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5 TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE OF MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing is a hot topic again, undergoing the industry's greatest change in more than 100 years. Domestic jobs have evaporated from many countries with globalization, offshoring may be reverting to near shoring and automation threatens to replace more workers every day. The way we build and deliver the goods and products that fuel our economies and our lives will never be the same.
As Professor Klaus Schwab has articulated in his book, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, we are in the middle of another industrial revolution - our fourth. The first industrial revolution occurred in the late 1700s (factories), the second during the early 20th century (automobiles) and the third after World War II (computers). As a result of these revolutions, products are manufactured faster and with higher consistency, and the products we are able to develop are increasingly complex and have greater value to consumers.
The industrial revolution we're experiencing now, commonly referred to as Industry 4.0, is powered by advancements that include smart manufacturing, robotics, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT). In addition to prompting manufacturers to invest $267 billion in the IoT by 2020, Industry 4.0 is revolutionizing manufacturing along five dimensions:
1. Seeing around corners - in 360°
New tools are allowing companies to create and test situations in the virtual world, to simulate the design process and the assembly line before an actual product is created. Simulating the product-creation phase helps cut down on manufacturing time and ensure the manufacturing process delivers what companies intended to create. At Flex, we are also using augmented reality solutions for remote assistance, allowing people in different locations around the world to connect in a live view and trouble-shoot together. This allows an engineer in China to consult with an engineer in the U.S. on a technical issue and receive feedback in real time through wearable Augmented Reality (AR) glasses, expediting problem solving and significantly reducing travel costs.
2. Viewing the fourth wave - in 3D
Also making a mark in the manufacturing world is 3-D printing, which allows for the seamless creation of tangible products using a single machine. This is a fundamental change, because it gives you a lot more possibilities for how you design a part. For a certain category of product where you would normally need six pieces, 3-D printing can achieve the same thing in one piece without additional processes like welding or screwing. Three-dimensional printing reduces waste by recycling plastic and cuts down on the wait time for replacement parts and transportation. Its implications for mass production are various, making advancements possible in products ranging from toys to medical devices.
3. Advanced manufacturing - on autopilot
Automation is another vital aspect of the industry's future. Approximately 50% of Flex's manufacturing processes are already fully automated. Automation enables a level of accuracy and productivity beyond human ability—even in environments that would be considered unsafe for humans. The new generation of robotics is not only much easier to program, but easier to use, with capabilities like voice and image recognition to re-create complex human tasks. Another advantage of robots is that they do precisely what you ask them to do - nothing more, nothing less. And while automation eliminates some of the most tedious manufacturing jobs, it is also creating new jobs for a re-trained workforce, discussed below.
4. Building intelligent factories - in the cloud
In addition to robotics and virtual reality, factories environments are also driving advancements in cloud computing and smart sensors. Smart sensors can perform tasks such as converting data into different units of measurement, communicating with other machines, recording statistics and feedback and shutting off devices if a safety or performance issue arises. IoT functionality can track and analyze production quotas, consolidate control rooms and create models of predictive maintenance.
IoT allows us to get the right information at the right time to make the right decisions, like a speedometer that shows how fast you're driving in the moment versus your speed from yesterday. Cloud computing enables companies to extract and analyze information that affects the production line. Data from augmented and virtual reality, as well as increased customer feedback, will have a significant impact on research and development, giving consumers more of what they want, getting it to them faster and cutting down on costs—a system that ultimately will drive innovation.
5. Robots on the rise - managed by humans
Building a better manufacturing sector with augmented and virtual reality, robotics and data analysis using smart equipment naturally raises an important question: What will the Industry 4.0 workforce look like? While there are still some significant challenges ahead, the outlook is strong despite the obvious concern of robots displacing jobs. The bulk of automation is used for work that would be considered unsafe or impossible for humans. This makes robots a complement to, not a replacement for, human workers. Because of robots, we'll be able to increase our output.
Theo Weforum
WHAT DOES YOUR COMPANY REALLY STAND FOR?
For years, as scholars of organizational behavior and as corporate consultants, we've researched what you might think of as the value of values. We've conducted dozens of studies designed to determine how a clear understanding of individual and organizational values can affect decision-making, motivation, relationships, well-being, leadership, and performance. What we've discovered in this work is striking: When you align your organization's values with both your strategy and the values of your employees - creating what we call values alignment—you reap all sorts of benefits: higher job satisfaction, lower turnover, better teamwork, more-effective communication, bigger contributions to the organization, more-productive negotiations, and, perhaps surprisingly, more diversity, equity, and inclusion. Our favorite finding involved the impact of values alignment on the turnover of chief operating officers. When we studied the divisions of one multiunit organization, we found that COOs whose values alignment was low needed a salary increase of 40% to become as likely to stay in their jobs as those whose values alignment was high. Imagine that: An increase in values alignment had as great an effect as a 40% raise.
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As a marketing and advertising industry we need to stop obsessing over the metaverse and start focusing on the broader picture. Soon, we'll all be living in a multiverse.
REINVENTING YOUR LEADERSHIP TEAM
As companies strive to build competitive advantage in a world obsessed with digitizing (which is often a must but rarely differentiating), they find that what they need from their leaders is changing.
OKRS AND KPIS: 3 COUNTERINTUITIVE TIPS FOR LEADERS
When was the last time you rethought metrics? Consider applying some fresh, even unconventional ideas about Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
THE BASICS OF MANAGING AS A LEADER
Effective management and leadership are vital in these times of complexity and fast change in organizations.
WHAT YOU LOSE WITH YOUR NEW STRATEGY
Why do organizational strategies so frequently fall short? This question has perennially stumped executives and managers, and one thing seems certain: it's not for lack of planning.
WHY THE DOWNTURN IS THE PERFECT TIME TO IMPROVE SPEND MANAGEMENT
Aman Mann is the CEO/Co-Founder at Procurify - enabling maturing companies to be proactive about managing their spend culture.
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Light Has Been Stored As Sound For The First Time Ever
By Mara Anton
Scientists from University of Sydney in Australia have stored light-based data as sound on a computer chip for the first time in history. This breakthrough is one step forward towards creating light-based computers that make transfer at the speed of light #hardwaremagic
Light-based computers can run more than 20 times faster than a traditional laptop, while producing zero heat. This is a direct result of processing data in photons, not electrons. But in order for that too happen, microchips should be able to process information stored in photons, which is easier said than done.
Until now, the most you could do was turn them in slow electrons. But now, scientists have proven that light can be stored in sound waves. The Australian team came up with a memory system that can transfer light into sound waves and those are slow enough to be kept on a microchip. Photonic data enters the chip as a pulse of light, where it interacts with a "write" pulse and produces the acoustic wave. Unlike light, a sound wave can stay on a chip for up to 10 nanoseconds, which is just enough time to be processed correctly.
The data is slowed down, and as the research team wants to point out, it works across a broad bandwidth, too. So far, their tech is the closest we've ever been to actually developing commercial light-based computers one day
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Disadvantages of human relations theory
Home how is a bibliography written Conflict in romantic relationship
Conflict in romantic relationship
If the heroine wins, the hero turns into a wimp. Hall Health Mental Health Center has counselors who may be able to help. When you are unhappy in a relationship, but cannot decide if you should accept your unhappiness, try to improve the relationship, or end the relationship.
With the recent emergence of so many women with these behavior patterns, by now most people have had the misfortune to either be on the receiving end of this behavior or at least know of someone else who has.
If he's a Yankee soldier and she's a rebel spy, their goals aren't the same, surely. While in a healthy relationship you: Sex Even partners who love each other can be a mismatch, sexually. Earlier studies on this technique have shown it to be effective at promoting happier and more satisfying relationships over three to five years.
This, in turn, is the key to their romance. In setting out the apparent conflict of your novel, you must always keep in mind the underlying conflict.
Essentially, conflicts make people aware of the problems in their relationships, whether it's with a family member or a romantic interest. Allow each person to have independence by setting aside money to be spent at his or her discretion.
Some of them act in a perfectly normal way in all areas other than their romantic relationships. That can take anywhere from 2 months to 2 years. The second trait we will be addressing in this series is relationship insecurity. This state is commonly referred to as emotional dysregulation.
But before we can answer either of these questions it is necessary to take a closer look at the problem. Discussing relationship movies, it turns outs, was just as effective as more intensive skills-building programs.
This conflict is what is really important to the continuing relationship of your hero and heroine, and is resolvable. You graduate from the Power Struggle stage when you: If you have a history of staying in unhealthy relationships. Very often these people are serial daters, never fully committing, always looking for love, but finding disappointment instead.
Though it might sound odd, conflicts should be viewed as opportunities to improve your relationship. Hall Health Mental Health Center has counselors who may be able to help. In Home Fires, my first Americana historical from Berkley, my hero, Ben Cameron, wants to keep his orphaned niece Meggie with him on the farm.
If the hero wins, your story has turned into just another tale of how the masterful male overcomes the ditzy weakling, and outdated, female. They hang in there, tackle problems, and learn how to work through the complex issues of everyday life.
She usually does not engage in abusive behavior towards others, but her difficulties with high emotions cause great confusion and frustration among the male population. Below are some characteristic that maybe present in your healthy relationships.
Be fair, even in an argument. Not easily resolvable, I'll grant you, but there is a solution. Be organized and clear about your respective jobs in the home, Kouffman-Sherman says. Many do this by reading self-help books and articles, attending seminars, going to counseling, observing other successful couples, or simply using trial and error.
This now shows us a logical place next to the the person with BPD where we can fit the high conflict woman who shares some of the behaviors of BPD but does not reach the level of diagnosis. Did they try using humor to keep things from getting nasty.
But having sex is one of the last things you should give up, Fay says. A Spectrum of Emotionality Although autism and borderline personality disorder, or BPD, are two completely different conditions, there is one similarity that lets us compare the two in certain situations.
Or do you have unresolved issues that prevent you from trusting others. The presence of deception may indicate the degree to which the deceiver has breached fundamental conditions of fidelityof reciprocal vulnerability and of transparency.
The way they go about this is strikingly similar to those with a diagnosed personality disorder, yet these women are for the most part too functional to deserve the label.
Employees who engage in personal relationships (including romantic and sexual relationships) should be aware of their professional responsibilities and will be responsible for assuring that the relationship does not raise concerns about favoritism, bias, ethics and conflict of interest.
Relationship Conflict As anyone who has been in a romantic relationship knows, disagreements and fights are inevitable.
When two people spend a lot of time together, with their lives intertwined, they are bound to disagree from time to time. Conflict in a relationship is virtually inevitable.
In itself, conflict isn't a problem; how it's handled, however, can bring people together or tear them apart.
Poor communication skills, disagreements, and misunderstandings can be a source of anger and distance or a springboard to a stronger relationship and happier future. Mar 14, · How To Deal With Conflict In A Relationship elleandrblog.com In this new video, we discuss dealing with conflict and how to deal with conflict in your.
Why the study of conflict is important. Conflicts arise naturally in every arena of daily life. Conflict management is a key skill for all successful long-term relationships. Conflict is a natural and inevitable aspect of most close personal relationships - the crucial issue is not whether it exists, but the way it is elleandrblog.com: Daniel J.
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Romance, Intimacy and Conflict | Counselling Connection


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Union Bay mailing out board's apology letter to Susanna Kaljur
Ashley Roberts, staff Wednesday, Feb. 27th, 2019
Vista file photo of Susanna Kaljur. Photo by James Wood/98.9 The Goat/Vista Radio
UNION BAY, B.C- The Union Bay Improvement District board is letting their residents know they're sorry.
Earlier this month, the district posted a letter to their website, which carried an apology to trustee Susanna Kaljur from the four other trustees on the board for her "suspension" earlier in 2019.
That letter was in response to Kaljur's lawyer, Jason Gratl, who had sent a letter to the board threatening legal action over the suspension and asking for an apology.
Addressed to the individuals on the board, being chair Ted Haraldson, trustee Rick Bitten, trustee Glenn Loxam and trustee Peter Jacques, the letter claimed that the suspension had no legal basis.
In their written statement, the four trustees state they have been told by the province's Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing that there are no provisions under the Local Government Act allowing the board to suspend an elected trustee from office.
"We acknowledge that the decision to suspend Trustee Kaljur is of no force or effect," read the letter.
"We sincerely apologize to Trustee Kaljur for our actions in this manner and regret any inconvenience our decision may have caused her. We hope that as a Board, moving forward, we can work collectively and cooperatively to serve the interests of our residents."
While the district put the letter on their website, it was not immediately apparent if it would also be mailed out to rate payers. A message from lawyer Peter Johnson to Gratl on February 15 and released by Kaljur has now made it clear that rate payer's will be getting that letter themselves.
The letter is included in full below.
Mr. Gratl:
I am legal counsel to the Union Bay Improvement District.
I have been asked to advise you that in response to your letter dated February 12, 2019, addressed to members of the Board of Trustees, the attached letter has been posted to the Union Bay Improvement District website, and that a copy of the letter has been sent to your client.
The Improvement District does not have the resources available to mail a copy of this letter to each elector today. The Improvement District is prepared to mail a copy of the letter with the next water bills, which will be sent out at the beginning of March.
I trust this satisfies your client's concerns regarding the decision to suspend her from office.
Peter Johnson*
*Peter D. Johnson Law Corporation
Gratl confirmed that his office received the letter, while Johnson's office declined to comment.
Kaljur had also threatened legal action against Haraldson specifically, due to what Gratl described as defamatory statements by Haraldson published by MyComoxValleyNow.com in an interview after Kaljur's suspension.
That legal action is now proceeding.
Both the February and March public meetings of the board, which were barred to the public, were cancelled by Haraldson without explanation earlier in February.


We're not sure if everyone is interested in seeing more about the details and progress of the house construction but we know that some of you are so here are a few pictures and a bit more about the basic layout of the house.
From the front, south-west side. The area over the garage has a plywood floor and windows front and back but is a "future development" area.
The duct work for heating and cooling is almost complete. There will be a propane furnace (no natural gas out in the country here) but we were encouraged to hear from the guy installing it that the wood stove that will be installed between the living room and dining room should be quite effective at keeping all of the house reasonably warm. That is because of our open plan and open stairwell, along with the location of air returns that will allow the furnace fan to move the warm air around.
The open stair well between the two floors has been started. The landing is about in the middle of the picture. We are pleased that the sunlight from the large south-facing windows on the second floor comes down the stair well and lights up the kitchen area (which is north and east facing).


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\section{Introduction}

Driving behaviour has a great impact on road safety. According to \citet{dingus_driver_2016}, accident causation has experienced a shift, with driver-related factors being a fundamental factor for road safety. On a similar study, \citet{dozza_what_2013} found that some behaviours associated with distraction, such as attendance to secondary tasks and eyes-on-road, reduce significantly drivers' response time in near-accident settings and, therefore, distraction and inattention are a major factor in traffic accidents.

On the other hand, because data acquisition systems such as smartphones or on-board diagnostics (OBD) devices are easier to access and data is cheaper to store and process, researchers have the opportunity of using vehicle telematics to better understand driving behaviours and the factors contributing to car accidents \citep{carsten_vehicle-based_2013}.

Driving behaviour analysis also has impact for practitioners. In the insurance market, driving behaviour has been used through the implementation of usage-based motor insurance schemes (UBI) \citep{tselentis_innovative_2017}. These schemes rely on collecting continuous streams of cars' sensor data on single customers and using that data to assess their driving behaviour and provide discounts on the premiums. Other applications include fuel consumption optimisation, fleet management and evaluation of self-driving cars' performance.

When tackling the driving behaviour problem, it is common to focus on manoeuvres. The exact manoeuvres being performed during a trip and the way they are being performed is very informative of the driving behaviour of the driver. In this context, the question of how to use telematics to correctly identify and compare manoeuvres needs to be addressed. Previous research has dealt this issue through two main strategies, namely, 1) using fixed thresholds in inertial measurements (e.g. acceleration or rotational energy) to define the start and end of specific manoeuvres or 2) using features extracted from rolling windows of sensor data (e.g. velocity and acceleration) in a supervised learning model to detect manoeuvres. While the first method cannot adapt to small fluctuations in the signal and requires fine-tuning, the second requires a dataset with labels indicating where the manoeuvres appear and cannot identify manoeuvres with different lengths in time.

Having in mind the need for an adaptable method that can detect manoeuvres without the need of labels, we sought to investigate a type of methods created in the time-series data mining community that can bring insights into the manoeuvre detection use-case, namely, the algorithms for detecting time-series motifs. Particularly, after a review of the available algorithms for motif detection, we made our own implementation of a specific algorithm, applied it to a publicly available naturalistic driving dataset and explored the relationship between the extracted motifs and manoeuvres.

The rest of the paper is organised as follows - section 2 includes a review on the methods for identifying driving behaviour with telematic data and explores the field of time-series motif detection algorithms, section 3 presents the specific algorithm used for this paper and explains the modifications added to better fit this use-case, section 4 summarises the main results and the fifth and final section concludes the paper and opens the path for future research.

\section{State of the art}

\subsection{Driving behaviour in telematic data}

Identifying driving behaviour or detecting manoeuvres high-frequency trip recordings is not a straightforward task and many authors proposed some ways of tackling this problem. Nevertheless, most papers can be aggregated into two main strategies - fixed thresholds \citep{johnson_driving_2011, paefgen_driving_2012, kantor_design_2014, eren_estimating_2012} on inertial variables and rolling windows \citep{saleh_driving_2017, weidner_classification_2016, murphey_drivers_2009, xie_driving_2018, singh_smartphone_2017, woo_manoeuvre_2016, camlica_feature_2016, wu_novel_2016, junior_driver_2017}.

In the fixed thresholds strategy, authors set specific thresholds on acceleration or other inertial measurements in order to define the beginning and end of manoeuvres. These manoeuvres are then used as input to the driving performance algorithm. As an example, \citet{paefgen_driving_2012} defined four types of manoeuvres by specifying thresholds on lateral acceleration (for the left turn and the right turn) and on longitudinal acceleration (for forward acceleration and for braking). In another paper, \citet{johnson_driving_2011} applied a simple moving average on the rotational energy derived from smartphone's sensors and defined a specific interval to set the beginning and end of a manoeuvre, independently of its type. These types of approaches have the advantage of being easy to implement, lightweight and interpretable. However, since the choice of the thresholds is essential to the detection of manoeuvres, these methods require fine-tuning for each specific dataset and are inflexible to changes in the data.

The second type of strategies involves the use of rolling windows, in which the trip is divided into fixed-sized time windows that can have some level of overlap. Then, each window is used as input to a supervised model that classifies it as a specific manoeuvre. In this strategy, the window size and the percentage of overlap are important parameters that need to be set beforehand. \citet{saleh_driving_2017} built windows from inertial sensors and classified them as aggressive, normal or drowsy using a stacked-LSTM model. Each window had 64 time steps and had a 50\% overlap. On a different direction, \citet{xie_driving_2018} compared three feature extraction methods for identifying various manoeuvres such as braking, turning and acceleration. They also used rolling windows for splitting the trips and they tested different window sizes with no overlap. The authors state that the window size is very relevant to the classification performance and that the optimal size can vary depending on the type of manoeuvre, which leads to the conclusion that an "adaptive window sizing method" would be better suited. Thus, again, the inflexibility of the window size is a disadvantage in this method as well.

Another issue with the rolling windows method is the overlap parameter. If no overlap is used, then the way a trip is split may not be optimal since a window can also split a single manoeuvre and information may be lost. On the other hand, using the maximal overlap (i.e., moving the window a single time step) comes with its own problems. In their paper, \citet{keogh_clustering_2005} argued that clustering time-series subsequences is meaningless when rolling windows are used to build the subsequences. In particular, they state that \textit{"clusters extracted from these time series are forced to obey a certain constraint that is pathologically unlikely to be satisfied by any dataset, and because of this, the clusters extracted by any clustering algorithm are essentially random"}.

It is important to note that \citet{saleh_driving_2017} used an 50\% overlap with great success, which seems to validate the use of rolling windows. However, the authors used a supervised approach and \citet{keogh_clustering_2005} only argues against using rolling windows in unsupervised methods. Nevertheless, building high-frequency labelled datasets for driving behaviour is quite laborious and requires a lot of resources, which is evident in the extremely low number of labelled datasets available to researchers. Thus, and since the possibility of using unsupervised or semi-supervised methods is quite desirable, for this specific problem, using rolling windows is not the optimal approach.

The paper from \citet{keogh_clustering_2005} not only proves the point of the meaninglessness of clustering rolling windows but also proposes a solution, \textit{motif-based clustering}. According to the authors, time-series motifs are over-represented subsequences in a time-series. The concept of motifs was first introduced in the genetics research as sequences of amino-acids in the DNA with biological significance \citep{torkamani_survey_2017} and, since then, the field of motif discovery for time-series has been receiving a lot of attention from the data mining community. \citet{keogh_clustering_2005} proposes to use a motif detection algorithm to find the set of motifs with the highest representation in the original time-series and then to apply the clustering algorithm directly to the motifs.

Therefore, in this paper, we propose to use a motif detection algorithm in inertial measurements to extract manoeuvres from a trip. In other words, our main hypothesis is that over-represented segments of inertial time-series are highly connected to manoeuvres and, by looking at the most relevant motifs for a trip, we will be able to get insights on the manoeuvres performed during that trip.

In the next subsection, we will explore the motif discovery task, taking into consideration the specific requirements of the manoeuvre detection use-case. The method needs to be flexible enough to detect manoeuvres with variable sizes, which implies that the motif detection algorithm needs to be able to extract variable-length motifs.

\subsection{Motif discovery overview}

Even though the concept of motifs relates to over-represented time-series segments, the exact definition of the most relevant motifs varies slightly among authors and areas of application. \citet{mueen_time_2014} states that there are two main definitions, namely a similarity-based and a support-based. In the first, the motifs can be ordered based on the similarity of the segments that belong to the motif, while the second orders motifs based on the number of repetitions of the motif throughout the time-series. Thus, the similarity-based definition results in highly similar motifs and the support-based definition results in highly frequent motifs.

Additionally, there is some constrains which the time-series segments belonging to a motif must meet \citep{tanaka_discovery_2005}. The behaviour constrain introduces the idea that segments in a motif should present the same general behaviour. Note that, depending on the application, distortions such as noise or time and amplitude shifts may be accepted \citep{torkamani_survey_2017}. The distance constrain goes a bit beyond by stating that all motif's segments need to have a distance smaller than a predefined radius $R$ to the centre of the motif (i.e., the segment that represents that motif). This radius is a very important parameter in any motif detection algorithm and it needs to set beforehand. Finally, the non-overlapping constrain sets that motif segments cannot overlap in time, which avoids what \citet{lin_finding_2002} refers to as trivial matchings.

There are also some motif detection use-cases in which one is not interested in finding the single most important motif, but instead the $k$ most important motifs or, as referred in the literature, the \textit{$k$-motifs} \citep{lin_finding_2002}. Put simply, based on the desired motif definition, one can order the entire set of motifs found with a certain algorithm and then extract the first $k$ ordered motifs. However, in order to avoid extracting motifs with overlapping members, these motifs have to meet a distance constrain, namely, all the pairs of motif's representative (or the centres) need to have a distance higher than $2R$, where $R$ is the radius discussed in the previous paragraph.

Independently of the exact definition, motif discovery is a computational intensive task as it involves comparing all possible pairs of time-series subsequences. The most prevailing strategy to speed this search is to use a low dimensional representation of the original time-series in which the distance of subsequences in the original representation is approximately maintained \citep{mueen_time_2014}. This way, one is able to extract motif candidates in the low-dimensional representation (which is more efficient than use the original representation) and simply filter the candidates based on the real distance in the original representation. The most used representation for motif detection is the \textit{Symbolic Aggregate approXimation} (SAX), which transforms sliding windows of the original time-series into discrete sequences of characters \citep{lin_experiencing_2007}. Since each sliding window is encoded with a predefined number of characters, the continuous time-series is broken into a list of fixed-sized sequences of characters (or words). Another common approach is to used spectral representations such as the \textit{Discrete Fourier Transformation} (DFT), the classical representation of a time-series in the frequency domain \citep{agrawal_efficient_1993}.

Another important component of motif discovery is the distance used to compare time-series segments. Most papers use either the Euclidean distance \citep{das_rule_1998} or the \textit{Dynamic Time Warping} distance (DTW) \cite{berndt_using_1994}. While the first is very efficient and thus allows for a fast comparison of segments, the second has the advantage of allowing to compare segments with different lengths and with time distortions by computing the optimal alignment in time of the two time-series that are being compared.

Motif discovery in time-series started with the fixed-length motif problem, where the goal was to find motifs with a predefined length. However, as stated in the introduction, we are interested in finding motifs with no predefined length and even allowing segments from the same motif to have different lengths. Therefore, because the fixed-length motif discovery is too restrictive for this use-case, we will need to use variable-length motifs.

According to \citet{torkamani_survey_2017}, there is a considerable set of papers that address the variable-length problem by applying a fixed-length algorithm to a range of window sizes and then choosing the most representative motifs based on their motif definition and motif ranking schemes \citep{nunthanid_parameter-free_2012, gao_exploring_2018}. However, this strategy does not allow to have segments with different lengths in the same motif. On the other hand, \citet{tanaka_discovery_2005} introduced a strategy that allows a more flexible comparison of motifs with different lengths. In particular, they proposed to use the SAX representation for building a discrete list of words and to aggregate repeating words in the same word.

\section{Implementation of the motif detection algorithm}

The motif discovery algorithm chosen for this paper is the \textit{Extended Motif Discovery} (EMD) algorithm by \citet{tanaka_discovery_2005}. The main advantage of this algorithm, and the reason why we chose it, is the possibility of having subsequences with different lengths in the same motif. The EMD algorithm has three main components:

\begin{itemize}

    \item Discretization of the 1-dimensional time-series via an adaptation of SAX representation \citep{lin_experiencing_2007}. This adaptation is what allows the method to find segments with different lengths in the same motif. Put simply, the algorithm starts by applying the SAX representation to sliding windows of the same length, which produces a sequence of SAX words, each representing a specific window in the original time-series. Then, the algorithm looks for consecutive sets of equal SAX words. If consecutive repeating words are found, the algorithm aggregates them into the same modified SAX word and joins the windows that were represented by those repeated words. For instance, given the SAX sequence $C_{SAX} = [abc, abc, cde, fde, fde, fde]$ representing 6 sliding windows of size $n$, the adaptation returns the modified sequence $\tilde{C}_{SAX} =[abc, cde, fde]$ that represents 3 windows of size $n+1$, $n$ and $n+2$, respectively.
    \item Extraction of all the variable-length motif candidates with an iterative pattern matching routine. This process iterates over all the sets of consecutive modified SAX words (or patterns) and looks for repeating patterns that meet the distance constrain discussed in previous section.
    \item Computation of the description length of each motif candidate, which is based on the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle \citep{rissanen_stochastic_1998}. The description length (or MDL cost) can be then used to select the most relevant motifs from the extracted candidates.
\end{itemize}

Since, to the best of our knowledge, there was not a publicly available implementation of the EMD algorithm, we did our own implementation of the algorithm (\textit{footnote with link to github}). In addition, implementing the algorithm gave us the the flexibility to add two simple features that were not discussed in the original paper and a major change that we will argue benefits the use-case of finding manoeuvres from inertial measurements.

The first addition is related to the avoidance of the trivial matchings discussed in the previous section. In their paper, \citet{tanaka_discovery_2005} did not give any details on how to prune overlapping subsequences that belong to the same motif. Therefore, we implemented it with a simple heuristic. Given a motif, its centre subsequence and its members subsequences, when two members overlap, we exclude the member with the largest distance to the motif's centre and keep the member with the lowest distance.

The second addition involves the extraction of $k$-motifs. Since we are interested in finding different manoeuvres, we had to implement a routine that pruned the entire set of motifs found by the EMD algorithm in order to avoid overlaps between different motifs. \citet{tanaka_discovery_2005} had already defined a method for ordering motifs using the MDL cost. However, they did not discuss the issue of overlapping motifs and thus we used the heuristic proposed by \citet{lin_finding_2002}. Namely, we defined the $k$-motif as the motif with the lowest MDL cost and whose centre has a distance higher than $2R$ to the the centre of each the $j$-motifs, for $1 \leq j \leq k-1$. We named this step \textit{motif pruning}.

 The major change we introduced to the EMD algorithm concerns the SAX representation. In the original method, each sliding window is transformed into a sequence of $n$ numbers, which is defined by dividing the window into $n$ equal-size segments and by computing the mean of each segment. Then, each of the $n$ numbers is mapped to a unique character based a set of computed break-points. These break-points are defined separately for each window so that the characters' frequency in that window exhibit a Gaussian distribution.

 With this adaptive break-points method, windows that have the same behaviour but are shifted in amplitude are mapped to the same SAX word and consequently will be compared as candidates for the same motif. Although useful in some cases, because amplitude is extremely important for identifying different manoeuvres, this adaptive feature is not desirable in our use-case. As an example, if we used adaptive thresholds, acceleration increases from 0G to 0.2G would have the same SAX word as acceleration increases from 0G and 0.8G and thus, we wouldn't be able to have these two subsequences as distinct motifs. In other words, we would not observe smooth manoeuvres and aggressive manoeuvres as different motifs.

Finally, after some investigation of the results, we observed that the motif punning reduced significantly the number of motifs detected. In order to better investigate all the original motifs found by the EMD algorithm, we applied a clustering method to the centres of each motif and grouped them based on their DTW distance. For this purpose, we used the DBSCAN algorithm \citep{ester_density-based_1996}. This is a density-based algorithm that defines core points of high-density (points with many close neighbours) and expands clusters from these points. The algorithm has two main parameters, namely, the maximum distance to consider two points neighbours and the minimum number of neighbours a points must have to be considered a core points. Based on this two parameters, the algorithms finds both outliers and the clusters in the data. This is a main advantage as we do not need to give a predefined number of clusters and can discover outlier motifs, which can be also interesting to analyse.

\section{Results and discussion}

In order to investigate whether the EMD algorithm is able to extract meaningful motifs for detecting manoeuvres, we applied the algorithm to the UAH-DriveSet, a publicly available naturalistic driving dataset with trip recordings from six different drivers and two specific routes in Madrid, Spain. \citet{romera_need_2016} asked each driver to repeat two predefined routes simulating three different behaviours, namely, normal, aggressive and drowsy. During the trips, they collected  both raw and processed signals using an app designed by them and called DriveSafe \cite{bergasa_drivesafe:_2014, romera_real-time_2015}.

We run two experiments\footnote{https://github.com/misilva73/manueverMotifs}. In the first, we aimed to identify brakes and accelerations, while in the second we focused on curves and other lateral manoeuvres. For each experiments, we run the algorithm in four different trips - one representing a normal trip in a secondary road and three related to trips in a motorway and exhibiting the three behaviours present in the dataset (normal, aggressive and drowsy).

In the experiments, we used the accelerometer's measurements in the $y$ and $z$ axis with a frequency of 10Hz, which were already aligned with the three car axis and denoised with a Kalman filter. Since the $y$-axis represents the lateral acceleration of the car and the $z$-axis represents the longitudinal acceleration of the car, we used the first to detect curves and the second to detect accelerations and brakes. This dataset also included a record of the start of acceleration events captured by the DriveSafe app, such as turns, brakes and accelerations. These events were marked with a fixed-thresholds strategy and thus, we used these labels to help in the motif visualisation.

The EMD algorithm has four main parameters, namely, the window size used to build each individual SAX word, the Piecewise Aggregate Approximation (PAA) size, which corresponds to the number of characters in each SAX word, the SAX alphabet size, which is the maximum number of characters used in the SAX representation, and the radius $R$, discussed in the definition of a motif. We tested a range of values for each parameter and, based on an exploration of the resulting motifs, the final parameters used in all the experiments were \texttt{window\_size = 20}, \texttt{paa\_size = 2}, \texttt{alphabet\_size = 5} and \texttt{R = 0.1}.

In order to validate the results, we used the video recordings of the trips and the measurements of car's velocity. The videos were mostly useful in the lateral experiment, while the velocity was used to validate the longitudinal manoeuvres. Note that we did this in-depth analysis on the smaller set of pruned motifs as the full set of extracted motifs was too big for such manual analysis. Therefore, we applied the clustering algorithm DBSCAN \citep{ester_density-based_1996} as an exploratory tool.

In order to explore all the motifs extracted

\subsection{Identifying brakes and accelerations in the longitudinal acceleration}

Table \ref{table:lon} summarises the main results obtained with the EMD method and the DBSCAN clustering. For each trip, it displays 1) the number of motifs extracted by the EMD algorithm, 2) the number of motifs remaining after the motif pruning, 3) the types of manoeuvres detected after punning, 4) the number of clusters obtained with the DBSCAN algorithm, excluding the outliers cluster, and 5) the number of motifs in the outlier cluster.

\begin{table}[ht!]
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{llccccc}
        \hline
        Trip &  & Motifs & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Motifs after \\ pruning\end{tabular} & Manoeuvres$^{[*]}$ & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}DBSCAN\\ clusters\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}DBSCAN\\ outliers\end{tabular}\\
        \hline
        Motorway & Normal & 1849 & 3 & B, B-A & 5 & 383\\
         & Aggressive & 1272 & 8 & B, B-A & 8 & 771\\
         & Drowsy & 2039 & 5 & B, B-A & 5 & 477\\
        Secondary & Normal & 1591 & 3 & A, B-A & 2 & 162\\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
    \\
    \vspace{1 mm}
    \scriptsize{$[*]$ A = Acceleration ; B = Brake ; B-A = Brake followed by acceleration}
    \caption{Summary results of the analysis in the longitudinal acceleration}
    \label{table:lon}
\end{table}

From these results, we were able to observe that the motif pruning step reduces the number of motifs by three orders of magnitude, which is a very significant reduction. This indicates that most of motifs detected by the EMD algorithm are in fact very close to each other and therefore represent either the same manoeuvre or very similar manoeuvres. Additionally, after the motif pruning step, the remaining motifs in all trips contained relevant manoeuvres, which indicates that motif detection algorithms can help in the task of discovering manoeuvres in a signal of longitudinal acceleration. Figure \ref{fig:lon} displays three motifs extracted with the EMD algorithm and they all have an easily identifiable manoeuvre.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.7\linewidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{lon_agg_nomanu.png}
        \caption{No manoeuvre}
    \end{subfigure}\vspace{4mm}
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.7\linewidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{lon_agg_brak.png}
        \caption{Brake manoeuvre}
    \end{subfigure}\vspace{4mm}
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.7\linewidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{lon_agg_ba.png}
        \caption{Brake-acceleration manoeuvre}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Three example motifs found in the motorway aggressive trip. They correspond to the first, second and fifth most relevant motifs, after pruning. Red and green points represent the original labels (computed using a threshold method) present in the UAH-DriveSet, where red marks indicate the beginning of a brake and green the beginning of an acceleration.}
    \label{fig:lon}
\end{figure}

In all the trips explored, the most relevant motif found by the EMD algorithm contained the absence of a manoeuvre. In other words, this motif corresponded to the action of driving at a constant speed without changes in longitudinal acceleration, which is consistent with routes where these trips where recorded. In motorways and secondary roads, driving is done in a constant speed at most times and thus we expect to have this behaviour as the most significant motif of these trips.

It is also interesting to note that in all the four trips, the algorithm was able to identify a motif with the manoeuvre of a brake followed by an acceleration, which could be indicative of a tailgating behaviour.

Another common factor to all the explored trips was the variability of the lengths of segments belonging to the same motif, which was one of the main reasons for choosing the EMD algorithm in the first place. The ability of extracting motifs whose members have slightly different lengths is a major advantage of this algorithm as it allows us to find manoeuvres that have the same type (e.g. a brake) but have lightly different lengths.

We also observed that this method was capable of finding subsequences that correspond to the same manoeuvre but, because they are slightly bellow the thresholds set in the DriveSafe app, they are not marked as a manoeuvre in the original dataset. As an example, figure \ref{fig:zoom} shows the plot of two subsequences that belong to the same motif. The first was marked as a brake but the second, because it was bellow the threshold set by the app, was not marked as a brake. This motif was extracted from the drowsy trip in the motorway route.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{lon_dro_zoom.png}
    \caption{Zoom-in on a motif extracted from the drowsy trip in the motorway route. The second subsequence was marked as a brake in the UAH-DriveSet and the EMD algorithm extracted it as a member of a motif. The first, although not being marked, could be also recognised as a brake by belonging to the same motif as the first subsequence.}
    \label{fig:zoom}
\end{figure}

The results obtained with the DBSCAN clustering algorithm show that the majority of the motifs are very close and represent the same behaviour, the absent of a manoeuvre. However, all trips have a cluster of outliers, which are motifs that are different from the majority motifs and do not have a big enough neighbourhood to form a cluster. These are the most interesting motifs from the perspective of manoeuvre detection. Therefore, investigating outlier motifs can be a way of enriching the motifs found with the pruned version of the EMD algorithm.

\subsection{Identifying turns in the lateral acceleration}

Similarly to the previous section, table \ref{table:lat} summarises the main results obtained with for the lateral acceleration analysis and figure \ref{fig:lat} shows three motifs extracted with the EMD algorithm with pruning. In general, results were consistent with the ones obtained in the longitudinal acceleration experiments and thus conclusions are not much different.

\begin{table}[ht!]
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{llccccc}
        \hline
        Trip &  & Motifs & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Motifs after \\ pruning\end{tabular} & Manoeuvres$^{[*]}$ & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}DBSCAN \\ clusters\end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}DBSCAN \\ outliers\end{tabular} \\
        \hline
        Motorway & Normal & 1532 & 3 & LC, OT & 6 & 1328\\
         & Aggressive & 634 & 7 & D, LC & 1 & 614\\
         & Drowsy & 1464 & 8 & LC, C & 5 & 1292\\
        Secondary & Normal & 1113 & 1 & None & 2 & 929\\
        \hline
    \end{tabular}
    \\
    \vspace{1 mm}
    \scriptsize{$[*]$ LC = Lane change ; OT = Overtaking ; D = Drift, C = Curve}
        \caption{Summary results of the analysis in the lateral acceleration}
    \label{table:lat}
\end{table}

Motif pruning continues to reduce significantly the number of motifs and, after pruning, we could identify some relevant manoeuvres in the remaining motifs. In all trips, the most relevant motif was the one representing the absence of a manoeuvre which was expected given that both routes do not have many curves. In three trips, some of the motifs extracted after the pruning related to lane changes, which was easily validated in the videos recordings. Additionally, in one of the trips, we were able of observe a motif that included a mush more complex manoeuvre, namely a overtaking manoeuvre.

The video recordings also showed that some motifs included clear patterns in the lateral acceleration which, in most cases, were related to a lane change but, in a few cases, included no visible manoeuvre. We hypothesise that these patterns in the acceleration time-series can be caused by road inclinations or blasts of wind. This means that by looking at a single signal, motifs will be more prone to errors and thus, as future work, we should combine multiple sensors and find multi-dimensional motifs.

Compared to the longitudinal analysis, the DBSCAN detected more outliers, which suggests that this signal leads a higher number of motifs which are distant from the "no manoeuvre" behaviour and thus one would need to spend more time analysing these motifs.

\begin{figure}[ht!]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.7\linewidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{lat_agg_nomanu.png}
        \caption{No manoeuvre}\vspace{4mm}
    \end{subfigure}
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.7\linewidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{lat_agg_lc.png}
        \caption{Lane change}\vspace{4mm}
    \end{subfigure}
    \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.7\linewidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{lat_dro_drift.png}
        \caption{Drift}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Two example motifs found in the motorway aggressive trip (1st and 4th motif) and one example found in the motorway drowsy trip (2nd motif). Orange points represent the original labels present in the UAH-DriveSet (and computed using a threshold method), where the marks indicate the beginning of a turn.}
    \label{fig:lat}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion and future work}

As many papers have shown, driving behaviour has a great impact on road safety. A popular way of analysing driving behaviour is to move the focus to the manoeuvres as they give useful information about the driver performing those manoeuvres. In this paper, we investigated a new way of identifying manoeuvres from vehicle telematics data, motif detection in time-series. Put simply, time-series motifs are over-represented subsequences in a time-series \citep{lin_finding_2002}. With the hypothesis that over-represented segments of inertial time-series are highly connected to manoeuvres, we sought to analyse the relationship between the most relevant motifs of a trip and the manoeuvres performed during that trip.

We implemented a slightly modified version of the \textit{Extended Motif Discovery} (EMD) algorithm \citep{tanaka_discovery_2005}, a classical motif detection algorithm for time-series which is capable of finding subsequences with different lengths in the same motif, and we applied it to the UAH-DriveSet \citep{romera_need_2016}, a publicly available naturalistic driving dataset with trip recordings from six different drivers and two specific routes in Madrid, Spain. Particularly, we ran two different experiments. In the first, we aimed to identify acceleration and brakes from the longitudinal acceleration time-series and, in the second, we aimed to identify turns from the lateral acceleration time-series.

After a systematic exploration of the extracted motifs, we were able to conclude that the EMD algorithm was capable of extracting simple manoeuvres such as accelerations, brakes and curves. We identified additional manoeuvres that could be associated with more complex behaviours. In the longitudinal experiments, we identified a motif with the manoeuvre of a brake followed by an acceleration, which could be indicative of a tailgating behaviour. In the lateral experiment, we found motifs with lane changes and overtaking manoeuvres.

Additionally, by providing a way of ordering the motifs by its relevance in the trips, the EMD algorithm gives some extra information on the trip itself. As an example, in the drowsy trip, the second most relevant manoeuvre in the lateral acceleration was the drift while, in the aggressive trip, the lane changes occupied the most interesting motifs. This is very indicative of the type of driving that was being made in both trips: the aggressive trip was dominated by lane changes, thus showing a higher level of impatience, and the drowsy trip was dominated by drifts, which can be associated with inattention and sleepiness.

Although validating motif discovery as a worthwhile line of research for detecting manoeuvres, there is still some work to be done. Firstly, the analysis performed in this paper was exploratory in nature as we did not have a more automated way of identifying which manoeuvre was being performed in each motif. Therefore, an important next step to make motif detection work in practice is to build a method for finding similar motifs and associating that motifs to a specific manoeuvre without the need to visual exploration.

Secondly, even though motif pruning showed some promise in ordering and selecting motifs, the DBSCAN analysis leads us to believe that by only looking at the pruned motifs and discarding all the others, we might be missing some interesting manoeuvres. Therefore, it would be also interesting to further investigate a better grouping of the motifs as a way of finding more instances of with manoeuvres.

Thirdly, we applied the EMD algorithm to single trips independently. This means that if a driver performs a specific manoeuvre only once during the trip, the EMD will not recognise it as a motif since it only appears once. However, if we were to expand the search for motifs to a varied set of trips instead of focusing on a single trip, we expect to see these cases become very rare. Thus, this work should be further extended to multi-trip motif discovery.

Finally, we used the lateral and longitudinal acceleration time-series separately to find simple manoeuvres such as turns and brakes. However, the ideal setup would be to look for motifs in the two acceleration axis at the same time and also include other sensors such as velocity. This way, we would be able to extract more complex manoeuvres and we would reduce errors created but changes in road inclination or blasts of wind.

This idea is equivalent to the task of detecting motifs in multidimensional time-series. The two main ways of tackling this problem are to reduce the number of variables to one and apply a motif discovery algorithm to the resulting 1-dimensional time-series \citep{tanaka_discovery_2005} or to apply a motif discovery algorithm to each individual dimension and search for co-occurrences of the 1-dimensional motifs to extract the final multidimensional motifs \citep{vahdatpour_toward_2009, minnen_detecting_2007, balasubramanian_discovering_2016}. While the first has the advantage of avoiding running a motif detection algorithm in all the dimensions, the second is more accurate as there is no information loss due to dimensionality reduction. Therefore, it would be very important to explore these two options and to discover if they are suited for the use-case of manoeuvre detection.

\bibliographystyle{unsrtnat}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Single Instance VS PerCall in WCF There are a lot of posts saying that SingleInstance is a bad design. But I think it is the best choice in my situation.
In my service I have to return a list of currently logged-in users (with additional data). This list is identical for all clients. I want to retrieve this list from database every 5 seconds (for example) and return a copy of it to the client, when needed.
If I use PerCall instancing mode, I will retrieve this list from database every single time. This list is supposed to contain ~200-500 records, but can grow up to 10 000 in the future. Every record is complex and contains about 10 fields.
So what about performance? Is it better to use "bad design" and get list once or to use "good approach" and get list from database on every call?

A:
So what about performance? Is it better to use "bad design" and get
  list once or to use "good approach" and get list from database on
  every call?

Performance and good design are NOT mutually exclusive. The problem with using a single instance is that it can only service a single request at a time. So all other requests are waiting on it to finish doing it's thing.
Alternatively you could just leverage a caching layer to hold the results of your query instead of coupling that to your service.
Then your code might look something like this:
public IEnumerable<BigDataRecord> GetBigExpensiveQuery(){

   //Double checked locking pattern is necessary to prevent
   // filling the cache multiple times in a multi-threaded
   // environment
   if(Cache["BigQuery"] == null){
      lock(_bigQueryLock){
         if(Cache["BigQuery"] == null){
            var data = DoBigQuery();
            Cache.AddCacheItem(data, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
         }
      }
   }

   return Cache["BigQuery"];

}

Now you can have as many instances as you want all accessing the same Cache.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Humans, Biography, Performers,
Humans (20th century)
Humans (21st century)
Leonard Nimoy as the character of Spock.
Leonard Nimoy (1931–2015) was an actor who was most famous for portraying Spock in Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Animated Series and its spin-off movies. Nimoy also reprised his role in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episodes: "Unification, Part I" and "Unification, Part II", and in 2009's Star Trek and 2013's Star Trek Into Darkness. Archive footage of Nimoy from "The Trouble with Tribbles" and "Mirror, Mirror" was used in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Trials and Tribble-ations".
In 1999, Nimoy reprised his role opposite John de Lancie's Q in the audioplay, Spock vs. Q, where Spock argued for the continued survival of humanity.
Nimoy died February 27, 2015 at the age of 83. His wife, Susan Bay Nimoy, confirmed his death, saying the cause was end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nimoy was diagnosed with the disease a year earlier and attributed it to his smoking habit, which he gave up on 30 years prior but suffered from the lingering affects. Nimoy was hospitalized a week before his death and while the news of his admission made headlines, but no other information was released during his stay. Nimoy did continue to send "tweets" and other social media interaction during that time but did not present any news.
Real Life News Edit
An Asteroid Named Nimoy, By StarTrek.com Staff - June 15, 2015
Asteroid 4864 the name Nimoy, Minor Planet Center MPC operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, under the auspices of Division F of the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
In fiction Edit
In the year 1968, Leonard Nimoy was transported aboard the USS Enterprise for a short period. (DS9 - The New Voyages short story: "Visit to a Weird Planet Revisited")
Leonard Nimoy article at Memory Alpha, the wiki for canon Star Trek.
Leonard Nimoy article at Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved from "https://memory-beta.fandom.com/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy?oldid=643969"


text:
var config = module.exports;

config["Browser tests"] = {
    environment: "browser",
    extensions: [require("buster-coffee")],
    sources: ["mywebapp.coffee"],
    tests: ["*-test.coffee"]
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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It is with great sadness that Amnesty International has learned of the tragic death of photographer Leila Alaoui and driver Mahamadi Ouédraogo, as a result of the Al Qaeda attack in Ouagadougou on Friday.
Leila was shot twice, in the leg and thorax, but was quickly taken to hospital and was initially in a stable condition following an operation. A medical evacuation was being prepared when she suffered a fatal heart attack.
Leila was a talented French-Moroccan photographer who we had sent to Burkina Faso to carry out a photographic assignment focusing on women's rights.
Mahamadi was killed in his car. A father of four, he was a great friend to Amnesty International having accompanied staff and consultants on missions in the country since 2008. Our thoughts are with his wife, children and family. He will be sorely missed.
Amnesty International's absolute priority is to ensure the best possible support for Mahamadi and Leila's families. The organization's representatives are at the hospital liaising with her family, doctors and all necessary officials.
Mahamadi and Leila were parked outside the Cappucino cafe, opposite the Hotel Splendid when the attack occurred.
Ouagadougou was not considered to be a high risk destination and Leila was being supported by colleagues from our national office in Burkina Faso during her assignment and accompanied by Mahamadi, a national of Burkina Faso.
The organization condemns the vicious attack on civilians in Ouagadougou, which has killed and injured dozens of people of many nationalities and faiths.


The Oniros Film Awards is a monthly and annual IMDb qualifying competition based in Aosta, Italy, which celebrates films from all around the world with awards in different categories and genres. The OFA allows filmmakers to submit their projects to get it judged by industry professionals and compete with other talented filmmakers. Our mission is to discover high quality and ambitious films, to promote filmmakers' works and to help them realize their dreams. The Oniros Film Awards is all about Dreams (ὄνειρος = oneiros, Dream in Greek language), ours and yours. The Oniros Film Awards is conceived by Dreamers to Dreamers.


Lagos Business School is on the front burner yet again, as one of its distinguished alumni recently came tops in the coveted WIMBIZ Impact Investment Competition held at Eko Hotel and Suites, Lagos recently.
Stephanie Obi, a graduate of Computer Science, was on the Master's in Business Administration (MBA 9) programme at LBS before she went on to start her online business school which earned her the Women in Business, Management and Public Service (WIMBIZ) award.
The competition, open to women between the ages of 21-30, is aimed at equipping female-owned startups with the support to ensure success. It identifies three sustainable business plans with clear goals and objectives that positively impact society.
"While I was on the MBA at LBS, I ran an accessories business on the side. I later decided to start teaching other young ladies how to make these accessories. I held monthly training sessions at home, and marketed my training programmes online. In no time, people started calling me from all over the country. They were interested in my training programme but could not travel down to Lagos," she explains.
According to Stephanie, it was this gap that inspired her to build an online school where people from outside Lagos could pay and take classes online.
"The LBS MBA programme was very instrumental to my success because it exposed and prepared me for the work I am doing now. I learnt how to work with people, make presentations, break down complex business problems, and got to understand what a business needs to run optimally," she discloses.
The top three businesses will be awarded N1 million each; while the top 10 applicants will be granted scholarships to attend the Annual WIMBIZ Conference 2014.
Stephanie's vision is to offer 1000 courses in 10 years' time which will impact about 20 million people, directly or indirectly.


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text:
Book Review: The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy 4th Edition by Val D. Greenwood
September 25, 2018 September 24, 2018 sleepygirl2
When it was originally published in 1973, The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy, by Val Greenwood, revolutionized its field. It was the first true textbook ever published about American genealogy. Combining how-to guidance, case study examples, and an extremely detailed discussion of genealogical records, The Researcher's Guide was both an instant success and the go-to source for its users during each stage of their research. Following the publication of Alex Haley's Roots and the TV miniseries that book spawned, sales of Mr. Greenwood's book soared, assuring its reputation as the best book in American genealogy ever published.
Between 1973 and 2000, two additional editions of The Researcher's Guide were released, primarily in response to the use of the personal computer for compiling, organizing, and publishing genealogical information. By 2000, the early stages of digitizing genealogy data, mostly on CD-ROM , were also in evidence.
Since the publication of the 3rd Edition of The Researcher's Guide in 2000, the genealogy landscape has changed dramatically. Almost everyone now uses a computer for research. Thanks to the Internet, with a click of the mouse, genealogists have access to more data they could ever dream of studying; data they would have had to travel far and wide to come by in the past. Much of this information is free, or moderately priced through commercial subion services. To cite one crucial example, the entire U.S. federal census, from 1790 through 1940, is available online and completely indexed, from several providers. DNA has also become an important tool in genealogy in recent years. Whether or not they know where their immigrant ancestors came from, with a mere sputum sample, Americans can discover their ethnic origins in just a matter of weeks. This technology can help fill gaps in the family tree by, among other things, putting one in touch with others possessing a similar genetic make-up.
The 4th Edition of The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy both embraces the changes of the last seventeen years and yet transcends them. Mr. Greenwood has re-written every chapter and added two chapters about technology as it relates to family history research–one dealing with significant concepts and definitions and the other with specific resources and applications, including major family history websites and Internet resources. In addition, virtually every chapter provides information on Internet websites pertinent to the subject discussed in that chapter. Greenwood covers all the major changes in the field, including DNA research. The final result is a 4th Edition that is 25% longer than its predecessor. Given the unprecedented amount of information on the Internet, today's researcher is able to reach beyond the vital statistics to a new world of understanding, both of his ancestors and of himself. Accordingly the author shows the reader how to build a family history about actual people, not just names and dates, from the myriad available sources. Mr. Greenwood also recognizes that not all sources researchers are seeking can be found online today—some never will be—that much information on the web is faulty or unsourced, and that researchers invariably enter dead ends or hit brick walls. Good instructional guidance, consequently, is critical to the success of family history research, and this is where The Researcher's Guide is unsurpassed. It is both a textbook and an all-purpose reference book, designed to help the present generation of family history researchers better understand the methods and principles of family history research, and learn how to utilize all available resources. In short, this new 4th edition provides a clear, comprehensive, and up-to-date account of American genealogy—no sound genealogical project is complete without it.
I chose to read this book after receiving a free copy. All opinions in this review are my own and completely unbiased.
I've always been interested in my family history and started working on it years ago before the world of the internet. I eventually put it away and it has been in a box for many years. Reading this book and having it as a resource has sparked my interest again especially since my mom was adopted. She filled out some papers a few years ago wanting at least medical information but there was nothing available. Now with DNA testing available along with the resources in this book, I might be able to get further in my research. I'm excited!
For anyone who is interested in seriously working on their family history, this is a fantastic resource.
Val D. Greenwood was born during the Great Depression and raised on a Utah family farm. He graduated from Brigham Young University with a Bachelor of Science degree in journalism and from the University of Idaho with a Juris Doctor degree. Though a member of the Utah State Bar until his retirement in 1999, he was employed by the LDS Church for thirty-seven years with assignments that included being a researcher and writer in the Family History Department and a faculty member at Ricks College (now Brigham Young University-Idaho). For his final nineteen-plus years of his employment, he worked in the Temple Department and was a director in that department for fifteen years.
His first book, "The Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy," first published in 1973 and in its fourth edition since October 2017, is now considered by many to be a classic and has for many years been the standard textbook for those who study and those who teach American genealogical research. Val was awarded The prestigious Silver Tray Award 2018 by the Utah Genealogical Association "for Publication Efforts and Contributions to the Field of Genealogy."
Val's most recent work is a book of 229 Old Testament stories for adults and young adults titled "How Often Would I Have Gathered You." It was published in 2007, with an enhanced second edition published in 2013. The first edition was given the "Gold Quill Award" by the League of Utah Writers. There is also another version of this book. It was published in 2008 and is entitled "I Will Make of Thee a Great Nation." It has 219 stories after excluding those materials primarily of interest to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This book was a "Best Books Award Finalist" for USA Book News.
More information about both the Old Testament and Val's books is available on his website, https://newviewoldtestament.com.
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Games, Flash cards and a homework helper are to be found here.
The OFCN's resource of math lesson plans.
The brain teasers are broken down by grade level and allow student to submit their answers.
A new puzzle every week.
A site with Fractal activities.
Site contains a complete set of table for every math discipline.
Great site for new teachers.
Sort of a numbers based crossword puzzle site.
Teacher and student sections Teachers may use the chapter by chapter resource to locate the Internet activities relating to each concept. There are links to support materials, references, and professional development. You need not use their text in order to benefit from the site.
Explanation of and activities relating to "pi".
Combination of math and aeronautics.
Lessons and related practice problems.
Classroom humor, teacher time savers and lesson plans.
Site dealing with the concept of 100.
A game where you find the pattern in order to win.
Site for teachers, students, and parents.
Middle school is one of the best times to begin exploring mathematics: this subject for many middle school kids is scary. Thus, getting rid of this fear of middle school math from the students can be a tough job for the teachers. Apart from handling the students, the teacher should be well aware of the particulars they need to cover without going over and beyond the required level. Middle school math contains topics such as: fractions, geometry, formulas, conversions and general math. Mathematics at middle school level should teach students to intelligently logic out the formulas and apply math in their day-to-day life.
Teaching math at middle school level can be very challenging. Teaching concepts, which are applicable in real life, is a tough job, but with the collection of resources and questions to practice, the fear of math in students can be tackled. This guide will provide various links to learn the topics and links to various worksheets, which students can practice to judge their understanding of fundamentals and concepts on each of the topics.
Learning mathematics at any level can be fun provided proper concepts are embedded in the minds of those who teach and in those who study them. Middle school math concepts can be easy to grab at times but just knowing these concepts won't fetch grades, worksheets are a must if you wish to come out with flying colors in the league of mathematics.
Fractions in mathematics are the ratio of algebraic quantity expressed in a/b form. In middle school, the child should be familiar with concepts of fractions and identifying a fraction. They should be learning about equivalent and identical fractions. The basic formulas of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing should be imbibed. Students should also be able to compare fractions and convert them into decimals.
Word problems are the most difficult ones to tackle. Conversion between various units can be asked from pupils. The students also desire converting decimals into fractions.
Fractions and ratios in middle school - A PDF with detailed discussion on fractions.
Teaching about Fractions - What, When, and How?
Identifying Fraction - The formations of a fraction.
Comparing decimals and fractions - This portal helps in learning the conversion between decimals and fractions with a link to quiz to test your knowledge of fractions, decimals and percentages.
Learning decimals - A simple way to learn all the concepts associated with this section in math.
Geometry is a branch of mathematics all about shape, size, relative position of figures and the properties of space. Middle school geometry introduces topics such as: polygons, area, perimeter and volume of geometric and solid figures. Topics on angles, coordinate planes and transformation should be introduced here. Congruency and similarity of triangles are the other topics covered under this unit.
Geometry for Junior and High School - A list of sites with information on geometry for junior high and high school students.
Dictionary of geometry - This site provides comprehensive data on area and perimeter of various geometric figures.
Interactive geometry - A concise guide to all the topics in geometry section of the math.
A learner's course - This site also provides several geometry concepts.
Worksheets - This webpage includes a number of free geometry worksheets suitable for elementary and middle school students.
Example Prep - A webpage with links to worksheet and lesson plan activity ideas.
Teachers companion - A PDF file on geometry for middle school teachers companion problems.
Teaching Geometry – A PDF teaching geometry using art and architecture.
Discovering Geometry Through Problem-Solving – A PDF file that provides an interactive look at geometric concepts.
Understanding the concepts of coefficients, variables and polynomials are expected of the students here. This section of math introduces solving of algebraic equations Evaluation of algebraic polynomials along with the application of basic mathematics formula on the expressions are needed. This is a tough section and usually students take time before they settle in this section.
Higher concepts - To dwell into higher concepts of mathematics and algebra this site can be visited.
Practice while you learn - Allows you to practice while learning the concepts.
Algebra Vocabulary List – A PDF file with definitions for middle school teachers. The list consists of various links.
Video lessons on algebra - Provides video lessons on all most all the topics in math.
In mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100. It is denoted by "%" symbol. This concept of math is applied in daily life as well; therefore having a grasp on this subject is essential. Students are required to calculate percentages of amount given to them. Word problems form a mandatory part of this section.
Learning percentage - A simple interactive guide to learn percentages.
Tutorials - This guide provides all the formula pertaining to this topic in math.
This unit in mathematics covers all the basic operations in the domain on integers. Integers are natural numbers including 0 with all the negatives of the non-zero natural numbers. Here, basic mathematics formulas should also be taught to the students.
Interactive learning - Learning integers in an interactive environment.
Grabbing concepts - All the topics on integers.
Linked to all – A great list of resourceful links.
Development of Algebraic Thinking at the Middle School Level - The study is to provide a developmental account of generalization involving patterning activity among a cohort of middle school children.
Fraction Worksheets - A worksheet to practice fraction for better understanding.
Algebra Worksheets - This site has worksheets for all levels of learners of algebra.
Online Quiz - This quiz judges the students on their skills in math.
Decimal Quiz - Practices operations on decimal figures.
Percentage Quiz - To practice questions on fundamentals of percentage.


"The drink recipe called for 5 parts tequila and one part WHAT!?"
I did one of those girl-in-food/drink item things that I'm sure started outside the vore community but has totally different context within it.
Geeze thats a lotta tequila! Or is is that one small catgirl?
I was going to leave it up to the macro/micro fans to fight it out.
Though, even if that is a normal sized glass, it's still a lot of tequila.
But, is it ENOUGH tequila? I say it's a normal sized catgirl sitting in a HUEG glass.
Why not have someone (maybe a boy?) (of any sort of species) join her?
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"The Beast" in a Dons shirt has been a great combination since the summer of 2014 and our club shop are once again stocking Bayo Akinfenwa calendars.
There's still time to get your hands on official 2016 Bayo calendars from our club shop online.
Official AFC Wimbledon calendars would also look good on your office wall or at home and these are also available via the above link.


The system features two fingerprint sensors: one on the engine start/stop button, and one on the driver's side exterior door handle.
Hyundai's system is capable of storing authentication details for two drivers, including three sets of fingerprints for each person.
Once the door has been successfully unlocked with a recognised fingerprint, the car can move the seat and mirrors to the driver's preset positions.
Song Dong-joon, a senior designer at Hyundai-Kia's Namyang Institute, says unlike in a smartphone, an automotive-grade fingerprint recognition system needs to withstand some pretty wild conditions, including extreme heat, dust, rain, and freezing temperatures.
The exterior fingerprint sensor is about four times larger than a smartphone's, and all communication between the sensors and system's processor are encrypted.
Additionally because people's fingerprints change over time, Hyundai's system is adaptive, updating the fingerprints stored in the registry ever time a user is successfully recognised.
Song states the Hyundai system has a roughly 0.002 per cent, or 1 in 50,000, chance of mistaking one person's fingerprint for another. This makes it around five times more secure than today's smart keys.


text:
The V 52 was a one off, single engine, two seat sports monoplane, built in Germany in 1925.

Design and development

Whilst the other LFG two seat monoplane sports aircraft (the V 40, V 42 and V 44) produced in 1925 were all metal designs, the V 52 employed wooden construction.  It also differed from them in having a braced, rather than wholly cantilever wing.  This was built around wooden box spares, with three ply ribs and fabric covering.  The fuselage was also wooden, with three ply covering.

Like the V 40, the V 52 was powered by a  Siemens-Halske Sh 11 7-cylinder radial engine.

Operational history
The V 52 was amongst five LFG entries to the Round Germany Flight held in the summer of 1925, though only the LFG V 39 biplane took take part, with all four monoplanes failing to make the start.

Specifications

References

1920s German sport aircraft
LFG V 52
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A big thanks to my friend and fellow artist Michelle Dean for posting these videos out on FB, both of which I thoroughly enjoyed. The first one had me intrigued, then I was completely taken by surprise. The second film features Marcel – a character that is, well, a shell. Great stuff. Check them out.
MARCEL THE SHELL WITH SHOES ON, TWO from Dean Fleischer-Camp on Vimeo.


text:
Sri Salike > Nature > Anuradhapura > Kala Wewa
Province North Centrel
District Anuradapura
Nearest Town Kakirawa
Area 18.1 km2
Period 459-477 AD
Ruler King Dhatusena
Kala Wewa is one of the magnificent reservoirs of the ancient world. This reservoir has a circumference of 64.37 km and has a total area of seven square miles at full capacity. The ancient spill (pitawana) is measured to be 65.83m in width and 51.81m in length. For comparison, the width of the spill is more than three quarters length of a soccer field! The spill was built using hammered Granite, a solid structure one could imagine. Each block of Granite is shaped precisely to fit its neighbor. The whole structure eventually acts like one huge rock.
Maginificent view of Kala Wewa
The embankment of Kalawewa is 18 to 24 m high with a base of more than 61 m and a length of 4.82 km According to the tradition, a tunnel was built to carry water from Amban river to Mirisgoni river to Kalawewa. So far this tunnel has not been found. (It is not clear whether anyone seriously looked for it).
Where Does Kala wewa Get its Water
Immense dam was constructed across Dambulu Oya and Mirisgoni Oyas. (Oya means river in Sinhalese). More water is obtained from Hawnell Oya and drainage coming from the Matale hills also being captured. Kalawewa is main Lake did by King Dhatusena, not only that he did many other constructions, such as 87 km long canal from Kalawewa to the city of Anuradhapura known as Jayaganga. It is not an exaggeration to say that very existence of the city of Anuradhapura was dependant on Kalawewa and Jayaganga. Another canal, not inferior to Jayaganga was built to connect Kalawewa with the Siyambalagamuwa reservoir and thirty other small reservoirs.
Kadawara Deviyo
According to the Sinhalese tradition, King Dhatusena appointed a man named Kadawara to maintain the magnificent Kalawewa. One day there was a breach in the bund. In order to stop the breach, Kadawara placed himself in the breach until workers repair it. During the event, Kadawara died and became a god. Today Kadawara is considered to be guarding the reservoir as a god as he did while he was alive.
When George Turnour (First to translate Mahavamsa to English) visited the site, he was unable to understand why such a huge spill was built. Turnour wrote "One of the most stupendous monuments of misapplied labor in the island". Same sentiment was expressed by Emmerson Tennent. Later it was found out that such a large spill and an embankment is necessary to withstand flood waters during the heavy monsoon season.
Note by D.S Senanayake on Kalawewa (First Prime Minister of Lanka):
"When we have evidence before our eyes of a bund of over 13 million cubic meters which at ordinary rates of labor in this country must have cost 1,300,000 British Pounds, a sum which would be sufficient to form an English railway of 193 km long, and we remember that bund is one of a number of embankments that held together immense reservoirs in the country. When we have the testimony of a modern Engineering expert that as one whose duties permitted him to gain an intimate acquaintance with the ancient works he could never conceal his admiration of the Engineering knowledge of the designers of the great irrigation schemes of Ceylon and the skill with which they constructed".
D.S Senanayake, (Ref: R.L Brohier, Ancient Irrigation Works of Ceylon)
Author's Note: Above note was written in 1933, seventy years ago. Assuming an average inflation rate of 7%, the thirteen mile long bund would need 148 million British pounds (240 million US dollars) to complete it today!.
As mentioned earlier, Jayaganga was built to bring water from Kalawewa to the city of Anuradhapura. There are three major reservoirs in the city of Anuradhapura. They are Abhaya wewa, Tissa wewa and Nuwara wewa. Water from Kalawewa was used to feed these three reservoirs in the city and the Nachchaduwa reservoir just outside the city. Jayaganga is approximately 87 km in length and 12.19 m in width. Many irrigation Engineers are baffled how such a long canal with a width of 12.19 m could have been planned and constructed 1,500 years ago.