text:
'Bolam Over' ...
Robert Bolam 1952 - 30 March 2019
It was with much sadness I learnt of the passing of Robert Bolam on Saturday 30th March 2019, the very day the story of his Bolam ancestors was published online. The following blog is therefore dedicated to his memory, with sincere condolences to his son Malcolm and the rest of the Bolam family.
A brief look into an extraordinary farming family from Northumberland
Professional family historians are no strangers to being regaled with accounts from folks stating they can trace their ancestry back to Charlemagne. It is at this point most of glaze us over and immediately lose interest. Whilst it is true that some undoubtedly do, for the majority, even if a connection does exist proving it is another question entirely! As many of my regular readers will know one of my ongoing personal projects is the mammoth task of mapping the farming families of Northumberland. This month's blog is about one such family that sits on the periphery of my own – the Bolams. I have been promising our local butcher Malcolm Bolam that I would sketch out a tree showing his connection to this family in an organised and digestible manner, as the prolific 'bilge' in online trees is causing complete confusion. Once again not a single tree is correct!
The final prompt came whilst looking for something else which turned up the following letter written to George Aynsley-Smith (GAS) from a William James Bolam, a Land Agent living in Ravensdowne, Berwick in 1911.
Letter from the privately held Aynsley-Smith Archive
The correspondence formed part of a communication between GAS and historian John Hodgson regarding the ever problematical Grey lineage. Attached to the letter was a Bolam pedigree claiming descent from the aforementioned Charlemagne of which he states. 'I know very little about it [the tree] but if I can assist you then let me know. My father and Uncle took a great deal of pains about the pedigree and I don't think it can be far wrong'. Oh dear – cue eyes skyward! The outline tree that was attached to the letter doesn't actually give much information about the Bolam family per se.
Page 3 of Bolam - Grey connection as attached to the above letter. Aynsley-Smith archive.
Rather, it relies on the accuracy of connections within the pedigree of the Grey family of Longhorsley and later of Milfield. It is highly possible that the Bolam tree was based on the genealogical study into the Grey family published by Edmund Hepple in 1856, taken from the 'Milfield Manuscripts'. (Claire Grey has published a copy along with a transcription on her website 'The Milfield Greys'). However, as stated by Claire herself 'The Hepple tree … has Charlemagne 800 at the top of it, and for that reason alone should be treated with a great deal of scepticism … Attempts at verifying the connection between the Milfield Tree and Hepple's tree have so far proved inconclusive'. Once again the pursuit of 'gateway' ancestors has obliterated a family with its own very interesting history, with links to places that will be very familiar with my local readership.
The brother of letter writer, Mr William James Bolam was George Bolam – 'A highly regarded naturalist of the region who published books on the birds of Northumberland and co-founded the Northern Naturalist's Union'. His extensive archive, which includes a family tree, (which I have not yet had sight of) is lodged at the Hancock Museum in Newcastle. This branch of the family can be found in various census returns living in Ravensdowne, Berwick, which was the focus of a study under taken by Berwick Archives and can be freely accessed online. Their parents were Robert George Bolam and Mary Bolam who were first cousins, both being the grandchildren of John Bolam of Tritlington and Mary Bolam of Throphill, Mitford near Morpeth. They too may very well have been related but the exact connection, if it does exist, has yet to be established – I suspect the answer lies in the Northumbrian hills around Rothbury, Alwinton and Elsdon.
For the purpose of this particular blog, John and Mary Bolam have been taken as the foundation parents. Mary was the daughter of Christopher Bolam of Throphill, Mitford, and his wife Jane. Mary had three known siblings, Elizabeth b. 1758, Christopher b. 1765 d. Feb 1794 (5 months after his father) and Isaac b.1769. Malcolm Bolam descends from Mary's brother Isaac and his wife Jane Jobson who remained at Throphill Farm until circa 1824. By the time their own son Isaac died in 1830 and daughter Eleanor in 1831, although still living in the Morpeth area they had vacated the farm. It is the Will of Isaac and Mary's Bolam's brother, Christopher, proved in 1796 that holds the key to unravelling the rest of the family.
Extract of the Will of Christopher Bolam jnr of Throphill courtesy of Durham Wills Online
Christopher's sister Mary had married John Bolam at Mitford on 20th May 1788. The couple's four eldest children were born whilst the couple farmed at Tritlington (Hebron). John's lease expired in 1795 when it would appear that the family moved to Brinkheugh [Brenkheugh] near Brinkburn where two further sons were born.
Image courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
In 1806 John and Mary along with their 'five sons and a daughter' moved to the farm of Low Hedgeley near Powburn where they stayed for 24 years and where Mary died in May 1824.[1] She was interred at Mitford on 1 June 1824. In 1830 John and the remaining family moved west to the nearby farms of Fawdon and Clinch which the Bolam family occupied until 1894. John appears in the 1841 census at Fawdon with two of his unmarried children William Isaac and daughter Ann and where he died on 15th January 1848 aged 88.
Of their five children, two, Anne and Isaac William did not marry. Whilst Thomas married Mary Ann Young of Shiel Dykes at Edinburgh in 1853 they had no children, so the main body of Bolam descendants of John Bolam of Tritlington and his wife Mary, including the Bolam family of Alnwick stem from the couple's remaining three sons, George, John and Christopher. Christopher Bolam married Isabel Gibson in the mid 1820's and together they had a large family, many of whom died in infancy as the family's monumental inscription at Ingram bears witness.
UK and Ireland, Find A Grave Index, 1300s-Current https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/168920384
Christopher is known to have occupied several different farms, including Way to Wooler, Low Trewitt and Ratcheugh, where he can be found in the 1861 census. (His cousin Isaac Milburn was living at that time in the adjacent Ratcheugh House, but the story of this extraordinary gentleman cannot be given the justice it deserves here.) There is an interesting reference to a Bolam family at High Trewitt in the 1816 survey of Households possessing Bibles in Rothbury.
Mr. Isaac BOLAM is living for the present on Mr. ATKINSON's farm with his two sisters, their brother, John BOLAM ----------- the farm, having run away to escape justice after many frauds and forgeries his effects were seized and sold but the ruin thereby brought upon the rest of the family seems to be rather affirmed by themselves than believed by their neighbours. One female servant lives with them who is Presbyterian They have four Bibles and three Prayer books.[2]
A search in the press of the day finds a John Bolam listed amongst other bankrupts in 1815, followed by a dispersal sale of farmstock and household goods. (Note the term fieri facias confirming the sale was to settle unpaid debts)
Tyne Mercury 1815, courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
Exactly where this family of High Trewitt sits in the family equation is undetermined, as it is deemed that the children of John and Mary would have been marginally too young at the time, and the entry mentions two sisters, not one. However, it has not been totally ruled out and the names would certainly suggest a familial connection. When combined with the interests at other farms mentioned in the area, this small piece of evidence may prove invaluable in tracing the family back in time.
To date the only confirmed descendant of Christopher Bolam and his wife Isabella Gibson to marry and propagate this branch of the tree was their grandchild Ellen or Eleanor, daughter of their son John Christopher. Christopher died at Ratcheugh and was buried at Ingram in March 1863.[3]
Christopher's eldest brother George married Ann Liddell at Rothbury on 16th June 1825. The couple had 5 known children, 4 of whom survived until adulthood. Sons John and George and daughters Mary and Ann.
The two brothers would make quite a mark on the agricultural landscape of Northumberland. The country was in the grip of the Post Napoleonic depression and the Corn Laws introduced in 1815 were having a crippling effect of agriculture. Farms were frequently changing hands as many farmers unable to make it pay left the industry. The Diaries of William Brewis of Mitford 1833 – 1850 includes frequent references to farms coming up for rent, and the general plight of the agricultural markets. However, there are always those who manage to prosper despite adverse conditions, and in Northumberland John and George Bolam were amongst their number.
It appears that John focused his attention on farms in and around the Shawdon, Rothbury and Alwinton areas. In 1861 he can be found visiting his brother George at Low Hedgeley, the second time the family had taken the tenancy. On 20th January 1865 he married Ellen Thompson, daughter of William Thompson of Little Ryle at Rothbury and in July the following year their daughter Ann was born. Just weeks later tragedy struck and John was killed in a riding accident.
Courtesy of British Newspaper Archive
(Please note Bolam researchers that this John Bolam was NOT the head of the farming family with interests in Alnwick!)
In 1866, his brother George was farming at Horton Grange, but as a result of John's untimely death relinquished the tenancy to concentrate on the family's interests nearer home. George, aged 45 married a Catherine Hall in Edinburgh on 1st August 1873. Together the couple would have three children, George b. 1879, Catherine Annie b. 1882 and Johnina Jane b. 1885. In 1881 George was living and farming at Alwinton but by 1891 had taken up residence at the family farm of Fawdon. In 1893 George too met with an accident that would ultimately cause his death.
Courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
However, the full extent of this family's farming interest becomes even clearer in an obituary that appeared in the press preceding the dispersal sale of his various interests and makes impressive reading, particularly in light of the prevailing economic climate in which it was achieved.
The obituary also provides significant proof of George's lineage, which on its own should prompt the re-evaluation of the majority of online family trees. It also highlights that at the time of his death the only member of the family still to be farming was John Bolam at Bilton. This is NOT his brother, but his cousin, the son of his uncle John Bolam and his wife Mary Proctor who was born at Wooler in 1825. It is he who was the renowned farmer, seedsman and miller of Alnwick, and whose family established the shop on the cobbles in Alnwick, which many local readers will remember.
As for the writer of the letter in 1911 William James Bolam - he was the nephew of John Bolam of Bilton. He was the son of Robert George Bolam who married his first cousin Mary Bolam. Mary was the daughter of George Bolam and Ann Liddell, and one of the sisters of the eminent farming brothers featured in the press cuttings above, thus also connecting this branch of the Bolam family to the Greys.
Whilst this family may not be the easiest to accurately follow through the records, it is certainly not the most challenging. The skeleton facts behind this blog were pulled together in less that 48 hours. It is just a combination of applying the correct research techniques, knowing where to look and the application of a modicum of common sense. If you find yourself struggling or bogged down by what appears to be conflicting evidence or facts, I would urge you to seek professional advice, rather than place information that has been 'made to fit' in the public domain where it can be copied all too easily.
Although the extent of farming activities of the Bolam family was undoubtedly exceptional, they do provide a fascinating indication of the mobility of farming families of Northumberland in the early 19th century. They also illustrate how these successful families adapted to challenging economic conditions and changed their farming practice to meet demand and command higher market prices. The Bolam family has many more familial connections not covered here, but the door has been opened to establish their earlier origins. For now at least, I hope I have managed to steer researchers of this family in the right direction and provide a solid foundation on which to build. Malcolm Bolam and his family will now be able to indulge in a spot of #AncestralTourism and enjoy a day out visiting the numerous places associated with his extended family, both those featured in this brief outline and others who have even more fascinating stories to tell!
[1] Obituary of George Bolam 1893; Freereg
 https://www.freereg.org.uk/search_queries/5c9f66b5f4040b7459219d64?locale=en
[2] Rothbury Bible census https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/NBL/Rothbury/Rothbury1816
[3] Bishops Transcripts for Ingram


text:
ISIS attack kills Kurdish fighter in eastern Iraq
Diyala incident is the third assault by the terrorist group on Peshmerga forces this week
Peshmerga fighters in Iraq have clashed with ISIS three times in recent days. Photo: Hawre Khalid / Metrography
Mina Aldroubi
ISIS killed a member of the Kurdish security forces and injured three others on Monday in an attack in eastern Iraq's Diyala province.
The terrorist group has stepped up its operations against Kurdish forces, known as the Peshmerga, in recent days.
The Kurdistan Regional Government's Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs said its ninth Infantry Brigade was the target of Monday's attack in Diyala's Kifri district.
"As a result of our defence by our forces, the ISIS attack was destroyed but unfortunately one Peshmerga was [killed] and three others wounded," it said.
It added that its forces foiled another attack by the militants in Diyala on Sunday night. No deaths or injuries were announced.
ISIS seized large areas of Iraq in a lightning offensive in 2014, before being beaten back by a counter-insurgency campaign supported by a US-led military coalition.
Since 2014, the US has led an international coalition in Iraq to fight the terrorist group.
On Saturday night, ISIS attacked the southern Kurdish city of Sulaymaniyah, killing five Peshmerga fighters and wounding four others.
Two days later, the militants claimed responsibility for Saturday's attack.
ISIS prisoner shot dead during jailbreak attempt in Iraq
Drones used in attack on Iraq PM were locally made, says top security official
ISIS attack kills five Peshmerga soldiers as authorities call for wider co-operation
The move prompted Kurdish officials to talk about the "serious threat" ISIS still poses to the region.
KRG President Nichervan Barzani said, "the expansion and continuation of ISIS attacks sends an alarming message with real threats to the entire region".
Mr Barzani called for "greater co-operation and co-ordination" between the Peshmerga and the Iraqi army. He also sought support "of greatest urgency and highest priority" from the international coalition forces.
The US consulate in Erbil said on Sunday that it strongly condemned the attack and reiterated its support for the Peshmerga and Iraq's security forces in their fight against ISIS.
Updated: November 30th 2021, 10:45 AM
MENAIraq
Energy this Week (Wednesdays)
US to hand over two stolen artefacts to Iraq
How to read Iraq's ancient Mesopotamian languages
Iraqi Assyriologist writes in ancient Mesopotamian script
Heavy snow blankets northern Iraq

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Porto Santo Stefano, Exclusive Villa for sale and available for rent 2019. We offer for sale a unique property; the position is amazing. The villa, on one level, consists of a large living room, a modern super-equipped kitchen, master bedroom with bathroom, guest bathroom, quadruple room with wardrobe and bathroom and a large suite. Adjacent service room with bathroom. The estate overlooks the sea and enjoys a stratospheric sea view on the islands. You can see the blue sea from almost all the rooms of the house. The living area is sorrounded by a large porch totally furnished and suitable for lunch or relaxation for several people. A green area with barbecue and pleasant lawn as well as a large roof terrace with lounge and other dining area complete the outdoors. The main feature is the modern taste and refinement that the architect has used to add value to the property. It is sold complete with furnishings. It is part of the consortium of Cala Piccola, although it remains a bit 'more isolated. Shuttle bus services, beach consortium for four people, watchman. Rare opportunity.


text:
TeamSpeak Client 3.0.16 Free Download
TeamSpeak is a popular voice chat (VoIP) is used primarily to conduct conversations in the LAN and the Internet. Its strength lies in the possibility of interviews they held dormitory in the form of group chat. The program is primarily useful when network games, allowing direct communication between players.
The application TeamSpeak consists of a client and a server. It comes in versions for Windows, Linux and Mac OS. The server can be downloaded from the manufacturer's website.
The TeamSpeak latest release offers a huge number of improvements. Updated CELT codec that improves voice communication in the network. In addition, improved plugin API and improved display of new icons in the preview window. Update lived to fmod sound system and the corresponding option for muting the microphone, which now will always be active. Also added the horizontal scroll bars in the group, and a new shortcut key F1 to open the help screen.
TeamSpeak Client 3.0.16 Free Download for windows
TeamSpeak Client 3.0.16 Free Download for Mac OS X
TeamSpeak Client 3.0.16 Free Download for Linux


IMG is the world's largest independent distributor of sports programming, distributing over 20,000 hours of content to major global broadcasters annually. This content originates from more than 200 clients and events, including Wimbledon, the Australian Open, the ATP Masters Series, the R&A (governing body and organiser of The Open Championship), International Rugby Board (IRB), MotoGP, the National Football League (NFL) and the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB). IMG operates from over 30 offices worldwide and has daily exchanges with over 4,000 key media contacts. IMG distributes across all forms of media, including TV, audio, fixed media, inflight and closed circuit, broadband and mobile. IMG also maintains the world's largest sports archive with more than 250,000 hours of footage.
IMG is partner in three leading joint ventures. Sports News Television (SNTV), a joint venture between IMG and the Associated Press, is the world's largest sports news agency. European Tour Productions, a joint venture between IMG and the European Tour, is the world's most prolific producer and distributor of golf programming with an annual output of over 700 hours. In 2010, Asian Tour and IMG joined forces to create Asian Tour Media, an initial 12-year agreement designed to propel professional golf in Asia to greater heights. It is now delivered to over 130 countries and in excess of 420 million households around the world.


Practical Computer Applications (PCA) has extensive experience designing and developing custom database solutions for clients in the Insurance Industry — financial insurance, health insurance, life insurance and automobile insurance companies. Insurance Industry applications are distinguished by unique and oftentimes complex financial calculations and workflows, where data integrity and flexible reporting are essential ingredients to insurance pricing and quotation process. Insurance solutions frequently require partner- and customer-facing application components to automate and streamline the exchange of data, reporting and compliance functions.
Liberty International Underwriters, a division of Liberty Mutual Insurance Company®, is a global specialty lines company with an emphasis on niche insurance products distributed through an independent broker network.
PCA designed and developed custom Smart Client insurance policy Pricing and Quotation Calculators for LIU's Power Generator and Oil & Gas business units, which were previously managed via distributed Excel spreadsheets. The PCA solution provided a more efficient, repeatable, reliable and timely custom insurance quotation process.
Marsh is the world's leading risk and insurance services firm, with nearly 30,000 employees and annual revenues exceeding $5 billion. Marsh provides global risk management, risk consulting, insurance broking, financial solutions, and insurance program management services for businesses, public entities, associations, professional services organizations, and private clients in over 100 countries.
PCA designed and developed a custom syndicated Insurance Policy Coverage (ICE) and analytics Smart Client application for Marsh's Mass Tort & Complex Liabilities Consulting practice to replace an in-house MS Access system. The PCA solution includes several integrated internal- and external-facing application components that enable Marsh consultants and their clients to identify and analyze gaps, overlaps and special areas of interest within thousands of multi-layered, syndicated insurance policies. Among the many unique capabilities of the Marsh Smart Client solution: full-text insurance policy search (OCR), syndicated policy layer participation management, and a dynamic, interactive policy charting module.
Advest is one of the nation's oldest Brokerage firms with an active investment banking practice. Advest's investment advisory group provides customized balanced, equity and fixed-income portfolio management to high net-worth individuals and institutions.
PCA designed and developed a custom MS Access Database solution to manage M&A and financing lifecycle activities — from initial client prospecting, through the sales process to close and relationship management. Practical worked with Advest's M&A department to design a solution from existing MS Excel spreadsheets.
Royal Administration provides automobile warranty service contract support services to automobile dealerships and other businesses that operate within the automotive industry.
PCA designed and developed a complete pre-owned vehicle Insurance Warrantee Claims Management System. PCA migrated Royal's internal Microsoft Excel spreadsheets to a custom MS Access application with a SQL Server database back-end. The system supports continual use by ~50 users every day. Over the past five years, PCAl has been migrating components of the MS Access front-end application to .NET Smart Client to support more advanced business partner-facing capabilities.
FM Global is one of the world's largest commercial and industrial property insurance and risk management organizations specializing in property protection.
PCA designed and developed a custom Legal Document Tracking and Management System Smart Client solution from scratch, that included full document versioning, attachments and reporting functions.


text:
CS_CONST1 = :const1   # only defined here

module ConstantSpecs

  # Included at toplevel
  module ModuleA
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_1
    CS_CONST12 = :const12_2
    CS_CONST13 = :const13
    CS_CONST21 = :const21_2
  end

  # Included in ParentA
  module ModuleB
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_9
    CS_CONST11 = :const11_2
    CS_CONST12 = :const12_1
  end

  # Included in ChildA
  module ModuleC
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_4
    CS_CONST15 = :const15_1
  end

  # Included in ChildA metaclass
  module ModuleH
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_7
  end

  # Included in ModuleD
  module ModuleM
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_11
    CS_CONST24 = :const24
  end

  # Included in ContainerA
  module ModuleD
    include ModuleM

    CS_CONST10 = :const10_8
  end

  # The following classes/modules have all the constants set "statically".
  # Contrast with the classes below where the constants are set as the specs
  # are run.

  class ClassA
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_10
    CS_CONST16 = :const16
    CS_CONST17 = :const17_2
    CS_CONST22 = :const22_1

    def self.const_missing(const)
      const
    end

    def self.constx;  CS_CONSTX;       end
    def self.const10; CS_CONST10;      end
    def self.const16; ParentA.const16; end
    def self.const22; ParentA.const22 { CS_CONST22 }; end

    def const10; CS_CONST10; end
    def constx;  CS_CONSTX;  end
  end

  class ParentA
    include ModuleB

    CS_CONST4 = :const4
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_5
    CS_CONST11 = :const11_1
    CS_CONST15 = :const15_2
    CS_CONST20 = :const20_2
    CS_CONST21 = :const21_1
    CS_CONST22 = :const22_2

    def self.constx;  CS_CONSTX;  end
    def self.const10; CS_CONST10; end
    def self.const16; CS_CONST16; end
    def self.const22; yield;      end

    def const10; CS_CONST10; end
    def constx;  CS_CONSTX;  end
  end

  class ContainerA
    include ModuleD

    CS_CONST5 = :const5
    CS_CONST10 = :const10_2
    CS_CONST23 = :const23

    class ChildA < ParentA
      include ModuleC

      class << self
        include ModuleH

        CS_CONST10 = :const10_6
        CS_CONST14 = :const14_1
        CS_CONST19 = :const19_1

        def const19; CS_CONST19; end
      end

      CS_CONST6 = :const6
      CS_CONST10 = :const10_3
      CS_CONST19 = :const19_2

      def self.const10; CS_CONST10; end
      def self.const11; CS_CONST11; end
      def self.const12; CS_CONST12; end
      def self.const13; CS_CONST13; end
      def self.const15; CS_CONST15; end
      def self.const21; CS_CONST21; end

      def const10; CS_CONST10; end
      def const11; CS_CONST11; end
      def const12; CS_CONST12; end
      def const13; CS_CONST13; end
      def const15; CS_CONST15; end
    end

    def self.const10; CS_CONST10; end

    def const10; CS_CONST10; end
  end

  class ContainerA::ChildA
    def self.const23; CS_CONST23; end
  end

  class ::Object
    CS_CONST20 = :const20_1

    module ConstantSpecs
      class ContainerA
        class ChildA
          def self.const20; CS_CONST20; end
        end
      end
    end
  end

  # Included in ParentB
  module ModuleE
  end

  # Included in ChildB
  module ModuleF
  end

  # Included in ContainerB
  module ModuleG
  end

  # The following classes/modules have the same structure as the ones above
  # but the constants are set as the specs are run.

  class ClassB
    def self.const201; CS_CONST201; end
    def self.const209; ParentB.const209; end
    def self.const210; ParentB.const210 { CS_CONST210 }; end

    def const201; CS_CONST201; end
  end

  class ParentB
    include ModuleE

    def self.const201; CS_CONST201; end
    def self.const209; CS_CONST209; end
    def self.const210; yield;       end

    def const201; CS_CONST201; end
  end

  class ContainerB
    include ModuleG

    class ChildB < ParentB
      include ModuleF

      class << self
        def const206; CS_CONST206; end
      end

      def self.const201; CS_CONST201; end
      def self.const202; CS_CONST202; end
      def self.const203; CS_CONST203; end
      def self.const204; CS_CONST204; end
      def self.const205; CS_CONST205; end
      def self.const212; CS_CONST212; end
      def self.const213; CS_CONST213; end

      def const201; CS_CONST201; end
      def const202; CS_CONST202; end
      def const203; CS_CONST203; end
      def const204; CS_CONST204; end
      def const205; CS_CONST205; end
      def const213; CS_CONST213; end
    end

    def self.const201; CS_CONST201; end
  end

  class ContainerB::ChildB
    def self.const214; CS_CONST214; end
  end

  class ::Object
    module ConstantSpecs
      class ContainerB
        class ChildB
          def self.const211; CS_CONST211; end
        end
      end
    end
  end

  # Constants
  CS_CONST2 = :const2   # only defined here
  CS_CONST17 = :const17_1

  class << self
    CS_CONST14 = :const14_2
  end

  # Singleton
  a = ClassA.new
  def a.const17; CS_CONST17; end
  CS_CONST18 = a

  b = ClassB.new
  def b.const207; CS_CONST207; end
  CS_CONST208 = b

  # Methods
  def self.get_const; self; end

  def const10; CS_CONST10; end

  class ClassC
    CS_CONST1 = 1

    class ClassE
      CS_CONST2 = 2
    end
  end

  class ClassD < ClassC
  end

  CS_PRIVATE = :cs_private
  private_constant :CS_PRIVATE
end

include ConstantSpecs::ModuleA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


People have experienced Earthquake Today strikes the town of Namche Bazar, near Mount Everest. Details of it can be seen in the picture given above as Earthquake Map. Today Massive Earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter scale hit the Nepal border today. The epicenter of the quake has been pin-pointed to be 22 KM southeast of Zham in China along the Nepal border. The epicenter is reported to be 83 KM away from Kathmandu.
According to US Geological Survey and other Earthquake Information it had a magnitude of 7.4. An earthquake on 25 April, centred in western Nepal, had a magnitude of 7.8. Strong tremors were felt in the capital of Nepal, Kathmandu, which was badly damaged in last month's earthquake.
People rushed out of their homes and offices in cities like Patna in Bihar and Gurgaon near Delhi. Earthquake Today In Delhi was quit significant. Several parts of India also felt the tremors.
Like April's earthquake, today's was shallow – 10 km deep. Shallow quakes are more deadly because the amount of energy released is focused over a smaller area.
Breaking News Earthquake Today is all over internet and social media. Few Earthquake Video are given below for today's incident.
Indian television footage shows lights shaking in Delhi.
A strong aftershock jolted Nepal's capital of Kathmandu on Tuesday, following the powerful 7.9-magnitude earthquake on April 25.
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly; the rocks catch on each other. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground) is called the epicenter of the earthquake.


Work on Off++ has been discontinued. The third version of the system (known as Off++v2) is rather different from the original design and is named Plan B.
We are working on a distributed adaptable microkernel (DAMN) named Off++ which is meant to be a run-time platform for the 2K Operating System. Below you will find some papers related to an old prototype, named Off, as well as information about the current one, named Off++.
The whole network, not a single node is considered to be the hardware to be managed.
The portal server: Portals can be used as ports to deliver messages. They are global and can migrate.
The shuttle server: provides customizable processes termed Shuttles. A shuttle is a processor context which can be extended later on. Shuttles can execute at any available CPU.
The memory manager: provides a distributed address space. Each address space can hold address translations for remote physical memory.
A single abstraction, the Box, is used to export all resources (like Plan 9 does with files).
The first prototype (Off), was implemented for my PhD. A second prototype (Off++) has been implemented applying design patterns to the original design. The source code is actually literate source code. Off++ code is written with noweb using C++ as the programming language and LaTeX as the documentation language.
You should either look in my papers page or go to the source section below. (The first Off++ version had a literate implementation, thus the source is like a big paper).
Every document related to the Off++ implementation, including its design and source code is shown here.
The CVS repository for Off++v2 is on-line. To gain access to it, drop me a line.
A Detailed Description of Off++, a Distributed Adaptable kernel. . (US link) The design document for the microkernel being implemented.
An early draft of the reference manual for kernel version 0.1.0. (gzipped postscript and html). There are many features missing from this manual and will be added as they get tested and wrapped for system users.
An old version of the Reference Manual (gzipped PostScript) (contains additional features hidden in the new reference manual).
The source code for kernel version 0.1.0 (gzipped dvi, and gzipped PostScript).
Beware that the printed version is long. Take into account that it includes the whole source code and verbose descriptions. Besides, the style used tries to make reading more comfortable, it does not think twice when starting a new page would show the code in a better way.
If you have comments about to the current development source code, just drop us a line.
A mailing list is available for Off++ and related work. It is serviced by our majordomo.
The 2K OS is a distributed adaptable OS using Off++ as a nucleus.
The OS toolkit (OSKit) developed at Utah as part of the Flux project has been used to develop the both the old Off and the new Off++ microkernel. The result is that Off++ supports multiboot and other goodies for free. The Flick (Flexible IDL Compiler Kit) also developed at Utah.
a survey of DSM systems .
It could be you also find something in my favorite web stuff.


There are so many things to love about Boston (appropriately named the Hub of the Universe) but one of our greatest moments was when our city came together to support eachother in our darkest hour. To commemorate that bond we have created Boston Strong. A clean, masculine blend of Leather, Cardamom, Black Pepper, Sandalwood and Earl Grey Tea. This will definitely become a classic!


text:
Return to Advisory Board
Artistic Director, Jazz at Lincoln Center
Wynton Marsalis, a New Orleans native, is an internationally acclaimed musician and composer who founded and currently serves as Artistic Director of Jazz at Lincoln Center in New York. He has recorded more than 70 jazz and classical recordings, which have won him nine Grammy Awards and sold over 7 million copies worldwide. Mr. Marsalis made history in 1997, when he became the first jazz musician ever to win the Pulitzer Prize for his oratorio Blood on the Fields. His accomplishments have earned him numerous national and international awards, including the National Medal of Arts. His lifetime commitment to inspiring and uplifting people though artistic excellence in jazz has had an unparalleled impact both in the United States and around the world.


text:
1985–86 was the 11th season that Division 1 operated as the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden, below the top-flight Elitserien (now the Swedish Hockey League).

Format
Division 1 was divided into four starting groups of 10 teams each. The top two teams in each group qualified for the Allsvenskan, while the remaining eight teams had to compete in a qualifying round in which the results carried over from the first round. The top two teams from each qualifying round qualified for the playoffs. The last team in each of the qualifying groups was relegated directly to Division 2, while the second-to-last-place team had to play in a relegation series.

Of the eight teams in the Allsvenskan, the top two team qualified directly for promotion to the Elitserien (now the SHL), while the second place team qualified for the Kvalserien, which offered another opportunity to be promoted. The third to sixth ranked teams in the Allsvenskan qualified for the second round of the playoffs. The two playoff winners qualified for the Kvalserien, in which the first-place team qualified for the following Elitserien season.

Regular season

Northern Group

First round

Qualification round

Western Group

First round

Qualification round

Eastern Group

First round

Qualification round

Southern Group

First round

Qualification round

Allsvenskan

Playoffs

First round
 Piteå HC - IK Vita Hästen 0:2 (1:8, 3:10)
 Västerås IK - CRIF 2:0 (6:1, 14:3)
 Mora IK - Malmö IF 0:2 (5:6, 5:10)
 Rögle BK - Sundsvall IF 2:0 (4:3, 5:4)

Second round
 Strömsbro/Gävle - IK Vita Hästen 2:1 (5:8, 5:4, 4:3)
 Västra Frölunda HC - Västerås IK 1:2 (5:4, 5:8, 7:8)
 Örebro IK - Malmö IF 2:0 (8:0, 4:3)
 Hammarby IF - Rögle BK 2:1 (1:2, 2:1, 9:2)

Third round
 Örebro IK - Västerås IK 0:2 (3:4, 4:9)
 Hammarby IF - Strömsbro/Gävle 2:0 (9:4, 4:2)

Elitserien promotion

External links
Season on hockeyarchives.info

Swedish Division I seasons
2
Swe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Everyone knows about Orion girls.
It's the stuff of legend. Boys too young to shave across the length and breadth of the Galaxy have awakened from dreams of expanses of green skin beneath their hands to find themselves alone, with laundry to do, since the first deep-space explorers came back with tales of lithe, passionate alien slave-girls.
Jim Kirk couldn't quite believe it when the new cadet class arrived from Orientation, and beneath a mop of fire-red curls an Orion girl smiled at him, batting her eyes from across the canteen. He'd choked on his lunch, and Leonard had thumped him hard on the back three times, asking if he needed the Heimlich or just a cold shower.
It didn't take much to find a place at her table, sliding his moulded plastic tray across the tan Formica as suavely as he could—until the momentum sent his apple rolling across the table onto the floor.
As she'd bent down to retrieve it, he'd got a glimpse of how flexible she was—how all those curves were put together to make up a whole that was more than the sum of their parts and he'd damn near forgot his own name.
Everyone knows, but Jim gains first-hand knowledge. And it's more than carnal, and a lifetime of experience packed into twenty minutes in a supply closet and he'll have bruises on the small of his back from where a metal shelf proved just sturdy enough. And he tells her that if he's not careful he could really fall for her.
"Really?" she says right before he cracks his head hard enough to see stars as she does this thing that he's pretty sure isn't even legal on at least 16 Federation member worlds with the tip of her tongue. "That is so weird."
"You mean you don't love me too?" he asks, crushed, and she rolls her eyes.
And Orion girls all know about Jim Kirk.


text:
This Fake Log Jams Your Phone So You'll Shut Up and Enjoy Nature
The Log Jammer blends into a natural setting to cut off that constant remote communication---to force people to experience the place they're in.
Allison Burtch
It's hard out there for a Luddite. Even in the most serene natural settings, today's cell-signal-bathed landscapes often include some scumbag bloviating into an iPhone earbud mic about the price of bitcoin. OK, yes, that was me.
Artist and coder Allison Burtch has created a new device to save us from our cellphones and ourselves. It comes in the form of a 10-inch birch log that jams cellular radio signals, and it's called the Log Jammer. Packed with about $200 of hardware including a power source, a circuit board of her own design, voltage control components, an amplifier, and an antenna, it can produce radio noise at the 1950 megahertz frequency commonly used by cellphones. It's powerful enough to block all cellphone voice communications in a 20-foot bubble, and its log-like exterior is designed to unobtrusively create that radio-jamming zone in the great outdoors.
"If completely opting out of society isn't a viable option to give people, then I want to create technology that protects people from exploitative technology," says Burtch, who presented her work at the Open Source Hardware conference late last month. "There's this aspect of us needing a safe space from that constant need to express, to share, to tweet."
The Log Jammer is more of an artistic statement than a true shelter from the tweetstorm. Because of its limited frequency range, it doesn't block cellular data---only voice. It's also illegal in the United States, because the Federal Communications Commission prohibits any sort of cell phone jamming. To avoid criminal penalties, Burtch says she only tested her log's jamming within tiny ranges in a lab, not the full 20 feet theoretically enabled by its antenna.
>"I want to create technology that protects people from exploitative technology."
But Burtch has nonetheless published the schematics for her jammer on Github so that others can recreate it. And she says it would be possible to adapt it to block other sorts of communications, too. She points to an older project by Adafruit Industries creator Limor Fried to build a jammer that could be tuned to block GPS, Bluetooth, or Wifi.
Burtch sees her creation as the inverse of the increasingly common sight of cellular towers disguised as trees. Instead of hiding technology in nature to let people remain connected everywhere, the Log Jammer blends into a natural setting to cut off that constant remote communication---to force people to experience the place they're in. Burtch paraphrases French philosopher Gilles Deleuz: "The problem is no longer getting people to express themselves," she says. "It's creating a needed gap of solitude in which they might find something to say."
Andy Greenberg is a senior writer for WIRED, covering hacking, cybersecurity and surveillance. He's the author of the new book Tracers in the Dark: The Global Hunt for the Crime Lords of Cryptocurrency. His last book was *[Sandworm: A New Era of Cyberwar and the Hunt for the Kremlin's Most... Read more
TopicsprivacyThreat Level
A Widespread Logic Controller Flaw Raises the Specter of Stuxnet
More than 120 models of Siemens' S7-1500 PLCs contain a serious vulnerability—and no fix is on the way.
The Small but Mighty Danger of Echo Chamber Extremism
Research shows that relatively few people exist in perfectly sealed-off media bubbles—but they're still having an outsize impact on US politics.
Spy Cams Reveal the Grim Reality of Slaughterhouse Gas Chambers
Animal rights activists have captured the first hidden-camera video from inside a carbon dioxide "stunning chamber" in a US meatpacking plant.
The Best Personal Safety Devices, Apps, and Alarms
Your smartphone or wearable could help you out in a truly dangerous situation. Here are some options to consider.
Medea Giordano
Russia's Cyberwar Foreshadowed Deadly Attacks on Civilians
The Kremlin's aggression in Ukraine is following a dangerous playbook that began to unfold years ago.
Russian Spies Piggybacked on Other Hackers' USB Infections
The infamous, FSB-connected Turla group took over other hackers' servers, exploiting their USB drive malware for targeted espionage.
The Password Isn't Dead Yet. You Need a Hardware Key
Any multifactor authentication adds protection, but a physical token is the best bet when it really counts.
Yes, It's Time to Ditch LastPass
The password manager's most recent data breach is so concerning, users need to take immediate steps to protect themselves.


text:
A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes
Daniela Arenas-Viveros, Pamela Sánchez-Vendizú, Alan Giraldo, Jorge Salazar-Bravo
The systematics and taxonomy of the broadly distributed bats of the genus Cynomops has changed considerably in the last few years.Among the major changes, Cynomops abrasus was split into two species of large-bodied forms (Cynomops mastivus and C. abrasus) distributed east of the Andes. However, large Colombian specimens identified as C. abrasus fromthewestern side of theAndes had yet to be included in any revisionary work. Phylogenetic analysis performed in this study, using mtDNA sequences (Cytochrome-b), revealed that these Colombian individuals are more closely related to Cynomops greenhalli. Morphological and molecular data allowed us to recognize populations from western Colombia, western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, as members of a new species of Cynomops. Characters that allow for its differentiation from C. greenhalli include a larger forearm, paler but more uniform ventral pelage, more globular braincase, andwell-developed zygomatic processes of the maxilla (almost reaching the postorbital constriction). This study serves as another example of the importance of including multiple lines of evidence in the recognition of a new species. Given its rarity and the advanced transformation of its habitat, this new species is particularly important from a conservation perspective.
https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068
Published - May 1 2021
Dog-faced bat
Integrative taxonomy
Western andes
10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068
Dive into the research topics of 'A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Molossidae Agriculture & Biology 100%
new species Earth & Environmental Sciences 57%
pelage Earth & Environmental Sciences 36%
taxonomy Agriculture & Biology 31%
rarity Earth & Environmental Sciences 26%
bat Earth & Environmental Sciences 25%
cytochrome Earth & Environmental Sciences 23%
Arenas-Viveros, D., Sánchez-Vendizú, P., Giraldo, A., & Salazar-Bravo, J. (2021). A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes. Mammalia, 85(3), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068
Arenas-Viveros, Daniela ; Sánchez-Vendizú, Pamela ; Giraldo, Alan ; Salazar-Bravo, Jorge. / A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera : Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes. In: Mammalia. 2021 ; Vol. 85, No. 3. pp. 273-286.
@article{0b98b72cffc34d088a1085ddb1dd0b70,
title = "A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes",
abstract = "The systematics and taxonomy of the broadly distributed bats of the genus Cynomops has changed considerably in the last few years.Among the major changes, Cynomops abrasus was split into two species of large-bodied forms (Cynomops mastivus and C. abrasus) distributed east of the Andes. However, large Colombian specimens identified as C. abrasus fromthewestern side of theAndes had yet to be included in any revisionary work. Phylogenetic analysis performed in this study, using mtDNA sequences (Cytochrome-b), revealed that these Colombian individuals are more closely related to Cynomops greenhalli. Morphological and molecular data allowed us to recognize populations from western Colombia, western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, as members of a new species of Cynomops. Characters that allow for its differentiation from C. greenhalli include a larger forearm, paler but more uniform ventral pelage, more globular braincase, andwell-developed zygomatic processes of the maxilla (almost reaching the postorbital constriction). This study serves as another example of the importance of including multiple lines of evidence in the recognition of a new species. Given its rarity and the advanced transformation of its habitat, this new species is particularly important from a conservation perspective.",
keywords = "Dog-faced bat, Integrative taxonomy, South America, Western andes",
author = "Daniela Arenas-Viveros and Pamela S{\'a}nchez-Vendiz{\'u} and Alan Giraldo and Jorge Salazar-Bravo",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 De Gruyter. All rights reserved.",
doi = "10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068",
journal = "Mammalia",
Arenas-Viveros, D, Sánchez-Vendizú, P, Giraldo, A & Salazar-Bravo, J 2021, 'A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes', Mammalia, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068
A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera : Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes. / Arenas-Viveros, Daniela; Sánchez-Vendizú, Pamela; Giraldo, Alan; Salazar-Bravo, Jorge.
In: Mammalia, Vol. 85, No. 3, 01.05.2021, p. 273-286.
T1 - A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera
T2 - Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes
AU - Arenas-Viveros, Daniela
AU - Sánchez-Vendizú, Pamela
AU - Giraldo, Alan
AU - Salazar-Bravo, Jorge
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 De Gruyter. All rights reserved.
N2 - The systematics and taxonomy of the broadly distributed bats of the genus Cynomops has changed considerably in the last few years.Among the major changes, Cynomops abrasus was split into two species of large-bodied forms (Cynomops mastivus and C. abrasus) distributed east of the Andes. However, large Colombian specimens identified as C. abrasus fromthewestern side of theAndes had yet to be included in any revisionary work. Phylogenetic analysis performed in this study, using mtDNA sequences (Cytochrome-b), revealed that these Colombian individuals are more closely related to Cynomops greenhalli. Morphological and molecular data allowed us to recognize populations from western Colombia, western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, as members of a new species of Cynomops. Characters that allow for its differentiation from C. greenhalli include a larger forearm, paler but more uniform ventral pelage, more globular braincase, andwell-developed zygomatic processes of the maxilla (almost reaching the postorbital constriction). This study serves as another example of the importance of including multiple lines of evidence in the recognition of a new species. Given its rarity and the advanced transformation of its habitat, this new species is particularly important from a conservation perspective.
AB - The systematics and taxonomy of the broadly distributed bats of the genus Cynomops has changed considerably in the last few years.Among the major changes, Cynomops abrasus was split into two species of large-bodied forms (Cynomops mastivus and C. abrasus) distributed east of the Andes. However, large Colombian specimens identified as C. abrasus fromthewestern side of theAndes had yet to be included in any revisionary work. Phylogenetic analysis performed in this study, using mtDNA sequences (Cytochrome-b), revealed that these Colombian individuals are more closely related to Cynomops greenhalli. Morphological and molecular data allowed us to recognize populations from western Colombia, western Ecuador and northwestern Peru, as members of a new species of Cynomops. Characters that allow for its differentiation from C. greenhalli include a larger forearm, paler but more uniform ventral pelage, more globular braincase, andwell-developed zygomatic processes of the maxilla (almost reaching the postorbital constriction). This study serves as another example of the importance of including multiple lines of evidence in the recognition of a new species. Given its rarity and the advanced transformation of its habitat, this new species is particularly important from a conservation perspective.
KW - Dog-faced bat
KW - Integrative taxonomy
KW - South America
KW - Western andes
U2 - 10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068
DO - 10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068
JO - Mammalia
JF - Mammalia
Arenas-Viveros D, Sánchez-Vendizú P, Giraldo A, Salazar-Bravo J. A new species of Cynomops (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from the northwestern slope of the Andes. Mammalia. 2021 May 1;85(3):273-286. https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2020-0068


Prepping quick and easy to-go meals and snacks have kind of been our thing lately. It does take a bit of organization ahead of time, but its easier to stay on track when you have healthy whole foods at the ready.
These baked salmon patties are perfect for lunch with a side salad or a quick midday snack. They are packed with calcium, protein, and omegas.
When consuming fish it is important to know the mercury levels of the fish. You can do your research to investigate what types of fish are safe to consume. We found this article on The Spruce that lists fish with high mercury levels and those that safe to eat.
Check out our OATMAZING CARROT MUFFINS for a quick whole food snack idea. For a whole collection of delicious smoothie recipes, check out our SMOOTHIE CHALLENGE.


text:
Haec sancta (z latinského Haec sancta synodus Constantiensis - tento svatý synod kostnický) je historicky používaný název dekretu, který vydal Kostnický koncil 6. dubna 1415. Obsahuje postulát, který deklaruje nadřazenost autority koncilu nad mocí papeže.

Text dekretu
Text dekretu je v podstatě součástí akt 5. zasedání Kostnického rady, které se konalo dne 6. dubna 1415. "Ve jménu svaté a nerozdílné Trojice – Otec, Syn a Duch Svatý. Amen.Tato svatá Kostnická konference (Haec sancta synodus Constantiensis) , který představuje obecný ekumenický koncil, který se sešel v Duchu Svatém k slávě Boha všemohoucího, k dokončení jeho aktuální schizmu, sjednotit Boží církev a zreformoval její hlava a končetiny – v dobré víře, nestranně a rozhodně, dosáhnout jednoty a obnovy církve Boží, objednávky, poskytuje, řeší a prohlašuje následující:Po prvé, že to v Ducha Svatého zákonně shromážděny konference, což je obecné rady a zastupuje bojující katolickou církev, má svou plnou moc (potestas) bezprostředně od Krista. Proto je každý, jakéhokoliv stavu a hodnosti, i kdyby to byl papež, je povinen uposlechnout: ve věcech víry, překonání rozkolu a reforma hlavu a končetiny z této Boží církev.Dále prohlašuje, že nikomu, každého povolání, stavu a hodnosti, i kdyby to byl papež, který v těchto věcech tvrdohlavě odmítá podstoupit předpisy, ustanovení a nařízení, této svaté synody nebo jiné legitimní souhrnné rady, s výhradou příslušných trest a musí být potrestán, kromě případu, kdy bylo nutné použít jiné vhodné opatření."Znění aktů 5. zasedání Kostnické rady dále plynule pokračuje reštrikčnými opatření proti proti papežovi Jan XXIII.

Výklad
 Koncil je nadřazen papeži. Pro zastánce tohoto názoru představují příslušné části dekretu Haec sancta všeobecně platné dogma. Na tomto tvrzení stojí nápady konciliarizmu.
 Kostnický ekumenické rady byl lepší než papež. Zastánci tohoto názoru uznat, že v situaci, kdy byli v katolické církvi současně tři papežové (Řehoř XII., Jan XXIII. a Benedikt XIII.), zatímco to není jasné, kdo z nich je legitimní, a stala se tak-zvané západní v moci, je (zpětně) být přijat, že ekumenický koncil Kostnický, který byl speciálně svolané proto, že tato situace je vyřešena, byla lepší než papežským kanceláře jako takové. Faktem zůstává, že za jediný legitimní papež v období západní schizma katolické církve uznala, Řehoř XII., ale pak se dobrovolně vzdal svého úřadu. Zbývající dva "papežů" vatican council ii byl nucený režim od moci, a Jan XXIII. později jejich zosadenie uznal.
 Dekret Haec sancta není dogmou. Zastánci tohoto názoru poukazují na skutečnost, že formulace vyhlášky nemá tradiční znaky nezpochybnitelného, věčně a univerzálně platné dogmatického prohlášení. Prohlášení rady není dostatečně jasné, že by mohl být považován za dogma. Proto je poslušnost pouze na rozhodnutí této konkrétní rady, které se konalo v městě z kostí dům (kostnica). Základní funkce dogma patří k jasné formulaci, která zabraňuje tvorbě jakékoli další pochybnosti. Diskuse, která rozprúdil této vyhlášky, nicméně, byl naplněn řadou nějaký spor, a proto zde nejde o dogma. A nakonec Kostnický rady ještě zvolen nový papež Martin V., který by toto kontroverzní prohlášení později potvrdit nebo jinak objasnit. Ale neudělal to.
 Papež je nadřazený rady. Zastánci tohoto názoru tvrdí, že ipso facto žádné ekumenické rady nikdy nebyla a ani nemůže být lepší než papež. Kromě toho zdůrazňují, že dekret Haec sancta schválila rada svolána i papež Jan XXIII., a tedy de iure nelegitimní rady. Dokumenty rady tedy také neplatí. Součástí této argumentace je také poukazem na skutečnost, že církev konečně uznal, že jediný legitimní papež byl celou dobu Řehoře XII. Řehoř XII. nicméně, dobrovolně se vzdal papežského úřadu, a tak dekret Haec sancta , v jeho případě bych ani by měla být použita. Dokumenty Kostnického rady byly legitimní pápežmi zlegalizované až následně.

Reference

Literatura
 Die Päpste – Herrscher über Himmel und Erde, Hans-Christian Huf (Hrsg.), Ullstein Buchverlage, Berlín, 2008,

Externí odkazy
 Kompletní aktech Kostnického rady (latinsky, italsky, anglicky)
 Karl-Heinz Braun: Die Konstanzer Dekrete Haec sancta a Frequens (německy)
 Dekret Haec sancta (anglicky)
 Dekret Haec sancta (německy)
 Kostnický rady (anglicky)
 Der Konziliarismus als Problem der neueren katholischen Theologie (německy)

Křesťanské spisy
Latinská slova a fráze
Vzniklo 1415


text:
Q: Why is heap well suited for merging sorted streams? I was reading some algorithms book and came across this line,
Heaps are well suited for algorithms that merge sorted data streams.

There wasn't any explanation given about why is that the case. Could someone please help me explain why is that?

A: If you only have two data streams then you really don't need a heap as the following algorithm will do:
Let s1 ans s2 be the two streams

while s1.hasData() and s2.hasData()
    if s1.peek() < s2.peek(): datum = s1.pop()
    else: datum = s2.pop()
    s.push(datum)
if either is non-empty (only one is), add the rest of its content to s

As pointed out by Henk Holterman, if you have k>2 streams, then you achieve the merging via heap (essentially the heap does the now-complicated decision of which stream to use in the current step):
let H be a (min  or max, depending on your needs) heap
let s1, s2, ..., sk be sorted streams

// fill the heap with the first elements from the streams (e.g. min/max elements from each stream, depending on how they're sorted)
for i=1 to k:
    H.add((i, si.pop())) // we need to know which stream the element came from

let s be the initially-empty data stream which will contain the merged content in sorted order
// H.empty() will indicate that all streams are empty
while not H.empty():
    // take the min/max element of the min/max elements of each stream (*the* min/max element)
    (i, datum) = H.extract()
    // add it to s
    s.push(datum)
    // we know the datum came from s[i]; thus we need to push the next element from the i-th stream into heap as it may contain the next min/max element (that is, if s[i] isn't empty)
    if not s[i].empty():
        // we'll assume the heap sorts based on the second component of the pair
        H.add((i, s[i].pop())
// s is the sorted stream containing elements from s1,s2,...,sk

This running time of this is O((|s1|+...+|sk|) * log k), where |si| denotes the number of elements in the stream si.
The key idea is that in each iteration of the while-loop you add the smallest/largest of s[1].peek(), s[2].peek(), ..., s[k].peek() to s. You achieve this using heap which tells you which stream currently contains the smallest/largest element. And notice how the edge case of a stream being empty is handled elegantly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Apple M1 and T2 Macs Requiring Internet to Activate is a Flaw: Researcher
In a recently published blog post, hacker and security researcher Jeffrey Paul casts doubt over the sanctity and security of Apple's Macs, stating that they can no longer be used safely and with confidence in completely offline environments.
Paul takes particular issue with Apple's T2 chip — a security chip made by TSMC for Apple that comes pre-installed on all Intel-based Macs, and is part of the CPU on the latest generation of MacBooks powered by the Apple M1.
The T2 chip is primarily designed to enhance security on Macs, cross-checking a Mac's signature with encrypted signatures for its hardware stored on Apple's servers upon initial setup and disabling a MacBook's mic when its lid is closed to prevent exploitation.
However, it is exactly the fact that basically every MacBook, be it Intel-powered or run on Apple's own Silicon, needs to connect to the internet for setup following a complete wipe and OS restore that has the security researcher worried.
These practices endanger the privacy and personal freedoms of the private citizen — if you cannot even set your Mac up without letting it talk to Apple's servers, is the Mac really yours? It's not like infiltration or server outages are unheard of, and privacy concerns against Apple are certainly mounting.
Furthermore, this all but disqualifies Apple's Macs, including the M1 models, from having any practical applications in systems that need to be air-gapped (such as those that handle cryptocurrencies or are involved in sensitive data processing) or networks that cannot rely on an internet connection and need to be made up of computers that can be repaired, wiped, and restored offline (such as those aboard ships, submarines, or spacecraft, or in remote locations).
So remember, if and when you decide to reinstall macOS on a newer M1 or Mac with T2, make sure you have internet connectivity nearby or your computer won't activate.
Other articles in the category: Mac
Download WhatsApp for macOS Beta and Chat with iPhone Offline
If you want a native macOS version of WhatsApp, an open beta version is now widely available for download on the messaging app's website for all, instead of being just available for limited TestFlight testers before. According to WABetaInfo, the macOS Catalyst app is now available to download and test. Mac Catalyst allows developers to […]
You Can Now Buy Apple's M2 MacBook Pro and M2 Mac mini in Canada
Apple has launched sales of its new 14 and 16-inch MacBook Pro with M2 Pro and M2 Max, its most powerful Apple Silicon to date, along with the refreshed Mac mini with M2, plus M2 Pro for the first time. These new Macs were announced last week. "The new MacBook Pro and Mac mini are […]
2023 M2 Mac mini Reviews Roundup [VIDEOS]
Image via @JustinTse Apple last week refreshed its 14 and 16-inch MacBook Pro laptops with M2 Max and M2 Pro chips, while also updating the Mac mini as well with M2. The Mac mini gains M2 plus the M2 Pro for the first time. On Monday morning, the first M2 Mac mini "reviews" hit the […]


asianmaiti . Natrina. Hesperus. LindaNash.
LithuanianGirlcock30cmblackAngelinaBenetSophieHotLips .LoraDesirenerdyflirtTomasBrandLindaNash .killyouheartTommieDavis1AriCuddlyCuteMyPerl .MikeBigDickpregnantGIRL4U11MagiraIvannaloft .youngmuscles10MikeBigDickSexyJOY18Nimfadora .mistressmarisaBrendaCastleyasmiinnenerdyflirt .AntonyCockKingXCumslsm02242Ethiz2 .Ethiz2B0YNextDoorXMagirasandralinda .NatrinaJosephHugeCockAriCuddlyCuteALHAN9 .FunnyGirl77EmmaNightXSashaDelightNicoletteU .slsm02242cock30cmblackEmiliaEvelinaSoBeautyHelga .
gaticabeautifulFunnyGirl77SophieHotLipsDaisyDevils .PersianKittyPlaySexyJOY18HesperusEbonyxBoy .ClaraKissAntonyCockTommieDavis1BrendaCastle .LoveRataNikolaATMB0YNextDoorXEternityBlis .IvyWondersahara10inchesTSSSexyJaklinAriellaMurr .B0YNextDoorXdannyxxxx888SoultalkMaraPassionAlessa .MaiyaFunLindaNashLuiggyzCandyElle .NicoletteUALHAN9AriCuddlyCuteNoraRaider .SophieHotLipsLoraDesireFunnyGirl77StellaS .KingXCumOmar123PassionAlessaNimfadora .KnockoutHotnessLilyMarinoStellaSswedeoutoftown .


There's still time to get your tickets for New Orleans' most anticipated, fun-filled philanthropic events: Whitney Zoo-To-Do and Zoo-To-Do for Kids Presented by Tulane Pediatrics.
Tickets to both events - which are celebrating the return of lions to Audubon Zoo - are available for purchase by clicking here or by calling the ticket hotline at (504) 861-5107.
The new lion exhibit, made possible through a generous donation from Joy and Boysie Bollinger, will be the focus of the two Zoo-To-Do events, which generate more than $1 million annually for world-class Audubon Zoo projects.
The 30th annual Zoo-To-Do for Kids presented by Tulane Pediatrics will take place on Friday, April 27, with general admission starting at 6 p.m. until 9 p.m. Live entertainment will be provided by the Super Stars and guests will enjoy tasty sips and snacks, arcade games, giant inflatables and arts and crafts.
Click here to plan your food adventure!
New this year, Audubon has teamed up with the New Orleans Pelicans for the Whitney Zoo-To-Do silent auction. Exclusive packages include a two-game road trip with the New Orleans Pelicans during the 2018-2019 season, a training session with Jrue Holiday, a behind-the-scenes Zoo tour with Anthony Davis and a road trip next season with the New Orleans Saints. The online auction is open to the public and closes Monday, May 7.
In addition to sports experiences and memorabilia, guests can bid on more than 100 packages, including jewelry, vacations and a commissioned piece by 2018 Whitney Zoo-To-Do Featured Artist Alex Beard.
Zoo-To-Do guests can take a chance on the 2018 Zoo-To-Do Luxury Vehicle Raffle that features a 2018 Lexus NX300 worth $37,913 generously donated by LEXUS of New Orleans. Tickets are $100 each, and a limit of 1,000 will be sold. One lucky winner - who will be announced from the stage at the event - is guaranteed and the ticket-holder need not be present to win.
Courtesy of Lee Michaels Fine jewelry, guests also can take a chance on the 2018 Jewelry Raffle, to win two Roberto Coin handwoven 18k yellow and rose gold primavera bracelets featuring a pavé diamond station. Chances are $50 each and only 500 chances will be sold.


text:
Practical Technology Series E-BOOKS/PRINT TITLES SPECIAL COLLECTIONS ONLINE RESOURCES - Online Resources Your cart (0)
Practical Technology Series
As technology becomes integral to everyday life, digital and information literacy become increasingly invaluable. Students must be able to navigate the wealth of information and resources in the virtual world and that ability starts with understanding the basic definition and structure of some of the most commonly used digital tools—Web pages, search engines, databases, blogs, wikis and social networks. These engaging volumes cover each of these in depth, using real-world examples familiar to most readers and pro filing some of the notable individuals who pioneered these technologies.
Guided Reading Level: V
What Is a Blog and How Do I Use It?
What Is a Database and How Do I Use It?
What Is a Search Engine and How Do I Use It?
What Is a Social Network and How Do I Use It?
What Is a Website and How Do I Use It?
What Is a Wiki and How Do I Use It?
E-book (single use*) - $167.10 E-book (unlimited use**) - $334.20
Practical Technology Series Terms of Use Contact Us Privacy Policy your cart (0)


text:
[ Back to the Articles of the Month Index Page ]
October 2011 Article of the Month
This month's article selection is by Chaplain John Ehman,
University of Pennsylvania Medical Center-Penn Presbyterian, Philadelphia PA.
Galek, K., Flannelly, K. J., Greene, P. B. and Kudler, T. "Burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and social support." Pastoral Psychology (2011): 60, no. 5 (October 2011): 633-649.
SUMMARY and COMMENT: Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) are certainly concerns among chaplains, and this study out of Healthcare Chaplaincy (New York, NY) explores how these professional issues may be related to social support and various work-related variables, via a survey of chaplains attending a joint conference of the Association of Professional Chaplains, the National Association of Catholic Chaplains, the National Association of Jewish Chaplains, and the Canadian Association for Pastoral Practice and Education.
Data were analyzed from 331 chaplains (of a convenience sample of 389 conference attendees). Measures included 40 items from the burnout and compassion fatigue subscales of the Compassion Fatigue Test [--see p. 640, and Related Items of Interest §1, below]; questions about work-related variables: the number of years of work in current position, the number of hours per week spent counseling trauma victims, and the number of hours per week spent counseling patients who were not trauma victims [--see p. 641]; four questions about social support: "How willing are the following people to listen to your work-related problems?" "How willing are the following people to listen to your personal problems?" "How easy are the following people to talk to?" and "To what degree can the following people be relied upon when things get tough at work?" [p. 641]; and questions regarding control variables for age, gender, education, and years of professional experience and work.
Results are organized clearly around four hypotheses.
Hypothesis #1: "...[B]urnout would be positively associated with the number of years chaplains worked in the same position, whereas STS would not be related to years worked in the same position...." [p. 639]
SUPPORTED -- "This hypothesis was based on the notion that institutional policies and practices can strain personal resources, such as self- esteem, over time, because they impinge on personal autonomy. Since STS appears to develop rather rapidly, Hypothesis 1 further predicted that STS would not be related to years in current position nor to the institutional factors that are presumably captured by this measure. While no significant association between STS and years in current position was found, there was a non-significant association between the two variables, leaving open the question of whether the institutional variables that contribute to burnout might also contribute to STS to some extent." [p. 644]
Hypothesis #2: "...[B]urnout, but not STS, will be positively associated with the number of hours per week working with non-traumatized clients...." [p. 639]
WEAKLY SUPPORTED -- "[T]he association between the number of hours of non-trauma counseling and burnout is weak, at best." [p. 643] "However, about half of the chaplains in our sample reported a total of 20 counseling hours or fewer each week, which suggests that hours of counseling may not be an adequate measure of the amount of time they spend in direct care with patients." [p. 644]
Hypothesis #3: "...STS, but not burnout, will be positively associated with the number of hours per week working with traumatized clients...." [p. 639]
STRONGLY SUPPORTED -- "The findings provide convincing support for Hypothesis 3. ...These findings support the contention of other researchers and clinicians that working with traumatized clients can have unique negative consequences on psychological well-being.... Interestingly, although chaplains working in hospitals were not more prone to STS, they were more likely to spend more time per week working with traumatized clients." [p. 644]
Hypothesis #4: "...[S]ocial support from institutional sources (supervisors and co-workers) and personal sources (family and friends) would be inversely related to both burnout and STS...." [p. 639]
PARTIALLY SUPPORTED -- "Social support from family and friends was inversely related to burnout and STS, but support from co-workers was found to be only weakly related to burnout and unrelated to STS. " [p. 643] "Part of the reason that social support from supervisors/co-workers was only weakly related to burnout may be that chaplains have very few colleagues from their own profession at their work-sites, and their supervisors are often in other disciplines." [pp. 644-645]
In addition, data showed "that women and older people in our sample are less likely to exhibit burnout," and "[a]lthough education had no significant effect on symptoms of burnout, it was negatively associated with traumatic symptomology" [p. 645]. Among the limits of the study: while the findings suggest a general association between burnout and STS, "it remains impossible to ascertain whether burnout and vicarious trauma have a directional influence on each other" [p. 645]; though the authors believe that further longitudinal study could reveal, for instance, whether "STS may set the stage for burnout, or the two syndromes may have an additive effect on each other" [p. 645].
Atop the value of the particular findings here, the article offers a very nice overview of pertinent research and an introduction to the concepts and dynamics of burnout, STS, and the effects of social support [pp. 633-639]. Chaplain readers should be challenged to think about interpersonal and institutional sources of stress, the role of one's need to feel accomplishment as part of self-esteem, the tendency toward over-functioning in the helping professions and the difficulty of finding affirmation in bureaucratic and hierarchical systems like hospitals, and differences between working with trauma and non-trauma patients. The bibliography is an extensive resource for follow-up reading in many areas, with 72 references, though these cover only up to 2005. [For a few post-2005 articles, see Related Items of Interest §2, below.] This study draws quite reasonably and insightfully upon much research that focuses on psychotherapists, trauma therapists and other counselors, as it paints a picture of forces that may affect chaplains. However, in doing so, it may apply to a greater extent to chaplains who function more as counselors than pastoral caregivers. It occurs to this reader that the place of compassion and empathy in the pastoral caregiving role may tend to be a larger factor than in a counseling role.
The authors conclude that "[t]he current pattern of results suggests an overall beneficial impact of being able to rely on friends and family during difficult times" and "[m]ore broadly, our results highlight the need for therapists and counselors to be attuned to not only their clients but also to their own inner dynamics" [p. 646], for the sake of both the professional and the client.
Suggestions for the Use of the Article for Discussion in CPE:
The extended introductory section [pp. 633-639] should be of general interest to students and generate good discussion simply around the basic concepts and the cited findings of other studies. One cited work, an article by Grosch & Olsen [--see Related Items of Interest §3, below], that makes possible connections to childhood development [p. 635], may fit well with other CPE activities that call for introspective analysis of personal history. Students at trauma centers might be able to relate especially to the dynamics of Secondary Traumatic Stress after even a short time in their program, and CPE Residents might relate to the dynamics of burnout after just their first unit. The sections on methodology and results might be a little daunting when it comes to the statistics involved, but the article is written straightforwardly enough so that it should be easy to follow the narrative of the findings and their significance. Regarding the major conclusion about the importance of social support, discussion could focus on what sources of support students are actually using to cope with stress, including the potentially crucial resource of their peer group. Though not addressed in the article, discussion might also consider how confidentiality restrictions may hinder the ways that chaplains seek social support. Ultimately, can students begin to identify and analyze factors at play when they feel symptoms associated with burnout or STS, and can they imagine how to formulate a corrective plan?
Related Items of Interest:
I. Our featured study used the burnout and compassion fatigue subscales (17 and 23 items each, respectively) of the Compassion Fatigue Test (which also contains a 26-item subscale for compassion satisfaction). The measure was first published in 1995 by Charles R. Figley, who is now a professor of Social Work at Tulane University and director of the Tulane University Traumatology Institute and Psychological Stress Research Program. Information about his work, including a list of articles and books, can be found via www.charlesfigley.com at sites.google.com/site/charlesfigley. [Note: not all links are maintained on the site.]
II. The bibliography of our featured article is a good source for further reading, but it does not extend beyond articles published in 2005. A few studies published since then which may be of interest are:
Levy, H. C., Conoscenti, L. M., Tillery, J,F., Dickstein, B. D. and Litz, B. T. "Deployment stressors and outcomes among Air Force chaplains." Journal of Traumatic Stress 24, no. 3 (June 2011): 342-346. [This study is out of the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System. (Abstract:) Military chaplains are invaluable caregiver resources for service members. Little is known about how chaplains respond to the challenge of providing spiritual counsel in a warzone. In this exploratory study, 183 previously deployed Air Force chaplains completed an online survey assessing operational and counseling stress exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, compassion fatigue, and posttraumatic growth. Despite reporting exposure to stressful counseling experiences, Air Force chaplains did not endorse high compassion fatigue. Rather, chaplains experienced positive psychological growth following exposure to stressful counseling experiences. However, 7.7% of Air Force chaplains reported clinically significant PTSD symptoms, suggesting that they are not immune to deployment-related mental health problems. Simultaneous regression analyses revealed that counseling stress exposure predicted compassion fatigue (beta = .20) and posttraumatic growth (beta = .24), suggesting that caretaking in theatre is stressful enough to spur positive psychological growth in chaplains. Consistent with findings from previous studies, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that operational stress exposure predicted PTSD symptom severity (beta = .33) while controlling for demographic variables.]
Spidell, S., Wallace, A., Carmack, C. L., Nogueras-Gonzalez, G. M., Parker, C. L. and Cantor, S. B. "Grief in healthcare chaplains: an investigation of the presence of disenfranchised grief." Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 75-86. [This study addresses burnout in relation to its main topic of chaplains' disenfranchised grief. For more information, see the May 2011 Article-of-the-Month.]
Taylor, B.E., Flannelly, K. J., Weaver, A. J. and Zucker, D. J. "Compassion fatigue and burnout among Rabbis working as chaplains." Journal of Pastoral Care and Counseling 60, nos. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 2006): 35-42. [Note that this study is also out of HealthCare Chaplaincy in New York and shares a co-author with our featured article this month. (Abstract:) Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout were studied in a convenience sample of 66 male and female Rabbis who work as chaplains and attended the annual conference of the National Association of Jewish Chaplains (NAJC) in 2002. Although Compassion Fatigue and Burnout were low among the survey participants, both measures were significantly higher among the women in the sample. Compassion Fatigue was also higher among chaplains who were divorced, and it increased with the number of hours per week the chaplains spent working with trauma victims or their families (r = .25, p<.05). Hierarchical multiple regression was performed to determine the influence of six professional and five personal variables on each of the three dependent variables. Four professional variables accounted for 19.5% of the variation and three personal variables accounted for 20.3% of the variation in Compassion Fatigue. Attempts to predict Burnout and Compassion Satisfaction were far less successful. Burnout was predicted by only two variables (i.e. age and years as a Rabbi), which accounted for just 18.4% of the variance in Burnout scores. Age was the only variable found to have a significant effect on Compassion Satisfaction, and its effect was positive. The implications of the findings are discussed.]
III. The Grosch & Olsen article noted above (in the section on Suggestions for the Use of the Article for Discussion in CPE) is part of an 8-article theme issue on burnout by the Journal of Clinical Psychology, covering the subject generally and with regard to such other specific groups as teachers, women lawyers, and people who work with child abuse and neglect. The full citation and abstract for the Grosch & Olsen article is as follows:
Grosch, W. N. and Olsen, D. C. "Clergy burnout: an integrative approach." Journal of Clinical Psychology 56, no. 5 (May 2000): 619-632. [(Abstract:) Understanding how clergy, who begin their careers with high idealism, optimism, and compassion, burn out is difficult. One body of research suggests that clergy, among others, burn out because of the systems in which they work. From this perspective, burnout is the result of external systemic factors such as bureaucracy, poor administrative support, and difficult work conditions. The other body of research suggests that burnout is the result of intrapersonal factors such as high idealism, Type-A personality, narcissism, and perfectionism. It is our position that these two bodies of research are compatible, and that by integrating the Self psychology of Kohut with the general systems theory of Bowen, it becomes easier to understand burnout. Further, by integrating these two theories, principles for treatment become clearer.]
IV. The subject of burnout among chaplains is only a subset of the literature on burnout among clergy. In addition to the article by Grosch & Olsen cited directly above, the following recent studies may allow a foothold in that larger stream of literature.
Doolittle, B. R. "The impact of behaviors upon burnout among parish-based clergy." Journal of Religion & Health 49, no. 1 (March 2010): 88-95. [(Abstract:) Burnout has an important impact upon the professional satisfaction of clergy. Identifying protective behaviors that may prevent against burnout is important for the long-term emotional health of individual clergy as well as the wider church. This research reports findings among 358 parish-based clergy that identifies the prevalence of burnout and correlates this data with demographic risk factors and protective behaviors. Clergy who met criteria for burnout were younger, identified themselves as being depressed and unsatisfied with their spiritual life, and have endured a traumatic church placement. This research also suggests that having a variety of interests and activities outside of one's vocation may protect against burnout. In particular, behaviors that enhance relationships-such as seeking mentors and attending retreats-as well as pursuing outside activities-such as regular exercise and scholarly reading-protect against burnout. Further implications for the wider church are discussed.]
Francis, L. J., Hills, P. and Kaldor, P. "The Oswald Clergy Burnout Scale: Reliability, Factor Structure and Preliminary Application Among Australian Clergy." Pastoral Psychology 57, nos. 5-6 (January 2009): 243-252. [(Abstract:) This study assesses the Oswald Clergy Burnout Scale (OCBI), the psychometric properties of which have not been previously described. Analysis of responses from a large number (N=3,012) of ministers in charge of Australian congregations showed that the scale's internal reliability was satisfactory, and that the scale could be represented by two factors, identified, respectively, as the personal and social aspects of burnout. This structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Several demographic and job-related variables that might relate to burnout were regressed on the total, personal and social factor scores. Age is the predominant (negative) predictor of burnout as measured by the total scale and the personal factor scores. All variables predict burnout as measured by the social factor. However, in all models, the predictor variables account for no more than 5% of the total variance. These findings suggest that demographic factors and working conditions are poor predictors of burnout among clergy.]
If you have suggestions about the form and/or content of the site, e-mail Chaplain John Ehman (Network Convener) at john.ehman@uphs.upenn.edu .
The ACPE Research Network. All rights reserved.