text:
\subsection{Data recording and reduction.}
\label{meth:data}

\begin{figure*}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{images/Fig4_Gains.png}
  \caption{
    Gain determination using average spectra of giant pulses.
    For each of our 8 scans, the top panel shows the average background-subtracted giant-pulse spectra in X (\emph{left, blue}) and Y polarization (\emph{Right, gray}).
    Overdrawn are smoothed versions of the spectra (\emph{dotted, black}), which we use as a proxy for the instrumental gain.
    The bottom panels show the ratio between the raw and smoothed curves.
  }
  \label{figure:A1}
\end{figure*}

We observed the Crab pulsar with the 46m antenna at the Algonquin Radio Observatory (ARO) on 2015 July 23 and 24 (12.5 hours spread over 6 scans), and 2018 April 25 (1.5 hours over 2 scans).
Data are taken at 400-800 MHz with two linear polarizations.
The raw voltage streams (baseband) are processed using a CHIME acquisition board\cite{band+16}, which digitizes the signals, passes them through a polyphase filter, channelizes them to 1024 frequency channels, and then records these in standard VDIF format\cite{whit+09}.
Different receivers were used for the observation at 2015 and 2018, which had significantly different frequency responses (see below).

The observation performed on 2015 July 24 partially overlaps with an observations of Crab pulsar at the John A. Galt Telescope at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory (DRAO).
These observations were originally taken for very long baseline interferometry with ARO, but here we will use them only to rule out instrumental effects at ARO.
They covered the same frequency band and were taken using a similar receiver and backend.

To search for giant pulses, we first coherently dedispersed the data to a reference frequency of 800\,MHz, using a dispersion measure (DM) of $56.7708{\rm\,pc/cm^{3}}$ for 2015 and $56.7562{\rm\,pc/cm^{3}}$ for 2018, obtained by using the closest DM value from the Jodrell Bank ephemeris\cite{lynepg93} as an initial guess and then optimized by adjusting the 4th significant figure such that the rising edge of the pulse is aligned, by-eye, in frequency.
Next, we sum the power from all frequency channels and both polarizations, apply a  rolling boxcar window of size 1.3\,ms, and flag any peaks more than 5$\sigma$ above the noise.
We calculate the rotational phase with the TEMPO2 package\cite{hobbem06}, using the Jodrell Bank ephemeris\cite{lynepg93}.
However, while our clocks were tied to a maser, they had small random offsets at the start of each integration, and hence only the relative phases are useful within each continuous integration.

Inspecting the data, we noticed substantial differences between the frequency-dependent gains of the two polarizations, in particular in the 2015 data.
To help calibrate the differential gains, we calculated mean net fluxes in each polarization using bright pulses, using that the intrinsic polarization of giant pulses is quite random\cite{hankej16}, and hence an average should serve as an unpolarized source.
We choose the brightest 1000 pulses for each observation scan, subtracting off the off-pulse average, aligning and then averaging them to get the frequency profile.
We then use a smoothed profile as our relative gain, dividing all our intensities by them.

We show the result in Figure \ref{figure:A1}.
One sees that in the first section in 2015, the signal in Y was very weak.
Fortunately, that section contained none of the pulses of specific interest.
In the other 2015 sessions, the Y polarization shows a strong drop at the bottom of the band, while no such drop is seen in the X polarization.

To flux-calibrate the gain-corrected data, we use the Crab nebula itself, which contributes significantly to the off-pulse emission.
To get its net contribution, we subtract the average off-pulse signal from pointings towards other pulsars in the same run from the off-pulse signal from our pointings towards the Crab.
We then use that the nebular flux spectrum of the nebula is $F_{\rm neb}(f)\simeq955{\rm\,Jy}(f/{\rm1\,GHz})^{-0.27}$ (as in ref.~\citenum{cord+04}, we take the normalization from ref.~\citenum{alle73} and slope from ref.~\citenum{biet+97}), so that the flux of a giant pulse can be estimated as from the measured (gain-corrected) intensities by,
\begin{equation}
F_{\rm GP}(f)=F_{\rm neb}(f)\,\frac{I_{\rm GP}(f)}{I_{\rm neb}(f)}.
\end{equation}

\begin{figure*}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=2\columnwidth]{images/Fig5_PhaseTime.png}
  \caption{
    Categorized giant pulses as a function of time and phase.
    Marker styles reflect the different pulse categories (as labelled; see Table~\ref{tab:Table1}), while marker sizes scale with the peak flux.
    Breaks on the time axis are used to remove periods between scans, with the large break between the six scans in 2015 and the two scans in 2018 indicated by the dashed vertical line, and time on each side counted from the start of the first scan of each year.
    The top and bottom panels show phase windows around the main and interpulse components, respectively.
    Note that a constant phase offset has been applied in each scan to account for inaccuracies in the absolute clock times.
  }
  \label{figure:Fig2}
\end{figure*}

\begin{table}
  \begin{center}
    \caption{
      Giant pulse categorization.
      The 148 giant pulses with the highest S/N are categorized in different groups,
      with $N$ the number of pulses that have a given feature, fraction the relative occurence rate, and IP is the fraction that occurred in the interpulse phase.
      Note that `Drifting' is a sub-category of `Banded'.
    }
    \label{tab:Table1}
    \begin{tabular}{l c c c c c}
      \hline
      && Fraction & IP \\
      Feature & $N$ & (\%) & (\%) \\[0.5ex]
      \hline
      All & 148 & \llap{1}00 & 10\\[.5ex]
      Regular & 129 & 87 & 10\\
      Multi-peak & \phantom{00}9 & \phantom{0}6 & \phantom{0}0 \\
      Partial & \phantom{00}7 & \phantom{0}5 & 30\\
      Banded & \phantom{00}3 & \phantom{0}2 & \phantom{0}0 \\
      Drifting & \phantom{00}2 & \phantom{0}1\rlap{.3} & \phantom{0}0 \\
      \hline
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
\end{table}

\subsection{Categorization of the brighter pulses.}
We classified all 148 selected giant pulses by eye, using the categories in the main text.
We summarize the results in Figure~\ref{figure:Fig2} and Table~\ref{tab:Table1}.
From Figure~\ref{figure:Fig2}, one sees that there are no obvious trends or clustering of pulse features with time and phase.

We note that all three banded pulses are very bright, with the drifting pulses $j$ and $f$ among the brightest of the pulses we detect.
This suggests our classification may be biased against faint pulses with banded structure.
It would be interesting to verify whether this is indeed the case, but we leave that to future work since here we are concerned with understanding the individual banded pulses themselves.

In contrast, numerous multi-peak pulses are found among the relatively fainter pulses.
This can be understood from the fact that in any given pair, at least one is likely to be faint, as faint pulses are much more common, and a faint additional pulse is easier to detect if the other pulse in the pair is faint as well.
Also here, we leave a more rigorous analysis for future work.

Among other bright pulses, $b$ and $d$ in Figure~\ref{figure:FigA} show hints of narrow bands, but the bands were too ambiguous for those pulses to be labelled as `banded'.
Similarly, while all the banded and multi-peak pulses are found among main-pulses, the low event-rate of interpulses does not allow us to rule out the possibility that these features also exist in the interpulse.

\subsection{Excluding instrumental origins of banding and drifting.}
\label{meth:origins}

\begin{figure*}
  \centering
  \parbox[b]{0.65\hsize}{%
    \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{images/Fig6_RawDS.png}}\hfill
  \parbox[b]{0.3\hsize}{%
  \caption{Raw dynamic spectra of the giant pulse with drifting bands binned by 64 in time (163.84 $\mu$s) and 4 in frequency (1.5625 MHz).

    One sees that there are no drop outs or broad-band RFI events that could, after dedispersion, lead to bands in the frequency spectra.
    The structure around 475\,MHz is low-level radio-frequency interference, which makes that part of the spectrum somewhat less reliable.
  \label{figure:dispersed}
  }\vspace*{0.5cm}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[t!]
  \centering
  \parbox[b]{0.65\hsize}{%
    \includegraphics[width=\hsize]{images/Fig7_Neighbours.pdf}}\hfill
  \parbox[b]{0.3\hsize}{%
  \caption{
    Comparison of giant pulses showing banding in their spectra with neighbouring pulses.
   \emph{Left:\/} The three giant pulses with banding;
   \emph{Middle:\/} Next brightest single pulse within 5\,s of each banded pulse;
   \emph{Right:\/} Average of giant pulses in a 30\,s windows centered on the banded pulse.
   All spectra were constructed in the same way as those in Fig.~\ref{figure:FigA}.
   One sees that the banding does not persist beyond the banded pulses.
  \label{figure:neighbours}
  }\vspace*{0.5cm}}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{images/Fig_DRAO.pdf}
  \caption{
    Dynamic spectra of banded giant pulse $h$ in Figure~\ref{figure:FigA} observed at two telescopes, ARO (\emph{Left}) and DRAO (\emph{Right}).
    The time and frequency resolution are the same as in Figure~\ref{figure:FigA}, and
    the data were reduced the same way, except without gain and flux calibration.
    While the DRAO data suffer from more artefacts (mostly because some channels are missing, causing the striated horizontal pattern), it is clear that they show the same frequency bands seen at ARO, thus confirming those are not instrumental in origin.
  }
  \label{figure:drao}
\end{figure}

In principle, it might be possible to produce apparent banding due to non-linearities, drop-outs, etc., in ways that might not be immediately obvious once data is dedispersed.
Hence, we looked in some detail at our data.

We started with possible problems with the data.  First, we ruled out that the banding and drifting effect is due to saturation, by verifying that the raw VDIF data for the time around the upper drifting pulse.
We find that both the real and imaginary parts of the channel samples, of both polarizations and for all samples, have probability distributions that are approximately the same before, during, and after the sweep of the pulse (see Fig.~\ref{figure:dispersed}).
Other non-linear effects also seem unlikely, as the banding is also seen where the pulse is weaker and possible non-linear effect thus less strong: at high frequency (for pulses $f$ and $h$; which arrives before the brighter lower-frequency signal due to dispersion), and during the scattering tail (which arrives after the bright peak).
We also looked for drop-outs in time, which in the dedispersed time stream might show up as bands\footnote{
  Any ``bands'' induced by time variability in the observed data would drift upwards slightly in the dedispersed data.
  Given the dispersion measure of $\sim\!57{\rm pc/cm^{3}}$ of the Crab, however, the expected drift rate of $\sim\!0.19{\rm\,MHz/ms}$ at $450\,$MHz is far smaller than the drift rates shown by some of our banded pulses.}.
We found no such drop-outs (see Fig.~\ref{figure:dispersed}).
Finally, since some giant pulses are strongly polarized and the intensity spectra might be affected by polarization leakage, we confirmed that the spacing of none of the bands matches that expected from the known Faraday rotation.

Beyond the individual time segments, we also checked for possible longer term problems with the instrumental response using data recorded close in time to each banded pulse.
In Figure~\ref{figure:neighbours}, we compare the dynamic spectra of the three banded pulses with the next brightest pulse near each (at most 5\,s away), and with the sum of all pulses near it (within a 30\,s window centered on the pulse).
One sees that the neighbouring pulses do not share the bands, indicating that the bands are intrinsic to each pulse.

The strongest evidence against an instrumental origin of the banded feature is that one banded pulse ($h$ in Fig.~\ref{figure:FigA}) is simultaneously observed at DRAO and ARO (while the ARO timestamp has some uncertainty due clocks not being synchronized with GPS, it is easily sufficient to identify a given Crab cycle).
In Fig.~\ref{figure:drao}, we show the burst as detected at the two telescopes
(after de-dispersion and subtraction of the off-pulse, but without gain correction).
One sees that the banding is similar in both.

\subsection{Excluding interplanetary and interstellar scintillation as the cause of banding and drifting.}

The light from the pulsar is bent due to electron density fluctuations in the surrounding Crab nebula, causing delays seen in the scattering tail.
On the way to us, the light also encounters electron density fluctuations in the interstellar medium and in the solar wind, which cause interstellar and interplanetary scintillation, respectively.

Interplanetary scintillation (IPS) generally causes only weak modulation in our frequency band, but since we observed an unusual event, we will nevertheless consider whether a strong IPS event could reproduce the drifting bands that we observed.
The typical timescale on which IPS modulates flux is $\Delta t\sim{\rm few~s}$.
Given a typical velocity in the solar wind of $v\sim500{\rm\,km/s}$, the size of the scattering involved is thus $L=v\Delta t \sim10^3{\rm\,km}$, which corresponds to scattering angles of $\theta = L/\lambda \sim 0.1{\rm arcsec}$ (for wavelength $\lambda=0.5{\rm\,m}$ [600~MHz]).
For a typical distance to a density perturbation $d\sim1{\rm\,AU}$, the expected scattering time is then $\tau=\frac{1}{2}d\theta^2/c\sim0.1\,$ns,
which corresponds to a de-correlation bandwith $\Delta\nu=1/2\pi\tau\sim500{\rm\,MHz}$.
The latter is larger than our observation bandwidth and hence IPS would appear as a modulation in time, affecting all frequencies simultaneously.

Since the pulse is dispersed in the interstellar medium, the IPS time modulation would appear as bands in frequency after de-dispersion.
However, like the instrumental effects discussed above, the bands would not drift noticeably.
Moreover, due to the proximity of the source of interplanetary scintillation, the scintillation pattern seen by two telescopes separated by more than the size $L\sim10^{3}{\rm\,km}$ should not be the same, yet we detected one banded pulse simultaneously at ARO and DRAO (which are separated by about $3000{\rm\,km}$).
Thus, we conclude that the banding we observe is not introduced by IPS.

The Crab pulsar is known to be affected by interstellar scintillation.
Interpolating from the observed angular broadening of the Crab in Very Long Baseline Interferometry\cite{vand76,rudn+16}, we infer a scattering angle $\theta\sim1.5\,$mas at 600\,MHz for interstellar scintillation.
For a screen roughly halfway to the pulsar, at $d_{\rm screen}\simeq1{\rm\,kpc}$, this implies a scattering time $\tau=\frac{1}{2}d_{\rm eff}\theta^{2}/c\simeq5{\rm\,\mu s}$ (where the effective distance $d_{\rm eff} = d_{\rm screen}d_{\rm psr} / (d_{\rm psr}-d_{\rm screen})\simeq2\,$kpc).
Given this, the de-correlation bandwidth is $\Delta\nu = 1/2\pi \tau\simeq30{\rm\,kHz}$.
Since this value is much smaller than the $390\,$kHz width of our frequency channels, it would be unlikely to be observable, let alone able to explain the observed $\sim\!15{\rm\,MHz}$ width of the observed banding.

In addition, no frequency modulation would be expected if the Crab pulsar, broadened by nebular scattering, is not a point source to the interstellar screen.
Since the physical size of the interstellar scattering region is roughy $L=\theta d_{\rm screen}\simeq1.5$\,AU, it will resolve any source at the distance of the Crab that is larger than $(\lambda/L)(d_{\rm psr}-d_{\rm screen})\simeq0.5\,$mAU.
This can be compared with the size of the nebular scattering region: as seen from the pulsar, we inferred from the observed scattering time that it subtends an angle $\delta \simeq 0.6{\rm\,arcsec}$ (see main text), which, at $\sim\!1{\rm\,pc}$ from the pulsar, implies a scattering disk size of $\sim\!0.6{\rm\,AU}$.
Thus, as was already noted in ref.~\citenum{vand76}, the scattering region in the nebula is too large for there to be any scintillation due to the interstellar medium.

\subsection{Details of the Model for the Drifting Bands}

In the main text, we presented a simple model in which we took a smoothed version of the spectrum of pulse~$j$ in the first $61{\rm\,\mu s}$, and evolved that by applying a time-varying Doppler shift and scattering efficiency (parameters in caption of Fig.~\ref{figure:Fig6}).
In Fig.~\ref{figure:Fig7}, we compare the spectra at different time slices
One again sees that the model reproduces the data quite well, especially considering the simplicity of the model.

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{images/Fig10_ModeltSlices.pdf}
  \caption{
    Spectra of pulse $j$ as a function of time.
    Overdrawn is our model, which is based on a smoothed version of the first (top) spectrum, evolved in frequency and time as described in the main text and in Fig.~\ref{figure:Fig6}.
    }
  \label{figure:Fig7}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{images/Fig9_ModelfSlices.pdf}
  \caption{
    Comparison of pulse intensity throughout the scattering tail in various sub bands,
    with flux normalized to peak flux and shown in a logarithmic scale to ensure that exponential decay with time looks linear.
    The curves correspond to the drifting pulse $j$, the model, the next-brightest pulse within 5\,s and a stack of all pulses within 30\,s (see Fig.~\ref{figure:neighbours}).
    Pulse $j$ appears to dim slightly more slowly than the comparison pulses, as is expected in our model due to increasing Doppler boosting.
  }
  \label{figure:Fig8}
\end{figure}

In our proposed Doppler-shift interpretation, we expect as a function of time not just a shift in frequency by the change in Doppler factor $\Delta D/D$, but also a boost in intensity by a factor $(\Delta D/D)^3$.
Since pulse~$j$ is drifting up, this boost factor will increase during the tail, and hence the scattering tail should be slightly brighter, by about 15\%, than would be the case for a pulse for which the Doppler factor did not vary.
To see if this is indeed the case, we compare in Fig.~\ref{figure:Fig8} the brightness  in the scattering tail of the drifting pulse $j$ with that of the brightest other pulse within 5\,s as well as that of the average of all pulses within 30\,s (see Fig.~\ref{figure:neighbours}.
One sees that the scattering tail of pulse $j$ does appear slightly boosted, as expected by the model.
Also shown is the model brightness, which reproduces the observed brightness well.
If one were to remove the Doppler boosting from the model, it would fall closer to the profiles of the other pulses.

We note, however, that the significance of the difference is limited, with the differences between pulse $j$ and the comparisons not much larger than those between pulse $j$ and the model.
A stronger test may be possible at lower frequency, where the range in scattering angle, and hence in Doppler shift, would be larger.

\subsection{Implication of the Drifting Bands.}
\label{Implications}
The drifts we observe in the banded structure of some pulses almost certainly reflect the change in viewing geometry that occurs during the scattering tail.
So far, we have assumed that the source of the burst intrinsically emitted a banded spectrum, and that the drift corresponded to a change in Doppler shift, from which we derived that the source had to move highly relativistically.

Here, we discuss what happens if one relaxes the assumption that the source produces bands intrinsically, instead requiring that the banding reflects interference between multiple nanoshots, which do not necessarily originate from the same region but are causally connected.
In this scenario, the banding in frequency comes from interference between multiple nanoshots, and the width of the bands thus reflects the inverse of the arrival time separation between different nanoshots.

In this picture, during the scattering tail, the nanoshots are viewed at an angle $\delta$ away from the direct LOS, resulting in a change of path difference $\Delta x_\perp \delta$ between nanoshots, where $\Delta x_\perp$ is the distance between the nanoshots perpendicular to the LOS (i.e., projected on the sky).
As the interference pattern of multiple nanoshots moves by about half of the pattern spacing in the scattering tail, $\Delta x_\perp \delta \simeq 0.5\lambda$.
Given our observation wavelength $\lambda\simeq0.5{\rm\,m}$ and $\delta \simeq 0.6{\rm\,arcsec}$ (see Main text), we infer a separation $\Delta x_\perp \sim 100{\rm\,km}$.

Given the typical observed frequency width of the bands of 50\,MHz, in the observer's frame the nanoshots need to be separated in time by about 20\,ns.
Since at the speed of light this corresponds to only 6\,m, for the nanoshots to be causally connected, the signal must appear to move superluminally on the sky, by a factor of roughly $10^4$.
This is possible if the shots represent bursts arising from a single source that emits bursts (or causes bursts to be emitted) as it travels almost towards the observer at $\gamma\sim10^{4}$.

The above recovers the conclusions in the main text, perhaps not surprising since neither mathematically nor physically can one distinguish between a blob moving relativistically that is emitting a banded spectrum or multiple nanoshots.
An implication in either case then is that the physical separation along the line of sight is a factor $\gamma$ larger than that on the sky, or a factor $\gamma^2$ relative to the observed time delay, i.e., about $10^8\times20\,\hbox{lt-ns}\sim2\,\hbox{lt-s}$ (or about 400 times the light cylinder radius $cP/2\pi\simeq1600{\rm\,km}$).

Instead of requiring the emission region of different nanoshots to be separated by $\sim100\,$km, alternatively, we could also consider nanoshots to be echos of a single impulse.
Here, the picture would be that the light emitted at an angle $\delta^\prime$ away from the LOS encounters a large overdensity region of pulsar wind $d^\prime$ away from the emission region, which scatters it.
Similar to the calculation above, to explain the frequency widths of the bands, the scattered images, referred to as echoes, have to be delayed by $\tau^\prime=\frac{1}{2}d^\prime\delta^{\prime 2}/c\sim20{\rm\,ns}$.
In order for the nebular screen to resolve the different echoes in the scattering tail, they have to be separated by $d^\prime\delta^\prime \sim100{\rm\,km}$ during the first scattering.
This yields $d^\prime\sim2\,\hbox{lt-s}$ and $\delta^\prime \sim 10^{-4}{\rm\,rad} = 20{\rm\,arcsec}$.

It is not obvious whether it is possible to produce such echoes in the pulsar wind, especially given the observation that giant pulses are composed of multiple nanoshots also at high frequency, where scattering would be less effective.
However, there are observational differences between this scenario and the Doppler shift scenario proposed in the main text.
In particular, in this scenario, Doppler boosting does not play a role and hence one does not expect variations in the scattering tails of individual burst.
This unlike for the Doppler shift scenario, where especially at low frequencies one expects to occasionally observe a strongly boosted tail or a drop in flux corresponding to the scattered light coming from outside the relativistic beam.

\end{methods}

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Indiana woman who injected feces into son's IV sentenced for battery and neglect charges
Tiffany Alberts of Wolcott, Indiana, was sentenced on Thursday for seven felony charges.
Indiana woman who injected feces into son's IV sentenced for battery and neglect charges Tiffany Alberts of Wolcott, Indiana, was sentenced on Thursday for seven felony charges. Check out this story on IndyStar.com: https://www.indystar.com/story/news/crime/2019/12/26/indiana-woman-who-injected-feces-into-sons-iv-sentenced/2752863001/
Kellie Hwang and Holly V. Hays, Indianapolis Star Published 7:38 p.m. ET Dec. 26, 2019 | Updated 9:50 a.m. ET Dec. 27, 2019
An Indiana woman who admitted to injecting her son's IV with fecal matter has been sentenced.
Tiffany Alberts of Wolcott, was sentenced on Thursday to seven years in prison and five years probation for six counts of aggravated battery and one neglect charge, according to the Marion County Prosecutor's Office. In September, Alberts was acquitted of an attempted murder charge.
Tiffany Alberts (Photo: Provided by IMPD)
In 2016, Riley Children's Hospital contacted police after Alberts' son, who was 15 years old at the time, was being treated for leukemia and developed persistent and unexplained blood infections. Blood tests revealed organisms usually found in stool.
A nurse at the hospital observed in surveillance footage Alberts injecting something into her son's IV bag.
Alberts admitted to investigators that she had collected her son's feces and injected it into his IV. She said she did it to get him moved to a different floor at the hospital so she claimed he would get better treatment.
The infections forced doctors to halt the boy's chemotherapy treatment for almost two months, which increased his risk for relapse and lowered his survival rate.
Contact IndyStar reporter Kellie Hwang at 317-444-6032 or kellie.hwang@indystar.com. Follow her on Twitter: @KellieHwang.
Please support the work of IndyStar reporters and visual journalists by becoming a subscriber today. Get unlimited digital access here!
Read or Share this story: https://www.indystar.com/story/news/crime/2019/12/26/indiana-woman-who-injected-feces-into-sons-iv-sentenced/2752863001/
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Mortgage officer enjoys time as mentor
Rosemary McCoy
rmccoy@sfbusinessjournal.com
This week's Monday Q&A features Mike Nold, a vice president and lending officer at Wells Fargo Home Mortgage.
QUESTION: What attracted you to your job?
ANSWER: I've always enjoyed math and working with numbers, so working in the banking industry was a natural fit. As a lending officer, I get to work with policies and procedures that help shape our business.
Q: Has life as a mortgage lending officer been stressful the past few years? What do you do to keep a healthy balance?
A: When you work in the mortgage field, you quickly learn that change is constant. I try to keep that in mind at all times — it helps me stay nimble. But no matter how busy I get, my family and my faith help me maintain balance and keep all things in check.
Q: Lutheran Social Services of South Dakota recently recognized you as its Distinguished Volunteer because of your service as a school-based mentor and efforts to recruit other mentors. What makes mentoring such a valuable endeavor?
A: Mentoring requires very little time and effort but creates change that lasts for a lifetime —for both the mentor and the mentee. Mentors spend just one hour a week with the student during the school year. We don't do anything special during that hour — we are just there to talk, play games, eat, listen or even do homework — I prefer not to do that! But that one hour makes an impact. Studies have proven that grades, attendance and general attitude change when students have a mentor they can rely on each week, and I've seen it firsthand with my mentees. I love the fact that we can have this big of an impact on our youths and help shape their future.
Q: What motivates you to be active in your community or profession?
A: My motivation comes from two places. First, my parents have always had a heart for those in need. Wherever there was a need, they would try and fill it. They are retired now and are currently school-based mentors, too. Second, my employer, Wells Fargo, has created a culture of volunteerism and giving back to my community. I know that my company supports what I do with mentoring and supports others to do the same.
Q: Do you have other service organizations or charities you like to support?
A: I'm the president of our local Wells Fargo Volunteer Chapter, so I support a number of volunteer organizations and events that way. Wells Fargo has more than 2,800 team members in Sioux Falls, and half of them are members of the volunteer chapter. As a team, we volunteer for the United Way, Junior Achievement, Feeding South Dakota, Habitat for Humanity and more. I compare Wells Fargo to my parents — we see a need, and we do what we can to fill it.
Q: What do you do for fun?
A: I love hanging out with my wife, Laurie, and two daughters, Haiden and Blakesley. We love playing simple board games, swimming, watching movies and playing outside when the weather lets us. I also like watching and participating in most sporting events and hunting with my dad and brother.
Q: What do you like about living in the Sioux Falls area?
A: I grew up in Chester and spent a lot of time in Sioux Falls when I was younger. Back then, it always felt like a big city with many amenities but still had the small-city atmosphere. It still feels like that today, which is why I've chosen to call it home.
Q: What can the Sioux Falls area do to attract more young professionals?
A: I think that task goes back to the local businesses and what they are doing to market to young professionals — encouraging them to put their roots down in this area. Businesses also need to do their part to recruit young talent and create better opportunities to train them and help them succeed. Over the past 14 years I've worked for Wells Fargo, I feel they have helped equip me with the tools I needed to succeed and achieve my goals.


text:
Kendall Jenner Topless at Coachella
Kendall Jenner has arrived at Coachella. The concert returns for the first time in two years, with great expectations and a celebrity-studded guest list. "Kendall Jenner topless", was the setting for her recent Instagram post, along with pictures of her brand of 818...
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Kendall Jenner has arrived at Coachella. The concert returns for the first time in two years, with great expectations and a celebrity-studded guest list. "Kendall Jenner topless", was the setting for her recent Instagram post, along with pictures of her brand of 818 tequila. Jenner rushed to Instagram to tell her fans about her plans. Jenner posted a selfie of Kendall Jenner topless and wearing blue bikini bottoms near the pool, with a hand across her chest and a bottle of 818 Tequila in her...
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text:
import click
import colorlog
from pylab import savefig

from sequana.compare import RNADiffCompare

from .utils import CONTEXT_SETTINGS, common_logger

logger = colorlog.getLogger(__name__)

@click.command(context_settings=CONTEXT_SETTINGS)
@click.option(
    "--file1",
    type=click.Path(),
    default=None,
    required=True,
    help="""The first input RNA-seq table to compare""",
)
@click.option(
    "--file2",
    type=click.Path(),
    default=None,
    required=True,
    help="""The second input RNA-seq table to compare""",
)
@common_logger
def rnaseq_compare(**kwargs):
    """Compare 2 tables created by the 'sequana rnadiff' command"""
    c = RNADiffCompare(kwargs["file1"], kwargs["file2"])
    print(c.r1.summary())
    print(c.r2.summary())
    c.plot_volcano_differences()
    savefig("sequana_rnaseq_compare_volcano.png", dpi=200)


text:
Last Call for the Maserati Brothers: OSCA 1600 GT2
in	Italian Cars	on	 11/11/2019	 11/11/2019	 Share	Facebook Twitter Pinterest Email
There were seven Maserati Brothers in all – Carlo, Bindo, Alfieri (I), Alfieri (II), Mario, Ettore, and Ernesto.
Carlo, the eldest, died in 1910 but worked for Fiat and Isotta-Fraschini. The third Brother, Alfieri (I) died an infant, lending his name to Brother number four. It was this Alfieri who founded the famous family company in 1914. At first it made spark plugs and components, but graduated to building race cars in 1926, which is what Alfieri (II) and his two youngest brothers – Ettore and Ernesto, wanted to do anyway.
Alfieri died following complications from surgery in 1932 after a racing accident, which brought Second Brother Bindo into the picture at Maserati.
A longtime employee at Isotta-Fraschini, he liked his job and only joined the family company after Alfieri's death, but all the brothers save one had worked in cars and racing for years at firms like Isotta, Diatto, and FIAT.
That other one? Fifth Brother Mario was an artist and graphic designer, it was he contributed the famous Trident logo at Maserati, based on the Neptune fountain in Bologna's Piazza Maggiore.
The 1930s were a tough time for tiny car companies, no matter how good they were – and in 1937 Bindo, Ettore, and Ernesto sold the family company to metallurgy magnate Adolfo Orsi.
Back to Bologna
Orsi contracted the Brothers' services for ten years and they continued to develop spectacular things during the Orsi era – indeed, Orsi's financing allowed Maserati to become a global name in racing, winning four straight Targa Florios and two straight Indy 500s, both with Wilbur Shaw driving.
After the war, the Brothers continued working on new Maserati designs, including the roadgoing A6 (the A is for "Alfieri") – but in 1947 the contracts were up.
The Brothers went home to Bologna. Orsi had moved Maserati to Modena in 1940 which probably didn't suit any of them. They returned to San Lazzaro di Savena, just outside of Bologna and founded Officine Specializzate Costruzione Automobili – OSCA.
Their new company was a place where they could do what they had always wanted. The brothers loved racing and race cars is all they made. Unlike other tiny Italian firms, the Brothers built everything – OSCAs were no parts bin specials and they had a unique pedigree since the Brothers racers had an established and very well-known pedigree.
The cars were tiny but fast. Aside from an F1 foray with a big V12 and a few other racing engines, OSCAs tended to be less than 1.6L, sometimes less than one liter. They were small and light in the same way Colin Chapman's later cars were, and all through the 50s the make was a force in international sports car competition, an OSCA MT4 winning the 1954 Sebring 12hr.
A few intrepid folks had 1950s OSCAs for road use, but building a "real" road car wasn't on the Brothers agenda until 1958.
Fiat and OSCA
Some of OSCA's twin-cam fours were based on Fiat blocks, and the power the Brothers were able to get out of them got Fiat's attention. Fiat was working on a new 1200 Spider, but needed more power, so Dante Giacosa approached OSCA to design a milder version of its MT4 twin-cam for it.
The result for Fiat was a milder twin-cam made of more conventional (and easier to produce) pieces, at first at 1,491-cc and later at 1,568-cc.
Fiat would in return supply related engines for OSCA and pay a fee, which made homologation easy for OSCA and gave the company the budget to go beyond just building race cars for the first time.
OSCA modified the Fiat pieces further, and the 1,568-cc engine could range from 95 to 140hp in lightweight, twin-spark, dual-carb form. Though identical in size to the late Fiat-OSCA engines, the insides were not the same – OSCAs used forged, race-ready components and different heads.
The showcase for this engine, surprisingly, was a road car that could double as a track car – the 1600GT, development of which was financed by the Fiat deal.
The 1600GT was not so different from other OSCAs – it used a tubular-ladder chassis for lightness and it was tiny – about 156" (3.9M) long depending on the body – all of which were coachbuilt. Most 1600GTs were built by Zagato, and the prototype debuted in Zagato clothing at the 1960 Turin show.
Homologation for various racing efforts was planned, but in the end not too many 1600GTs were actually campaigned, possibly because it took awhile to get the car into serious production – OSCA just wasn't used to building in any real volume, and even the tiny run of the 1600 was huge by their standards.
Nearly 100 were bodied by Zagato. This car, seen at the Best of France and Italy, is even more specialized – just 24 had bodies by Fissore; and this one was first owned by Salvatore Ferragamo.
Carrozzeria Fissore
Fissore was also founded by a group of brothers, in 1919, but mostly built vans and buses until the 1950s when it began to be noticed by Fiat and other manufacturers. Fissore did not have the pedigree of a Pininfarina or Zagato, but it did quality work, often executing other people's designs. Fissore, for example, built most of the special bodies for Peter Monteverdi's cars.
The 1600GT 2 and De Tomaso Vallelunga were rare in-house Fissore designs. The later Rayton-Fissore company that created the Rayton-Fissore Magnum is related, but not the same firm.
Of the Fissore-bodied 1600 GT2s, 21 were coupes – with a look not dissimilar from Tom Karen's later Reliant Scimitar – and 3 were convertibles. Very small and close coupled, it's a pure two-seater and weighed only about 2000 lbs., although the weight depended on the body and level of customization. Much could be specced – the rear end could be a live axle or IRS depending on the customer's preference.
To reduce weight even further, this car rides on Amadori magnesium alloy wheels.
~128 1600GTs of all types were built, but it was the last hurrah for the Brothers, who sold the company to Count Domenico Agusta in 1963 and did contract work for MV Agusta while OSCA wound down as they retired.
Ernesto, the youngest Brother, was 69 years old in 1967. Bindo, the eldest, was 84.
Adolfo Orsi Alfieri Maserati Best of France and Italy Bindo Maserati Bologna Carrozzeria Fissore Cars of the 1960s Diatto DOHC Ernesto Maserati Ettore Maserati Fiat Fiat-O.S.C.A. Fiat-OSCA Fissore Fratelli Maserati Isotta-Fraschini Italian Italian Cars Made In Italy Maserati Maserati Brothers O.S.C.A. O.S.C.A. Maserati OSCA OSCA MT4 OSCA-Maserati Race Cars Salvatore Ferragamo Twin Cam
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The David Brown legend: Aston DB2/4 Drophead
In the Beginning: Toyota Corolla E10 →
In the Beginning: Toyota Corolla E10
The Classic Type 3 Squareback


text:
Q: How to get Current Fragment in ViewPager2 i used this ViewPager2 dependency:
implementation 'androidx.viewpager2:viewpager2:1.0.0'
then i wrote code and make Adapter for FragmentStateAdapter like below:
private inner class ViewPagerAdapter(fragmentManager: FragmentManager,
                                         lifecycle: Lifecycle, config: TribunConfig?)
        : FragmentStateAdapter(fragmentManager, lifecycle) {
        private val config: TribunConfig?
        override fun createFragment(position: Int): Fragment {
            return TribunNewsFragment.newInstance(if (menuTribun!!.get(position) == "News") "home"
            else menuTribun!!.get(position)!!.replace(" ", "").toLowerCase(), config)!!
        }

        override fun getItemCount(): Int {
            return menuTribun!!.size
        }

        init {
            this.config = config
        }
    }

an in method onCreate i implement some code related viewpager2 and its adapter like below:
        viewPager2!!.offscreenPageLimit = 1
        viewPager2!!.adapter = ViewPagerAdapter(supportFragmentManager, lifecycle, config)
        TabLayoutMediator(tabLayout!!, viewPager2!!, TabLayoutMediator.TabConfigurationStrategy { tab: TabLayout.Tab?, position: Int -> tab!!.text = menuTribun!!.get(position) }).attach()

But i have problem when i want to make swipeRefresh. My swipeRefresh needs current fragment to access the method inside fragment. But there is NO METHOD getItem in FragmentStateAdapter. Anyone can help me?

A: *

*Create property in your adapter to save all your fragments

*Save current position

*Get fragment from fragment list (property) by position when you need it

Something like this:
    val fragments: MutableList<Fragment> = mutableListOf()

    private val config: TribunConfig?
    override fun createFragment(position: Int): Fragment {
        val fragment = TribunNewsFragment.newInstance(if (menuTribun!!.get(position) == "News") "home"
        else menuTribun!!.get(position)!!.replace(" ", "").toLowerCase(), config)!!

        fragments.add(fragment)
        return fragment
    }

Parent:
 yourTabLayout.addOnTabSelectedListener(object : TabLayout.OnTabSelectedListener {
        override fun onTabSelected(tab: TabLayout.Tab?) {
            val fragment = adapter.fragments[tab!!.position]
            // cast fragment to your fragment class and do what you want
        }

        override fun onTabUnselected(tab: TabLayout.Tab?) {
        }

        override fun onTabReselected(tab: TabLayout.Tab?) {
        }
    })

Also you can use when or if-else for your fragments position or create base class with methods you need and cast getting fragment to it.

A: Following @Oleg's answer, you can access the Fragments like this in your Adapter instead of creating a local list and adding each fragment on createFragment method:
private val fragmentList: List<TribunNewsFragment>
        get() {
            return fragment.childFragmentManager.fragments.filterIsInstance<TribunNewsFragment>()
        }

It's important to use childFragmentManager instead of fragmentManager if you are creating the ViewPager inside another fragment.
And it survives configuration changes, regarding @lawonga's comment on the answer's topic.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


After yesterday's post on constant movement I am very conscious of what I'm doing today. I gotta practice what I preach/observe.
So this is an update on all of that less than 24 hours later.
The BS of 6.0 is three days in a row so a big tick for consistency but I'd really like to see some 5.x in there.
My diet yesterday was a bit higher in sugar being Father's Day. A roast pork was good but the rolled roast turkey, while delicious, had some stuffing that may have contributed to the reading. Along with 2 glasses of red wine and one of champagne. Oh, and the amazing brownie/mousse made by my son-in-law.
I did end the night with 2 tablespoons of apple cider vinegar (ACV). The benefits of which can be seen here by Dr Eric Berg.
Overall, the 6.0 this morning is self inflicted and easy to address.
Pretty steady. It hovers around that figure so that is working for now, as long as I keep up this constant movement idea. Obviously I'd like to see it go down.
I do see a lot of posts ands research about addressing diabetes. One of which is losing weight. That doesn't really apply to me (thankfully) so it's just a lazy 4kg to lose but that last few can be hard.
I'm now trying to follow the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG). Whereas previously I was experimenting with Low Carb.
2 hour blood glucose reading: 8.7 – not good!
Movement day has been 4,380 steps of which around 3,000 was walking the dog.
While I can check my blood sugars throughout the day the key factor is the morning, fasting BG level so I'll report on that mostly.
The chicken was leftover from Saturday and had to be eaten. I struggled to pit the skin in the bin and not eat it. It is so delicious. Anyway, trying to follow the guidelines.
These will satiate and provide the right nutrients until dinner.
Chicken dish of some sort – haven't decided yet.
I'm speaking purely from observational experience. I know observational studies are not that reliable but I'm not writing a paper so take this for what it is.
It's also inconclusive but I still think there are benefits to be gained.
While reading the Pioppi Diet by Aseem Malhotra and Donal O'Neill, they observe that a diet is more than just food. It is lifestyle, the culture, the location and a range of other variables, many of which may simply be fortunate than by conscious design.
I see this in my wife's family, particularly her and her parents.
The following are simply observations, don't shoot me! I also realise many could cite counter examples. Again, just observations.
Amadeo and Giselda, Italians from a small village (Villa Oliveti) in the Abruzzi region. Local farmers who migrated to Australia in the mid-50s to settle in Guildford, WA.
Mum and Dad both worked jobs during the day and then came home to a half acre property of which most was tilled and turned into a vegetable garden.
There was constant work and things to be done. Tend to the garden, make dinner, housework, more gardening if light permitted and only then, sit back and relax, go to bed and do it all again the next day.
The gardening was constant and hard work at times. The rotary hoe used to break down constantly but the soil still needed to be worked. So it was.
Dad made his own sausages from the pig he'd keep out there back and fatten up over time so the meat you ate could not have been fresher and guaranteed of no added hormones or chemicals.
The annual tomato sauce making ritual started at 5am. You had to be there at 5am which, for me, meant getting out of bed at 4am! WTF!
Because it was a production line everyone played a role which developed the social aspect. But first, coffee. Espresso to be exact and my god, how good!
Then on to the sauce and how we made it. And how our sauce was the "best in WA" and no-one could make sauce like ours and it was only Mum who could make Lasagne properly so don't even try, girls! (Yes, a little sexist back then). Yada, yada, yada. It was an all-day affair. Usually on a Sunday.
But it was family and, after a few years, being an Australian from a completely different background you get used to it, look forward to it and enter into the banter along with everyone else. Even, perhaps, more than my wife who grew up with this ritual. It was a great social event on the family calendar.
The fundamental family environment was never ending from a constant movement point of view.
Dad would often say to me: "Bill, slowly, slowly". And he was right. There is no rush with gardening. Take your time and do it properly. It's not a task to be finished. It's an activity to be enjoyed. If it took all day, so be it. The point was you weren't so knackered that you were useless the next day.
Mum and Dad lived like this until they passed away. Dad at 87 and Mum at 91.
Neither had diabetes or heart disease. Mum could still easily touch her toes 20 times the year she passed away.
I'm not suggesting people are lazy or hate work and don't want to be constructive and productive. What I am suggesting is there may be benefits in the latter approach above that will help our overall health by constant movement and constructive socialising that we may inadvertently be missing out on by only looking at diet to address whatever malady besets us.
Yes, diet is important. We are what we consume. But consumption isn't related only to food and drink.


Discussion in 'Homework Help' started by mikez, Mar 3, 2013.
I am currently working on driving the vga port on an FPGA not using Verilog or VHDL. Here is what I have so far. Two 10-bit counters: first one is my horizontal counter that will count up to 800 and once it reaches 800 it will assert CE on my vertical counter and that will move me down to the next row so that the pixels can be colored in a sweeping pattern. I have the logic to turn off my hSync and vSync when I am outside the "active region". I am just a bit confused on where to go from here. I have not been able to find any material on constructing a VGA generator that is not coded in VHDL or Verilog. Anyone have any sites or manuals handy with some info on how to do this?
VGA Signal Timing shows the timings for various resolutions, is that what you are looking for?
I have all of the timing signals - those were given to me in the assignment. I am just confused as to what I need to be doing exactly. I will try and explain what I know and maybe someone can fill in the gaps as to where I need to head from here.
I need a 10-bit counter that will begin counting from 0-799 and will reset once it reaches that value. It will then assert a signal to the vertical counter that will drop it down to the next row and begin counter until it hits 799. I will use comparators to tell where my counters are at and what color to send to that specific pixel.
I am just not sure how to handle sending the signal to tell that pixel to be red, green, blue or some combination of the three colors.
The pixels are analog values, usually a multi-bit R2R ladder, one ladder for each color.
Most often, for beginning circuits, RGB are all the same "color", which is high, and is displayed as white. The low is displayed as black.
Yeah for the assignment I will only be dealing with 4 different colors: black, red, green, and blue. For RGB I will be sending 1's to each pin depending on the color. My main problem right now is being able to construct the vga generator (what actually sends the signal to the monitor). All of the examples I am finding are in VHDL and Verilog and I am trying to stay away from that.
Black is not one of your signals.
There are only three color signals, red, green and blue.
You will need three parallel-in serial-out shift registers for the three colors.
The procedure is the same for each color so we only need to describe the procedure for one color.
Let us assume you use an 8-bit shift register (SR).
You will load the SR 100 times during the hor scan period to crank out 8x100 = 800 pixels per line.
After loading the SR with an 8-bit word, you will shift the data out serially at the pixel clock frequency.
What are your HOR scan frequency, VERT scan frequency and pixel clock frequency?
I am not sure what you are asking for by the horizonal and vertical scan frequencies. Are you wondering what my ranges are that I am working with? And I believe the pixel clock frequency is 50 mhz.
You said your timing signals were given to you. What are these?
Let's assume you are using VESA VGA specs for 800x600 display.
If you are not, then you need to learn about VGA timing specs.
Sorry I am a bit scatter brained at the moment. It's the standard frequencies for a 640x480 display @ 60Hz, but the range of values that my counters are going to go are 800x600. And I believe we are using an upgraded pixel clock because the 25MHz clocks were fuzzy on the displays.
Ok, you have to make up your mind.
Are you generating 640x480 @ 60Hz or 800x600 @ 75Hz?
Please post the specs you have been given.
I am not being indecisive . I stated earlier that my active region is 640x480 @ 60Hz, but that my two 10-bit counters I have running will be counting from 0-799 (horizontal) and 0-524 (vertical).
Time it takes to transmit one frame 800x525x40ns = 16.8ms.
That is what I have been provided with.
A pixel clock of 25.175MHz will bring you in line with the VGA standard.
Now I am confused as to where I go from here now that I have the specs.
I already gave you some steps. What is your next question?
You will load the SR 80 times to generate the video signal.
Use the timing information shown in the diagram to generate the hor sync pulse.
The vertical sync lasts for 2 hor scans at line 489 and 490.
You will load the SR 640 times to generate the video signal.
How to handle actually telling the pixel what color to be. I have my registers working and hsync and vsync go hi and lo when they are suppose to. I am wondering how I now tell pixelX to be a color.
You will have three SRs to control red, green and blue.
When all bits are 0, the color is black.
When all bits are 1, the color is white.
In total, you have 2^3 = 8 colors to choose from, i.e. each pixel can have any one of 8 colors.
You will need three 640x480 bit maps, one for each of the three colors, red, green and blue.
You will output 80 bytes from each map simultaneously to each of the 3 SRs for each horizontal line.
Okay and depending on where I am in my active region will be the signal I sent to the SR right? I have to make an 8 pixel blue bored around the entire active region. So what I have done is take two comparators to see that my count is < 8 and > 470 as well as < 8 and > 630. So when my signals are high depending on where the count is I will just pass a 1 to the shift register corresponding to that color?
I wouldn't do that in hardware.
Since at some point you have to generate the graphics content in software I would draw the border in software into the bit map.
unless Xilinx has that feature built in where I can tell the software how I want to paint the border to the display that would be very handy, but unfortunately I have to implement that in the hardware.
Then how are you going to generate content for the screen?


We've selected three of our favourite slow cooker recipes you should try. We absolutely loved these and we thought we'd share them with out readers. The perfect winter warmers, or just something new to try – either way they're worth the wait!
Turn the slow cooker onto low. Place the carrots and potatoes in the bottom. Remove any string from the lamb joint and place on top. Season it with salt and pepper.
Pour over the hot lamb stock, cover and cook for about 8 to 10 hours.
When ready to serve, remove the lamb carefully (use 2 forks to lift out as it will fall apart – no need to carve, just pull the meat apart). Make up about 120ml boiling water with the Bisto and ladle in a few ladlefuls of the juice from the slow cooker to taste.
Serve with Yorkshire puddings, mint sauce and gravy.
Place the onion, chilli beans, black beans, sweetcorn, passata, beer and chopped tomatoes in a slow cooker. Add taco seasoning and stir to blend. Lay chicken breasts on top of the mixture, pressing down slightly until just covered by the other ingredients. Set slow cooker for low heat, cover and cook for 5 hours.
Remove chicken breasts from the soup and allow to cool long enough to be handled. Shred the chicken with two forks. Stir the shredded chicken back into the soup and continue cooking for 2 hours. Serve topped with grated Cheddar cheese, a dollop of soured cream and crushed tortilla chips, if desired.
First, roast your poblanos. Turn the oven on to the high broil setting and move the rack to about one-third of the way from the top of the oven. Wash and dry whole peppers and place on a cookie sheet. Place in the oven and broil for 2-3 minutes, until the tops are blackened, then turn carefully with tongs and continue broiling until most sides are blistered and blackened. But watch carefully! Ovens can vary greatly, so keep a close eye on the peppers and remove them if they start to smoke more than just a little.
Remove blackened pepeprs from the oven and carefully tent a large piece of foil over the top. This helps the peppers to "sweat" and will make the skin easier to peel off when it's time.
While the poblanos are cooling, assemble the rest of the chili. Heat the olive oil in a medium saute pan over medium heat. Add the diced onions and green peppers. Cook, stirring occasionally, until tender, 5-6 minutes.
Add the garlic, oregano, cumin, smoked paprika, cloves, and salt. Cook, stirring, for one minute.
Add a cup or so of broth and stir to make sure all the bits of flavor are scraped up into the broth. Carefully pour into the slow cooker along with the remaining vegetable broth, cannellini beans, quinoa, and Tabasco if using.
Carefully peel the skin off of the poblanos and remove the stem. Remove the seeds for a milder chili; keep them for a hotter chili. Finely dice and add to the Crock Pot. Stir gently to mix all of the ingredients together.
Cook on low for 8 – 10 hours, or on high for 3 – 4 hours until the quinoa is tender and the chili is relatively thick. Taste and add additional salt and pepper to taste.


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Q: Series resistance for DC brushed motor with PWM drive I'm looking for double-checking my math/assumptions, and if possible, a physical explanation of the "rising corner frequency" phenomenon.
When controlling a DC brushed motor with PWM, typically by switching MOSFETs in a bridge configuration (or a single MOSFET plus reverse diode when driving in only one direction,) it is possible to limit the maximum amount of current seen by the MOSFET by measuring resistance and inductance of the motor, and setting the PWM on-time to be no more than an appropriate time.
For example, for a 16V drive of a 20 uH motor with internal resistance of 2 Ohm, the time constant is (0.000020 / 2.0) or 10 microseconds, and the current achieved after that time is 16V * (1 - 1/e) / 2.0 Ohm = 5.06A. Alternatively, if I have a fixed PWM frequency, the duty cycle has to be set appropriately to make the on-time be at the given length. For example, with a duty cycle of 20%, the total cycle time is 50 microseconds and the frequency is 20 kHz.
I want to reduce the risk of overloading the output MOSFET in the case of a short, so I add a 1 Ohm series resistor (rated for appropriate wattage at the expected duty cycle -- this is an example!) The time constant now shifts to (0.000020 / 3.0) or 6.7 microseconds. In effect, the corner frequency of the low-pass filter of the RL circuit has gone up; it now passes more high-frequency signal. This means that at the same 10 microseconds as before, the circuit has reached a higher percentage of its "final" current.
First: Am I missing something, or is this correct? (to the first order -- motors seem tricky when you want to model everything!)
Second: It seems unintuitive to me that adding resistance increases the passband of the filter. Is it correct to say that the reason for this is that the time constant measures "time to 1-1/e of final current," and the additional resistance makes "final current" lower? I e, the actual current growth / voltage drop "speed" in the inductor doesn't change; instead it's the "goal" that changes? The math is very clear that this change in time constant (and thus frequency response) happens, so I'm trying to find the right "hook" to anchor my physical understanding to.

A: Your understanding is  good.
Adding a series R increases the R/L slew rate of current but to lower final short circuit current so this does not protect the driver.   Slew rate is the inverse of Tau=L/R !
The only way to provide OCP (over-current protection) is to sense current with say a  60mV shunt resistor ( e.g. 60mV/6A = 0.01 Ohm ) then amplify properly and trigger a shutdown before the Safe Operating Area (SOA curve) power * time limit is exceeded in the driver from an electrical short or motor from a mechanical stall.    Current shunt IC's often use 50mV max but depends on Pd max.

A: If your motor is not too big the DCR is significant. In your example 16VDC and 2 ohms the prospective stall current can only get to 8 amps. Low voltage mosfets that will handle this are cheap and easy to find. Adding External DC resistance like 1 ohm will waste power and reduce maximum motor speed when loaded. You were discussing motor inductance which is valid. 20 microhenry seems very small so double check this. Remember that inductance and hence time constant can fall drastically at high currents when saturation happens. Larger motors can have much lower DCR so current sensing is the preferred method of protection.


Branko Grunbaum was born in 1929 in the city of Osijek, Croatia. He started his studies at the University of Zagreb, and then moved in 1949 to Israel, where he completed his studies in 1954 and earned his PhD at the Hebrew University in Yerusalem in 1957. In 1966, he became full professor at the the University of Washington, after spending time at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, Hebrew University and at the Michigan State University.
Some of his classic monographs are Convex Polytopes and Tiles and Patterns (the latter written wwith Shepherd). A copy of the monograph Tiles and Patterns has been donated by Professor Grunbaum to the Mathematics Department of the University of Zagreb, with his signature. His main interests in Mathematics are in patterns, tilings, and geometric shapes called convex polytopes.
Professor Grunbaum is recipient of the prestitious Steel Prize from the American Mathematical Society in 2005. He is a foreign member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb since 1988.
He was happily married for 61 years to his high-school sweetheart Zdenka (Bienenstock) Grunbaum, who died in 2015.
According to personal information by Professor Ivan Ivanšić, a recommendation letter for then young Branko Grunbaum for the continuation of his studies at the Hebrew University of Yerusalem was written by Danilo Blanuša, distinguished Croatian mathematician, who was also born in the city of Osijek as Branko Grunbaum.
Branko Grunbaum was fluent in five languages, including Croatian.
Branko Grunbaum wrote a very interesting survey paper "The Bilinski dodecahedron, and assorted parallelohedra, zonohedra, monohedra, isozonohedra and otherhedra" ([PDF], 27 pp.), dealing with the work of distinguished Croatian mathematician Stanko Bilinski. For more details, see an article dealing with the Bilinski dodecahedron and the life of Stanko Bilinski, who was a full member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb.
According to Dr. Vanda Bilinski, daughter of Professor Billinski, Branko Grunbaum started his study of Mathematics at the University of Zagreb, and her father was was lecturing to him as a freshman. It is very probable that it was Professor Bilinski who kindled his interest in Geometry.
Many thanks to Professor Ivan Ivanšić, University of Zagreb, for his information about the death of Professor Branko Grunbaum.


The accounts were reportedly made to look like they were from Democrats, but the party reported the tweets to Twitter.
"We took action on relevant accounts and activity on Twitter", a Twitter spokesman said in an email to Reuters.
Twitter has deleted more than 10,000 bot accounts which it says were trying to persuade people not to vote in the upcoming USA midterm elections.
But the way they chose these accounts was by referral from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, a group supporting campaigns of Democrats to the U.S. House of Representatives.
It appears that the removals had taken place near the end of September and the beginning of October.
Twitter has its own method of tracking spam and bot accounts which it suspects of manipulating public discussion on its platform.
The DCCC's flagging ultimately resulted in Twitter purging more than 10,000 accounts from the social networking service, Reuters reported, citing three unnamed sources familiar with the matter.
Co-founder of RoBhat Labs Ash Bhat said: "We provide the DNC with reports about what we're seeing in terms of bot activity and where it's being amplified".
"We can't tell you who's behind these different operations - Twitter hides that from us - but with the technology you know when and how it's happening", Bhat said.
Here in 2.O trailer, we don't have such connect, either with Chitti robot, Vasigaran, robot Amy Jackson or robot Akshay Kumar . The Rajnikanth starrer's trailer just came out and it's a larger than life film that revolve around the mighty cellphone.


Many people are exposed to stress at some point in their lifetime, and the body's reactions can vary. A stressful event can lead to uncontrolled reactions in the body and mind which have the potential to become post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
PTSD has a proven link to substance abuse, where a sufferer may use drugs or alcohol to self-medicate feelings of unease, anxiety, and depression. When a person with PTSD has a co-occurring substance use disorder, therapists can use EMDR in drug rehab to treat the underlying trauma that contributes to addiction.
EMDR is short for a psychotherapy treatment called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. First developed in 1987, this is a form of therapy that aims to alleviate the stress associated with traumatizing memories.
During an EMDR session, the client is asked to focus on external stimuli while they attend to brief doses of disturbing material simultaneously. By directing lateral eye movements, the therapy can access the brain's traumatic memory network and form new associations.
These new associations enable a patient to eliminate sources of emotional distress. This includes addressing triggers for stress as well as building tools to deal with PTSD. The treatment also helps clients activate their own natural healing processes.
The National Institute of Mental Health reports that PTSD can develop from a wide range of traumatic events. This disorder is often associated with military service, but other trauma might include sexual assault, abuse, accidents, natural disasters, and other violent crimes. Going through something like this, or even watching a loved one suffer, can elicit a fight or flight response that is long-lasting.
EMDR is a specialized treatment that can help address PTSD as a co-occurring disorder with substance abuse. With EMDR, a patient can learn to address and face feelings associated with past trauma, which can lead to a reduction in anxiety, depression, and anger.
With some patients, relief from the symptoms of PTSD can be achieved in a small number of EMDR sessions or even in just the first session. With others, it takes a bit longer. What remains a mystery is exactly how or why the treatment works.
One sleep researcher at Harvard University has suggested that, by continually shifting the eye's focus, you are able to alter the chemicals in the brain. The belief is that EMDR permits the brain to re-process hurtful memories in a way that less threatening. Brain studies have revealed that EMDR therapy expands the hippocampus, which is an area of the brain that contracts in patients with PTSD.
Have you or any of your loved ones been self-medicating PTSD symptoms with drugs or alcohol? Past trauma is a common contributor to substance abuse in the U.S., so you are not alone. Fortunately, there is specialized help available at a Florida drug rehab.
When a co-occurring disorder is present, such as PTSD, addiction treatment is most effective when all issues are addressed simultaneously. EMDR is offered at Orlando Recovery Center along with other therapies that the program will tailor to best suit your needs. Contact us now to learn more about how our comprehensive addiction treatment program can help you break free from the pain of addiction and PTSD.


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On November 14th 2012, @ 8pm, The Ireland Reaching Out Programme are holding a Roadshow presentation at the Tower Hotel, in Co Derry. After a hugely successful 2 years, IrelandXO is now embarking on its expansion programme Nationwide. Henry Healy, Community Activation Leader, with Ireland Reaching Out (distant cousin of Mr Barack Obama, President of USA), will be giving a presentation. Anyone with an interest in their community, its history, tourism, business or genealogy, is encouraged to get involved and learn more about the programme. New parish volunteers are always welcome. Please contact tel: 091 842 013 or email: info@irelandxo.com for further details.
The Ireland Reaching Out (IrelandXO) programme is an award winning national community programme that works with parishes across Ireland to connect with their diaspora worldwide, enabling people to trace their roots to specific Irish parishes and providing a 'Meet & Greet' service. The Ireland(XO) website will provide a profile for every parish in the country, and aims to facilitate connections with some of the estimated 70 million diaspora abroad.
The idea is very simple: instead of waiting for people of Irish descent to return to Ireland to "trace their roots" as is popularly done today, we are looking to help and train local people in communities to proactively research, reach out and contact their Diaspora. This is what we call reverse genealogy. It involves the tracing and recording of all the people who left a community and the seeking out their living descendants worldwide. Ireland(XO) is currently identifying and training volunteers in parishes across the country who will guide returning diaspora to places of interest including family homesteads, grave stones or land connected to their families. People abroad can leave queries on the site that will be responded to by local trained volunteers, helping to link them to their ancestral homes.
The Ireland Reaching Out (Ireland XO) project was launched as a National Diaspora Programme by the Taoiseach, Enda Kenny TD, in March 2012. The innovative programme has won many awards, including the national "Pride of Place" Awards (Nov 2011) and "Best Community" initiative (Feb 2012) by the Local Authorities Members Awards (LAMA). It also won sponsorship from the Arthur Guinness Fund. The programme was founded and piloted in South-East Galway by tech entrepreneur Mike Feerick in 2009. It has been funded by the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Heritage Council, the Atlantic Philanthropies, the Ireland Funds, Galway County Council, Galway Rural Development (GRD), and Irish-American sources. Sponsors include Google, Guinness, An Post, and the National Library. In Dec 2011, the programme launched a global partnership with the GAA. Well-known broadcasters and economists David McWilliams and George Lee have been prominent supporter's of Ireland (XO) pointing out the extraordinary economic potential of the programme, which rises well beyond the immediate an obvious tourism opportunity. The Ireland Reaching Out programme aims to build an online database of 10 million members of the Irish Diaspora including delivering one million additional visits to the island of Ireland by 2016.


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Rising Force: Numbered Gold Vinyl
MOVLP1878
• 180 Gram Audiophile Vinyl
•	Ranked First In All-Time Top Ten List Of Shred Albums By Guitar World Magazine
•	Limited Edition Of 1.000 Numbered Copies On Gold Vinyl
Rising Force is the first studio album by guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, released on 5 March 1984 through Polydor Records. The album reached No. 14 on the Swedish albums chart, No. 60 on the US Billboard 200, and received a nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance at the 1986 Grammy Awards. It is regarded as a seminal release in the shred and neoclassical metal genres.
Steve Huey at AllMusic gave Rising Force four stars out of five, calling it 'a revelation upon its release' and 'The true inauguration of the age of the guitar shredder'. He praised Malmsteen's technique and 'blinding virtuosity', as well as highlighting 'his obsessions with Bach, Beethoven, and Paganini'. In a 2009 article by Guitar World magazine, Rising Force was ranked first in the all-time top ten list of shred albums. The staff wrote: 'Yngwie J. Malmsteen was, is, and always will be the greatest shredder of all time. Hell, he invented the genre with his debut.'
"Black Star" and "Far Beyond the Sun" have endured as two of Malmsteen's most popular songs, as well as being staples of his live setlist. In a 2008 Guitar World interview, Malmsteen said of the two songs: 'I'll probably play "Far Beyond the Sun" and "Black Star" until the day I die.'
1 Black Star
2 Far Beyond The Sun
3 Now Your Ships Are Burned
4 Evil Eye
1 Icarus' Dream Suite Opus 4
2 As Above, So Below
3 Little Savage
4 Farewell
More products from Yngwie Malmsteen
Fire & Ice: Limited Edition Fire & Ice Colour Vinyl


Mission Statement: To manage the deer population to the carrying capacity at Apple Canyon Lake POA with specific guidance and direction from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and with adherence to the program under the Rules & Regulations of the ACLPOA.
Charge: Work closely with Management (Security and GM) to oversee the program and immediately report any serious issue during the hunting season.
Evaluate the program for improvements and recommend to the board.
Conduct the Archery Qualifications and submit names to office who will require the Hunters to provide the proof of insurance, proof of successfully completing a state or federally approved hunter safety education course, and entry fees.
Conduct the Mandatory Orientation meeting for hunters who qualified.
Inspect stands for compliance with rules and regulations.
Provide SSD with the map of zones and zone assignments.
Compile a report on the success/challenges of the ACL Deer Management Program for presentation to the Board of Directors at the end of the hunting season.
Prepare a calendar for the following season indicating application date, qualification date, orientation date, etc.


You were still beautiful when I saw you by chance.
Never let go his hold.
I let you go because I love you.
Oh lalalalalala nanananana I'm glad.
I didn't know that at first.
I didn't even know about love. So I hurt you.
mind by me everyday now.
I was so sorry and thankful.
in front of you nor make you tired.
I still support you and hope you get happy genuinely.
But anyway I loved only you crazily.
The words are useless now so I'll stop this and leave you.


The Eagles held leads late in both games against Van Alstyne (33-2). In the opener Brock led 3-2 before giving up the tying run in the fifth and winning run in the bottom of the seventh. In the second game, Brock led 2-1 before surrendering six runs in the top of the seventh.
Brock had swept its first four playoff series. This included a thrilling 4-3 and 5-4 triumph over Parker County rival Peaster in the third round.
"Even though we didn't reach our ultimate goal of winning a state championship, we have a lot to be proud of," Herring said. "Making the regional finals and winning four playoff series is a big accomplishment."
The Eagles extended their streak of playoff appearances to 16 consecutive seasons. They have reached at least the second round 12 straight years.
Brock hitting: Titus Gossett 1 hit; Jordan Andrae 1 hit, 2 RBI; Gabe Mendoza 1 hit; Doc Bruner 1 hit; Jansen Ivie 1 hit, RBI.
Brock pitching: Gossett (loss) 6 innings, 5 hits, 2 earned runs, 1 strikeout, 4 walks; Seth Boleman 0 innings, 1 hit, 0 runs, 2 walks.
Brock hitting: Gossett double; Bruner 1 hit, RBI; Boleman 1 hit.
Brock pitching: Boleman (loss) 7 innings, 8 hits, 6 earned runs, 7 strikeouts, 6 walks; Christian Stites 0 innings, 0 hits, 0 runs, 1 walk.


Wait, the guy with the moving company truck is about to knock on the door!
Hurry up Joan get the show on the road.
A lot of disappointment and Aunt Joan does not catch on.
I call dibs on her bathroom time slot.
Yeah, "worried" is not the word I'd use.
Holly has nothing to complain about, she acted precipitously. Maybe she should move into the basement, preferably in someone else's home.


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Exhibibits at: Bellwether Gallery
Corinne May Botz (October 14 - November 13, 2004)
Todd Hebert, Neighbors (November 18 - December 18, 2004)
Tanyth Berkeley, Love Parade (January 6 - February 5, 2005)
Epic (March 11 - April 9, 2005)
Amy Wilson, The Global Appeal of Liberty (April 14 - May 14, 2005)
Allison Smith, Victory Hall (May 26 - June 25, 2005) PICK
Idols of Perversity (June 30 - August 6, 2005)
Adam Cvijanovic, Love Poem (10 Minutes After the End of Gravity) (September 8 - October 15, 2005) PICK
Marc Swanson (October 27 - December 3, 2005)
Ellen Altfest, Still Lives (December 8 - January 21, 2006)
Hysterical Realism (January 26 - February 25, 2006)
Meta-Minimal (January 26 - February 25, 2006)
Psychic Reality (January 26 - February 25, 2006)
Charlotta Westergren: Åhus Sommaren 1974 (March 4 - April 8, 2006)
Everest Hall, Axis Mundi (September 7 - October 7, 2006)
Dice Thrown (Will Never Annul Chance) (October 12 - November 11, 2006)
Trevor Paglen, Black World (November 16 - December 23, 2006) PICK
Brent Green, Paulina Hollers (January 6 - February 3, 2007)
Aspects, Forms, and Figures (February 8 - March 10, 2007) PICK
Tanyth Berkeley, The Muse, The Fugitive, & The Frequency (March 15 - April 14, 2007)
John Bauer (April 19 - May 19, 2007)
Shana Moulton, Project Room: Whispering Pines (April 19 - May 19, 2007)
In Defense of Ardor (May 24 - June 30, 2007) PICK
07/08 (July 16 - August 17, 2007)
Dana Frankfort, New Paintings (September 8 - October 6, 2007)
Daphne Fitzpatrick, A Roll In The Hay (October 11 - November 10, 2007)
Carl Hammoud (October 11 - November 10, 2007)
Jansson Stegner (November 15 - December 22, 2007)
Jonah Groeneboer, The Measure (January 10 - February 16, 2008)
Marc Swanson, The Saint at Large (February 28 - April 5, 2008) PICK
Anne Hardy (April 15 - May 17, 2008)
Adam Cvijanovic, Colossal Spectacle (May 29 - July 3, 2008) TOP PICK
If Love Could Have Saved You, You Would Have Lived Forever (July 10 - August 8, 2008)
Zoe Beloff, The Somnambulists (September 2 - October 4, 2008)
Paula Wilson, The Stained Glass Ceiling (October 9 - November 15, 2008)
Sarah Conaway, Some New Works (October 9 - November 15, 2008)
Funny Not Funny (November 20 - January 17, 2009)
Alyssa Pheobus, Lay in the Reins (January 22 - February 21, 2009)
Trevor Paglen (March 6 - April 4, 2009) PICK
A Song for Those in Search of What They Came With (May 21 - July 17, 2009)


The Regional Alumni meet was held in the College on 2nd March, 2019, organized by the Alumni Cell, with a total of 56 alumni attending the same. The program witnessed the felicitation of Nagpur Chapter team members, followed by the address of Mr. Kalpak Onkar (ME 2010 batch), Coordinator of the Nagpur Chapter. He emphasized on entrepreneurial thinking of students and highlighted objectives of the Nagpur Chapter team.
Also addressing them were Dr. Surendra Gole (Principal) and Prof. R. B. Gowardhan (Vice Principal), encouraging the alumni to assist the current batches in all spheres. The meet concluded with an open forum followed by cake cutting and lunch.
Dr. Sushant Satputale, Faculty Coordinator of the Alumni Cell and his team thanks the Management for their support in organizing the same.