text:
NM tops nation in wind-energy growth
By Kevin Robinson-Avila / Journal Staff Writer
Tuesday, April 17th, 2018 at 10:01am
A 250-MW wind project near Portales that supplies electricity to Southwestern Public Service Co. (Courtesy of EDF Renewable Energy)
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — New Mexico ranked as the nation's fastest-growing state for wind-energy construction last year, according to a new report from the American Wind Energy Association.
The state added enough new turbines to produce 571 megawatts of electricity, growing installed capacity by 51 percent to 1.68 gigawatts, according to the association's 2017 annual market report, released this morning in Santa Fe. That's enough electricity to power about 422,000 average U.S. homes every year.
And New Mexico could maintain front-running status for another couple of years, with 1.7 GW of new wind construction projects now in the pipelines for installation through 2020, said association spokesman Evan Vaughn.
"New Mexico is poised to double its wind generation in the near term," Vaughn told the Journal's editorial board on Monday. "It had the fastest growth rate of any state in the nation in 2017. There's tremendous momentum underway."
The Washington, D.C.-based association chooses a different state each year to unveil its annual report. It released this year's study in a press conference at the Roundhouse to honor the state for its leadership in wind generation.
Nationwide, installed capacity grew by nearly 9 percent last year to nearly 89 GW. That's enough electricity to power about 27 million homes, representing about 6.3 percent of the country's total generating capacity.
New Mexico now derives about 13.5 percent of its electricity from wind energy. It's one of only 14 states where wind turbines provide more than 10 percent of total generation, although some states use much more, with up to 30 percent in Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, and South Dakota.
The association reports about $145 billion in wind energy investments nationwide over the last decade, including $11 billion last year. About 105,000 people now work in the industry, including 23,000 in manufacturing.
New Mexico has attracted about $3 billion in investments to date, with more than 3,000 people employed here.
"Employment runs the full gamut, from front-end field workers who assess wind resources and work with local communities to construction jobs and long-term employment for operations and maintenance folks," said John Hensley, association director for research and analytics. "Wind technicians make up one of the two fastest-growing jobs nationwide alongside solar installers."
It particularly benefits rural communities, which absorb about 99 percent of investment, Hensley said. It also generates substantial local and state taxes, plus income for land owners.
In New Mexico, property owners now earn between $5 million and $10 million annually, said Interwest Energy Alliance Executive Director Sarah Cottrell Propst.
"It's an economic development tool that helps to diversify the economy with competitive, high-paying jobs," she said.
It's also good for the environment, offsetting 189 million metric tons of carbon emissions last year, or the equivalent of 40 million cars. In New Mexico, it offset about 466,000 metric tons, or about 99,000 cars.
Contact the writer.
ABQnews Seeker


In recent figures released by the Government, the popular Help to Buy scheme has helped purchasers complete on more than 73,000 homes and that figure continues to grow rapidly.
The Government-backed Help to Buy (equity loan) scheme was introduced in 2013 (along with other Help to Buy products) to support people who can afford a mortgage, but struggle to save the deposits required by lenders in the wake of the financial crisis. If you can secure a 75% mortgage then all you need is a 5% deposit, the Help to Buy scheme will give you an equity loan for the remaining 20%. The scheme is available to both first time buyers and existing home owners wanting to move up the property ladder.
Through the scheme, the number of first time buyers has peaked to its highest since 2007. Of the 73,000 homes purchased, 83% were first time buyers.
The new changes will save 98% of buyers' money on their stamp duty bill. All potential purchasers will save money at a local Freeman Homes development!
The Freeman Homes development in Mitcheldean, Woodland View, offers buyers the benefits of the Help to Buy equity loan scheme, reduced stamp duty taxes, as well as a host of other schemes including part exchange to make their move as easy as possible and save them money in the process.
Example property: Plot 50 The Milton at Woodland View, Mitcheldean.
Purchase price £275,000, stamp duty was £8,250...now £3,750.
Positioned on the northern fringe of the Royal Forest of Dean, an area of outstanding Natural Beauty, Woodland View offer 47 fabulous homes. With 10 different styles of home, including one very contemporary home, this development will appeal to families looking for large living accommodation, retirees wanting an easy to manage and maintain home as well professional couples looking for something more contemporary in a semirural but accessible location.
Having completed and sold all the first phase of homes, the next phase of 3-5 bed homes is now under construction. 4 contemporary homes of approximately 2400 square feet for soon to be built. The homes will offer spacious open plan living areas with high end specifications and four large bedrooms over three or four floors. The design also incorporates south facing terraces to enjoy the fantastic views over the forest. For those seeking modern, stylish homes without the huge price tag of equivalent homes in the city, look no further.
With beautiful 3, 4 & 5 Bedroom Homes starting from just £175,000, you would only need a £8,750 deposit to purchase with the Help to Buy scheme. To find out more about this development please call us on 01594 544271 or visit our website on www.woodlandview.info.


text:
How Cultural Aids is Killing the West
Anthony Milne traces the origin of Marxist ideas threatening our survival
Revised understandings of how white western peoples have become massively colonised with immigrants, and are losing their cultural identity, have focused on the militant paganism and communist-based ideologies that have, over many years, pathologically affected the minds and personalities of the ruling elites.
Like a dying bee, when communism collapsed in the East it left its poisonous sting in the universities and institutions of the West. Marxist ideology in the end triumphed, because it has indirectly caused white populations everywhere to age and die off as if attacked by a kind of cultural Aids. Marxism has meanwhile greatly aided Third World immigrants, who are changing the face of western societies against the will of their peoples. Immigrants are populating the West with newer types of people, some with repressive religions that apparently foster the belief that the ancient property of one race of people can be taken over by other races who have an 'equal' entitlement to it.
It is now clear that a tiny handful of obscure revolutionary 'thinkers' succeeded in rotting the minds of western students during the late 1960s and 1970s, the latter later becoming influential 'mind-rotters' themselves.
The long march through the institutions
The Italian communist Antonio Gramsci wanted to destroy Christianity, which he thought was preventing the Russian people from fully embracing communism - a credo which killed some 40 million of them and economically ruined their country. Similarly, the aim was also to 'de-Christianise' the West to achieve the same objectives. This could only be done by what Gramsci and his crowd called a "Long march through the institutions" getting into the mass media, magazines, the film industry, schools and universities.
In 1970 Charles Reich had a runaway best-seller called The Greening of America , which became the manifesto of the student counter-culture, with its determination to change America from within without violence. Reich polluted many young western minds so that they would identify themselves with outsiders and Blacks. Reich and other campus revolutionaries attacked and sneered at the West's heroes: its kings, its generals, its founding fathers and its explorers, and accused them of racism, genocide, fascism, imperialism and sexism - so that white students actually became ashamed of their own race and its history.
Growing affluence and boredom, in any event, had made the 'Woodstock generation' dissolute; the revolutionaries seized on this, and promoted the belief that sexual licentiousness, hedonism and consumerism were the norm, while moral conservatives and churchgoers were 'extreme' and reactionary outsiders.
Conservative ignorance
What is surprising is the fact that the American conservative establishment, as it was at the height of the Cold War, failed to have any philosophical or theological awareness of what was happening. The intelligence services, obviously schooled in the threat of global communism, did in fact employ thousands of cultural analysts. But they themselves had been penetrated to a large extent by academic revisionists and those who felt guilt about the 'excesses' of McCarthyism and J. Edgar Hoover's zealously anti-Red FBI. In any event, they had too little influence on the politicians, the ones who could do something about it.
For example, both Thatcher and Reagan made the error of trying to fight Soviet Marxism on economic and military terms, when clearly the USSR was already on its last legs. They failed to see that the Marxist poison had already been injected into western institutions behind their backs, and this included the higher reaches of their own civil services (Richard Nixon, a complex but highly accomplished and travelled President who entered politics at the start of the Cold War, and knew what communists was doing to the West, has long been vilified by western liberals).
Above all, both America and Britain had embarked upon massive, pointless and unauthorised immigration programmes without realising the social harm this would do when coupled with cultural Marxism. The latter's aim was to ensure that the immigrants themselves would be mobilised to help utterly and permanently transform the West, to confiscate and occupy its landed assets, to trash its history and humiliate Whites by enforcing race laws that worked to the advantage of non-Whites.
Promotion of race suicide
To help this transformation, the feminist movement, a powerful offshoot of Marxism, conned women into believing they didn't have to get married, raise families or have babies. In other words, they encouraged them to commit racial suicide. Women were told they could have glamorous and rewarding careers on exactly the same terms as men (indeed half of the workforce, including many professions, now consist of women; in the media they are heading for majority status).
The environmental movement was another branch of Marxism, although most of the health scares they have hysterically propagated (with the help of their friends in the media) are scientifically baseless. The over-population argument should really have been directed at Third World countries, but Western women stopped having children because they thought the injunction was aimed at them.
This collective multi-dimensional assault has resulted in catastrophically collapsing birth-rates throughout Europe and among the white population in the US. It has been coupled with population explosions in the Third World, many inhabitants of which are getting into the West in their millions because, in addition, the Marxists and race-renegades have made the West culturally decadent, half-educated, defenceless and racially guilt-ridden.
A great deal has now been lost because it has been given away. The most difficult task is to convince women that, for the sake of us all, some will have to forego careers in order to raise bigger families. True, there are now signs of a galvanising fear of Islam and out-of-control immigration. Cultural critics are getting bolder both in books and, surprisingly, in the media and even in politics. But they don't realise how relentless and murderous, literally and metaphorically, has been the assault on the West in the past, and how this assault is now being conducted from another angle. Concerned critics must sooner or later understand that only an authoritarian counter-revolution can stand any chance of putting things into reverse - a revolution which they would have every moral right to advocate. This counter-revolution must start soon before our white societies are utterly destroyed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Above: Steve Fogleman campaigning yesterday with State Senator Catherine Pugh.
The Baltimore Beer Baron lost.
After seven years on his high-visibility platform – chairing the Baltimore City Liquor Board – Stephan W. Fogleman failed to get enough votes in yesterday's Democratic Party primary to secure a position as a judge on the Baltimore City Orphans' Court.
Voters had to choose three from a field of six candidates. Fogleman came in fourth, behind Michele E. Lowenthal, Lewyn Scott Garrett and Charles "Chuck" Bernstein.
The names of the three winners will appear on the ballot in November, but for all intents and purposes they are the winners in Democrat-controlled Baltimore.
Fogleman didn't return a call today for comment.
Tweeting informatively – and, for the most part, jovially – as @BaltoBeerBaron, Fogleman used social media to publicize the actions of the three-member Board of Liquor License Commissioners, giving modern-day citizenry a glimpse into the working of a regulatory entity established early in the last century.
He even made YouTube videos of some of the board's hearings, editing and posting them himself.
But Fogleman took a serious pleasure in parsing the nuances of cases involving complex legal issues and the sometimes intensely personal competing interests of license transfers and violations.
"These kinds of judicial deliberations are something I think I am actually very good at," he once said.
But the release of a damning audit of the Liquor Board by the state in March 2013 clouded and challenged his final year at its helm.
The auditors found the agency to be overstaffed and under-performing, with workers expected to conduct 800 inspections annually only completing 41, for example. A lack of written policies, poor record-keeping, licenses that should have expired being allowed to live on – the list of problems was long. Worse yet, a previous audit in 2007 had found many of the same problems.
He laid off inspectors, began crafting new policies to formalize procedure, worked with lawmakers and community advocates in Annapolis to hammer out reform legislation that would computerize the record-keeping and otherwise sought to right the ship.
But community critics continued to fault the agency for what they said was too much deference given to the licensees, and a failure to enforce the laws on nuisance bars causing neighborhood headaches including drug-dealing, public drunkenness, violence, littering, sanitation and other issues.
Fogleman was in the spotlight with cases that stirred strong neighborhood passions, like The Crossbar in Federal Hill and the Voltage nightclub in southeast Baltimore.
He campaigned on a slate with the other sitting Orphans' Court judges, Lowenthal and Garrett, with fundraising handled by high-wattage consultant Colleen Martin-Lauer. But it wasn't enough.
Partisans on both sides of the debate over city liquor issues will debate Fogleman's tenure in office. And social media compatriots will still watch for his online observations on sports, micro-brew pubs and city life. And keep an eye out for his next move.


text:
Pembina buys Veresen for $7.1 billion as pipeline sector consolidates
By Swetha Gopinath, Ethan Lou
(Reuters) - Pembina Pipeline Corp PPL.TO will buy smaller rival Veresen Inc VSN.TO in a C$9.7 billion ($7.10 billion) stock-and-cash deal, the expanding Canadian company said on Monday, the latest deal in a sector that has been consolidating in the face of low commodity prices and high costs.
With prices slow to rebound from a two-year slump, pipeline companies have been under pressure to merge as they grapple with overcapacity and sliding tariffs. Investors have doubted the sector's ability to generate returns, with no major projects on the horizon beyond a few currently approved ones.
The combined company boasts a market capitalization of C$22.7 billion, pushing third-place Pembina further ahead of smaller rivals and closer to the realm of giants C$91.4 billion Enbridge Inc ENB.TO and C$54.7 billion TransCanada Corp TRP.TO.
The new company would be better positioned to finance Veresen's larger-scale growth projects, such as the $7.5 billion Jordan Cove liquefied natural gas project and the C$8 billion-C$10 billion twinning of the Alliance pipeline, said National Bank of Canada analyst Patrick Kenny.
The deal also gives Pembina access to Veresen's natural gas pipelines and processing infrastructure, granting it a stronger position in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, home to major gas plays such as the Montney.
Pembina Chief Executive Officer Michael Dilger said on a conference call that regarding Montney, "we get a do-over there" with the deal.
The offer represents a 22.5 percent premium to Veresen's last close, the companies said. Pembina's shares closed 3.3 percent lower at C$42.05. Veresen shares jumped more than 19 percent to C$18.13.
After the deal, Pembina will own about 5.8 billion cubic feet per day of gas processing infrastructure across Western Canada by 2018.
The combined company will have about 3 million barrels of oil equivalent per day of pipeline capacity.
"When we combine with Veresen who is...68 percent pipelines, we put the P back in pipelines in our name," Dilger said.
At present, pipelines account for about 46 percent of the margins of Pembina.
"VSN's deep inventory of well-head oriented expansions should pair nicely with Pembina's role as liquids aggregator across the (Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin)," analysts at Tudor, Pickering, Holt & Co said.
The deal is the latest in a wave of consolidation in the industry. In September, Enbridge announced a $28 billion acquisition of Spectra Energy. That followed TransCanada's $10 billion purchase of Columbia Pipeline Group in March last year.
Pembina said it would pay as much as about C$1.52 billion in cash and 99.5 million in shares.
CIBC World Markets Inc is Pembina's financial adviser, while Scotiabank is advising Veresen.
($1 = 1.3668 Canadian dollars)
Reporting by Swetha Gopinath in Bengaluru and Ethan Lou in Calgary, Alberta; editing by Shounak Dasgupta and David Gregorio


text:
Home/The Big Bang Theory/Season 6/Episode 19/News/Page 1
News for Episode 19: The Closet Reconfiguration
Video: A Few Minutes With... "The Big Bang Theory" Co-Star Melissa Rauch at PaleyFest
Mar 14, 2013 | By Futon Critic | 0
Check out our red carpet visits with the cast and creators of the hit comedy. //www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2013/03/14/video-a-few-minutes-with-the-big-bang-theory-co-star-melissa-rauch-at-paleyfest-726212/20130314_bbt06/
Video: A Few Minutes With... "The Big Bang Theory" Co-Star Kunal Nayyar at PaleyFest
Check out our red carpet visits with the cast and creators of the hit comedy. //www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2013/03/14/video-a-few-minutes-with-the-big-bang-theory-co-star-kunal-nayyar-at-paleyfest-826210/20130314_bbt05/
Video: A Few Minutes With... "The Big Bang Theory" Co-Star Simon Helberg at PaleyFest
Check out our red carpet visits with the cast and creators of the hit comedy. //www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2013/03/14/video-a-few-minutes-with-the-big-bang-theory-co-star-simon-helberg-at-paleyfest-525215/20130314_bbt04/
Video: A Few Minutes With... "The Big Bang Theory" Co-Star Mayim Bialik at PaleyFest
Check out our red carpet visits with the cast and creators of the hit comedy. //www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2013/03/14/video-a-few-minutes-with-the-big-bang-theory-co-star-mayim-bialik-at-paleyfest-325214/20130314_bbt03/
Video: A Few Minutes With... "The Big Bang Theory" Co-Creator Chuck Lorre at PaleyFest
Check out our red carpet visits with the cast and creators of the hit comedy. //www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2013/03/14/video-a-few-minutes-with-the-big-bang-theory-co-creator-chuck-lorre-at-paleyfest-725211/20130314_bbt01/
Video: A Few Minutes With... "The Big Bang Theory" Executive Producers Bill Prady & Steven Molaro at PaleyFest
Check out our red carpet visits with the cast and creators of the hit comedy. //www.thefutoncritic.com/video/2013/03/14/video-a-few-minutes-with-the-big-bang-theory-executive-producers-bill-prady-and-steven-molaro-at-paleyfest-125213/20130314_bbt02/
THE BIG BANG THEORY: Melissa Rauch Previews Bernadette's Support for Howard
Mar 14, 2013 | By Give Me My Remote | 0
In tonight's brand new episode of THE BIG BANG THEORY, Howard is thrown for a loop when Sheldon unearths — and opens — a letter from Howard's dead father. Before last night's PaleyFest panel, THE BIG BANG THEORY star Melissa Rauch (Bernadette) talked with reporters about Bernadette getting to support her husband during his rough [...] //www.givememyremote.com/remote/2013/03/14/the-big-bang-theory-melissa-rauch-previews-bernadettes-support-for-howard/
The Big Bang Theory Season 6 Episode 19 "The Closet Reconfiguration"
Mar 14, 2013 | By maximiliano | 0
The Big Bang Theory "The Closet Reconfiguration" Season 6 Episode 19 airs Thursday March 14 2013 (8:00-8:31 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. Episode Synopsis: The Big Bang Theory Season 6 Episode 19 "The Closet Reconfiguration" – Howard struggles with whether or not he should open a letter from his father, and Leonard and Penny throw a "grown-up" cocktail party at the apartment, on THE BIG BANG THEORY, Thursday, March 14 (8:00 – 8:31 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. READ MORE...


text:
Q: Obscure edit rollback suggestions popping up During the past few weeks I've noticed some really strange edit suggestions popping up in the edit review queue. They happen in the following conditions:

*

*The original post has plenty of grammar and spelling errors. Some helpful soul edits it and fixes them with a perfectly fine and valid edit.

*And then a suggestion from pops up in the edit queue from someone else: to undo all of the edit changes and re-introduce all the grammar/spelling errors. But this second edit fixes something minor like changing a tag or a bit of indention.

I'm pretty sure this is a race condition: two people are editing the same post at once, where the good, careful editor (paradoxically) finishes before the sloppy editor.
As an edit reviewer there is nothing you can do but to reject the second edit, even though the second edit may be valid. (An edit can be valid even if it doesn't fix every single problem.)
It may just be me imagining things, but I think this problem has appeared recently. It might suggest some kind of bug in the site. Were there some silent changes in the edit system recently? Or possibly in the edit review queue system?
And whether this is a bug or not, the edit system desperately needs a mutex! Two people shouldn't be able to edit the same post at once. It is incredibly annoying to finishing your major edit, only to find out that someone's been doing some minor fiddling with the post in-between.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: React/Redux Doesn't Update State Properly and Can't Be Used in Component I am new to React and Redux and have been following the official Redux docs Todo List example https://redux.js.org/basics/example and recently changed my code to follow the presentational/container components structure. I have tried many different ways of moving the API call, but often times the weights object in the state is showing as undefined (likely because it's trying to be used before the actual API call is made, but I can't figure out how to change the API call from where it is now).
Here are the files:
actions/index.js
import axios from 'axios';

export const getWeights = () => dispatch => {
  axios.get('/api/weights')
  .then(res =>
    dispatch({
      type: 'GET_WEIGHTS',
      payload: res.data
    })
  )
}

export const setShownCategory = category => ({
  type: 'SET_SHOWN_CATEGORY',
  category
})

export const Categories = {
  SHOW_ALL: 'SHOW_ALL',
  SHOW_ACCESSORIES: 'SHOW_ACCESSORIES',
  SHOW_BARBELLS: 'SHOW_BARBELLS',
  SHOW_DUMBBELLS: 'SHOW_DUMBBELLS',
  SHOW_PLATES: 'SHOW_PLATES',
  SHOW_RACKS: 'SHOW_RACKS',
  SHOW_OTHER: 'SHOW_OTHER'
}

reducers/weights.js
const initialState = {weights: []}

export default function(state = initialState, action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'GET_WEIGHTS':
      return {
        ...state,
        weights: action.payload
      }
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

components/Items/index.js
import React from 'react';
import CategoryBar from './CategoryBar'

import Typography from '@material-ui/core/Typography';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import { getWeights } from '../../actions'
import WeightItems from './WeightItems';

class Items extends React.Component {
  componentDidMount() {
    console.log(this.props)
    this.props.getWeights();
  }

  render() {
    const { weights } = this.props.weights;
    return (

         <Typography variant="h4">Browse</Typography>

           <CategoryBar />

         <WeightItems weights={weights} />

    )
  }
}

const mapStateToProps = state => ({
  weights: state.weights
});

export default connect(
  mapStateToProps,
  { getWeights }
)(Items)

components/Items/WeightItems.js
import React from 'react'

import Grid from '@material-ui/core/Grid';
import { makeStyles } from '@material-ui/core/styles';
import Item from './Item'

const useStyles = makeStyles({
  items: {
    display: 'flex',
    margin: 'auto',
  }
})

const WeightItems = ({ weights }) => {
  const classes = useStyles()

  return (
    <Grid className={classes.items} container direction="row" justify="center" alignItems="center" spacing={3}>
      {weights.map(weight => <Item key={weight.id} weight={weight} />)}
    </Grid>
  )
}

export default WeightItems

components/Items/Item.js
import React from 'react';
import Paper from '@material-ui/core/Paper';
import Grid from '@material-ui/core/Grid';

const Item = ({ weight }) => {
  return (
    <Grid item xs={12} sm={6} md={4}>
      <Paper>{weight.title}</Paper>
    </Grid>
  )
}

export default Item

store.js
import { createStore, applyMiddleware, compose } from 'redux';
import thunk from 'redux-thunk';
import rootReducer from './reducers';

const initialState = {};

const middleWare = [thunk];

const composeEnhancers = window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ || compose;
const store = createStore(
  rootReducer,
  initialState,
  composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(...middleWare))
);

export default store;

Currently, I call the API in the components/Items/index.js component by importing the corresponding dispatch action and using connect(), however, instead of doing this and passing the weights in, I need to be able to call the API somewhere else and render the VisibleWeights component, based on the filter selected from a different component (I'm not showing as it's working properly and updating the state properly, but can definitely add if it needs to be shown for context).
containers/VisibleWeights.js
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
import { Categories } from '../actions'
import WeightItems from '../components/Items/WeightItems'

const getVisibleWeights = (weights, category) => {
  console.log(weights, category)
  switch(category) {
    case Categories.SHOW_ACCESSORIES:
      return weights.filter(weight => weight.category === 'Accessories')
    case Categories.SHOW_BARBELLS:
      return weights.filter(weight => weight.category === 'Barbells')
    case Categories.SHOW_DUMBBELLS:
      return weights.filter(weight => weight.category === 'Dumbbells')
    case Categories.SHOW_PLATES:
      return weights.filter(weight => weight.category === 'Plates')
    case Categories.SHOW_RACKS:
      return weights.filter(weight => weight.category === 'Racks')
    case Categories.SHOW_OTHER:
      return weights.filter(weight => weight.category === 'Other')
  }
}

const mapStateToProps = state => ({
  weights: getVisibleWeights(state.weights, state.shownCategory)
})

export default connect(
  mapStateToProps,
)(WeightItems)

Please let me know if I can add any other code or comments. I've been working on getting this little thing right for the past two days, and can not figure out what needs to be changed to make this work properly. I know the API is being called correctly, but don't know how the components need to be changed to be able to display it properly. **When I try to call the  component instead of the  component, I get the error: 'TypeError: Cannot read property 'map' of undefined' **

A: As you are declaring weights as an empty array [] in initial state in reducers/weights.js
And you are destructuring it as as below
const { weights } = this.props.weights;

as weights as per your declaration is undefined you are getting the error
TypeError: Cannot read property 'map' of undefined

so try changing it as per your exact requirement
Make sure that all your code works even with no data beacause the whole component gets rendered before the API call, so either handle the components to render with empty data and make sure your code dont beak before you get the API data
As per your code it think wights is Array of Objects so making the following change wont break your application i think
File: components/Items/index.js
In render function change the following line
const { weights } = this.props.weights;

To
const { weights = [] } = this.props;


text:
Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective. 1994. J.E. Hernándo Bermejo and J. León (eds.). Plant Production and Protection Series No. 26. FAO, Rome, Italy. p. 131–148.
Andean Grains and Legumes
The author of this chapter is A. Mujica (INIAA, Arequipa, Peru).
(Chenopodium pallidicaule)
Botanical name: Chenopodium pallidicaule Heller
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Common names. English: canihua; Spanish: qaniwa, canihua (Peru), canahua (Bolivia)
The canihua, which originated in the Andes of southern Peru and Bolivia, was domesticated by the settlers of Tiahuanaco, who established themselves on the tableland of Collao. No archaeological remains have been found connected with this plant, and the dehiscence which the seeds still display suggests that its domestication is not complete. It is important on the high plateau of Peru and Bolivia because it produces grains for human consumption at between 3 800 and 4 300 m, being very cold-resistant in its various phenological phases. At present, its cultivation and utilization are maintained at subsistence levels in these regions. One of the causes of its marginalization is the large number of people required to harvest it and its small grain size, which makes handling difficult.
Use and nutritional value
This grain has a high protein content ( 15 to 19 percent) and, like quinoa and love-lies-bleeding (kiwicha), a high proportion of sulphur-containing amino acids. It has the advantage of not containing saponins, which facilitates its use.
The traditional and most frequent method of consumption is in the form of lightly roasted, ground grains which produce a pleasant flour called cañihuaco. This is consumed on its own, in cold or hot drinks, or in porridges. Over 15 different ways of preparing the whole grain and cañihuaco are known (as entrees, soups, stews, desserts and drinks). In the bakery industry good results have been achieved by adding 20 percent of cañihuaco to wheat flour, which gives the product (bread, biscuits) a pleasant characteristic colour and flavour.
Cañihuaco also has medicinal uses: it counteracts altitude sickness and fights dysentery while the ashes of its stem can be used as a repellent against insect and spider bites.
Botanical description
Chenopodium pallidicaule is an annual plant of 25 to 70 cm, with variations in its branching. Two types are differentiated: Saigua, of erect growth and with few secondary branches, and Lasta, which is very branched. It has a taproot with multiple slender ramifications. When it reaches maturity, its leaves and stem turn yellow, pink, orange, red or purple. Its inflorescences are on terminal and axillary cimas, covered by the leaves; the flowers are small, without petals and are of three types: hermaphrodite, pistillate and male sterile; the androecium is formed by one to three stamens, and the gynoecium has a unilocular superior ovary. The seed is from 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter, is brown or black, piriform and slightly compressed. The leaves are petiolate, rhomboid, trilobulate and alternate.
The seeds do not exhibit dormancy and can germinate on the plant itself if there is sufficient humidity. Because it ripens gradually, there is a spontaneous loss and dispersal of seeds, which is characteristic of the wild species. The seeds can remain for several years in the soil where C pallidicaule has been grown.
Figure 13. Andean grains: A) canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule); A1) hermaphrodite flower; A2) male flower; A3) fruit; A4) seed; 3) quinoa (C. quinoa); B1) hermaphrodite flower; B2) female flower; B3) fruit; B4) seed
Ecology and phytogeography
The crop extends from central Peru (Huaraz) to Cochabamba in Bolivia, between 3000 and 4000 m, with a greater concentration in the high plateau region. It is sporadic on small plots in the tableland of Bombón (Junín, Peru). Following are C. pallidicaule's basic requirements:
Photoperiod. It is a day-neutral plant and shows adaptability to several environments. Grain has been produced experimentally in Finland at lat. 40°N.
Humidity. The plant needs 500 to 800 mm of rain. but it can also tolerate prolonged periods of drought. It displays extreme susceptibility to excessive humidity in the first stages of development.
Temperature. Once established, the plant is very resistant to cold and can tolerate temperatures as low as -10°C during branching, since it has an adaptation mechanism whereby the leaves cover and protect the primordia and flower stems at nightfall. thus preventing the vital parts of the plant from freezing. At the other extreme, it can tolerate up to 28°C, if it has the necessary humidity.
Soil. It prefers loamy-clayey soils, as it has sufficient phosphorus and potassium. The appropriate pH varies between 4.8 and 8.5. It exhibits tolerance to salinity.
The so-called Mama Qañiwa, Machu Qañiwa and K'ita Qañiwa, which are the closest relatives of canihua, frequently grow in wild form and among crops of bitter potato. The wild forms can attain considerable sizes under good fertility conditions. These plants are harvested and eaten during years of scarcity.
The canihua displays wide genetic diversity, with several plant forms, from erect (Lasta) to creeping (Saigua). Plant and seed colour, earliness, protein content, adaptation to soils, precipitation and tolerance of pests and diseases vary. Normally, cultivated species, escape species of the crop and wild species are found. The centre of diversity is limited to the Peruvian-Bolivian high plateau, i.e. the region between the knot of Vilcanota in Peru to the salt deposits of Uyuni in Bolivia.
Some of the cultivars known in Peru are: Cupi, Ramis, Akallapi, Huanaco, Rosada, Chillihua, Condorsaya, K'ellu and Puca. In Bolivia, cultivars include Kanallapi, Chusllunca and Issualla.
There are germplasm collections at the INIAA experimental stations of Camacani and Illpa (Puno), the San Antonio Abad University in K'ayra (Cuzco), Peru, and at the University of Patacamaya (IBTA), Bolivia, where more than 380 accessions are stored in cold, dark environments, although they are inadequate for long-term conservation.
Since. selected varieties have not yet been introduced on a large scale in the two countries where it is grown, there is no danger of genetic erosion.
A complementary systematic collection of genetic variability is needed in the Lake Titicaca basin, on the Peruvian-Bolivian high plateau, in ranges and areas above 4 000 m, in high Andean valleys of the central range (Ancash, Huanuco, Jumn, Huancavelica, Ayacucho and Cuzco), in arid zones bordering the salt deposits in Bolivia and lastly in the puna (high Andean plateau) and prepuna of northern Argentina. Collections must be taken from crops and, more especially, from wild populations which have not yet been collected. thus completing their in situ conservation.
Traditional cultivation takes place exclusively in dryland conditions, without fertilization, in rotation fields with bitter potato and other Andean tubers and with very little soil preparation. The seed is broadcast at the rate of approximately 5 to 8 kg per hectare. It often seems to have been sown in furrows, but these have been revealed to be no more than the ridges left over from potato growing after earthing up. Harvesting and threshing is done in several stages. These consist of pulling up the plants with their roots, shaking them so that the ripe grains tall off, then leaving them to dry for ten to 15 days and finally threshing them with curved sticks (wajtana). Because of C. pallidicaule's gradual ripening, some grains remain and threshing is generally repeated after a further ten to 15 days. Using this technique. the farmer obtains from 400 to 800 kg of grain per hectare. The dry stems and chaff are a valued by-product for animal feeding.
However. a yield of 3 tonnes per hectare can be achieved by preparing the soil with good hoeing, sowing in furrows 40 cm apart, using seed selected according to its size (5 kg per hectare) and applying fertilizer (60-40-00 or 80-80-00). Nitrogen is applied at two stages: sowing and branching. The soil is earthed up and hoed to prevent competition. Pests are controlled in the event of production being threatened, particularly in the case of Epicauta sp., Gnorimoschema sp. and Myzus sp. Harvesting takes place when the plants change colour. It consists of cutting and laying the grain for threshing after 20 to 30 days or when it is completely dry. Threshing may be done by hand, using curved sticks and sieves, or it may be mechanized, using a stationary wheat thresher (reducing the revolutions to a minimum, closing off the air intake and modifying the sieve dimensions). The grain, which is covered with fine chaff, needs cleaning. Commercial yields using this technique can amount to as much as I 500 kg per hectare.
Prospects for improvement
Among Andean grains there are many limitations because of the low distribution of their cultivation. Genetic and agronomic research, evaluation of the germplasm and processing or industrialization have been very partial in relation to the potential of the species. The difficulty of harvesting as a consequence of non-uniform grain ripening is currently one of the main limitations.
Furthermore, outside its production area, little is known about the use of this species for food. Nor is there any agro-industrial processing of the grain. The size of the grain makes processing and domestic preparation of cañihuaco difficult. Moreover, this traditional method is falling into disuse because of its laboriousness.
The main advantages of C. pallidicaule are its adaptation to the agroclimatic conditions of cold high zones above the altitude of 3800 m, where other crops do not thrive; its nutritional value, with a 15 to 18 percent protein content and an excellent balance of essential amino acids; and the possibility of the entire plant's use as a fodder species.
Potential areas for introduction and cultivation. Cultivation could be stepped up in the flat areas of the high tableland of Peru and Bolivia and in the zones above 3800 m of the central cordillera of the Andes.
Research, promotion and official support could result in a revival of the crop on cold land in the Andes. The lines of research and promotion necessary to initiate a wider spread of the crop are as follows:
completing the collection, evaluation and characterization of the genetic material available in the Andean region, the priority being to obtain varieties ripening uniformly, with lesser dehiscence and large grains;
producing improved seed and distributing it to producers;
building efficient prototype mechanical threshers for the grain;
implementing agro-industrial processing so as to offer attractive products which can be marketed profitably;
publicizing its nutritional value and ways of preparing it.
(Chenopodium quinoa)
Botanical name: Chenopodium quince Willd.
Common names. English: quinoa. quinua; Quechua: quinua, kiuna (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia): Ayn1ara: jiura (Bolivia); Mapuche: quinhua (Chile); Chibcha. Suba (Colombia)
The quinoa is a food plant which was extensively cultivated in the Andean region by pre-Columbian cultures some 5000 years ago and was used in the diet of the settlers both of the inter-Andean valleys. which are very cold high areas, and of the high plateaus. After maize. it has occupied the most prominent place among Andean grains.
At present. it continues to be grown in Colombia. Ecuador. Peru, Bolivia. Chile and Argentina. Its marginalization began with the introduction of cereals such as barley and wheat, which eventually replaced it. The reduction in its cultivated area in the Andean countries is also due to technical. economic and social reasons. Harvesting and threshing, which in the majority of cases are done by hand, take a great many days and the grain requires a process to remove its bitter ingredients before consumption. The prices received by farmers often do not justify their labour.
Uses and nutritional value
The parts of Chenopodium quinoa used as human food include the grain, the young leaves up to where ear formation begins (the protein content of the ear is as much as 3.3 percent in the dry matter) and, less frequently, the young ears. The plants nutritional value is considerable: the content and quality of its proteins are outstanding because of their essential amino acid composition (lysine, arginine, histidine and methionine); its biological value is comparable to casein and it is especially suitable for food mixtures with legumes and cereals.
Of the Andean grains, C. quinoa is the most versatile from the point of view of culinary preparation: the whole grain. the uncooked or roasted flour, small leaves, meal and instant powder can be prepared in a number of ways. There are numerous recipes on about 100 preparations, including tamales, huancaína sauce, leaf salad, pickled quinoa ears, soups and casseroles, stews, torrejas, pastries, sweets and desserts and soft and fermented, hot and cold, beverages. as well as breads, biscuits and pancakes, which contain 15 to 20 percent of quinoa flour.
The whole plant is used as green fodder. Harvest residues are also used to feed cattle, sheep. pigs, horses and poultry.
The leaves, stems and grain have medicinal uses and the properties attributed to it include cicatrization, anti-inflammation. analgesia against toothache and as a disinfectant of the urinary tract. It is also used in the case of fractures and internal haemorrhaging and as an insect repellent.
Its production potential is good. Because of this. its cultivation is spreading to other countries. With adequate soil preparation, fertilization and pest and disease control, yields of more than 3 to 4 tonnes per hectare can be obtained. In recent years, it has been introduced on the international market, fetching prices in excess of US$ 1.5 per kg.
C. quinoa is an annual herbaceous plant, measuring 0.20 to 3 m in height, depending on environmental conditions and genotype. It has a racemose inflorescence (a panicle with groups of flowers in glomerules); small, incomplete, sessile flowers of the same colour as the sepals and they may be hermaphrodite, pistillate or male sterile. The stamens have short filaments bearing basifixed anthers; the style has two or three feathery stigmas.
The fruit occurs in an indehiscent achene, protected by the perigonium. The seeds are 1 to 2.6 mm and are white, yellow, red, purple, brown or black. The leaves show pronounced polymorphism: rhomboid, deltoid or triangular. The taproot is densely branched.
The cycle varies from 120 to 240 days and is suited to various environmental conditions. The phenological phases are emergence; two, four and six true leaves; branching; start of ear formation; full formation of ear; start of florescence; florescence or anthesis; woody grain; soft grain; and physiological maturity.
The quinoa has the ability to adapt to adverse environmental conditions such as cold and drought. Its seeds do not exhibit dormancy and they germinate when conditions are suitable, even on the plant itself although, in the wild forms, they may remain in the soil for two to three years without germinating.
C. quinoa's traditional cultivation area extends from lat. 8°N to lat. 30°S, as the plant adapts to different conditions of humidity, altitude and topography. Its requirements are:
Precipitation. This depends on the agro-ecological zone and the genotype to which it belongs. It varies from 250 mm (the area of salt deposits in Bolivia) to I 500 mm in the inter-Andean valleys. Although it shows strong resistance in periods of drought, it requires sufficient humidity at the commencement of cultivation.
Temperature. It tolerates down to -5°C in the branching phase, depending on the ecotype and the duration of the minimum temperature. Its ontogenic resistance to cold and drought is very variable. Ecotypes exist which are resistant to temperatures of down to -8°C and survive for 20 days (mean monthly temperature).
Soil. It prefers easily worked, semi-deep soils, with good drainage and a supply of nutrients. It is suited to acid soils with a pH of 4.5 (in Cajamarca, Peru) and alkaline soils with a pH of up to 9.5 (in Uyuni, Bolivia), depending on the ecotype. Acceptable production is also obtained both on sandy and clayey soils.
The nearest wild species to C. quinoa are C. hircinum and C. berlandieri, which have the same number of chromosomes (2n = 4x = 36), and C. pallidicaule with 2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes.
Sympatric wild populations of domesticated populations exist under cultivation, and morphological and electrophoretic similarities can be noted between one and the other in each locality, which indicates that domesticated quinoas are generally accompanied by wild populations in their various distribution areas.
Cultivated quinoas exhibit great genetic diversity, showing variability in the colouring of the plant, inflorescence and seeds, types of inflorescence, protein content, saponin content, beta-cyanine and calcium oxalate crystals in the leaves, so that a wide adaptation to different agro-ecological conditions may be seen (soils, precipitation, temperature, altitude, resistance to frost, drought, salinity or acidity).
From the point of view of its variability, it may be considered an oligocentric species, with an ample centre of origin of multiple diversification. The Andean region and, within it, the shores of Lake Titicaca, are where the greatest diversity and genetic variation occur. The main varieties known in this region are: in Peru, Kancolla, Cheweca, Witulla, Tahuaco, Camacani, Yocará, Wilacayuni, Blanca de Juli, Amarilla de Maranganí, Pacus, Rosada y Blanca de Junín, Hualhuas, Huancayo, Mantaro, Huacariz, Huacataz, Acostambo, Blanca Ayacuchana and Nariño; in Bolivia, Sajama, Real Blanca, Chucapaca, Kamiri, Huaranga, Pasancalla, Pandela, Tupiza, Jachapucu, Wila Coymini, Kellu, Uthusaya, Chullpi, Kaslali and Chillpi; in Ecuador, Inbaya, Chaucha, INIAP-Cochasqui, Tanlahua, Piartal, Porotoc, Amarga del Chimborazo, Amarga de Imbabura and Morada; in Colombia, Dulce de Quitopampa; in Argentina, Blanca de Jujuy; and in Chile, Baer, Lito, Faro and Picchaman.
The risks of genetic erosion are due not only to the loss of viability in gene banks (at present it exceeds 15 percent annually) but also that occurring in the areas of diversification, particularly in places where cultivars and modern varieties are promoted for commercial purposes. The case of wild species is even more delicate, with small, isolated populations which have not been collected in time and which are inexorably vanishing. There are also risks from environmental factors and natural disasters. In situ conservation is an alternative, although there are difficulties of a socio-economic nature and also regarding institutional support.
Throughout the Andean region there are several gene banks where over 2000 accessions are preserved in cold-storage rooms: in Peru, at the experimental stations of Camacani and Illpa (Puno), K'ayra and Andenes (Cuzco), Canáan (Ayacucho), Mantaro y Santa Ana (Huancayo), Baños del Inca (Cajamarca); in Ecuador, at the Santa Catalina station of INIAP (it has a cold-storage room); and in Bolivia, at the Patacamaya station of the IBTA.
The areas of genetic diversity where there are still no collections are the islands of Lake Titicaca; the areas above 3900 m in Peru and Bolivia; the semi-arid inter-Andean valleys; the salt-pans; the valleys of the eastern slope of the Andes; and the cold zones of Argentina.
The traditional cultivation technique consists of sowing under dry conditions in a crop rotation with potato or on strips in maize crops, with little soil preparation and using only the residual organic fertilizers from the preceding crop. Sowing density varies between 15 and 20 kg of unselected seed per hectare. As traditional growers always look for safety in cultivation, they therefore sow several ecotypes at different times and in different locations. Cultivation work is limited to one or two hoeings, with occasional earthing up, particularly in the inter-Andean valleys. There is no pest and disease control. The plants are harvested when they reach physiological maturity and are laid for 30 to 45 days, after which they are threshed on well-trodden ground, beaten with curved sticks (wajtana) or trampled by animals. Yields range from 400 to 1 200 kg per hectare, depending on the region.
Experimental results show that yields can be increased by preparing the soil well, applying 80-40-00, applying fractionated nitrogen during sowing and earthing up. It is recommended that the crop be sown in furrows spaced 40 to 80 cm apart, using 10 kg per hectare of selected seed and hoeing during the first phenological phases, with earthing up particularly in the case of valley-growing quinoa and control of the main pests. The crop can be harvested using either combine harvesters or stationary harvesters. Yields of up to 5 000 kg per hectare of grain can be achieved and a by-product of harvesting is 5 to 10 tonnes per hectare of chaff for feeding livestock. These yields can be produced under suitable climatic conditions (rain and temperature), which do not always prevail in the different agro-ecological areas of the Andes.
One of the main current limitations of cultivation stems from the fact that almost all the traditional varieties contain saponins in a greater or lesser quantity. which give the grain a bitter flavour. However. varieties with a low saponin content do exist. for example Blanca de Junín, as do some which are almost free of saponin. such as Sajama and Nariño.
For centuries. the quinoa has been considered a food of low social prestige, although this prejudice is slowly changing. There needs to be a greater awareness of its nutritional value.
Prospects for improving propagation and cultivation techniques are fairly encouraging. Agro-industrial processing is a decisive factor for the present and future development of the crop. It enables quality and use to be optimized and aggregate value increased and it makes marketing easier. thus encouraging growers not only to improve productivity but also to increase the area sown.
Experiments in projects such as that of COPACA ( 1990) in publicizing knowledge about the quinoa. among other crops. open up prospects of the crop spreading on a very large scale. in view of its strategic importance in feeding populations, especially the rural population.
It may also be extended to the urban and peripheral populations and be of interest in food security programmes.
There are possibilities of its being introduced into the market economy and of its contributing to the generation of adequate incomes. However, there are still an excessive number of intermediaries in the marketing process and quality parameters still have to be determined in terms of the market and exports.
Potential areas for introduction and cultivation. The rate of distribution and cultivated area attained with the quinoa before the sixteenth century could be recovered and its cultivation in arid and semi-arid or marginal areas increased. In Venezuela, good results have been produced by trials carried out in the Merida and Maracay areas with a view to its future introduction in the Departments of Mérida, Trujillo and Lara. In Colombia, these trials included the savannah of Bogotá and the Departments of Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Valle, Huila, Nariño, Santander and Antioquía.
In Ecuador it has been introduced throughout the Andean region, mainly in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Cotopaxi. Chimborazo, Loja and Tunguragua. Its cultivation is being promoted by private firms in low, warmer agro-ecological areas for export.
In Peru, it has been introduced throughout thc Andean region from Piura to Tacna, although on the coast its potential is good, particularly as regards export. In Bolivia, it has also been introduced into the Andean region. Its yield can be increased in the area of the salt-pans and it can be incorporated in the yungas.
It would be feasible to introduce the crop into Honduras and Guatemala as well as the central states of Mexico (México, Puebla, Guerrero, Tlaxcala and Oaxaca). It has been researched in the United States and is now sown in Colorado, Texas. New Mexico and Utah. In the Himalayas, it is grown with acceptable results.
The main advantages of this crop are its ability to produce a grain of high biological quality and the existence of germplasm suited to various ecological conditions. Furthermore. the current knowledge and use of this species by the peasants should be extended.
Completing the collection. evaluation, characterization, documentation and exchange of germplasm in the various countries of the Andean region; improving the installations and equipment of current gene banks.
Genetic and agronomic improvement: selecting a wide range of early varieties which have a low saponin content, a large grain and which are high-yielding and resistant to frost. drought and salinity: Improving the plant's uniformity of architecture and of ripening to facilitate mechanized harvesting: carrying out integrated pest and disease control: establishing a basic genetic seed production programme and commercial seed propagation programme for the various agronomic areas of the Andes
Postharvest and processing: perfecting technology for the removal of saponins from the grain while avoiding loss of nutritional value: encouraging industrial processing.
Nutritional value and use: carrying out chemical and nutritional characterization of the saponin and its use in the pharmacopoeia: publicizing nutritional characteristics and culinary versatility.
Commercialization and marketing: evaluating domestic consumption. stimulating demand and including it in food assistance programmes: improving information on prices and quality parameters: specifying health procedures for export.
Andean Lupin
(Lupinus mutabilis)
Botanical name: Lupinus mutabilis Sweet
Common names. English: Andean lupin, South American lupin; Quechua: tarwi (Peru,. Bolivia); Aymara: tauri (Bolivia); other indigenous languages: chocho, chochito (Ecuador and northern Peru), ccequela (Peru [Azángaro]), chuchus (Bolivia); Spanish: altramuz, lupino, chocho
The Andean lupin is a leguminous plant that was domesticated and grown by the ancient settlers of the central Andean region from pre-Incan times, as indicated by seeds found in tombs of the Nazca culture and the plant's representation on Tiahuanaco pottery. As in earlier times, Andean populations still use the seeds as a food today. They were very important as long ago as the pre-Hispanic era, figuring foremost among foods because of their high protein content.
Lupinus mutabilis is still grown from Ecuador to Chile and northern Argentina under different production systems. It was displaced by European crops and, because of this, has been one of the native species most affected by marginalization. The grain has a high alkaloid content which imparts a very bitter taste and a process is therefore needed to eliminate it, thus giving it a disadvantage compared with other introduced legumes. The result has been a reduction in cultivated area of L. mutabilis, despite its agronomic and nutritional benefits. such as the fixing of atmospheric nitrogen (more than 100 kg per hectare), cold resistance and a high protein and oil content. Its marginalization may have been influenced by the fact that it was eaten mainly by the indigenous population. as well as by its variable yield: on peasant plots, 300 to 600 kg per hectare are obtained: under suitable conditions, 3500 kg, and experimentally. 7000 kg per hectare.
The Andean lupin is not only an important source of protein (42.2 percent in the dry grain, 20 percent in the cooked grain and 44.5 percent in the flour), but also of fat which in the dry grain is 16 percent and in the flour 23 percent. It is used for human consumption after the bitter taste has been removed, a process for which there are several methods. Preparation varies according to the region and the occasion on which it is eaten: cebiche serrano, soups (cream of Andean lupin); stews (pipián, a kind of fricassee); desserts (mazamorra custard with orange) and soft drinks (papaya juice with Andean lupin flour).
Industrially. flour is obtained which is used in a proportion of up to 15 percent in breadmaking—it has the advantage of considerably improving the protein and calorific value of the product. It also allows the bread to be kept longer because of the retrogradation of the starch, a greater volume being obtained owing to the emulgent properties of the sweet lupin's lecithin. The alkaloids (sparteine, lupinine, lupanidine, etc.) are used to control ectoparasites and intestinal parasites of animals. Occasionally, farmers use the Andean lupin s cooking water as a laxative and to control pests and diseases. In the flowering state, the plant is incorporated into soil as green manure and effectively improves the quantity of organic matter and the structure and moisture retention of the soil. Because of its alkaloid content, it is frequently sown as a hedge or to separate plots of different crops, preventing damage which animals might cause. Harvest residues (dry stems) are used as fuel because of their high cellulose content which provides an appreciable calorific value.
L. mutabilis is an annual plant varying in height from 0.4 to 2.5 m, depending on the genotype and environment in which it is grown. It has a taproot with a thick main stem, reaching up to 3 m. The ramified secondary roots have symbiotic nodules with bacteria of the Rhizobium genus. The stems are cylindrical and woody. The leaves are palmate and digitate. It has racemose inflorescences with several flower verticils, each with five flowers, whose colours range from blue, purple, sky blue, pink to white. The androecium is formed by ten dorsifixed and five basifixed stamens. Because of flower abscission, 50 to 70 percent of the flowers do not form fruit, especially on secondary and tertiary branches. The fruit occurs in a pubescent, indehiscent pod in the cultivated species, with some dehiscence in the semi-cultivated and wild species. It is elliptical or oblong, pointed at both ends, with approximately 130 pods per plant. The seed is lenticular, 8 to 10 mm long and 6 to 8 mm wide. Its colour varies between black and white, through bay, dark grey, light grey and greenish yellow. A hardened integument, containing alkaloids, accounts for 10 percent of the seed. The weight of 100 seeds is between 20 and 2X g.
The growing cycle varies between 150 and 360 days, depending on the genotype and whether ripening of the central stem alone is taken into account or that of other branches. The various phenological phases are: emergence; first true leaf; formation of the raceme on the central stem; flowering; podding; pod ripening; and physiological maturity. The seeds exhibit dormancy through immaturity, since they require a post-ripening phase before germinating. In wild species of Lupinus, dispersion is spontaneous through dehiscence and may extend as far as several metres.
Figure 14. A) Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis); A1) flower; A2) legume; A3) seed; B) kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus); B1) flower; B2) fruit
L. mutabilis is grown in temperate cold areas (Venezuela, Chile and northern Argentina), in inter-Andean valleys and on high plateaus, from 2000 to 3850 m, although good yields have been obtained in experiments at sea level. The requirements of L. mutabilis are:
Photoperiod. It is apparently unaffected by this factor. although it is grown more under short-day conditions.
Precipitation. Its requirements are between 350 and 800 mm and it is grown exclusively under dry farming conditions. It is susceptible to excessive humidity and moderately susceptible to drought during flowering and podding.
Temperature. It does not tolerate frosts during the raceme formation and ripening phase, although some ecotypes grown on the shores of Lake Titicaca have a greater resistance to cold.
Soil. It prefers loamy-sandy soils, with an adequate balance of nutrients, good drainage and a pH between 5 and 7; on acid soils, Rhizobium nitrogen-fixation is very low.
Cultivation continues in the traditional way in Ecuador. Peru and Bolivia, although introductions have now been made with good results in Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Mexico and European countries.
The Andean lupin displays a wide genetic diversity. with great variability in its architecture, adaptation to soils, precipitation, temperature and altitude. This is also the case with earliness, protein. oil and alkaloid content and disease tolerance. The colour of the seed, plant and flower varies. Its centre of origin would seem to be located in the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, since the greatest genetic variability is found there. In this region, 83 species of the Lupinus genus have been identified.
Known varieties and cultivars are numerous: in Peru, Andenes 80, Cuzco, K'ayra, Carlos Ochoa, Yunguyo, Altagracia, H6, SCG-9, SCG-25, SLP-1, SLP-2, SLP-3, SLP-4 and SLP-5; in Bolivia, Toralapa and Carabuco; and in Chile, Inti.
Several working collections are kept in universities, at research institutes and in technical cooperation projects throughout the Andean region. More than 1 600 accessions are kept in cold-storage rooms at several experimental stations. The main ones are in Peru (K'ayra in Cuzco, Santa Ana in Huancayo, Illpa and Camacani in Puno, Baños del Inca in Cajamarca and Canáan in Ayacucho), Bolivia (Patacamaya, Toralapa and Pairumani) and Ecuador (Santa Catalina).
The high fat content of the seeds reduces germination times; losses may be as much as 20 to 25 percent annually, hence continuous regeneration of the material is required.
No genetic erosion has yet been observed in the field, since the introduction of improved varieties is not significant. In situ conservation would be a good alternative, particularly for the wild species.
The areas of genetic diversity of cultivated or wild species which need to be collected are situated above 3 800 m in semi-arid regions, in deep inter-Andean valleys, on the eastern slope of the Andes, on the low ridges of the Peruvian coast, at the foot of the Venezuelan mountains, in the Colombian savannah, in northern Argentina, in the yungas of Bolivia and in Chile, in Concepción and Chiloe in the south, and h1 the northern areas.
The traditional cultivation practice consists of sowing after minimum tilling, particularly on thin soils and in high areas because of the sparse growth of weeds and the need to conserve humidity. The crop is generally cultivated in rotation with potato or cereals, without the use of fertilizers or manures. Sowing density varies from 100 to 120 kg per hectare of unselected seed, which is broadcast. Cultivation work is limited to hoeing. Harvesting takes place when the plants have reached full maturity. The seeds are separated from the pod by blows from a curved stick or they are trampled by livestock. Threshing is completed by winnowing. Using this technique, yields range between 500 and 1000 kg per hectare. depending on the region and ecotypes used.
The improved cultivation technique consists of sowing on pre-prepared soil that has been fertilized with the formula 0-60-00 or 0-80-60, depending on soil fertility. The requirement is 80 to 90 kg of selected seed per hectare, disinfected against Colletotrichum sp. Two or three seeds at a time are put into furrows spaced 60 to 80 cm apart. Weeding is done in the branching phase, together with control of the seed weevil (Apion sp.) and Epicauta sp. Harvesting takes place when the central stem (high plateau of Peru and Bolivia), or primary and secondary branches (inter-Andean valleys) are mature. The usual method of harvesting is reaping, laying, threshing, winnowing and storage- laborious and labour intensive activities. Stationary soybean and kidney bean threshers have been used with good results, and prototype stationary threshers with a 0.5 to 1 h.p. motor have even been designed. However. the efficiency of the latter equipment is still not adequate (processing 500 to 600 kg per day). Yields reach 3500 and 5000 kg per hectare.
Cultivation is being developed with greater interest in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador (the agronomic situation of Andean lupin utilization in Ecuador has been described). The alkaloid-free variety, Inti, bred in Chile by von Baer, is currently available.
Cultivation of the Andean lupin, like other crops of Andean origin, is limited by the lack of continued support for research and promotion. The main limitation is the alkaloid content of the seed and plant itself. Alkaloids give them a sharp, bitter taste and have to be removed by way of various laborious processes. The traditional and best-known method is cooking, followed by rinsing tor several days. The harvest residues cannot be used as fodder until alkaloid-tree varieties are available. Although, at present, there are ecotypes with a low alkaloid content and one variety which is free of them, these still show adaptation difficulties, low resistance to pests and diseases. a long vegetative period and little growth vigour. Its nutritional value and forms of use are not widely known, which is why its consumption is not more widespread among the population. Moreover, market supplies of Andean lupine which have had their bitter flavour removed are temporary and limited to producer areas.
Processing methods are still unsophisticated and not very efficient. With advanced agro-industrial techniques, the crop could be extended and promoted and its prices improved. It has production potential and prospects tor use as an oilseed plant, source of protein, nitrogen-fixer and producer of alkaloids, with applications in animal and plant health.
Cultivation could be extended to marginal areas: to do this, more genetic research is needed on resistance to drought, frosts, hail and soil acidity. Through selection and crossing, there is potential for the development of varieties that are free of alkaloids and have desirable agronomic and productive characteristics.
Potential areas for introduction and cultivation
Cultivation could be increased in the Andes of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, both in traditional areas where it was abandoned or displaced and in new areas, by introducing varieties with a low alkaloid content or free of alkaloids. As an oil seed plant, it could contribute to alleviating the oils and fats deficit in the Andean countries. Its use has even been considered as fodder in the cold areas of Europe. Early varieties (150-day growing period) can be sown in rotation with cereals in the mountain ranges or with other industrial crops on the coast of Peru.
In Colombia, the experience of its introduction into Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Nariño and Antioquía has been favourable, as it has also in Trujillo, Mérida and Lara in Venezuela. In northern Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, it could be introduced into high cold areas. This needs further research, particularly in Uruguay and Paraguay. In Argentina, there are gene banks with a limited amount of material, and research has been carried out at the Universities of Córdoba and Buenos Aires and at INTA.
In Chile, the species L. luteus, L. albus and L. angustifolius are grown; these are used for making flour for bread, in the oil industry and as a supplementary food for schoolchildren and hospitals. Production areas are concentrated in Concepción, Valdivia and Gorbea. The early and sweet varieties could be grown in the country's high areas.
In Central America, its introduction could result in an encouraging spread of the crop because of the suitable agro-ecological conditions. In Mexico, good results have been obtained experimentally, reaching the point where the tertiary branches are harvested. Its cultivation could spread to Oaxaca and Guerrero and part of other states such as México (Toluca), Tlaxcala and Puebla, as well as to Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua. The possibilities are more limited in the United States and Canada because of the technological progress of other crops such as soybean and sunflower.
Lines of research and technological development to promote the crop are as follows:
Germplasm: completing the collection. evaluation, documentation and exchange of genetic material.
Genetic and agronomic improvement: obtaining alkaloid-free varieties, incorporating earliness, resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, resistance to drought. frost and soil acidity; breeding high-yielding varieties, uniformity in ripening of the main stem and side branches, as well as architecture with basal branching; studies on integrated pest and disease control; formation of genetic nuclei; and obtaining basic and certified seed from the main varieties.
Postharvest and industrialization: carrying out studies on grading, cleaning and adaptation to agro-industry; introducing techniques to remove alkaloids, while avoiding any loss of nutritional value; research on obtaining processed products for human use; promoting consumption, methods of preparation and biological value.
Marketing and consumption: studying marketing channels and costs and the potential of domestic and foreign markets; providing information on prices and quality parameters; suggesting ways of stimulating demand and establishing social programmes for mass consumption.
Love-Lies-Bleeding
(Amaranthus caudatus)
Botanical name: Amaranthus caudatus L.
Common names. English: love-lies-bleeding, Inca wheat, cat-tail, tumbleweed; indigenous languages: kiwicha (Peru), achita (Peru [Ayacucho, Apurímac]), achis (Peru [Ancash]), coyo (Peru [Cajamarca]). coimi, millmi (Bolivia), sangoracha, ataqo (Ecuador)
Love-lies-bleeding is a grain originating in South America, where it was also domesticated. The chronicler. Cobo, wrote in 1653 that, in the city of Guamanga (Ayacucho), delicious sweets were prepared from bledos (Amaranthus caudatus) and sugar. A similar species, the huautli (A. hypochondriacus), was extensively grown in Mesoamerica and is frequently mentioned by writers in connection with Aztec customs and ceremonies.
Since the colonial era, the cultivated area of love-lies-bleeding has decreased considerably. However, it is still grown in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina because of the persistence of Andean farmers, and continues to be important because of its excellent nutritional quality. It is efficient at fixing carbon dioxide, does not have photorespiration and requires less water to produce the same amount of biomass as cereals.
The grain's nutritional value is high and can be as much as to 12 to 16 percent protein, while the balance of amino acids is very good. with a fair proportion of these containing sulphur: lysine, methionine and cysteine. It does not contain saponins or alkaloids and the leaves are edible. In the human diet it is preferably eaten split or after the split grain has been ground. giving a very agreeable flour.
The grain is also cooked whole. Over 50 ways of preparation are known: the leaves are eaten in salads and the grains are also used to make soups, custards. stews, desserts, drinks. bread and cakes.
Agro-industry makes flour which is used up to 20 percent as a wheat substitute in breadmaking. It is also used to make an instant chocolate powder. syrups and sweets. A study has been made of the use of vegetable colouring matters, which are found up to 23 percent in the ear and are highly water-soluble and unstable in light.
Harvest residues are used for livestock feeding because of the protein content and suitable digestibility. The ground grain is used to control amoebic dysentery.
A. caudatus is an annual plant of 0.4 to 3 m. It has a taproot and numerous, very ramified side roots. The leaves are petiolate, oval, opposite or alternate and green or purple. The particulate, monoecious inflorescence ranges from erect to decumbent, with attractive colours—green, yellow, orange, pink, red, purple and brown. The flowers are small, unisexual, staminate or pistillate; the males have three to five stamens and the females have a monospermous superior ovary. The fruit is in a pyxidium; the seeds are small (from 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter), generally white, smooth, shining, slightly flattened, although sometimes yellowish, golden, pink, red and black; and there are 1000 to 3000 seeds per gram.
The percentage of allogamy ranges between 10 and 50 percent, even within individuals of the same population. Crossing depends on the wind, the number of pollinating insects, pollen production, etc. Generally, the seeds do not exhibit dormancy and, as they contain moisture, they may even germinate on the plant. Dehiscence occurs at intervals and is a common characteristic among the wild species. Seeds are dispersed over great distances from the parent plant.
A. caudatus extends from Ecuador to northern Argentina, growing in temperate areas and inter-Andean valleys from sea level to 3 000 m. Its main requirements are:
Photoperiod. It prefers short days, although it shows great adaptability to different environments and can flower with 12- to 1 6-hour days.
Precipitation. Water requirements range from 400 to 800 mm. However, acceptable production levels are obtained with 250 mm. Although it requires reasonable precipitation for germination and flowering, it can tolerate periods of drought after the plant has become established. Crops have been observed in areas with 1000 mm of annual precipitation.
Temperature. It is sensitive to cold and can tolerate only 4°C in the branching state, with 35 to 40°C as the maximum temperature.
Soils. It prefers easily worked, sandy soils with a high nutrient content and good drainage, although it can adapt to a broad range. The ideal pH is 6 to 7. although crops have been found in acid soils and at a pH of X.5. It shows tolerance to aluminium toxicity. In the wild form. and tolerated within crops, there are many wild species of Amaranthus as well as species tolerated among cultivated crops. In the Andes, the most important are: A. hybridus, A. spinosus, A. dubius, A. palmeri, A. viridus, A. blitum and A. tricolor, which are found growing with maize and other crops. They generally have dark seeds and, under suitable conditions of fertility, can develop great vigour and size, to the point of being contused with the cultivated plant. The leaves are used for human consumption.
A. caudatus has a wide genetic variety and diversity of plant forms, ranging from erect to completely decumbent. It shows great variation in seed colour; earliness; protein content; types of ear; adaptation to soils, climates, precipitation and temperatures; disease resistance; and colouring content. The greatest genetic variation is noted in the Andes (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina).
The Kiwicha [love-lies-bleeding] Research Programme. carried out by the University of Cuzco. Peru. has selected among others the varieties Noel Vietmayer and Oscar Blanco, while INIAA in Cajamarca has selected the varieties Roja de Cajabamba and San Luis.
Over 600 accessions are stored in the gene banks. In Peru, they are found at the experimental stations of K'ayra (Cuzco), Canáan (Ayacucho), Baños del Inca (Cajamarca), Santa Ana (Huancayo) and Tingua (Huaraz); in Ecuador, at the Santa Catalina Experimental Station; in Bolivia, at the Pairumani Experimental Station; and in Argentina, at the University of Córdoba.
There are many areas of genetic diversity which need to be scoured for collecting, mainly the tropical and subtropical valleys of the eastern range of the Andes of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador as well as the western valleys of the Andes and semi-arid areas of Peru and Bolivia (Ayacucho and Cochabamba, respectively).
A. caudatus cultivation is maintained in the traditional way in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Argentina. Different forms and systems of cultivation are observed, including: direct sowing; transplanting, with irrigation or on dry land; growing together with maize; interplanted, to separate fields from other crops; as a border; sowing as a horticultural plant close to houses and plots on small farmsteads; and extensive cultivation.
It is traditionally sown under dry conditions, on pre-prepared ground, often together with maize and, in the case of single sowing. in furrows spaced 80 cm apart and fed with a constant stream of water. When the plant reaches 20 to 25 cm, the first weeding is done, and also thinning if the seedlings are clustered together or need to be moved to spaces with a greater availability of water, The plants are also sown in seed beds for subsequent transplanting to irrigated land. Harvesting takes place before the plant is fully mature so as to forestall seed fall. It consists of cutting the plants 20 cm from the soil with sickles and forming small sheaves which are left to dry above the furrows. To remove the seeds, they are beaten with sticks on sheets spread over the ground or on well-trodden earth and then sifted or winnowed to separate the grain from the chaff. Using this technique, farmers can obtain from 500 to 1500 kg per hectare.
Crop improvement consists of adequate preparation of the soil, direct sowing, with a density of 4 to 6 kg of selected seed per hectare, in furrows set 80 cm apart, and the application of fertilizers according to the quantity of nutrients available in the soil (50-60-20 or 80-80-20 in Peru). Cultivation work consists of one or two weedings, light earthing up to prevent collapse from the weight of the inflorescences and control of the main pests and diseases.
Without waiting for the plant to mature completely. harvesting is done when its lower leaves show signs of yellowing and there is some basal dehiscence and dry seeds. The plant is cut and left to dry in piles before being beaten with curved sticks (in which case it takes 20 to 25 days' work per hectare), or using stationary wheat threshers in which the size of the sieves, air blast and motor revolutions have been modified. Yields obtained vary between 2000 and 5000 kg per hectare in Peru and 900 and 4000 kg per hectare in Ecuador.
An increase in production indices, followed by support for industrial processing in rural areas which would increase producers' incomes, would stimulate local consumption and. if there was a surplus, exports. The standards achieved in research, evaluation and characterization of the germplasm available, together with the advances in its genetic. agronomic, biochemical and industrial improvement, constitute a sound basis, so that technological progress is encouraging as far as the utilization of this plant's productive potential is concerned. The plant needs to be spread more widely among both producers and consumers: its nutritional value and the uses and ways in which it is consumed are not very well publicized in Andean countries. The advantages of lovelies-bleeding are the low cost of the unprocessed grain, the absence of any special treatments being required and the tact that it is willingly accepted by consumers.
The main aspects of research which need to be completed are:
Germplasm and improvement: completing the collection of germplasm in certain areas of the Andean region, as well as evaluation. characterization and documentation; breeding varieties with less dehiscence, greater uniformity of ripening, resistance to drought, frosts and soil alkalinity, tolerance of the main pests and diseases and greater colouring content; promoting the establishment of basic and certified seed beds of the main varieties.
Postharvest and industrialization: developing prototypes of machines which enable harvesting to be done effectively. as well as cleaning and selection; developing industrial processing technologies to obtain new products, particularly to boost the supply of foods for mothers and infants.
A publicity campaign also needs to be launched in urban areas. As far as marketing is concerned, studies must be carried out on outlets and costs, on the potential of domestic and foreign markets and on quality standards.
Cano, V.J. 1973. El cultivo de la cañihua. Boletín Fac. Ing. Agrícola, 2. Puno, Peru, Universidad Nacional Técnica del Altiplano.
Cárdenas, M. 1989. Manual de plantas económicas de Bolivia, 2nd ed. La Paz, Editorial Los Amigos del Libro.
Congreso Internacional sobre Cultivos Andinos. l Ayacucho.1977; II Riobamba.1979; III La Paz, 1982; IV Pasto, 1984; V Puno, 1986; Vl Quito, 1988; VII La Paz, 1991.
Convención de Quenopodiáceas Quinua-Cañihua. I Puno, 1968; II Potosí, 1976.
FAO. 1982. El cultivo y la utilización del tarwi Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 36. Rome.
FAO. 1990. Los cultivos andinos subexplotados y su aporte a la alimentación. Santiago.
Gandarillas, H. 1967. Observaciones sobre la biología reproductiva de la quinua. Sajama, 5(2): 16-18.
Hunzinker, A.T. 1952. Los pseudocereales de la agricultura indígena de América. Buenos Aires, ACME.
León, J. 1964. Plantas alimenticias andinas. IICA Boletín Técnico. 6.
Mújica, A. 1977. Cultivo de la quinua. Universidad Nacional del Altiplano. Puno. Peru.
Mújica, A.1990. Investigación y producción del tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) en el Perú. Lima, INIAA, PICA.
National Research Council. 1989. Lost crops of the Incas. Little known plants from the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation. Washington, DC, National Academy Press.
Nieto, C.1989. El cultivo de amaranto (Amaranthus spp.), una alternativa agronómica para Ecuador. Publ. Misc. 52. E.E. Santa Catalina. Ecuador, INIAP.
Sauer, J.D. 1967. The grain amaranths and their relatives: a revised taxonomic and geographic survey. Ann Missouri Bot. Gard. 54: 103137.
Sumar, L. 1983. Amaranthus caudatus, el pequeño gigante. Lima, UNICEF.
Tapia, M., Gandarillas, H., Alandia, S., Cardozo, A. & Mújica, A. 1979. Quinua y qañiwa, cultivos andinos. Bogota, IICA.
Torres, F. 1976. Lupinus mutabilis Sweet. A potent food source from the Andean region. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 25: 833.
Vallenas, M. & Carpio, F. 1974. La cañihua y su cultivo. Boletín No.25. Puno, Peru, Ministry of Agriculture, Agrarian Zone XII.
Wilson, H. 1990. Quinua and relatives (Chenopodium Sub. Sect. Cellulata). Econ. Bot., 44(3 Suppl.): 92-110.
Zevallos, J. & Mujica, A. 1977. Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). Puno, Peru, Ministry of Food, Zone XII.
last update Thursday, May 07, 1998 by aw


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In honor of Pablo Picasso's birthday on October 25th, we are offering a chalk pastel version of his famous 1958 Bouquet of Peace. A Picasso Bouquet of Peace Chalk Art Tutorial. I have always loved his wonderful quotes about art.
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Law firm news by topic » Tinto
Clifford Chance celebrates $14bn Chinalco corporate coup
Feb 3, 2008 Clifford Chance has won a high-profile mandate to advise the Aluminium Corporation of China (Chinalco) on its joint acquisition with Alcoa of a 12% stake in Rio Tinto for around $14bn. Linklaters is acting for regular…
China ready to block BHP takeover bid for Rio Tinto in court
Feb 3, 2008 The Chinese government is preparing to launch an unprecedented legal challenge against BHP's planned $130bn takeover bid for Rio Tinto. High-ranking officials from the Chinese embassy in London have been approaching top…
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About SHIELD
Bylaws & Mission
Diversity Study
Conditional Cash Transfer Programs and Women's Empowerment in Colombia
The conditional cash transfer program Familias en Acción is the cornerstone poverty alleviation strategy of Colombia. Conceived as a cash grant to lift low income families out of poverty, it is a demand-side program aimed at increasing parents' investment in their children's well-being. One of its core components is targeting mothers as the beneficiaries. Two gender assumptions are thus embedded in the program: that giving benefits to mothers would translate to better health, nutrition, and education outcomes of their children, and that the program would increase mothers' empowerment by means of increasing their bargaining power. Using Naila Kabeer's multidimensional definition of empowerment as the process by which those who have been deprived of meaningful choice are able to exercise it, this research assesses whether and to what extent Familias en Acción has impacted women's agency and empowerment outcomes. To start with, it builds on gender and development literature to understand the origins and embedded gender dimensions of CTPs in general and FeA in particular. It then employs a doubly robust evaluation strategy, first by preprocessing longitudinal data from the program's impact evaluation with a propensity score matching technique and second, by estimating impacts with a difference in difference strategy. Estimations suggest there is no evidence supporting the gender assumption that the program increases mothers' intrahousehold decision-making in realms related to children's school attendance and visits to the doctor. Similar is the case for mothers' use of contraception and share of domestic work. Findings suggest that, if anything, there is a decrease in the probability of women participating in community-based social and political organizations. Societal norms about the role of women within the household and a sexual division of labor, which are not amenable to the program's implementation, may explain these findings. Policy recommendations thus focus on adjustments to the program's design and on complementary programs to consolidate it as an evidence-based, gender-sensitive poverty
alleviation intervention.
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