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I AM NOT A SHEEP
Our "adversarial system" of litigation does not work. The chief function of the system is to enrich the lawyer industry – not to achieve justice among ordinary citizens.
So, of course, when I was summoned for jury duty in 2014 I did not want to participate. I set forth the reasons in my letter below (edited and redacted):
Mr. Darrell Mahood
Director, Jury Services
Los Angeles County Superior Court
dmahood@lasuperiorcourt.org
Re: Summons for Jury Service (set for June 16, 2014)
JID __________
I respectfully request to be excused from jury duty June 16, 2014, for the following reasons:
During voir dire, potential jurors are invariably asked the following question (or a version of it): "Is there any reason you cannot be fair and impartial as a juror in this case?". My answer – "Yes" (which is explained below) – will disqualify me from serving on any jury. So, for me to attend jury service is an entirely useless act – an idle ceremony – because I certainly will be rejected from serving on any particular jury. The law does not require idle or useless acts (Cal.Civ.Code sec. 3532) – "The law forces no one to do vain or useless things." (Black's Law Dictionary , at p.1653 (7th ed. 1999)). "[T]he law never commands the performance of an idle ceremony, or compels compliance with an empty form." (State v. St. Louis. Kansas City & Northwestern Ry Co. (1876), 3 Mo. App. 180).
I am not qualified to be a juror – I AM NOT A SHEEP.
A jury trial – which is an "adversary" mode of trial – requires jurors to sit passively like dumb sheep, watching opposing lawyers put on their theatrical performances playing to the jury audience. The lawyers and judge decide – based on archaic rules of evidence – what jurors may or may not find out about the facts of the case.
"New York State Supreme Court Judge Harold Rothwax argued that a defense attorney typically "will seek jurors who will not or cannot intelligently evaluate evidence. He will want gullible, manipulable, emotional, suggestible jurors – – and through our system of selection he will get them." (Kressel, Stack & Sway: The New Science Of Jury Consulting (Basic Bks, 2004) at p. 8-9
Under such circumstances I cannot be fair and impartial:
a. Information upon which to make a decision is necessarily inadequate
I cannot rely on pre-filtered information provided by lawyers to be sufficient information upon which to base a momentous decision regarding someone's life, liberty or property. The limited information reaching jurors is simply not be enough information upon which to make a sound decision.
This point was illustrated by the highly publicized case of Ed Rosenthal:
"In 2003, jurors revolted after convicting Ed Rosenthal of growing 100 pounds or more of marijuana in a highly disputed San Francisco federal case. The jury was outraged that they had not been informed that Rosenthal was growing the marijuana for distribution to medical dispensaries. Juror Marney Craig, . . . , labeled the trial 'a cruel charade.' 'It is the most horrible mistake I have ever made,' she said. 'I feel like we were sheep, we were manipulated.'. . .
. . . Following Rosenthal's conviction, five of the jurors joined Rosenthal on the steps of the Federal Courthouse, denouncing their own verdict, saying they had been manipulated and misdirected, and demanding that Rosenthal receive a new trial. . . . in the glare of negative publicity, Judge Breyer eventually gave Rosenthal – whom the federal government wanted to send to prison for six and a half years – a startling one-day sentence." (Conrad, Jurors Revolt After Feeling Like "Manipulated Sheep" at http://www.looneyconrad.com/blog/jury-geek/jurors-revolt-after-feeling-like-manipulated-sheep.html ).
In every case jurors are manipulated like sheep. That's the nature of adversary litigation.
b. I am not permitted, as a juror, to independently investigate the facts.
I cannot make a momentous decision regarding someone's life, liberty or property by relying solely on information lawyers want me to know – or to not know.
I would need to conduct my own exhaustive investigation – including my own examination of witnesses. Lawyers tend to "flatten" the facts in order to fit them into the two-dimensional packages presented to the jury. This does not lead to the truth. There is simply not enough information to rely on. Because the judge invariably admonishes jurors not to do their own research, I would be unable to reach any decision at all.
Jurors are also admonished not to speak to anyone regarding issues of the case. However, I would find it very questionable to have to give up the precious First Amendment right of free speech and association.
Incidentally, my view of the juror's proper function is not so far off from what was historically the original paradigm of jury service:
". . . medieval jurors were chosen as jurors largely because of their familiarity with the parties and the facts of the dispute. . . . . Medieval jurors were expected to rely on their own personal knowledge to resolve the case, while today's jurors are expected to consider only the evidence presented to them in the courtroom, rendering an uninformed juror the ideal juror. Medieval jurors were also required to engage in active, independent fact-finding as part of their role as jurors, going out into the community to interview neighbors and others who might have information concerning the case.". (Rousseau, Privacy and Jury Selection: Does the Constitution Protect Prospective Jurors from Personally Intrusive Voir Dire Questions? (3 Rutgers Journal of Law & Urban Policy (2006) 287 at p. 280-281 – online at http://www.rutgerspolicyjournal.org/sites/rutgerspolicyjournal.org/files/issues/3_2/Rousseau_Jury_Selection.pdf).
c. I am unable to focus on courtroom charades – instead of actual justice.
The rise of an "Actual Innocence Doctrine" movement highlights the utter bankruptcy of the current jury system (see for example the NY Times article: Hope for the Wrongfully Convicted (11-22-2009) online at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/nyregion/23innocence.html?_r=0 ).
Our adversary litigation system is a gladiatorial contest – a throwback to the ancient "trial by combat" (known as " trial by wager of battel" introduced to England by William the Conqueror). Today it has evolved into something comparable to a chess game. The winner is the one who can afford a more cunning lawyer. Why, in the 21st century, are we stuck with such a primitive system? Because it makes money for the lawyer industry.
Although US Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter has said that "Litigation is the pursuit of practical ends, not a game of chess." (Indianapolis v. Chase Nat'l Bank, 314 U.S. 63, 69 (1941)) the consensus of opinion seems to be otherwise. For example, a large body of litigation literature – just as chess literature – deals with strategy and tactics. A search of the Los Angeles County Law Library catalog for titles having the terms "Litigation" and ["Strategy" or "Tactics"] results in 159 title entries including terms such as the following: "Basic trial tactics"; "Questioning techniques and tactics"; "Eyewitness testimony : strategies and tactics"; "Pretrial discovery : strategy & tactics"; "winning psychological strategies and tactics for lawyers"; "the art of jury persuasion"; "Successful trial tactics"; "Winning jury trials : trial tactics"; etc., etc.
See William T. Pizzi, Trials without Truth (N.Y. Univ. Pr., 1999). Professor Pizzi analyzes the extent to which American trials are not a search for truth but rather a game which is all about winning. He compares our system with less adversarial systems of some European countries.
"[W]hat is different about criminal trials in the United States is the degree to which control over the direction and conduct of the trial has been ceded to the advocates and, obviously related, the degree to which judges seem themselves as somehow removed from the contest and as thus less responsible for the conduct or outcome of the trial." (p. 118).
Tricks, lies, and gimmicks are lawyers' tools to try to win the game. In fact, they have appellate court approval to employ even frivolous tactics (see In re Kun (1989) 868 F.2d 1069 " . . . a party may combine sound and ultimately successful defenses with frivolous ones designed solely to harass the opposing party.").
Litigation is a contest and the judge is a mere umpire. Chief Justice Roberts of the United States Supreme Court proclaimed the following:
"Judges are like umpires. Umpires don't make the rules, they apply them. The role of an umpire and a judge is critical. They make sure everybody plays by the rules . . . ." (Confirmation Hearing on the Nomination of John G. Roberts, Jr. to be Chief Justice of the United States Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 55 (2005) (statement of John G. Roberts, Jr., Nominee to be Chief Justice of the United States).
Capricious decisions inevitably result from jury trials. Examples abound in the literature. See, for example, pages throughout the following books: Kressel, Stack and Sway: the New Science of Jury Consulting (Westview Pr, 2004); Wishman, Anatomy of a Jury (Times Bks, 1986); Abramson, We the Jury (Harvard U.Pr., 1994). This is just to name a few. The capriciousness of the jury has been recognized throughout its history. The observations of M. Le Bon, in the chapter "Criminal Juries" of his classic, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (Paris, France, 1858 – online at http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/445/pg445.html) sound the same as observations made in "science of jury consulting" texts of today:
"Like all crowds, juries are very strongly impressed by sentimental considerations, and very slightly by argument. . . .'It is sufficient that a woman should be of agreeable appearance,' says M. des Glajeux, 'to win the benevolence of the jury.' . . . The chief concern of a good counsel should be to work upon the feelings of the jury, and, as with all crowds, to argue but little, or only to employ rudimentary modes of reasoning.".
Unfortunately, momentous decisions are based on theatrics of lawyers. Remember the jingle "'If it doesn't fit, you must acquit,' [which] became Cochran's mantra . . ." (CNN Report on OJ Simpson murder trial (September 28, 1995) online at http://www.cnn.com/US/OJ/daily/9-27/8pm/ )?
Decisions that may deprive someone of life, liberty or property should be taken seriously. However, in jury trials they are made not on the basis of evidence so much as on the basis of prejudices of randomly chosen jurors.
"In the eyes of an increasing number of Americans, who serves on the jury matters at least as much as what the jurors see and hear at trial. One critic of the jury system harshly complains, 'No one in his senses would entrust an important decision in his life–where to live, what job to apply for, whether to have an operation, what shares to buy—to a random sample of twelve people, and yet we place our system of criminal justice in their hands. In some districts, no doubt, the jurors are above average, but in others they are stupid, feckless, illiterate and felonious in thought and undetected deed'. . . .wisdom . . . in the famous admonition attributed to defense attorney Clarence Darrow: 'Never forget, almost every case has been won or lost when the jury is sworn.' . . . Albert Osborn . . . lamented in 1937 that ". . . the most important work of certain attorneys in all criminal cases . . . is not the presentation of evidence, but the finding in advance of only one or two jurors of the kind they desire. In many . . . trials, it is not twelve men who defeat justice, but only one or two men.'" (Kressel, Stack & Sway, supra, at p. 7 – 8).
Rubio v. Superior Court, 593 P.2d 595, 600 (Cal. 1979) holds that people who " . . .might well harbor a continuing resentment against 'the system' . . ." should not serve on juries.
Therefore, I am not qualified to be a juror because – based on my personal experience as a pro se litigant – I certainly do harbor a continuing resentment against "the system".
In the 1990's, as one of several beneficiaries of a family trust, I was the victim of thieving, rapacious, slanderous lawyers hired by the bank-trustee (City National Bank). City National had actually invited me to file my petition for division of trust. I did so, and I represented myself in propria persona (not expecting opposition). However, the bank's team of expensive lawyers treacherously turned around and began charging outrageous fees (taken out of my trust income) for completely unnecessary litigation matters. They milked the trust for enormous fees. I saw at first hand how ghoulish and corrupt probate judges work together with the "good old boys club" of probate lawyers to systematically rob estates of the deceased.
These lawyers were not untypical.
Lawyers have been objects of scorn and derision by the greatest thinkers of society throughout history and even from ancient times. Examples abound in literature. For example, "The case against the lawyer has not been stated more bitterly than by Plato . . . " (Cairns, Legal Philosophy from Plato to Hegel (Johns Hopkins Pr.,1949, p.74-75; citing Theaet. 175-177; Rep.405; Shakespeare (at 2 Henry VI, 4.2.59); Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Chapter V: "[T]here was a society of men among us, bred up from their youth in the art of proving by words multiplied for the purpose, that white is black, and black is white, according as they are paid."; etc., etc. See Roth, Devil's Advocates (Nolo Pr.,1989) for 171 pages of more examples.
"The historian J.B. McMaster wrote that during the early American Republic: '. . . [lawyers] were denounced as banditti, as bloodsuckers, as pickpockets, as windbags, as smooth-tongued rogues . . . . The mere sight of a lawyer . . . was enough to call forth an oath or a muttered curse. . . ." (citing J.B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States, vol.1, quoted in Warren, A History of the American Bar (Boston, Little,Brown,1911), pg. 216.)
Lawyers were banned outright or faced tight restrictions in many colonies for much of the 18th century. The "Body of Liberties" adopted by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1641 expressed the typical attitudes of the time: "Every man that findeth himselfe unfit to plead his own cause in any court shall have libertie to employ any man …, provided he give him noe fee or reward for his pain.".
The lawyer is a hired gun. He is paid money by one stranger to go into court and slander another stranger. The lawyer's creed is the popular maxim of Cicero (a famous lawyer from Ancient Rome):
"When you have no basis for an argument, abuse the plaintiff." (Pro Flacco, Cicero).
In other words, "when you don't have a case – slander the other side".
Justice is not the lawyer's concern. His only "moral" concern is to what extent he zealously represents his client – not whether justice is achieved. And if he represents someone guilty it is his solemn obligation to see that justice is perverted.
"Under our adversary system, the role of counsel is not to make sure the truth is ascertained but to advance his client's cause by any ethical means. Within the limits of professional propriety, causing delay and sowing confusion not only are his right but
may be his duty." (Walters v. Nat. Assn. of Radiation Survivors (1984) 473 U.S. 305,325).
An Ancient Roman law – lex cincia – prohibited paying fees to lawyers for representing anyone in court:
"If no one paid a fee for lawsuits, there would be less of them! As it is, feuds, charges, malevolence and slander are encouraged." (Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1956, pg.233).
Lawyers are motivated by greed, not by any sense of justice.
The notion that lawyers are "officers of the court" and that the lawyer business is non-commercial was deemed "sanctimonious humbug" by the U.S. Supreme Court: "'We all know that law offices are big businesses, that they may have billion-dollar or million-dollar clients, they're run with computers, and all the rest. And so the argument may be made that to term them noncommercial is sanctimonious humbug." (Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1976) 433 U.S. 350,368 (n.19)).
Positive aspects of jury service are outweighed by having to participate in a primitive, dysfunctional, dishonest "adversary" litigation system.
a. I recognize the positive side of jury service. The juror does indeed have a special role.
i. Jury as alternative to corrupt judges
Non-jury trials ("bench trials") take place in front of a judge. And American judges are, and have been, widely mistrusted. For example, Ashman, The Finest Judges Money Can Buy (Nash Pub. 1973) – includes 74 documented cases of corrupt judges, and states the following: "American justice is choking on judicial pollution. The following cases are documented proof that it is no longer a question of occasional corruption, but a decided pattern of conflicts of interest, chronic bribery, profound abuse of office, loathsome nepotism, infamous sexual perversions and pernicious payoffs. . . .".
And, there's been no shortage of judicial corruption since the 1970's. In fact, throughout American history judges have been mistrusted (after all, they're generally chosen from the ranks of lawyers).
It's no wonder that in American law, it is only the juror can be trusted to be fair! Compare the American with the European view of the judge:
"The modern European law of evidence is fairly simple and rational; the law of evidence lets most everything in and trusts the judge to separate the good from bad. But American law distrusts the judge; it gives the jury full fact-finding power, and in criminal cases, the final word on innocence or guilt." (Friedman, History of American Law (c1985) p.135).
ii. Power of Jury Nullification
Another dimension to jury service is the awesome power and responsibility of the juror pursuant to the doctrine of Jury Nullification whereby the juror functions as the very conscience of the community.
"This power that jurors have is the reason why we have you jurors sitting there instead of computers. Because you are supposed to be the conscience of the community. You are supposed to decide if the law, as the Judge explains it to you, should be applied or if it should not. Nothing the judge would say to you is inconsistent with this power. It's not a request on our part that you show any disrespect for the law. It's part of the law …. It's as essential as reasonable doubt. It's the same kind of function.
… You decide, considering the circumstances of the case, should you brand the defendants as criminal. And it's very important in that regard, that you are only required to say guilty or not guilty. That's what people call the general verdict. You don't have to give reasons. You don't have to give specifics. You don't have to justify what you did; and if you say not guilty, it can't be reviewed by any Court." (closing argument of David Kairys, defense attorney, at 1973 trial of 28 religiously motivated anti-war activists in United States v. Anderson. Crim. No. 602-71 (D.N.J. 1973) – all 28 defendants were acquitted).
Jury Nullification is defined as follows:.
"Jury nullification occurs when a jury returns a verdict of "Not Guilty" despite its belief that the defendant is guilty of the violation charged. The jury in effect nullifies a law that it believes is either immoral or wrongly applied to the defendant whose fate they are charged with deciding. . . . Jury nullification appeared . . . when the government has tried to enforce morally repugnant or unpopular laws. . . . in the Prohibition Era of the 1930s, many juries practiced nullification in prosecutions brought against individuals accused of violating alcohol control laws. More recent examples of nullification might include acquittals of "mercy killers," including Dr. Jack Kevorkian, and minor drug offenders." (Linder, Jury Nullification at http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/zenger/nullification.html ).
As our Founding Father and second president, John Adams, said of the juror in 1771:
"It is not only his right, but his duty … to find the verdict according to his own best understanding, judgment, and conscience, even though in direct opposition to the direction of the court" (1771) 2 Life and Works of John Adams, 253-255 – C.F. Adams ed. 1856 – Quoted in Yale Law Journal,74 (1964):173).
This doctrine – that a jury has a the power to judge the law as well as the facts – was recognized by the US Supreme Court in Georgia v. Brailsford, 3 U.S. 1 (1794):
"It is presumed, that juries are the best judges of facts; it is, on the other hand, presumed that courts are the best judges of law. But still both objects are within your power of decision. . . . you have a right to take it upon yourselves to judge of both, and to determine the law as well as the fact in controversy".
There is little doubt that juries have the power to "nullify" the law by returning an acquittal "in the teeth of both law and facts." Horning v. District of Columbia, 254 U.S. 135 (1920) (Holmes, J.) (dictum).
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (U.S. vs Dougherty, 473 F 2d 1113, 1139 (1972)) analyzed the doctrine and (begrudgingly) stated that the jury has an "unreviewable and unreversible power . . . to acquit in disregard of the instructions on the law given by the trial judge . . ."; conceding that the power of nullification is a "necessary counter to case-hardened judges and arbitrary prosecutors," and that exercise of the power may, in at least some instances, "enhance, the over-all normative effect of the rule of law." See Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 156 (1968) ("common-sense judgment of a jury" and "community participation in the determination of guilt or innocence" are "defense against arbitrary law enforcement").
Nevertheless, according to Dougherty, the court has no obligation to tell jurors of their own powers.
"The only real issue concerning jury nullification is whether or not the jury should be honestly instructed as to its authority. The value of nullification to the legal system no longer appears to be a matter of dispute." Scheflin & Van Dyke, Jury Nullification: The Contours of a Controversy, 43 L. & Contemp.Probs. 51, 113 n. 55 (1980) -online at http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1684&context=facpubs).
It seems today that California judges don't want jurors even to know about this doctrine. How can jurors exercise this awesome responsibility if they don't even know about it? Therefore, if coerced into jury service, I should welcome the opportunity to inform my fellow jurors in the Jury Assembly Room (but not jurors already assigned to a case) of Jury Nullification doctrine.
The role of the juror loses its glamour when considered in the overall context of our primitive, dysfunctional "adversary" system of litigation. A jury trial presupposes an adversary mode of trial. The adversary process has been defined as follows:
"The central precept of the adversary process is that out of the sharp clash of proofs presented by adversaries in a highly structured forensic setting is most likely to come the information upon which a neutral and passive decision maker can base the resolution of a litigated dispute acceptable to both the parties and society." (Stephan Landsman, THE ADVERSARY SYSTEM (Am.Enter.Inst.,c1984),p.2).
It sounds good in theory, but in practice it simply doesn't work. Lawyers are not evenly matched – so, it turns out that this "sharp clash of proofs" is, in fact, sharply one-sided. With a sharp enough defense lawyer someone can get away with murder (remember O.J.?). Sharper lawyers are usually more expensive lawyers – so in a very real sense, it is money which buys justice in America.
Not only are guilty people acquitted (i.e., those who can afford the most conniving lawyers) – but innocent people are convicted more often than we might want to know about. For example, the non-profit legal organization, The Innocence Project (at http://www.innocenceproject.org ) has already led to the freeing of some 316 wrongfully convicted people, including 18 who spent time on death row and others also convicted of capital crimes but not sentenced to death. In these cases, 84% of the 316 DNA exonerations in the United States were from wrongful convictions resulting from jury trials, 7% involved bench trials, and 10% involved guilty pleas. How might the jurors in those cases feel today!
U.S.District Judge, Hon. Jed Rakoff in a recent speech at USC Law School (see Why Innocent People Plead Guilty, 4/18/2014, online article at http://news.usc.edu/61662/why-innocent-people-plead-guilty/) states:
"We have hundreds, or thousands, or even tens of thousands of innocent people who are in prison, right now, for crimes they never committed because they were coerced into pleading guilty.".
Plea bargaining is prevalent apparently because a jury trial is, essentially, a throw of the dice.
And just recently (April 29, 2014) CBS News reported the following:
"About one in 25 people sentenced to death is likely innocent, according to a new statistical study appearing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. And that means it is all but certain that at least several of the 1,320 defendants executed since 1977 were innocent, the study says." (Crimesider Staff, Study: 1 in 25 sentenced to death may be innocent online at http://www.cbsnews.com/news/study-1-in-25-sentenced-to-death-may-be-innocent/).
When many guilty people are acquitted – and many innocent people are convicted – then it's clear our jury system simply doesn't work.
"Juries' verdicts always seem to have been decided by lot like those of the famous judge in Rabelais, and it is proverbial at the law courts that it is impossible to foresee the issue of any case that comes before a jury. It looks as if the jury reasoned thus: "I am a chance judge, and it is only right that my judgment should be dictated by chance. . . . The jury system is nothing but a refined example of the cult of incompetence. Society,having to defend itself against thieves and murderers, lays the duty of defending it on some of its citizens, and arms them with the weapon of the law. Unfortunately it chooses for the purpose citizens who do not know how to use the weapon. It then fondly imagines that it is adequately protected. The jury is like an unskilled gladiator entangled in the meshes of his own net." (Faguet, The Cult of Incompetence (Dutton, 1914) p.99, online at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27368/27368-h/27368-h.htm).
5. I object to the intrusiveness of the voire dire process.
First of all, the entire voir dire process lacks integrity. Lawyers recognize that jurors are capricious – and will decide the case more on emotion than on facts and evidence. The lawyers employ a pseudo science of jury selection, based on racial, economic, body language and other stereotypes. They hire "consultants" to help them stack the jury in their favor.
To the extent this pseudo science is not effective, then the lawyers are simply prying into jurors' privacy for no valid reason. And to the extent it is effective, then they are effectively "buying justice" – with the jurors being tools of judicial corruption.
". . . The use of social science consultants opens up a number of difficult issues. If the work of the social scientist is really effective, those who can afford them have a major advantage over those who cannot. After Joan Little was acquitted of murder in 1975, her defense attorney, who had used a large defense fund to finance an extensive jury selection program, was quoted as saying that he had 'bought' the verdict." (Wishman, Anatomy of a Jury (Times Bks, 1986) p. 109-111)
In either case, there is no justification for overriding the juror's constitutional right of privacy and right to remain silent.
And the questioning process itself lacks integrity. Is it appropriate to demand that each prospective juror commit himself in advance as to how he/she will judge the law or its application in a specific case (e.g., when the judge asks: "And will you promise to obey any instructions in the law I may give you, even should you disagree any of them?")? This is something the judge himself would never consent to do.
Another issue is my own right to privacy. Why must I answer intrusive personal questions – and in a public forum – just to satisfy the perverse curiosity of lawyers experimenting with jury selection voodoo pseudo science?
Jurors also have rights. I have a Fourth Amendment right to privacy and a Fifth Amendment right to remain silent.
"The makers of our Constitution . . . conferred, as against the government, the right to be let alone — the most comprehensive of rights and the right most valued by civilized men." (Justice Louis Brandeis, Dissenting, Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928)).
Voir dire is an invasion of privacy. I should not be required to answer personal questions, especially not in a public forum.
"Melanie Wilson, professor and associate dean for academic affairs at the University of Kansas School of Law, has authored and presented an article contending that potential jurors are so regularly exposed to privacy-invading, personal questions during voir dire — jury selection — that many are driven to lie or withhold information. . .
During voir dire, both prosecuting and defense attorneys question potential jurors, with the defendant present, to assemble a qualified jury each feels will be favorable for their cause. Depending on the nature of the case, jurors are often questioned about whether they have been victims of crimes such as rape or violence, their sexual orientation, their own criminal history and what television shows they watch. Potential jurors often don't understand the relevance of such questions and have to divulge potentially embarrassing information in a public setting, often only to be struck from the jury anyway. Jurors are rarely informed of their rights before being questioned. It is possible to answer questions in a "private setting" with only the judge, lawyers and defendant present. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that voir dire is part of the trial and therefore records must be made available to the public and media.
'It's ironic that most people have fewer rights when they're in the courtroom than they had before they went inside," Wilson said, citing the example of a citizen's right to not answer questions posed by police'. . . ." (Law professor finds jurors have fewer rights than accused, Kansas Univ. News Release (April 25, 2012) online at http://archive.news.ku.edu/2012/april/25/wilson.shtml – final article is Wilson, Juror Privacy in the Sixth amendment Balance 4 Utah Law Review (2012) p. 2023-2065..
The issue of juror privacy rights remains unsettled.
"At issue is the historical role of the jury, the constitutional right of litigants to trial by an impartial jury, and the public's right to open access to trial proceedings. Legal scholars do not agree on the question of whether prospective jurors have a constitutional right to privacy that must be balanced against such countervailing interests, and the Supreme Court has thus far failed to answer the question. The result is confusion and substantial variance in the courts as to the appropriate scope of voir dire and the extent to which privacy interests of prospective jurors should be considered in determining voir dire practices." (Rousseau, Privacy and Jury Selection: . . . supra at p. 288).
Brandborg v. Lucas, 891 F. Supp. 352 (E.D. Tex. 1995) District Court, E.D. Texas, deals directly with this issue – noting that "Petitioner's present claim of asserting her privacy rights in the refusal to answer certain questions during voir dire appears to be a question of first impression in the courts.". In Brandborg, a prospective juror refused to answer several questions on a juror questionnaire, asserting that questions regarding her income, religion, television and reading habits, political affiliations, and health were "very private" and irrelevant. The trial court judge issued a contempt sanction against her (which was reversed by the Brandborg opinion).
The Brandborg opinion noted that: "While the parties have attorneys to champion their rights, the court must protect the privacy rights of the prospective jurors.". But as Rousseau, supra, notes, "Unfortunately, the trial judge often has reasons of his own for being lax in fulfilling this responsibility":
'[W]hen it comes to prying into matters personal to a juror, the interests of counsel on either side of the aisle are not necessarily antagonistic. All the lawyers want to learn just about all they can about all the prospective jurors. Thus, the court is confronted with no objections that require a ruling; and a trial judge is well aware that . . . no ruling means no opportunity for reversible error. The easy, irreversible course is to say and do nothing and let the lawyers do their thing.'" (citing Weinstein, Protecting a Juror's Right to Privacy: Constitutional Constraints and Policy Options, 70 TEMP. L. REV. 1, 19 (1997) note 8 ("Because jurors' interests are not adequately represented by litigants, courts continue to permit open-ended voir dire questions of marginal relevance")).
In other words, jurors have no protection from the prying curiosity of sleazy lawyers on both sides of the case.
In any case, the voir dire process is a charade. The opinion in United States v. Johnson, 721 F. Supp. 1077 (1990), highlights some of the silly stereotypes upon which are based decisions about which jurors to empanel:
"Louis Nizer has said he is suspicious of prospective jurors with beards or bow ties: 'They're usually individualists who will try to win a jury over to their view.'".
"The more common stereotypes relied on by prosecutors include men, Republicans, the prosperous, bankers, engineers, and accountants; defense lawyers generally favor women, Democrats, poorer people, social scientists, and minorities."
"Lawyers have been known to hire experts in body language to sit with them at counsel table to interpret what they see in prospective jurors being selected.".
Whatever value this pseudo science of body language may have, in general, it disappears when considered in the context of our multicultural differences. The following examples are from Rugsaken (2006), Body Speaks: Body language around the world (online at http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/body-speaks.aspx#sthash.mPu3o9VW.dpuf ):
"While good eye contact is praised and expected in the West, it is seen as a sign of disrespect and challenge in other cultures, including Asian and African. The less eye contact these groups have with an individual, the more respect they show.".
[So much for the "judicial rule of thumb" that someone telling a lie will look downward while answering.]
"In 1975, former Vice President Walter Mondale was invited to speak to the Japanese Diet. He became irritated when he noticed that more than half of the audience closed their eyes. When the talk was over, Mondale snapped at the U.S.ambassador, 'Why did I bother to come and talk to them?' 'Why, Sir?' the ambassador asked. 'They didn't care to hear what I had to say; they were sleeping.' 'No, Sir,' the ambassador replied, 'they closed their eyes to close out everything else in order to digest your speech.'".
[So much for the "judicial rule of thumb" that someone with his eyes closed is not paying attention.]
These examples illustrate the silliness of relying on crude rules of thumb to make decisions about which jurors to select.
6. I resent being exploited as a juror by the lawyer industry
The assertion that jury service is an obligation of citizenship (either moral or legal) is questionable. In reality, jury duty is to serve the lawyer industry rather than the general public. Jury service exploits randomly-chosen people – coercing them to serve as cheap infrastructure (paying jurors $15/day) as an audience in front of which lawyers perform their theatrics in order to rake in thousands of dollars in litigation fees.
California Civil Procedure Code Sec. 191 states: "The Legislature recognizes that trial by jury is a cherished constitutional right, and that jury service is an obligation of citizenship.". However, I don't find the constitutional basis for this obligation. Cases upholding the Selective Service Act mention jury duty in passing. But that is mere obiter dicta – not binding authority. Jury trials are a right. But how does this imply – or require – or translate into an obligation – for citizens to be conscripted into jury service? Defense lawyers are not conscripted to work for $15/day in order to meet the constitutional requirement for criminal defendants to have a lawyer available (see Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)). Other constitutionally required services do not rely on conscripts.
And jury conscription cannot be equated to military conscription.
Article 1, Sec. 8 of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to raise an army. But there is no explicit constitutional power, to "raise a jury". And, in any case, military conscription was abolished in 1973.
Jury conscription is the only involuntary servitude remaining in the United States. Involuntary servitude was prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which reads:
"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.".
Under CCP 191 et seq, citizens are coerced to serve (for a pittance – far below legal minimum wage – and at a rate lower than the lowest E1 salary for US Army privates) in order to provide for the enrichment of the lawyer industry – this seems to be a matter of involuntary servitude. "The words involuntary servitude have a "larger meaning than slavery." . . . The plain intention was . . . to make labor free, by prohibiting that control by which the personal service of one man is disposed of or coerced for another's benefit which is the essence of involuntary servitude." (Bailey v. State of Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911)).
What authority exempts jury duty from the 13th Amendment?
Respectfully submitted, __________________
This entry was posted in Adversary System, Law Related. Bookmark the permalink.
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Here you can download full episodes of Drama TV Show Kojak Season 2 by CBS, in high quality and low size. We will update this page with direct download links and all episodes.
Description: Kojak: Adorable criminal cases with cult Kopp Telly Savalas. Lieutenant Theo Kojak of 13 area makes with his two partners Bobby and Stavros hunt for the big and small crooks in New York. Always a lollipop in his mouth, was in the German dubbing his saying "Adorable, Baby" legendary.
Next episode counter and download links to Kojak seasons 2 below. Season 2 episodes are provided in mp4 and mkv, 720p Hd quality.


Two goals in a three-minute spell just before half-time set up the Hoops' third away league win of the season on Wednesday night.
A strong wind swirling around the Rede Court Road pitch inevitably influenced the pattern of the game and it was a credit to both teams that they still managed to produce some decent football in the difficult conditions.
Deal were in control for most of the 90 minutes against a Rochester side struggling at the bottom of the table but a combination of several near misses, including Danny Smith striking the underside of the bar with an early free kick, and some brave goalkeeping by Rochester's Dan Coxall meant the Hoops' had to wait until close to the interval before making the breakthrough.
It was provided by Andy Miller whose shot took a slight deflection off Alfie Foster on its way into the net, and three minutes later it was a similar story as Connor Coyne's effort again took another deflection past the unfortunate Coxall to give the Hoops' a two-goal interval cushion.
With Rochester re-emerging with the strengthening wind now mostly in their faces, and possessing the worst "goals for" record in the league, the home side knew they had a mountain to climb against Deal's resilient backline.
But the Spartans stuck to their task well and, with Coxall producing another fine save to keep out Danny Smith's fierce half volley and Harry Alexander also hitting the Rochester woodwork, the Hoops again had to wait until the half's closing stages before stamping their authority.
And, for the third time, the ball found its way into the Rochester net with the help of a minor deflection, this time from Jack Paxman's low 79th-minute cross. Then, two minutes later, Dan Adams set up Sam Wilson for his 13th goal of the season before the home side earned some reward for their spirited efforts with an injury-time header from substitute Paul Gross.
Deal: Tonkin, Paxman, D Smith (Alexander 67), Hill, K Smith, Hark, Foster (Adams 76), Scott, Coyne (Brisley 80), Wilson, Miller.


text:
using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Template10.Services
{
    public class NagServiceHelper
    {
        private readonly IDialogService _dialogService;
        private readonly IFileService _fileService;
        private const string _stateFileNameTemplate = "Template10.Service.Nag.{0}.json";

        public NagServiceHelper(IDialogService dialogService, IFileService fileService)
        {
            _dialogService = dialogService ?? throw new ArgumentNullException("dialogService");
            _fileService = fileService ?? throw new ArgumentNullException("fileService");
        }

        public async Task<bool> Exists(string nagId, NagStorageStrategies location)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(nagId))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("nagId cannot be null or empty", "nagId");
            }

            return await _fileService.FileExistsAsync(string.Format(_stateFileNameTemplate, nagId));
        }

        public async Task<NagResponseInfo> Load(string nagId, NagStorageStrategies location)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(nagId))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("nagId cannot be null or empty", "nagId");
            }

            try
            {
                if (await Exists(nagId, location))
                {
                    return await _fileService.ReadFileAsync<NagResponseInfo>(GetFileName(nagId));
                }

                return new NagResponseInfo() { NagId = nagId };
            }
            catch
            {
                // if we are having trouble loading the response, suppress any nags
                // this should prevent nagging repeatedly because of an unknown error
                return new NagResponseInfo() { Suppress = true };
            }
        }

        public async Task Delete(string nagId, NagStorageStrategies location)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(nagId))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("nagId cannot be null or empty", "nagId");
            }

            await _fileService.DeleteFileAsync(GetFileName(nagId));
        }

        public async Task PersistAsync(NagResponseInfo state, string nagId, NagStorageStrategies location)
        {
            // TODO: use location

            if (state == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("state");
            }
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(nagId))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("nagId cannot be null or empty", "nagId");
            }

            await _fileService.WriteFileAsync<NagResponseInfo>(GetFileName(nagId), state);
        }

        public async Task Register(NagEx nag, int launches)
        {
            if (nag == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("nag");
            }

            var responseInfo = await Load(nag.Id, nag.Location);
            responseInfo.LaunchCount++;

            if (responseInfo.ShouldNag(launches))
            {
                await ProcessNag(nag, responseInfo);
            }
            else if (responseInfo.IsAwaitingResponse)
            {
                await PersistAsync(responseInfo, nag.Id, nag.Location);
            }
        }

        public async Task Register(NagEx nag, TimeSpan duration)
        {
            if (nag == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("nag");
            }

            var responseInfo = await Load(nag.Id, nag.Location);
            responseInfo.LaunchCount++;

            if (responseInfo.ShouldNag(duration))
            {
                await ProcessNag(nag, responseInfo);
            }
            else if (responseInfo.IsAwaitingResponse)
            {
                await PersistAsync(responseInfo, nag.Id, nag.Location);
            }
        }

        public async Task Register(NagEx nag, int launches, TimeSpan duration)
        {
            if (nag == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("nag");
            }

            var responseInfo = await Load(nag.Id, nag.Location);
            responseInfo.LaunchCount++;

            if (responseInfo.ShouldNag(launches) && responseInfo.ShouldNag(duration))
            {
                await ProcessNag(nag, responseInfo);
            }
            else if (responseInfo.IsAwaitingResponse)
            {
                await PersistAsync(responseInfo, nag.Id, nag.Location);
            }
        }

        private async Task ProcessNag(NagEx nag, NagResponseInfo responseInfo)
        {
            var response = await ShowNag(nag);

            if (response == NagResponse.Accept)
            {
                nag.NagAction();
            }
            else if (response == NagResponse.Defer)
            {
                responseInfo.LaunchCount = 0;
                responseInfo.RegistrationTimeStamp = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;
            }

            responseInfo.LastResponse = response;
            responseInfo.LastNag = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;

            await PersistAsync(responseInfo, nag.Id, nag.Location);
        }

        private async Task<NagResponse> ShowNag(NagEx nag)
        {
            var result = MessageBoxResult.Cancel;
            if (nag.AllowDefer)
            {
                result = await _dialogService.PromptAsync(nag.Message, MessageBoxType.YesNoCancel, NagSettings.CustomResolver);
            }
            else
            {
                result = await _dialogService.PromptAsync(nag.Message, MessageBoxType.YesNo, NagSettings.CustomResolver);
            }
            switch (result)
            {
                case MessageBoxResult.Cancel: return NagResponse.Defer;
                case MessageBoxResult.No: return NagResponse.Decline;
                case MessageBoxResult.Yes: return NagResponse.Accept;
                default: return NagResponse.NoResponse;
            }
        }

        private static string GetFileName(string nagId)
        {
            return string.Format(_stateFileNameTemplate, nagId);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Millikin named to "America's Top Colleges" by Forbes
Millikin recognized for championing the 'practical' and 'classical' approaches to learning
Dane Lisser
Millikin University has been named to the list of "America's Top Colleges" by Forbes. Millikin is one of 25 colleges from Illinois to make Forbes' 12th annual national ranking of 650 institutions. Since 2009, Millikin has been included in this distinguished list.
Forbes' 2019 "Top Colleges in America" ranking is prepared exclusively with research from the federal College Scorecard, PayScale, as well as results from Niche surveys on professor quality and data, and freshman retention rates from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) website.
"It's exciting that Forbes continues to recognize Millikin among the best colleges and universities in the country," said Millikin President Dr. Patrick E. White. "This recognition as a top college in the U.S. reinforces the importance and the value of Performance Learning as an approach to outstanding student learning and development. Our commitment to Performance Learning for all students, through which every student is challenged and supported to learn and do, to act and perform in a way that builds confidence, competence and success continues to place MU in this elite company."
The rankings are based on five general categories: Alumni Salary (20 percent), a combination of early and midcareer salaries; Student Satisfaction (20 percent); Debt (20 percent), which rewards schools for low student debt loads and default rates; American Leaders (15 percent), which is based on Forbes' database of successful people, including billionaires, powerful women, 30 Under 30 honorees, leaders in public service and in private enterprise, and more; On-Time Graduation Rate (12.5 percent), which accounts for both four and six-year rates; and Academic Success (12.5 percent), which rewards schools whose alumni win prestigious scholarships and fellowships.
According to Forbes, "When it comes to the question everyone seems to be asking, 'Is college worth it?' we emphatically say yes. That's the mission of this college ranking, our annual review of the undergraduate institutions that deliver the top academics, best experiences, career success and lowest debt. Whether a school is in the Top 10 or near the bottom of the list, these 650 count as the best in the country. We include just 15 percent of the 4,300 degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the U.S., so appearing here at all is an indication that a school meets a high standard."
In Forbes' online profile of Millikin University, the publication writes, "For more than 100 years, Millikin University has stayed true to its mission of championing the 'practical' and 'classical' approaches to learning. The College of Arts and Sciences is the most popular among Millikin's four colleges, with 30 percent of undergraduates enrolled. The Tabor School of Business gives students the opportunity to participate in student-run ventures, small-business consulting teams and internships, or manage the university's $250,000 investment fund. Millikin offers a variety of scholarships to students, and about 99 percent of students receive over $39 million in financial aid annually. With five fraternities and six sororities, Greek organizations provide housing for nearly 25 percent of students."
"Whether a school is in the Top 10 or near the bottom of the list, these 650 count as the best in the country."
For more information about Forbes' "Top Colleges in America" ranking and for the full list, visit forbes.com/top-colleges.
Millikin University is a private, comprehensive university with a diverse student population of approximately 2,000 undergraduate and graduate students. A Millikin education features Performance Learning, a unique learning approach offered only at Millikin that gives students the chance to build the confidence and skills to succeed before and after graduation. Millikin offers more than 50 majors in the College of Fine Arts, College of Arts and Sciences, College of Professional Studies and Tabor School of Business, and is located on a 75-acre residential campus in Decatur, Ill. Last year, 99 percent of Millikin graduates gained employment or continued their education within six months of graduation.
Academic Admissions Alumni & Friends Campus Community Office of the President
Made it Millikin: Naomi Hall, Class of 2023
Millikin Students Show Off Projects at 2022 Creative Media...
Millikin Political Science Students Win Award at American...
Millikin Welcomes Holocaust Survivor Sami Steigmann for...
Elementary Education Major Named 2022 Lincoln Laureate

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Checking out the world's first PRT system—in Morgantown, West Virginia, of all places. Continue reading Personal. Rapid. Unique.
I'm 30. How'd I get here?
I turned 30. Here I reflect on three things that got me to this milestone. Continue reading I'm 30. How'd I get here?
The top 10 things I miss about Washington, D.C.
I'm thankful for the opportunity we've had to move to New York, but that doesn't mean I don't miss Washington, D.C. Here are the things I miss most about our former home. Continue reading The top 10 things I miss about Washington, D.C.


265: How to Strike the Right Tone and More Questions: This first Monday of the month, Bonni (web) (LinkedIn) joined me to respond to questions from our listening community.
Dave asked what advice we would give to our younger selves about leadership.
Bill asked about how to balance stern and serious with light and loose.
Luiza asked about how to lead volunteers.
Jeff asked about influencing change in culture.
Elmer asked what he can do with his StrengthsFinder results.
Why Successful People Work on One Thing at a Time: Research has backed up the failure of multi-tasking for awhile. Here's the practical advice on how to avoid it.
Why Etsy Engineers Send Company-Wide Emails Confessing Mistakes They Made: Want to build a culture where people aren't afraid to innovate and make mistakes? This is one way to get there.
Your Small Business Should Have a Board of Directors: Excellent advice on the value of a board. I also know people who have adopted this concept very personally — by forming a board of directors for their lives.
Power Posing Co-author: I Do Not Believe That Power Pose Effects Are Real: There's been recent questions about "power posing" and now it's coming under fire from one of the original researchers. Here are the details (and the response from Amy Cuddy, famous for her TED talk on the topic).
You Can Teach an Old Dog New Tricks: Listener Jeff Phipps hit a tough point in his career back in 2014. He shares what he did and how the podcast played a role to help.
How to Bullet Journal: I prefer electronic systems for task management, but others love pen and paper. Here's a great analog system that was recently mentioned on Bonni's podcast.


text:
namespace {

#ifdef _WIN32
    std::string utf8_encode(const std::wstring &wstr) {
        if (wstr.empty()) return std::string();
        int size_needed = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, &wstr[0], (int) wstr.size(), NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
        std::string strTo(size_needed, 0);
        WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, &wstr[0], (int) wstr.size(), &strTo[0], size_needed, NULL, NULL);
        return strTo;
    }

    std::string GetLastErrorAsString() {
        DWORD errorMessageID = ::GetLastError();
        if (errorMessageID == 0)
            return std::string();

        DWORD flags = FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS;
        DWORD languageId = MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT);
        LPSTR messageBuffer = NULL;
        size_t size = FormatMessageA(flags, NULL, errorMessageID, languageId, (LPSTR)&messageBuffer, 0, NULL);

        std::string message(messageBuffer, size);
        LocalFree(messageBuffer);
        return message;
    }

    std::string getSidTypeString(SID_NAME_USE snu) {
        switch(snu) {
            case SidTypeUser:
                return "User";
            case SidTypeGroup:
                return "Group";
            case SidTypeDomain:
                return "Domain";
            case SidTypeAlias:
                return "Alias";
            case SidTypeWellKnownGroup:
                return "WellKnownGroup";
            case SidTypeDeletedAccount:
                return "DeletedAccount";
            case SidTypeInvalid:
                return "Invalid";
            case SidTypeUnknown:
                return "Unknown";
            case SidTypeComputer:
                return "Computer";
            case SidTypeLabel:
                return "Label";
            default:
                return "Unknown";
        }
    }

#endif

    class GetSidForUser : public Nan::AsyncWorker {
    public:
        GetSidForUser(Nan::Callback *callback, const std::string &user)
                : Nan::AsyncWorker(callback), user(user), sid("") { }

        ~GetSidForUser() { }

        virtual void Execute() {
#ifdef _WIN32
            LPCWSTR lpSystemName = NULL;

            std::wstring swUser = std::wstring(user.begin(), user.end());
            LPCWSTR lpAccountName = swUser.c_str();

            DWORD cbSid = 256;
            BYTE pSid[256];

            DWORD cbDomain = 256 / sizeof(WCHAR);
            WCHAR Domain[256];

            SID_NAME_USE snu;

            if (!LookupAccountNameW(lpSystemName, lpAccountName, pSid, &cbSid, Domain, &cbDomain, &snu)) {
                SetErrorMessage(GetLastErrorAsString().c_str());
                return;
            }

            if (IsValidSid(pSid) == FALSE) {
                std::string msg = "No SID found for user \"" + user + "\".";
                SetErrorMessage(msg.c_str());
                return;
            }

            if (snu != SidTypeUser) {
                std::string msg = "The provided name must belong to a User, but the according SID is of type \"" + getSidTypeString(snu) + "\".";
                SetErrorMessage(msg.c_str());
                return;
            }

            LPTSTR sidStr;
            if (ConvertSidToStringSid(pSid, &sidStr) == FALSE) {
                SetErrorMessage(GetLastErrorAsString().c_str());
                return;
            }

            sid = utf8_encode(sidStr);
#else
            SetErrorMessage("Your operating system is not supported.");
#endif
        }

        void HandleErrorCallback() {
            Nan::HandleScope scope;
            v8::Local <v8::Value> argv[] = { Nan::Error(ErrorMessage() )};
            callback->Call(Nan::GetCurrentContext()->Global(), 1, argv, async_resource);
        }

        void HandleOKCallback() {
            Nan::HandleScope scope;
            v8::Local <v8::Value> returnValue = Nan::New<v8::String>((char *) sid.data(), sid.size()).ToLocalChecked();
            v8::Local <v8::Value> argv[] = { Nan::Null(), returnValue };
            callback->Call(Nan::GetCurrentContext()->Global(), 2, argv, async_resource);
        }

    private:
        std::string user;
        std::string sid;
    };

    NAN_METHOD(getSidForUser) {
        Nan::Utf8String user(info[0]);
        Nan::Callback *callback = new Nan::Callback(info[1].As<v8::Function>());
        Nan::AsyncQueueWorker(new GetSidForUser(callback, *user));
    }

    NAN_MODULE_INIT(init) {
        Nan::HandleScope scope;
        Nan::SetMethod(target, "getSidForUser", getSidForUser);
    }

    NODE_MODULE(windows_sid, init)

} // anonymous namespace


As to why Are Single Men Looking for Asian Women for Marriage?
Confucius say, "Let the Buyer Be weary of, " when meeting worldwide women on Mail Choose Asian Bride Websites. Good, maybe that wasn't a fabulous nugget of wisdom obtained from Confucianism , in modern day days you are able to aptly use it to make sure you Western men looking for an Asian wife online. That is certainly because men who choose to date foreign women have a lot of drawbacks to help you conquer killing the benefits of international romance may very well be reaped. You see, you will find a number of sites that provide West men who like to get an Asian beauty however many of web pages might be overcomplicated, or simply the gals are not proper, as well as the support is lousy, or maybe these are increasingly being overcharged, or more than likely a lot of mixture of the above. Just for Western men who have no notion what precisely they are doing on that area, the potential risk of increasingly being scammed or bamboozled is undoubtedly a legitimate possibility. This makes the whole online experience intimidating in the beginning for most of men. But it doesn't have to be accomplishing this. A bit knowledge may possibly go an amazing ways. Like the majority of things in your life, it might be profitable to complete several investigation and achieve a small knowledge. The process of finding an Asian wife on the internet is not any exception and men in the Western world would exceed to pay a number of days educating themselves.
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text:
Download Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for PC Windows 10,8,7
The Jaguars have released their new redesigned logo, which features the likeness of Jalen Ramsey in a bright light. The Jags are ready to start off this season with plenty of confidence and excitement.
The "jalen ramsey" is a wallpaper that was created by Jalen Ramsey. The wallpaper has been downloaded over 20,000 times and has received positive reviews.
Are you looking for a means to get Jalen Ramsey wallpapers for your Windows 10/8/7 computer? Then you've come to the right spot. Continue reading to learn how to download and install Wallpapers of Jalen Ramsey for PC, one of the top Design & Art apps available.
The majority of the applications accessible on the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store are designed specifically for mobile devices. But did you know that even if the official version for the PC platform isn't available, you may still use any of your favorite Android or iOS applications on your laptop? Yes, there are a few easy strategies you can use to install Android applications on a Windows laptop and utilize them the same way you would on an Android phone.
In this post, we'll show you how to download Jalen Ramsey wallpapers on your computer using a step-by-step approach. Let's have a look at the technical specs of Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers before we get started.
Technical Specifications for Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for PC
Name Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers
Category Art & Design
Installations 10,000+
Designed by DIY projects of the moment
Package of Apps com. JalenRamsey.wallpapers.images.pictures
Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers is the most popular app in the Art & Design category on Google Play. It has a lot of positive feedback and ratings. Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for Windows now has over 10,000+ downloads and a 4.3 star average user aggregate rating.
The Google Play Store presently does not provide Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers. Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers is available for download through third-party APK download sites if you haven't already done so. It's well worth the download on your smartphone.
Download Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for Windows 10/8/7 Laptop:
These days, the majority of applications are created just for mobile devices. PUBG, Subway Surfers, Snapseed, Beauty Plus, and other games and applications are exclusively accessible on Android and iOS. However, Android emulators enable us to run all of these applications on a PC.
Even though there isn't an official version of Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for PC, you may still utilize it with the aid of emulators. In this post, we'll show you how to utilize two popular Android emulators to run Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers on your computer.
Download Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for Windows 10/8/7 – Method 1:
Bluestacks is a popular Android emulator that allows you to run Android apps on your Windows PC. The Bluestacks application is also available for Mac OS. In this approach, we will download and install Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for PC Windows 10/8/7 Laptop using Bluestacks. Let's get started with our step-by-step installation instructions.
Step 2: The installation method is straightforward and uncomplicated. Open the Bluestacks emulator when it has been successfully installed.
Step 5: Now go to the Software Store and look for the app you want to install on your computer. In our instance, we're looking for Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers to put on our computer.
Step 6: Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers will be installed on Bluestacks immediately once you click the Install button. The program may be found in Bluestacks' list of installed applications.
You can now use Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers on your laptop by just double-clicking on the program icon in Bluestacks. You may use the app in the same manner as you would on an Android or iOS phone.
Because the program isn't accessible on Google Play, get the Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers APK file from a third-party APK site and install it using Bluestacks' Install APK file option at the bottom of the screen. You do not need to download the game from the Google Playstore. However, it is suggested that you use the regular procedure to install any Android apps.
Bluestacks' newest version comes with a slew of impressive features. The Samsung Galaxy J7 smartphone is practically 6X quicker than Bluestacks4. So, if you want to install Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers on your PC, you need use Bluestacks. Bluestacks requires a PC with a minimum setup. If you don't, you can have trouble loading high-end games like PUBG.
MEmu play is yet another famous Android emulator that has recently gained a lot of attention. It's very adaptable, quick, and specifically intended for gaming. Now we'll demonstrate how to use MemuPlay to get Jalen Ramsey wallpapers for your Windows 10 or 8 or 7 laptop.
Step 3: Go to the Google Play Store and look for the Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers app. Click the Install button on the official app from the Latest DIY developer.
Step 4: Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers may be seen on MEmu Play's home screen after successful installation.
MemuPlay is a straightforward and straightforward application. When compared to Bluestacks, it is really light. You can play high-end games like PUBG, Mini Militia, Temple Run, and others since it is built for gaming.
Conclusion: Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for PC
With its simple but efficient UI, Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers has gained immense popularity. We've included two of the most effective techniques for installing Jalen Ramsey wallpapers on a PC or laptop. Both of the aforementioned emulators are widely used to run Apps on a computer. You may download Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for Windows 10 PC by using any of these techniques.
This brings us to the end of our Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers Download for PC essay. Please let us know if you have any questions or have any problems when installing Emulators or Jalen Ramsey Wallpapers for Windows in the comments section. We'll be happy to assist you!
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text:
Deutschland and Central Europe
Milling-boring-turning
People and talent
Industries Industries
Turnkey Projects Turnkey Projects
Case Studies Case Studies
Grinding Grinding
Milling and boring Milling and boring
Turning Turning
Metal Forming Metal Forming
Other products Other products
External grinding
Internal grinding
Centerless grinding
Vertical grinding
Bed type milling machine
Fixed table travelling column milling machines
Floor type milling boring machines
Multitasking milling turning centres
Portal and gantry milling boring machines
Vertical lathes
Hard-turning
Flexible Manufacturing Systems
Diagnosis and remote support
Upgrading of software-hardware
Global network for after-sales service
Advanced facilities
Milling and boring
Future digital industry professionals trained at DANOBATGROUP
Danobatgroup.
The industrial group is involved in a Master´s degree in Industrial Automation at the University of Mondragon
The students of this degree are given specialised training in the companies of the Group through practical sessions and master classes.
The implementation of robotics, automation of manufacturing processes and the introduction of digital technologies in the industry demand new professional profiles capable of meeting the challenges posed by smart factories.
In this context, strengthening the links between the business world and the educational community by actively collaborating in curriculum design is key to ensuring that the training of experts is tailored to industry's needs.
As part of its commitment to the training of talent, DANOBATGROUP participates in the Master's degree in Industrial Automation of the University of Mondragon, a degree designed to provide the theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary to advance in automation processes through the application of robotic solutions, artificial vision systems and developments based on the concepts of Industry 4.0.
The Master´s degree, which is given for the first time this academic year, follows the dual training concept over two distinct phases. The first phase spans from October to April, during which the students alternate between theoretical classes at the university and practical training in the manufacturing plants of the companies that collaborate with this degree. The second phase from April to the end of July, comprises full-time dedication of the students to write their Master´s Dissertation: the company, in agreement with the student, defines the scope of the subject matter with an eminently practical character aligned with the interest of the company. On giving the official presentation of this dissertation, the Master´s degree is completed.
At present, four students attend DANOBAT and SORALUCE companies daily, to learn about the functioning of control systems used in automation, devices that are part of industrial processes, application of mechatronic solutions or sensorization tools of Industry 4.0.
"Being committed to people is part of DANOBATGROUP´s corporate values. Our commitment to training of qualified professionals and talent retention is materialised through collaboration agreements with educational centres of excellence such as the University of Mondragon", says Iker Usabiaga, Director of Social Management at DANOBATGROUP.
In his opinion, this Master's degree seeks to respond to the need for new professional profiles that combine knowledge of mechanics, electronics, algorithms and industrial engineering, among other disciplines.
"The new paradigm of the digital industry requires professions hitherto unknown in our sector, such as data analysts, capable of extracting information necessary to provide intelligence to manufacturing means,"adds Usabiaga.
In addition to hosting the students of the Master´s degree in the production plants, the collaboration of DANOBATGROUP extends to the theoretical field, as some of the specialists of the Group give classes on advanced concepts of automation.
On the 13th of February, the students of the Master will be invited to a conference in which they will be able to get to know the Group and its businesses first-hand, visit the facilities that DANOBAT and IK4-IDEKO have in Elgoibar and attend the lecture "Advanced Sensory Application for Machine Conditioning", given by IK4-IDEKO researchers. This master-class aims to introduce students to applications of concepts related to Industry 4.0 in real manufacturing environments.
DANOBATGROUP, specialised in the manufacture of machine tools and production systems with a high technological level applied to cutting-edge and unique solutions, facilitates the development of a career curve marked by challenging projects and international work contexts, guaranteeing a high level of employability.
* I have read and accepted the Data protection policy
I agree to receive commercial communications from Danobatgroup
© 2022 DANOBATGROUP. All rights reserved
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text:
Q: Adding finally block causes IntelliJ to report "variable might not be assigned" Pasting the following Groovy code in IntelliJ IDEA:
String x

switch ("hi") {
    case "hi":
        x = "data" // Assignment is not used
        break
    default:
        throw new RuntimeException()
}

/*if ("hi" == "hi") {
    x = "data"
} else {
    throw new RuntimeException()
}*/

try {
    println x // Variable 'x' might not be assigned
} finally {
/*} catch (ignored) {*/
    println x
}

On the first println x inside the try statement, I get the inspection warning "Variable 'x' might not be assigned".
I'm confused in two ways:

*

*if you replace the switch statement with a functionally equivalent if/else statement, the warning no longer shows

*if you replace finally with catch (ignored), the warning no longer shows

To me, this behavior makes no sense. Can somebody explain why the warning is showing in the first place and why replacing the things above fixes it?
I'm running IntelliJ v2018.1.2 (Ultimate) and Groovy plugin v9.0.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
require "hallon-fifo/version"
require "hallon-fifo/fifo"


Hand-etched and carved, this beautifully textured huggie earring is bold yet delicate. The intricate details lend a classic feel to a contemporary design. Crafted in 18k rose gold.
Earrings measure .37 inches by .13 inches.


Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas - An reliable design of a space largely depends upon its shapes and size and generally the function for which it is mosting likely to be utilized. Living area decoration can be either a easy job or a difficult one depending upon individuals that are going to utilize it. Easy if it is mosting likely to be empty for a lot of the moment except when the household goes to home; complicated if a lot of amusement is going to take location. But that does not mean that it ought to not be the reverse likewise. It mainly relies on the person that is going to enhance it. Another problem would certainly be if a consistent stream of kids and animals are mosting likely to be passing through the space. In this article we additionally include some images of Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas and also may be your house decor ideas.
Browse our range of Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas and browse our huge gallery of Living Room and inspiration. Knowing what you like is one thing. Knowing how to get it is another thing altogether. Find the best Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas ideas to match your style. Browse through images of design & ideas to create your dream Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas.
Here's some pictures of design ideas for your Living Room design related to Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas. We collected the images from various sources to provide the best inspiration for you. The image that we serve is high quality and high resolution, with the hope that you can clearly see the detail of inspiration about Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas. We hope some of the Living Room ideas above can add to the beauty of your home. You can find related images related to Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas on this website by discovering the category section, or the related posts below. So, take your time and find the Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas pictures informed here that suitable with your needs.
The Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas can be the fantastic concept for your house style troubles. Our team believe that Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas is just one of best residence style ideas of the years, we comprehend that you are searching for things that are related to Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas, so we aim to assist you by offering an review of feasible designs which can improve your beauty to things you were searching for. This style is distinct as well as the ideal that we can reveal to you but it does not mean that styles are not much less interesting. you should attempt to look the other categories.
EmileeFuss can help you to get the latest information about the Living Room Remodel Ideas. We give a top quality high picture with reliable permit and also whatever if you're chatting concerning the residence style as it's formally named. This internet is created to transform your unfinished area right into a conveniently usable room in just a brief amount of time. So let's take a more detailed consider exactly what the Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas is all concerning and what it can potentially provide for you. When designing an addition to an existing house it is impossible to make a well-resolved renovation if the existing type and design have not been taken into account.
Related Posts of "Condo Living Room Lighting Ideas"


text:
LVMH Revenue Drops 27% in First Half of 2020
Perfumes and Cosmetics revenue was down 29%.
Online sales grew steadily in the first half of 2020.
Beauty Packaging Staff07.29.20
LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton recorded revenue of €18.4 billion ($21.7 billion) in the first half of 2020, down 27%.
"LVMH showed exceptional resilience to the serious health crisis the world experienced in the first half of 2020. Our Maisons have shown remarkable agility in implementing measures to adapt their costs and accelerate the growth of online sales. While we have observed strong signs of an upturn in activity since June, we remain very vigilant for the rest of the year. We continue to be driven by a long-term vision, a deep sense of responsibility and a strong commitment to environmental protection, inclusion and solidarity. In the current context, we remain even more firmly dedicated to showing continuous progress in these areas," commented Bernard Arnault, chairman and CEO of LVMH.
"Thanks to the strength of our brands and the responsiveness of our organization, we are confident that LVMH is in an excellent position to take advantage of the recovery, which we hope will be confirmed in the second half of the year, and to strengthen our lead in the global luxury market in 2020," Arnault continued.
The company's Perfumes & Cosmetics segment reported revenue of €1.985 billion ($2.34 billion) for the first half of 2020, a decline of 29% compared to the previous year.
According to LVMH, the big brands showed good resistance and high reactivity in a sector marked by the decline in makeup, the reduction in retailer stock levels and by a strong increase in parallel distribution channels in which the company's brands did not wish to participate. Online sales grew steadily.
"The impact of the epidemic on revenue and annual results cannot be precisely assessed at this stage without knowing the timetable for the return to normal business in the different areas where the group operates," the company stated. "After a second quarter severely affected by the crisis, we can hope that the recovery will materialize gradually in the second half.
Our strategy of focusing on the highest quality across all our activities, combined with the dynamism and unparalleled creativity of our teams, will enable us to reinforce LVMH's global leadership position in luxury goods once again in 2020."
TFF Names 2021 Notables
Cosmetic Valley Joins CosmetoPack Research Group
The Biggest Deals & Acquisitions of 2020
The Perfumed Plume Awards Open Submissions
Weekly Recap: Dolly Parton's Upcoming Fragrance, Estée Lauder's Expansion & More
Dolly Parton is Building a Fragrance Brand — And We Can't Wait
What Will 2021 Hold for the Beauty Industry?
Italian Beauty Platform Mozzafiato Debuts Online
Jane Ford, Benefit Cosmetics Co-Founder, Dies
Weekly Recap: Gogo Beauty, Smart Reusable Lipsticks & More
Decorative Effects | Fragrances
Bormioli Luigi on the challenges of decorating the new version of the iconic stiletto-shaped flacon housing the best-selling fragrance by Carolina Herrera.
A virtual ceremony celebrating the Notables will take place on February 10.


In light of the new rental reforms from the Andrews Government, tenants will soon have more freedom over adopting four-legged friends while living in rental properties. However, just because you're able to get a pet in a rental property, doesn't mean it's the right thing for your lifestyle. In this blog, Think Property address 5 key questions to ask yourself before getting a pet in your rental property.
1. What is your plan for the next few years?
As the old saying goes, a dog is for life, not just for Christmas. Pets are a long-term commitment, and shouldn't be seen as an impulse purchase to amplify your Instagram photos. Are you planning to go traveling in the next few years? Did you want to move interstate? Look at your life as a whole and see whether a pet is a suitable addition. While the obstacle of landlord approval might no longer be an issue, there are other important considerations to be made to ensure your pet is well cared for.
2. How many hours a day are you able to be home with the pet?
On a similar token, how much time will you be able to dedicate to your pet on a day-to-day basis? If you work long hours or are regularly heading straight to happy hour from the office, how will you factor in playtime, walks and feeding for your furry new arrival? Make sure your daily schedule allows time to look after your pet.
3. Do you have enough space?
Animals take up more space than you might think – and keeping some animals in small spaces could be considered cruel. Will your pet be indoor or outdoor? Ensure you've got access to space for your pet to get fresh air and exercise, or that your indoor living areas are stimulating enough for indoor pets.
4. Will the pet disturb your neighbours?
How close do you live to your neighbours? Barking dogs or meowing cats could disturb them, and cause unnecessary conflict. Investigate how traveling noise could disrupt those around you before signing the adoption papers.
5. Are you able to finance vet care and emergencies?
Pets are more of a financial investment than just their upfront adoption fee. Do you have sufficient cash flow to fund vet visits, emergency procedures and day-to-day expenses? Pet food, litter, leads, and even temporary care when you go away can all add up. Make sure your income is capable of these out-of-pocket expenses to ensure your pet's welfare.
While the restrictions around pets in rental properties will soon relax under new amendments to the Residential Tenancies Act, there are still procedures that you must follow. Speak to your property manager for tailored advice, and visit the Rent Fair Victoria website for more information on the upcoming changes.


With the Securex Form 13F EDGAR Filing Service, you send us your holdings list, we EDGARize, validate and email you a PDF proof for review and approval. Once approved, Securex will transmit your 13F report to the SEC EDGAR system and email confirmation that the report has been accepted by the SEC.
We have a flat rate charge for the initial conversion and filing of either you Holdings Report, Notice Filing, or Amendment, plus any author alteration fees, if required.
As of April 29, 2013, filers must file their Form 13F Information Table according to new EDGAR XML Technical Specifications. The content of the reports has not changed although the SEC has changed the method of compiling, formatting, and submitting the report to EDGAR. The EDGAR system will no long accept the Form as a text file (.txt.).
Institutional investment manager that uses the U.S. mail (or other means or instrumentality of interstate commerce) in the course of its business, and exercises investment discretion over $100 million or more in Section 13(f) securities must report its holdings on Form 13F with the SEC EDGAR system. Form 13F requires the disclosure of names of institutional investment managers, names of the securities managed, class of securities, CUSIP number, number of shares owned and the total market value of each security.


Transcription of Sketch in the Christian Messenger by R.F.B.
In many of the older Circuits there are to be found a few brethren who have seen everything worth remembering in their Circuits, from the early days of persecution and hardship to the present days of successful organization and modern spiritual movements. Thetford Circuit has the honour of having some half dozen of such aged worthies, and Mr. John Sayer, of Shropham, is one of them. He is the youngest of the group, and, although his number on the plan is four, he is only seventy-six years of age. In early life he gave himself to the service of Jesus Christ, and for more than forty-four years he has been a local preacher. He has been connected with the Sunday school for about the same number of years, and his latest attachment is to the Christian Endeavour.
The prominent trait in Mr. Sayer's life is that of Christian constancy. He has had a life-long association with a small society in a parish that is every year drained of its young men and maidens. He has been in all its revivals, he has watched the many changes that have taken place, and not infrequently felt somewhat at a loss to know how the village cause was to survive the heavy removals. But by a wonderful constancy of purpose he has held on, and kept the fire burning in the hearts of the remnant of God's people. Mr. Sayer's home is the oldest "preachers' home" on the Circuit. He has entertained in his humble cottage more ministers than any other friend of Primitive Methodism in the Circuit, and the preachers are more welcome to-day than ever. His noble wife spends her life in a ministry of comfort and kindness to all her husband's friends.
A good deal has been written and said about village Methodism, but if every village society had a man of the type of Bro. Sayer the problem of leakage would be solved. Shropham society is not controlled by one man to the exclusion of others, but by the one man's regularity, constancy, and devotion the members never lose heart. The class meeting of more than 50 years' standing is still a living power. The Sunday school has a similar record of industrious life. And all kinds of weather religious services are held, preacher or no preacher. Such consistency of purpose is the admiration of the world.
Another strong point in Bro. Sayer's character is his practical spirit of helpfulness. He is a disbeliever in all systems of promise; that is, he never makes a promise to do something a month hence. What he does he does at once; he never makes long engagements, but lives his best and does his best in each day as opportunity affords. He is the happy possessor of a spirit of promptness, and as long as his life is spared he will always be present in the services in God's House. To have such men in a struggling and feeble society is to have a guarantee of sustained life and vigour. Humbleness of mind, Christian constancy, purity of motive, promptness, kindness, faith, these are our friends virtues. He is still in possession of good health, and we wish for him a long service yet in order that the little chapel in the remote village of Shropham may be blessed with his ministry of love and noble deeds.
John was baptised on 8 April 1827 at Snetterton, Norfolk. His parents were Thomas, a miller, and Mary.
John married Ellen Davey (abt 1836-1875) on 12 December 1856 at Bridgham, Norfolk. Census returns identify three children.
John married Emily Nicholls (abt1838-1904) in the spring of 1878 at Islington, London.
John died on 10 February 1911 at Shropham, Norfolk.


Alspec products have been designed to accept screening products without the need for unsightly adaptors or added material. Door and window screening provides protection from insects and other unwanted 'guests' to your home, whilst minimising the impact on your view.
Alspec is pleased to be the exclusive distributor in Australia for the screening products from Phifer Incorporated, the world's largest producer of aluminium and fibreglass insect screening products. This partnership allows Alspec and our customers to offer a broad range of screening products at competitive prices, all of which are clear performance leaders in their category.


Pears are naturally crisp and sweet right off the tree and enjoyable just by themselves. Pears also offer a number of health benefits. When paired with food like honey, cinnamon and yogurt, the health benefits are magnified even more. This baked and honeyed pears recipe is not only quick to make, but is a terrific dessert or even afternoon or late-night snack.
Some of the most notable health benefits related to their nutritional value as they are packed with vitamins and minerals. Key nutrients found in pears include vitamins like vitamin A, C and K as well as several B-complex items and minerals like potassium, magnesium, copper and manganese, They are also a good source of dietary fiber, making ideal for aiding in someone's digestion. The fiber also makes them a filling food, so they are ideal to include in many weight-loss regimens.
Other perceived health benefits of pears include the fact that they are a good source of antioxidants and can help combat certain ailments and afflictions and act as an immunity boost. The high copper content in pears makes them a terrific choice for those suffering from anemia. The nutrients in pears are also to known to have certain cancer-fighting capabilities and can help prevent certain cardiovascular diseases through improvements in red blood cell counts and circulation.
Preheat your oven to 375 F and prepare a baking sheet. Scoop out pear seeds from each pear half with a melon baller.
In a small bowl, whisk together honey, vanilla extract, and ground cinnamon. Heat in the microwave for 20 seconds until runny. Use a pastry brush to brush the tops of the pear halves and place each half an inch apart on the baking sheet.
Bake in the oven for 20 minutes. Serve pears on a bed of Greek yogurt and garnished with granola.
Note: Although most pears look the same, there are many different types available at your local grocery store or farmers' market. Some of the most readily available types of pears include Anjou, Bosc, Royal Riviera and Bartlett. Some less common and varieties include Seckel, Forelle, Comice, Starkrimson and Concorde. The crispness and sweetness vary by type of pear. For example, Bosc and Seckel pears are very crisp when fresh while Bartlett and Anjou pears are softer, which makes them juicier. Most pear varieties have a moderate level of sweetness; however, some type like Bartlett, Comice and Concorde are very sweet. For this recipe, since we're using honey, we've chosen to use Anjou pears, which have a middle-of-the-road sweetness level.


The wonderful new junior playground was ready for action on Monday. The children are enjoying the new playing area and classes are using it for fitness activities. Thank you for all the positive and thankful comments about this great improvement to our facilities.


One of the most common types of business insurance is commercial property insurance, which provides a wide range of coverage for buildings, inventory, equipment, tools and more. Losses from fire, break-in, vandalism, wind, and other natural or manmade disasters are examples of what is typically covered.
This coverage reimburses a business owner for lost profits and fixed expenses during the time that a business is closed. It applies while the premises are being restored because of damage from an event such as a fire. Business income insurance may also cover financial losses that occur if civil authorities limit customer access to your neighborhood or business after a disaster.
Interested in Commercial Property Insurance?


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Expand Your Private Practice has worked with therapists for the past decade to fill appointment books. Our introductory marketing package offers the fastest way to get new clients to your practice. Just by signing up you get $100 free ad credit to use toward your new campaign.
We have access to mounds of data. Do you know how many people are searching for therapy just in your city? Hundreds a month, even thousands in larger areas. These qualified new clients, in need of talented mental health professionals such as your self, will find a therapist. Could it be you? That's really your decision.
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We work with major advertising companies like Google and Facebook. Because we bring new clients to these companies we've secured promotional deals. With our service you'll receive $100 ad credit to apply to the first campaign we set up. Using our marketing expertise and promotional offers you'll be able to see what we can offer risk free. In addition our service is designed to bring you new clients for life! We set it up then you simply turn the on and off button.


text:
Plugins must be published to a Docker registry in order for Drone to download and execute at runtime. You can publish to the official registry (at [index.docker.io](https://index.docker.io)) or to a private registry.

## Plugin marketplace

Official plugins are published to [index.docker.io/u/plugins](https://index.docker.io/u/plugins/) and are listed in the [plugin marketplace](http://addons.drone.io). If you would like to submit your plugin to the marketplace, as an officially supported Drone plugin, it must meet the following criteria:

* Plugin is useful to the broader community
* Plugin is documented
* Plugin is written in Go [1]
* Plugin has manifest file
* Plugin uses Apache2 license
* Plugin uses `gliderlabs/apline` base image (unless technical limitations prohibit)

[1] Although plugins can be written in any language, official plugins must be written in Go. The core Drone team consists of primarily Go developers and we simply lack the expertise and bandwidth to support multiple stacks. This may change in the future (remember, this is still a young project) but for now this remains a requirement.

## Plugin manifest

The plugin manifest, a subsection of the `.drone.yml` file, contains important information about your plugin:

* `name` - display name of the plugin
* `desc` - brief description of the plugin
* `type` - type of plugin. Possible values are clone, publish, deploy, notify
* `image` - image repository in the Docker registry

Here is the [example manifest](https://github.com/drone-plugins/drone-slack/blob/master/.drone.yml) for the slack plugin:

```yaml
---
plugin:
  name: Slack
  desc: Sends build status notifications to your Slack channel.
  type: notify
  image: plugins/drone-slack
  labels:
    - chat
    - messaging
```

## Plugin documentation

The plugin documentation is stored in the `./DOCS.md` file in the root of the repository. This file is used to auto-generate the documentation displayed in the [plugin marketplace](http://addons.drone.io).


This luxuriously rich facial cleansing gel with Aloe Vera, Cucumber and Chamomile soothes, whilst gently cleansing the skin to help prevent exercise related breakouts.
A lightweight Hyaluronic Acid derivative works to improve skin hydration and reduce oiliness. With botanical extracts of Lavender and Green Tea, and Prebiotics to support beneficial skin flora.
Apply a generous layer of gel to dry skin and leave on for 30 seconds, then massage in and rinse off. may also be used as a purifying mask, simply leave on for 5 minutes before rinsing off.
Aqua, Glycerin, Lauryl Glucoside, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Alpha-Glucan Oligosaccharide, Sodium Hyaluronate, Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice Powder, Cucumis Sativus Fruit Extract, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Anthemis Nobilis Flower Extract, Lavandula Angustifolia Flower Extract, Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit Oil, Citrus Nobilis Peel Oil, Carbomer, Xanthan Gum, Cellulose Gum, Polysorbate 20, Sodium Hydroxide, Benzyl Alcohol, Caprylhydroxamic Acid, Potassium Sorbate, Sodium Benzoate, Limonene, Linalool.
Avoid direct contact with eyes. rinse with warm water if contact occurs.