text:
Le réseau de transport ferroviaire en Chine est devenu le deuxième du monde avec plus de  de voies en  dont près de  de voies à grande vitesse et le premier en termes de voies électrifiées avec  de lignes soit 69,5 % de son réseau (). La longueur du réseau a ainsi été multiplié par sept depuis 1949.

Le réseau chinois à grande vitesse est, en , le premier au monde après des investissements de plus de  de dollars ($) depuis 1990 et l'importation des technologies à grande vitesse venues de France (Alstom), du Canada (Bombardier), de Suède, de Suisse, d'Allemagne (Siemens) et du Japon.

Histoire

L'histoire du transport ferroviaire en Chine se divise principalement sur trois parties, pendant la Dynastie Qing (avant 1912), pendant la République de Chine (entre 1912 et 1949), et sous la République populaire de Chine (depuis 1949).

Dynastie Qing (avant 1912)

En 1865, les Anglais construisent 600 m de voie ferrée à Pékin à titre de présentation du chemin de fer. Le gouvernement Qing démantèle la ligne presque aussitôt.
Le premier train chinois a roulé en 1876 à Shanghai, sur le chemin de fer du Wusong. Il fut construit par l'industriel belge Cockerill. La ligne de 14 km qui rejoignait Shanghai à Wusong fut démantelée un an plus tard par le gouvernement Qing.

Le Chemin de fer de l'Est chinois est une voie de chemin de fer tracée par l'Empire russe, en Sibérie et Nord Est de la Chine (Mongolie-Intérieure et Heilongjiang. Elle commence à être exploitée en 1901 et les transports de passagers y sont effectués à partir de 1903. La Russie avait obtenu des mandchous une concession de la péninsule du Liaodong.

La Société des chemins de fer de Mandchourie du Sud est une société créée par l'Empire du Japon en 1906, après la guerre russo-japonaise de 1905 et ayant opéré les voies de la zone ferroviaire de Mandchourie du Sud.

République de Chine (1912 - 1949)

En 1924, un accord entre la Chine et l'Union soviétique rétablit une administration commune entre ces deux pays

Dans les années 1930, à la suite de son rachat par le Manchoukouo (État fantoche japonais au nord-est de la Chine), la mesure du Chemin de fer de l'Est chinois, passe de la norme russe à la norme standard.

En 1945, à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'Union soviétique libère le Mandchoukouo de l'emprise japonaise et pille la compagnie japonaise, un nouvel accord entre l'URSS et la Chine est signé.

République populaire de Chine (depuis 1949)

Entre 1997 et 2017, le Ministère des Chemins de Fer, devenu le CRC-China Railway Corporation en mars 2014 puis China Railway en 2019, a pris des mesures pour augmenter la vitesse des trains en améliorant le réseau national.

L'amélioration des ponts et tunnels, le doublage des voies uniques, l'électrification de certaines lignes, l'augmentation du rayon de certaines courbes et l'installation de voies spécialement dédiées aux trains à grande vitesse ont permis de faire passer la vitesse moyenne des trains de passagers chinois de 43 à , soit un triplement en seulement 20 ans.

Administration

En , le Conseil des affaires de l'État de la République populaire de Chine annonce le démantèlement du Ministère des Chemins de fer, dont la réputation était durement entamée par une série de scandales et dont les services vont être placés sous le contrôle du ministère des Transports.

De ce démantèlement naît le CRC (China Railway Corporation) en .

Une administration d'État des chemins de fer a été chargée du fonctionnement du ministère dissout, des normes techniques ferroviaires, de la sécurité sur le réseau et du contrôle de la qualité. Les missions commerciales de l'ex-ministère sont confiées à une nouvelle entreprise publique, d'inspiration privée, le CRC, chargée du transport fret et passager.

Depuis 2019, China Railway Corporation est restructuré pour devenir China State Railway Group Company, son nom commercial étant plus simplement China Railway (CR).

Réseau ferroviaire national
La Chine possède le deuxième plus grand réseau ferroviaire du monde, comprenant le plus grand réseau à grande vitesse du monde, où l'ensemble des divisions provinciales sont desservies en lignes classiques sauf Macao et en lignes à grande vitesse sauf Macao et la région autonome du Tibet.

Lignes classiques

Le réseau ferroviaire classique est constitué de 16 artères principales, dont 8 verticales et 8 horizontales, composées de grandes lignes radiales centrées sur Pékin ainsi que des lignes transversales reliant l'ensemble du territoire national, ayant favorisé le désenclavement et le développement économique des territoires.

Avec le développement du réseau à grande vitesse, les lignes classiques gardent un rôle régional dans le transport de passagers et garantissent le besoin grandissant du transport de marchandises.

 Ligne Pékin - Harbin
 Ligne Pékin - Baotou
 Ligne Qing-Zang
 Ligne Sichuan - Tibet

Lignes à grande vitesse

Depuis l'ouverture en 2008 de la LGV Pékin - Tianjin, la Chine est entré dans une nouvelle ère de développement du réseau de lignes à grande vitesse. En l'espace de 12 ans, le réseau de lignes à grande vitesse en Chine représente 78% du total mondial avec plus de 36 000 km de voies dédiés aux trains à grande vitesse (fin ).

Depuis 2018, le Fuxing CR400 (Renaissance), nouveau train à grande vitesse de technologie chinoise à 97 % (brevets chinois et construction des matériels en Chine à 100 %), est mis en service progressivement sur plusieurs lignes supportant des vitesses de 350 km/h. Cette nouvelle gamme de trains Fuxing (CR) est amenée à remplacer les trains Hexie (CRH) issus des technologies étrangères.

Transport de passagers

Le train est devenu de loin le premier moyen de transport en Chine, avec plus de 2.500 gares majeures et plus de 132 villes millionnaires desservies.

Plus de 19 milliards de voyages ont été effectués en train en 2012, en très nette croissance depuis la mise en place des lignes à grande vitesse, qui représentent déjà plus de 50 % du trafic sur environ 13 % du réseau.

Beaucoup de ces voyages ont lieu pendant la période du Chunyun (春运, "déplacement du printemps"), à l'occasion des vacances du Nouvel an Chinois, pendant laquelle les transports ferroviaires ont transporté plus de 2,11 milliards de personnes en 2012.

Réduction de vitesse
À la suite de l'accident de 2011, la vitesse maximum de 350 km/h de certains trains à grande vitesse a été réduite à 300 km/h.

Depuis le  (officialisé le ) avec la nouvelle gamme de trains Fuxing, la vitesse est de nouveau autorisée à 350 km/h pour les grandes lignes le permettant.

Numérotation des trains de passagers
Chaque train a un numéro d'identification de deux à quatre caractères. Le premier caractère peut être alphabétique ou numérique, alors que les second et quatrième caractères sont forcément tous numériques. Un même train peut utiliser deux numéros pour une seule destination. Le numéro du service permet donc de déterminer le type de service du train ainsi que sa direction.

La règle générale de numérotation est la suivante :

Pékin est considéré comme étant le centre du réseau, le train en partance est le service descendant, numérotation impair, tandis que celui qui arrive est le service montant, numérotation pair : par exemple, le numéro T103 (de Pékin à Shanghai) ou le numéro N522 (de Hangzhou à Meilong).
 Si les voies sur lesquelles roule le train vont vers Pékin, mais que le train n'y va pas lui-même (par exemple de Shanghai à Nanjing-Ouest), les trains sont encore numérotés selon la règle ci-dessus.
 Si les voies ne vont pas vers Pékin (par exemple le chemin de fer de Longhai), le train vers le sud (ou vers l'est) est qualifié de montant, tandis que celui qui va vers le nord ou vers l'ouest est descendant.
 Si un train change de statut pendant son parcours (de montant, il passe à descendant, ou le contraire), il est désigné par un double numéro : par exemple K56/57 (de Shanghai à Harbin). Le numéro K56 est utilisé pour la partie Shanghai-Tangshan, puis K57 pour la partie Tangshan-Harbin.

Les lettres-préfixe permettent de déterminer le type de service, autrement dit la catégorie de vitesse du train (depuis ) :

Trains à grande vitesse

 G (Grande vitesse)

Prononcé gao (高), du premier caractère de "trains à unités multiples à grande vitesse" (高速动车组列车). Les services commençant par G circulent principalement sur les lignes à grande vitesse à une vitesse maximum de 250 à 350 km/h, reliant les grandes villes chinoises.

La numérotation peut aller de G1 à G9998.

 C (Inter-cités)

Prononcé cheng (城), du premier caractère de "trains à unités multiples inter-cités" (城际动车组列车). Les services commençant par C circulent principalement sur les lignes à grande vitesse dédiées aux services inter-cités ou régionaux, à une vitesse maximum de 250 à 350 km/h. Par rapport aux trains G, ils ont la particularité de réaliser des trajets de plus courtes distances, avec souvent plus d'arrêts.

La numérotation peut aller de C1 à C9998.

 D (Train à unités multiples)

Prononcé dong (动), du premier caractère de "trains à unités multiples" (动车组列车). Cette appellation en chinois désigne communément les trains à grande vitesse, afin de distinguer des trains traditionnels. Les services commençant par D circulent principalement sur les lignes à grande vitesse à une vitesse maximum de 250 km/h, reliant les grandes villes chinoises.

La numérotation peut aller de D1 à D9998.

Il est à noter que les trains qui opèrent pour les services G, C ou D peuvent être identiques, la lettre indique simplement le type de service effectué.

Trains classiques

 S (Banlieue)

De shi (市), du premier caractère de "trains de banlieue" (市郊旅客列车). Ces services desservent les lignes de banlieue.

 Z (Express direct)

Prononcé zhi (直), du premier caractère de "trains express directs" (直达特快列车). Les services Z impliquent techniquement que le train soit sans arrêts, sur des lignes classiques à une vitesse maximum de 160 km/h. Cependant la plupart ont quelques arrêts entre les deux terminus.
La majorité proposent des couchettes/sièges mous, tandis que quelques-uns subsistent en sièges durs.

La numérotation peut aller de Z1 à Z9998.

 T (Express)

Prononcé te (特), du premier caractère de "trains express" (特快列车). Il effectue quelques arrêts sur son parcours, surtout dans des grandes villes, capitales de province, ou durant de courts moments pour faire le plein. La vitesse maximum est de 140 km/h.

La numérotation peut aller de T1 à T9998.

 K (Rapide)

Prononcé kuai (快), du premier caractère de "trains rapides" (快速列车). Il s'arrête dans quelques gares importantes. La vitesse maximum est de 120 km/h.

La numérotation peut aller de K1 à K9998.

 Train général rapide

Le train général rapide (普通旅客快车, abrégé en 普快 pukuai ) est en réalité un véritable euphémisme pour qualifier des trains lents qui s'arrêtent dans à peu près la moitié des stations rencontrées au long de la voie. La vitesse maximum est de 120 km/h.

La numérotation peut aller de 1001 à 5998.

 Train Général

Le train général (普通旅客慢车, abrégé en 普慢 puman ou 慢车 manche ) , est le type de train le plus lent qui s'arrête à toutes les gares rencontrées ; il a la plus basse priorité dans l'horaire des trains. Le nombre d'arrêts est le plus grand possible, ce qui fait qu'il est souvent le choix préféré des travailleurs ruraux qui vont visiter leur village natal. Depuis le développement du réseau à grande vitesse, ces trains sont de plus en plus remplacés ou simplement supprimés.

La numérotation peut aller de 6001 à 7598.

 L (Train temporaire)

Seulement disponibles aux heures de pointe.

Tarifs

La plateforme de vente des billets de train se fait sur www.12306.cn, le service de billetterie en ligne. La majorité des passagers achètent désormais leurs billets via applications mobiles, notamment sur WeChat avec un service intégré. Le prix des billets de trains est bien inférieur aux prix connus dans les pays développés (Shanghai-Nanjing, 300km, 14-17 euros en TGV).

Pour une meilleure gestion du grand nombre de passagers, tous les billets sont désormais nominatifs, les résidents chinois achètent avec le numéro de carte d'identité, les étrangers avec le numéro de passeport valide. Ainsi, les résidents chinois n'ont pas besoin de retirer de billets, ils leur suffisent de passer leurs cartes d'identité sur les machines avant d'accéder aux quais. Pour les étrangers en revanche, dans de nombreuses gares, il faut toujours acheter ou retirer les billets dans les comptoirs des gares, toutefois certaines gares (Shanghai, Nanjing, etc..) permettent aux étrangers d'embarquer sans retirer les billets, juste en présentant leurs passports. À partir de 2019, des essais ont lieu pour passer un billet numérique, le billet en carton sera bientôt remplacé.

Trains à grande vitesse

Les trains à grande vitesse (G, C et D) proposent quatre types de billets :

 La seconde classe (二等座) correspond à la majorité des voitures d'un train à grande vitesse, chaque rangée étant composée de 5 sièges (numérotés comme dans un avion, A, B, C d'un côté, D et F de l'autre séparés par le couloir)
 La première classe (一等座) correspond à une seule voiture d'un train, chaque rangée étant composé de 4 sièges avec plus d'espaces.
 La business class (商务座) correspond à un espace privé à côté de la cabine du chauffeur, avec 2 à 4 sièges selon les trains.
 Les couchettes (动车组卧铺) correspondent aux trains à unités multiples de la gamme des trains Hexie CRH, qui proposent des liaisons de nuit entre quelques grandes villes.

A noter que les trains à grande vitesse possèdent une voiture-restaurant avec un bar et un espace de déjeuner. Tous les sièges pivotent à 180° pour toujours être dans le sens de la marche.

Trains classiques
Quatre types de billet peuvent être achetés pour les trains classiques :

 Les sièges durs (硬座 Yingzuo) qui sont le tarif de base, avec un confort similaire à la classe économique dans un avion. Sur les trajets les plus chargés, les passagers qui n'ont pas de place attitrée peuvent acheter ce type de billet.
 Les sièges mous (软座 Ruanzuo) sont un niveau au-dessus des sièges durs. Le confort est celui de la classe business dans les avions.
 Les couchettes dures (硬卧 Yingwo) sont le confort standard sur les trains de nuit. Malgré ce nom, les couchettes (au nombre de trois par côté de compartiment) sont relativement confortables pour une bonne nuit de sommeil.
 Les couchettes molles (软卧 Zhuanwo) comprennent un véritable lit (deux par compartiment) dans une cabine fermée. Ces tickets sont réservés la plupart du temps au moins une semaine avant le départ.
 Quelques trains ont un confort encore meilleur, appelé "Advanced Cab"(高级软卧包厢 ou 高包)

Les tarifs sont différents selon que le train dispose de l'air conditionné ou pas.

Gares ferroviaires
La plupart des gares classiques portent simplement le nom de la ville, comme la gare de Pékin, la gare de Shanghai. Les gares construites depuis les années 2000, ou spécialement pour les lignes à grande vitesse, portent en général un suffixe de direction ou plus rarement le nom du quartier local seul ou en suffixe :

 Gare de Xiamen-Nord, Xiamenbei 厦门北
 Gare de Hangzhou-Est, Hangzhoudong 杭州东
 Gare de Pékin-Ouest, Beijingxi 北京西
 Gare de Canton-Sud, Guangzhounan 广州南
 Gare de Shanghai-Hongqiao 上海虹桥

La signalétique en chinois et en anglais dans toutes les gares indiquent parfois le nom de la gare en anglais, comme Beijing South Railway Station, ou en pinyin, Beijingnan Railway Station.

Dans les affichages de trains ou sur les billets de trains sont indiqués plus couramment le nom de la gare en pinyin. Lors des voyages en trains, il vaut mieux donc connaître les quatre directions en chinois pour ne pas se tromper de gare : -bei (nord, 北), -dong (est, 东), -xi (ouest, 西), -nan (sud, 南).

Interconnexions internationales

 Transmongol : Oulan-Oudé - Oulan-Bator - Pékin
 Chemins de fer de l'Indochine et du Yunnan : Kunming - Haiphong
Ligne ferroviaire Boten - Vientiane (Chine - Laos)
 Ligne ferroviaire Chine - Népal

Notes et références

Sources

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 China Train Control System
 Transport en Chine
Grande vitesse ferroviaire en Chine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


With the London Film Festival on the horizon (Oct 8-19), we've picked out a few of the films showing at the festival that we think are most likely to win Oscars next year.
See the films in a few weeks time and then decide whether or not you agree with us!
Oft left out of the Oscars race, Mike Leigh's biopic of impressionist painter J.M.W Turner has already stolen some media attention at Cannes, where it won a Best Actor award for Timothy Spall.
Having already scooped the Best Director award at Cannes, Foxcatcher will no doubt go on to feature in the 2015 Oscars, most probably gaining a nod for Steve Carell's performance.
The Imitation Game recently won the coveted People's Choice Award at the Toronto Film Festival, signalling that it could be a big player to win awards in London when it screens (it's a British story and stars Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira Knightly, among others). With a few festival wins, it's touted for Oscar nominations too.
Oscar-award winning actor Tommy Lee Jones writes, directs, stars and produces this western, with Hilary Swank in the leading role as a woman escorting three insane women across America. It's a shoo-in.
After making a strong impression in Toronto, Jason Reitman (Juno, Up in the Air) moves to London with his latest film, which takes a look at the sexual frustrations of young people and adults in the modern age.
The recipient of the Grand Jury prize at this year's Sundance Film Festival would usually come last in the Oscar race, but with festival play in Toronto, London, Vancouver and New York, this film could still achieve some traction. There's all to play for.
After his Oscar success with The Dallas Buyers Club last year, Jean-Marc Vallee returns to the festival circuit with Wild, chronicling one woman's 1,100 mile hike. Reese Witherspoon leads. Could be a serious contender.
Closing the London Film Festival is this war epic from Training Day director David Ayer. Brad Pitt stars as the leader of a squadron heading towards enemy lines in the final months of WW2.
The director of such highly-acclaimed films as The Change-Up and Wedding Crashers (we joke), now stands a change at pocketing an Oscar with his latest, starring Robert Downey Jr as a lawyer who must defend his father on a murder charge. With a lot of star power (Billy Bob Thornton, Vera Farmiga, Robert Duvall), The Judge could be one of the most commercially viable Oscar contenders at LFF.
Although he hasn't won any Oscars so far, Ira Sach's works are consistently critically acclaimed and win awards the world over, so there's hope. This sweet New York set love story follows gay couple John Lithgow and Alfred Molina as they finally get married and then find they are out of work and forced to live apart.
See these 10 at the London Film Festival and you'll be all set to start guessing who'll win the Academy Awards next March. You can book tickets here.


text:
Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback
Jennifer L. Peel, Donald F. Dansereau
The purpose of the present study was to provide a basis for enhancing personal development in older adolescents by examining the usefulness of two information-processing tools in solving personal problems: schematic maps and peer feedback. Ninety-five college students were assigned to either a schematic map group or an essay group, and further subdivided into groups that worked alone or with a vicarious partner. Assessment consisted of analyzing and generating alternatives to a scenario involving a college student with a drinking problem. Results indicated that alternative generation, an important step in the problem-solving process, is susceptible to experimental manipulation. Schematic maps facilitate the generation of wider-ranging, viable, synergistic alternatives to an uncomfortable situation. Maps help illustrate the complex systems within which problems occur and how patterns of behavior are maintained through reinforcement. Peer feedback may provide information about strategies for the development of additional options.
Dive into the research topics of 'Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Students Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
adolescent Social Sciences 83%
Psychology Reinforcement Medicine & Life Sciences 76%
Electronic Data Processing Medicine & Life Sciences 72%
Drinking Medicine & Life Sciences 64%
information processing Social Sciences 46%
reinforcement Social Sciences 45%
Peel, J. L., & Dansereau, D. F. (1998). Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback. Adolescence, 33(130), 354-374.
Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback. / Peel, Jennifer L.; Dansereau, Donald F.
In: Adolescence, Vol. 33, No. 130, 01.06.1998, p. 354-374.
Peel, JL & Dansereau, DF 1998, 'Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback', Adolescence, vol. 33, no. 130, pp. 354-374.
Peel JL, Dansereau DF. Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback. Adolescence. 1998 Jun 1;33(130):354-374.
Peel, Jennifer L. ; Dansereau, Donald F. / Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback. In: Adolescence. 1998 ; Vol. 33, No. 130. pp. 354-374.
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title = "Management and prevention of personal problems in older adolescents via schematic maps and peer feedback",
abstract = "The purpose of the present study was to provide a basis for enhancing personal development in older adolescents by examining the usefulness of two information-processing tools in solving personal problems: schematic maps and peer feedback. Ninety-five college students were assigned to either a schematic map group or an essay group, and further subdivided into groups that worked alone or with a vicarious partner. Assessment consisted of analyzing and generating alternatives to a scenario involving a college student with a drinking problem. Results indicated that alternative generation, an important step in the problem-solving process, is susceptible to experimental manipulation. Schematic maps facilitate the generation of wider-ranging, viable, synergistic alternatives to an uncomfortable situation. Maps help illustrate the complex systems within which problems occur and how patterns of behavior are maintained through reinforcement. Peer feedback may provide information about strategies for the development of additional options.",
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AU - Peel, Jennifer L.
AU - Dansereau, Donald F.
N2 - The purpose of the present study was to provide a basis for enhancing personal development in older adolescents by examining the usefulness of two information-processing tools in solving personal problems: schematic maps and peer feedback. Ninety-five college students were assigned to either a schematic map group or an essay group, and further subdivided into groups that worked alone or with a vicarious partner. Assessment consisted of analyzing and generating alternatives to a scenario involving a college student with a drinking problem. Results indicated that alternative generation, an important step in the problem-solving process, is susceptible to experimental manipulation. Schematic maps facilitate the generation of wider-ranging, viable, synergistic alternatives to an uncomfortable situation. Maps help illustrate the complex systems within which problems occur and how patterns of behavior are maintained through reinforcement. Peer feedback may provide information about strategies for the development of additional options.
AB - The purpose of the present study was to provide a basis for enhancing personal development in older adolescents by examining the usefulness of two information-processing tools in solving personal problems: schematic maps and peer feedback. Ninety-five college students were assigned to either a schematic map group or an essay group, and further subdivided into groups that worked alone or with a vicarious partner. Assessment consisted of analyzing and generating alternatives to a scenario involving a college student with a drinking problem. Results indicated that alternative generation, an important step in the problem-solving process, is susceptible to experimental manipulation. Schematic maps facilitate the generation of wider-ranging, viable, synergistic alternatives to an uncomfortable situation. Maps help illustrate the complex systems within which problems occur and how patterns of behavior are maintained through reinforcement. Peer feedback may provide information about strategies for the development of additional options.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Debbie and Neal would like to welcome you to The Glenavon 4 star guest house - a beautifully appointed, warm, friendly family run Edwardian guest house, which is the perfect choice for your bed and breakfast requirements in Llandudno.
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and Efficiency Ashok Gulati G D Kalra Despite a 30 per cent hike in fertiliser prices, fertiliser subsidy in the central government budget is expected to touch Rs 60 billion in the year 1991-92. This continues to be a matter of concern to policy-makers trying to correct the fiscal imbalance in the budget. This paper suggests thai farmers, fertiliser industry and consumers offoodgrains all seem to be benefiting from this subsidy in one way or the other, and in varying degrees. The burden of readjustment, therefore, should fall on all the three fronts, almost simultaneously.


The built-in tasks are a good starting point, but as you expand ProGet within your organization, you may want to customizing tasks to help model governance and compliance policies.
A task has a name and description, and is comprised of a set of more granular security attributes that define what principals may or may not do when granted the task. Some attributes may be scoped to a feed, whereas others can only be applied to the system scope. For example, scheduled jobs are managed at the system level (and are used by all feeds), the "Scheduled Jobs" attribute cannot be scoped to a single feed.
Any system that allows for granular security attributes has the concept of "granting by proxy", or proxy attributes. For example, even if you only grant permission to create and delete files on a file system, you are still granting edit permission by proxy; a user can simply delete and then create a file as a workaround for not being able to edit it. Likewise, users with only edit permissions can delete by proxy, because they can simply edit the file to have no content.
There is no sensible way for any software to prevent proxy operations, which is why it's important to understand what proxy attributes you may be unintentionally allowing.
Granular security attributes can also lead towards creating "nonsensical" policies. For example, giving manage but not view permissions is nonsensical because you can't manage something you can't view. In this case, the behavior is undefined; generally, you'll be able to view the thing, but there are some places where it might not be visible.
While you wouldn't intentionally create such a policy, it might occur if you create multiple overlapping restrictions and permissions across multiple overlapping groups. The best way to mitigate this risk is to carefully plan your use of restrictions.
Even with a well-planned security restrictions in one part of a system, users can bypass those restrictions from another part of the system that didn't consider the same security restrictions. For example, simply denying view privileges on sensitive files on a network drive is not enough to protect sensitive data; anyone with access to the backups will have transitive access to all of those files. Of course, you can encrypt the backups, but then anyone with the decryption key will have transitive access to all the backups.
Some of the attributes are denoted with a superscript F, which indicates that they are scopable by feed.
This attribute is a proxy for all other attributes, and should be only granted to people you intend to be system administrators. It is a sort of "administrative catch all" that is used to secure pages in the administration section not covered by other attributes, including security, extensions, and all settings.
This allows users to create, edit, and delete connectors. This can provide transitive access to editing feeds that use a connector.
View will allow users to see the result of scheduled jobs. Manage will allow users to manually execute, and also deactivate and change the status of these jobs.
View Passwords will allow users to view sensitive (encrypted) fields on resource credentials. This attribute primarily exists to allow some users to view credentials only associated with certain environments.
Currently, ProGet only uses Credentials for advanced Active Directory configuration; eventually we will use credentials for connecting username/passwords as well.
Manage will allow users to create, edit, delete credentials, as well as view all sensitive (encrypted) fields. This could provide transitive access to connected systems, so be very careful when granting this.
Allows users to create, edit, and delete assessment types, as well as asses vulnerabilities.
Allows users to create, edit, and delete known license types, as well as define licensing rules on feeds and globally. This is not feed-specific by design; many packages do not use standard SPDX codes, but instead specify a custom URL (often, to their project site or source repository), and it would be practically unusable to not be permitted to define new known license types, or to make known license types a feed-specific setting.
These attributes are essentially required for read-only access to a feed. There are some very limited use cases for allowing viewing feed and package metadata, but not allowing packages themselves to be downloaded (or vice versa).
These attributes all allow for manipulation of packages in a feed.
The Add attribute allows for UI- and API-based adding of packages, while the Pull attribute only allows for using the UI's "pull package" function. Granting only Pull may be useful for building a sort of approval workflow for connector packages.
Generally, you offer Add and Pull to package authors, but restrict Overwrite and Delete access to administrative users; packages are intended to be immutable (and can be automatically purged through retention policies), and giving this access encourages a suboptimal workflow.
Note: Delete with Add privileges are proxy attributes for Overwrite.
This attribute permits promoting a package from another feed (the "source" feed) into the feed this permission applies to. You should also grant View and Download Package permissions on the source feed.
This allows for full control over the feed, including changing package stores. It is effectively administrative access for the feed, and is a proxy attribute for all other attributes.


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RAIN 11/19: Cuban says he never agreed to confidentiality, denies charge
Attorneys for Mark Cuban say he never agreed to keep confidential information that led him to sell his stake in a Canadian web search firm, and which yesterday brought an SEC charge of insider trading. The SEC sued yesterday, charging that Cuban sold his shares of Mamma.com after the company's CEO Guy Faure revealed to Cuban his plans for a secondary stock offering. Today, Cuban made public the purported transcript of a conversation between Faure and Cuban's lawyers, in which Faure admits Cuban did not explicitly agree to keep their conversation under wraps.
Cuban yesterday, in response to the SEC charges, wrote in his blog, "The government's claims are false and they will be proven to be so." MarketWatch reports (here}), "Cuban could face millions of dollars in fines and disgorgement if the case is brought to trial and the SEC is victorious. He would also be forced to disclose the issue in future public financial filings."
WEBCAST'S IMPACT ON RADIO LISTENING INEVITABLE, SAYS RADIO WORLD'S PIZZI
"It's now no longer a question of if, but rather when, the wireless Internet will have measurable impact on radio listening," writes Skip Pizzi of Radio World (here). Pizzi says that broadcasters can help avoid irrelevance by moving online and to mobile phones fast. "It is therefore to broadcasters' advantage to play along rather than fight," he writes, arguing that broadcasters should not wait for FM receivers to come to phones, but get to mobile devices via 3G/4G.
MUSIC ALLY LIKES LAST.FM FOR IPHONE, BUT NET RADIO HARD TO FIND IN REDEYE'S TOP 100
UK music blog Music Ally granted the Last.fm app a spot in its 12 favorite iPhone downloadables. That same app landed in the Chicago Tribune's RedEye's Top 100 favorite iPhone applications. Apps from WunderRadio and Pandora also made the list here. RAIN yesterday reported tech blog Gizmodo's Top 20 essential iPhone apps here.
CASTCATCHER APP APPROVED FOR iPHONE
The CastCatcher application, recently mysteriously denied from Apple's iPhone App Store (RAIN coverage here), has been approved according to developer Return7's website here. No word on why the approval was granted. You can pick the Internet radio app up for $3.99.
FONESHOW OFFERS GEO-TARGETED ADS
Foneshow has announced it is now offering geo-targeted pre- and post-roll ads around its content. "Simply put, a user listening to a program in D.C. will hear a different, localized ad than someone listening in Dallas," a Foneshow rep told RAIN. Foneshow delivers short-form, talk radio-style programming to nearly any wireless phone. According to a press release, "Foneshow can now provide subscribers with customized sweepers for local affiliates… This feature not only customizes the experience of consuming radio, but allows advertisers to target specific markets or politicians to reach certain congressional districts."


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Posted in: army, Culture, History, Military, Uncategorized.	Tagged: ANZAC Day 2017.	Leave a comment
The 25th of April 2017, will be the 102st anniversary of ANZAC here in Australia and New Zealand.
Today we remember the sacrifices given by our servicemen in many and varied conflicts, many who made the supreme sacrifice and laid down their lives so that who are left can enjoy the freedom and liberty so hard-won.
We especially remember those gallant men who stormed the beaches of ANZAC Cove at Gallipoli in 1915, and gave their all against a formidable Turkish foe. We remember their endurance and their perseverance to get the job done. And ultimately, we remember the tragic failure of the whole Gallipoli campaign.
It was a turning point as a nation for both Australia and New Zealand, a baptism of fire, a loss of innocence for a young country. Many heroes arose out of this battle, many names becoming those of legend.
ANZAC is synonymous with bravery, stoicism, dogged determination and a drive to succeed. This became a characteristic of all servicemen to follow and is the measure of every "Digger."
We bow our heads and reflect on their service and their sacrifice.
Who Are These Men
Who are these men that march so proud,
Who quietly weep, eyes closed, head bowed?
These are the men who once were boys,
Who missed out on youth and all of its joys.
Who are these men with aged faces,
Who silently count the empty spaces?
There are the men who gave their all,
Who fought for their country for freedom for all.
Who are these men with sorrowful look
Who can still remember the lives that were took?
These are the men that saw young men die,
The price of peace is always high.
Who are these men who in the midst of pain,
Whispered comfort to those they would not see again?
These are the men whose hands held tomorrow,
Who brought back our future with blood tears and sorrow.
Who are these men who promise to keep
Alive in their hearts the ones God holds asleep?
These are the men to whom I promise again:
"Veterens", my friends – I will remember them!
Jodie Johnson
This poem was written in 1966 by Jodie Johnson who was 11 years old at the time. The depth of her feeling and understanding for the thoughts of the veterans is unusual for someone so young. I know when I see this sort of understanding by young people, that our future is in good hands.
They went with songs to the battle, they were young.
Straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow.
They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted,
They fell with their faces to the foe.
They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old:
Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.
At the going down of the sun, and in the morning,
Sport and ANZAC Day
Posted in: army, Defence, History, Military, Sport, Uncategorized, Warfare.	Tagged: ANZAC, ANZAC Day, Comparisons, John Birmingham, Sport.	Leave a comment
The AFL and NRL play matches on ANZAC Day Photo: Getty
Keith Miller, champion cricketer and a RAAF fighter-bomber pilot in the big match against Adolf Hitler, knew how to handle stupid questions that equated the pressures and performance of sportsmen, even the best of them, with the experience of anyone who'd ever gone to war.
He snorted in contempt.
"Pressure?" he laughed at Michael Parkinson. "Pressure is a Messerschmitt up your a**e, playing cricket is not."
There aren't many Millers left in modern sport, but it was gratifying to see his spirit expressed, if a lot more carefully and with less swearing and drunken two-fisted assaults on the dignity of higher ups and mucky-mucks, by Richmond's Jack Riewoldt this week.
Pressed on Fox Footy about what the annual weekend of ANZAC Day sport meant to him ahead of Richmond's AFL clash against Melbourne on Monday night, Riewoldt was cautious and thoughtful, even abashed in his answer.
Invited by the Herald Sun's Mark Robinson to unpack the 'parallels' between the record of the ANZACs and the games which commemorate them, he said: "I think you've got to be very careful drawing parallels with the actual game."
He looked genuinely uncomfortable to be asked to measure running around a footy field against running into enemy fire and said that, if anything, the ANZAC Day matches were best viewed as encouraging people to simply stop and reflect on history for a moment.
Discussion of war and sport never encourages good sense, either separately or together.
Riewoldt, however, covered himself in a modest sort of glory.
He explained, when repeatedly pushed to emote about what ANZAC Day meant to him, that he had no personal connection to it.
No grandpa who saw off Rommel. No grand-aunt who nursed Monash.
"Personally, it's not… there's no connection there," he almost stammered.
And good on him.
Most of us are lucky enough never to have pulled on a slouch hat because we were ordered to.
Our forebears probably didn't storm the heights at Gallipoli or push Japan's 144th Infantry Regiment off the bloody slopes of Imita Ridge.
There really weren't that many of us in the plantation at Long Tan, and even fewer in Afghanistan's Shah-i-Khot Valley.
Some other blokes did all of that hard work.
Some amazing doctors and nurses put them back together when they literally came apart.
And we should always remember them. All of them.
But it's taking a bit of a liberty, and nudging right up to egregious disrespect of what they endured and what they achieved, to invoke the ANZAC Legend every time you want to boost your ratings or sell some tickets, or move a bit of war-themed merchandise off the shelves after the Easter sales.
Our veteran forebears would have considered it disrespectful in the extreme for a sporting match to held conducted on ANZAC Day. I retain that opinion.
You would think that after nearly two decades of deployment by the modern ADF that we might be a little more circumspect.
The toll levied on thousands of young veterans, the damage done to their bodies and minds, might curdle the enthusiasm of even the worst blowhard. You would think.
With so many of our latest veterans taking their own lives, or living with the spectre of what they have seen and done in our names, the least we could do is stop the ridiculous comparisons between war and footy.
It's unseemly and disrespectful.
But don't imagine the sporting contest you enjoy on ANZAC Day in any way recalls the reality of their experience.
John BirminghamAward-winning author, journalist@JohnBirmingham
More Trump "Confusion?"
Posted in: Military, News, Opinion, Politics, Security, Uncategorized, US Presidency, Warfare.	Tagged: Kim Jung-Un, North Korea, Sea of Japan, Trump, USS Carl Vinson.	Leave a comment
As US President Donald Trump boasted of a naval "armada" headed to Korea, it has emerged that the ships involved were in fact en route to military exercises with Australia more than 5,800 kilometres miles in the opposite direction.
Admiral Harry Harris on April 8 made the dramatic announcement that an aircraft carrier had been ordered to sail north from Singapore toward the Western Pacific.
Following Admiral Harris's announcement, President Donald Trump and some of his top aides highlighted the deployment as part of the administration's response to North Korea's persistent missile tests.
WW2 Japanese admiral Isoroku Yamamoto observed that he was "waking the sleeping giant" by provoking the US. Is Trump doing the same with Kim Jung-Un and North Korea?
As The New York Times reported: "Its imminent arrival had been emblazoned on front pages across East Asia, fanning fears that Mr. Trump was considering a pre-emptive military strike."
The USS Carl Vinson and its accompanying strike force was in fact on its way to join Australian forces for exercises in the Indian Ocean.
A senior Trump administration official blamed a miscommunication between the Pentagon and the White House over reports that the Carl Vinson has not made its way to the Sea of Japan as an expected show of force to North Korea.
The official, quoted by CNN, blamed the mixup on a lack of follow-up with commanders overseeing the movements of the Carl Vinson.
The admission comes despite President Trump telling Fox Business Network on April 12 that: "We are sending an armada, very powerful."
Defence Secretary James Mattis on April 11 told reporters that the Carl Vinson was "on her way up there", referring to the Sea of Japan.
But the US Navy posted a photo online Monday of the Carl Vinson sailing south through the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra.
It was taken on Saturday, four days after White House press secretary Sean Spicer described its mission in the Sea of Japan.
CNN reported that further confusion was added Mr Mattis told reporters last week that the military exercises with Australia had been canceled.
The network cited multiple US defence as saying that Mr Mattis had inadvertently misspoke and that it was a port visit in Australia that was canceled to allow for the group's redeployment to the waters near the Korean Peninsula.
The strike group, including the 97,000-ton carrier and its 60-plus aircraft, the guided-missile destroyers USS Wayne E. Meyer and USS Michael Murphy and the guided-missile cruiser USS Lake Champlain, is now expected to arrive off the Korean Peninsula by next week.
WTF? What happened to secrecy?
Posted in: Defence, Democracy, Government, Military, News, Opinion, Politics, Security, Uncategorized.	Tagged: North Korea, NSA, security, Shinzo Abe, Trump.	Leave a comment
US President Donald Trump has stunned the world by allowing paying guests at his Florida resort to listen in on high-level foreign policy discussions – and even take photos with the soldier who carries the nuclear launch codes.
This puts a whole new slant on "open government!"
In Mr Trump's most recent visit to his Florida country club Mar-a-Lago, a dinner with visiting Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe soon morphed into a public display of typically top-secret presidential activity when news came of North Korea's missile test launch
Rather than being ushered away to discuss the matter in private, Mr Trump and his top aides remained at their tables, referring to documents and making phone calls in clear view of their fellow diners.
"Is he a president or a businessman? He cant be both! He needs to decide – and soon!"
'Publicity stunt'
Mr Trump's decision to remain in a public setting as the news unfolded has Australian political commentators "mind-boggled".
Melbourne University US politics lecturer George Rennie said the President left Mr Abe in an awkward position.
Mr Rennie said that under normal circumstances, senior advisers would whisper in the President's ear and he and his company would be immediately whisked away to a secure setting to discuss the matter privately. This would encourage carefully-considered deliberations before a message was conveyed to citizens.
The venue of Mr Trump and Mr Abe's meeting also proved problematic, he added.
"I can ripple no comparison where computer screens could be seen or speech could be overheard by people who don't have security clearance. As far as I'm concerned this behaviour is unprecedented," Mr Rennie told The New Daily.
"I've spent a lot of time in Japan and I'd imagine Abe would have been surprised by Trump's reaction, but wanted to respect his host. North Korea has got to be the No.1 concern to the Japanese and I'd imagine Abe would not have been happy about the world seeing his facial expressions, body language and overhearing words exchanged in reaction to that news before he had time to deliberate.
"For Abe to walk out would have been a slight to the President."
But Mr Rennie could see "no valid justification" for Mr Trump's decision to stay.
"It's bizarre. The whole thing is borderline comical, but incredibly concerning."
The 'nuclear football' exposed
A club guest dining at a nearby table, Richard DeAgazio, documented the scene, publishing photos on his personal Facebook account.
He posted a photo of himself posing with the man who carries the so-called "nuclear football" or briefcase that equips the president to authorise a nuclear attack.
This sparked shock reactions from citizens on social media who not only expressed concern about the man being identified but for the wider risks this exposure could mean for the country's national security.
Associate Professor Tim Lynch, a US politics expert, said the incident displayed a "sloppiness" to Mr Trump's leadership.
"It's not like someone who got their hands on the briefcase could launch a nuclear war with an iPhone code, it's much more elaborate than that," Professor Lynch said.
"Trump's part calculated, part blunder. But we can be sure of one thing, everything he does is completely deliberate, nothing is accidental.
"More than anything, this exposes a very immature administration. World leaders don't make national security strategy around a restaurant table.
"Secrecy is absolutely crucial to the success of a presidency."
Let's hope that this gaffe is not a sign of how this administration means to go on!
Trump's "foreign"policy
Posted in: Democracy, Government, History, Military, News, Opinion, Politics, Public Opinion, Security, Trade, tradition, Uncategorized, Views.	Tagged: aggressive policy, America First, Foreign policy, Isolationalism, Trump, United Sates, US President.	Leave a comment
There is something to be said for a demolition "expert!"
Not content with reshaping America, US President Donald Trump is reshaping diplomacy throughout the world.
While the world's diplomats are aflame with indignation over the seemingly ad hoc nature of Mr Trump's foreign policy announcements, leading Australian policy experts suggest there could be a silver lining.
Mr Trump has called NATO obsolete, although it has been the bedrock of Western military alliance since World War II. He famously spoke on the phone to the Taiwanese President, throwing the One China policy up for grabs. He has been at clear odds with the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who has declared those fleeing war and terror will always be welcome in Canada. He is moving ahead with the wall between the US and Mexico, has jousted with the German leader and turned the relationship with Russia on its head.
On Thursday (AEST), he threw decades of diplomatic effort up in the air when he declared of the Palestine-Israel two-state solution: "I'm looking at two-state and one-state, and I like the one that both parties like."
How is this going to work? Historically, Israel and Palestine have shown that they can't come to agreement on moving forward to resolve their differences.
Even in far-off Australia, he's managed to insult Prime Minister "Trumble".
One of Australia's most experienced security advisers Allan Behm, author of the recent book No, Minister and former head of the International Policy and Strategy Divisions of the Department of Defence, argues that for all his iconoclastic bluster and rants against received wisdom, Mr Trump is forcing a re-examination of the alliances which have underpinned the West for 70 years.
"The best thing for friends and allies is they have had to review their position, and that is a good thing," Mr Behm told The New Daily. "There is an upside when you have to test your fundamental assumptions. If the Prime Minister is going to get a bollocking every time he talks to the President, it is about time we thought about the alliance."
What has upset much of the diplomatic and bureaucratic class worldwide – Mr Trump's brazen contempt for established practice – is forcing America itself, along with its allies, to redefine exactly what their best interests are.
Professor of International Politics at the University of NSW Tony Burke told The New Daily the hostility or disdain between the Australian and US leaders was disturbing, "but if it makes us think about having an independent foreign policy, that is of benefit".
"There has been a tendency to align too closely with Washington's position on everything. We need to determine our own interests."
Professor of History at the American University in Washington, Max Friedman, said of Mr Trump's diplomatic efforts: "The most beautiful and classiest foreign policy ever", before making it clear he was mimicking President Trump's hyperbole.
The problem is we don't know what Trump's foreign policy is because he doesn't seem to know.
"He has challenged convention without offering a coherent alternative. We don't know if he values NATO or thinks it is obsolete. Is he recognising Taiwan or sticking with the One China policy? Does he support West Bank settlements or oppose them? He wants to obliterate ISIS, but is rattling sabres at Iran, the country doing the most to fight ISIS."
Professor Rory Medcalf, head of the National Security College in Canberra, told The New Daily Mr Trump's regular tweeting was compelling officials to invent policy on the run, all to fit in with his tweets.
"That is unprecedented, that the most powerful man in the world has this way of circumventing his own system and the very, very powerful national security bureaucracy."
But despite Mr Trump's spectacular ability to ignore all traditional diplomatic practice, experts are united in thinking, or hoping, that the institutional strength and heavyweight machinery of traditional American governance will ultimately have a tempering effect on him.
As Mr Behm puts it: "The greatest positive I can draw out of it, is while everyone is recalibrating, Trump is learning on the job, and learning how to walk backwards. He has walked backwards on China, I think he will walk backwards on Mexico, he is already walking backwards on Canada.
Governments around the world are reappraising their position, their treaties with the United States, and the future while Trump is learning the hard lessons of being President.
As foreign policy remains so "foreign" to Trump, and so overtly aggressive, there is a distinct risk that the United States will become more and more isolated by following Trump's "America First" agenda!
It could very well end up an "America Alone" agenda!
There's a Red in the (White) House!
Posted in: Defence, Government, Law, Media, Military, News, Opinion, Politics, Uncategorized, Views.	Tagged: Michael Flynn, Putin, Russia, Trump, unautorised contact.	Leave a comment
Phone records and intercepted calls show that members of Donald Trump's presidential campaign and other Trump associates repeatedly contacted with senior Russian intelligence officials in the year before the election, the New York Times reports.
US law enforcement and intelligence agencies intercepted the communications around the same time they were discovering evidence that Russia was trying to disrupt the presidential election by hacking into the Democratic National Committee, three of the officials said, according to the Times.
The intelligence agencies then sought to learn whether the Trump campaign was colluding with the Russians on the hacking or other efforts to influence the election, the newspaper said.
"Surely, these are grounds to call Trump's election as president into question?
The officials interviewed in recent weeks said they had seen no evidence of such cooperation so far, it said.
However, the intercepts alarmed US intelligence and law enforcement agencies, in part because of the amount of contact that was occurring while Mr Trump was speaking glowingly about Russian President Vladimir Putin.
The intercepted calls are different from the wiretapped conversations last year between Michael Flynn, Mr Trump's former national security adviser, and Sergei Kislyak, the Russian ambassador to the United States, the Times said.
Michael Flynn had earlier assured Vice-President Mike Pence that he had not discussed sanctions with the Russian envoy.
During those calls, the two men discussed sanctions that the Obama administration imposed on Russia in December.
Mr Flynn misled the White House about those calls and was asked to resign on Monday night.
The White House did not immediately respond to a request from Reuters for comment on the Times story.
On the Russian side, the contacts also included members of the Russian government outside of the intelligence services, the officials reportedly said.
All of the current and former officials spoke on the condition of anonymity because the continuing investigation is classified.
The officials said that one of the advisers picked up on the calls was Paul Manafort, who was Mr Trump's campaign chairman for several months in 2016 and had worked as a political consultant in Russia and the Ukraine.
The officials declined to identify the other Trump associates on the calls.
Unsanctioned, unofficial contact with another country may be construed as treasonous?
The call logs and intercepted communications are part of a larger trove of information that the FBI is sifting through as it investigates the links between Mr Trump's associates and the Russian government, as well as the DNC hack, according to federal law enforcement officials.
As part of its inquiry, the FBI has obtained banking and travel records and conducted interviews, the officials said.
Mr Manafort, who has not been charged with any crimes, dismissed the accounts of the US officials in a telephone interview on Tuesday.
"This is absurd," he told the Times. "I have no idea what this is referring to. I have never knowingly spoken to Russian intelligence officers, and I have never been involved with anything to do with the Russian government or the Putin administration or any other issues under investigation today."
"It's not like these people wear badges that say, 'I'm a Russian intelligence officer'," he added.
Russian Sabre-rattling?
Posted in: Democracy, Government, Military, Politics, Security, Uncategorized, Warfare.	Tagged: Crimea, military build-up, NATO, Putin, Russia.	Leave a comment
President Vladimir Putin has said Russia must boost its combat readiness in response to NATO's "aggressive actions" near its borders.
Addressing the Russian parliament Putin also criticised the West for its reluctance to build a collective security system with Russia.
''NATO is strengthening its aggressive rhetoric and its aggressive actions near our borders. In these conditions, we are duty-bound to pay special attention to solving the task of strengthening the combat defences of our country," he declared.
Last month, Moscow announced plans to create three new divisions to meet what it described as a dangerous military build-up on its borders.
NATO chief, Jens Stoltenberg urged dialogue.
"The important thing is that we need the NATO/Russia Council to have a chance of political dialogue open with Russia and especially when tensions are high. It is important that we talk, that we meet and that we do whatever we can to prevent misunderstandings, miscalculations, and try to reduce tensions," Stoltenberg said.
NATO is also set to send four battalions to Poland and the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in an attempt to prevent a repeat of Russian actions, such as the annexation of Crimea in 2014.
Russia has openly stated that it wishes to regain those states or territories lost after the break-up of the former Soviet Union. The simple solution to this problem is for Russia not to covet those now independent states and to clearly and unequivocally denounce any intention to attempt to annex them.


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Eduardo Ruman (In Memoriam)
Diretor-Presidente
Administrativo e Empreendedor
Denise Ruman
MTB - 0086489
The Biggest and Best International Newspaper for World Peace
BRANCH OFFICE OF THE NEWSPAPER "PACIFIST JOURNAL" in BRAZIL
Founder, President And International General Chief-Director / Fundadora, Presidente e Diretora Geral Internacional : Denise Ruman - MTB: 0086489 / SP-BRAZIL
Local Chief-Director - Brazil / Diretora-Chefe Local - Brasil : Denise Ruman
Mentor do Jornal / Mentor of the Newspaper : José Cardoso Salvador (in memoriam)
Mentor-Director / Mentor-Director : Mahavátar Babají (in memoriam)
SERVIÇOS HUMANITÁRIOS
Natureza e Meio Ambiente
Cultura e Mitologia
MANIFESTAÇOES ARTÍSTICAS
Poemas e Poesias
Edições Impressas / Arquivo
Anúncios e Doações
MOHAMMAD MONERUL AHASAN - PEACE LEADER BANGLADESH IN PARTNERSHIP WITH PACIFIST JOURNAL & PACIFIST NEWSPAPER
10 reasons why a spiritual quest can change your life
12 signs that you've become dependent on your phone
3rd blackout in Amapá: what is known and what still needs to be clarified about the new blackout
Pope Francis receives vaccine against Covid-19 at the Vatican
Pope Francis becomes name of poor neighborhood in Buenos Aires
Venezuela says it will offer oxygen to the Amazon
O PLANETA TERRA AGONIZA
Direitos Humanos / 21/09/2020
Come back / Voltar
The Black Christ and the invisibility of Afro-Peruvians
Fonte GELEDES
In addition to the Andes and the lush city of Machu Picchu, Peru's history is closely linked to that of Africa and its descendants.
On November 7, 2009, Peru's then president, Alan García, apologized to Afro-Peruvians for the years of oppression and discrimination they have suffered throughout the country's history. In a solemn ceremony, the representative said: "We declare to the Afro-Peruvian population a historic request for forgiveness for the abuse, exclusion and discrimination perpetrated against them the colonial era to the present." It was the first time that a political leader apologized to his nationals for the horrors caused by racism.
Although important, the act has emptied itself. The American Revolutionary People's Alliance (APRAP), a center-left party that ruled Peru and to which Alan García was affiliated, did nothing to minimize or combat racism, much less considered the countless suggestions of different sectors of society engaged in the struggle. anti-racist.
The apology was erased in the time and memory of Peruvians. But Alan García's speech allows for some reflections: after all, are there blacks in Peru? If so, how are these blacks ed in Peruvian society? What is the group's contribution to the country?
In addition to the Andes and the lush city of Machu Picchu, Peru's history is closely linked to that of Africa and its descendants. The first Africans who landed in Peru were members of the army of Francisco Pizarro, a Spaniard who began conquering the region in 1532. Pizarro recruited enslaved Africans to conquer the indigenous population and defeat the Inca Empire, one of the most powerful of the period. The popular tradition tells that the indigenous people were perplexed to see the blacks and started to rub their skin to remove the color, such was their estrangement with those human beings that they had never seen before.
As Spanish colonization advanced over Peru's now Viceroyalty, marked by intense civil wars, the indigenous population succumbed and was almost decimated. As a result, the available manpower was drastically reduced. To solve the shortage of workers, the Spaniards turned to the African arm and imported more than 100,000 unfortunate people to work in the gold, silver and emerald mines that shone in the conquered territory of the Incas. The African worker was also used in crops, farms, as domestic servants, artisans, master builders, water workers and in various manual activities.
The Spanish domain was successful. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, Peru was among the richest colonies in the New World, and one of the main landing ports for Africans trafficked by the infamous slave trade. It is estimated that around 700,000 Africans landed in Peru and Mexico during the transatlantic slave trade, Angola, Senegambia, Sierra Leone and Costa dos Escravos, now Benin.
To have an idea of what the number of slaves meant, the African presence was of such magnitude that the Spaniards considered Lima (current capital of Peru) to be a black city. About 60% of the city's population was black and almost all aspects of urban life had African traits. It is not by chance, therefore, that one of the most popular saints in Peru is black, called Martinho de Porres.
Born in Lima in mid-1579, Martinho was the son of a freed African and a Spanish nobleman. As a teenager, he joined the Dominican Order and did several ecclesiastical jobs that his peers rejected. At the convent, he was admired for his dedication to the poorest, for his commitment to heal the sick, for religious righteousness and, above all, for treating everyone equally - lay or religious, white or black, slave or free. He had a predilection for the marginalized, but anyone who sought him out for religious or medical matters, the effort was the same. After his death, he was revered by different groups until he was canonized in 1962. Currently, there is no Peruvian Catholic who does not devote services to San Martín de Porres, the black saint.
Speaking of devotion, the traditional Festa dos Senhor dos Milagres, one of the largest in Latin America, takes crowds to the streets of Peru to celebrate the image of El Cristo Negro. Painted by a slave in the 17th century, the image of the Black Christ (as he is known) resisted infiltrations of water, several attempts at destruction by detractors and successive earthquakes that devastated Peru (one of them even brought down the slave quarters the Christ was painted, but kept the image intact). These events, added to different "graces achieved" by its devotees, originated a cult that, restricted to slaves at first, won thousands of followers over the centuries.
We know nothing about the slave who painted the mural, only that he was a black man Angola, illiterate and skilled. Nobody was concerned with registering his name, his history, lost in time and space. But his work survived ostracism, and a bill is currently being processed in the Peruvian Congress to make r The señor de los milagros, the Black Christ, patron of Peru.
Skilled was also the famous painter Francisco Pancho Fierro Palas, a black man who lived in Peru in the first half of the 19th century. Pancho has a robust production, painted more than 1200 watercolors on various themes of daily life, all of them concerned with showing, above all, that slaves were fundamental to the formation of Peruvian society. According to the historian Maribel Arrelucea Barrantes, "when we think of slaves, only slaves in the fields, chained and constantly beaten" come to mind ". However, Barrantes continues, "Slavery in Lima was more relaxed, more malleable. I think Pacho Fierro wanted to show us the joy that the African population was capable of. It shows us people interacting, living together, having fun. " Pancho Fierro is among the greatest Peruvian painters of all time and his work is a reference for scholars who wish to understand 19th century Peru.
It was in the nineteenth century, in fact, that hundreds of blacks sawed in the armies of Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, considered the heroes of Independence, and promoted Peruvian liberation Spanish rule. Despite fighting alongside the leaders, none of them were recognized as the creator of national liberation and their deeds were erased in history. By the way, who remembers the black Micaela Bastidas, who, together with Túpac Amaru II, led the most important rebellion in Peru in the 18th century, even before Simón Bolívar and San Martín? What about Antonio Oblitas, a slave who fought alongside Micaela and Túpac, one of the greatest strategists of the Peruvian colonial period? Finally, who remembers the blacks slaughtered on the front lines of the armies of Bolívar and San Martín, betrayed by the generals shortly after independence?
After the War of Independence, the promise of abolition of slavery made by Bolívar and San Martín became a dead letter. The generals did not move a straw in favor of the emancipation of the enslaved, not least because they themselves were slaves. Only in 1854 was slavery abolished in the country.
The end of Spanish colonialism did not represent the emancipation of blacks, who were excluded the nascent republic. Peru came to be governed by heirs of Spaniards, who bequeathed their ideas about the inferiority of blacks. The second half of the 19th century, therefore, which should cultivate the values conveyed by Pancho Fierro's work, became a century in which racism, discrimination and other forms of exclusion advanced at a rapid pace in all regions, including Lima - the so-called "black city".
In addition to the advancement of racist ideas, the country received a gigantic flow of Italian, Chinese, German and Spanish immigrants, who occupied land, displaced the former residents, especially blacks, and squeezed them into pockets of misery scattered throughout the country. The miscegenation in the course of the twentieth century was responsible for making blacks even more invisible, since the process did not mean an appreciation of blackness, but the denial of any trait that referred to this group.
The civil war that devastated Peru between 1980 and 2000, sponsored by the State and the Maoist group Sendero Luminoso, spared no one. Most of the dead, according to the report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, were made up of Quechua speakers, that is, mostly indigenous and black peasants.
Among the dead is María Elena Moyano, one of the most emblematic black activists in the country, responsible for putting pressure on Alan García in his historic apology. Elena Moyano, who disagreed with the methods and the truculent way in which the sendero treated peasants, was savagely murdered by members of the guerrilla on February 15, 1992. As if shooting in the head and chest was not enough, her body was dragged through the streets and then blown up. Days after having buried parts of the body, the senderistas blew up her grave so that there was no trace of the activist.
The attempt to erase blacks in Peru remains active in the contemporary period. Despite this initiative, there is no way to hide the black heritage in the popular festival, in music, in religiosity, in the arts, in sports and in different aspects of society. Although the phenotype of Peruvians is mostly indigenous, blacks are distributed in different regions of the country, although they are not visible to tourists who travel through Lima, Cuzco or Machu Picchu.
Currently, the Afro-Peruvian population is between 600,000 and 3 million people, depending on who does the counting. This represents between 2% and 10% of the total population. In Peru, as in Mexico, the federal census does not provide for a category for people of African descent - this means saying that blacks do not officially exist.
Although the census does not seem relevant, it raises interesting questions: if blacks do not officially exist, how can racism exist?
them? If they are not legally counted, to whom did President Alan García address his request for forgiveness on November 7, 2009?
The black presence in Peru could go unnoticed in the image that the country projects to the world. However, it cannot be silenced or erased. In the Andes, black people have found their voices in different aspects of society and are shouting loudly for the world to hear them.
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The "Hand Surgery Team" at Khoula Hospital has successfully performed two distinguished accomplishments in the field of re-attaching amputated body parts. The operation of re-attaching 4 amputated fingers of an Asian patient and of one finger of 3-year-old girl were performed with the outmost work and extreme care. In spite of its rarity and complexity, the operations were a great success.
Re-attachment of amputated body parts with microvascular surgery is routinely done in Khoula hospital. The surgery involves transfer of tissues from one part of the body to another with establishment of blood supply, this surgery is done under microscope and requires great skill and patience, says Dr. Jopal Malhotra, senior consultant surgeon who performed the two operations. One such operation takes at least 8-10 hours and even longer.
And for a further improvement in providing the best health care in Oman, Ministry of Health has recently established a separate department of Hand surgery in Khoula Hospital. The new department of Hand & Microvascular surgery has already started providing dedicated and focused service. Development of superspecialty department is one of its kind in the region and it adds a lot to the care of patients with hand abnormalities and unfortunate victims of hand injuries.


Today, Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) and Congressman Bobby Scott (D-VA) introduced the Child Care for Working Families Act—the boldest vision for child care reform in decades. The bill would make child care a national priority, lowering child care costs for hard-working families, improving the quality and availability of care, and raising teacher pay.
Families need access to significant public resources in order to make child care affordable; but equally needed are public investments in the child care workforce. In "Quality Jobs, Quality Care," my co-authors, Halley Potter, Andrew Stettner and I argued that "the United States needs to make significant public investments to transform the current broken patchwork of Early Care and Education (ECE) programs into a coherent, high-quality system, and these investments must recognize that compensation and diversity are both central components of high-quality ECE." This bill preserves the diversity of child care options that families need while valuing the people who provide care for our children.
Child care is a substantial part of a family's budget—often exceeding the cost of rent or college tuition. Many families struggle simply to find the care that they need: they live in a child care desert, with either no available centers at all, or far too many children competing for the available openings; or they work nights and weekends and can't find affordable care when they need it; or they have nearby care, but the price is just too high for them to pay it without going into debt.
At the same time, even with the high child care bills that parents pay, those employed in roles that provide care are often struggling to get by, with median wages of barely more than $10 an hour. Low wages lead to economic insecurity and high turnover, which can impact the quality of care. However, investing in care jobs would not only ensure higher quality care: it would help to ameliorate the economy's deficit of quality employment, nourishing it with jobs that, furthermore, can't be outsourced or automated, and are needed in every community. And since care jobs also support the ability of parents to work, growing the care sector benefits the labor force as a whole.
Investing in care jobs would not only ensure higher quality care: it would help to ameliorate the economy's deficit of quality employment, nourishing it with jobs that, furthermore, can't be outsourced or automated, and are needed in every community.
The Child Care for Working Families Act addresses both of these challenges. It increases the resources available for families to find affordable child care when and where they need it. And by building on the current diversity of care options, it reinforces the priority of a diverse workforce.
While this bill is not expected to move in the current political climate, it's important to set a new bar for what's possible for working families: financial assistance that covers the high cost of care, and significant investments in quality care and jobs. Specifically, this bill would cap child care costs at 7 percent of a family's income for families with up to one and a half times their state's median income—about $100,000 per year. It would provide federal resources to cover the cost of a living wage for teachers and caregivers, and would meet quality standards for young kids and also for after-school and summer care. And it would expand the supply of care, thereby leading to an increase in the amount of quality care overall, due to the increase in competition.
It's important for any discussion of child care policy to also consider the gender inequality that continues to structure child care at every level. Women have historically been the primary caregivers, and require child care in order to be part of the workforce. The number of stay-at-home dads is increasing, but still hardly matches the number of moms charged with child care. Furthermore, the majority of those moms need to juggle caring for their children with bringing in money: seven in ten mothers are in the workplace, and more than 40 percent bring home at least half of their families' earnings. Mothers who receive help affording child care are more likely to get and keep a job. And beyond their own families, women also make up the majority of the child care workforce. Child care should be valued for the essential work that it is, and men should play a larger role in it as well, but until the gender inequity has been corrected, it is imperative that we support the women tasked with providing their families with both child care and income.
At a time when the public conversation requires defending our basic values and rights, it's equally important to promote our vision for what we want and what we believe is possible. Comprehensive child care for working families that supports quality care and quality jobs is both necessary and possible. The introduction of the Child Care for Working Families Act is the next step in making that possibility into reality.


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Healthcare Industry News: MACH4e
Devices Interventional
EKOS Corporation Launches the New EkoSonic(TM) MACH4e at VEITHsymposium in New York
No Limits to Treating Thrombus
NEW YORK--(HSMN NewsFeed)--Today EKOS Corporation launched the EkoSonic(TM) MACH4e with Rapid Pulse Modulation (RPM) for the dissolution of vascular blood clots at the 36th Annual VEITHsymposium in New York.
Robert W. Hubert, President and CEO of EKOS Corporation, said, "We continue to listen to our customers in assessing how we can further improve the performance and simplicity of operation. The MACH4e upgrade addresses both categories. For performance, we have achieved even faster removal of arterial and venous clots (accelerating thrombolysis speed by up to 40%[1]), making it even faster than the MACH4. For simplicity, we have automated a number of manual steps, making the system easier to use; the control unit is much smarter. A world-class vascular innovation forum like the VEITHsymposium is the ideal event at which to launch the MACH4e."
Providers can "EKOS IT ANYWHERE" in the periphery, including:
Veins, arteries, IVC filters and difficult-to-reach places such as behind valves, and exposes clot to a greater drug uptake[2]
Thrombus of any size, shape, volume and age[3] can be treated with less lab time
Uses 50% - 70% less lytic drug[3], no thrombus fracture or breakage[4], reducing the risk of distal embolism
No hemolysis[4], no damage to valves[4] or vascular wall
A higher level of vessel patency. Removes the thrombus more completely, possibly reducing the risk of Post-Thrombotic Syndrome (PTS)
About EKOS Corporation
EKOS Corporation pioneered the development and clinical application of ultrasonic accelerated drug delivery in medicine, introducing its first system for the treatment of vascular thrombosis in 2005. Today, interventional radiologists, cardiologists and vascular surgeons at leading institutions around the world use the EKOS EkoSonic Endovascular System to provide faster, safer and more complete dissolution of thrombus. In 2008, the company introduced its 2nd-generation EkoSonic(TM) Endovascular System with Rapid Pulse(TM) Modulation, and in 2009 introduced the MACH4e upgrade. The EkoSonic System is FDA-cleared for controlled and selective infusion of physician-specified fluids, including thrombolytic, into the peripheral vasculature. It is currently used to treat patients with peripheral arterial occlusions (PAO) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and additional applications are being investigated. EKOS is currently participating in the ATTRACT trial, which will evaluate the long-term benefits of using ultrasound catheter-directed thrombolysis for removal of clot. Visit www.ekoscorp.com.
About VEITHsymposium
Now in its fourth decade, VEITHsymposium provides vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, interventional cardiologists and other vascular specialists with a unique and exciting format to learn the most current information about what is new and important in the treatment of vascular disease. The 5-day event features rapid-fire presentations from world-renowned vascular specialists, with emphasis on the latest advances, changing concepts in diagnosis and management, pressing controversies and new techniques. Additional information can be found at www.VEITHpress.org.
1 EKOS in vitro data on file
2 Francis, CW, eta al. "Ultrasound Accelerates Transport of Recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator into Clots." Phys Med Biol, 2008+
3 Parikh, S., et al. "Ultrasound-Accelerated Thrombolysis for the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis: Initial Clinical Experience." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, April 2008, 19:4, pp521-528.1
4 Braatan, J., et al. "Ultrasound Reversibly Disaggregates Fibrin Fibers." Thromb Haemost 78 (1997) 1063-8.4
Source: EKOS Corp
Search: EKOS Corp
Search: EkoSonic
Search: MACH4e
Search: thrombolysis
Search: VEITHsymposium


You've probably seen it yourself on many news channels, how dangerous hoverboards can be. Whilst providing some serious adrenaline rush and a huge dose of fun during their use, after going home you don't want to stay alert all the time thinking what's going to happen to your hoverboard whilst charging.
To enable you to still have some stress free fun on your board we've developed a charging cover, which will enclose the fire and extinguish it within the cover.
By placing your hoverboard and your charger into the cover and securely fastening it with the velcro strips and turn clips, you can prevent a serious spread of fire.
Once the fire has started inside the cover, the flames will burn through the existing supply of oxygen and eventually the fire will extinguish itself, due to the lack of oxygen supply. (Oxygen is one of the necessary three components that creates the fire triangle).
This product is made from silicone cloth material, capable to withstand temperatures of 1000 °C for more than 60 minutes.


Bettis Academy and Junior College, established in 1881 and closed in 1952, is significant for its role in the primary, secondary, and higher education of African Americans in what is now parts of Edgefield and Greenwood Counties from the late nineteenth through the mid-twentieth century. Alexander Bettis (1836-1895), founder of Bettis Academy, was born a slave on a nearby Edgefield District plantation owned by a Widow Jones and worked as an overseer and sawmill manager during the Civil War.
In 1868, after the local Baptist association refused to ordain him, Bettis and a group of seventeen other free blacks, helped by three ministers affiliated with the association, organized Mt. Canaan Baptist Church. Bettis Academy was an outgrowth of the Mt. Canaan Education Association, founded in 1880 by Bettis, other ordained ministers, and representatives of various black Baptist churches in the area. The complex now consists of three historic buildings and one triangular historic landscape, all dating from the last twenty years of the institution – Alexander Bettis Community Library (1939), The Classroom Building (1935) and Biddle Hall (1942). It was listed in the National Register on May 20, 1998.
The site is located at the junction of Bettis Academy Road and Nicholson Road (Trenton vicinity).
Other sites of interest include Old Edgefield Pottery in Edgefield, SC where pottery made by Dave, a slave in the 1800's, is on display and the McGowan-Barksdale-Bundy House in Abbeville, SC where three servant cabins are preserved on the grounds.


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Undead: International Death Metal Act To Release Debut Album "Existential Horror" via Kadabra Music
Published on Saturday, 11 July, 2020 - 07:13
International death metal act UNDEAD is proud to announce the long-awaited vinyl release of their 2019 debut album Existential Horror, due out Sept. 25 via Kadabra Music. CHECK OUT THE MUSIC VIDEO FOR "HAUNTED BY HATE" HERE
Mixed and mastered by Tore Stjerna at Necromorbus Studio (Mayhem, Watain, Tribulation), Existential Horror is a fine example of what the death metal of yesteryear is all about. The Spanish/UK-based international outfit's first attempt at grandeur casts every classic spell seen throughout the decades (e.g., razor-sharp guitars, the unmistakable feeling of decay, old-school commitment and a halo of impurity spread evenly along nine-tracks of vintage extreme metal.)
Metal Hammer Portugal heralded UNDEAD's maniacal guitar solos "that could have very well been co-authored by Hanneman / Azagthoth," as well as the band's killer catchiness and "eerie, atmospheric, and ambient scenarios."
The George A. Romero-imbued death metallers are releasing Existential Horror Sept. 25 on limited-edition 180-gram black vinyl (limited to 100 units) via Kadabra Music.
Vocalist/guitarist V. Repulse comments: "After all the work, dedication and blood spilled for this album, Existential Horror is finally coming on vinyl! And as old-school worshipers, we're really excited about this release and the collaboration with Kadabra Music. Only vinyl is real!"