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The scientific team investigating the migration of the Pacific used both ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in their investigations. Discuss why mtDNA rather than nuclear DNA is used in research like this and the differences in information that can be obtained from ancient and modern mtDNA samples.
mtDNA is used instead of nDNA because nuclear DNA changes as a result of both recombination during meiosis and mutations while mtDNA only changes as a result of mutations and is only passed down through females. This enables ancestral tracking because the mutation comes only from one parent. Therefor any variation in mtDNA within a species has occured over time through mutations (at an approx. constant rate).
mtDNA is also easy to work with because it has a much smaller genome than nuclear DNA and does not contain any introns so it is easier to analyse and create phylogenetic tree.
Gianni, you have given us a very concise and biologically correct answer to the first part of the question. You have explained the key difference between mtDNA and nuclear DNA. To develop this answer further you need to link this difference to why mtDNA is more useful, for example explaining how mt DNA is more useful for ancestral tracking.
One reason why mtDNA is used rather than nuclear DNA is because it is inherited through the maternal line only, therefore it does not recombine so it is fairly easy to trace back to its origin with the exception of mutations that would have changed it slightly through time and that gives a clear indication of differences in population. Also because mtDNA is present in a large number of copies in every single cell around 2000 to 3000 per cell, because there is such a large number, it means that if they decay you would still have a few copies of mtDNA over time, this compared with only 2 copies of nuclear DNA per cell, this means that there is a much bigger abundance in DNA once they start to break down. Very good, but you need to be explicit that this provides a distinct advantage for ancient DNA studies. Due to the higher mutation rate of mitochondrial dna compare with nuclear dna is because mtDNA is not proof read by the enzyme DNA polymarate, therefore it is much easier to study the rate of mutation over a period of time, this means that there a bigger mutations (more mutations – it is a number not a size issue) over a long period of time compared to nuclear dna.This can actually be a problem for studies between species that have been separated for a long time. Too much variation (particularly in "hot spots") will confuse the evolutionary reconstruction. This is why mtDNA (especially the hypervariable region) is generally used to study variation within species – unless you are looking at a particularly conserved part of the mtDNA genome, such as COI which is used to study variation between species.
The study of ancient history is more complicated because of modern times and the ease of transport over long distances, this has lead to human migration becoming much more frequent, and so genotypes specific to one culture may have been lost or spread through a different culture because of ease of long distance travelling. Due to the flow of migration it has become very hard to verify the origin of the native inhabitants. Nucleic DNA becomes mixed much faster than mtDNA as mtDNA does have genetic influence from the father.
Lisa Matisoo-Smith, Allan Wilson Centre 5 May -The green comments interspersed in the answer are from Lisa.
Nuclear DNA is a result of fusion between the maternal set of DNA in the ovum and the paternal set of DNA in the sperm during fertilization. Mitochondrial DNA, on the other hand, are small, circular DNA found in the organelle mitochondria. In research of migration paths and such, mitochondrial DNA is more suited than nuclear DNA to the task specifically because of the way in which they are passed on. Nuclear DNA will contain DNA from both parents, thus the offspring will have half of his genes from his parents, a quarter the next generation up and so forth. The change in DNA sequence due to recombination and crossing-over during meiosis to produce gametes will make it difficult to use to trace the origins of the individual. Mitochondrial DNA, however, are always inherited from the maternal line only because mitochondrial DNA do not recombine with any other DNA. In addition, all the mitochondria in the ovum and later the embryo are solely from the mother, as is all other cell material. Also, mitochondrial DNA undergoes a predictable rate of mutation that is caused by reactive oxygen species produced from cellular respiration, which occurs in close proximity to it. Thus, one can use mitochondrial DNA to trace one's maternal lines, making it suitable for the task.
Ancient DNA is any DNA extracted from the tissues of ancient specimens not preserved for DNA extraction. Modern DNA is DNA extracted from live specimens and preserved for the purpose of research. Modern mtDNA proves to be a useful tool to find similarities between different populations of organisms, especially origins, by looking at the similarities and differences, thus enabling us to trace evolution and migration patterns. However, mitochondrial DNA is only capable of telling us whether different populations have the same origins, but it does not tell us when the separation occurred. This is where ancient mitochondrial DNA comes in. The date of introduction of new genetic material can be estimated provided the age of the remains is known. With this, researchers can accurately estimate when the two populations separated.
Nice answer! Strictly speaking, though, mtDNA can tell us about when populations diverged – as was done in the original mtDNA studies of Cann, Stoneking and Wilson. It is done by applying a molecular clock. But for relatively recent events – such as the settlement of Polynesia, the time frame is too short to apply a molecular clock (the whole of Polynesian prehistory is within the error ranges!). This is where ancient DNA analyses of dated (radiocarbon dated) archaeological samples CAN provide the information regarding the dates of arrivals or divergences.
I agree, a very nice answer. I like the way you've started by clearly and concisely explaining the difference between mtDNA and nuclear DNA and then linked this to the context of the question. You've used a similar structure for the second part of the question, which is also good. Well done.
GerryT: Thanks for the comments. Just a few questions though. In terms of the application of the molecular clock hypothesis, what is the range that a certain event must fall into to be considered as a 'recent event'? Also, different organisms have different rate of molecular change, right? If this is true, why is it so and is the only way to determine this through observation, comparison and extrapolation? Or is there something else to it as well?
Very good question. The answer is that there is no one single answer – the age range for molecular clock estimates vary according to the part of the genome you are studying, how much sequence data you have and which of a range of evolutionary models you might apply. But generally for mtDNA data, the error ranges are in the +/- a few thousand years. And since we are looking at the settlement of Remote Oceania happening in the last 3000 years, the error ranges mean that molecular dates don't really help in the debates about timing of human arrival. So it is a bit of a ballpark figure, but I would say that events that have happened in the last 10,000 years are problematic for molecular dating.
There is a debate about different rates in different organisms and the application of a molecular clock in general. What is essential though is that, when doing molecular clock estimates, you use some "known" date to calibrate your clock – allowing you to compare and measure the genetic distance that accumulated between two species over a known period of time. Sarich and Wilson used the separation of Old World and New World Monkeys to calibrate their first clock of hominid evolution. For human mtDNA, some suggest that the archaeological evidence of human arrival in Australia & New Guinea (Sahul) at 50,000 years ago is the best calibration point. The ape human split of 6 MYA is also used to calibrate human DNA mutation rates.
mtDNA is DNA which is found in the mitochondria of the cell while nuclear DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell. There is less mtDNA (no, it is actually the opposite) than Nuclear DNA in an organism and mtDNA is inherited only from the mother as opposed to having a set of DNA from both parents as is the case in nuclear DNA. mtDNA is preferable for research projects studying origin as it has a predictable rate of mutation and is inherited only through the mother. Therefore this means that mutations in the mtDNA will always be passed from the mother to the offspring. This has applications in this research as because the mutation will always be passed on the researchers can use samples from different populations of kiore on the different islands and compare the mutations found in the mtDNA to work out how related the two different populations are. While this will not tell them when the migrations occurred as there is no way of knowing when the mutation occurred. However by working out how related the two species are one can determine whether or not the formation of the two populations occurred at the same time. In this type of research both ancient and modern mtDNA is used. Ancient DNA samples are samples of DNA taken from the preserved tissue, bones of dead organisms. Modern DNA samples are samples which are taken from modern day organisms. There are likely to be differences in these two mtDNA samples as while any mutations will be passed on new mutations will have occurred in the population. These differences are useful to the investigation as if a mutation has occurred in the modern DNA which is also found in ancient DNA of another population we can determine that at some point these populations had geneflow. This could indicate that the population with the mutation in its ancient DNA was settled by the population with it only in their modern DNA, Sorry, again, you seem to have this turned around. If the ancient sample in one population had the particular mutation it is more likely that that was the source population. A modern population cannot be ancestral to something that lived before it! although there could also be other answers such as trade, warfare or communication between the two islands. There is also the challenge of the fact that the DNA taken from the ancient samples can be deteriorated as it breaks down. This challenge is significant in the research done by the team in the pacific as the climatic conditions are ideal for the DNA to break down as opposed to being preserved to the quality needed for research.
Lisa Matisoo-Smith, Allan Wilson Centre 5 May - The green comments interspersed in the answer are also from Lisa.
Good for you for picking up on the issue of the challenge presented by deterorating DNA. But if you extend it slightly you can point out that this makes mtDNA preferable for ancinet DNA research because of higher copy number – it is more likely to be preserved in ancient samples. Nuclear DNA is difficult to obtain from ancient remains – particularly prior to the development of next generation sequencing technologies!
Tracing human origins has been something which people have been interested in for hundreds of years. We like to understand where we come from, and knowing where your ancestors and the ancestors of all humans came from is an important part of that. Recently, our ability to trace human and other organism's origins has become exponentially better. This is due to new technology allowing us access to DNA as a genetically more precise means of tracing heritage. Two kinds of DNA are used in this origins research by biologists. Nuclear DNA, found in the nucleus of cells which make up an organism as well as the more recently discovered Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is found in cell organelles called Mitochondria. Both sets of DNA are widely used in research, but mtDNA has particular use in these origin studies due to differences in it structure, location and the information which can be gained from it. By understanding the differences between Nuclear DNA and mtDNA we can understand the best ways to take advantage of their potential to unlock genetic secrets never before understood.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a long molecule consisting of two long polymers made up of units called nucleotides, with backbones made up of sugar and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. DNA is what carries the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all organisms. It is often compared to a set of blueprints, or a recipe for an organism. The information for an organism is carried in segments of DNA called genes. Nuclear DNA is in the form of a double helix, and is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms (complex cells with nucleus). Typically nuclear DNA codes for more of the genome (all hereditary information) of an organism than any other kind of DNA. Nuclear DNA is passed on sexually and your DNA is a combination of your father's and your mother's DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is in the form of a circle, and is found inside eukaryotic cells in organelles called mitochondria. Mitochondria are responsible for changing glucose molecules from food into ATP (Adenine Triphosphate) for the cell to use as energy for cell processes. Mitochondrial DNA typically codes for less of the genome than Nuclear DNA but it also has fewer genes; for humans 37 in mtDNA compared to 23,000 in Nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, meaning it is only passed down from the mother (in very few instances in nature mtDNA is inherited from the father e.g. Honeybees).
DNA is used for many purposes. It is used in forensics for identifying individuals from hair, saliva or skin left at crime scenes e.g. from a perpetrator. It is used in Bioinformatics, which is the manipulation, searching and data mining of all biological information. Nuclear DNA is also very useful in Anthropological studies for studying heritage, which is why it is vital for comprehensive studies of migration. Because DNA collect mutations over time and these mutations are inherited, it contains historical information. Geneticists can compare this information and use them to deduce the evolutionary history of different organisms (phylogeny). Most commonly the type of DNA used to do this is mtDNA. There are several reasons for this, due to the advantages mtDNA has over Nuclear DNA. Firstly, there is much more of it. Cells can contain hundreds of copies of an organism's mtDNA, because there can be many mitochondria in a cell, all carrying 4 or more copies of the DNA, whereas there is only one copy of the nuclear DNA in each cell. This significantly increases the chances of obtaining a usable sample for testing. MtDNA is also more useful as it is only inherited maternally and does not change from mother to child other than through mutation. The mutation rate for mitochondria is also predictable, making it possible for geneticists to construct estimates of relationships between individuals based on their mtDNA. Neither of these things is true for nuclear DNA, as it is inherited for both parents and is recombined from two different sets of DNA. The mutation rate for nuclear DNA is also much less predictable. MtDNA also has a population size approximately one quarter that of nuclear markers meaning it takes for less effort to obtain historical information from it.
However, there are also problems with using mtDNA for studying migration patterns based on ancestral evidence. Firstly, because it is not specific to one individual, it must be used in combination with other evidence for use in identification. Secondly, modern DNA does not show timing, only different origins. For migration patterns to be established, timing must be incorporated into the findings. Another issue is that although mtDNA is generally much more predictable, if there is an unusual occurrence in the history of an organism, such as a bottleneck in the population, the mtDNA information can confound simple interpretations of sequencing. But although these issues are present with use of mtDNA, the advantages still make it preferable for use in studies of migration patterns to nuclear DNA.
Migratory studies require the use of both modern mtDNA, as well as ancient mtDNA. This is because each type of mtDNA comes with its own advantages and disadvantages when it comes to the retrieval and use of information from genome sequencing. From modern mtDNA, evidence can be obtained which can determine the relatedness of different populations of an organism. By comparing the mtDNA sequences, biologists can compare mutations between the populations, and work out how different they are, and what those differences are. However, modern mtDNA sequences show no timing for historical information, making it impossible to be the only type of mtDNA used for mapping migration. Working with modern mtDNA is relatively easy, as the cells are not damaged or degraded; therefore the mtDNA inside the cells is also unharmed. When the mtDNA is not damaged, it is easier to sequence it, meaning that the information from the mtDNA can be obtained in its entirety; making is much easier to work with. There is also a huge number of sources of modern mtDNA as mitochondria are present in almost all body cells, and for modern mtDNA samples, the skin, organs, and other parts of the body which decompose relatively quickly after death are still usable as sources for samples.
Ancient DNA can be loosely described as DNA obtained from any biological samples which have not been preserved for future DNA analyses. Ancient mtDNA is necessary for use in phylogenic studies because it is able to give the sense of the timing of events shown in modern mtDNA, although obtaining usable mtDNA is an issue. This is because ancient mtDNA has to be taken from organisms which have been dead for long enough for the cells, and the mtDNA in them to be degraded and damaged. Sequencing damaged or degraded mtDNA is very difficult and the results can be missing important pieces of information. Secondly, as the organism decomposes and more of the mtDNA becomes degraded beyond use, the amount of mtDNA available for testing decreases to the point where it is difficult to extract enough for a usable sample to sequence. Another problem which must be taken into account is the fact that DNA undergoes post-mortem mutations. The number of post-mortem mutations increases with time, so the older your sample is, the more different the results achieved from sequencing it will be to what the sequence originally was when the organism was alive. There are parts of the DNA which are more susceptible to these mutations than others, so these mutations can sometimes bypass statistical filters used to remove them. It has been suggested that the upper limit of DNA survival is 1 million years in place like the ice caps where it can be frozen and be extremely well preserved. In tropical areas this limit will be much lower, also dependent on the type of organism the DNA is being taken from. Scientists have however; been able to recover DNA from remains up to 5,000 years old in humans, and up to 17,000 years old in other species.
Research into migration patterns of species, such as that of the migration patterns of humans into the pacific, has been greatly enhanced in recent years by the addition of DNA evidence and history. Now that the technology is available, researchers can more accurately identify the origins of organisms and the way different populations interacted with each other. MtDNA is more useful in this research due to the ease of its recovery and its predictability, despite other issues with timing, which scientist work around by combining other data with the sequences to build up an accurate picture of events. The modern mtDNA used in these studies is much easier to work with than ancient mtDNA, but without the use of ancient mtDNA, the sense of timing necessary for an accurate picture of events is difficult to work out. As more knowledge and better technology becomes available to scientists, techniques and quality of information will increase. We will only continue to get a better picture of our past.
- migration in the Pacific and use these as a guide as to what to leave in your answer and what to remove.
But apart from this your answer is a very clear and logical discussion where you have integrated your biological understanding into a coherent response. These are the skills that Scholarship is looking for so well done!.


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10 Most Exciting Apple Products Coming in 2022
Laelia Yang May 24, 2022 | 18:23
The second half of 2022 is shaping up to be exciting as rumors suggest we can look forward from Apple to a number of updated Macs, iPhones and accessories coming to market.
Top 10 Most Exciting Apple Products Coming in 2022
It's already been a busy year for Apple. The Cupertino giant introduced the Mac Studio and the Studio Display at its Spring event. It also released the iPhone SE 3 as well as the iPad Air 5. With Apple's renewed focus on the Mac lineup and the fact that the new iPhone 14 is slated to launch in September, the tech giant will likely debut more products throughout the year. Although we can't say which ones, there are several high-profile products coming our way in 2022.
With many more months left in the year, there's still a massive amount of time for Apple to introduce new hardware to the public.
This is what you can probably expect to see Apple show off before the end of 2022.
When's the next product launch?
Apple tends to hold events in three periods of the year. Apple's March events are usually the earliest.
The next major event for Apple will be WWDC, which takes place in June of each year. While it is a developer-focused event, with the attention squarely on Apple's operating systems and software, Apple has used it to discuss hardware.
After that, the next period would be the fall launches. Though usually considered to be the September event for iPhone launches, Apple has tended to spread its announcements into October, and in 2022, November.
And, all year, there's the potential for a sneak press release. After all, the second-generation iPhone SE was released that way.
1. iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro
2. WWDC: iOS 16, iPadOS 16, macOS 13, and more
3. Redesigned MacBook Air
4. M2 chip
5. Mac mini
6. Mac Pro
7. Airpods Pro 2
8. iPad Pro
9. New iMac (but no 27-inch version)
10. Apple Watch Series 8
Photo: appleinsider
Of all of the product launches on this list, the iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Pro are the most likely to occur. Apple has regularly launched iPhones during its fall event, even during a pandemic. It would take something world-changing for Apple to miss out on releasing an iPhone in 2022.
As far as rumors suggest, the model will feature a few notable external design changes, such as changing out the infamous notch for a hole-punch camera arrangement. There may be a hole punch and pill for the Pro line, but a change of some form is expected.
Around the back, the camera bump will also change, in that it is believed to disappear completely. Instead, you'll have a completely flat back to the iPhone. Behind the bump, there could also be a move to a 48-megapixel sensor.
There have been murmurs of size changes, including the suggestion that the "mini" model will be dropped in favor of two 6.1-inch and two 6.7-inch models.
While introducing a new iPhone would usually involve an upgrade of chip, it may not necessarily be the case for 2022. In March, it was proposed the Pro models could move to an "A16" chip, while the non-Pro stick on A15 for another year.
The Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event is where Apple unveils an upgrade to Operating Systems for iPhone, iPad, Mac, Watch, and TV. For this year's WWDC, which will be held from June 6 to 10, we will see iOS 16, iPadOS 16, macOS 13, tvOS 16, and WatchOS 9 with new features and improvements.
Users have been complaining about the bad notification management in iOS for a long time. With iOS 16, Apple may finally bring improved notifications management. iPadOS may receive a new multitasking feature, and watchOS is expected to get an upgraded Power Reserve mode.
Only time (and Apple) can tell what awaits us in the new upgrades!
Photo: macrumors
The MacBook Air, which debuted in late 2020, was an important shift for Apple's Mac lineup. Although its design wasn't altered, the idea was to show the capabilities of the debut M1 silicon. But it's time for Apple to show a true next-generation MacBook Air with a complete redesign as well as a performance boost. If rumours are to be believed, the next MacBook Air will have a uniform look, similar to that of the 16-inch MacBook Pro. It could come with thinner white bezels and will be available in multiple colours, just like the M1 iMac. The MacBook Air 2022 may get upgraded to a new Apple M2 chip, which will replace the existing M1 chipset. There are also rumours that the next MacBook Air could come with a mini-LED display as well as a notched screen. Bloomberg's Mark Gurman, in his PowerOn, newsletter, mentioned that the next MacBook Air won't launch until late this year, meaning the launch is likely to happen in September.
With the M1 chip, Apple shocked the entire industry, thanks to its incredible performance and power efficiency. Since then, the M1 series has received Pro, Max, and Ultra variants, an incredible upgrade for creators.
However, in its March event, Apple insinuated that these chips were the last additions to the M1 family. So one can expect the M2 chip this year! And it remains to see what Apple has on its shelf after giving almost every possible upgrade to its M1 Max and Ultra chips.
Besides, rumors suggest that M2 won't be as powerful as M1 Pro or above chips! This is primarily based on Mark Gurman's previous claims that the chip would have an 8-core CPU, 10-core GPU, and 4 efficiency and high-performance cores.
Furthermore, M2 may power the new MacBook Air, Mac mini, MacBook Pro, and iPad Pro that will launch in the second half of 2022. However, the release date is unsure. And like the M1 series, the M2 series will boast 4 chips which would release incrementally.
Photo: notebookcheck
A major update to the Mac mini has been rumored for some time, with claims from mid-2021 including a radical redesign of the smallest Mac Apple currently sells.
Retaining the same general square puck shape, the updated design of the Mac mini is thought to include a metal rim and a polycarbonate top, along with rubber feet instead of a circular base. Around the back are believed to be considerably more ports than the first M1 Mac mini, with four Thunderbolt ports accompanied by two USB-A ports, Ethernet and HDMI, and possibly the magnetic charging connection from the 24-inch iMac.
Inside the Mac mini, reports have said that M1 Pro and M1 Max versions could be introduced, though so could an M2 variant.
However, while it was heavily hyped for the spring event, the Mac mini was a no-show. The introduction of the Mac Studio reusing the existing Mac mini design aesthetic also calls into question whether the visual revamp could take place at all.
Despite not appearing in March, the age of the first Apple Silicon generation lends itself to an update at some point in the year.
That being said, not all is guaranteed. Analyst Ming-Chi Kuo said on March 11 that it may end up being released in 2023.
The Mac Pro is perhaps the most exciting product coming in 2022 because it will see Apple finishing its transition to Apple silicon. After the Mac Pro comes out, Apple will no longer be reliant on Intel chips, and the Mac Studio has shown us that the Mac Pro's Apple silicon chip is going to be impressive. The Mac Pro is expected to feature a chip that has up to a 40-core CPU and a 128-core GPU, double the M1 Ultra.
During its special event in March. Apple VP John Ternus said: "That leaves just one more product to go: Mac Pro, but that's for another day." In all indications, Apple will launch a new Mac Pro sometime this year featuring Apple silicon and it's possible the high-end desktop computer will use a variation of the M1 Ultra chip that Mac Studio ships with. According to a Bloomberg report, a new Mac Pro could be around half the size of the current Mac Pro in terms of design. With the launch of the next-generation Mac Pro, the transition from Intel to Apple Silicon will get completed. The upcoming Mac Pro will be aimed at professional users, including graphic designers, animators and content creators.
Photo: tomsguide
AirPods Pro were released in October 2019. Hence, the updated versions are long due now! Hence, after AirPods 3, the next much-anticipated earbuds are Apple AirPods Pro 2.
Bloomberg's Mark Gurman and Apple analyst Ming-Chi Kuo have shared that we can expect AirPods Pro 2 in Fall 2022. These premium earbuds will probably sport a more compact design and a new wireless chip.
This will likely eliminate the short stem that sticks out at the bottom of the current AirPods Pro. Of course, they will bring impressive new features, including Lossless audio support (ALAC), a prominent upgrade, Find My sound integration to help people locate the device easily, and perhaps built-in fitness tracking.
This will surely elevate the appeal even more! They will most probably launch in the second half of the year.
Apple has updated the iPad Pro on a 14 to 16-month cycle for the last few iterations. In theory, if Apple continues the trend, that firmly puts an iPad Pro refresh in mid to late 2022.
Though somewhat plausible for an update in 2022, especially considering the iPad Air has been updated to use the same chip, the rumors so far have been about general technology concepts rather than specifics, and primarily for models beyond 2022.
For example, talk about new sizes is for future models. While there has been allusions to OLED displays, they again have centered on 2023 and 2024 releases.
Coming back to the 2022 product upgrades, there has been the suggestion that the 11-inch iPad Pro could gain the mini LED backlighting that the 12.9-inch iPad Pro has. This is a fairly obvious assumption to make, since it's quite likely for Apple to implement.
On the design side, there was a rumor from June 2021 that Apple was considering adding a glass back to the 2022 models. As well as bringing the iPad Pro in line with the iPhone's aesthetics, it would also enable wireless charging via MagSafe.
Photo: worldtechkhabar
While Apple introduced the all-new 24-inch iMac in April of 2021, fans of the larger 27-inch iMac are still waiting. In fact, the 27-inch iMac was removed from sale following the launch of the new Mac Studio and Studio Display.
While Apple was once rumored to be working on a 27-inch iMac powered by Apple Silicon, 9to5Mac exclusively reported recently that there is no 27-inch iMac in the near-term pipeline. While the company could certainly launch one sometime in the future, we aren't expecting it anytime soon.
With that being said, Apple is working a new version of the colorful 24-inch iMac powered by the new M2 chip. This machine is expected to be released sometime later in 2022.
10. Apple Watch Series 8 with new health features
If Apple keeps up with its current pattern, we could see a new Apple Watch model that will hopefully address those shortcomings of the last year's model. There aren't many rumours about the Series 8 yet, aside from a prediction from Ming-Chi Kuo that the next model will likely have the ability to measure the body temperature. We also expect Apple to add a bigger battery inside the Series 8. Also, maybe the time has come when Apple make the Apple Watch completely independent from the iPhone. We also expect a new processor, some design refinements and software improvements that will help the Apple Watch become a more integral part of a user's life.
Other: AR/VR, and more
These are just the major new products we expect from Apple in 2022. There are many other possibilities on the table, including iterative updates to the latest 14-inch and 16-inch MacBook Pros, new accessories, and much more. Apple is also expected to announce its latest round of software updates – including iOS 16 – at WWDC in June.
While 2022 is expected to be the year of Apple's AR/VR headset, more recent rumors say that Apple has been forced to delay this launch until 2023 due to design and software issues. It's still possible that Apple provides a preview of the headset this year, but a release is seemingly out of the question.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The this "big tamale" survey lists the major positions in a church, from Senior Pastor to Administrative Assistant. See salaries related to other positions–this is vital! Hundreds of millions of dollars in salaries in several hundred churches. Anonymity is protected with no church-descriptive information given. Purchase use for one-year. Read more.


I take great pride in understanding and being in the industry for many years. From my days in construction project management to quality inspections. I have built, managed and performed residential and commercial inspections from a single residential property to multi-million dollar business properties. Which ever you may have, I believe that they are all equal in demanding the care that's needed. I believe that trust, communication and respect are the guiding principles to deliver the best possible service.
AHB always works with a team approach when required for expertise in relevant areas.
Safety and Security is first and foremost.
9.1.6 The inspector shall always act in the best interest of the client, unless doing so violates law or statute.
9.1.9 The inspector provides written Scope of Work Agreement that specifies the services to be performed, the limitations of services, and fees.
Comply by all ASHI Certified Standards.


For more information please click on the following links below as well as reading our top tips for parents and students.
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2) Think carefully before posting photos or videos of yourself. Once you've put a photo of yourself online most people can see it and may be able to download it, it's not just yours anymore.


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Is anyone surprised that creating more usable space in our homes is a major trend coming out of 2020?
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The Canadian Goverment wants to help Canadians make where they live more energy-efficient. This means homes will be more comfortable and more affordable to maintain while also supporting our environmental objectives.
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Building Information Modelling advances the evolution of architecture
This article looks at what BIM is, what BIM objects are, file types, why and where BIM objects are used. It will outline why ROCKWOOL offers BIM objects and the details they include. Finally, the article will look at the future of BIM and how it is expected to revolutionize workflow for the architecture, design, engineering and construction communities and improve the built environment.
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Non Violent Hooligans outside Stout
Posted by [email protected] | Sep 16, 2016 | Cultural Life, Sports | 0 |
Outside Stout, approx. 10am 9/10/16
What were about a dozen people doing last Saturday at 10am outside Stout on East Main?
Inside Stout, approx. 10am 9/10/16
They were members of the official Rochester Totenham Spurs supporters who gather Saturday mornings at Stout to watch their beloved Hotspurs play in the English Premier League.
More accurately, the group is the firm or the ultras of the Spurs, the names given to hard core if not fanatical "football" fans — sometimes referred to as hooligans. The firm was waiting for Stout to open so they could cheer on the Hotspurs in their match against Stoke City
The Winfield Grill. All TVs on for Tottenham v. Stoke City 9/10/16
Due to a miscommunication, Stout had not opened early as it normally does when the ultras gather for morning games (afternoon in the UK). So instead the firm watched the game on a computer. Fortunately, the group stressed they were "non-violent" hooligans. Hence, no effort was made to enter Stout by force. After a while, many of the fans went over to the Winfield as the Spurs destroyed Stoke City 4 – nill.
Outside Stout, 9/10/16
Rick and Jennifer watching the game on a phone inside the car (to avoid the sun's glare). In October Rick and Jennifer are making the pilgrimage to White Hart Lane.
Founder and President Zachary Slade explained what the Rochester Totenham Spurs supporters are about. The group, mostly Americans, are basically lifelong soccer fans. Instead of following the Bills or another NFL team, they watch US and international soccer.
But every fan needs a team, so two years ago the group adopted Tottenham as their own, becoming dues paying members of the Hotspurs' international fan club. On the internet, Rochester fans can get all the team news they need and go to global chat sites that discuss the minutiae of each game, if not each play.
The group chose Tottenham partly because American Clint Dempsey had signed with the club in 2012. Also, the firm did not want to join the "evil empires" of Arsenal or Manchester United who seemingly buy all the best players. Zach said Arsenal was like the Yankees, while Tottenham was like the Mets, historically not as successful but easier to root for.
One advantage is members are eligible for hard to get tickets over in England. Managing to secure tickets, in October Rick and Jennifer are going to the Spurs' home turf, White Hart Lane.
Kelly Foss, Treasurer, and Zachary Slade, Founder and President 9/10/16
Until I met the Spurs, I didn't know that decent sized fan clubs of English soccer flourish in Rochester, each having their "home" pub (bar). The Brickyard is Arsenal's home turf. Once, the Spurs' firm went to the Brickyard to watch a draw between Arsenal (Yankees) and Tottenham (Mets). Zach said the atmosphere was "a little tense," between the competing fan clubs, but because the Spurs are non-violent hooligans, the peace was kept.
I can see the appeal of the fan club. Its numbers are large enough to be a real community. At the same time, while they don't look down upon the masses who fill the Wintonaire and the Distillery every fall Sunday, the firm can enjoy a certain distinctiveness. And I like that the fan club adds a little international-feeling flavor to the North Winton neighborhood on Saturday mornings.
Democrat and Chronicle, 14 July 1977
My own interest in soccer fits a common Rochester pattern. In the summer of 1977, Rochester had what the newspapers called "Lancer Mania" as our NASL team surged into the playoffs. The frenzy was especially pitched when the Cosmos and Pele came to Holleder Stadium in July and then again in the playoffs in August.
Along with over 14,000 others, Brian Schultz, his father and I went to the July match. After the Lancers 1 – 0 shootout win, going home we noticed Pele's small motorcade on its way to his hotel.
Somehow we managed to park nearby and caught up with Pele, his bodyguard and a few others as they entered the hotel. Pele graciously signed a card for me. To this day, to everlasting chagrin, I can't locate the autograph. Writing this compelled a re-searching of old boxes to no avail. The Pele autograph is lost.
Democrat and Chronicle 22 Aug 1977
But I never really caught the soccer bug, only having been to one Rhinos game (when they played at Frontier Field).
At same time, I did closely follow the last two World Cup. Like many, I enjoyed the festive atmosphere at the corner of East and Alexander as several bars showed all the matches. It was poignant watching young British women living in Rochester stream out of Monte's Corner in tears after England lost to France.
During the 2014 World Cup, my friend Stephen Shapiro who has lived now in the UK for many years was back in Brighton for an extended visit. Stephen taught my father and I about the nuances of the beautiful game.
Pick up game soccer between the Brighton Middle and High Schools off Winton Road, Homecoming, 9/16/16
For Brazil v. Germany, I arrived about 15 minutes into the game. Watching with my father, Stephen was feeling a little frustrated because my father had wanted to see the end of a 1930s movie, and they missed an early goal. As non-aficionados, my father and I didn't think it was such a big deal. Stephen knew only too well one goal could decide the match.
From that point on, we shared Stephen's disbelief as Germany won in a 7 – 1 historic route. As the goals piled up, Stephen said he was now glad they watched the end of the 1930s movie.
As seen in No Jills; no playoffs for the Bills, with the Bills headed for mediocrity again, maybe it's time for a new team. I think I'll drop by Stout some Saturday morning and cheer on with the Rochester Totenham Spurs supporters.
Now if only another international sport that deserves more love — badminton — had a fan club.
ON THE SECOND MOST POPULAR SPORT IN THE WORLD.
Badminton shines in Brazil. And "the Game Sublime" has a following in Rochester, including Rajesh Barnabas and New York State Assemblyman Mark Johns
RCSD and city soccer on the upswing with Deon Rodgers
No Jills; no playoffs for the Bills
PreviousLooking for a cool date night? Stargazing at the Strasenburgh
NextFrederick Douglass in Rochester: a gallery of images and words
The Sound of Winter in Vermont
Traffic Control Box Art in Brighton – Evolution of a Community project.
That Championship Season thirty five years later
Back to normalcy at Cobb's Hill basketball


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By CNA Daily News - Europe (Reporter)
Spanish Civil War martyrs of Astorga 'didn't let themselves be overcome by fear'
Tuesday, June 1, 2021 18:09
The Mass of Beatification for Maria Pilar Gullón Yturriaga and two companions at Astorga Cathedral, Astorga, Spain, May 29, 2021. Credit: Diocese of Astorga.
Astorga, Spain, Jun 1, 2021 / 16:01 pm (CNA).
Three laywomen who were martyred near Astorga in 1936 amid the Spanish Civil War were beatified on Saturday.
Pilar Gullón, Olga Monteserín, and Octavia Iglesias were beatified May 29 in Astorga Cathedral. All three were volunteer Red Cross nurses. When the Somiedo hospital to which they were assigned came under attack, they didn't flee, nor during their captivity did they renounce their faith despite the outrages they were subjected to by the Republican militiamen. They were briefly imprisoned, and then executed Oct. 28, 1936.
The Spanish Civil War was fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Nationalist forces, led by Francisco Franco, and the Republican faction. During the war, Republicans martyred thousands of clerics, religious, and laity; of these, 11 have been canonized, and more than 1,900 beatified.
Bishop Jesús Fernández González of Astorga said a Mass of thanksgiving for the beatification at St. Peter's parish in Ponferrada May 30.
"Today we are especially grateful and moved by the testimony of faith and dedication given by the three martyrs of Astorga. They were confident in God's love and his provident care and didn't let themselves be overcome by fear at any time, despite the persecution that loomed over the Church," Bishop Fernández said during his May 30 homily.
"They ignored the warnings, they didn't hide the religious articles they were wearing, they prayed without fail, they shouted Viva Cristo Rey, their love nourished by the Eucharist," the bishop said.
"In contemplating Christ on the cross" and "accompanied by the tender closeness of Mary, they learned to love those in need with maternal love and in their final moments they loved not only the wounded, but even their executioners as Jesus did."
Bishop Fernández also noted that the three martyrs were aware "of participating in the divine life through baptism and of being called to identify with Jesus Christ," thus "cultivating their faith from the very beginning, handed on to them through their family life, and also through the parishes, the associations to which they belonged, they grew as disciples, prioritizing God's plans over their own and the proposals made to them to save their physical life."
At the moment of their martyrdom, the three nurses "embraced the cross and gave their lives as the supreme witness of following Christ," he said.
Bishop Fernández encouraged the faithful to glorify God for the martyrs' "apostolic witness. Faithful to their lay vocation, they responded to the Lord's call to transform the reality of the world according to the values of the Gospel."
The bishop said these three women were affectionately devoted to their families and were "exemplary in their charitable and social witness for those most in need, going beyond mere routine gestures."
Bishop Fernández praised "their involvement in caring for the wounded in the violent conflict, their willingness to impartially serve either side in the fighting, their non-violent and forgiving attitude during their final moments."
He stressed that the martyrs are "beacons that illuminate a way of living in society based on reconciliation, forgiveness and universal brotherhood."
"Let us also invoke the Lord so that following in his footsteps and those of the three martyrs, Pilar, Olga and Octavia, and thanks to their intercession, he may increase in us the sense of providence, proper to the children of God, to make us disciples close to the Lord and strengthen our commitment to fundamental social structures such as the family, and also charitable institutions based on a culture of dialogue and encounter," he prayed.
Source: https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/247857/spanish-civil-war-martyrs-of-astorga-didnt-let-themselves-be-overcome-by-fear
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A comfortable retreat fits into a tiny but durable 16- by 22-foot package perched on a gusty island northwest of Seattle.
Why it won: Architect Tim Carlander borrowed design principles from boatbuilding to create a multifunctional one-room box. The roof angles upward just enough to shed rain and make space for a sleeping loft. A simple L-shaped wall projects outward from the box, sheltering a small garden and providing privacy from uphill neighbors. Standard-size panels of maple and cherry plywood are screwed directly onto the interior wall studs. "There are no structural gymnastics here," Carlander says. Small but mighty, the sturdy cabin features double doors that bring the natural drama of the Northwest inside. Rugged fiberboard and galvanized aluminum siding ease maintenance.


text:
ConditionsEpilepsySeizuresWomen's HealthYour Body
EPILEPSY:THE LINK WITH DIET AND VACCINES
New evidence shows that vaccines, allergies or nutritional deficiencies may bring on epileptic seizures, and certain simple dietary changes may control them without drugs.
Epilepsy is surrounded by a great deal of ignorance. As recently as 1978, two priests in Switzerland were asked to perform an exorcism on a 22-year-old woman whose family thought she was possessed by the devil. Just nine years ago, it was reported that a British child was told not to play with a classmate who suffered from epilepsy "because she was a witch."
The British charity, Epilepsy and the Young Adult (EYA), says epilepsy affects about one in 200 UK adults. According to Dr Harris L Coulter, the celebrated medical researcher and writer, the number of recorded cases of epilepsy in the US has increased threefold since 1940 when there were 2.7 cases per 1,000 inhabitants. In 1990, this had become 10 cases per 1,000: "No one knows whether this is due to the treatment, or the condition itself," he declares.
Anyone can have an epileptic fit, or seizure (the word "epilepsy" comes from the Greek "epi lambano" meaning "a taking hold of"), which happens when the brain's chemical balance is upset and the nerve cells fire off signals in all directions. It's rather like an electrical storm in your brain, and it can take many forms. Idiopathic epilepsy can be caused by a range of circumstances some genetic, some congenital. Symptomatic epilepsy occurs when a specific part of the brain has been damaged by an injury, infection or a tumour.
According to Coulter, epilepsy is very much associated with violent behaviour in the modern society: "Violent criminals tend to have a very high incidence of seizure," he says.
His 1975 study of three US jails found that 5 per cent of prisoners had a history of seizures or epilepsy about 10 times higher than in the population at large.
Current research into epilepsy's various causes has also begun to
focus on the link between epilepsy and vaccination (see box, p 2).
Recent British government research shows that the DTP (diphtheria tetanus pertussis) and MMR (measles mumps rubella) vaccines can increase the risk of seizure five-fold. Even though the American government has been busy reassuring the country that the measles vaccine is perfectly safe, its Public Health Laboratory Service Statistics Unit has found that the combined two produced seizures three times more than was previousley reported, and that DTP schedule is responsible for a four-fold increase in seizures (see WDDTY vol 1, no 8).
It appears extraordinary that the British government is not rethinking its action in the light of the US evidence which shows that DTP vaccine caused convulsions in infants less than a year old, usually three days after they'd been given the dose. The MMR vaccine took longer to cause convulsions between 15 and 35 days afterwards.
This study, by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, is based on the most complete data yet compiled and monitors the progress of 500,000 children, by far the most ever observed by a single piece of research.
The seizure rate was found to be three times the norm for children receiving the DTP shot. The rate rose 2.7 times within four to seven days for children being given the MMR shot and this increased to 3.3 times within eight to 14 days. Nevertheless, the evidence was never made public, and WDDTY only got hold of the evidence via one of the cluster of scientists present at the meeting.
The US medical authorities have been unwilling to contemplate the possibility that vaccinations cause epilepsy because they have a government programme promoting vaccinations, with another studying the causes of epilepsy: "One is not going to try the other," continues Coulter.
"But it's as plain as your nose on your face; vaccines cause neurological disabilities. It's just that nobody wants to admit it, that's all," said Coulter.
Rather than attempting to isolate the cause, doctors commonly prescribe drugs to control the condition, and a lot of people are kept on drugs for a lifetime only because they've had a minor fit during childhood.
Most doctors believe that, until suppressed by drugs, seizures will recur and that drug treatment can affect the course of the disease, reducing the risk that early epilepsy will develop into an intractible disorder.
According to a review paper by EH Reynolds, Consultant Neurologist at the Centre of Epilepsy, Maudsley Hospital, London (BMJ January 21, 1995), several studies show that the more seizures, the worse the prognosis (Epilepsia, 1989; 30: 648), and that patients with single seizures did better, in the medium term, when they got drugs, compared to those who'd been given placebo, or had treatment delayed (Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1992; 94 [Suppl]: S61-3; and Neurology 1993; 432: 478-83).
Anti-convulsants are supposed to work by preventing epileptic fits without affecting the brain. But this is a delicate balancing act. The doctor needs to be highly conversant with the various anti-convulsant drugs, understand how different seizures affect particular patients, regularly monitor the patient to record the seizures and how the drug they've prescribed is behaving inside the patient.
And treatment varies from doctor to doctor. Some feel their patients should take anti-epileptic drugs for the rest of their lives; others feel daily doses can be slowly reduced by steps every few weeks in patients who have remained free from seizures for two years. They may even be taken off drugs altogether.
David Chadwick, Professor of Neurology at the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, presents a strong argument against the early use of drugs in the same January 21 edition of the BMJ and recommends that treatment should be held off. He argues that epilepsy is an umbrella term which refers to a group of disorders, and not a single, homogenous disease. In some clearcut cases of epilepsy, such as benign rolandic epilepsy in children (where seizures affecting the face, throat and arm occur during sleep), there is strong evidence that the seizures stop by themselves by mid-adolescence.
Furthermore, preliminary data suggesting that people are better off getting drugs after early treatment is far from definitive because untreated epileptics are difficult to find.
Studies that are performed suggest that drugs make virtually no difference. "This makes it all the more important that reliable data is obtained," says Peter Rubin, Professor of Therapeutics at Nottingham University (BMJ, January 21, 1995; 310: 178).
None of the thousand patients participating in the Medical Research Council's anti-convulsant withdrawal study group had a fit in two years (The Lancet, May 18, 1991). The study concluded that the chances of remaining seizure free were directly related to the length of time since the last fit. Those with the poorest reaction to drug withdrawal were patients who'd been taking more than one anti-epileptic drug, or had a history of neonatal seizures.
However, one WDDTY reader further maintains that the underlying cause of her seizures are anti-convulsants prescribed to control epilepsy in the first place. They also induce a number of side effects, the most common being drowsiness and confusion.
The most widely used anti-convulsants are sodium valproate (Epilim) and carbamazepine (Tegretol), both of which can control generalized and partial seizures.
Phenytoin (Epanutin, Dilatin) is used for generalized fits, but you must have your blood checked regularly since a small increase in dose may create toxins (poisons) in the blood. It can also increase the frequency of the fits. A 1994 study shows epileptic women receiving phenytoin are inherently more likely to bear malformed children (JAMA, September 21, 1994).
The Physician's Desk Reference says that all epileptic drugs can cause birth defects. Specifically, it says valproic acid "may produce teratogenic effects in the offspring of human females receiving the drug during pregnancy. . .Therefore, anti-epileptic drugs should be administered to women of childbearing potential only if they are clearly shown to be essential in the management of their seizures."
Congenital malformations are two to three times more frequent in babies born to women with epilepsy, and it's now accepted that part of the reason is the ability of anti-convulsants to cause birth defects. In fact, these birth defects have now been labelled as "fetal valproate syndrome" characterized by distinctive facial features and possibly including spina bifida, heart disease, cleft lip or palate, limb defects and genital malformations (J Med Genetics, 1995; 32: 724-7).
The Centers for Disease Control estimates the risk of valproic-exposed-women having children with spina bifida to be approximately 1 to 2 per cent, a risk similar to that for non-epileptic women who have had children with neural tube defects.
In the past, doctors have blamed the well documented increase in frequency of reproductive disorders seen in epileptics on the condition itself. However, a Finnish study of 238 women aged between 18 to 45 taking anti-epilepsy drugs for an average of nine years suggests that conditions such as polycystic ovarian disease (which causes ovarian cysts) plus raised levels of testosterone (the male hormone) and menstrual problems may be a result of the treatment, rather than the disease (N Eng J Med, November 4, 1993).
Ethosuximide controls "absences" (when you look blank and stare, the eyelids twitch, flutter or blink it's a condition that lasts just for a few seconds), but can make other kinds of epilepsy worse and so is only given in certain circumstances.
Phenobarbitone, a barbiturate, is also sometimes prescribed, but this also carries a host of serious risks, which include Parkinsonian effects (involuntary movements), impaired judgement, drowsiness, allergic reactions and depressed breathing.
In the last four years, two new drugs have been introduced in the UK. Vigabatrin, or Lamictal, supposedly causes fewer side effects than carmazepine (more commonly prescribed, but whose side effects include rashes and sleepiness), although this is currently being debated (The Lancet, May 20, 1995) and may result in a clash of two evils.
There have also been deaths following the use of the drug. Wellcome Medical Division, which manufactures Lamotrigine, states in the Data Sheet Compendium that: "During clinical trials in over 4,000 patients receiving multiple anti-epileptic therapy, including Lamotrigine, there have been, rarely, deaths following rapidly progressive illnesses with
status epilepticus (continuous seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks), multi-organ dysfunction and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation or DIC. The contribution of Lamotrigine to these events remains to be established".
However, a case of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome has been associated with Lamotrigine as well as three cases of multi-organ failure through its use in recent years (The Lancet, August 13, 1994).
Liver damage has also been linked with Epilim, particularly in children and those with mental retardation, and although this is rare, these drugs become more dangerous if used together. The 35-year-old, mentally handicapped son of one WDDTY reader used to take Epilim, Tegretol and folic acid every day, but died after he'd been prescribed a daily 50mg tablet of Lamictal.
!AClive Couldwell
Tagged asalternative treatmentsanticonvulsantsantiepilepticsconventional treatmentsDTP vaccineepilepsyethosuximidelamotrigineMMR vaccinephenobarbitonephenytoinSeizuresvalproateWhat Doctors Don't Tell You
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Keep the laundry flowing from top to bottom with a stackable washer-dryer combo.
Having a washer and dryer in the home is way more convenient than lugging your clothes to the nearest Laundromat, but the combination can have some downsides, too. Like when the two machines are hulking masses of metal and take up an entire wall.
When real estate is tight, architects build up. You can, too. Stacking your dryer on top of the washer lets you take advantage of unused vertical space. Single-unit stacked washer-dryers range from small capacity to full-sized, Energy Star qualified, front-loading versions that cut down on water and electricity usage.
Stackables are sold as separate units, and you'll probably need a stacking kit to hold them together securely. But just think of what you can put where the dryer used to sit. It's like adding a new closet!


George III Old Sheffield Plate Silver Barrel Double Beaker. Circa 1800.
George III Old Sheffield Plate Silver Cream Jug. Circa 1785.
Pair George III Old Sheffield Plate Silver Candelabra, Circa 1780.
Pair of Matthew Boulton Old Shefield Plate Silver Sauce Tureens, circa 1825.
George III Old Sheffield Plate Silver Bucket Wine Cooler. Circa 1800.
Pair George III Old Sheffield Plate Silver Tureen Dishes & Covers. Circa 1790.
George III Old Sheffield Plate Silver Coffee Pot, by Tudor & Leader, circa 1765.
George III Old Sheffield Plate Vase & Cover, circa1785, by Joseph Parsons & Co.
Pair of George III Old Sheffield Plate Silver Magnum Bottle Coasters, circa 1775.
A VERY RARE MERCURIAL GILT OLD SHEFFIELD PLATE SILVER DISH RING. CIRCA1770.
An unusually Early George III Hot Water Jug, circa 1760-1762, by Tudor & Co.
A George III Coffee Pot, circa 1770.
A George III Two Handled Venison Dish, circa 1800.
A George III Oval Salver, circa 1785.
A George III Two-Handled Loving cup circa 1785.
A George III Two-handled Loving cup, probably by Thomas Law, circa 1785.
A Pair of George III Corinthian Column Candlesticks, possibly by John Winter & Co., circa 1775.
A Pair of George III Candlesticks, circa 1770.
Old Sheffield Plate Silver Lidded Jug. Circa 1775.
Regency Old Sheffield Plate Silver Bacon/cheese Dish, circa 1825.
18th Century Old Sheffield Plate Silver Dish Cross, circa 1780.
Old Sheffield Plate Silver Meat Dish. Circa 1800.
18th Century Old Sheffield Plate Silver Salver, circa 1775.
18th Century Old Sheffield Plate silver Coffee Pot, circa 1785.
18th Century Old Sheffield Plate Silver Sugar Bowl, circa 1795.
Regency Old Sheffield Plate Silver Tea Tray, circa 1825.
Large Old Sheffield Plate Silver Salver, circa 1825. 24inch Diam.
Large Regency Old Sheffield Plate Silver Salver, circa 1825.
Large Old Sheffield Plate Silver Salver, circa 1820. 22inch Diam.
Pair of Georgian Old Sheffield Plate silver wine coasters, circa1780.
18th Century salver, circa 1780.
Early 19th Century tea tray, circa 1810.


In case it wasn't clear from my last post, I bloody love Manchester. Even though I grew up a five minute train journey away, it's only been the last couple of years I've really appreciated the city - and even more now I live in the dead-centre of the city!
I was asked a few weeks ago to contribute one of my favourite hidden gems to this awesome infographic by Millennium Hotels and it's finally here! I've been really exited about this because if there's one thing I love it's discovering new places to eat in Manchester.
I chose Superstore where Phil and I visited a few weeks ago for a date night that was a bit more fancy than our usual cinema-and-Wetherspoons. The food was amazing but it still had that laid-back cool of Manchester's Northern Quarter and I can't wait to go back.
I love the places that other bloggers have chosen (except, erm... Nandos?). I love Changos burritos and I love that the wonderful Solita was mentioned twice!
Check out the rest of the infographic below!
*I was compensated to share this infographic, however I am genuinely really excited about this campaign!


text:
Sharon Compton
Wizards of the Lost Kingdom II (1989)
Barbarosa (1982)
Dr. Heckyl & Mr. Hype (1980)
Deathsport (1978)
How To Make It (1969)
Queen of Blood (1966)
Deathsport (1978) -- (Original Trailer)
Costume-Wardrobe (Feature Film)
Beach Ball (1965)
The Secret Invasion (1964)
Art Department (Feature Film)
The Apartment Complex (1999)
Gargantua (1998)
84 Charlie Mopic (1988)
Battle Beyond the Stars (1980)
Production Designer (Feature Film)
Avalanche (1978)
The Rain People (1969)
Participating in production
Blood Bath (1966)
Location Manager (Feature Film)
Eat My Dust! (1976)
Visual Effects (TV Mini-Series)
Don't Look Under the Bed (1999)
Deathsport (1978) -- (Original Trailer) From producer Roger Corman and completing his five-picture deal with star David Carradine, kind of a sequel to the profitable Death Race 2000, 1975, co-starring Playboy model Claudia Jennings, the theatrical trailer for Deathsport, 1978.


Virgin Planet's "Feeding Our Future" Program is a grassroots community-based partnership that helps feed needy children in communities in the United States and around the world.
Your donation of $25 provides a "Feeding Our Future" bag of groceries and other daily necessities to a child in the United States or overseas. Priority is given to children in disaster areas and then to American Red Cross specified poverty areas where the need is greatest.
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You just look real close at my dance, m'kay?
A spunky Erune girl who was chosen by her clan to recover an ancestral treasure. Unable to bear such a fateful burden alone, she set off into the Sky Realm with Societte, her lifelong friend.
After joining the crew, she gained a reputation for being the life of the party. But on the battlefield, she became known for her elusive movements, devastating twin-blade dances, and mastery of the Foxflame.
© Cygames, Inc. Developed by ARC SYSTEM WORKS.
Licensed to and published by XSEED Games / Marvelous USA, Inc.
"PlayStation Family Mark" and "PlayStation" are registered trademarks or trademarks of Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc.
The ESRB rating icons are registered trademarks of the Entertainment Software Association.


text:
Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor
Hyun Tae Joung, Yong Chil Seo, Ki Heon Kim, John Hee Hong, Tae Wook Yoo
Division of Environmental Engineering
Automobile shredder residue (ASR) generated by end-of-life vehicles, comprises more than 20% of a new vehicle by weight. Significant amounts of polymers in ASR, such as Poly Propylene (PP), Poly Ethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Ethylene Propylene Ethylidene Nobomene (EPDM), rubber, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Poly Amide (PA), and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), can be used as energy or chemical sources, whereas other components, such as tires, rubber, glass, wood, sand/dust, and heavy metals inhibit the recycling of ASR. In many countries, landfill use of ASR is regulated, so landfill costs have increased, as has inappropriate disposal; sending ASR to landfills will be needed to be regulated in Korea. Pyrolysis has been suggested as an economically feasible recycling and recovery technique for ASR in Korea and other advanced countries. Before such technology is implemented, the characteristics of pyrolyzed products should be investigated. Shredded samples from the facility were collected, and calorific value, elemental analysis, and leaching tests were performed to determine ASR characteristics. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted at five different temperatures, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C, and the product distributions of gas, tar, and char were investigated. The optimal temperature for ASR pyrolysis, in terms of yield efficiency, was found to be 600 °C. The mean calorific value was also found to be higher in this case; thus, ASR can be treated as an auxiliary fuel. During pyrolysis, there were high ignition losses of light and heavy fluff, due to the presence of organic materials. The leaching concentrations of all tested heavy metals were found to be within the Korean guideline values. In terms of carbon number distributions, pyrolysis of ASR at 600 °C was optimal. For further utilization of pyrolysis products as fuel, the characteristics of char, oil, and gas were investigated with an experimental batch reactor.
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-007-0110-y
Published - 2007 Nov 1
Batch reactors
Land fill
Polyethylene Terephthalates
Joung, H. T., Seo, Y. C., Kim, K. H., Hong, J. H., & Yoo, T. W. (2007). Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24(6), 996-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-007-0110-y
Joung, Hyun Tae ; Seo, Yong Chil ; Kim, Ki Heon ; Hong, John Hee ; Yoo, Tae Wook. / Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor. In: Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2007 ; Vol. 24, No. 6. pp. 996-1002.
@article{84e67d8880aa43ff830109f54faa5c81,
title = "Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor",
abstract = "Automobile shredder residue (ASR) generated by end-of-life vehicles, comprises more than 20{\%} of a new vehicle by weight. Significant amounts of polymers in ASR, such as Poly Propylene (PP), Poly Ethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Ethylene Propylene Ethylidene Nobomene (EPDM), rubber, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Poly Amide (PA), and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), can be used as energy or chemical sources, whereas other components, such as tires, rubber, glass, wood, sand/dust, and heavy metals inhibit the recycling of ASR. In many countries, landfill use of ASR is regulated, so landfill costs have increased, as has inappropriate disposal; sending ASR to landfills will be needed to be regulated in Korea. Pyrolysis has been suggested as an economically feasible recycling and recovery technique for ASR in Korea and other advanced countries. Before such technology is implemented, the characteristics of pyrolyzed products should be investigated. Shredded samples from the facility were collected, and calorific value, elemental analysis, and leaching tests were performed to determine ASR characteristics. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted at five different temperatures, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C, and the product distributions of gas, tar, and char were investigated. The optimal temperature for ASR pyrolysis, in terms of yield efficiency, was found to be 600 °C. The mean calorific value was also found to be higher in this case; thus, ASR can be treated as an auxiliary fuel. During pyrolysis, there were high ignition losses of light and heavy fluff, due to the presence of organic materials. The leaching concentrations of all tested heavy metals were found to be within the Korean guideline values. In terms of carbon number distributions, pyrolysis of ASR at 600 °C was optimal. For further utilization of pyrolysis products as fuel, the characteristics of char, oil, and gas were investigated with an experimental batch reactor.",
author = "Joung, {Hyun Tae} and Seo, {Yong Chil} and Kim, {Ki Heon} and Hong, {John Hee} and Yoo, {Tae Wook}",
doi = "10.1007/s11814-007-0110-y",
journal = "Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering",
Joung, HT, Seo, YC, Kim, KH, Hong, JH & Yoo, TW 2007, 'Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor', Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 996-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-007-0110-y
Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor. / Joung, Hyun Tae; Seo, Yong Chil; Kim, Ki Heon; Hong, John Hee; Yoo, Tae Wook.
In: Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 6, 01.11.2007, p. 996-1002.
T1 - Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor
AU - Joung, Hyun Tae
AU - Seo, Yong Chil
AU - Kim, Ki Heon
AU - Hong, John Hee
AU - Yoo, Tae Wook
N2 - Automobile shredder residue (ASR) generated by end-of-life vehicles, comprises more than 20% of a new vehicle by weight. Significant amounts of polymers in ASR, such as Poly Propylene (PP), Poly Ethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Ethylene Propylene Ethylidene Nobomene (EPDM), rubber, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Poly Amide (PA), and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), can be used as energy or chemical sources, whereas other components, such as tires, rubber, glass, wood, sand/dust, and heavy metals inhibit the recycling of ASR. In many countries, landfill use of ASR is regulated, so landfill costs have increased, as has inappropriate disposal; sending ASR to landfills will be needed to be regulated in Korea. Pyrolysis has been suggested as an economically feasible recycling and recovery technique for ASR in Korea and other advanced countries. Before such technology is implemented, the characteristics of pyrolyzed products should be investigated. Shredded samples from the facility were collected, and calorific value, elemental analysis, and leaching tests were performed to determine ASR characteristics. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted at five different temperatures, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C, and the product distributions of gas, tar, and char were investigated. The optimal temperature for ASR pyrolysis, in terms of yield efficiency, was found to be 600 °C. The mean calorific value was also found to be higher in this case; thus, ASR can be treated as an auxiliary fuel. During pyrolysis, there were high ignition losses of light and heavy fluff, due to the presence of organic materials. The leaching concentrations of all tested heavy metals were found to be within the Korean guideline values. In terms of carbon number distributions, pyrolysis of ASR at 600 °C was optimal. For further utilization of pyrolysis products as fuel, the characteristics of char, oil, and gas were investigated with an experimental batch reactor.
AB - Automobile shredder residue (ASR) generated by end-of-life vehicles, comprises more than 20% of a new vehicle by weight. Significant amounts of polymers in ASR, such as Poly Propylene (PP), Poly Ethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Ethylene Propylene Ethylidene Nobomene (EPDM), rubber, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Poly Amide (PA), and Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC), can be used as energy or chemical sources, whereas other components, such as tires, rubber, glass, wood, sand/dust, and heavy metals inhibit the recycling of ASR. In many countries, landfill use of ASR is regulated, so landfill costs have increased, as has inappropriate disposal; sending ASR to landfills will be needed to be regulated in Korea. Pyrolysis has been suggested as an economically feasible recycling and recovery technique for ASR in Korea and other advanced countries. Before such technology is implemented, the characteristics of pyrolyzed products should be investigated. Shredded samples from the facility were collected, and calorific value, elemental analysis, and leaching tests were performed to determine ASR characteristics. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted at five different temperatures, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C, and the product distributions of gas, tar, and char were investigated. The optimal temperature for ASR pyrolysis, in terms of yield efficiency, was found to be 600 °C. The mean calorific value was also found to be higher in this case; thus, ASR can be treated as an auxiliary fuel. During pyrolysis, there were high ignition losses of light and heavy fluff, due to the presence of organic materials. The leaching concentrations of all tested heavy metals were found to be within the Korean guideline values. In terms of carbon number distributions, pyrolysis of ASR at 600 °C was optimal. For further utilization of pyrolysis products as fuel, the characteristics of char, oil, and gas were investigated with an experimental batch reactor.
U2 - 10.1007/s11814-007-0110-y
DO - 10.1007/s11814-007-0110-y
JO - Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
JF - Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
Joung HT, Seo YC, Kim KH, Hong JH, Yoo TW. Distribution and characteristics of pyrolysis products from automobile shredder residue using an experimental semi-batch reactor. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2007 Nov 1;24(6):996-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-007-0110-y


Now that you've a good idea of where to begin with your private home's panorama or the place you'll be able to enhance on it, you must start writing what modifications you want to make down. You wish to have a transparent understanding of what you want to change and then, steadily change your own home's panorama, until you're pleased with your home's look. If you are a newbie to landscaping, look at the older bushes in your property to ensure they're protected and should not falling down. With a purpose to protect your house or other gadgets in your property, chances are you'll wish to hire knowledgeable tree limber that can guarantee the safety of the property.
Earlier than you decide on a landscape plan, you'll want to think about the quantity of maintenance it'll require. Relying on the plants you utilize and the climate you live in, you might must water your garden on a regular basis. Additionally, some grasses could require you to cut your lawn more than once per week. Be certain you might have the time to care on your new lawn. When planning a landscaping project for your home, an awesome idea is to include any type of water attraction. Irrespective of if it is a pond, creek, or waterfall, you could extremely improve the look, and resale worth of your house. The fee is pretty low compared to the potential pay off.
Cheaper isn't all the time higher. Since landscaping is so expensive, many may be tempted to purchase the cheapest materials out there. This can be a large mistake and can end up costing you considerably extra in the long term. Do your analysis. Take a look at opinions, skilled opinions and buyer feedback before you make a purchase order. Don't begin a big landscaping challenge in case you are not planning on staying in your house for too long. Though a superb landscape increases the value of your home, you'll more than likely spend lots of time and money on a landscape you will by no means actually get pleasure from.
Hopefully, this text has stimulated the landscaper in you, which can carry out the appearance that your property deserves. Let the sweetness on the outside of your private home, communicate to all the strangers that cross by your private home every day. You can transform your private home to be the envy of anyone who passes by. Every time you're designing your personal landscape, ensure and make use of stones and pebbles in your design. Decorative stones and pebbles add a nice distinction to the greenery supplied by your plants and might actually improve the look of your entire panorama. Just ensure that to choose stones that flatter your panorama.
Panorama based on how much time you possibly can commit.
Always use the correct tools when doing any landscape challenge. When you've got a stump that needs to be eliminated, hire a backhoe and remove it correctly, don't attempt to do it with a truck. When you've got loads of materials that needs to be moved, use wheelbarrows to cut back pressure. Use the suitable tools for the job, and you will save yourself some grief. One of the most necessary suggestions one can use on the subject of landscaping, is to provide you with a plan before you begin doing something. You will need to carefully consider exactly what you need your yard to look like,after which make an in depth plan as to what steps you will want to take.
When planning a landscaping mission for your home, don't forget the importance of having evergreens in your yard. Evergreens are nice because not only are they going to look the same 12 months round, however in addition they are excellent for utilizing as protection for widespread areas. This is true for ground coverage in addition to privateness borders. Put together your soil before you start to plant. Remove any weeds, rake up any leaves, and add any needed fertilizer. For those who do that, you will give your plants a wholesome start, which can lead to a lovelier lawn. If you happen to try to skip this step, you will create extra work for yourself afterward.
At any time when you take on a landscaping undertaking your self, it is best to always take into consideration your plant's water use. Whether or not you are using drought-tolerant vegetation or plants that are very lush and green, the quantity of water they use will vary drastically. Just remember to understand what your watering needs shall be earlier than selecting your vegetation. Now that you've realized more about dwelling landscaping, hopefully, it does not seem so difficult. You are able to do this and all you should do is to just get began with creating the yard of your goals. When your neighbors ask who did your landscaping, you can proudly tell them that you simply did your self they usually would possibly even wish to rent you.
While having an outside kitchen can add value to your house, and enhance the eye-opening worth of it, you need to keep away from putting in one for those who reside in a climate that isn't heat more often than not. This is because you will only be able to use the kitchen when it is heat outdoors so it will likely be a waste of cash. Do you wish to make your yard extra personal? It's best to consider using bamboo plants. Bamboo vegetation will grow much faster than any tree or shrubs and will give you the privateness you need. Moreover, they are straightforward to keep up and will make your yard look more unique.
Consider current buildings before beginning any landscape mission. At all times know the situation of utility traces, buried cables and comparable issues so that your plants won't interfere with them.


Curried Chicken Pot Pie Roasted or other cooked chicken breast is used for this quick and easy Curried Chicken Pot Pie. Pot pies are warm and inviting. Curry powder added to the sauce gives this pie an intriguing flavor. Using prepared ingredients from the supermarket, you can put this pie together in minutes. It's a one-pot meal that only takes 30 minutes to make.
Any type of cooked chicken can be used. Remove the skin and bones.
02/06/14 - 1:30 - Syndicated food columnist Linda Gassenheimer, Special wine correspondent Fred Tasker and WLRN hosts Joseph Cooper and Bonnie Berman interview food network star and cookbook author Katie Lee. She hosted the first season of Bravo's Top Chef, was a judge on Iron chef and is now one of the hosts on the new Food Network TV series "The Kitchen," based on the fact that most parties end up with everyone in the kitchen. She talks about comfortable, casual, fun entertaining, and what it's like behind the scenes at The Kitchen.
Are You Ready For Some Football Super Bowl Party Tips?
01/30/14 - 1:30 -Syndicated food columnist Linda Gassenheimer, Special wine correspondent Fred Tasker and WLRN hosts Joseph Cooper and Bonnie Berman interview Tongue and Cheek Restaurant Chef, Jamie DeRosa. He gives tips for planning our Super Bowl parties.


Two years ago I couldn't run for thirty seconds without staggering to a stop. I used to struggle to catch my breath before I even hit the end of the road. Cheeks flushed, I would plod back to my house and try to forget about my dream of completing a marathon. I thought running would give me some me-time back post pregnancy but to be honest I found it a very difficult hobby to do on my own. The beeping of car horns and jeers of 'I could walk quicker' didn't help either.
After a bit of research, I found a local running club that were putting on a couch to 5 km beginners course and so on a dark night in October 2015 I headed out and ran with them. It was exactly the same as the previous time in many ways - I still couldn't run for thirty seconds. However, this time there was support and other people in the same position as me. By December 2015 I could run 5 km (3.1 miles) without walking something which two months prior had seemed impossible to me.
When this course had finished, the other runners started doing the regular club sessions however once again self doubt hit and after a few weeks of missing club nights I decided that I was probably too slow for this running malarkey anyway. A year later later my weight had started to really increase and with real regrets over leaving the club I once again completed the couch to 5 km sessions in and this time stayed for good gradually building to a distance of 10 km.
Finally confident, I decided to enter a marathon and despite getting injured and having to defer the Brighton Marathon in April 2017, I lined up Birmingham Marathon as my next attempt. I'll be honest here, I'm a plodder. I'm no Paula Radcliffe but for me time was unimportant, I just wanted to be able to say I had done it. I decided to raise money for Parkinson's Disease (a condition which my mother suffers with) and drew up a training plan. Being a stay at home mum to a three year old son and a part time night shift worker wasn't exactly conducive to marathon training. In all honesty come race day I was slightly behind where I had hoped to be. I'd only done a long run of 14 miles. Whilst this was very far beyond what I had thought I was physically capable of, it was nothing compared to the 26.1 mile marathon facing me. I couldn't imagine running another 12 miles on top of that 14.
The 15th October 2017 arrived and suddenly I was on the start line with 9000 others really hoping I would make it round unscathed. I felt good until Mile 13 and then unfortunately for me the blisters started. I ran/hobbled until Mile 21 where I hit the dreaded wall. I'd always wondered what this would feel like and let me tell you, it wasn't nice. I ended up walking from Mile 21 to around 400 metres from the finish. Crowds lined the streets and cries of 'come on Claire' met my ears. The sight of my hobbling crying self hadn't gone unnoticed. Not wanting to walk in to the finish, I managed a jog to the finish line where I was met by Wayne and Jack. Jack asked me if I'd won which made me absolutely howl with laughter. Had he not seen the thousands of people in front of me? I collected my medal and pretty much sat still for the next 8 hours as every muscle in my body seemed to seize up.
Fast forward a few weeks and I still can't believe it. I've completed a marathon. I'm part of that 1% I'm never going to be the quickest runner but that really doesn't matter. I managed to juggle parenthood/ shift work and marathon training and hopefully showed my little boy that anything is possible if you put your mind to it.


St Vrain Valley Teen Parenting Program is a licensed child care center in Longmont, CO with the license issued by the Colorado Dept of Human Services - Division of Child Care. At St Vrain Valley Teen Parenting Program, we enroll children as young as 4 weeks through 18 months old. We are a small center. Contact us to schedule a tour and discover for yourself all St Vrain Valley Teen Parenting Program has to offer.


The killing today of Rosemary Nelson, a leading human rights lawyer in Northern Ireland, was a despicable and cowardly act by the enemies of peace. Our deepest sympathies go out to her family and friends. It is long past time for the bloodshed to end once and for all. We urge all the proponents for peace to unite to condemn this act and reject the violence. We urge the parties to move forward with implementing the Good Friday Accord.