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\vskip .6cm

{\baselineskip20pt
\begin{center}
{\Large \bf
Rare Decay Modes of Quarter BPS Dyons}

\end{center} }

\vskip .6cm
\medskip

\vspace*{4.0ex}

\centerline{\large \rm
Ashoke Sen}

\vspace*{4.0ex}

\centerline{\large \it Harish-Chandra Research Institute}

\centerline{\large \it  Chhatnag Road, Jhusi,
Allahabad 211019, INDIA}

\vspace*{1.0ex}

\centerline{E-mail: sen@mri.ernet.in, ashokesen1999@gmail.com}

\vspace*{5.0ex}

\centerline{\bf Abstract} \bigskip

 The degeneracy of quarter BPS dyons in N=4 supersymmetric
 string theories is known to jump across
walls of marginal stability on which a quarter
BPS dyon can decay into a pair of half BPS dyons. We show that as
long as the electric and magnetic charges of the original dyon are
primitive elements of the charge lattice, the
subspaces of the moduli space on which a quarter BPS dyon becomes
marginally
unstable against decay into a pair of quarter BPS dyons or a
half BPS dyon and a quarter BPS dyon are of codimension two or
more. As a result any pair of generic points  in the
moduli space can be connected by a path
avoiding these subspaces and there is no jump in
the spectrum associated with these subspaces.

\vfill \eject

\baselineskip=18pt

We now have a good understanding
of the exact spectrum of a class of
quarter BPS dyons in ${\cal N}=4$
supersymmetric string
theories\cite{9607026,0412287,
0505094,0506249,0510147,0602254,
0603066,0605210,0607155,0609109,0612011,0702141,
0702150,0705.1433,0705.3874,0706.2363}.
It is also known that as we cross
various walls of marginal stability associated with the possible
decay of the dyon into a pair of half BPS states,
the degeneracy changes by a
certain amount that is exactly
computable\cite{0702141,0702150}.
Furthermore in the gravity description this jump
can be accounted for by the (dis)appearance of two
centered small black
holes\cite{0005049,0010222,0101135,0304094,0702146,0705.2564}
as in the asymptotic moduli space
we cross walls of marginal
stability\cite{0702150,0705.3874,0706.2363}.
This raises the question:
why aren't there similar effects associated with the decay of
a quarter BPS dyon into a pair of quarter BPS dyons, or into a
quarter BPS dyon and a half BPS dyon?
In this note we
shall show that
such decays take place on subspaces of codimension higher
than one as long as electric and magnetic charge vectors
of the original
dyon are primitive elements of the charge lattice.
Hence we can move from any generic point
in the moduli space to another generic point in the moduli space
without ever passing through these subspaces, and there is no effect
of the type discussed in \cite{0702141,0702150,0705.3874,0706.2363}
associated with these
decays.\footnote{Different
approaches to this problem
have been advocated in
\cite{denef,cheng}.}

We denote by $r$ the total number of U(1) gauge fields in the
model, by $\vec Q$ and
$\vec P$ the $r$ dimensional
electric and the magnetic charge vectors,
by $\tau=a+iS$ the axion-dilaton moduli field parametrizing the
upper half plane and
by $M$ the $r\times r$  matrix valued scalar field satisfying
\begin{equation} \label{emcon}
MLM^T=L, \qquad M^T=M, \qquad L=
\pmatrix{I_6 &\cr & -I_{r-6}}\,
\end{equation}
where $I_k$ denotes $k\times k$ identity matrix.
We shall use the subscript $_\infty$ to denote
the asymptotic values of various scalar fields. Let us now
introduce the $SO(6,r-6)$ matrix $\Omega_\infty$
via the relations\footnote{Since \refb{edefomin} is invariant
under a right multiplication of $\Omega_\infty$ by an $SO(6)\times
SO(r-6)$
matrix that preserves both the identity matrix and $L$,
\refb{edefomin} does not fix $\Omega_\infty$ completely in terms
of $M_\infty$. This problem may be avoided by choosing a suitable
`gauge condition' on $\Omega_\infty$ so that there is one to
one correspondence between $M_\infty$ and $\Omega_\infty$.}
\begin{equation} \label{edefomin}
M_\infty =\Omega_\infty \Omega_\infty^T,
\qquad
\Omega_\infty L \Omega_\infty^T=L \, ,
\end{equation}
and define
\begin{equation} \label{edefqrpr}
Q_R ={1\over 2} (I_r + L) \Omega_\infty^T\, Q, \qquad
P_R ={1\over 2} (I_r + L) \Omega_\infty^T\,  P\, .
\end{equation}
The vectors $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$
lie in the six dimentional subspace spanned by the eigenvectors of $L$
with eigenvalue 1.
In terms of $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$
the BPS mass formula of
\cite{9507090,9508094}
takes the form\cite{0702141},
\begin{equation} \label{emay}
m(\vec Q, \vec P) = \sqrt{2}\,
f(\vec Q_R, \vec P_R; a_\infty, S_\infty)\, ,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation} \label{emay2}
f(\vec Q_R, \vec P_R; a_\infty, S_\infty)
=\sqrt{{1\over S_\infty}
(\vec Q_R - a_\infty \vec P_R)^2 + S_\infty \vec P_R^2
+ 2 \left[ \vec Q_R^2 \vec P_R^2 -
( \vec Q_R\cdot  \vec P_R)^2\right]^{1/2}}\, .
\end{equation}
The inner products of $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$ are calculated
with the identity matrix.

Let us now consider a possible marginal
decay $(\vec Q,\vec P)\to
(\vec Q_1, \vec P_1) + (\vec Q-\vec Q_1, \vec P - \vec P_1)$.
This requires adjusting the moduli such that
\begin{equation} \label{eadjust}
f(\vec Q_R, \vec P_R; a_\infty, S_\infty)
=f(\vec Q_{1R}, \vec P_{1R}; a_\infty, S_\infty)
+ f(\vec Q_R-\vec Q_{1R}, \vec P_R-
\vec P_{1R}; a_\infty, S_\infty)\, .
\end{equation}
For fixed $\vec Q$, $\vec P$ and $M_\infty$,
$\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$ span a two dimensional subspace
of the six dimensional space on which $L$ has eigenvalue +1.
Let us denote by $\vec Q_{1R\parallel}$ and
$\vec P_{1 R\parallel}$ the projection of $\vec Q_{1R}$ and
$\vec P_{1R}$ along this two dimensional subspace. Then we
have the following inequalities:
\begin{equation} \label{ineq1}
f(\vec Q_R, \vec P_R; a_\infty, S_\infty)
\le f(\vec Q_{1R\parallel}, \vec P_{1R\parallel}; a_\infty, S_\infty)
+ f(\vec Q_R-\vec Q_{1R\parallel}, \vec P_R-
\vec P_{1R\parallel}; a_\infty, S_\infty)\, ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{ineq2}
f(\vec Q_{1R\parallel}, \vec P_{1R\parallel}; a_\infty, S_\infty)
\le f(\vec Q_{1R}, \vec P_{1R}; a_\infty, S_\infty)\, ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{ineq3}
f(\vec Q_R-\vec Q_{1R\parallel}, \vec P_R-
\vec P_{1R\parallel}; a_\infty, S_\infty)
\le
f(\vec Q_R-\vec Q_{1R}, \vec P_R-
\vec P_{1R}; a_\infty, S_\infty)\, .
\end{equation}
The inequality \refb{ineq1} is proved by defining
\begin{equation} \label{epr1}
\vec a = {\vec Q_R - a_\infty \vec P_R\over \sqrt{S_\infty}}, \qquad
\vec b = {\vec P_R\, \sqrt{S_\infty}}\, ,
\qquad
\vec a_1 = {\vec Q_{1R\parallel} - a_\infty \vec P_{1R\parallel}
\over \sqrt{S_\infty}}, \qquad
\vec b_1 = {\vec P_{1R\parallel}\, \sqrt{S_\infty}}\, ,
\end{equation}
and using the inequality:
\begin{equation} \label{epr2}
\sqrt{\vec a^2 + \vec b^2 + 2|\vec a\times \vec b|}
\le \sqrt{\vec a_1^2 + \vec b_1^2 + 2|\vec a_1\times \vec b_1|}
+ \sqrt{(\vec a-\vec a_1)^2 + (\vec b-\vec b_1)^2 + 2|(\vec a
-\vec a_1)\times (\vec b-\vec b_1)|}\,
\end{equation}
for any set of
vectors $\vec a$, $\vec b$, $\vec a_1$, $\vec b_1$ lying in a
two dimensional plane. \refb{epr2} can be easily proven with the
help of triangle inequality if we note that
$\sqrt{\vec a^2 + \vec b^2 + 2|\vec a\times \vec b|}$ can be
interpreted as $|\vec a + \epsilon
\vec b|$ where $\epsilon$ is the $\pi/2$ rotation matrix in the
plane of $\vec a$ and $\vec b$, with the sign of $\epsilon$ chosen
such that $a^T\epsilon b>0$.
Requiring the inequality \refb{epr2} to be saturated
gives one equation and several inequalities
among the components of $\vec a$, $\vec b$,
$\vec a_1$ and $\vec b_1$:
\begin{equation} \label{einco}
\vec a_1 +\epsilon \vec
b_1=\lambda (\vec a +
\epsilon\vec b)\quad \hbox{with}
\quad 0\le \lambda\le 1\, , \qquad
a_1^T \epsilon b_1\ge0, \qquad (a-a_1)^T \epsilon (b-b_1)\ge0
\, .
\end{equation}
Using \refb{epr1} we can
translate these conditions into one constraint equation
and some inequalities
involving the variables
$(a_\infty, S_\infty,M_\infty,\vec Q, \vec P)$.

The inequality \refb{ineq2} follows from the observations that
\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \label{eobs1}
&& |\vec Q_{1R\parallel} - \bar\tau_\infty \vec P_{1R\parallel}|^2 \le
|\vec Q_{1R} - \bar\tau_\infty \vec P_{1R}|^2, \nonumber \\
&&
\sqrt{ \vec Q_{1R\parallel}^2 \vec P_{1R\parallel}^2 -
( \vec Q_{1R\parallel}\cdot
\vec P_{1R\parallel})^2} \le
\sqrt{ \vec Q_{1R}^2 \vec P_{1R}^2 -
( \vec Q_{1R}\cdot  \vec P_{1R})^2}\, .
\end{eqnarray}
The first of these is obvious since the (complex)
vector on the left hand side
is a projection of the vector on the right hand side along
the plane spanned by $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$.
The second one follows from the fact that
the right hand side of the inequality represents the area of a triangle
formed by the vectors $\vec Q_{1R}$ and $\vec P_{1R}$ and the
left hand side represents the area of the projection of this triangle in
the plane spanned by $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$. Both inequalities
are saturated when $\vec Q_{1R}$ and $\vec P_{1R}$ lie in the
plane spanned by $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$. The inequality
\refb{ineq3} can be proved in an identical manner and is also
saturated when $\vec Q_{1R}$ and $\vec P_{1R}$ lie in the
plane spanned by $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$. This requires
adjusting $\Omega_\infty$ or equivalently $M_\infty$ appropriately.

Now in order to satisfy the condition for marginal stability
\refb{eadjust} we must saturate all the three inequalities
\refb{ineq1}-\refb{ineq3}. This would require adjusting moduli
$M_\infty$ to make $(\vec Q_{1R}, \vec P_{1R})$ lie in the plane
of $(\vec Q_R, \vec P_R)$, and additional adjustment of
$(a_\infty,S_\infty)$ to saturate the inequality \refb{ineq1}. Thus
we have a surface of codimension two or more, and we
can go from any generic point in the moduli space to another
generic point in the moduli space without ever encountering this
subspace of marginal stability. This shows that there is no
discontinuous change in the spectrum associated with these
subspaces.

It is instructive to compare this with the condition for marginal
stability of half BPS dyons in the ${\cal N}=2$ supersymmetric
S-T-U model. In that case the BPS mass formula is identical to the
one given in \refb{emay}, \refb{emay2}, but $M$ and $L$ are
$4\times 4$ matrices and $L$ has two eigenvalues +1 and
two eigenvalues $-1$. As a result the vectors $\vec Q_R$, $\vec P_R$,
$\vec Q_{1R}$, $\vec P_{1R}$ all lie inside a two dimensional
subspace spanned by the eigenvectors of $L$ with eigenvalue
+1, and the inequalities \refb{ineq2}, \refb{ineq3} are
automatically saturated. Thus we only need to saturate the
inequality \refb{ineq1}. This gives one condition on the
asymptotic moduli, producing a codimension one surface.

There is a special case where our argument fails for the ${\cal N}=4$
supersymmetric theory. If the full $r$ dimensional
charge vectors $\vec Q_1$ and
$\vec P_1$ happen to lie in the plane spanned by $\vec Q$ and $\vec P$
then $\vec Q_{1R}$ and $\vec P_{1R}$ automatically lie in the
plane of $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$ and we do not get any
condition on the moduli $M_\infty$ from
\refb{ineq2}, \refb{ineq3}. This would require $\vec Q_1$
and $\vec P_1$ to be of the form:
\begin{equation} \label{eform1}
\vec Q_1=\alpha \vec Q + \beta \vec P, \qquad \vec P_1=
\gamma \vec Q+\delta \vec P\, .
\end{equation}
If we take $\vec Q$ and $\vec P$ to be primitive then charge
quantization would require $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\gamma$, $\delta$
to be integers. Furthermore in the ${\hbox{ Z\kern-1.6mm Z}}_N$ orbifold models
$\gamma$ must be integer multiples of $N$ since in one
particular direction along the charge lattice
$Q$ is quantized in units of $1/N$ while $P$ is quantized in integer
units\cite{0510147,0605210}.
\refb{eform1} now implies that
\begin{equation} \label{eform2}
\vec Q_{1R}=\alpha \vec Q_R + \beta \vec P_R, \qquad \vec
P_{1R}=
\gamma \vec Q_R+\delta \vec P_R\, .
\end{equation}
We can substitute these into \refb{ineq1} and use the discussion
below \refb{epr2} to determine under what condition the
inequality might be saturated.
We shall only
consider the case when $\vec Q_R$ and $\vec P_R$ are
not parallel, \i.e.\ $\vec Q_R^2 \vec P_R^2-(\vec Q_R\cdot\vec P_R)^2
\ne 0$, since for generic $\vec Q$ and $\vec P$ aligning $\vec Q_R$
and $\vec P_R$ will impose more than one condition on $\Omega_\infty$
and will produce a surface of codimension higher than one. In this case
the $a_1^T\epsilon b_1\ge 0$,
$(a-a_1)^T\epsilon (b-b_1)\ge 0$
conditions give
\begin{equation} \label{efi1}
\alpha \delta - \beta \gamma \ge 0\, ,
\qquad (1-\alpha) (1-\delta) -\beta \gamma \ge 0\, .
\end{equation}
On the other hand the $(\vec a_1+\epsilon\vec b_1)=\lambda
(\vec a +\epsilon \vec b)$ condition gives
\begin{equation} \label{egi1}
(\alpha-\lambda - a_\infty \gamma)
\sqrt{\vec Q_R^2 \vec P_R^2 - (\vec Q_R\cdot \vec P_R)^2} +
+ S_\infty \left( \gamma \vec
Q_R\cdot \vec P_R + (\delta-\lambda)
\vec P_R^2\right) =0\, ,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation} \label{egi2}
(\beta - (\delta -\lambda) a_\infty )
\sqrt{\vec Q_R^2 \vec P_R^2 - (\vec Q_R\cdot \vec P_R)^2} -
S_\infty \left(\gamma \vec Q_R^2 + (\delta-\lambda)
\vec Q_R\cdot \vec P_R\right) = 0\, ,
\end{equation}
where $\lambda$ is an arbitrary parameter with
\begin{equation} \label{egi4}
0\le \lambda\le 1\, .
\end{equation}
We can solve for $a_\infty$ using \refb{egi1}
and substitute into \refb{egi2} to get
\begin{equation} \label{efi3}
\left(\beta\gamma - \alpha\delta + \lambda (\alpha+\delta)
-\lambda^2\right) \sqrt{\vec Q_R^2 \vec P_R^2 -
(\vec Q_R\cdot \vec P_R)^2}
- S_\infty  \left\{ (\lambda -\delta) \vec P_R
-\gamma \vec Q_R
\right\}^2 = 0\, .
\end{equation}
If $\gamma=0$ then \refb{egi2} contains additional information
beyond what can be obtained from \refb{efi3} and \refb{egi1}.

We focus on the constraint \refb{efi3}. Since the second term proportional
to $S_\infty$ is negative semi-definite,
if we can show that the first term is
also negative definite then we would have shown that the equation has
no solution. For this analysis we shall make use of \refb{efi1}. Let
us consider the following cases separately:
\begin{itemize}
\item First consider the case when both the inequalities in \refb{efi1}
are saturated:
\begin{equation} \label{efi4}
\alpha \delta - \beta \gamma = 0\, ,
\qquad (1-\alpha) (1-\delta) -\beta \gamma = 0\, .
\end{equation}
This correponds to the case when in each of the decay products
the electric and the magnetic charge vectors are parallel.
Hence both the decay products are
half BPS. \refb{efi4} gives $\alpha+\delta = 1$. Using this we can
express the first term on the left hand side of \refb{efi3} as
\begin{equation} \label{efi5}
\left(\lambda
-\lambda^2\right) \sqrt{\vec Q_R^2 \vec P_R^2 -
(\vec Q_R\cdot \vec P_R)^2}\, .
\end{equation}
Since this is positive semi-definite in the range
\refb{egi4} this can cancel the second term in
\refb{efi3} on a codimension 1 subspace in the $(\lambda, S_\infty)$
space. Using \refb{egi1} or \refb{egi2}
we can convert this to a codimension 1
subspace in the $(a_\infty,S_\infty)$ space, reproducing the
marginal stability walls studied in \cite{0702141}.
\item Now consider the case where at least one of the decay products
is quarter BPS. Without any loss of generality we can take this to be
the state carrying charges $(\alpha \vec Q+\beta \vec P,
\gamma\vec Q+\delta\vec P)$. In this case the first inequality in
\refb{efi1} will be a strict inequality. Combining this with the
information that $\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta$ are integers we get
\begin{equation} \label{efi6}
\alpha \delta -\beta\gamma\ge 1\, , \qquad
(1-\alpha) (1-\delta) -\beta \gamma \ge 0\, .
\end{equation}
Our goal is to use these results to analyze the first term on the left
hand side of \refb{efi3}.
Due to \refb{efi6},
\begin{equation} \label{efi8}
\left(\beta\gamma - \alpha\delta + \lambda (\alpha+\delta)
-\lambda^2\right)
\end{equation}
is negative or zero at $\lambda=0,1$.
Thus in order for it to be positive in some range of value between
$\lambda=0$ and $\lambda=1$, it must have a maximum in this range,
and its value at the maximum must be positive. Now \refb{efi8}
has a maximum at
\begin{equation} \label{efi9}
\lambda = {\alpha +\delta\over 2}\, ,
\end{equation}
where it takes the value
\begin{equation} \label{efi10}
{1\over 4} (\alpha + \delta)^2 - (\alpha\delta - \beta\gamma)\, .
\end{equation}
Eq.\refb{efi9} shows that
in order that the maximum lies in the range $(0,1)$ we must have
\begin{equation} \label{efi11}
0\le (\alpha+\delta) \le 2\, .
\end{equation}
Using eqs.\refb{efi6},
\refb{efi11} we see that \refb{efi10}, representing
the maximum value of
\refb{efi8}, must be negative or zero. As a result there is no
cancellation between the two terms in the left hand side of \refb{efi3}.
The only possibility is that both terms may vanish
simultaneously. Vanishing of the second term will require
\begin{equation} \label{esecond}
\gamma=0, \qquad \lambda = \delta\, ,
\end{equation}
while from \refb{efi6},
\refb{efi9}-\refb{efi11} we see that
the vanishing of the first term would require
\begin{equation} \label{ethird}
\alpha\delta-\beta\gamma=1,
\qquad \alpha+\delta=2, \qquad \lambda={\alpha+\delta\over 2}\, .
\end{equation}
As a consequence of
\refb{esecond}, \refb{ethird} we get
\begin{equation} \label{efourth}
\alpha=\delta=1, \qquad \gamma=0, \qquad \lambda=1\, .
\end{equation}
We have seen however that for $\gamma=0$,
\refb{egi1}, \refb{egi2} may contain additional information
beyond the ones which have been already discussed.
In particular substituting \refb{efourth} into \refb{egi2}
we get $\beta=0$. This choice of $(\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta)$
corresponds to the trivial case where the final decay products
have charges
$(\vec Q,\vec P)$ and $(0,0)$.

Similar analysis shows that the decay of a quarter BPS dyon into
three or more quarter or half BPS dyons occur on subspaces of
codimension larger than one, since this would require aligning
multiple six dimensional vectors along a plane and/or aligning
multiple two dimensional vectors along a line.
This completes our proof that the only possible codimension one
subspaces of marginal stability arise from the decay of a quarter BPS
dyon into a pair of half BPS dyons.

Before concluding this paper we would like to offer a physical
explanation of why decay of a quarter BPS  state into quarter BPS
states requires more constraint than decay into half BPS states.
This essentially arises from the fact that at a point of marginal stability
the supersymmetries of decay products must align. Since half-BPS
states have more supersymmetry than quarter BPS states, it is clearly
easier to ensure that a pair of half BPS states have one common
supersymmetry than ensuring that a pair of quarter BPS states have
a common supersymmetry. Similar argument can be given for the decay
of a quarter BPS state into three or more states.

\end{itemize}

\bigskip

{\bf Acknowledgement:} I would like to thank A.~Mukherjee,
S.~Mukhi and R.~Nigam for pointing out a logical error in an earlier
version of the draft.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
The IRS in Switzerland
Harry Browne | From the June 1976 issue
Many U.S. citizens, in an effort to shield some of their assets from IRS confiscation, turn to Swiss bank accounts. Likewise, many investment counselors tout Swiss banks for this purpose. But not all Swiss banks are equally suited for such protection, as the following will illustrate.
For several years the American Institute Counselors of Great Barrington, MA, has offered its customers a program that includes the purchase and storage of gold coins. AIC recommended gold coins because it believed investors should hold some assets that are not subject to the caprice of the U.S. government.
Then the Securities and Exchange Commission decided, for reasons only it could explain, that the contracts the program involved were really securities and should be subject to its regulation. American Institute Counselors resisted, and the battle was joined.
A major impediment to the SEC's regulation of the program was the fact that the gold coins were in Switzerland, in the hands of the Swiss Credit Bank, whom AIC had hired as custodian and to perform the bookkeeping chores. So the SEC asked a Federal court to order the Swiss Credit Bank to transfer the records and the assets (estimated to be between $150 and $200 million) of the program to its branch in New York, where they would be within the SEC's grasp. Surprisingly, the court issued such an order.
For about a month the Swiss Credit Bank resisted, wanting neither to violate Swiss law by breaching bank secrecy nor to damage its reputation by abandoning its depositors. The bank asked the court to rescind its order, but the court refused. Finally, encumbered by a Swiss court order forbidding it to disclose bank records, the Swiss Credit Bank reached an expensive compromise with the SEC, agreeing to transfer funds equal to the value of the gold coin program into a special hostage account at its New York branch.
How the matter will finally be settled is not clear. But enough has already happened to demonstrate the point: some Swiss banks are effectively under the jurisdiction of the U.S. government.
Why didn't the Swiss Credit Bank simply tell the government to go fly a kite? Because the SCB is deeply involved in the United States, so deeply that it even owns a seat on the New York Stock Exchange. The bank had to obey because it has assets in the United States that could be confiscated by the government if the bank displeased it. The SCB has branches in Los Angeles and New York with assets that could be seized and has large holdings of U.S. stocks and bonds that it keeps for customers. Although the stock and bond certificates may be in Switzerland, the U.S. government could block the payment of dividends and interest. These and all its other U.S. holdings are liable to seizure when the government wants the Swiss Credit Bank to do as it's told.
The large amount of money involved in the American Institute Counselors case makes it conspicuous. But the principle is the same, no matter what the amount in controversy. A Swiss bank with valuable assets in the United States must obey the U.S. government. As a result, such banks are rather timid about dealing with U.S. nationals. They are concerned, correctly, that if you get into trouble with the U.S. government, you could draw them into it.
For example, suppose the government accuses you of cheating on your income tax and says that, to prove it, the government must get hold of your Swiss bank records. But its appeal to your Swiss bank draws no response. The government might then threaten to confiscate assets held by the Swiss bank in the United States if it doesn't cooperate. The bank would be in a very difficult position. If it gives in, it violates Swiss law. If it doesn't, it might lose its U.S. assets.
The Swiss banks are aware that these things can happen, and they know that the U.S. government doesn't have permanent, unchanging rules governing such matters. New rules are created and then changed; old rules are changed as needed. Naturally, Swiss banks are concerned about their American assets.
NEGATIVE RESPONSE
Swiss banks that are vulnerable to the U.S. government usually react to inquiries from prospective American customers differently from Swiss banks that aren't vulnerable. There are several examples of this:
1. Some Swiss banks won't transact business for a U.S. citizen who might be breaking an American law in the process (a principle they don't usually apply to nationals of other countries). When it was illegal for Americans to own gold bullion, several banks refused to buy it for them.
2. Some Swiss banks won't open numbered accounts for U.S. customers—even though it isn't illegal for them to have such accounts (it is illegal not to report those accounts on one's income tax return).
3. Some Swiss banks require that a "waiver of secrecy" statement be signed when a U.S. citizen opens an account. This means the bank has the privilege of revealing information about the account if it so desires. Of course, the bank won't use the privilege idly, but if it is confronted by the U.S. government over the account, the waiver provides an easy way out and the bank will take it.
4. And some banks will simply refuse to do business with a U.S. national—no matter what references are presented.
If a bank tries to discourage you in any of these ways, they're trying to tell you something—that you'd be better off not dealing with them. They know what they're talking about. The banks that give you a chilly welcome or have special policies for U.S. accounts do so because they are vulnerable to the U.S. government. They might not be able to provide the protection you expect from a Swiss bank.
In general, Swiss banks with branches in the United States are the most exposed. Banks that have only representative offices in the United States aren't as vulnerable, but still want to stay on the good side of the U.S. government. Swiss banks that own separate, subsidiary companies in the United States also are vulnerable, though perhaps less so than banks with U.S. branches.
There also are banks with large portfolios of U.S. investments. They too are shy of Americans. A number of Swiss banks, however, have taken the precaution of using a Swiss broker to buy such investments—thereby concealing both the bank and its customers. (Swiss securities brokers are covered by bank secrecy laws.)
U.S. BANKS IN SWITZERLAND
There are several U.S. companies and banks that have branches or own bank subsidiaries in Switzerland. These Swiss affiliates are subject to the pressure the U.S. government can exert on the parent companies.
Any bank operating in Switzerland is subject to Swiss law, no matter what its country of origin (just as all banks operating in the United States are subject to its law). In principle, that should make your account in a Swiss branch of a U.S. bank completely secret and should put it beyond the reach of the U.S. government. I wouldn't count on it, however. There's just too much pressure the U.S. government could put on the home office.
In general, a U.S. bank's subsidiary in Switzerland has greater autonomy than a branch office. A branch can be distinguished from a subsidiary by the bank's name. If it has the word "Swiss" in the title, it's a subsidiary—a separate company owned by the parent bank in the United States. Otherwise it's a branch of the U.S. bank. For example, Seattle First-National Bank (Suisse) is a separate company, a subsidiary of the U.S. bank. But Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company of New York is merely a branch of the New York bank.
Some investment advisors have suggested that it's better for a U.S. national to deal with U.S. banks in Switzerland—because there is no language barrier and they are more familiar with the needs of such customers.
I don't agree with this. You may find one officer who's an American to serve as your contact, but U.S. branches are staffed mostly by Swiss citizens—because of the Swiss government's restrictive immigration policies. There are a few U.S. banks in Switzerland where you can deal with American officers, but their vulnerability to the U.S. government probably outweighs the advantage of common language.
Exposure to the government isn't the only test to which a Swiss bank should be put, of course. You want a bank that offers the specific services you need, will allow you to deal with one individual who becomes your contact, deals articulately in English, and—most of all—is highly liquid.
But the exposure test is one that has been too often overlooked. The day could come when any Swiss bank with U.S. vulnerabilities might give in too easily to the IRS. That might seem far-fetched right now. But a few years ago, most people would have scoffed at the suggestion that the Swiss Credit Bank would give in to the SEC.
Harry Browne is well known as the author of the 1974 best-selling book You Can Profit from a Monetary Crisis. His two previous books were How You Can Profit from the Coming Devaluation (1970) and How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World (1973). He is currently publishing a newsletter, Harry Browne's Special Reports. This article is adapted from his new book, Harry Browne's Complete Guide to Swiss Banks, to be published in June by McGraw-Hill.
This article originally appeared in print under the headline "The IRS in Switzerland".
NEXT: Letters

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This press release will serve as an update for two incidents that occurred on 01/30/2019.
On 01/30/2019 at approximately 7:11AM, Officers were dispatched to the 2400 block of Hauser Street, reference a car crash. Dispatch advised that employees from Alter Scrap had called saying there was an unoccupied van down by the Landscape and Stone Center sign, and it appeared the van had struck the gate. There was severe front end damage to the van. Responding Officers located the van, and approximately 25 feet from the van, they located the body of a male party lying face down in the snow. The male party has been identified as Benjamin F. Ahlstrom (DOB: 12/06/1982) of Onalaska, and he was also the registered owner of the vehicle. It is believed that Mr. Ahlstrom was driving the vehicle. The La Crosse Police Department is awaiting the results of an autopsy to determine the manner of death.
This remains an ongoing investigation by the La Crosse Police Department and the Wisconsin State Patrol. We would also like to extend our sympathies to the family of Benjamin Ahlstrom.
On 01/30/2019 at 10:53AM, Officers responded to a shots fired complaint in the 300 block of Liberty Street. Shortly after the initial dispatch, Officer Trenton Bowe was approached by a victim in the 600 block of Liberty. The victim told Officer Bowe that his vehicle had been shot at, and he had been robbed. A perimeter was established by responding Officers with additional department members responding as well. The scene was processed, witnesses interviewed, and two suspects were identified. During the investigation, it was learned that Timothy and Justin Ellis had approached the victim outside 828 Gould Street. The Ellis' had demanded the victim's money and brandished a handgun. After the victim had given over money, Tim Ellis fired a round from a .380 caliber handgun into the victim's vehicle. At this point, both suspects fled on foot.
During this investigation, Officers followed footprints from the suspects to 918 Gould Street. It was further learned the suspects reside at 918 Gould Street. Field Services staff established a perimeter at approximately 11:30AM around the Ellis' apartment building (918 Gould) and maintained the perimeter for a prolonged amount of time in the extreme cold temperatures. A no knock search warrant was applied for and granted, and at approximately 3:55PM, ERT members made entry to 918 Gould Street #12.
As a result of the search warrant, Timothy Ellis (DOB 01/01/1995) and Justin K. Ellis (DOB 07/26/1996) were both taken into custody and each were charged with Armed Robbery and Reckless Endangerment of Safety. As of this time, the weapon has not been located.
The La Crosse Police Department would like to thank all the department members and assisting agencies who dealt with these investigations during dangerous weather conditions. The response to these incidents was a perfect example of teamwork, selflessness, and dedication of service to our community.


The REM logo, deigned by Lisa Wheeler in 1995, says many things.
Hands represent our willingness join hands and work together.
Palm up refers to REM's openness and welcoming spirit and to our phrase "catch the dream".
The overlapping of the hands symbolizes our collaborative spirit.
The eight hands represent the eight community priorities.
The flower-like image signifies the beauty or magic that happens when we join hands, share our ideas, and create a new commonly-held vision that is more than the sum of its parts.
"Catch the Dream" refers to the "Mid-Maine Strategic Vision for the Year 2020" which is the foundation for all of REM's work.
The Dream Catcher, designed by Kico Passalacqua, closely related in pattern and meaning to our logo, was first used by our founder, Faye Nicholson, who was named the Dream Catcher in 1995 to describe her one-on-one meetings over a one year period with more than 300 men and women of our community. From those meetings "The Dream" was compiled incorporating the ideas they had shared with her.
When no one's dream conflicted with anyone else's, she began to dream of a process which would allow people to gather, create a commonly-held vision, and then provide support for the people who would work to manifest the dream they created together.
REMnet, the computer internet communication system based on this site, links more than 50 REM Partner organizations with the community and is signified by this Dream Catcher symbol.
REM is about being different...taking a path others have not yet explored. This makes communicating who we are difficult. One way we share information about who we are is by using symbols that are familiar.
The goose is REM's mascot and helps us describe our principles and values. We hope always for REM to be learning from the animals and nature…like the bees and the geese who work so very well in community. Their feats are amazing and we have much to learn from them.
As each goose flaps its wings, it creates an updraft for the birds that follow. A flock of birds can fly 71% further than any one goose can fly alone.
Lesson: If we work together, we can do so much more!
The lead goose is called the point goose. When the point goose tires, it drops back into the formation and another goose flies to the point position.
Lesson: It pays to take turns doing the hard tasks. We should respect and protect each other's unique arrangements of skills, capabilities, talents and resources. In a community that works well together, it's okay to take the lead because when you tire, someone will be there to pick up the lead. In REM, we call those who take their turn to lead, Point Partners. That's you and your co-chair! Why two? Because one must be a dreamer and one a doer. If one is both a doer and a dreamer, the other can be either. We believe that to be a perfect balance to lead a group. And if for some reason you are temporarily unable to lead, your Point Partner will be there for you.
The geese flying in formation HONK to encourage those up-front.
Lesson: We need to make sure our HONKING is encouraging. In groups where there is encouragement, production is much greater. Individual empowerment results from quality honking.
When a goose gets sick, two geese drop out of formation and follow it down to help and protect it.
Lesson: If we are to serve community, we must first serve each other. The strength of the team depends upon our caring service to each other.


CHICAGO – Project Outcome has aggregated approximately 11,000 patron surveys within its online system. This milestone comes before the one-year anniversary of Project Outcome's official launch on June 26, 2015. Project Outcome will continue providing even more ways for libraries to collect patron outcomes by launching its new follow-up surveys during a preconference workshop, June 24, 2016, at ALA Annual in Orlando.
To date, nearly 1,600 participants across all 50 states and parts of Canada have registered for Project Outcome. Over 450 public libraries are currently using the Project Outcome surveys and data analysis tools to measure the outcomes of at least one program or service within their library. Participating libraries have reported being able to use their survey results to make program improvements, change the conversation with their board, and strengthen their partnership action plans and grant funding proposals.
Individuals and public libraries interested in participating in Project Outcome or learning more about outcome measurement can register for free at www.projectoutcome.org.
Generous funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has allowed PLA to accelerate and expand Project Outcome's development and implementation. PLA and the Performance Measurement Task Force continue to build more advanced outcome measures and improve upon the online tools for users to continue turning better data into better libraries.
The Public Library Association (PLA) is the largest association dedicated to supporting the unique and evolving needs of public library professionals. Founded in 1944, PLA serves nearly 9,000 members in public libraries large and small in communities across the United States and Canada, with a growing presence around the world. PLA strives to help its members shape the essential institution of public libraries by serving as an indispensable ally for public library leaders.
For more information about PLA, contact the PLA office at 1 (800) 545-2433, ext.5PLA, or pla@ala.org.


text:
What is not open to disclosure?
Is partial disclosure allowed?
Who is excluded?
The following is exempt from disclosure [S.8)] information, disclosure of which would prejudicially affect the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State, relation with foreign State or lead to incitement of an offence information which has been expressly forbidden to be published by any court of law or tribunal or the disclosure of which may constitute contempt of court; information, the disclosure of which would cause a breach of privilege of Parliament or the State Legislature; information including commercial confidence, trade secrets or intellectual property, the disclosure of which would harm the competitive position of a third party, unless the competent authority is satisfied that larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information; information available to a person in his fiduciary relationship, unless the competent authority is satisfied that the larger public interest warrants the disclosure of such information; information received in confidence from foreign Government; information, the disclosure of which would endanger the life or physical safety of any person or identify the source of information or assistance given in confidence for law enforcement or security purposes; information which would impede the process of investigation or apprehension or prosecution of offenders; cabinet papers including records of deliberations of the Council of Ministers, Secretaries and other officers; information which relates to personal information the disclosure of which has no relationship to any public activity or interest, or which would cause unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the individual; Notwithstanding any of the exemptions listed above, a public authority may allow access to information, if public interest in disclosure outweighs the harm to the protected interests.
Only that part of the record which does not contain any information which is exempt from disclosure and which can reasonably be severed from any part that contains exempt information, may be provided. [S.10]
Central Intelligence and Security agencies specified in the Second Schedule like IB, R&AW, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Central Economic Intelligence Bureau, Directorate of Enforcement, Narcotics Control Bureau, Aviation Research Centre, Special Frontier Force, BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF, NSG, Assam Rifles, Special Service Bureau, Special Branch (CID), Andaman and Nicobar, The Crime Branch-CID-CB, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Special Branch, Lakshadweep Police. Agencies specified by the State Governments through a Notification will also be excluded. The exclusion, however, is not absolute and these organizations have an obligation to provide information pertaining to allegations of corruption and human rights violations. Further, information relating to allegations of human rights valuations could be given but only with the approval of the Central or State Information Commission, as the case may be. [S.24)]


Copy of E-mail sent via the SMTP server?
Discussion in 'E-mail Discussion' started by viking_ev, May 14, 2004.
Is there some way of setting up the SMTP server so that when an E-mail is sent from a user account, a copy is also sent to another E-mail account (i.e. similar to forwarding for received E-mails)?


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March 2nd to 8th is British National Pie week, celebrating all things pie. With the biting winds and chilly weather we're currently having, the pie is everyone's comfort food of choice. Here's one of our favourite recipes – the humble cheese and onion plate pie. This is such a versatile dish – you can 'posh' it up with baby vegetables and new potatoes, or cut it into wedges and eat it as a picnic lunch.
You'll also need a large enamel plate or shallow dish.
Make the pastry, by putting the butter and flour into a large bowl. Cut the butter into small pieces, and gently rub the fat into the flour with the tips of your fingers until the mixture looks a bit like breadcrumbs. Add two to three tablespoons of cold water, one at a time, until the dough binds. (Add the water gradually and use as little as possible.) Wrap the dough in clingfilm, and place in the fridge for 20 minutes or so. Alternatively, you can skip this step and use readymade shortcrust pastry.
Take two thirds of the pastry and roll it out, then use it to cover the base of the dish. Roll out the remaining pastry into a circle to form the lid of the pie.
Spread the bottom of the dish with onions, and follow with a good handful of grated cheese. Repeat the layers until all the cheese and onion is used. Brush the remaining milk round the edges of the pastry case, then using a rolling pin, transfer the pastry lid to the top of the pie. Press the edges together firmly, then use the tines of a fork to make a pattern around the edge.
Cut three incisions into the middle of the pie to allow steam to escape, and brush any remaining milk over the top as a glaze.
Bake for around 40 minutes until golden. Allow to cool for at least 20 minutes before serving.
Serve with a green salad, chips, baked beans, steamed vegetables or anything else you fancy!
Don't forget, there's always a pie on the menu at the Swettenham Arms – choose from pub favourites like steak, mushroom and ale pie, venison and chestnut pie and chicken and mushroom pie. Throughout March we're running a discount on food, too- you can find the full offer here. We look forward to seeing you soon.


Bengaluru becomes the first city to have a logo of its own in the country. The logo: a blend of cultural heritage and the city's cosmopolitan nature is designed by Nammur, the winner of the open contest conducted by the government of tourism. With a global appeal, the logo is designed to create a new identity for the city and make its mark in world tourism.
As India's first, Bengaluru city joins the ranks of New York, Amsterdam, Singapore and Melbourne to have a logo of its own. In an attempt to showcase the city for its diversity and culture, Brand Bengaluru was unveiled by the Department of Tourism of the Karnataka Government on Christmas Eve this year at Vidhana Souda to map the city as a global tourist destination.
As per various media reports, Tourism Minister Priyank Kharge said the idea of a logo materialized to portray the city's vibrant mix of cultures, colours and flavours; to shift the focus of the city as a brand for investment and showcase it's cosmopolitan nature for world tourism.
The logo is designed by Nammur, a design start-up, which won the open contest conducted by the government and received the prize money of Rs. 5 lakh.
Derived by city's own name, the logo is scripted in English and Kannada. As a dynamic city where tradition and modernity co-exist, the logo is also designed to embody the same sentiment.
By highlighting 'Be U' in red, it showcases the welcoming character of the city to accept people of diverse identity with respect. Moreover, the last three English letters 'uru' is designed to look similar to the Kannada script incorporating the city's cultural heritage and yet exhibiting its ever-changing nature.
The logo was launched at 'Namma Bengaluru Habba', a day-long street festival with live performances by folk artists, story-telling sessions, interactive workshops and a flea market with handicrafts and a variety of local cuisines.
With a global appeal to it, the logo will be utilised to create various memorabilia that will stimulate tourism and ensue more footfall to the metropolis.


text:
Cigar Review: El Primer Mundo La Hermandad Costa Fuerte Caballito
Last spring, Abe Flores of Pinar del Rio Cigars (PDR) issued an announcement that PDR would be managing the sales and distribution of the El Primer Mundo (EPM) brand. "This is a great opportunity for the EPM brand," said Sean Williams, head of the Atlanta-based EPM. "Abe and I have… some good synergies with our overlap on sales reps and key accounts. This move will just make things a lot more efficient for our reps and our retailers."
The EPM lines now sold and distributed by PDR include Liga Miami, Epifania, and La Hermandad. The latter, which translates to "brotherhood," has been made by Abe Flores at his factory in the Dominican Republic since its inception in 2012. (It should be noted that Flores' factory also produces cigars for other brands outside the PDR-EPM fold, including Gurkha and La Palina).
EPM also has La Hermandad Costa Fuerte, which sports a Bahia Brazilian wrapper, a Dominican binder, and filler tobaccos that include Corojo '06 from the Dominican and Criollo '98 from Nicaragua. It is offered in three sizes that retail in the $8-$10 range: Caballito (5 x 50), Embajador (6 x 52), and Consejero (6 x 60).
I sampled three Caballitos for this review. Once I removed the white sleeve that covers the majority of the cigar, I notice this robusto-sized format has a number of fairly large veins across its otherwise smooth surface. The foot shows a cross-section of tightly packed tobaccos that give off some earthy pre-light notes. The cap seems hastily applied.
According to the EPM website, Costa Fuerte is intended to be a full-bodied smoke "with complex notes of spice, light coffee, and subtle creaminess." After torching the foot and establishing an even light, a spice-forward profile of dry cedar takes center stage. The draw is virtually devoid of resistance, which I think adds to the intensity of the spice. It's almost as though the voluminous smoke is concentrated at the tip of the tongue, rendering the profile salty and abrasive. For me, the sensation is quite agreeable. What's more, I find it's even better if paired with rum (Flor de Caña 18, in my case), as the sweetness of the rum offsets the cigar's spice.
Into the second third and beyond, the Costa Fuerte mellows a bit, replacing some of the dry cedary spice and salt with notes of cream and roasted nut. Here the smoke begins to taste more along the lines of what I consider to be the profile of a classic full-bodied Cuban. It's more balanced, and very traditional-tasting. All the while, the combustion properties are superb, including a straight burn, effortless draw, and solid ash.
We all know cigar reviews are subjective. I can see how some might be less enthralled by Costa Fuerte, especially since the first third is so dry and spicy. But the Caballito really strikes a chord with me, at least in part because I'm a fan of good cigars to pair with sweet sipping rums in the evening. After smoking through three samples this weekend, I've settled on an admirable score of four stogies out of five.
–Patrick A
Author Patrick A
One Response to "Cigar Review: El Primer Mundo La Hermandad Costa Fuerte Caballito"
The Stogie Guys Monday, July 21, 2014 at 9:44 am #
Want to buy this cigar? Please consider purchasing from a StogieGuys.com retail sponsor. As of publication, the following sponsors have this cigar in stock:
Emerson's: http://www.emersonscigars.com/0-10094/La-Hermanda…


Cubalaya Chicken is an extremely rare breed which originated in Cuba. It is a gorgeous and popular show breed and has triple purpose qualities. It is mainly kept in Cuba and some other areas for ornamental, meat and eggs production purpose. In the United States, Cubalaya chickens are typically kept for exhibition and ornamental purpose. Cubalaya Chicken is a result of cross breeding between elaborately feathered European game fowls and oriental fowls brought over from the Philippines (the ancestry stock of the Cubalaya chicken originated in the Philippines, and was brought into Cuba in the 1800s).
This chicken breed was first shown in the United States at the International Poultry Exhibition in 1939. And in the same year this breed was included into the American Poultry Association's Standard of Perfection.
Cubalaya Chickens are very beautiful, especially the roosters. It's a medium sized chicken breed with pea combs, red earlobes and wattles. On the hen, there is a distinct difference between the color of the plumage around the head and neck area and the rest of the body. And their tail is curved down, on both of the hens and roosters. The curved down tail is known as a 'lobster tail'. They have short legs with a sloping back.
The plumage of a Cubalaya rooster is brilliantly more colorful than the hens with sometimes a fire like reddish orange and emerald colored feathers. There are three color varieties of Cubalaya chicken: Black, Black-Breasted and White. On an average, standard size Cubalaya hens weight about 1.59 kg and roosters weight about 2.4 kg. And the bantam roosters weight about 740 grams and hens about 625 grams. Photo from Wikipedia.
Cubalaya Chicken is a very active, hardy and striking breed. Like most other game breeds, this breed also don't do well in confinement. They are very good foragers. They are noisy but are less aggressive than most other game breeds. They are very heat tolerant. Cubalaya is a slow growing breed and take up to three years for reaching full maturity. Hens are not among the very good layers, but lay a pretty good number of eggs. Hens tend to go broody and they lay medium sized light brown colored eggs. See full breed profile of Cubalaya chicken below.


I am having a bit of difficulties with the switch light sensor(although it's more of a button sensor).I've made this simple code and it doesn't work.
It gets an error : Field "UnityEngine.Transform.enabled" not found.
Hasn't it been declared as a boolean? Is that the mistake?
light.intensity =0; // set the intensity to 0 , which will give no light.
Or if it's just a value that you wan't to make false or true, yes you should use boolean.
Yes, thank you I fixed it as soon as I posted it, wanted to delete it but you answered my second question that I wanted to ask, how to change the light intensity. Thanks!
Yes, figured it out, though a nice explanation for the transform component, as funny as it sounds, didn't know that.


text:
(-) Remove Health, Social Care & Early Education filter Health, Social Care & Early Education
National Qualification (4) Apply National Qualification filter
Intro to Counselling NQ (SCQF level 5) Evening Evening and Weekend Tuesday, 18:00 - 21:00 10 Jan 2023 - 28 Mar 2023
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text:
// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

using System;
using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Editor;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.EmbeddedLanguages.Common;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.EmbeddedLanguages.RegularExpressions;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.EmbeddedLanguages.RegularExpressions.LanguageServices;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.EmbeddedLanguages.VirtualChars;
using Roslyn.Utilities;

namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Features.EmbeddedLanguages.RegularExpressions
{
    using RegexToken = EmbeddedSyntaxToken<RegexKind>;
    using RegexTrivia = EmbeddedSyntaxTrivia<RegexKind>;

    /// <summary>
    /// Brace matching impl for embedded regex strings.
    /// </summary>
    internal sealed class RegexBraceMatcher : IBraceMatcher
    {
        private readonly RegexEmbeddedLanguage _language;

        public RegexBraceMatcher(RegexEmbeddedLanguage language)
        {
            _language = language;
        }

        public async Task<BraceMatchingResult?> FindBracesAsync(
            Document document, int position, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            var option = document.Project.Solution.Workspace.Options.GetOption(
                RegularExpressionsOptions.HighlightRelatedRegexComponentsUnderCursor, document.Project.Language);
            if (!option)
            {
                return null;
            }

            var tree = await _language.TryGetTreeAtPositionAsync(document, position, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
            return tree == null ? null : GetMatchingBraces(tree, position);
        }

        private static BraceMatchingResult? GetMatchingBraces(RegexTree tree, int position)
        {
            var virtualChar = tree.Text.FirstOrNull(vc => vc.Span.Contains(position));
            if (virtualChar == null)
            {
                return null;
            }

            var ch = virtualChar.Value;
            switch (ch)
            {
                case '(':
                case ')':
                    return FindGroupingBraces(tree, ch) ?? FindCommentBraces(tree, ch);
                case '[':
                case ']':
                    return FindCharacterClassBraces(tree, ch);
                default:
                    return null;
            }
        }

        private static BraceMatchingResult? CreateResult(RegexToken open, RegexToken close)
            => open.IsMissing || close.IsMissing
                ? default(BraceMatchingResult?)
                : new BraceMatchingResult(open.VirtualChars[0].Span, close.VirtualChars[0].Span);

        private static BraceMatchingResult? FindCommentBraces(RegexTree tree, VirtualChar ch)
        {
            var trivia = FindTrivia(tree.Root, ch);
            if (trivia?.Kind != RegexKind.CommentTrivia)
            {
                return null;
            }

            var firstChar = trivia.Value.VirtualChars[0];
            var lastChar = trivia.Value.VirtualChars[trivia.Value.VirtualChars.Length - 1];
            return firstChar != '(' || lastChar != ')'
                ? default(BraceMatchingResult?)
                : new BraceMatchingResult(firstChar.Span, lastChar.Span);
        }

        private static BraceMatchingResult? FindGroupingBraces(RegexTree tree, VirtualChar ch)
        {
            var node = FindGroupingNode(tree.Root, ch);
            return node == null ? null : CreateResult(node.OpenParenToken, node.CloseParenToken);
        }

        private static BraceMatchingResult? FindCharacterClassBraces(RegexTree tree, VirtualChar ch)
        {
            var node = FindCharacterClassNode(tree.Root, ch);
            return node == null ? null : CreateResult(node.OpenBracketToken, node.CloseBracketToken);
        }

        private static RegexGroupingNode FindGroupingNode(RegexNode node, VirtualChar ch)
            => FindNode<RegexGroupingNode>(node, ch, (grouping, c) =>
                    grouping.OpenParenToken.VirtualChars.Contains(c) || grouping.CloseParenToken.VirtualChars.Contains(c));

        private static RegexBaseCharacterClassNode FindCharacterClassNode(RegexNode node, VirtualChar ch)
            => FindNode<RegexBaseCharacterClassNode>(node, ch, (grouping, c) =>
                    grouping.OpenBracketToken.VirtualChars.Contains(c) || grouping.CloseBracketToken.VirtualChars.Contains(c));

        private static TNode FindNode<TNode>(RegexNode node, VirtualChar ch, Func<TNode, VirtualChar, bool> predicate)
            where TNode : RegexNode
        {
            if (node is TNode nodeMatch && predicate(nodeMatch, ch))
            {
                return nodeMatch;
            }

            foreach (var child in node)
            {
                if (child.IsNode)
                {
                    var result = FindNode(child.Node, ch, predicate);
                    if (result != null)
                    {
                        return result;
                    }
                }
            }

            return null;
        }

        private static RegexTrivia? FindTrivia(RegexNode node, VirtualChar ch)
        {
            foreach (var child in node)
            {
                if (child.IsNode)
                {
                    var result = FindTrivia(child.Node, ch);
                    if (result != null)
                    {
                        return result;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    var token = child.Token;
                    var trivia = TryGetTrivia(token.LeadingTrivia, ch) ??
                                 TryGetTrivia(token.TrailingTrivia, ch);

                    if (trivia != null)
                    {
                        return trivia;
                    }
                }
            }

            return null;
        }

        private static RegexTrivia? TryGetTrivia(ImmutableArray<RegexTrivia> triviaList, VirtualChar ch)
        {
            foreach (var trivia in triviaList)
            {
                if (trivia.VirtualChars.Contains(ch))
                {
                    return trivia;
                }
            }

            return null;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
/*
 * DO NOT EDIT.  THIS FILE IS GENERATED FROM e:/builds/moz2_slave/rel-2.0-xr-w32-bld/build/dom/interfaces/svg/nsIDOMSVGGradientElement.idl
 */

#ifndef __gen_nsIDOMSVGGradientElement_h__
#define __gen_nsIDOMSVGGradientElement_h__

#ifndef __gen_nsIDOMSVGElement_h__
#include "nsIDOMSVGElement.h"
#endif

/* For IDL files that don't want to include root IDL files. */
#ifndef NS_NO_VTABLE
#define NS_NO_VTABLE
#endif
class nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration; /* forward declaration */

class nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList; /* forward declaration */

/* starting interface:    nsIDOMSVGGradientElement */
#define NS_IDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT_IID_STR "988b2de4-137b-4bb8-a15e-fe94038e9cf3"

#define NS_IDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT_IID \
  {0x988b2de4, 0x137b, 0x4bb8, \
    { 0xa1, 0x5e, 0xfe, 0x94, 0x03, 0x8e, 0x9c, 0xf3 }}

class NS_NO_VTABLE NS_SCRIPTABLE nsIDOMSVGGradientElement : public nsIDOMSVGElement {
 public:

  NS_DECLARE_STATIC_IID_ACCESSOR(NS_IDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT_IID)

  enum { SVG_SPREADMETHOD_UNKNOWN = 0U };

  enum { SVG_SPREADMETHOD_PAD = 1U };

  enum { SVG_SPREADMETHOD_REFLECT = 2U };

  enum { SVG_SPREADMETHOD_REPEAT = 3U };

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration gradientUnits; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientUnits(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aGradientUnits) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList gradientTransform; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientTransform(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList **aGradientTransform) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration spreadMethod; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetSpreadMethod(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aSpreadMethod) = 0;

};

  NS_DEFINE_STATIC_IID_ACCESSOR(nsIDOMSVGGradientElement, NS_IDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT_IID)

/* Use this macro when declaring classes that implement this interface. */
#define NS_DECL_NSIDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientUnits(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aGradientUnits); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientTransform(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList **aGradientTransform); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetSpreadMethod(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aSpreadMethod);

/* Use this macro to declare functions that forward the behavior of this interface to another object. */
#define NS_FORWARD_NSIDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT(_to) \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientUnits(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aGradientUnits) { return _to GetGradientUnits(aGradientUnits); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientTransform(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList **aGradientTransform) { return _to GetGradientTransform(aGradientTransform); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetSpreadMethod(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aSpreadMethod) { return _to GetSpreadMethod(aSpreadMethod); }

/* Use this macro to declare functions that forward the behavior of this interface to another object in a safe way. */
#define NS_FORWARD_SAFE_NSIDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT(_to) \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientUnits(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aGradientUnits) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetGradientUnits(aGradientUnits); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetGradientTransform(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList **aGradientTransform) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetGradientTransform(aGradientTransform); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetSpreadMethod(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aSpreadMethod) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetSpreadMethod(aSpreadMethod); }

#if 0
/* Use the code below as a template for the implementation class for this interface. */

/* Header file */
class nsDOMSVGGradientElement : public nsIDOMSVGGradientElement
{
public:
  NS_DECL_ISUPPORTS
  NS_DECL_NSIDOMSVGGRADIENTELEMENT

  nsDOMSVGGradientElement();

private:
  ~nsDOMSVGGradientElement();

protected:
  /* additional members */
};

/* Implementation file */
NS_IMPL_ISUPPORTS1(nsDOMSVGGradientElement, nsIDOMSVGGradientElement)

nsDOMSVGGradientElement::nsDOMSVGGradientElement()
{
  /* member initializers and constructor code */
}

nsDOMSVGGradientElement::~nsDOMSVGGradientElement()
{
  /* destructor code */
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration gradientUnits; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGGradientElement::GetGradientUnits(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aGradientUnits)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList gradientTransform; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGGradientElement::GetGradientTransform(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedTransformList **aGradientTransform)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration spreadMethod; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGGradientElement::GetSpreadMethod(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedEnumeration **aSpreadMethod)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* End of implementation class template. */
#endif

class nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength; /* forward declaration */

/* starting interface:    nsIDOMSVGLinearGradientElement */
#define NS_IDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT_IID_STR "7e15fce5-b208-43e1-952a-c570ebad0619"

#define NS_IDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT_IID \
  {0x7e15fce5, 0xb208, 0x43e1, \
    { 0x95, 0x2a, 0xc5, 0x70, 0xeb, 0xad, 0x06, 0x19 }}

class NS_NO_VTABLE NS_SCRIPTABLE nsIDOMSVGLinearGradientElement : public nsIDOMSVGGradientElement {
 public:

  NS_DECLARE_STATIC_IID_ACCESSOR(NS_IDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT_IID)

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength x1; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX1) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength y1; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY1) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength x2; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX2) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength y2; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY2) = 0;

};

  NS_DEFINE_STATIC_IID_ACCESSOR(nsIDOMSVGLinearGradientElement, NS_IDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT_IID)

/* Use this macro when declaring classes that implement this interface. */
#define NS_DECL_NSIDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX1); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY1); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX2); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY2);

/* Use this macro to declare functions that forward the behavior of this interface to another object. */
#define NS_FORWARD_NSIDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT(_to) \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX1) { return _to GetX1(aX1); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY1) { return _to GetY1(aY1); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX2) { return _to GetX2(aX2); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY2) { return _to GetY2(aY2); }

/* Use this macro to declare functions that forward the behavior of this interface to another object in a safe way. */
#define NS_FORWARD_SAFE_NSIDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT(_to) \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX1) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetX1(aX1); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY1) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetY1(aY1); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetX2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX2) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetX2(aX2); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetY2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY2) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetY2(aY2); }

#if 0
/* Use the code below as a template for the implementation class for this interface. */

/* Header file */
class nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement : public nsIDOMSVGLinearGradientElement
{
public:
  NS_DECL_ISUPPORTS
  NS_DECL_NSIDOMSVGLINEARGRADIENTELEMENT

  nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement();

private:
  ~nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement();

protected:
  /* additional members */
};

/* Implementation file */
NS_IMPL_ISUPPORTS1(nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement, nsIDOMSVGLinearGradientElement)

nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement::nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement()
{
  /* member initializers and constructor code */
}

nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement::~nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement()
{
  /* destructor code */
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength x1; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement::GetX1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX1)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength y1; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement::GetY1(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY1)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength x2; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement::GetX2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aX2)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength y2; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGLinearGradientElement::GetY2(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aY2)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* End of implementation class template. */
#endif

class nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength; /* forward declaration */

/* starting interface:    nsIDOMSVGRadialGradientElement */
#define NS_IDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT_IID_STR "d0262ae1-31a4-44be-b82e-85e4cfe280fd"

#define NS_IDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT_IID \
  {0xd0262ae1, 0x31a4, 0x44be, \
    { 0xb8, 0x2e, 0x85, 0xe4, 0xcf, 0xe2, 0x80, 0xfd }}

/**
 * The nsIDOMSVGRadialGradientElement interface is the interface to an SVG
 * radial gradient element.
 *
 * For more information on this interface please see
 * http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/pservers.html
 *
 */
class NS_NO_VTABLE NS_SCRIPTABLE nsIDOMSVGRadialGradientElement : public nsIDOMSVGGradientElement {
 public:

  NS_DECLARE_STATIC_IID_ACCESSOR(NS_IDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT_IID)

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength cx; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCx) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength cy; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCy) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength r; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetR(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aR) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength fx; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFx) = 0;

  /* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength fy; */
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFy) = 0;

};

  NS_DEFINE_STATIC_IID_ACCESSOR(nsIDOMSVGRadialGradientElement, NS_IDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT_IID)

/* Use this macro when declaring classes that implement this interface. */
#define NS_DECL_NSIDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCx); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCy); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetR(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aR); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFx); \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFy);

/* Use this macro to declare functions that forward the behavior of this interface to another object. */
#define NS_FORWARD_NSIDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT(_to) \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCx) { return _to GetCx(aCx); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCy) { return _to GetCy(aCy); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetR(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aR) { return _to GetR(aR); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFx) { return _to GetFx(aFx); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFy) { return _to GetFy(aFy); }

/* Use this macro to declare functions that forward the behavior of this interface to another object in a safe way. */
#define NS_FORWARD_SAFE_NSIDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT(_to) \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCx) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetCx(aCx); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetCy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCy) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetCy(aCy); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetR(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aR) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetR(aR); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFx) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetFx(aFx); } \
  NS_SCRIPTABLE NS_IMETHOD GetFy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFy) { return !_to ? NS_ERROR_NULL_POINTER : _to->GetFy(aFy); }

#if 0
/* Use the code below as a template for the implementation class for this interface. */

/* Header file */
class nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement : public nsIDOMSVGRadialGradientElement
{
public:
  NS_DECL_ISUPPORTS
  NS_DECL_NSIDOMSVGRADIALGRADIENTELEMENT

  nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement();

private:
  ~nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement();

protected:
  /* additional members */
};

/* Implementation file */
NS_IMPL_ISUPPORTS1(nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement, nsIDOMSVGRadialGradientElement)

nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement::nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement()
{
  /* member initializers and constructor code */
}

nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement::~nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement()
{
  /* destructor code */
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength cx; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement::GetCx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCx)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength cy; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement::GetCy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aCy)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength r; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement::GetR(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aR)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength fx; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement::GetFx(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFx)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* readonly attribute nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength fy; */
NS_IMETHODIMP nsDOMSVGRadialGradientElement::GetFy(nsIDOMSVGAnimatedLength **aFy)
{
    return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
}

/* End of implementation class template. */
#endif

#endif /* __gen_nsIDOMSVGGradientElement_h__ */


text:
A Simile is (Like) a Metaphor
by Jason Franks
Not long ago, somebody read a paragraph aloud to me and told me that it was really good. I must have looked confused, because the reader-aloud then said: "Don't you recognize that? It's the opening of Bloody Waters!"
It wasn't that I didn't recognize my own work, it's just that something else was going through my head, hearing those words spoken to me by someone else:
"I think that metaphor is broken."
After some reflection, I decided that it wasn't really broken, but it wasn't functioning properly, either. Metaphors can be like that, and I am, after all, an engineer. I fixed it for the print edition.
I believe that bad writing generally equates to bad metaphors or similes. Not syntactically-incompetent writing, mind you — some of the worst bad writers are extremely competent, imaginative, clever and witty. Some of the worst offenders are loved and lauded. I suppose that should indicate to you that this post is my opinion only. That, of course, is why you are reading this screed on jasonfranks.com, rather than graven on tablets of stone.
The Art and Craft of Metaphor
I don't know exactly where we are taught this, but a lot of writers think crafting metaphors is the best way to prove that they are serious and talented artists. As a result, our work is riddled with similes comparing objects, feelings and actions to things that they may or may not actually resemble.
A simile, as we all know, is a metaphor in which we overtly compare two different things, usually by employing the word 'like'. In high school, I was taught that a metaphor is a simile in which we eschew this direct comparison and simply say that an object is something that it is not, in order to convey that likeness.
Simile: "The yacht was like a banana".
Metaphor: "The yacht was a banana".
If the reader is a literal-minded curmudgeon, like me, this latter phrasing will usually provoke a grumbling response like "No, it wasn't," rather than the vision-trance of banana-yachts that The Artiste was hoping for. This is a bad metaphor, even if the yacht in question is painted yellow and hanging from a tree.
Metaphors are much more than literally phrased similes. They are a pervasive and subtle feature of every type of writing.
A cliche is an over-used metaphors. Not only that: cliches tend to be really good metaphors. That's how they have come to be so widely used. As much as we dislike them, cliches quickly become invisible to us and I'm sure I'm not the only writer who's been embarrassed when somebody points one out in my work.
Similes can allow you to shortcut a description of a complex process by evoking a a more-readily grasped sequence. They can quickly add power or emotion to an otherwise prosaic sight or action. But I find them to be the most frequent source of purple in my prose and I will usually strive to eliminate them unless they make the prose more efficient or there is a very specific effect I am looking for.
Some of my favourite writers employ similes heavily. The thrill of reading Joe R. Lansdale's work is that it's so dark and yet so funny, and this latter quality is largely due to his unique facility for similes.
The simile is as valid a tool as any other–but now I look at the way that I employ them very carefully. I know Joe Lansdale does the same.
A Good Metaphor is Poison
A good metaphors is subtle. It's a poison that the reader won't even taste before it takes effect. A single drop–often a well-chosen verb– is often all that you need to convey the likeness
"The manuscript was poisoned with bad similes."
I think that's a good, evocative metaphor that will spice up your prose without drawing any particular attention to it. Certainly it's better than screaming "Metaphoooor!" as you run up behind the reader and then smash them over the head with your genius.
The subtlest poisons rely on cumulative dosage, in the same way that a good punchline or a plot twist needs to be prepared by an accretion of clues. Successful metaphors need to be seeded through stories. They need to be set up. They need to be planned. I'm not saying that every piece has to be structured around a metaphor; I'm just saying that we think of metaphors a bit more broadly than we are taught in high school.
There is a lot of overlap between the concepts of metaphor, theme, and allegory. It's the author's job to determine where (if anywhere) in that overlap a particular story should be situated.
Good Metaphors Are Also Bad
So there I am. I've crafted an elaborate an intricate metaphor; an evanescent chandelier that hangs luminous from a paragraph of prose, drawing the eyes of all who enter it to the dazzling brilliance of Jason, The Writer, a master of his craft…
Even a well constructed metaphor can qualify as bad writing, especially if its true purpose is to show off the writer's chops. Metaphors should serve the story. Stories that exist only to serve up metaphors are generally not stories I want to read. Nobody buys books because they want to marvel at the writer's capacity for metaphorical gymnastics. I like stories that have something to say besides "Look at me–writing!"
But that's the beauty of the drafting process. That's where I cull the metaphors and hide the bodies where neither critics nor judgmental bloggers will ever see them.
Summary Execution
So that's my approach, which of course changes all the time. I try to avoid big obvious metaphors. I try not to showboat. I like simple, subtle metaphors and, as always, "if in doubt, cut it out." I cut a lot. I like metaphors that are set up slowly through a story like a punchline or a plot twist, but this requires careful planning and execution to ensure that it does not interfere with the clarity of the storytelling.
But of course, sometimes you just have to go for the metaphor. To which I can only say: do it.
This blog post is a walrus.