Erskine, John, styled twenty-second or sixth earl of Mar and Jacobite duke of Mar (bap. 1675, d. 1732), Jacobite army officer, politician, and architect, was born on the lowland family estate at Alloa, Clackmannanshire, and baptized at Alloa parish church on 21 January 1675. He was the first of four surviving children of Charles Erskine, twenty-first or fifth earl of Mar (1650–1689), and his wife, Lady Mary Maule (1655–1710?), eldest daughter of George, second earl of Panmure.
Throughout his life Mar took immense pride in the fact that his father's family was considered to be among the oldest in Scotland, with special ties to the royal Stuart dynasty due to his ancestors' status as hereditary keepers of Stirling Castle and guardians of the royal princes. In fact his first action in the Scottish parliament, where he took his seat in September 1696, was a protest to be put first on any list of the Scottish aristocracy. However, his pride in his ancestry was disproportionate to the family's financial situation. The Erskines had accumulated crushing debts during the civil war, and further mismanagement had reduced the estate to the principal holdings of Alloa, on the Firth of Forth, and Braemar, as well as Kildrummy in Aberdeenshire. These two highland estates were damaged almost beyond repair by the Jacobite forces in spring 1689, probably because Mar's father had by then joined the new government after some prior hesitation. Ranking among the lowest third of his peers in terms of rental income, Mar thus inherited 'more debt than estate' (Master of Sinclair, Memoirs of the Insurrection in Scotland in 1715, 1858, 58) when he succeeded his father in May 1689 as twenty-second or sixth earl (dependent on a disputed creation in 1565).
Little is known about Mar's formal education, which was probably somewhat eclectic. He remarked later to his son 'you have been more luckie in your education than I was' (Mar's legacies, 178). He certainly received some schooling, possibly at Linlithgow, in the 1680s, and went on to attend a few lectures at the University of Edinburgh in 1691–2. By then he had acquired a working knowledge of Latin, but he did not learn any other foreign language in his youth. It was only in his late forties that he developed his French beyond mere phrases. He did, however, take to drawing and architectural design. In the 1690s the Episcopalian minister Alexander Edwards introduced him to the technicalities of garden design, architecture, and drawing. Henceforward, Mar was 'infected with the desease of building and gardening' (Stuart Papers, 5.21), and remained so until his death.
Later in life Mar acquired a reputation for being rather indifferent in religion, but there are frequent remarks hinting at his conviction that the Episcopal church deserved pride of place in Scotland—being, as he put it, 'a medium betwixt the bare unbecomeing nakedness of the Presbiterian service in Scotland, and the gadie, affected, and ostentive way of the Church of Rome' (Mar's legacies, 186). Accordingly, a private chapel was set up at Alloa about 1700.
Personally, Mar seems to have been not without charm, and even later political enemies referred to him as being a witty conversationalist. There are conflicting descriptions of his physical appearance, but it is certain that he was of low stature, and most probably had some kind of physical disability in the form of a small hump on his back.
From the moment he took his seat in the Scottish parliament in September 1696 to the end of his political career in Britain nineteen years later, Mar was a court politician proper. On the one hand, he needed the salary. But equally important was the boost to his self-esteem that office provided. Although he frequently complained to his brother that he was 'extreamlie wearie of the post I'm in' (Mar to Erskine, 1707, NA Scot., Mar and Kellie MSS, GD 124/15/496/27), he tried hard to emulate his ancestors and also enjoyed being at the centre of political life. An obvious choice of patron for the eager novice was the first duke of Queensberry, who was just emerging as the leading Scottish magnate at court. Quickly, Mar worked his way into the duke's inner circle, and, as a result of this patronage he became a member of the Scottish privy council as early as April 1697. Yet he was desperate to secure a position that was financially more rewarding, and he certainly expected more than the military command (as colonel of a regiment on foot until 1706) which Queensberry was able to grant him in 1701.
Mar's rise at court began when he joined the first commission for the negotiation of the union between Scotland and England. Although the discussions in London came to nothing during winter 1702–3, he once again distinguished himself as an able spokesman and was increasingly seen as Queensberry's lieutenant. His marriage on 6 April 1703 to Lady Margaret Hay (1686–1707), daughter of Thomas, earl of Kinnoull, considerably advanced the connection to the duke of Queensberry on account of Lady Mar's close friendship with the duchess. When his patron was out of favour in 1704, Mar led the opposition to the government of the marquess of Tweeddale 'with so much art and dissimulation that he gained the favour of all the Tories, and was by many of them esteemed an honest man and well inclined to the royal [Stuart] family' (G. Lockhart, 'Scotland's Ruine!' George Lockhart of Carnwath's Memoirs of the Union, ed. D. Szechi, 1995, 85). It soon became clear that the move towards Jacobitism was nothing but a tactical decision. In fact, after Queensberry's return to power Mar 'returned'—in the harsh words of the Jacobite sympathizer George Lockhart of Carnwath—'as the dog to the vomit and promoted all the Court of England's measures with the greatest zeal imaginable'.
Further progress was swift. Owing to his administrative abilities and success as informal deputy of the duke, Mar was made one of the commissioners for the negotiations of the Anglo-Scottish union, and on 29 September 1705 was additionally appointed secretary of state within Scotland, with a salary of £1000. He was certainly the most active speaker for the union, and his reports to London about the Scottish proceedings during the next sixteen months provide the most intimate insight into the negotiations. Although Mar was at no stage able to match magnates such as Queensberry, Argyll, or Hamilton, either financially or in terms of a clientage, he succeeded in establishing himself firmly as a major power in Scottish politics. He successfully campaigned in late 1706 for his younger brother James Erskine, Lord Grange, to gain an influential legal office, secured a number of positions for his relatives, and in early 1707 became himself sheriff-principal of the sheriffdom of Aberdeen.
By that time Mar's reputation as a skilful amateur architect and garden designer had so advanced among the Scottish aristocracy and gentry that they frequently turned to him for detailed advice about their estates. He had started with small designs for his estate, including a pigeon house or a garden pavilion in 1704; by 1710, probably with the help of James Gibbs (1682–1754), who owed his career solely to Mar's patronage, he was producing elaborate and detailed architectural plans. Several of these were eventually printed, and the 216 surviving plans 'are among the most vivid and colourful of all Scottish architectural drawings' (Gow and Bailey, 251). About twenty different projects can be identified, and the architectural correspondence which Mar conducted throughout his life hints at several of his contributions to buildings and gardens of the British aristocracy. Most members of the Queensberry interest were beneficiaries of his advice, but he also designed plans for English estates such as Bretton Hall and Rokeby Park in Yorkshire. In addition he took some responsibility for the design of the famous House of Dun built for David, Lord Dun. Mar's own estate, Alloa House, Clackmannanshire, gained a reputation for its garden. The combination of a late geometric outline with large vegetable gardens, orangery, orchards, ornamental parterres, and a park of over 2500 acres was at that time unique in Scotland, and visitors 'spok with delight of everything but the filthy naked statues' (David Dalrymple to Mar, 1708, NA Scot., GD 124/15/897). Daniel Defoe gave an overall enthusiastic account of Mar's gardens at Alloa: 'There is, in a Word, every Thing that Nature and Art can do, brought to Perfection', with the town also 'pleasant, well built and full of trade' (D. Defoe, A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain, letter 13). It was this second aspect with which Mar was most concerned, and his attempts to improve trade proved to be the catalyst for Alloa's industrial development.
Just before the union debate entered the final stage, Mar's son, Thomas, was born in late autumn 1706. After the birth his wife's health deteriorated, and she died on 26 April 1707, just days after her husband took up residence in London. The union negotiations had brought Mar into close contact with the English court circle, especially Sidney, earl of Godolphin, and Robert Harley. These connections proved vital during his further advance in London. He was immediately sworn of the privy council in May 1707. When the Scottish secretaryship ceased with the abolition of the Scottish privy council, Mar was appointed keeper of the signet in early summer 1708. Since Godolphin wanted to rely on the experienced court politician, this office included virtually all the responsibilities and rights of the previous post. Moreover, Mar had already been chosen as one of the representative peers of Scotland in February 1707, and was re-elected in 1708, 1710, and 1713.
Always sensitive to the change of political atmosphere, Mar increasingly sought the company of Robert Harley, who became his major English patron. The marriage of Harley's daughter Abigail to Mar's brother-in-law George Hay, Viscount Dupplin (and later eighth earl of Kinnoull), certainly eased the way, and Harley secured him a pension of £3000 as early as 1709. In the subsequent Sacheverell crisis Mar voted in favour of the high-church clergyman, and convinced several other Scottish lords to do the same. Thus after the tory victory in the election of 1710 he emerged as the leader of the Scottish court party, and following the death of the duke of Hamilton in 1712 he also became patron to the Scottish Jacobite MPs. It certainly helped him to gain some credit among the Scottish Jacobites that he was now publicly voicing concern about the development of the union, about which 'we had fine hopes … and I think not without good reason, but these hopes have proved vain' (Mar to James Erskine, 1714, NL Scot., MS 5072, fol. 26).
The last two years of Queen Anne's reign saw Mar at the zenith of his career. In London he moved into a fashionable house at Privy Gardens, Whitehall, after being appointed to the re-established secretaryship for Scotland in autumn 1713. The dedication to Mar of an elaborate map of Scotland, printed by the publisher and cartographer Hermann Moll, confirms his status as a major improver, architect, and politician, while Godfrey Kneller's portrait depicts him in lavish attire proudly presenting his nine-year-old son. Arguably his most interesting move was his marriage on 20 June 1714 to Lady Frances Pierrepont (1690–1761), Lockhart's 'buxom vigorous young woman [with] £8000 of portion' (Letters of George Lockhart of Carnwath, ed. D. Szechi, 1989, 103); she was the second daughter of the whig politician Evelyn, then earl (later duke) of Kingston, and younger sister of the scholar Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Thus, just weeks before Queen Anne's death, Mar was able through marriage both to gain new funds for his estate, which was still thousands of pounds in debt, and to attempt to strengthen his ties to the whigs with a view to securing his continued employment.
The first contact between Mar and the exiled Stuart court probably dates from 1710, but it was only after Queen Anne's death in August 1714 that Mar became seriously engaged in Jacobite conspiracy. It is not unlikely that he had grown up with some sentimental Jacobite feelings, but those had always remained hidden behind his need for profitable court positions. Yet by late 1714 he was running out of options. Keeping up high spirits immediately after the queen's death, he claimed in a letter to his brother that 'I can make as good terms with the other side [the Hanoverian whigs] for myself as any of them' (Mar and Kellie MSS, 2.505). However, his central role in the former tory administration negated any efforts to stay in office, since it very quickly became clear that leading tory ministers, with the exception of the earl of Nottingham, had no political future under the new king, George I. Furthermore, it was increasingly apparent that the arrears of £7000 still due to him would not be forthcoming.
Mar's exact role in the overall planning of the Jacobite rising of 1715 is difficult to ascertain. On the one hand, he continued to show outward obedience to the new monarch and even presented an address of loyalty, which included the signatures of twelve highland chiefs. Moreover, he does not appear to have played a major part in orchestrating the initial phase of the rising. Although he was a member of a group of conspirators in London, he apparently had no direct contact with Henry St John, Viscount Bolingbroke, who led all planning from the continent. On the other hand, he boycotted the Scottish election in March 1715, regularly met with James Butler, the duke of Ormond, the major English Jacobite, and, in his first surviving letter to the exiled Stuart court, dating from early July 1715, drew up a detailed invasion scheme. Here he emphasized that there was 'no hope of succeeding in it without the assistance of a regular force' (Stuart Papers, 1.520) and asked for at least 20,000 weapons, should there be no foreign assistance. In the latter case he proposed a landing of the Pretender (James Stuart) near Newcastle at the end of September, and advocated a quick joining of the Jacobite forces from Scotland and northern England. Although such scenarios played a role in the plans of the Stuart court, the Scottish and northern risings were never properly co-ordinated with a proposed central rising in the south. Late in July 1715 it became obvious that the plans for the southern rising were an open secret to the government, and the threat of impeachment, which already endangered the earl of Oxford, reached Mar himself. It was most probably a combination of fear of arrest, self-serving careerism, and sentimental attachment to the Stuart family that, at that stage, turned Mar into the only Jacobite to take the initiative.
On 9 August 1715, one day after the birth of his daughter Frances, Mar left London and embarked from Gravesend with some servants and the professional soldier George Hamilton, who acted as his military adviser throughout the rising. He landed near Elie in south-east Fife, and a short ride took him to the estate of the earl of Kinnoull, his former father-in-law, where the small party of eighteen horse was joined by the family's son John Hay. The Erskines' estate at Braemar saw the first council of war, thinly disguised as a hunting party, or tindal, on 27 August. On 6 September the standard of 'James the 8th and 3rd' was raised at Braemar among 600 followers. The lack of a proper commission from the Stuart court did not prevent Mar from excelling at the things he did best: sending out orders, canvassing, and gathering supplies. With the help of the printer Robert Freebairn he also took great care in distributing Jacobite propaganda, which skilfully played on Scottish patriotism and anti-union sentiment.
At the beginning of October the Jacobite forces had risen to almost 20,000 men. Apart from Stirling Castle, Mar controlled all of Scotland north of the Firth of Forth. It was undoubtedly the most serious Jacobite threat the British government had faced. Yet it now became apparent that Mar had no military experience whatsoever. Instead of keeping the initiative by laying siege to Stirling Castle and pushing south, he dallied for over a month, thus allowing the government forces under the duke of Argyll to build up strength and move into more favourable positions. The Jacobites' two remarkable military manoeuvres—a quick capture of Perth and the crossing of the Firth of Forth with 2000 men—were most probably based on the initiative of Mar's subordinates. By contrast Mar's conduct throughout the 'Fifteen was 'marked with a disastrous combination of chronic indecision and strategic incompetence' (MacInnes, 200).
These failings were once again in evidence in the one and only battle for which Mar took charge, having on 22 October received a belated royal commission to act as sole commander of the Jacobite forces; on the same date he was appointed duke of Mar in the Jacobite peerage of Scotland. Although the number of soldiers in Mar's force had dwindled somewhat, the Jacobite army still outnumbered the duke of Argyll's forces by three to one, and a decision was finally made to march towards Stirling. About noon on 13 November the two armies met at Sheriffmuir, near Dunblane. After some serious but indecisive fighting which had put both armies into confusion, and parts of them into retreat, Mar and about 4000 Jacobites began to close in on Argyll's remaining 1000 men, who were waiting for a final attack, poorly protected by some mud walls. But Mar, probably under the illusion of having won the battle already, did not order his forces to advance. The government army had lost three times as many men (about 660) as the Jacobites; this made it possible for Mar to claim victory before retreating to Perth. It was obvious, however, that in more than one respect 13 November was the turning point of the rising, by preventing the Jacobites' further advance into the central lowlands. The city of Inverness surrendered to the government forces on the same day, and in the north of England the rising suffered a decisive blow with the capitulation of the English Jacobites at Preston. Moreover, the arrival of James III in Scotland on 22 December failed to stop the numbers dwindling in the Jacobite army.
What followed was a mere six-week epilogue to the rising. Though some were rejoicing at Aberdeen and Dundee, fewer than 5000 Jacobites were still present at Perth when their proclaimed king made his entrance on 9 January 1716. Moreover, a reinforced government army now equipped with heavy artillery was advancing rapidly. To delay its approach Mar gave the order to burn several villages between Perth and Stirling, thus denying shelter and supplies to Argyll's forces, but also fuelling the contempt with which he was increasingly viewed by some of his fellow Jacobites. On 30 January the Jacobites were forced to leave Perth and retreat north. Mar, who had started the 1715 rising, also finished it when on 4 February he persuaded the Pretender to write a farewell letter to the Scots. Sailing from Montrose the next day, James and Mar left behind a perplexed Jacobite army whose leading figures never forgave Mar for his apparent betrayal. On 17 February he was attainted by the Hanoverian authorities and his earldom forfeited.
In March 1716 Mar arrived in Paris, and one month later he was back in office, this time as James's adviser and secretary of state. The Pretender seems to have had some admiration for Mar, whom he regarded as an experienced politician and, more importantly, as the one man who had raised arms for the Stuart cause in 1715. Yet from the beginning Mar was deeply involved in the internal power struggle at the Jacobite court. Quarrels about who had been responsible for the failure of the rising broke out, and Mar, who himself blamed Bolingbroke, was made the scapegoat by a number of court commentators. His reputation suffered further following his alleged mismanagement of the growing number of exiled Jacobites who now sought refuge at court, thus seriously stretching Jacobite finances. That Mar's solution was seen to favour his own relatives undoubtedly contributed to the increasing tension between the different Jacobite clientage networks. Important leaders such as the duke of Ormond and George Keith, Earl Marischal, had been deeply suspicious of Mar's dealings from the start. This internal struggle prevented the Jacobite court from developing a coherent policy on occasions when the international diplomatic situation would have allowed an alliance with a European power against Hanoverian Britain.
Renewed hostilities between Hanover and Sweden presented just such an opportunity in 1716. The fact that the Swedish king, Charles XII, was widely perceived as a protestant war hero undoubtedly influenced the Jacobites' decision to strengthen the ties with the Swedish court, as a way of counteracting the deep anti-Catholic sentiment hindering the Jacobite movement in Britain. Mar organized diplomatic connections to Charles XII and ordered the English Jacobites to raise money for an invasion force. He probably only realized himself in February 1717 (after the capture of Swedish diplomats in London) that Charles XII had been interested only in the money, and certainly never seriously considered an invasion of England. Mar's other attempt to establish further contact with Peter the Great of Russia proved equally unsuccessful on a political level, though it led to the recruitment of a vast number of Jacobite exiles by the tsar.
In winter 1717 the two constant companions of Jacobite exiles—boredom and homesickness—struck Mar at Urbino: '[I would] die of the spleen', he remarked, 'were it not for building castles in the air of several kinds' (Stuart Papers, 5.367). Yet his renewed enthusiasm for architectural drawings was not the only activity with which he fought the despairing mood at the exiled court. Within his limited means he also acted as a patron to musicians, architects, and painters. In his letters he frequently alluded to the lack of court culture in England, combining his Jacobite hopes with his aesthetic preferences for baroque music and architecture. 'Let us hope still', he wrote to his friend James Gibbs, 'there are more polite days a coming when arts will thrive and good performances be cherished by those who have a right taste' (ibid., 2.92).
Nor had Mar cut all ties to his former whig friends. Seeing his political fortunes at the Stuart court slip away (because of Ormond's and Marischal's preparations for another rising with Spanish assistance in early 1719), he resigned his post, renewed an old acquaintance with John Dalrymple, second earl of Stair, and embarked on an attempt to re-establish contact with Westminster. He probably had a hand in his own arrest at Geneva on behalf of the British government in May 1719. After thirteen months of negotiations he succeeded in obtaining payments from Lady Mar's jointure, as well as further financial promises from London and £1000 from the earl of Stair.
Having taken up residence with his family in Paris in 1720, Mar was now interested in acquiring a full pardon, though he also worked hard to remain the major figure in the local Jacobite community. He even informed James III about all his dealings with the British government, pledging his loyalty while carefully hiding the details of his negotiations. In the end this duplicity led to a complete loss of confidence in him by both the Stuart court and London, but for a few years Mar managed to deceive many—and probably even himself—about his real status as a double agent. His role became widely known only in the aftermath of the Atterbury plot, when in May 1722 the British agent Charles Churchill forced Mar to commit himself by writing an incriminating letter to the Jacobite bishop Francis Atterbury, which eventually led to Atterbury's treason trial and his exile. In a desperate attempt to free himself of ongoing rumours and allegations, Mar made a 'fatal mistake' in 1724 (Gregg, 192) when he freely gave his papers to Atterbury. The bishop, distrustful ever since the Swedish affair of 1717, now found proof of Mar's double game and finally convinced the court in Rome to withdraw all confidence from him, though not before he had been elevated to the earldom (1717) and dukedom (1722) of Mar in the Jacobite peerages of England and Ireland respectively.
As Mar's political future darkened, his architectural plans for Alloa became more and more elaborate, while showing a detailed knowledge of the continental discourse on design and architecture. The political allusions to Scottish patriotism in his designs are so obvious that 'they can be understood as an apology … for his political career' (Stewart, 5). Together with his writings, these plans illustrate Mar's ideological point of view, which, though it always remained secondary to his personal ambition, must be seen as a strong undercurrent in his life. Not unlike his former friend Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, Mar emphasized the Scots' virtuous and martial spirit. In his 'Jewels of Scotland' (printed in 1896 by the Scottish History Society as part of 'The earl of Mar's legacies') he included detailed advice about a Scottish constitution, suggested an alliance of Scotland and Ireland in a union based on their common Celtic culture, and proposed specific improvements, including the construction of a Forth and Clyde canal, and a plan for a new part of Edinburgh that resembles very much the New Town that was later built. His last letter to the Stuart court dates from May 1727, but his Jacobite career as an architect was far from over, as he kept working on an almost visionary plan for a structure in London that he described as a 'Palace worthy of the Grandeur of the King', referring to James III (Friedman, 115).
The London newspapers regularly reported on the allegedly extravagant lifestyle of Mar and his family. Despite some government payments, however, their financial situation was precarious. In Paris, Mar was already 'treated with insolence by the servants and tradespeople' (A. Raitt to Erskine, 1724, NA Scot., Mar and Kellie MSS, GD 124/15/1247/9). As the years of genteel poverty went on, Lady Mar developed clear signs of severe clinical depression slowly descending into madness. Early in 1728 she was sent back to England to be taken into custody by her sister, Mary. Although—or perhaps because—Mar was, apparently, genuinely devoted to his wife, he did not hesitate to use her case as grounds for a further request for a full pardon from the crown. Obviously homesick, he began a correspondence with the diplomatist Horatio Walpole (later Baron Walpole of Wolterton) and also tried to use his connections with Cardinal Fleury to advance his cause. Although he finally received a limited pardon, his bid for a return to Scotland was explicitly rejected by the prime minister Sir Robert Walpole.
Without regular financial resources, Mar was forced to leave Paris at the end of 1729 to avoid his creditors. Only his daughter, Frances, accompanied him, first to Antwerp and then to Spa. Distrusted by both the Jacobite community and the British government, with no chance of securing a pardon and with limited funds, Mar spent the last three years of his life in a dismal state. Moreover, his health deteriorated. For over a decade he had been suffering from gout, scurvy, and some sort of chronic gastritis, and now his condition worsened markedly. In the winter of 1731–2 he and Frances moved to another fashionable spa, Aix-la-Chapelle. There Mar's last architectural drawing, showing yet another version of his beloved Alloa, was finished in March 1732, with his daughter's assistance. She was also present two months later when Mar died, at Aix-la-Chapelle. His burial place is unknown, but his daughter probably took his remains to Scotland when she visited Alloa for the first time, in November 1732. Mar had desired to be buried in the parish church of Alloa and had even designed a monument in black and white marble for that purpose. His death was reported by the Gentleman's Magazine, but he had vanished from the political scene to such a degree that no one—including the Jacobite community—took notice.
Even before his death a Jacobite friend had remarked that 'no man had ever a more glorious game to play & play'd it worse than he has done from first to last' (Lewis Innes to James III, 1729, Stuart papers, Royal Archives, Windsor Castle, 131/174). George Lockhart's contemporary judgment of Mar as 'a man of good sense but bad morals' (Scotland's Ruine!, 85) was probably the kindest comment about him in the next two centuries. By the early nineteenth century his poor reputation was firmly established. James Hogg called him 'another Richard III, deformed in his person, but possessed of ambition and an intriguing genius beyond any man living' (J. Hogg, The Jacobite Relics of Scotland, 2 vols., reprinted 1874, 2.223). His famous nickname, Bobbing John, which in his lifetime had probably referred only to his physical disabilities, became a synonym for his frequent political double play. It was in the twentieth century, however, that his reputation reached rock-bottom. For historians of Jacobitism, Mar simply was a 'rat' or at best an 'evil genius' (A. Tayler and H. Tayler, The Old Chevalier: James Francis Stuart, 1934, 101); by the 1980s Mar was 'a self-centred, monstrously incompetent poltroon' (Lenman, 154). At the same time he has also been rediscovered as one of the most important early modern Scottish art patrons and amateur architects, thus confirming Walter Scott's gentle judgment of his being 'a man of fine taste' (Tales of a Grandfather, 1828–30, chap. 63). Arrogant, self-centred, easily offended, and incompetent in things military he certainly was, but he also emerges from his numerous letters as a skilful estate manager, a connoisseur of music and art, a patron of architects, and a charming conversationalist.


Each bath salt is design with a particular sentiment on the back, some are birthday greetings, some are sweet and some are really funny. They are intended to convey a wide range of thoughts from "you're are a great friend", all the way to "bite me" with many stops on the way!
Credit can be extended to repeat customers with solid credit.


Home / Answers About Autism / What Is Autism?
Autism is also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD.
Autism is a syndrome, which means it has many characteristics and symptoms, making every person with autism different from one another.
To put it simply, autism is a condition which affects a person's ability to process, organize, and put together information. This affects many things, including their ability to communicate, their social and functioning skills, and their ability to learn. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder.
There are many forms and degrees of autism on the autism spectrum, and the disorder usually appears when a child is between 6 months and 3 years of age. The average age of diagnosis in the United States, however, is 5 years old.


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Home News Shamed comedian Justin Lee Collins found GUILTY of harassing former lover… but ex-wife stands by him
MASONS_JLC_01
Police mugshot of Justin Lee Collins 'JLC' who has been found guilty of harrassing his girlfriend Anna Larke. See MASONS story JLC; TV personality Justin Lee Collins has been sentenced to 140 hours of community service for harassing his former partner Anna Larke. Collins, 38, of Kew, London, was convicted at St Albans Crown Court of harassment causing fear of violence between January and July 2011. The court heard Collins began a "campaign of abuse", keeping a dossier of Ms Larke's past sexual experiences. After the hearing Ms Larke said she was "absolutely ecstatic" at the verdict.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Leke is a troubled young man living in the suburbs of Cape Town. He develops strange habits of stalking people, stealing small objects and going from doctor to doctor in search of companionship rather than cure. Through a series of letters written to him by his Nigerian father whom he has never met, Leke learns about a family curse; a curse which his father had unsuccessfully tried to remove. Bom Boy is a well-crafted, and complex narrative written with a sensitive understanding of both the smallness and magnitude of a single life.


No one in either the Gleaton or Deaner clans have ever been accused of being a dainty eater. Charlotte is not going to be the exception to this rule. After three consecutive days of weight loss (completely normal just like any newborn) she appears to have turned the corner. She was born at 3 pounds 12 ounces or 1700g. After day one she lost 50g or 1.7 ounces, the second day 20g or .7 ounces and day three a loss of 10g/.35 ounces more, weighing in at approximately 3 pounds 9 ounces. As of today she was back up to 1680g or 3 pounds 11.2 ounces. I think by tomorrow, knock on wood, she will be back up to her birth weight.
Above is the first time that Deaner and I got to watch her take a bottle. I am pretty sure it was on Tuesday night but honestly all my days are blurring together right now. I couldn't believe that she took the whole thing but she did, and I was impressed. The NICU nurses told us that they feed her from a bottle every time she is wide awake but that she gets milk through her feeding tube if she is drowsy or sleeping. I've been pumping and while I'm not producing much at all, I think she started to get my milk today. Since she is under 33 weeks my milk has to be frozen for 24 hours before she can have it.
I don't think that Charlotte has that alien look that many preemie babies but seeing her next to Deaner's hands sort of gives an idea of just how small she is. It always surprises me when they lift her out of her "carrying case" for me to hold, just how tiny she is. Those are preemie diapers that practically wrap around her twice.
The preemie binky practically takes up her entire face. It's a huge difference from having an almost eight and a half pound chunker the first go around.
Here is her scary live long and prosper greeting. Evans was very concerned that the picture was blue but it was just the light from someone else's bilirubin light. We have been trying to make it up the hospital twice a day on Monday, Wednesdays and Fridays when Evans has school but Tuesdays and Thursday we take one long visit. Imagine Deaner's surprise when our across the street neighbors came through the hospital doors this afternoon while we were there visiting. He initially thought perhaps they were there to see us (though this didn't make any sense since no one but us can see Charlotte) but it turns out that their three year old had a Lego stuck in his nose. Pretty comical (probably not as much for them).
We are looking forward to seeing if Miss C gained any weight tomorrow morning and getting to snuggle with her the best we can. It's sad to leave her there every night but at this point, I would be way too scared to bring her home even if that was an option. For now we will just keep having positive weight gaining hopes for Charlotte!! I'll post more when we have some more updates!
I hope Laurenz' Lego got fetched out.
I keep my fingers crossed for weight gain!


Trong tiếng Anh có nhiều cặp từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn với nhau, người học tiếng Anh thường gặp khó khăn trong cả khi nói và khi viết. Sau đây, mình sẽ giới thiệu cho các bạn Tổng hợp những cặp từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn trong tiếng Anh, các bạn tham khảo nhé.
Chester gave Posey good advice.
Chester advised Posey to avoid the questionable chicken salad.
Chester's humming affected Posey's ability to concentrate.
Chester was sorry for the effect his humming had.
Chester found a letter hidden among the papers on the desk.
Posey assured Chester that no one would cheat at Bingo.
Posey took steps to ensure that no one cheated at Bingo.
Posey was glad the Bingo hall was insured against damage caused by rowdy Bingo players.
Chester held his breath while Posey skateboarded down the stairs.
After Posey's spectacular landing, Chester had to remind himself to breathe again.
Chester visited Brasίlia, the capital of Brazil.
Posey visited the cafe in the basement of the capitol after watching a bill become a law.
Chester's lime green boots were a perfect complement to his jacket.
Posey received many compliments on her purple fedora.
Posey was uninterested in attending Chester's singing class.
Chester's grandfather emigrated from Canada sixty years ago.
Posey's sister immigrated to Ireland in 2004.
Posey can run farther than Chester.
Chester is further away from finishing his project than Posey is.
Chester flaunted his stylish new outfit.
Posey flouted the business-casual dress code by wearing a tiara and flip-flops.
Chester visited the beach in Kitty Hawk where the Wright brothers made their historic first airplane flight.
Posey donned a historical bonnet for the renaissance fair.
Chester implied that Posey was in trouble, but he wouldn't tell her why.
Posey inferred that Chester was nervous about something from the way he kept looking over his shoulder.
Posey needs to pack for her trip because it's only two days away.
Chester is obsessed with both the book and its author.
Posey wore a lead apron while the dentist X-rayed her teeth.
Loose:Tính từ, có nghĩa là bị mất, hay thất lạc.
Posey discovered that the cows were loose.
Chester was careful not to lose his ticket.
Posey was called into the principal's office.
Posey doesn't like surprise parties as a matter of principle.
The revolving door remained stationary because Posey was pushing on it the wrong way.
Chester printed his résumé on his best stationery.
Posey runs faster than Chester.
Posey took off running, and then Chester came along and finished her breakfast.
Chester and Posey took their time.
It took them an hour to get there. They're is a contraction of "they are": Are Chester and Posey coming? They're almost here.
Posey walked to school. She said hello to Chester when she saw him.
Too: có nghĩa là quá.
Posey waited too long to do her homework, too.
Who's : Viết tắt của Who is.
Who's calling Chester at this hour?
Chester, whose phone hadn't stopped ringing all morning, barely ate anything for breakfast.
Trên đây là Tổng hợp những cặp từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn trong tiếng Anh, các bạn tham khảo nhé.


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Home / world wide / How Old Was Misha Collins When He Started Supernatural?
How Old Was Misha Collins When He Started Supernatural?
admin October 10, 2021	world wide Leave a comment 0 Views
"Supernatural" ran for 15 seasons from 2005 to 2020 on The CW, which meant it often had to introduce new elements to keep the dark fantasy of its world fresh. In Season 4, the show's producers did this by bringing in the angel Castiel (Misha Collins), who was an anti-hero, an antagonist, and then a protagonist and potential love interest for Dean Winchester (Jensen Ackles), as well as a regular cast member during several seasons. In the show's 15th season, producers switched things up again by killing off Castiel completely near the end of the series' run — even though they'd resurrected him any number of times before. His (final) death, coming right off a confession of love for Dean, devastated many fans (via Distractify).
While Castiel wasn't on the show for its entire run, he spent more than a decade as a participant in Dean and his brother Sam's (Jared Padalecki) quest to hunt down supernatural beings — sometimes as a good friend, and sometimes not. This is a pretty large portion of anyone's life and meant that some younger fans of the show actually grew up knowing and being influenced by Castiel as well as the Winchester brothers. Given that, though, it's natural to wonder exactly how old Collins was when he started playing the role.
He just turned 47 years old, making him 34 at the time of his debut
According to a tweet Collins posted celebrating the day Cashiel found his vessel and came to Earth, the angel's "birthday" was on September 18, just about 13 years ago. As far as Collins' birthdate goes, TV Guide lists it as August 20. Hilariously, there's actually a Twitter account called "is today misha collins' birthday?" and it just posts a negative comment every day except for August 20. The Internet Movie Database and many fansites agree that he was born in 1974, making him 47 years old right now.
Collins' very first episode on "Supernatural" was "Lazarus Rising," the first episode of the fourth season. Here, he appeared with bullets bouncing off of him among a cascade of sparks from the lights bursting above. (He called his introduction, in retrospect, "kind of badass" in a TVLine interview.) That aired September 18, 2008 — thus marking the angel's birthday. That would have likely made him 33 when he started filming and 34 years old when he debuted in the role. And he would have been 46 when his run ended on Season 15's 18th episode, called "Despair," in an emotional night that apparently almost ended in his real death on a chartered plane following the shoot's wrap-up, as he told CBR.com.
After his run on "Supernatural" ended, Collins worked on the series "Bridgewater" and has been tapped to star in "The Daryl Davis Project" (via Variety). He also has a poetry collection called "Some Things I Can't Tell You: Poems" coming out on October 12, so if you're inclined to find out how introspective a 47-year-old ex-angel can be, you might want to pre-order.
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Isabel Toledo: A Woman beyond Design!
As promised, our Fashion dialogue continues here in honor of National Women's History Month. Today we highlight the career of an enormous talent, Fashion Designer Isabel Toledo.
Many may remember Isabel Toledo as the famous Cuban born designer that dressed Michelle Obama with the lemongrass shift dress and overcoat for the President's 2009 Inauguration. Isabel has never been coy to express how she considers herself more of the seamstress than a designer. She is led by the feel and movement of fabrics and then lets that translate into her designs. She has mastered the ability to play with volume and structure all very well.
She is married to Fashion Illustrator, painter and sculptor Ruben Toledo who is also her partner in many collaborations and considered her inspiration. She is the recipient of the National Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and a Couture Council Award for Artistry of Fashion. Back in 2009, the Museum of FIT had an entire exhibit dedicated to her past collections called "Fashion from the Inside Out" and they are currently featuring her in their latest exhibit, "IMPACT" dedicated to the 50 years of the CFDA.
For those Fashion literature enthusiasts, Isabel has a new a book called "Roots of Style: Weaving Together Life, Love, and Fashion" available March 2012. She will also be attending a conversation and book signing that will be hosted by none other than Nina Garcia on March 29th at El Museo del Barrio.
One Style at a Time will attend this conversation and will make sure to bring you all the details of this event.
Previous Post March is National Women's Month!
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Door of Hope: Women in History
|In Art News, Exhibition
|By Artitute
Celebrate International Women's Day at MINT Museum of Toys with the museum's latest featured exhibit titled, The Door of Hope Dolls: Women in History. The exhibition celebrates the enduring strength of the women and young girls who created the Door of Hope Dolls. The collection, which originates from 1920's Shanghai, also speaks volume of the efforts undertaken by a group of women who set out to change the future of young Chinese girls and women at the time.
Be awed by the uniqueness of these handcrafted and hand-sewn dolls and let their story inspire you to effect change.
Highlights from the exhibition include:
– Amah & Baby, wood & fabric doll, China, 1920's, estimated value US$3500
– Manchu Woman, wood and fabric, 1920's, estimated value US$10000
The Door of Hope Dolls: Women in History opens from 1 March through to 31 March 2017. The exhibition is located on Level 3, Childhood Favourites of MINT Museum of Toys.
For more information: http://emint.com/product/door-of-hope-women-in-history/
Artitute
Online magazine that promotes and markets Southeast Asia's established and emerging visual artists and it's art scenes. And a stepping stone for young aspiring visual artists to showcase their works to the world.
An exclusive interview with MR. The Otaku artist
Represented by Perrotin, which showcased 40 of his artworks at the inaugural Art Moments in Jakarta. Artitute had the rare chance to interview Japanese artist, Mr.
A flower painting by any other name…genre painting that isn't
Guo-liang Tan makes pretty pictures of flowers, but look again and they are anything but just pretty. Artitute's first guest contributor, Jeremy Sharma reviews the artist's first solo exhibition, Play Dead – Paintings, in Space Cottonseed gallery at the Gillman Barracks.
Philip Hemnell's "Urban Eurasian" at Galerie Steph – A Bold Step Forward
Interview with Philip Hemnell and his exhibition of prized pieces from his personal collection alongside new original work at Galerie Steph.


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Usual Adult Dose for Urticaria:
Usual Pediatric Dose for Allergic Rhinitis:
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Usual Pediatric Dose for Urticaria:
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Home Entertainment Hindi
AR Rahman interview | 'Stevie Wonder taught me you don't need all your senses to enjoy life'
AR Rahman bares his heart on what he hopes to achieve in his new series of concerts, and who has influenced him the most in life.
Published: 16th December 2018 08:57 AM | Last Updated: 16th December 2018 11:50 AM | A+A A-
By NIMISHA SARA PHILIP
They say, a man is defined by the moments he decides to push boundaries and inspire a brilliant sense of awe. This has never been truer than for the likes of creative geniuses like AR Rahman. A long and ceaseless procession of laurels won by him at the global and national level including two Oscars, two Grammy awards, National Film Awards and five honorary doctorates besides countless felicitations seem to have made little difference to the sheer humility in his attitude and posture with which he seats himself across me.
The man is not just a maestro of music, but an individual who speaks for far more complex challenges of human nature. Perhaps, his spirituality, which is at the core of his art and of his life, is what enables him to be so detached and unassuming. As I walked into the hotel Sheraton Grand in Bengaluru, I spotted a huge screen with a teaser video of the upcoming show, set to be held on December 22.
As I made my way up the wooden stairs, and walked into a warm and welcoming yellow-hued room on the first floor, I could sense the symphony in the carefully chosen ambience by the entourage of his logistics team. And there sat the maestro, dressed in an all-black ensemble of a blazer, T-shirt and trousers, sporting a snazzy pair of sneakers with silver studs, and joking about his wife, Saira Banu, attending to his wardrobe with much care, to make him look far younger than his 51 years. Clearly, there's a lot more than just music to his secret elixir.
I began my interview with the reason behind the tour. He offers, "It has been seven years since my last tour, and I figured it was about time. From my last time on tour, I still remember the love of my audience and I wanted to feel that again." One heart, one love Launching the One Heart Tour from Bengaluru, the concert will bring on stage a long and distinguished line of stars of distinctive musical genres, including Harsheep Kaur, Udit Narayan, Haricharan, Ranjit Barot, Vijay Prakash, Shweta Mohan, Neeti Mohan and Jonita Gandhi.
And Rahman seems intent on conveying a message: 'Music and Art unifies our nation. Listen to that heartbeat and feel the oneness.' As I query Rahman about what he hopes this tour will achieve for him, he explains, "I want to vibe with my fans, they are the ones who have kept me inspired and going." We start to dwell on the tour and what songs he's looking forward to perform, and his eyes immediately light up. At first he says, "Every single one of them." After a tad bit of prodding, he gives in to reveal that he is excited to perform "new songs from movies like Chekka Chivantha Vaanam and Sarkar", but he stops short and adds, "You have to come to my concert, as I definitely have a few surprises in store, and a new song for an upcoming proAject," making my curiosity rise.
On top of his game I ask him if there is any new collaboration that he is excited to perform on tour, and without any hesitation, the first name that comes to his mind is Udit Narayan. "It was amazing to have him in the US tour, we share a great brotherly love. When he comes back on stage and sings, it's beautiful to see the warmth of the people." So that's definitely a part of the show that you need to look out for. I then ask him to give me the name of an artiste who inspires him, and he seems rather excited to answer. "I just met him a couple of months ago," he declares.
"Stevie Wonder! He is an amazing person, with the way he lives life. He taught me, you don't need to have all your senses to enjoy life. Do what you have to do to make you happy, express what you want to do, and all the while be a kind human being." He goes on to tell me that the one driving force in his life is his "inquisitiveness to learn, not just to learn but to analyse and argue with what I am doing".
This trait of inquisitiveness, to learn something new as often as possible, runs through his innovative music styles and the many new projects he keeps exploring. Rahman's versatility is reflected in his international collaborations, which include the likes of Iggy Azalea, Wale, Dido, MIA, KT Tunstall, The Pussycat Dolls and Kendrick Lamar.
This year, his incredible performance of the catchy anthem at the Hockey World Cup 2018 opening ceremony, and his new avatar as an anchor of the Amazon series Harmony with AR Rahman, are just a few of those epic moments to look back upon. The concert will take place in Bengaluru on December 22 at Ozone Urbana. Rahman will take his One Heart Tour to four other cities in India.
AR Rahman Mozart of Madras AR Rahman interview concerts


Universal Studios has confirmed plans to build a Hollywood-style theme park near Beijing. The park will open in 2019.
The park, previously mooted in October last year, is a joint venture between Universal Parks & Resorts and Beijing Shouhuan, itself a consortium of four state owned companies. Together they will invest in and operate the park.
China's cabinet approved an outline of the project in September last year. The deal was finally signed this week at the New York offices of Comcast NBCUniversal, with Brian Roberts, chairman and CEO of Comcast Corp. and Shouhuan's general manager, Yu Xuezhong, in attendance, according to Chinese sources.
The park, in the Tongzhou district to the East of the Chinese capital, will be built in two phases. The first, at 120 hectares (300 acres) will include entertainment and the first ever Universal-branded hotel. The second phase, potentially expanding it to 400 hectares (1,000 acres) is planned to add a further theme park, a water park and five more hotels.
Concept art seen last year appeared to show attractions including Wizarding World of Harry Potter, including Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley, Transformers, Revenge of the Mummy, Jurassic Park, and DreamWorks Animation's Madagascar.
Total investment has been reported as $7.8 billion (RMB50 billion), though it is not clear how much of that will be spent by the joint venture partners. The figure is understood to include costs for extending Beijing's subway system. At a press event in Beijing last year, Universal pegged the cost at RMB20 billion.
The park will be Universal's third in Asia, after ones in Osaka Japan and Singapore.
Theme parks are a growth sector in China, driven by a growing middle class with disposable income available for tourism, leisure and consumption. Disney is expected to open its first mainland China site in Shanghai early next year. Dreamworks Animation and its partners will open their Shanghai park in 2017. Local companies including Huayi Brothers Media and Dalian Wanda are also building parks.


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Goods, Public and Otherwise
So yesterday was one of those days–I kept getting links to various blog posts and op ed pieces and articles, and I kept reading them and getting headaches.
One of those headaches had the distinction of being a time bomb, something that doesn't happen to me often at this stage of the came.
I agreed entirely with the man's first three points–and then found myself plunged into hackneyed drivel for most of the last five. The title was something along the lines of "8 Reasons Why Young People Are So Conformist," and the first three were great. Student debt! ODD (oppositional defiant disorder)!
Then we got into Evil Corporations and media turning students into zombies.
I'd post a link to it if I could, but I can't remember the name of it well enough to find it again. It's a picture perfect example of someone who can see the problem, but is so mired in his ideological dogma that he can't see the solution, or even imagine what it might be.
But as interesting as that one was, it wasn't the link that really caught by attention.
The link that really caught my attention was this one
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-reich/privatization-government-cuts_b_3797449.html
and I've got a note before I start.
The piece is by Robert Reich, and Robert Reich is on my List.
The List is a mental one, but I don't need to write it down. I always remember who's on it.
It consists of people I find so ideologically entrenched that they're entirely predictable, and it includes people like Ann Coulter and Paul Krugman.
Krugman is, I think, the worst of the lot, because his unbroken note of self-righteousness is hard to read even just as prose. Coulter may be a troll, but at least she's sometimes funny.
Reich isn't as high up on my list as either Krugman or Coulter, but he's definitely on that list. And he's on it for the same reason everybody else is on it: I already know what he's going to say, and I already know how he's going to be wrongheaded.
When somebody ends up on my list, I don't banish them to outer darkness and refuse to ever read them again. I just restrict my reading to times and places and topics that seem especially interesting, or that enough of the people who friend me on FB seem to want everybody to read.
It was that last thing that got me to read this, and I can't say it produced much originality, and it certainly produced no surprise. It was mostly the same old same old.
People used to care about the public good, but they don't anymore. People used to be willing to fund institutions that were useful to everybody–public schools, roads and bridges, libraries, state universities with low tuition–and they're not any more.
This is the fault of rich people, who no longer want to be part of society, but above it. But it actually started with middle class tax revolts. But that doesn't matter, because the tax revolts really started because middle class incomes were stagnating because rich people were milking the system, so it's all the fault of the 1% and the Evil Corporations, even if it almost seemed there for a minute as if it wasn't.
I want to suggest something that might be uncomfortable: the slide didn't start in the 80s, or even in the 70s. It started in 1948, and picked up steam in the 60s.
And it wasn't the result of the decline in middle class incomes, but of the decline in middle class autonomy.
Do you know what happened in 1948? In 1948, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in a case called McCollum v. Board of Education.
It was a decision with minor implications on a practical and immediate level–only some states allowed "release time" for students to go to religious instruction during the school day–but that had major implications for the long run.
That was the case that served notice that public school policy would be taken out of the hands of local jurisdictions and the families of childrenattending them, and placed in the power of faraway institutions whose ideas, culture and values were alien to the actual persons using the actual institutions.
Now, before I go on, let me make one thing clear: the fact that such decisions from on high alienate the man in the street does not, in and of itself, mean that those decisions should never be made.
There are situations in which those decisions must be made, as they were made in the segregation cases.
But even when those decisions are absolutely necessary, their effects remain the same.
The less control people have over their instutions, the less committed to them they will be.
After several decades of top-down decisionmaking on virtually every point of public school policy, most parents (and most nonparent members of local communities) no longer think of their local public schools as belonging to them, and certainly don't feel that way about their state universities.
Instead, such "institutions" are in the control of faraway people who do not share even the most trivial of the local communities's culture and values–people eat tofu instead of hamburgers, listen to NPR instead of country music, drive foreign cars instead of domestic ones.
When it comes to the major issues–religion, sex, even foreign policy–the two cultures are now so divergent, they might as well exist on different planets.
It's important to remember that it doesn't matter if the decisions you want to make for other people's lives are good or bad, right or wrong, true or false.
You can be on the side of the angels every step of the way, and the effect will still be the same.
You cannot get people to support "public" institutions they do not recognize as public, that they perceive as being imposed on them from outside by an alien and hostile force.
This was why the New Deal was the way it was–FDR and his people were very careful never to impose their values on local communities.
And that led to some very bad things, including segregation and voting rights violations, that needed to be and were finally stopped.
But FDR knew what everybody today seems to have forgotten–you cannot have a top-down welfare state for long. Eventually, people who feel coerced will find some way to get out from under and do it their way once again.
It isn't the rich 1% who are driving the abandonment ofpublic institutions. It's the middle and working class.
Am I really the only person who noticed what I think is the most curious fact about the Trayvon Martin/George Zimmerman case?
The entire incident took place in one of those infamous "gated communities," but wasn't a gated community full of 1%-ers. It was a gated community that was home to working class people, including a fair number of working class minorities.
And that brings us to the other difficult issue here: if you want a robust welfare state, diversity is not your friend.
Stop ventilating for a moment, and clear your head of all the "OMG, America is so racist and everything and…"
The issue isn't race or ethnicity, but culture.
Look around you. The world's most successful welfare states are two things: small, and virtually monocultural.
That is not an accident. Smaller populations have more of a sense of being personally responsible for the people in their communities. Monocultures mean that everybody is playing by the same unstated rules.
A culture in which most people feel that welfare ought to be there, but that it is shameful to take it except in a real emergency is going to do some very weird things if it suddenly acquires a significant minority who think welfare is just great and we should milk it for all we can.
It's going to do especially weird thing if that minority is in any way ethnically, racially or religiously different from the majority.
You can see some of those weirdnesses these days in Sweden, which has acquired a large Muslim immigrant minority that not only takes much more advantage of welfare state provision than ordinary Swedes, but that also refuses to play by Swedish rules on things like the rights of women and the freedoms of speech and conscience.
What's resulted is police no-go zones and suggestions that honor killings ought to be respected as authentic parts of Muslim culture that should not be interfered with by government authorities.
America lasted as a multicultural society as long as it did precisely because it wasn't one. It was a melting pot, not a salad bowl, and every level of that society was focussed on making sure that children (immigrant and otherwise) were converted to that society and became dedicated parts of it.
You didn't need to legislate English as the national language, every official document was already in English and nothing else, there were no bilingual classrooms, it was learn the language or die.
The same went for your tastes in music, movies, and food and your commitment to sucking it up when you were drafted and a hundred other things. You learned to blend in, or you were SOL.
After you did that, we'd adopt the food as our own, which is why tacos and pizza are "American" food.
And all along the line, the message was solidly fixed on the idea that America was a good place, that her people were good people and her policies were just, and if you didn't toe that line you were likely to get beat up in the schoolyard.
I am not saying we should go back to a regime like that.
I am saying that only BY going back to a regime like that–to local control of local institutions AND a melting pot vision of immigration AND a concerted effort to instill patriotism–can we get what Robert Reich wants here, a nation of people who want to provide "public goods" rather than finding private avenues to get their needs met.
I will also say that I don't see what is immediately clear which policy is the one any of us wants here, or which policy is the compromise we'd think worth it to make.
I'm just saying that what we can never have is a society where all the big decisions are made by a culturally alien elite AND a society where most people are thinking about the common good, or one where there is lots of cultural diversity AND most people are thinking about the common good, OR–
Well, you get the picture.
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5 Responses to 'Goods, Public and Otherwise'
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It's been known for a long time that if you want durable and effective change on the ground, you need local buy-in and support.
You point out that there are some issues on which it is possible and even the duty of a central government to lay down the law. I'm inclined to agree with you – aside from the civil rights issue, you can't have an effective central government and any local peace and security if the central government thinks accused thieves should get a trial and, if convicted, be hung and the locals think a bunch of their friends should catch and hang said thief out of hand. (I've been inspired by listening to a Border ballad to do a bit of reading on the state of affairs on the Scottish/English border at the time of the events in the ballads.)
But how do you decide which issues justify the use of central control and which don't?
25 Aug 13 at 4:40 pm
Jane, the whole point of our present ruling class is that everyone, after interminable discussion "guided" by the ruling class, should do exactly as the ruling class feels is best. By "multiculturalism" they mean language and dress–not actually believing in and consequently doing different things. The whole process would be more honest–and probably less despised–if they used knouts instead of "dialogue."
And if you divided up the United States into 20 or 30 ethnically homogenous nations, many and possibly most of them would not be run by our current ruling class. Given the choice between an effective welfare state they don't run, and a ramshackle, deeply divided country they do, I don't think they'd even hesitate. These incompetents are more deeply committed to the primacy of soccer over American football than they are to any element of the welfare state.
Cheryl, I'd say the answer to your question is found in the Constitution–and in a very conservative reading of the Constitution at that. The Federal government only gets to intervene in its specified areas of responsibility, or when some state government is depriving its citizens of their rights on the basis of race, religion or previous condition of servitude. All other battles get fought out at the state level and according to the state constitutions. If someone feels the result is intolerable, the solution is to amend the constitution, not ignore it. Let a hundred flowers bloom! Let a thousand schools of thought contend!
Jane has more tolerance for Paul Krugman than I do. I gave up reading him years ago.
But I would like to ask a question about the New Deal. If I remember my US history correctly, one reason for projects such as Hoover Dam and the TVA was to provide work for the unemployed. How did the US get from that to Welfare is a Right and its wrong to make the unemployed work?
jd, I can't tell you how, but I can tell you roughly when. The transition seems to have been a Sixties thing. As late as LBJ, Pat Moynihan wanted to fix the breakup of the black family by adding a second mail delivery a day–so creating more unskilled labor government jobs, you see–and under Nixon you'd still see programs under which people wanting welfare or unemployment checks had to report somewhere and pick up trash.
But Nixon also proposed a national minimum income, which Eugene McCarthy and others–I think including Teddy Kennedy–voted against because it wasn't high enough. (Getting high was a big thing in those years.) McGovern made a minimum national income a campaign plank in 1972. There was supposed to be a work requirement for the able-bodied, but I think it's fair to say no one stressed that during the campaign. Not too many years later, a welfare mother would say to Mayor Lindsay of New York "You don't understand! It's my JOB to have babies! It's your job to support them!"
I think of that as the ideological high-water mark of the American welfare state. We pay more people more money with less excuse now, but the proponents are a lot less blatant.
If I had to guess at a "how" I'd blame our high-prestige universities–but then I often do. There was a cadre of "student activists" in this period of which only the "freedom riders" are commonly mentioned. Others worked in major cities signing people up for various welfare systems and suing the cities to get more benefits. They were pretty much all Marxists of one description or another, and not even rigorous Marxists. They believed that "the system" was corrupt and that people were owed something for existing. I think the usual cliché was "basic human dignity"–as though one couldn't be dignified hungry or in old clothes.
Anyway, the lack of rigor was a serious factor. Grown-ups would have realized that someone had to produce what they wanted to consume, and that a state which gave people lots of stuff would eventually want something for it. Not thinking that sort of thing through is known technically as "youthful idealism."
Ah. Ideologues. I put Coulter in a different category than Reich and Krugman. The politics are equally predictable, but Coulter can be funny and is usually well-researched. Krugman is often too busy trying to bury his previous statements to get his new ones right, and if I want to know what Reich thinks, I'll ask Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
26 Aug 13 at 8:06 am
Going off topic and speaking of Coulter, Mique suggested I read her "Mugged". Its now on my Kindle and I noticed that one of the 1 Star reviews complained that she used the N-word.
That is sort of true. I encountered it several times in the first few pages. But always in the form Democrat politician said " … N-Word …"
Apparently the reviewer did not understand the significance of quotation marks!


Barry-Whitey-Granny-HEALTHY? Is Obama's White Grandmother Still Alive.?
The Conclusion Is To Sell Everything Off To Chinese Communists.
That Obama Is Not Eligible To Be President Is A FACT Not Open To Dispute.
Finding A Coherent Argument That Barry Has Proven His Eligibility.
James Taranto: Mindless Incompetent Fuckwit/ Find The Argument Because I Cannot.
Joseph Cambria: The Man Whom Logic Forgot.


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Q: Does AWS Application Load Balancer scan listening ports on the EC2 web servers? We plan to have an Application Load Balancer (ALB) and a number of EC2 web servers behind it. All web servers listen on port 443 for HTTPS. On top of this, each web server listens on a different port for HTTPS.
For example:

*

*Instance 1 listens on 443 & 8001

*Instance 2 listens on 443 & 8002

*Instance 3 listens on 443 & 8003.

The number of servers are decided by the auto scaling group, and what port (8001, 8002, 8003, 8004, etc.) each server gets is dynamically allocated after the server boots up, by consulting a third arbitrator.
The desired way of the ALB is:

*

*When a client requests "www.mysite.com", the ALB forwards this request to one of the instances randomly or round-robin or using any other standard load-balancing algorithm.

*When a client requests "www.mysite.com:8001", the request is ALWAYS forwarded to instance 1.

*When a client requests "www.mysite.com:8002", the request is ALWAYS forwarded to instance 2.

*When a client requests "www.mysite.com:8003", the request is ALWAYS forwarded to instance 3.

MY QUESTION IS:
Is ALB currently doing this by default, or do we need some kind of special configuration, or do we need a different kind of ALB?
This system is currently hosted in Azure and Azure load balancer readily does that. Now I need to replicate it in AWS.

A: You can have many different Target Groups attached to a single ALB.
For example:

*

*Listener on ALB port 443 will route to TG443 that includes all the 3 instances and forwards to their port 443

*Listener on ALB port 8001 will route to TG8001 that only includes instance 1 and will forward to its port 8001

*ditto for 8002 and 8003

Hope that helps :)

A: ALB won't do this by default the moment you create it. You can have a Target Group for all three instances set up for port 443/tcp initially and then you can set additional TG for each individual instance and create forwarding rules for each specific port/instance(TG) pair.
You'll end up having the same ALB endpoint (URL) and for all and you get the exact response for the different ports.
Also, the target groups will do a health check on the selected port.

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