at www.oaic.gov.au or by ringing the Commissioner's information line on 1300 363 992. However, before investigating a complaint, the Commissioner is legally required to be satisfied that you have first expressed your concern to us to afford us an opportunity to resolve the complaint directly, unless it is inappropriate for you to do so. You may lodge a complaint with our Privacy Officer either by mail at Reece Australia Pty Ltd Private Bag 109 Burwood Vic 3125, or by email to privacy.officer@reece.com.au. We will inform you of who will handle your complaint and you may contact our Privacy Officer to enquire about its stage of progress at any time. We will go to great lengths to ensure that your complaint is resolved to your satisfaction.
You may request access to your personal information at any time by sending a written request to our Reece Australia Pty Ltd Privacy Officer by mail at Private Bag 109 Burwood Vic 3125, or by email to privacy.officer@reece.com.au. In your request, please state how you would like to obtain access. For example, you may like to inspect our records at our premises or you may prefer to be sent a photocopy or an electronic version of your information. You do not need to provide a reason for your request. Once our Privacy Officer has verified your identity, your request will be forwarded to our information systems manager who will arrange for access to be provided to you in an appropriate manner within 14 days. We may charge a small fee for providing access if it requires a significant amount of time to locate your information or to collate or present it in an appropriate form. If your account is held in conjunction with another individual, we will provide each person named on the account with access to information held about each account holder. Our Privacy Officer will follow up your request to ensure that the level of access with which you have been provided is to your satisfaction. In rare circumstances, and only where it is permitted under the Privacy Act 1988 (Cth), we may not be able to provide you with access to your information; for example, where it will have an unreasonable impact upon the privacy of others, where it relates to legal proceedings between us through which the information would not otherwise be available, where it would be prejudicial to negotiations we are holding with you, where we are required by law to withhold the information or where it would reveal information relating to our commercially sensitive decision making processes. If we are unable to provide you with access, we will state why this is so and consider whether the use of an intermediary would be appropriate to provide you with an explanation of your personal information.
We would like to directly market to you about goods and services that we believe may be of interest to you, however, we understand that you may not wish to receive such material. If so, please inform our Privacy Officer of this in writing by mail at Reece Australia Pty Ltd Private Bag 109 Burwood Vic 3125 or by email to privacy.officer@reece.com.au and we'll ensure that your name is removed from our direct marketing list.
We are happy to provide you with further information regarding your privacy. If you have any queries or requests in this respect, please contact our Privacy Officer either by mail at Reece Australia Pty Ltd Private Bag 109 Burwood Vic 3125 or by email to privacy.officer@reece.com.au.


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Chicago Bears: What did we learn at QB in 2021?
January 18, 2022 by Usayd Koshul
Lake Forest, IL.– It's been just over a week since the 2021 regular season ended for the Chicago Bears and as the 2022 offseason begins, it's clear that 2021 was filled with ups and downs at the quarterback position. The Bears cycled through three starting quarterbacks–Andy Dalton, Justin Fields, and Nick Foles–in a season where QB play defined the regular season.
As the page turns to 2022, let's recap what the Bears taught us in 2021 in terms of the QB position.
1) Let's go all the back to April 29th, the night the Bears drafted Justin Fields. Chicago moved up 11 spots in the first round, sending a 2022 first-rounder to the New York Giants for the opportunity to move up and draft Fields. When Chicago pulled the trigger on Fields, the 2021 season and ensuing three seasons became meaningful all of a sudden. Just four years after missing on Mitchell Trubisky, the Bears had more hope than ever.
2) Ex-HC Matt Nagy wanted to use 2021 as a way to implement the "Mahomes Model," having veteran Andy Dalton start the entire regular season while Fields watched from the bench. Instead, Dalton was injured in week 2, leading to Fields being thrust into action. Nagy's plan didn't succeed and his biggest flaw was shown: While Fields was Nagy's hand-picked quarterback, Nagy was never ready to be the man in charge of developing Fields.
3) There needs to be some serious credit given to Nick Foles, who started just one game in 2021. Despite being labeled as a third-string quarterback for a majority of the season, Foles' willingness to be vocal in meetings meant challenging Nagy's philosophy and approach. This alone showcases why Foles was such a valuable piece for the Bears quarterback room.
4) Chemistry with the wide receiver position is always crucial for the QB position and the Bears did Fields a complete disservice by not giving him extended time to practice with the first team throughout training camp. When looking at the WR position, the goal should've been to maximize Fields' time with Darnell Mooney and Allen Robinson. Instead, the trio that could've formed the offensive foundation of the future for the Bears was forced to build chemistry on the fly, leading to below-average results.
5) Throughout the season, there were debates regarding whether or not Justin Fields was the answer for the Bears at QB. It's too early to get a read on whether or not Fields is the Bears' true answer at quarterback but the 11th overall pick did showcase enough potential to warrant being labeled the answer.
What does 2022 hold for the Bears at QB?
Chicago needs to make 2022 the offseason of Justin Fields. That starts with hiring the right head coach and general manager who can build around Fields. That means getting Fields a starting-caliber Center to anchor the middle of the offensive line while reinvesting in the starting quarterback position.
For the Bears, making a commitment to investing in Fields while continuing his development means being active in free agency and the NFL Draft, prioritizing the offense at the expense of the defense. However, with just five draft picks but ample cap space, the Bears will need to be smart, figuring out a way to maximize the second year of Fields rookie contract.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Andy Dalton, Chicago Bears, Justin Fields, Nick Foles Leave a comment
Chicago Bears: Changes begin uncertain, yet exciting offseason
Lake Forest, IL.– After ending the 2021 season with a record of 6-11, the Chicago Bears used black Monday to begin a new era for the franchise, with the team firing head coach Matt Nagy after four seasons while moving on from general manager Ryan Pace, who had been with the organization since 2015.
The Bears' moves don't come as surprising. Heading into the 2021 season, many looked at Pace and Nagy as possibly being with the organization through the end of the 2022 season, especially after Pace opted to trade up in the first round of the 2021 NFL Draft to select rookie quarterback Justin Fields.
After losing five straight games in 2021 while losing four of the final seven games of the season, Nagy ends his Bears tenure with an overall record of 34-31, with two playoff appearances and zero wins. Pace's would finish with an overall record of 48-65, along with two playoff appearances and zero wins.
Pace and Nagy leave the Bears with an exciting core of young players that includes Fields, wide receiver Darnell Mooney, pass rushers Robert Quinn and Khalil Mack, cornerback Jaylon Johnson, and linebacker Roquan Smith. With a plethora of young talent, the potential for a quick turnaround is certainly possible for the next HC and GM duo.
"To the Chicago Bears organization- it was an honor to serve as your Head Coach over the past four seasons," Nagy said in a statement the Bears released via Twitter. "I want to thank Ted Phillips, George H. McCaskey, and Mrs.Virgina McCaskey for the opportunity to lead one of the game's most storied franchises. It's four years I'll always remember."
Pace had some kinds words in his exit statement too, reminding fans that despite his departure, the future is bright in Chicago.
"To the players, I appreciate everything you gave out on the field," Pace said in a statement the Bears released via Twitter. "I believe in each and every one of you and I know the talent is there to bring a championship to Chicago."
The search for the next head coach and general manager has started for the Bears, who will hope to hire both candidates quickly enough to allow the new regime to establish its vision before the offseason officially begins.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Chicago Bears, Matt Nagy, Ryan Pace Leave a comment
Chicago Bears: Vikings trump Bears in season finale
January 9, 2022 by Usayd Koshul
Minneapolis, MN.– In a meaningless game for both teams, the Chicago Bears would fall to the Minnesota Vikings 31-17 to wrap up the 2021 regular season. The Bears will finish 2021 with a final record of six wins and 11 losses, marking the franchises' first true losing season since 2017, when the Bears finished with just five wins.
The Bears scoring summary was simple. Kicker Cairo Santos converted three field goals while Andy Dalton connected with running back Damien Williams for a 23-yard touchdown in the first half. The second half was a different story for Chicago. Minnesota scored 21 unanswered points in the fourth quarter, including a 66-yard pick-six by cornerback Patrick Peterson and a 45-yard touchdown pass from Kirk Cousins to Justin Jefferson.
In the final game of the Matt Nagy era, the Bears cruised to a 14-0 lead before Minnesota scored 28 total points in the second half to finish off the comeback. The Bears, despite a strong start, did have some struggles in this game. Head coach Matt Nagy, who was coaching in his final game, opted to go for it on fourth down, on six different occasions. The Bears would convert just once.
In what is also his final game as Bears quarterback, Dalton was sacked seven times for 59 yards. The 11-year veteran would finish the afternoon 33-for-48 with 325 passing yards and one touchdown, averaging 6.8 yards per attempt. After signing a one-year deal worth $10M in free agency, Dalton's 2021 season was mediocre for the Bears, even after being guaranteed the starting job.
The sole positive for the Bears on offense was second-year wide receiver Darnell Mooney who had 12 receptions for 126 yards, averaging 10.5 yards per reception. The 2020 fifth-round pick eclipsed the 1000-yard mark, finishing off his sophomore season with 1,055 receiving yards, 81 receptions, and four touchdowns.
As Chicago now looks towards the offseason, 2021 is solely in the rearview mirror, and 2022 will bring winds of change to the Bears franchise, which now moves forward with quarterback Justin Fields as the face of the franchise.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Andy Dalton, Chicago Bears, Darnell Mooney, Matt Nagy Leave a comment
Chicago Bears: Ownerships reaffirms commitment to Ryan Pace
LAKE FOREST, IL.– The 2022 offseason has yet to officially start for the Chicago Bears but the talk has never really stopped. Since the end of the 2020 season, questions have lingered about the future of general manager Ryan Pace. When Pace first stepped to the podium eight years ago after being hired by the Bears, his energy and commitment to being great was apparent.
It could be argued that one simple quote from Pace has been the exact opposite of how his tenure has gone. Fast forward seven seasons later and Pace has missed on two head coaches, drafted two quarterbacks in the first round, one winning season, and two playoff appearances with zero wins.
"The recipe to winning Super Bowls is stringing successful drafts together again and again," said Pace via the Chicago Tribune in 2015. "We are acquiring football players that fit the Chicago Bears. There will be a major emphasis on character, toughness, instincts, and intelligence. Guys, it's all about winning games and that's what I'm here to do. Every decision we make goes back to what's best for this organization. It's as simple as that. Our plan will start being put into place to get the Chicago Bears back to the sustained success this city deserves."
When the Bears season ends on Sunday against the Minnesota Vikings, it'll be the sixth time in seven seasons that Pace has had a losing record. When Monday rolls around, expect head coach Matt Nagy to be fired, and when Pace returns, the Bears will allow him to hire a third head coach.
Pace returning isn't about Chairman George McCaskey reinforcing who's really calling the shots at Halas Hall. It's about McCaskey's own confidence and belief that Pace can live up to what he said eight years ago: Building a long-term and sustainable winner.
The ship for Pace to turn the Bears into a winner hasn't necessarily sailed, especially with rookie quarterback Justin Fields now the future of the franchise but it's hard to ignore Pace's first seven seasons with the Bears. A new head coach essentially means Pace's window will reopen for however long McCaskey sees fit. Fields too guarantees Pace some additional job security. In what is quickly turning out to be the most anticipated offseason in franchise history, the Bears are confident Pace can deliver despite a tumultuous tenure so far.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Chicago Bears, Justin Fields, Ryan Pace Leave a comment
Trevis Gipson is having a sneaky good season for the Chicago Bears
CHICAGO, IL.– In a season that's been filled with injuries and disappointment for the Chicago Bears, pass rusher Trevis Gipson is a player that has continued to fly under the radar. A 2020 fifth-round pick, Gipson saw limited action as a rookie before entering training camp as the primary backup to starting outside linebacker duo Khalil Mack and Robert Quinn.
Mack's foot injury, which cost him the season, gave Gipson an opportunity to step up and gain valuable experience. When the Bears drafted Gipson, he was deemed to be "very raw but had all the tools needed to be an effective pass rusher." Much of the 2021 offseason would be spent with Gipson continuing to add strength to his frame, with hopes of making an impact in 2021.
Through eight starts and 15 total games, Gipson has 6.5 sacks, 35 tackles, six tackles for loss, seven QB hits, and three forced fumbles. When the Bears drafted Gipson, all they saw was potential and in 2021, much of Gipson's rise has been attributed to seeing a boost in confidence. As a rookie, Gipson was all about learning to get acclimated to the NFL. This season, the challenge for Gipson was being able to put it all together while the Bears remained patient.
"You know, it only continues to grow," said Gipson via the Bears official YouTube channel. "I've left some opportunities out there this season, and I know what I have to work on this upcoming offseason but as far as my opportunities and confidence, it goes hand to hand. When I do miss opportunities, it might not go up a little bit but when I do make those big chances and those big plays, it skyrockets more than it stays flat."
As the Bears enter a period of transition where the defense will need to be retooled, Chicago will need to identify some building blocks and Gipson's 2021 season should solidify him as a reliable building block who can become a valuable starter down the road.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Chicago Bears, Trevis Gipson Leave a comment
Chicago Bears: Justin Fields on track to start in week 18
LAKE FOREST, IL– After missing two consecutive games due to an ankle injury, the Chicago Bears are hopeful that rookie quarterback Justin FIelds is able to return to the starting lineup in week 18 for the Bears' regular season finale against the Minnesota Vikings.
Fields, who's recorded as a starter is currently 2-8, has had a rookie season filled with ups and downs. The Bears haven't been good enough on offense around Fields to give the 11th overall pick a chance at winning enough games. Likewise, while Fields has had his fair share of rookie mistakes, he's thrown just seven touchdowns to 10 interceptions in 2021 while completing just 58.9 percent of his passes. Fields' bright moments have been apparent at times in 2021, as have rookie mistakes.
"We'll get him in here the next couple days and see where he's at and then be able to get him going for Wednesday practice," Nagy said via the Bears official YouTube channel. "And again, it's always going to come down to his health. It's always going to come down to medically where he's at, where we feel he's at, and then we go play ball."
When the Minnesota Vikings played the Chicago Bears on December 20th, Fields went 26-for-39 with 285 yards, and one touchdown, completing 66.67 percent of his passes. The Bears reached the redzone on five separate occasions but failed to significantly capitalize, scoring a touchdown just once towards the end of the game.
When Fields does play on Sunday, the Bears week 15 film against Minnesota should serve as a basis for his own preparation. Minnesota did throw a number of exotic blitz packages at Fields and while the Bears rookie adjusted well, week 18 should provide the Bears rookie with another chance to put up a strong performance and end the regular season on a high note.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Chicago Bears, Justin Fields Leave a comment
New York Giants get blown out by Chicago Bears in Week 17
The New York Giants lost to the Chicago Bears on Sunday with a score of 29-3. This leaves New York with a 4-12 record and only one game remaining this season. The Giants finished the 2020 season with a record of 6-10. Expecting improvement heading into 2021, the Giants have regressed, now being unable to match their win total from last season.
The Giants were already eliminated from the playoffs entering this game. With a loss today, New York Giants fans' sights are set on the 2022 NFL Draft. More exciting than the regular season is the speculation around the Giants' front office. The team is likely moving on from General Manager Dave Gettleman after this season and looking to replace him with new blood.
However, though that might be the focus of Giants fans, Head Coach Joe Judge and the team want to convince everyone they are focused on finishing the season strong with a win in Washington next Sunday. It is hard to believe the Giants will have any chance of winning though if they play like they did today.
Key stats and takeaways
QB Mike Glennon: 4/11 24 yds, 2 INT, 4 FUM 2 LST, 0 TD
RB Saquon Barkley: 21 CAR, 102 yds
LB Lorenzo Carter: 6 TAK, 1 SAK, 2 TFL
The New York Giants' inability to protect the quarterback cost them this game. Mike Glennon was constantly under pressure, being berated by Chicago's pass-rushers. Glennon had no time to throw and, eventually, the Giants just stopped trying to throw the ball. They stuck to the ground and gained some yardage, but seldom enough for a first down and never enough for a touchdown.
Offense has been a struggle for the New York Giants all season long. The team has one struggle match left before they can focus on the offseason and rebuild their team for the future.
Categories Chicago Bears, New York Giants Tags Bears, Chicago Bears, Giants, New York Giants, NYG Leave a comment
The case for Canton: Should Devin Hester be a first ballot hall of famer?
Ask Chicago Bears fans to name one player who impacted the game as a special teams returner and most will point to WR/KR Devin Hester as the most notable example. Dubbed the "Windy City Flyer," Hester suited up for the Bears from 2006-2013 and quickly become a beloved figure among Bears fans and one that will be remembered forever.
On Thursday, the Pro Football Hall of Fame announced that Hester was selected as a finalist for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2022, leading to an intriguing question: Should Hester be inducted into Canton on his first try?
Hester's career is surely storied. Playing in 156 career games, Hester spent 12 seasons with four different franchises, averaging 11.7 yards per punt return and 24.9 yards per kick return. Surely, much of Hester's career took off while playing with the Bears, meaning when he does eventually get inducted into Canton, it'll likely be as a member of the Bears, as Hester currently holds the Bears franchise record for average yards per punt return, which is set at 17.1.
Playing wide receiver certainly wasn't the strongest aspect of Hester's game and with just 255 career receptions and 16 total touchdowns, it's clear that Hester's time playing wide receiver could work against him when the Hall of Fame committee does decide who to enshrine. Much of Hester's success as a receiver did come with the Bears, yet another reason he'll likely be enshrined as a member of the Chicago Bears.
Overall, when looking at Hester's career, it's clear that he'll continue making a strong case to be inducted into the Hall of Fame over the next few years and while there is a strong chance that he's inducted on his first try, the committee could surely see his time as a wide receiver as working against him but ultimately decide that his time a return specialist could be the decided factor that he's enshrined in 2022.
Categories New York Giants Tags Chicago Bears, Devin Hester Leave a comment
How attractive is the Chicago Bears HC job in 2022?
December 30, 2021 by Usayd Koshul
CHICAGO, IL–Just two weeks remain before the Chicago Bears officially move on from head coach Matt Nagy and begin searching for the 17th head coach in franchise history. With Nagy on his way out, the future of general manager Ryan Pace remains uncertain, with the possibility of a return not off the table.
The Bears brass being split on what to do with Pace leads to an intriguing question: If Pace is allowed a third head coach, just how attractive is the Bears head coaching gig in 2022? With rookie quarterback, Justin Fields in the fold through at least the 2024 season, any new head coach would be guaranteed at least three seasons.
Then consider the rest of the offense. The Bears have some upcoming talent in offensive tackles Teven Jenkins and Larry Borom, running back Khalil Herbert, wide receiver Darnell Mooney, and tight end Cole Kmet. Add that to an offensive core that already includes interior offensive lineman James Daniels and Cody Whitehair, along with running back David Montgomery, and it's clear the Bears offense has the potential to be exciting.
Defense is a different story for the Bears, one that will require a full retooling. Cornerback Jaylon Johnson, linebacker Roquan Smith, pass rusher Khalil Mack, and safety Eddie Jackson form an exciting core. While 11th-year pass rusher Robert Quinn is on the verge of setting the franchise's single-season sack record, Quinn likely won't be with the Bears beyond 2022. The Bears' willingness to rely heavily on defense throughout the Nagy era will soon be met with an overhaul that will form the foundation of the next great defense in Chicago.
Consider this too: Chicago is an original charter franchise of the NFL and in the third biggest market in the United States, the thought of merely getting the Bears back to relevance should excite prospective candidates. With a handful of jobs set to be open soon, the Bears surely offer one of the most enticing destinations for head coaches who are looking to win quickly and get a prominent franchise back to contention.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Chicago Bears, Cole Kmet, Darnell Mooney, David Montgomery, Eddie Jackson, Jaylon Johnson, Justin Fields, Khalil Mack, Robert Quinn, Roquan Smith Leave a comment
Chicago Bears: Week 16 takeaways, tidbits, and more
SEATTLE, WA.,–After winning in week 16, the Chicago Bears have now moved to 5-10 on the year and while a playoff spot is out of reach, let's recap the Bears 25-24 win over the Seattle Seahawks.
1) Nick Foles final stat line may not be the flashiest but on a snowy day, he did average 7.1 yards per pass attempt. Foles' confidence was apparent while slinging the rock all afternoon. Two throws sum up this confidence: The 15-yard touchdown to Jimmy Graham and the two-point conversion to Damiere Byrd. In both instances, Foles gave his playmakers a chance.
2) Despite having what seemed to be a solid day, running back David Montgomery averaged just 2.1 yards per carry. Seattle keyed in on Montgomery, hoping to stop him early and often. It is worth noting the Bears abandoned the running game early, which also contributed to Montgomery's final stat line.
3) Speaking of running backs, Sunday was an ideal time to use rookie Khalil Herbert, who had a 20-yard rushing touchdown. The Bears have to start thinking about the future at some point and what Herbert brings to the table as a player who can spark an offense. Whenever Herbert has been given the rock this season, the Bears have moved the ball effectively, including big chunk plays.
4) Let's stick with the young guys for just a second here. Rookie WR Dazz Newsome had just one reception for 10 yards on the afternoon. But why does Newsome's lone reception stick out? It was in a third-and-long situation, helping Chicago move the football and keep the drive going. The Bears have to look into getting Newsome involved more over the final two weeks to gain just enough of an idea of what he can do for the team going forward.
5) The foregone conclusion seems to be that head coach Matt Nagy is getting fired at the end of the season. And for the Bears, there is no turning back. But players are still fighting and playing hard for Nagy. When the Bears do eventually relieve Nagy of his job duties, it will be a tough pill to swallow around Halas Hall in what is a results-based business.
"Coach Nagy, he's an amazing coach, an even better person," said Montgomery following the game. "I feel like everybody kind of got weird, this bad depiction of who he is but he's also, he's actually a great guy and a great coach. Ever since I've been on the Bears, day in and day out, he's always emptied his cup."
6) Pass rusher Robert Quinn needs just one more sack to set the Bears single-season sack record, surpassing Richard Dent, who currently holds the record with 17.0 sacks. Every time Quinn was asked about the record in his postgame press conference, he simply decided to knock on wood and maintained the stance that while his individual year is something noteworthy, it doesn't mean much considering the way the Bears season has gone.
"Well my individual year don't seem as great because we aren't winning," said Quinn. "Haven't had the success over the year as a team so it's kind of, for a split second, I could be proud of myself but then the next second, I'm kind of quite highly upset because we lost."
7) Veteran CB Artie Burns started the game for the Bears before Chicago decided to slowly insert rookie Thomas Graham Jr. into the game. Burns hasn't blown anyone away but has still showcased enough potential to warrant being on the roster in 2022 and competing for a spot. Despite being beat by Seahawks WR D.K. Metcalf for a 41-yard touchdown, Graham Jr. had a solid showing as a player who is looking to put strong performances together to kickstart his career as a starter in 2022.
8) Cole Kmet and Darnell Mooney once again had strong showings as the Bears 2020 draft class showed up once again. Mooney had a 30-yard reception on the Bears' final touchdown drive while Kmet had two receptions for 30 yards to set up a field goal for the Bears. Chicago needs to be pleased with the progress both players are making this season, especially as the Bears continue to look ahead to 2022.
9) Speaking of Mooney, he had five receptions on Sunday afternoon, now giving him 62 receptions on the season. Mooney has already surpassed his reception total from 2020, which was 61. With two games left, Mooney has a chance to get to 70 receptions as he continues to ascend into the face of the WR position for the Bears.
10) The Bears defense put together another strong showing on Sunday afternoon and while there were times where it appeared as if Seahawks QB Russell Wilson was going to take over the game, Chicago held Wilson in check. Wilson was just 16-for-27 with 181 passing yards and a QBR of 30.8. The Bears' entire gameplan was predicated on stopping Wilson, knowing he covers up for a lot of holes on the Seattle offense.
Categories Chicago Bears Tags Chicago Bears, Cole Kmet, Darnell Mooney, David Montgomery, Jimmy Graham, Matt Nagy, Nick Foles, Robert Quinn Leave a comment


How do you make a small fortune in football?
This week we have doubled the volume in our library of reports given the recent addition of our economic critique of Tesco, one of the icon British brands of recent years.
Following the publication of this report, several retail analysts contacted vysyble to discuss some of our findings. In all cases, they remarked that retail and its analysts/researchers are generally driven by two measures i.e. like-for-like sales and market share. We, of course, asked about an economic return for shareholders. Evidently, '…that comes afterwards,' they all said.
Roger Bell's Tesco odyssey sees the group sailing from the heady days of the mid-1990s – where Britpop ruled, Damien Hirst rocked the art-world and the notion of a world banking crisis seemed so remote that nobody gave it a second thought – into the globalised world that we know today. Back then, 9/11 was just a date in the diary and the internet was starting to weave its world-wide web. Roger's longer-term examination of the company's economic performance came initially at the suggestion of one of the group's former senior officers, and it raises several searching questions about the group's overseas expansion, product diversification if not the wider strategy process itself.
Although times have moved on, Tesco's governing objective – what the management team really wants the strategy to deliver – remains in our view worryingly elusive. Without a clear governing objective, there is no lens through which alternative strategies can be ranked and calibrated. Sadly, the group's latest annual report appears to wander in the all-too-familiar fog of corporate speak with little indication about how the inevitable trade-offs that life brings forward will be managed. This, we think, offers a prescription for strategic drift and again, sadly, there is no shortage of "experts" willing to add to this confusion – often through vague and depressing notions of visioning which in turn could be construed as the corporate equivalent of hoping for the best.
We believe that John Kay is right and accordingly Economic Profit, a metric which includes all the costs of doing business, is central to our journey of investigation into understanding the group's position across its span of activities. Dave Lewis and his team at Tesco have a serious challenge on their hands and we do wish them well. The enormity of their challenge is highlighted in Roger Bell's critique and the negative Economic Profit numbers contained therein will indeed be a surprise to many.


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King County Metro wants to make it easier to use carpooling apps
By partnering with private apps, Metro hopes to encourage more people to carpool
By Sarah Anne Lloyd@sarahannelloyd Dec 5, 2018, 7:00am PST
SeaRick1/Shutterstock.com
Carpooling has existed for a long time—and has been something encouraged by local governments and institutions for almost as long, from HOV lanes to carpool parking. But carpooling has changed, or at least become a little more socially accessible, with technology. No need to cultivate a collection of work friends; an app can do that for you.
King County Metro is experimenting with encouraging carpooling in this new app-centric space. In a pilot program that started this week and will run through the upcoming three-week State Route 99 closure, the county is working with private ride-sharing (not ride-hailing!) apps Scoop and Waze Carpool to lessen costs for riders and increase the benefit to drivers, at least temporarily. Waze Carpool launched throughout Washington State earlier this year; Scoop launched in March 2017 for people commuting to South Lake Union. (Scoop has since expanded its service area, but it's still not comprehensive.)
On Waze, rides are a flat $2 for all trips starting and ending in King County and referral bonuses for both rider and drivers. Scoop also has discounted rides and increased payouts, although those are variable and weren't specified by the county.
Both apps allow for sorting out just co-workers and require photos for all users. Scoop also checks motor vehicle histories for drivers and allows filtering to just Facebook friends. Waze allows for the creation of private groups and filtering for people of the same gender.
As far as getting back goes: If Scoop gets you there but doesn't find you a ride home by the cutoff time, it'll cover up to $50 per month of alternate transportation. Otherwise—for example, with Waze—stranded commuters signed up for Metro's Just One Trip program will receive a "Guaranteed Ride Home" code good for up to $100 of taxi trip home. That's redeemable, for example, if someone carpools to work but then gets sick and has to leave early.
Carpool apps still cost more and lack the capacity of the ultimate rideshare: the bus. But it's certainly a solution for someone who wants the convenience of a car, but doesn't want the impact of a single-occupancy vehicle—or maybe lives a little too far off a convenient transit route.
This isn't the first time King County has looked toward apps as a way to mitigate congestion and discourage driving alone. Earlier this year, it launched a responsive shuttle for Eastside commuters headed to the Eastgate Park and Ride.
12 essential Seattle-area hiking trails Classic day hikes in and near Seattle


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\section{Introduction}

Radio halos are diffuse synchrotron sources from the intra--cluster medium (ICM) extended on mega-parsec scale ({\it e.g.,~} Feretti 2005; Ferrari et al. 2008). They provide the most important evidence of non-thermal components (relativistic particles and magnetic fields) mixed with the hot ICM.
Galaxy clusters hosting radio halos are always characterized by a non-relaxed dynamical status suggestive of recent or ongoing merger events ({\it e.g.,~} Buote 2001; Schuecker et al 2001; Govoni et al. 2004; Venturi et al. 2008; Giacintucci et al. 2009). Furhermore, the halo radio power at 1.4 GHz increases with the cluster X-ray luminosity, mass and temperature ({\it e.g.,~} Liang et al. 2000; En\ss lin \& R\"ottgering 2002; Bacchi et al. 2003; Clarke 2005; Dolag et al. 2005; Cassano et al. 2006, 2007; Brunetti et al. 2009; Rudnick \& Lemmerman 2009; Giovannini et al. 2009). These correlations and the radio halo-merger connection suggest that gravity provides the reservoir of energy to generate the non-thermal components ({\it e.g.,~} Kempner \& Sarazin 2001). Cluster mergers drive shocks and turbulence in the ICM that may amplify the magnetic fields ({\it e.g.,~} Carilli \& Taylor 2002; Dolag et al. 2002; Br\"uggen et al. 2005; Subramanian et al. 2006; Ryu et al. 2008) and accelerate high energy particles ({\it e.g.,~} Fujita et al. 2003; Hoeft \& Br\"uggen 2007; Brunetti \& Lazarian 2007; Pfrommer et al. 2008; Vazza et al. 2009).

Two main scenarios have been proposed to explain the origin of relativistic particles in radio halos, namely {\it i)} the {\it turbulent re-acceleration} model,
whereby relativistic electrons are re-energized {\it in situ} due to the interaction with MHD turbulence generated in the ICM during cluster mergers ({\it e.g.,~} Brunetti et al. 2001; Petrosian et al. 2001), and {\it ii)} the {\it secondary electron} models, whereby the
relativistic electrons are secondary products of the collisions between cosmic rays and thermal protons in the ICM ({\it e.g.,~} Dennison 1980; Blasi \& Colafrancesco 1999, Pfrommer \& En\ss lin 2004).

Observations provide support to the idea that turbulence may play a role in the particle re-acceleration process ({\it e.g.,~} Brunetti et al. 2008; Ferrari et al. 2008; Cassano 2009; Giovannini et al. 2009), in which case, the population of radio halos is predicted to be a mixture of sources with different spectral properties, with halos having steeper spectra being more common (Cassano et al. 2006a, hereafter C06; Cassano et al. 2009, hereafter C09). In this respect, since very steep spectrum halos should glow up at low radio frequency, upcoming observations with the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) and the Long Wavelength Array (LWA) will be crucial.

In this paper we discuss how such a predicted population is expected to affect the properties of the radio--X-ray luminosity correlation at low radio frequency, and investigate the potential of LOFAR surveys.
A $\Lambda$CDM cosmology ($H_{o}=70\,\rm km\,\rm s^{-1}\,\rm Mpc^{-1}$, $\Omega_{m}=0.3$,
$\Omega_{\Lambda}=0.7$) is adopted.

\section{The population of ultra-steep spectrum radio halos}
\label{Sect:model}

The formation and evolution of radio halos according to the {\it turbulent re-acceleration scenario} have been investigated by means of Monte Carlo based procedures (Cassano \& Brunetti 2005; C06; C09). These procedures allow us to account for the main ingredients in the model, {\it i.e.,~} the rate of cluster-cluster mergers in the Universe, their mass ratio, and the fraction of energy dissipated during mergers that is channelled into MHD turbulence and acceleration of relativistic particles.
We simulate the formation history of $\sim 1000$ galaxy clusters with present day masses in the range
$\sim[0.2-6]\times 10^{15}\,M_{\odot}$.

Turbulence acceleration is a rather inefficient process in the ICM and electrons can be accelerated up to energy of several GeV, since at higher energy the radiation losses dominate ({\it e.g.,~} Brunetti \& Lazarian 2007). This implies the presence of a gradual spectral steepening at high frequencies in the synchrotron spectrum of radio halos. The presence of this steepening makes it difficult to detect radio halos at frequencies larger than the frequency $\nu_s$ at which the steepening becomes severe.

Following C06 and C09 we use homogeneous models that assume: {\it i)} an average value of the magnetic field strength in the radio halo volume that scales with the cluster mass as $B=B_{<M>} (M_v/<M>)^b$ \footnote{$B_{<M>}$ is the value of the magnetic field averaged in a region of radius $=500\,h_{50}^{-1}$ kpc in a cluster with viral mass $<M>=1.6\times10^{15}\,M_{\odot}$.}, {\it ii)} that a fraction, $\eta_t$, of the $P dV$ work, done by subclusters crossing the main clusters during mergers goes into {\it magneto-acoustic} turbulence. The frequency $\nu_s$, defined as the frequency at which the spectral slope of the halos becomes $\alpha\geq1.9$ ($P(\nu)\propto \nu^{-\alpha}$), depends on the acceleration efficiency in the ICM, $\chi$, on the magnetic field in the ICM, $B$, and on the energy density of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) as: $\nu_s\propto (B\,\chi^2)/(B^2+B_{cmb}^2)^2$. The frequency $\nu_s$ is a more practical re-definition of the synchrotron break frequency, $\nu_b$, and, in the case of homogeneous models is $\nu_s\sim 7\,\nu_b$ (C09). According to C09, in the case of a single major merger between a cluster of mass $M_v$ and a subcluster with mass $\Delta M$, $\nu_s$ is

\begin{equation}
\nu_s\propto \frac{B\,(k_BT)^{-1}}{(B^2+B_{cmb}^2)^2}\Big(\frac{M_v+\Delta M}{R_v}\Big)^3\,,
\label{Eq:nub}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $B_{cmb}=3.2 (1+z)^2 \mu G$ is the equivalent magnetic field strength of the CMB, and $R_v$ is the cluster virial radius. It is expected that mergers may generate halos with larger $\nu_s$ in more massive clusters, and that halos in clusters with the same mass $M_v$ (and magnetic field) and redshift could have different $\nu_s$ depending on the properties of the merger event responsible for their generation.
Halos with $\nu_s \geq$ 1.4 GHz must be generated in connection with the most energetic merger-events in the Universe since only these mergers may allow for the efficient acceleration that is necessary to have relativistic electrons emitting at these frequencies.
Present surveys carried out at $\nu_o \sim$ 1 GHz detect radio halos only in the most massive and merging clusters ({\it e.g.,~} Buote 2001, Venturi et al. 2008). On the other hand, radio halos with smaller values of $\nu_s$ must be more common, since they can be generated in connection with less energetic phenomena, {\it e.g.,~} major mergers between less massive systems or minor mergers in massive systems, that are more frequent in the Universe. This has been addressed quantitatively by means of Monte Carlo calculations that allow us to derive the fraction of clusters with radio halos with different $\nu_s$ as a function of the cluster mass and redshift. The expected population of radio halos is indeed constituted by a mixture of halos with different spectra, with steep spectrum halos being more common in the Universe; $\sim 200$ radio halos with $120<\nu_s<600$ MHz are expected in future LOFAR surveys at 120 MHz (C09).

\begin{figure}
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{RHLF_paper8_2.ps}}
\caption[]{RHLF at 120 MHz (black lines) and in the redshift interval $z=0-0.1$. The differential contributions from halos with $120<\nu_s<240$ MHz (magenta line, star symbols), $240<\nu_s<600$ MHz (green line), $600<\nu_s<1400$ MHz (blue line) and $\nu_s>1400$ MHz (red line) are also shown. The dashed lines correspond to the minimum detectable halo power for $\xi\cdot F=0.25, 0.6$ and $1$ mJy/beam (from left to right, see text).}
\label{Fig.RHLF}
\end{figure}

According to this model the monochromatic luminosity of radio halos at a given frequency, $\nu_0<\nu_s$, increases with increasing $\nu_s$.
For a fixed cluster mass (or X-ray luminosity), the relation between the radio luminosity at $\nu_0$ of halos with $\nu_s=\nu_{s,1}$ and $\nu_{s,2}$, $P_{\nu_{s,1}}(\nu_0,L_X)$ and $P_{\nu_{s,2}}(\nu_0,L_X)$ respectively, is (C09)

\begin{equation}
P_{\nu_{s,1}}(\nu_o, L_X)=
P_{\nu_{s,2}}(\nu_o, L_X) \Big(\frac{\nu_{s,1}}{\nu_{s,2}}\Big)^{\alpha}\,.
\label{Eq:Pnu_P1p4}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\alpha\approx 1.3$ ({\it e.g.,~} Ferrari et al. 2008) is the radio spectral index. A correlation between the radio power $P_R$ of halos and the mass (and X-ray luminosity) of the hosting clusters is expected (C06). In the simplest case that halos are generated by a single major merger this is

\begin{equation}
P_{R}\propto \frac{M_v^{2-\Gamma}\,B^2}{(B^2+B_{cmb}^2)^2}\,,
\label{Eq:PM}
\end{equation}

\noindent where the parameter $\Gamma$ is defined by $T\propto M^{\Gamma}$ ($\Gamma\simeq 2/3$ in the virial scaling). Eq.~\ref{Eq:PM} implies that more massive clusters host more luminous radio halos. By considering halos with $\nu_s\geq1.4$ GHz, C06 showed that the slope of this scaling is consistent with that of the observed $P(1.4)-M_v$ correlation, provided that the model parameters $(B_{<M>}, b , \eta_t)$ lie within a fairly constrained range of values (see Fig.~7 in C06). We refer the reader to Sects. 3.3 and 4.1 of C06 for a more detailed discussion on model parameters and on their constraints.

Following C09, we adopt a reference set of parameters\footnote{We note that for this particular configuration of parameters even in the case of re-acceleration phase the energy of magnetic field is always dominant with respect to that of relativistic electrons.}: $B_{<M>}=1.9\, \mu$G, $b=1.5$, $\eta_t=0.2$, that falls in that range and sets $\alpha_M=3.3$, with $P(1.4)\propto M_v^{\alpha_M}$. This implies $P(1.4)\propto L_X^{2.25}$ assuming the $L_X-M_v$ correlation for galaxy clusters as derived in C06.
Since the bulk of radio halos in our calculations is found to be associated with clusters of mass $\sim[1-2]\times 10^{15}\,M_{\odot}$ the adopted values of $B$ and $b$ imply typical average magnetic fields $\sim 1-3$\,$\mu$G. These values of $B$ are similar to those derived from rotation measurements ({\it e.g.,~} Govoni \& Feretti 2004; Bonafede et al. 2010) and equipartition assumption (En\ss lin et al. 1998; Govoni et al. 2001).

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{Lr_Lx_2sigma_ran1.ps}
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{Lr_Lx_0p6_ran2.ps}
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{Lr_Lx_0p25_ran1.ps}
\caption[]{Expected distribution of radio halos in the $P(120)-L_X$ diagram (colored open dots, the color code is the same as Fig.~\ref{Fig.RHLF}) together with the position of radio halos observed at 1.4 GHz (black filled dots). The correlation $P(1.4)-L_X$ extrapolated at 120 MHz (dashed lines) and the best fit of the $P(120)-L_X$ correlation (solid lines) are also shown. From left to right $\xi\,F=1$, $0.6$ and $0.25$ mJy/beam.}
\label{Fig.Lr_Lx}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

The observed $P(1.4)-L_X$ correlation shows an intrinsic scatter across the radio luminosity $\delta P/P\simeq \pm 2$ ({\it e.g.,~} Brunetti et al. 2009). In principle, in our model a scatter in the $P(1.4)-L_X$ correlation is expected due to the different monochromatic radio luminosity of halos with different $\nu_s$ (Eq.~\ref{Eq:Pnu_P1p4}). Our calculations show that the fraction of clusters hosting radio halos with $\nu_s\ge 3500$ MHz is about a few percent, thus we would expect $\delta P/P=\pm 1/2\times(3500/1400)^{1.3}\sim 1.7$ for halos with $\nu_s\ge 1.4$ GHz, which is in line with the observed scatter. However, we stress that there are other possible sources of scatter which are difficult to take into account in homogeneous models. These are due to {\it e.g.,~} differences in the
cosmic rays and magnetic field content in clusters with the same mass.

Once we anchor the luminosity of halos with $\nu_s>1.4$ GHz, $P_{1.4}(1.4,L_X)$, to the observed $P(1.4)-L_X$ correlation, Monte Carlo calculations carried out by considering an observing frequency $\nu_0$ and Eq.~\ref{Eq:Pnu_P1p4} allow us to derive the expected radio halo luminosity functions (RHLF; see {\it e.g.,~} C06 \& C09 for details). As an example, Fig.~\ref{Fig.RHLF} shows the total RHLF obtained from Monte Carlo calculations at $\nu_0=120$ MHz (black line) and $z=0-0.1$, together with the differential contributions to the RHLF from halos with different $\nu_s$ (see figure caption). As expected, radio halos with smaller $\nu_s$ mainly contribute to the low-power end of the total RHLF, and the peaks of the RHLF of different populations move towards low radio powers with decreasing $\nu_s$. This implies that, depending on their sensitivity, surveys at low radio frequency will unveil new populations of halos.

\section{Monte Carlo distributions of radio halos in the $P(120)-L_X$ plane}
\label{Sect:corr}

The aim of this section is to investigate how the presence of the new population of ultra-steep spectrum halos, predicted in deep low frequency radio surveys, may affect the radio -- X-ray luminosity correlation of halos at low radio frequency. LOFAR will carry out surveys between 15 and 210 MHz in the Northern hemisphere with unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution. Since LOFAR is expected to carry out the deepest large area radio surveys at $\nu_o$= 120 MHz ({\it e.g.,~} R\"ottgering et al. 2006), in this paper we focus on the $P(120)-L_X$ correlation.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.36\textwidth]{Lr_Lx_1p4_LOFAR_GMRT.ps}
\includegraphics[width=0.36\textwidth]{Lr_Lx_1p4_lofar7.ps}
\caption[]{Radio -- X-ray luminosity correlation of giant radio halos at 1.4 GHz. Observed halos at 1.4 GHz (black points) and ``simulated halos'' with $\nu_s>1.4$ GHz (red points) are plotted together with their best-fit relations (solid black line and dashed red line, respectively). {\it Left Panel}: the observed halos are compared with those expected by the model by considering X-ray and radio sensitivities, and sky coverage of GMRT+NVSS samples (see text). {\it Right Panel}: present observed halos are compared with those, with $\nu_s>1.4$ GHz, that are expected to be detected by LOFAR surveys assuming $\xi\,F\simeq 0.25$ mJy/beam.}
\label{Fig.LrLx_1p4}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

The most crucial point in this respect is the estimate of the minimum diffuse flux of a radio halo detectable by these surveys as a function of redshift. It is well known that the brightness profiles of radio halos smoothly decrease with distance from the cluster center ({\it e.g.,~} Govoni et al. 2001; Murgia et al. 2009) implying that the outermost region of the halos will be difficult to detect in radio surveys.
Brunetti et al. (2007) found that the typical profiles of radio halos are such that about $58$\% of their flux is contained within half radius ($R_H$). Following C09, in order to have a good sensitivity to diffuse emission, we assume a beam of $25\times25$ arcsec and estimate the minimum flux of a Mpc-sized halo detectable in a LOFAR survey, $f_{H}$, by requiring that the mean brightness within half radius of a halo, $B_{<0.5\,R_H}$, is $\xi$ times the $rms$ ($F$) of the survey, {\it i.e.,~}

\begin{eqnarray}
B_{<0.5\,R_H}\simeq \frac{0.58 f_H}{\pi/4\, \theta_{H}^2}=\xi \, F \,\,\Rightarrow \nonumber\\
f_{H}(z)\simeq 2\times 10^{-3}\Big[\frac{\xi \, F}{\mathrm{mJy/b}}\Big]\,
\Big[\frac{\theta_{H}^2(z)}{\mathrm{arcsec^2}}\Big] \,\, \mathrm{mJy}\,,
\label{fmin}
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent
where $\theta_{H}(z)$ is the angular size of radio halos, in arcseconds, at a given redshift.
In the case of $\xi\simeq1$ this approach would guaranty the detection, at several $\sigma$, of the central brightest region of halos, thus leading to the identification of candidate radio halos in the survey.

This simple approach has been tested in Cassano et al. (2008) by injecting ``fake'' radio halos in the (u,v) plane of NVSS and GMRT observations. It has been shown that radio halos become visible in the images as soon as their flux approaches that obtained by Eq.~\ref{fmin} with $\xi=1$ and $\xi=2$ for the NVSS and GMRT observations, respectively (see also Brunetti et al. 2007; Venturi et al. 2008).

The LOFAR Large Area Survey is expected to reach an $rms\sim0.1$ mJy/beam at 120 MHz with a beam  $\sim5\times$5 arcsec. These resolution and sensitivity are obtained by assuming a ``uniform weighting'', thus we may assume that the same sensitivity can be reached with a larger beam, obtained for example by {\it e.g.,~} ``natural weighting''.
However, the survey sensitivity may be limited by the rms confusion level. This is given by ({\it e.g.,~} Condon 1987; Kronberg et al. 2007):

\begin{eqnarray}
\sigma_{conf}\simeq 0.13 \, \times \Big[\frac{\theta_1 \times \theta_2}{25\times 25 \,\mathrm{arcsec}^2}\Big] \times \Big(\frac{\nu}{120\,\mathrm{MHz}}\Big)^{-0.7} \, {\mathrm m \mathrm Jy}
\label{sigma_conf}
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent where $\theta_{1,2}$ is the beam size in arcsec, and $\nu$ is the frequency in MHz.

Of course all the issues discussed above will be clarified during the commissioning phase of LOFAR. Thus we decided to present calculations in several cases, specifically  $\xi\cdot F\,=0.25$, $0.6$ and $1$ mJy/beam to cover a range of possible LOFAR sensitivities \footnote{Note that our choice of $\xi\cdot F$
is thought to mimic different possible configurations, {\it e.g.,~} $\xi\cdot F=0.6$ mJy/beam can be $\xi=3$ (3$\sigma$ detection of the average halo brightness in half $R_H$) and
F=$0.2$ mJy/beam, or $\xi=1$ and F=$0.6$ mJy/beam}.
Vertical dashed lines in Fig.~\ref{Fig.RHLF} show the minimum power of a halo at $z\sim 0.05$ detectable by LOFAR surveys assuming $\xi\cdot F=0.25, 0.6$ and $1$ mJy/beam. The important point is that with increasing survey sensitivity new populations of radio halos are expected to be unveiled, with the detectable number of ultra steep spectrum halos increasing in deeper surveys.

LOFAR observations will allow to study the distribution of radio halos in the radio--X-ray luminosity diagram at low radio frequencies, so far an unexplored issue. The vast majority of ultra-steep spectrum halos visible at low frequencies are expected to be associated with galaxy clusters of intermediate X-ray luminosity, $L_X\sim 3-6\cdot 10^{44}$ erg/s, and should be less luminous than radio halos that are presently observed at GHz frequencies. This should affect the radio--X-ray luminosity correlation of halos at low frequencies, that is expected to be steeper and with larger scatter than that at 1.4 GHz.

To address this issue quantitatively we assume $\nu_0=120$ MHz, and following C06 and C09 we use Monte Carlo procedures based on the extended Press \& Schechter (1974; Lacey \& Cole 1993) formalism to obtain {\it i)} the population of galaxy clusters, with their mass (and X-ray luminosity), in the redshift interval $z=0-0.5$, and {\it ii)} the population of radio halos, with their $\nu_s$, associated with these clusters. We use homogeneous models and the set of model parameters given in the previous section. From these simulations we extract the population of radio halos that can be detected by observations at $\nu_0=120$ MHz according to their radio luminosity and $f_{min}(z)$.

In particular, the luminosity at 120 MHz of radio halos with $\nu_s\geq 1.4$ GHz, in clusters with X-ray luminosity $L_X$, is obtained from the $P(1.4)-L_X$ correlation, assuming a spectral index $\alpha=1.3$ and allowing for a random scatter $\delta P/P=\pm 2$ (see discussion in Sect.2).
The luminosity at 120 MHz of radio halos with a given $\nu_s$ is obtained according to Eq.~\ref{Eq:Pnu_P1p4}. In particular, we calculated halo statistics by assuming the following frequency ranges: $\nu_s=120-240$ MHz, $240-600$ MHz, $600-1400$ MHz.
Eq.~\ref{Eq:Pnu_P1p4} also implies that halos with $\nu_{1}\leq\nu_s<\nu_{2}$ should have radio luminosities at 120 MHz which may scatter by a factor $(\nu_{2}/\nu_{1})^{\alpha}$ that implies $\delta P/P\simeq\pm 1.3-1.7$ for the frequency bins we are considering.
Finally, we assume the LOFAR sky coverage (the Northern hemisphere, $\delta\geq0$, and high Galactic latitudes, $|b|\geq 20$) and $f_{min}(z)$ from Eq.~\ref{fmin}.

The resulting theoretical distribution of radio halos in the $P(120)-L_X$ diagram is shown in Fig.~\ref{Fig.Lr_Lx}, assuming $\xi\cdot F=1, 0.6$ and $0.25$ mJy/beam (colored open dots; from left to right).
Different colored dots indicate halos with different values of $\nu_s$ (the same color code used in Fig.~\ref{Fig.RHLF}).
Halos with different $\nu_s$ fill different regions, with radio halos with smaller $\nu_s$ typically located in regions of lower radio luminosities.
The number of halos with smaller $\nu_s$ increases with increasing survey sensitivity. In the case of high sensitivity surveys these halos dominate the population and their presence affects the overall shape of the correlation. The correlation at 120 MHz is predicted more scattered and steeper than that observed at 1.4 GHz. A quantitative estimates of the steepening  can be obtained by repeating many times the Monte Carlo procedure described above and by fitting the obtained halo distributions in the $P(120)-L_X$ diagram.
Fig.~\ref{Fig.alpha} shows a histogram of the slopes of the correlation obtained after $100$ Monte Carlo runs in the case $\xi\,F\sim 0.25$ mJy/beam.
The mean value of the slope is $\alpha_{corr}\simeq2.68$, while we find $\alpha_{corr}\sim 2.45$ and $2.46$ in the cases $\xi\,F\sim 1$ and $0.6$ mJy/beam, respectively (with 68\% of values typically within $\Delta\alpha\sim0.07$). The values of $\alpha_{corr}$ are significantly larger
than that at 1.4 GHz.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.36\textwidth]{histo_0p25.ps}}
\caption[]{Spectral slopes of the $P(120)-L_X$ correlation obtained after 100 Monte Carlo extractions of the radio halo distribution in the $P(120)-L_X$ diagram, assuming $\xi\,F=0.25$ mJy/beam.}
\label{Fig.alpha}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.36\textwidth]{Perc_Lx_b0p6_b1p5_z02_03_newsolo2.ps}}
\caption[]{Fraction of clusters with radio halos with $120\leq\nu_s<240$ MHz (magenta lines) and $600\leq\nu_s<1400$ MHz (blue lines) as a function of the cluster X-ray luminosity. The calculations are showed for the redshift range $z=0.2-0.3$ and for $B_{<M>}=1.9\, \mu$G, $b=1.5$, $\eta_t=0.2$ (solid lines) and $B_{<M>}=0.2\, \mu$G, $b=0.6$, $\eta_t=0.38$ (dashed lines).}
\label{Fig.USSRH_sub_sup}
\end{figure}

For completeness, in Fig.~\ref{Fig.LrLx_1p4}, {\it left panel}, we show the theoretical distribution of giant radio halos with $\nu_s>1400$ MHz (red points) in the $P(1400)-L_{X}$ plane together with the observed correlation of halos at 1400 MHz (black points, taken from Brunetti et al. 2009; see Tab.~1 and references therein).
In this case, to compare model expectations and present observations, we follow C09 (Sect.3) and derive the theoretical distribution of radio halos by considering the combination of the NVSS-XBACs (Giovannini et al. 1999) (radio-X-ray) selection criteria and sky coverage (at $z=0.044-0.2$), and the X-ray luminosity range and sky coverage of the GMRT radio halo survey (Venturi et al. 2007, 2008) (at $z=0.2-0.32$)\footnote{The bulk of halos is found in these surveys.}. The observed and theoretical distributions show a good agreement, although data points present a slightly larger scatter than expectations which can be easily interpreted as due to variations of magnetic field in clusters with the same X-ray luminosity (see Sect.~2).
In Fig.~\ref{Fig.LrLx_1p4}, {\it right panel}, the same observed distribution of radio halos at 1.4 GHz (black points) is compared with that of ``simulated'' halos with $\nu_s>1400$ MHz (red points) detectable by a LOFAR survey at 120 MHz with $\xi$ F=0.25 mJy/beam. As expected, radio halos with $\nu_s\geq1.4$ GHz follow a trend consistent with presently observed halos, while their larger number simply reflects the large sensitivity of LOFAR surveys with respect to present surveys.

\subsection{Dependence on model parameters}

The steepening of the correlation is independent of the adopted values of model parameters, at least by considering sets of parameters in the region ($B_{<M>}$, $b$, $\eta_t$) that reproduce both the observed slope of the $P(1.4)-M_v$ correlation ($\alpha_M=2.9\pm0.4$) and the observed fraction of galaxy clusters with radio halos.
C06 and C09 already discussed the dependence of expectations on model parameters. They showed that the expected number of radio halos decreases only by a factor of $\sim 2-2.5$, from super-linear ($b>1$) to sub-linear ($b<1$) magnetic scaling (see also Fig.~4 in Cassano et al. 2006b).

For a fixed value of $b$ larger values of $B_{<M>}$ produce $P(1.4)\propto M_v^{\alpha_M}$ correlations with slightly flatter slopes (see Tab.3 in C06). For example, in the case $b=1.5$ the allowed values of $B$ range from $B_{<M>}\simeq1.9\, \mu$G to $\simeq2.8\, \mu$G, and correspondingly it is $\alpha_M=3.3$ and $2.5$, respectively, still consistent with the observed one.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{rapporto_new.ps}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{spettri_SIN_alpha.ps}
\includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{alpha.ps}
\caption[]{{\it Left Panel} time-evolution of the ratio between $\nu_s$ computed by assuming an evolving (as in Fig.2 of SSH06) and a constant magnetic field; {\it Central Panel} time-evolution of the synchrotron spectra computed by assuming an evolving (dashed lines) and a constant (solid lines) magnetic field. Spectra are reported for $t=0.9$, $1.1$, $1.5$, $1.8$ and $2$ Gyr (see color code in the figure panel). {\it Right Panel} synchrotron spectral indices between $1.4$ GHz and $330$ MHz of the synchrotron spectra reported above: for a constant magnetic field (solid line) and for an evolving magnetic field (dashed line).}
\label{Fig.evolv_B}
\end{center}
\end{figure*}

The steepening of the correlation is due to the glow up of new radio halos at low frequency, thus another point is whether the fraction of halos with smaller $\nu_s$ (ultra steep spectrum halos) changes from super-linear to sub-linear cases. To investigate this effect, in Fig.~\ref{Fig.USSRH_sub_sup} we report the percentage of radio halos with $120\leq\nu_s<240$ MHz (magenta lines) and $600\leq\nu_s<1400$ MHz (blue lines) as a function of the cluster X-ray luminosity. In Fig.~\ref{Fig.USSRH_sub_sup} we assume two configurations of parameters : the one used in the present paper (solid lines), and a sub-linear one ($B_{<M>}=0.2\, \mu$G, $b=0.6$, $\eta_t=0.38$, dashed lines). In both cases, the vast majority of radio halos hosted in clusters with $L_X\; \raise0.3ex\hbox{$<$\kern-0.75em \raise-1.1ex\hbox{$\sim$}}\;  3\times10^{44}$ erg/s has $\nu_s\leq 240$ MHz, while halos with $\nu_s\geq 600$ MHz become dominant in more luminous clusters. On the other hand,
we find that the fraction of halos with $120<\nu_s<240$ MHz is larger in the sub-linear case. This is because it is more difficult to generate radio halos with larger $\nu_s$ in the case of lower magnetic fields (provided that radiative losses are dominated by the Inverse Compton losses due to the CMB photons). We may conclude that in sub-linear cases we expect the following main effects: {\it i)} the $P(120)-L_X$ diagram should be less populated than that in super-linear cases (less halos are expected); {\it ii)} the $P(1.4)-L_X$ correlation is expected to be flatter than that in super-linear cases (see Tab.~3 in C06); {\it iii)} the $P(120)-L_X$ diagram should be even more dominated by ultra-steep spectrum halos, making the steepening of the correlation at lower frequency even stronger.

\section{The effect of an evolving magnetic field}

In this paper we have applied a statistical model based on the turbulence acceleration scenario (discussed and developed in Cassano \& Brunetti 2005, C06 and C09) to derive the expected distribution of radio halos in the $P(120)-L_X$ diagram.
The cosmological evolution of the magnetic field in this model is accounted for by scaling the field with the cluster mass, as suggested by cosmological MHD simulations ({\it e.g.,~} Dolag et al. 2002; see also Sect.2). On the other hand, our calculations do not follow self-consistently turbulence and the amplification of magnetic fields due to this turbulence. The main reason for that is that in the turbulence acceleration scenario radio halos are generated and disappear due to the acceleration and cooling of the emitting particles, and such processes are much faster ($\sim0.1-0.2$ Gyr) than the slow decay of the magnetic field in the ICM, $\sim$ few Gyr ({\it e.g.,~} Brunetti et al. 2009). Moreover, although particle-acceleration is demonstrated to be connected with cluster mergers ({\it e.g.,~} Buote 2001; Govoni et al. 2004; Venturi et al. 2008), several mechanisms/sources of magnetic field, other than mergers-induced amplification, may significantly contribute to the magnetic field in the ICM. As a matter of fact stronger values of magnetic fields are measured in cooling core clusters, that are not merging systems ({\it e.g.,~} Carilli \& Taylor 2002; Govoni 2006).
Although it is clear that a self-consistent treatment of turbulence, particle acceleration and magnetic field evolution is mandatory and deserves future theoretical efforts, in this Section we show that the results presented in this paper are not substantially affected by the evolution of the magnetic field when clusters become more relaxed after a merging phase.

In order to investigate the effect of an evolving magnetic field on our results, we consider the simulations of the generation and decay of dynamo-active turbulence developed by Subramanian, Shukurov \& Haugen (2006, hereafter SSH06). They studied the decay phase of an induced turbulent flow and magnetic field, that follows a saturation phase after the driving is switched off. They found that after the exponential growth of the magnetic field a saturation phase follows, then the turbulent energy and the magnetic energy decay in such a way that after an eddy turnover timescale the turbulent energy density is $\approx 1/2$ of its saturation value, while the magnetic field strength is still at $\approx90$\% of the saturation value (see Fig.~2 in SSH06).
By considering random motion with a typical initial speed $v_0=500$ km/s and scale $l_0\simeq 300$ kpc, which are appropriate for cluster-merger driven turbulence, the eddy turnover timescale is $t_0\simeq 0.6$ Gyr. Since we are interested in the evolution of radio halos on timescales of $\sim$ Gyr, and the radiative lifetime of the emitting particle is of $\sim 0.1-0.3$ Gyr, we can estimate the variation of the frequency $\nu_s$ as a function of time by adopting the classical formula $\nu_s\propto (B\chi^2)/(B^2+B_{cmb}^2)^2$ (see also Sect.~2). The ratio between $\nu_s$ in the case of time-dependent magnetic field and in the case of constant magnetic field is reported in Fig.~\ref{Fig.evolv_B} (left panel), where $t_0= 1.1$ Gyr (since here we have considered a saturation phase of $\Delta t=0.5$ Gyr before the driving is switched off).

\noindent
Substantial differences are found only for $t>2$ Gyr when, however, the halo is expected to have already disappeared (being $\nu_s\propto \epsilon_t^4$, with $\epsilon_t$ being the turbulence energy density). The ratio between the steepening frequencies (Fig.~\ref{Fig.evolv_B}, left panel) at $t\sim t_0$ gives an estimate of the error we can make by neglecting the time-evolution of the magnetic field, that is $\leq 30\%$.

In the central panel of Fig.~\ref{Fig.evolv_B} we also report the time-evolution of the synchrotron spectra at different time ($t=0.9$, $1.1$, $1.5$, $1.8$ and $2$ Gyr, see figure caption) by assuming a constant magnetic field (as in the adopted model, solid lines) and an evolving magnetic field (as in SSH06, dashed lines). For $t\leq 1.1$ Gyr the difference in the monochromatic radio luminosities is less then 10\%. In addition, the right panel of Fig.~\ref{Fig.evolv_B} shows the evolution of the spectral index between 1.4 GHz and 330 MHz of these synchrotron spectra. Up to 1.2-1.3 Gyr, the difference in the spectral indeces is very small, less then 10\%.

\section{Conclusions}

The observed correlations between the halo radio power (at 1.4 GHz) and the cluster X-ray luminosity, mass and temperature, and the observed connection between radio halos and cluster mergers, suggest a link between the gravitational process of cluster formation and the generation of radio halos. Radio halos are likely generated during cluster-cluster mergers where a fraction of the gravitational energy dissipated is channelled into the acceleration of relativistic particles. A crucial expectation of the {\it turbulent re-acceleration} scenario, put forward to explain radio halos, is that the synchrotron spectrum of halos is characterized by a cut-off at frequency $\nu>\nu_s$ with $\nu_s$ determined by the efficiency of the acceleration process.
The presence of this cut-off causes a bias, so that present radio observations at $\sim$ GHz frequencies are expected to detect only the most efficient radio phenomena in clusters, leaving unexplored a large population of radio halos characterized by spectral cut-off at lower frequencies ({\it e.g.,~} C06, Brunetti et al. 2008; C09). Future low frequency radiotelescopes as LOFAR and LWA are expected to unveil the populations of ultra steep spectrum radio halos, with $\nu_s<1$ GHz, in clusters, providing to test the idea of {\it turbulent re-acceleration}.

One may wonder whether halos with $\nu_s<1$ GHz could be detected by present radiotelescopes at 1.4 GHz. To address this point in Fig.~\ref{Fig.NH_z0p6_1p4GHz} we report the flux distribution at 1.4 GHz of halos with $600\leq\nu_s<1400$ MHz (that in our model have $\alpha\approx 1.7$ between 120 MHz and 1400 MHz) that are expected to be detected by LOFAR at 120 MHz assuming $\xi\,F\simeq 0.25$ mJy/beam. Calculations are derived by assuming: {\it i)} at $z<0.3$ the X-ray flux limit and sky coverage of the extended {\it ROSAT} Brightest Cluster Sample (eBCS, Ebeling et al. 1998, 2000) and of the ROSAT-ESO Flux Limited X-ray Galaxy Cluster Survey (REFLEX, B\"oringher et al. 2004), and {\it ii)} at $z=0.3-0.6$ the X-ray flux limit and sky coverage of the Massive Cluster Survey (MACS, Ebeling et al. 2001).
Calculations show that potentially very deep pointed observations at 1.4 GHz of all these clusters may lead to the detection of a few of these ultra steep spectrum halos (those with $600\leq\nu_s<1400$ MHz); the ultra steep spectrum halo detected in the cluster Abell 521 (Brunetti et al. 2008; Dallacasa et al. 2009) belong to this class of halos, although it is among the flatter spectrum objects in this class, with $\nu_s\approx 1200$ MHz.

In this paper, we discuss the consequence of this new population of radio halos on the slope of the radio--X-ray luminosity correlation at low frequency. According to homogeneous models, ultra-steep spectrum halos are expected to be less luminous than halos with larger $\nu_s$ associated with clusters of the same mass. Also, radio halos with smaller $\nu_s$ should be statistically generated in clusters with smaller mass (and $L_X$). The combination of these two expectations implies that the radio-- X-ray luminosity correlation should be broader and steeper at lower frequencies.

\begin{figure}
\centerline{
\includegraphics[width=0.36\textwidth]{NH_z0p6_0p678_1p4GHz_new.ps}}
\caption[]{Integrated number counts at 1.4 GHz of halos with $600\leq\nu_s<1400$ MHz that are expected to be detected by LOFAR at 120 MHz assuming $\xi\,F\simeq0.25$ mJy/beam. Calculations are derived by combining {\it i)} at $z<0.3$, the sky coverage and X-ray flux limit of eBCS and REFLEX clusters, and {\it ii)} at $z=0.3-0.6$, the sky coverage and X-ray flux limit of MACS clusters. Dashed and solid lines account for the uncertainty due to the finite frequency range of $\nu_s$ ($600-1400$ MHz) assumed in the calculations. The dashed blue region shows the typical minimum flux of halos detectable with present radio facilities ({\it e.g.,~} the VLA considering C+D configurations) at 1.4 GHz (approximatively $f(1.4)>3-4$ mJy).}
\label{Fig.NH_z0p6_1p4GHz}
\end{figure}

Based on this model, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of the distribution of radio halos in the $P(120)-L_X$ plane.
We find that halos distribute in the $P(120)-L_X$ plane according to a correlation which is steeper ($\Delta \alpha\approx0.4$) and broader than that observed at 1.4 GHz, with ultra-steep spectrum halos
broadening the scatter in the region of low luminosity. We find that the number of ultra-steep spectrum halos increases with increasing the survey sensitivity and this further steepens the correlation.
The forthcoming LOFAR surveys should constrain the expected steepening of the correlation and test our expectations.

Although a self-consistent treatment of turbulence acceleration and amplification of the magnetic field in clusters is mandatory and deserve future efforts, we show that the main ingredients in the adopted scenario are two ``fast'' processes: particle acceleration and particle cooling that follow the decay of turbulence. Being a ``slow'' process, we show that the possible decay of the field with turbulence is not expected to affect the modeling of halo statistics significantly.

\begin{acknowledgements}
This work is partially supported by grants PRIN-INAF 2007, PRIN-INAF 2008 and ASI-INAF I/088/06/0.
R.C. thanks the anonymous referees for comments and suggestions, and G. Brunetti, M. Br\"uggen, H.J.A. R\"ottgering and T. Venturi for useful comments.
\end{acknowledgements}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Logan Boys # 1 In Class AAA AP Poll, Logan Girls # 3
The Logan Wildcats are making moves in the Associated Press boys and girls basketball poll.
Logan jumped from third to first in the Class AAA boys rankings while the girls moved up one spot from fourth to third in the Class AAA girls rankings.
Logan's number one ranking is the first for the school since the 2009-10 season. The Wildcats went on to win the Class AAA state championship that year.
Logan, who is 4-0, collected six of nine first-place votes after a 4-0 start to the season. The Wildcats own victories over sectional rival Scott, North Marion, Class AAA reigning champion and preseason no. 1 Shady Spring and Class AAAA Capital.
Logan hosts the Wayne Pioneers at Willie Akers Arena Tuesday night. WVOW's coverage will begin at 7:20 p.m.
Fairmont Senior (5-0) received one first place vote and is ranked second, the other first place votes went to Shady Spring (5-1), who fell from first to third and Winfield (7-0). The Generals jumped from eighth to fourth in the Class AAA rankings. Wheeling Central (3-1) rounds out the top five.
Herbert Hoover (4-2) is sixth followed by Berkeley Springs (6-1) seventh, Elkins (4-1) eighth, Nitro (4-4) ninth and East Fairmont (3-1) tenth.
After a 9-0 start to the season, the Logan girls moved from fourth to third in the girls Class AAA rankings. Fairmont Senior (8-0) is top-ranked school in the Class AAA girls division. Fairmont received all ten first-place votes. North Marion (5-0) is second followed by Logan (9-0), reigning AAA champion Nitro (4-1) checks in at four and Wayne (4-2) rounds out the top five.
Pikeview (4-2) is ranked sixth, Philip Barbour (4-1) seventh, East Fairmont (5-1) is eighth followed by Robert C. Byrd (4-1) in ninth and Winfield (2-3) rounding out the top ten.
In Class A boys, reigning champion Man (4-2) checks in at number three. The Hillbillies were the preseason number one team but dropped two spots in the rankings after suffering losses to East Ridge (KY) and Mingo Central.
Greater Beckley Christian (6-0) moved from an eighth-place tie in the preseason rankings to the top spot after wins over Class A preseason No. 2 James Monroe, No. 4 Webster County, Class AAA Elkins and Class AAAA Princeton.
The Crusaders received eight of nine first-place votes with Man receiving the other first-place votes.
James Monroe (5-1) is second, Man third, Tug Valley (4-1) fourth and Huntington St. Joe's (5-2) and Webster County (3-1) currently tied for fifth.
Greenbrier West (4-0) is seventh followed by Tucker County (5-1) eighth, Tygarts Valley (5-1) ninth and Clay-Battelle (4-1) ranked tenth.
In Class AA, Poca (5-1) received eight of nine first-place votes and remains number one followed by St. Marys (6-0), who received the other first-place vote, reigning champion Williamstown (5-1) is third with Bluefield (4-2) fourth and Ravenswood (6-1) fifth.
South Harrison (5-0) is ranked sixth, Charleston Catholic (2-3), who was No. 2 in the preseason poll, is seventh with Chapmanville (4-4), with four out-of-state losses, ranked eighth, Mingo Central (3-1), who won just one game last season, is ninth and Wyoming East (1-3) rounding out the Class AA top ten.
Morgantown (5-3) is ranked first in Class AAAA. The Mohigans received six of nine first-place votes with Jefferson, George Washington and Hedgesville receiving the other three first-place votes.
Jefferson (4-0) is second, reigning AAAA champ George Washington (4-0) is third, Parkersburg South (6-1) is fourth and Hedgesville (6-0), unranked in the preseason, debuts at five.
South Charleston (3-1) is sixth, Musselman (3-0) seventh while Cabell Midland (3-2), Huntington (3-3) and University (4-4) tied for eighth.
Huntington (6-0) is ranked one in the Class AAAA girls division. The Lady Highlanders received all 10 first-place votes. Morgantown (8-1) is ranked second with Cabell Midland (6-2) third, Wheeling Park (8-1) fourth and Greenbrier East (6-1) rounding out the top five.
Buckhannon-Upshur (6-0) is ranked sixth, Princeton (7-1) seventh, Capital (5-2) eighth, George Washington (3-3) ninth and Parkersburg (4-4) rounding out the top 10.
In Class AA, Parkersburg Catholic (8-0) is the new top-ranked team after receiving nine of 10 first-place votes. Frankfort (7-0) is ranked second with reigning AA champ Wyoming East (4-2), who received the other first-place vote, checking in at three. Petersburg (6-0) is fourth and St. Marys (5-2) ranked fifth.
Mingo Central (6-1) is sixth followed by Ritchie County (5-2) seventh, Charleston Catholic (3-2) eighth, Summers County (6-3) ninth and Williamstown (1-5) ranked 10th.
Gilmer County (8-0) received all nine first-place votes to move from sixth to first in the Class A rankings. Cameron (7-1) is second followed by Tucker County (6-2) in third and Tolsia (6-1) and reigning champ Tug Valley (3-3) tied for fourth.
Doddridge County (6-1) and Huntington St. Joe's (2-6) are tied for sixth with Clay-Battelle (3-1) eighth, Webster County (5-2) ninth and Calhoun County (3-2) rounding out the top 10.
Wildcats Remain Atop Class AAA Boys Poll, Lady Wildcats Remain Third In Girls Poll
Lady Tigers Upset 6th Ranked Lady Bobcats
Wildcats Remain Unbeaten Sweep Season Series With Skyhawks
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Pisticci is located on a mountaintop in the province of Matera, in the River Basento Valley. In 1688, a land slide destroyed half of the old town. The land has now been reconstructed and is known as the 'U Dirupo' translated from the Pisticcese dialect as 'The Fallen'. The Italian Ministry of Culture has identified and recognised it as one of the 100 Wonders of Italy for its distinctive simple white-washed houses.You can also take an evening stroll along the Corso Margherita to browse the shops, and sample their famous gelato.
Set in a beautiful location, Policoro is the heart of tourism in the area and is a perfect resort for families due to its fantastic beaches with shallow waters and clean sands as well as many nearby attractions.
Tursi is a town with Arabic routes cradled in the moon-like landscape of Calanchi, and is the home town of the dialect poet Albino Pierro, who was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize for Literature.


Blue Fox Entertainment has secured worldwide rights to Saint Judy, a biopic centered on immigration attorney Judy Wood starring Mission Impossible: Fallout star Michelle Monaghan. Blue Fox will launch international sales at the Toronto Film Festival and will release the film domestically early next year.
Jeff Goldblum has been cast in Price of Admission, the dramedy/thriller that will star Michael Sheen and Michelle Monaghan.
Former True Detective and The Path star Michelle Monaghan has been tapped as the female lead opposite Mehdi Dehbi in Netflix's drama series Messiah, from producers Mark Burnett and Roma Downey.
Hulu's compelling drama series The Path came to Deadline's The Contenders Emmys event at the DGA Theatre last month in front of a packed audience of TV Academy members and voters.
Patriots Day began filming today, and Michelle Monaghan is the latest to join the cast of the pic that chronicles the events surrounding the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. She will play Carol Saunders, the wife of Sgt. Tommy Saunders (Mark Wahlberg).