SIR implements a successful area-wide codling moth management program. Working area-wide helps everyone.
The degree day totals indicate the predicted stage of development of codling moth.
Codling moth traps are placed in all the orchards in the SIR program area, and they are checked weekly by SIR staff.
Every year codling moth trap count results are also used to produce the annual Codling Moth Neighbourhood Maps.
Every year apple clearwing moth trap count results are also used to produce the annual Apple Clearwing Neighbourhood Maps.
Management practices conventional and organic growers can apply to reduce and keep codling moth levels.
There are situations where chemical interventions may be required.
Using pheromones to communicate and find mates can be exploited by pest managers and used to control some insects.
Corrugated cardboard banding, applied to the trunks of host trees, works as a trap for mature codling moth larvae.
Letters and notices sent by SIR and actions to be taken.
Important resources, videos, documents and links.


text:
Q: Is it possible to attach an uploaded file to http request? I have a form that submits a file to an endpoint. In theory that endpoint takes the file and attaches it to another post request that goes to the API.
I was trying to figure out how to do it with Laravel and read a few things that suggest it's not possible? That the only solution would be save it in a public place and submit the link to the API. Anyone able to shed some light on this? Below is the code that I thought would work but does not send the file.
$this->client->post('/api/endpoint', ['form_params' => ['file' => $request->file('file')->getRealPath()]])

Client being the Guzzle client.

A: Yes it is. Guzzle Docs
$client->request('POST', '/post', [
    'multipart' => [
        [
            'name'     => 'foo',
            'contents' => 'data',
            'headers'  => ['X-Baz' => 'bar']
        ],
        [
            'name'     => 'baz',
            'contents' => fopen('/path/to/file', 'r')
        ],
        [
            'name'     => 'qux',
            'contents' => fopen('/path/to/file', 'r'),
            'filename' => 'custom_filename.txt'
        ],
    ]
]);

A: It seems fairly uncommon for APIs to handle file uploads as this is generally something a person does. If i were to do something like this I would first read the contents of the file and base64 encode it. Then send the normal Http POST request with the base64 encoded file content as a string. On the API, you could then decode it and do whatever you need to o with the file.
Dealing with base64 in PHP is fairly simple http://php.net/manual/en/function.base64-encode.php

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Run function on uncustomized input type I have this sharepoint input:
<input type="button" name="ctl00$ctl40$g_b25debc7_4f96_4b4c_b4bc_f59036684958$ctl00$toolBarTbl$RightRptControls$ctl00$ctl00$diidIOSaveItem" value="Guardar" onclick="if (!PreSaveItem()) return false;if (SPClientForms.ClientFormManager.SubmitClientForm('WPQ1')) return false;WebForm_DoPostBackWithOptions(new WebForm_PostBackOptions("ctl00$ctl40$g_b25debc7_4f96_4b4c_b4bc_f59036684958$ctl00$toolBarTbl$RightRptControls$ctl00$ctl00$diidIOSaveItem", "", true, "", "", false, true))" id="ctl00_ctl40_g_b25debc7_4f96_4b4c_b4bc_f59036684958_ctl00_toolBarTbl_RightRptControls_ctl00_ctl00_diidIOSaveItem" accesskey="O" class="ms-ButtonHeightWidth" target="_self">

I want to run function when I click it. But sharepoint added many properties and I cant add properties or change them to button.
How can I run this function when I click that button?
function sendEmail() {

    appweburl = decodeURIComponent(getQueryStringParameter('SPAppWebUrl'));
    hostweburl = decodeURIComponent(getQueryStringParameter('SPHostUrl'));
    var urlTemplate = appweburl + "/_api/SP.Utilities.Utility.SendEmail";
    var fieldUsuario = ctx.CurrentItem.Notificar_x0020_a

    $.ajax({
        contentType: 'application/json',
        url: urlTemplate,
        type: "POST",
        data: JSON.stringify({
            'properties': {
                '__metadata': { 'type': 'SP.Utilities.EmailProperties' },
                'From': 'bocar@tbocar.onmicrosoft.com',
                'To': { 'results': [fieldUsuario] },
                'Body': 'Hello',
                'Subject': 'remember'
            }
        }
      ),
        headers: {
            "Accept": "application/json;odata=verbose",
            "content-type": "application/json;odata=verbose",
            "X-RequestDigest": $("#__REQUESTDIGEST").val()
        },
        success: function (data) {
            var result = data.d.results;
            var i = result.length;
        },
        error: function (err) {
            alert(JSON.stringify(err));
        }
    });
}

Regards!

A: Add this in a <script> tag at some point after the button:
var button = document.querySelector('input[type="button"][accesskey="O"]');
button.addEventListener('click', function() { sendEmail(); });

This will keep both the original handler and add yours.


1 Have you approval for your POPI compliance project charter?
2 Have you agreed the duties of your Information Officer?
3 Have you Identified the extent of current & planned compliance with the POPI Act?
4 Have you identified what Personal Information is processed; what records contain Personal Information; what user rights exist for your Personal Information?
6 Have you reviewed your web site for POPI Act compliance and published your Privacy Notice?
7 Have you updated your Promotion of Access to Information Act manual to be POPI Act compliant?
8 Have you implemented Personal Information management processes, including acquisition, processing, retention, security and destruction practices?
9 Have you trained your staff on their role in POPI Act compliance?
10 Have you a plan to ensure ongoing compliance with the POPI Act?
Unless you score 10/10 there's still work to do!
Acknowledgement: this checklist has been compiled by Dr Peter Tobin & Mr John Cato.


text:
View Original: Standard SJ-1.jpg (1200x669)
Keywords: louis seeman louisseeman world war i france the great war world war one worldwarifrancethegreatwarworldwarone glen l. martin company glenlmartincompany 458 blackandwhite monochrome vehicle airplane aircraft outdoor black and white Mr. Seeman (B.1888) received Aero Club of America license #458 at the Curtiss School of Aviation in San Diego, CA in 1916. At this time he was a mechanic on plane motors for the Glenn Martin Company. In 1917 he attended U.C. Berkley School of Military Aeronautics, and in 1918 he was commissioned a 2nd Lt. in the Aviation Section of the American Expeditionary Forces serving in France until his return to the U. S. and discharge in 1919. Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive Mr. Seeman (B.1888) received Aero Club of America license #458 at the Curtiss School of Aviation in San Diego, CA in 1916. At this time he was a mechanic on plane motors for the Glenn Martin Company. In 1917 he attended U.C. Berkley School of Military Aeronautics, and in 1918 he was commissioned a 2nd Lt. in the Aviation Section of the American Expeditionary Forces serving in France until his return to the U. S. and discharge in 1919. Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive Mr. Seeman (B.1888) received Aero Club of America license #458 at the Curtiss School of Aviation in San Diego, CA in 1916. At this time he was a mechanic on plane motors for the Glenn Martin Company. In 1917 he attended U.C. Berkley School of Military Aeronautics, and in 1918 he was commissioned a 2nd Lt. in the Aviation Section of the American Expeditionary Forces serving in France until his return to the U. S. and discharge in 1919. Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive 458 glenlmartincompany louisseeman worldwarifrancethegreatwarworldwarone

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our trapping network consists of blacklight traps (BLT), Harstack traps, and vinegar bait traps.
Blacklight traps are used to monitor historical pests such as European corn borer (ECB) and armyworm, as well as new invasive pests such as brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB). The Hartstack trap, when used in conjunction with a pheromone lure, is used to monitor corn earworm (CEW). Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) is monitored using a vinegar trap and an attractant lure/bait.
The purpose of monitoring these pests is to provide an early warning system for growers, crop consultants, and Extension associates. We are also using the trapping information to follow how their populations change over time, which allows for the management of risk involved in vegetable, fruit, and grain production, and can aid in solving crop production challenges now and in the future.
Below is a map of locations being monitored for ECB, CEW, TAW, WBCW, and SWD, with links to their respective graphs. Not all locations are monitoring for all three pests.


text:
Жан Лекла́н (; 8 серпня 1920, Париж — 16 вересня 2011, там само) — французький сходознавець і єгиптолог, фахівець у галузі історії, зокрема цивілізації фараонів. Народився та помер в Парижі (похований на кладовищі Монпарнас, 6 округ). Його праці були присвячені Мероїтській цивілізації, релігійній історії та історії мистецтва іконопису і етнографії.

Біографія
У 1940 році навчався у Вищій нормальній школі в Парижі, 1945 року став професором географії.

Протягом 1946—1948 рр. працював науковим співробітником у Національному центрі наукових досліджень та уповноваженим радником при національних музеях. У 1948—1952 рр. був членом Французького інституту східної археології в Каїрі (IFAO). У 1952 році Жану Леклану доручили створення Департаменту старожитностей Ефіопії. У 1953 році отримав диплом з відзнакою в Практичній школі вищих досліджень. Протягом 1953—1963 рр. читав лекції, згодом, в 1955 році став професором Страсбурського університету та отримав ступінь доктора мистецтв.

У 1963—1979 рр. — професор єгиптології в Сорбонні, у 1964—1990 рр. керував дослідженнями в Практичній школі вищих досліджень. У 1979—1990 рр. Жан Леклан був професором єгиптології в одному з найпрестижніших навчальних закладів Франції — Колеж де Франс, а від 1992 року — директором музею Вілла Керильос.

У 1993 році удостоєний премії Бальцана у номінації «Античне мистецтво та археологія».

Очолював Місію експертів-археологів у Ефіопії (1952—1956), Французьку археологічну місію в Саккарі (1963), і Французьку археологічну місію в Судані (Солеб, 1960—1978; Седенга з 1979 року). Також, Жан Леклан провів численні розкопки в Єгипті (Карнак), Саккарі і Танісі; в Судані (Солеб, Седенга), Ефіопії (Аксум).

В останні роки свого життя займав посаду віце-президента обсерваторії релігійної спадщини (ОРС) — багатоконфесійна організація, яка створена, щоб зберегти вплив французької релігійної спадщини. Був одним із ініціаторів петиції «Свобода історії».

Відзнаки

 Великий офіцер Ордена Почесного легіону
 Командор Національного Ордена за заслуги
 Командор Ордена Академічних пальм
 Командор Ордена мистецтв і літератури
 Великий офіцер Ордена За заслуги перед Італійською Республікою
 Офіцер Імператорського Ордена Менеліка ІІ (Ефіопія)
 Орден першого класу Ель-Нільєн (Судан)
 Великий офіцер Ордена Республіки Єгипет
 Доктор honoris causa Левенського університету
 Доктор honoris causa Болонського університету
 Доктор honoris causa Віденського університету
 Обраний рядовим членом Академії написів і красного письменства, яку очолював єгиптолог Жак Вандьї. А також посмертно обраний секретарем цієї ж Академії.

Публікації
 Enquêtes sur les sacerdoces et les sanctuaires égyptiens à l'époque dite Éthiopienne, [10], [11], BdE, IFAO, Le Caire, 1954.
 Avec Paul Barguet et Clément Robichon, Karnak-nord [12], 2 vol., FIFAO, Le Caire, 1954.
 Fouilles et travaux en Égypte, 1955—1957, [13], fasc. 1, Orientalia, Pontificium institutum biblicum, Roma, 1958.
 Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1960—1961, [14], fasc. 3, Orientalia, Pontificium institutum biblicum, Roma, 1962.
 Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1961—1962, [15], fasc. 2, Orientalia, Pontificium institutum biblicum, Roma, 1963.
 Recherches sur les monuments Thébains de la [16] dite éthiopienne, 2 vol., BdE, IFAO, Le Caire, 1965.
 Avec Michela Schiff Giorgini et Clément Robichon, Soleb [17], 1813—1963, Sansoni, Florence, 1965.
 Avec Michela Schiff Giorgini et Clément Robichon, Soleb [18], les nécropoles, Sansoni, Florence, 1971.
 Avec Jean-Philippe Lauer, Mission archéologique de Saqqarah, [19], le temple haut du complexe funéraire du roi Téti, BdE, IFAO, Le Caire, 1972.
 Avec Gisèle Clerc, Inventaire bibliographique des Isiaca, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1972—1974.
 Les textes de la pyramide de Pépi [20], reconstitution de la paroi est de l'antichambre, CRAIBL, Paris, 1977.
 Avec Audran Labrousse et Jean-Philippe Lauer, Mission archéologique de Saqqarah. [21], Le temple haut du complexe funéraire du roi Ounas, [22], BdE, IFAO, Le Caire, 1977.
 Recherches à la pyramide de Pépi [23] (Saqqarah 1972—1976), BSFE, Paris, 10/1976-03/1977.
 Avec Cyril Aldred, Jean-Louis Hellouin de Cenival, Fernand Debono, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, Jean-Philippe Lauer et Jean Vercoutter, Le temps des pyramides, L'univers des formes, Gallimard, Paris, 1978.
 Avec Cyril Aldred, Paul Barguet, Christiane Desroches Noblecourt et H.W. Müller, L'empire des conquérants, L'univers des formes, Gallimard, Paris, 1979.
 Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1978—1979, [24], [25], Orientalia, 1980.
 Avec Cyril Aldred, François Daumas et Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, L'Égypte du crépuscule, L'univers des formes, Gallimard, Paris, 1980.
 T.P. Pépi [26], [27], à propos des textes des pyramides, MGEM, IFAO, Le Caire, 1985.
 De l'égyptophilie à l'égyptologie, Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Paris, 1985.
 Avec H.G. Fischer, L'écriture et l'art de l'Égypte ancienne, Quatre leçons sur la paléographie et l'épigraphie pharaoniques, PUF, Paris, 1986.
 Avec A. Zivie, Memphis et ses nécropoles au Nouvel Empire, Nouvelles données, nouvelles questions, CNRS, Paris, 1988.
 Aux sources de l'égyptologie européenne: Champollion, Young, Rosellini, Lepsius, Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, Paris, 1991.
 Archaeological Activities in Egypt, Vol. 1, [28], Atti del [29] Congresso Internazionale di Egittologia, Turin, 1992.
 Noubounet, une nouvelle reine d'Égypte, [30], Gegengabe Brunner-Traut, Attempto Verlag, Tübingen, 1992.
 À propos des Aegyptiaca du haut Moyen Âge en France, [31], The Heritage of Egypt. Studies Iversen, Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen, 1992.
 Diana Nemorensis, Isis et Bubastis, [32], Studies in Pharaonic Religion and Society in honour of J. Gwyn Griffiths, The Egypt Exploration Society, London, 1992.
 Avec Gisèle Clerc, Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1993—1994, [33], fasc. 3, [34], Orientalia, Rome, 1995.
 Avant-propos, [35], L'Égyptomanie à l'épreuve de l'archéologie, Musée du Louvre, Paris, 1996.
 Avec Gisèle Clerc, Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1994—1995, [36], fasc. 3, [37], Orientalia, Roma, 1996.
 Avec Jean-Philippe Lauer et Audran Labrousse, L'architecture des pyramides à textes, [38], Saqqara Nord, 2 vol., [39], BdE, IFAO, Le Caire, 1996.
 Avec M. Rassart-Debergh, Textiles d'Antinoé, Donation E. Guimet, Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Colmar, 1997.
 Avec C. Langlois, A. Decaux, J. Tulard, F. Gros et G. Le Rider, L'expédition d'Égypte, postérités et prospectives, Palais de l'Institut, Paris, 1998.
 Avec Dominique Valbelle, Le décret de Memphis, bicentenaire de la découverte de la Pierre de Rosette, De Boccard, Paris, 1999.
 Avec G. Mokhtar, L'empire de Koush: Napata et Méroé, In Histoire Générale de l'Afrique. Volume [40]: L'Afrique Ancienne, Présence Africaine/Edicef/Unesco, Paris, Nouvelle édition, 2000.
 Répertoire d'épigraphie méroïtique: corpus des inscriptions publiées, 3 vol., Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Paris, 2000.
 Au fil du Nil, le parcours d'un égyptologue, Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres, Paris, 2001.
 Avec Catherine Berger-el Naggar, Bernard Mathieu et I. Pierre-Croisiau, Les textes de la pyramide de Pépy [41], 1, édition, description et analyse, 2, facsimilés, MIFAO, Le Caire, 2001.
 Dictionnaire de l'Antiquité, PUF, Paris, 2005, collection Quadrige, 2464 pages, [42].

Примітки

Посилання

Французькі єгиптологи
Випускники Вищої нормальної школи (Париж)
Викладачі Страсбурзького університету
Співробітники Колеж де Франс
Члени Академії надписів та красного письменства
Лауреати премії Бальцана
Почесні доктори

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The International Community Must Resist China's Abuse of Interpol | Opinion
Bradley Jardine and Natalie Hall
On 11/19/21 at 9:00 AM EST
Opinion Interpol China Chinese
Interpol, a global police organization with 194 members, will host a general assembly later this month to elect a new executive committee to oversee its administration. The nomination of Hu Binchin to that role, a deputy director in China's Ministry of State Security, would be disastrous for international human rights.
In recent years, the Chinese government used Interpol's notices and diffusions to pursue Uyghurs—a Turkic ethnic group—abroad. China's growing influence in the world policing organization would only intensify this campaign.
Do Not Overlook Biden's Crucial, Pragmatic Message on Oil
The United Nations Is Giving the Names of Uyghur Dissidents to China
Interpol's red notices flag individuals for arrest and possible extradition in the name of ongoing judicial processes within a jurisdiction or a tribunal. While Interpol's constitution prohibits countries from using the organization and its resources for political purposes, the system has been abused by states seeking to silence dissent abroad. The number of red notices increased by more than 18 times in recent decades, from 737 in 1997 to 13,377 in 2019.
Chinese police have issued 200 or more red notices per year since 2014, and possibly as many as 612 in 2016 alone. Before, China issued around 30 red notices per year. This dramatic escalation aligns with China's increasing securitization and pursuit of dissidents and opposition figures abroad, including Uyghurs as part of its "people's war" on terror.
Uyghur activists such as Dolkun Isa, president of the World Uyghur Congress, have been noting this threat since 1999. Isa has been arrested in a number of countries, including South Korea, India, Turkey and Italy. Long persecuted, Uyghurs have suffered increasing international repression since 2014. Our research revealed that 1,338 Uyghurs have been detained or deported from 18 countries since 2014. None of these individuals have a history of terrorism or extremism.
Prominent examples include Idris Hasan (also known as Yidiresi Aishan), who lived in Turkey since 2012. A Uyghur software engineer, he did not know that the Chinese government issued a red notice against him until he was detained in Morocco in July 2021, while transiting Casablanca Airport. Activists worked to draw attention to his detention, resulting in the suspension of the red notice while Interpol reviewed the case. It was then canceled for being "non-compliant" with Articles 2 and 3 of the organization's constitution. Hasan remains in custody in Rabat fighting a direct extradition request from the Chinese government.
Ahmad Talip, a Uyghur arrested on the basis of a red notice, remained in the custody of United Arab Emirates immigration police even after UAE courts had ruled for his release. Talip disappeared shortly after the ruling and is believed to have been extra-legally rendered to China. Other Uyghurs living abroad have faced a similar fate: Huseyin Imintohti (Turkey, UAE), Ershidin Israyil (Kazakhstan) and Canadian citizen Huseyin Celil (Uzbekistan) were all detained and returned to China on the bases of red notices. Their fates remain unknown.
These red notices go largely unreviewed until a Uyghur is arrested or detained, in spite of the well-documented human rights abuses within Xinjiang and China's efforts to repatriate Uyghurs from abroad. This indicates an array of challenges: Interpol assumes that rule by law and rule of law states are equal. Thus, red notices and diffusions issued by autocratic China are given equal weight to those issued by democratic states, leaving the system of notices and their resulting prosecutions open to abuse.
Interpol's building in Lyon. FRED DUFOUR/AFP via Getty Images
Interpol lacks accountability and transparency. The organization publishes limited data on red notices and very little information on diffusions. A majority of the red notices in circulation are not public. As a result, individuals are unaware that they are being pursued and face risks as a result—immobilizing vulnerable communities.
While Interpol admitted that the case of Idris Hasan violated its constitution, it has yet to take clear steps to answer the challenges it faces, leaving it to be a tool of authoritarian governments, including China. It is unclear how many of the 55,000 red notices and unknown number of diffusions are for Uyghurs living abroad, and of those how many have been reviewed by Interpol staff.
In order to prevent Interpol from being abused by authoritarian states, the international community should form a caucus of like-minded states within the organization. These governments could vote together on critical issues, support common candidates for the executive committee, presidency and secretary-general and adopt policies to insulate it from abuse.
Democratic states can also push back on the use and abuse of Interpol using their own legislation. The 2019 Transnational Repression Accountability and Prevention (TRAP) Act is meant to change U.S. interactions with Interpol, ensuring that U.S. law enforcement cannot arrest an individual purely on the basis of a red notice.
Authoritarian states around the world are using Interpol as a weapon to target dissidents, opposition figures and vulnerable communities who have sought sanctuary abroad. In order to meet its stated commitment to protect human rights, the international community must act.
Bradley Jardine is a global fellow at the Wilson Center's Kissinger Institute on China and the United States and director of research at the Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs. Follow him on Twitter @Jardine_bradley.
Natalie Hall is a researcher at the Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs and former program coordinator at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Follow her on Twitter @natalielhall94.
The views expressed in this article are the writers' own.


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<codeline lineno="10"><highlight class="normal"><sp/><sp/><sp/><sp/></highlight><highlight class="comment">//<sp/>Set<sp/>this<sp/>actor<sp/>to<sp/>call<sp/>Tick()<sp/>every<sp/>frame.<sp/><sp/>You<sp/>can<sp/>turn<sp/>this<sp/>off<sp/>to<sp/>improve<sp/>performance<sp/>if<sp/>you<sp/>don't<sp/>need<sp/>it.</highlight><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="11"><highlight class="normal"><sp/><sp/><sp/><sp/>PrimaryActorTick.bCanEverTick<sp/>=<sp/></highlight><highlight class="keyword">true</highlight><highlight class="normal">;</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="12"><highlight class="normal"><sp/><sp/><sp/><sp/>Scene<sp/>=<sp/>CreateDefaultSubobject<USceneComponent>(TEXT(</highlight><highlight class="stringliteral">"Scene"</highlight><highlight class="normal">));</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="13"><highlight class="normal">}</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="14"><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="15"><highlight class="normal"></highlight><highlight class="comment">//<sp/>Called<sp/>when<sp/>the<sp/>game<sp/>starts<sp/>or<sp/>when<sp/>spawned</highlight><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="16"><highlight class="normal"></highlight><highlight class="keywordtype">void</highlight><highlight class="normal"><sp/>AEnvironmentTestActor::BeginPlay()</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="17"><highlight class="normal">{</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="18"><highlight class="normal"><sp/><sp/><sp/><sp/>Super::BeginPlay();</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="19"><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="20"><highlight class="normal">}</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="21"><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="22"><highlight class="normal"></highlight><highlight class="comment">//<sp/>Called<sp/>every<sp/>frame</highlight><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="23"><highlight class="normal"></highlight><highlight class="keywordtype">void</highlight><highlight class="normal"><sp/>AEnvironmentTestActor::Tick(</highlight><highlight class="keywordtype">float</highlight><highlight class="normal"><sp/>DeltaTime)</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="24"><highlight class="normal">{</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="25"><highlight class="normal"><sp/><sp/><sp/><sp/>Super::Tick(DeltaTime);</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="26"><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="27"><highlight class="normal">}</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="28"><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="29"><highlight class="normal"></highlight><highlight class="keywordtype">float</highlight><highlight class="normal"><sp/>AEnvironmentTestActor::TestEnvironment()</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="30"><highlight class="normal">{</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="31"><highlight class="normal"><sp/><sp/><sp/><sp/></highlight><highlight class="keywordflow">return</highlight><highlight class="normal"><sp/>(GetActorLocation().X<sp/>+<sp/>GetActorLocation().Y<sp/>+<sp/>GetActorLocation().Z);</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="32"><highlight class="normal">}</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="33"><highlight class="normal"></highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="34"><highlight class="normal"></highlight><highlight class="keywordtype">float</highlight><highlight class="normal"><sp/>AEnvironmentTestActor::GetScore()</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="35"><highlight class="normal">{</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="36"><highlight class="normal"><sp/><sp/><sp/><sp/></highlight><highlight class="keywordflow">return</highlight><highlight class="normal"><sp/>ResultMultiplier<sp/>*<sp/>TestEnvironment();</highlight></codeline>
<codeline lineno="37"><highlight class="normal">}</highlight></codeline>
    </programlisting>
    <location file="EnvSearcher/SearchSystems/EnvironmentTesters/EnvironmentTestActor.cpp"/>
  </compounddef>
</doxygen>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


DATE OF BIRTH 3rd of January, 1975.
FAMILY Married, has three sons.
Joint Command and General Staff Course, Baltic Defence College, Estonia.
Joint Command and Staff Course, Baltic Defence College, Estonia.
Commander, Air Defence Battalion of the Lithuanian Air Forces.
Staff officer (G5), IJC, Afghanistan.
2016 Lithuanian Armed Forces Medal of Merit.


text:
Smart Weather Station FAQs Follow
Help & Troubleshooting FAQs / Forecast FAQs / Product FAQs
How do I change my station name?
You can change the name of your station any time via the settings in the app. Go to settings > stations > choose a station > tap the "Name" and edit. Make sure to save changes.
I don't have an iOS or Android device - how do I get through setup?
You can only set up your Hub through the iOS or Android applications. Although, some BlackBerry devices can run Android apps. If this isn't an option or if you have a Windows phone, try using a friend's or family member's iOS or Android device for the setup process. Once the Hub and devices are setup and configured to WiFi, you can access the data anywhere on the web.
What batteries should I use for AIR and/or SKY?
The HUB is designed to plug into a power outlet inside your house. A plug and USB power cable will be included with your station kit. The AIR requires 4 AA batteries while the SKY can use 8 AA batteries, but we encourage you to use the solar panel accessory included with your station kit. We recommend using Energizer Ultimate Lithium (not alkaline, not rechargeable lithium ion) in outdoor environments as they perform much better in variable temperatures. Both AIR and SKY are meticulously designed to consume a tiny amount of power allowing for super long battery life.
What is the wireless range of the devices?
Sensor devices communicate with HUB via powerful sub-gHz telemetry radios and can maintain connection up to 300 meters (1000 ft+) unobstructed, in clear line of sight. The HUB should be placed no farther from the router than any other wireless connected devices. Situations vary with obstructions, wall materials, signal interference and power.
How frequently are measurements reported by the sensors?
All values are reported on a one-minute average cycle. Lightning strikes are instantaneously reported upon detection. The ultrasonic anemometer in SKY and Tempest samples the wind every 3 seconds and sends an average of wind speed & direction to the Hub. The haptic rain sensor in SKY and Tempest also reports instantaneous rain start events when more than 5 seconds of continuous rain occurs.
More on wind sampling...
Every 3 seconds the ultrasonic transducers sample the wind speed and direction. These values are averaged in one-minute observations. The lull is the lowest of the 3-sec readings and the gust is the highest of the 3 sec readings. The one minute averages become part of your station's long term record. These are World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standard sampling methods.
What does Power Save Mode do for SKY & Tempest?
Power save mode saves battery power by reducing the wind sampling frequency of the sonic anemometers from 3 seconds (normal) to 15 seconds (power-save).
Tempest devices will automatically enter different phases of power saving power modes when battery capacity starts getting low.
What does Direction Offset do for the wind direction?
The wind direction offset value is added to your raw wind direction reading. If you think your wind direction is off or perhaps the sensor device is installed backwards and you don't want to fix manually, simply apply a direction offset. Go to settings > stations > choose a station > manage devices > choose SKY > advanced > direction offset.
How is wind direction displayed?
Wind direction reports are based on where the wind is blowing from. Wind direction is displayed in degree format or cardinal direction. Conventional wind barbs point into the wind but you can also treat the wind as a vector using an arrow that points in the direction of the flow.
How is pressure displayed?
The value displayed on the station home screen of the app is sea level pressure. Also known as relative pressure or barometric pressure, this is an adjusted value based on temperature and total height above sea level (elevation + height above ground).
Station pressure or atmospheric pressure is measured directly by the sensor. This pressure value is not of much use to people, unless for some reason you want to know what the actual pressure is at your house (maybe for brewing beer, baking bread or engine tuning?). Station pressure is displayed in the list view in the app.
Pressure trends: The following trends are determined from changes over 3 hour intervals...
"Falling"/"Rising" if the magnitude of the pressure change is ≥ 1 mb
"Steady" if the magnitude of the pressure change is ≤ 1 mb
How do you decide rain intensity values?
VERY LIGHT: < 0.25 mm/hour
LIGHT: ≥ 0.25, < 1.0 mm/hour
MODERATE: ≥ 1.0, < 4.0 mm/hour
HEAVY: ≥ 4.0, < 16.0 mm/hour
VERY HEAVY: ≥ 16.0, < 50 mm/hour
EXTREME: > 50.0 mm/hour
How do I view daily summaries of observations?
You can view daily summaries of observations using the history tab or through the graph view at the outermost zoom level for any graphed parameter. In the graph view, the box plots represent the highest and lowest observed values for that day. The red line displayed in each box is the average value over the entire day, not the average of the highest and lowest value.
Will I lose data if my Hub/station experiences an outage?
Sensor devices can store about an hour worth of data and will continue pinging the Hub to reconnect. Once power to the Hub is reestablished and the devices reconnect, stored device data will be offloaded to the Hub for publication.
Tip: In the event of a prolonged power outage, you can power the Hub with an external power bank. The hub requires a minimum 5 Watt (1 Amp @ 5 volts) power supply. Make sure the power bank you select has pass through charging ability, meaning it will charge itself (from the wall) at the same time it powers the Hub. For reference, a 10,000mAh battery capacity can power the Hub for over 72 hours.
Sensor devices will continue transmitting data to the Hub. The Hub can store about a week of data from one AIR and SKY pair or one Tempest. Once internet connection is restored to the Hub, it will publish the data. Tip: The Hub is able to publish the data locally (UDP, BLE) as long as it has power (setup UDP broadcast and/or leave the app open on a Bluetooth connected device).
My humidity readings seem off, is something wrong?
The sensors inside the AIR and Tempest are tested and calibrated no less than 3 times before they leave our factory. If you think your sensor is incorrectly reporting relative humidity, the first thing to do is check the immediate environment in which it's located. The instruments are quite sensitive and will pick up ambient moisture from ground vegetation, nearby trees, moisture in wood decks, dryer vents, etc. Siting differences will typically result in different data.
Why is the lightning detector giving false positives?
The lightning detector in the AIR senses the small electromagnetic pulse produced by lightning. Although it will reject most non-lightning emissions, it may report so-called "false positives" from other electromagnetic sources including motors, microwave ovens, computer monitors, speakers, and even motion detectors. Be sure to locate the AIR away from such sources. Sometimes these sources are not obvious. If you experience false positives, the simple solution is to re-locate your AIR in a location free of electromagnetic interference. If however, you cannot identify any potential interference, or you are limited on siting options, subtle changes in the positioning of air can make all the difference. Try rotating your AIR so the logo or vent point toward another direction. If you live in a 'noisy' environment, you may want to disable the lightning alerts in the app or even disable the lightning sensor in the AIR altogether.
What is the RSSI value?
RSSI is a relative measurement of signal strength between either a device and the Hub or the Hub and your router/access point. The closer to zero the better the signal. For example, an RSS of -45 would be great. -12 is fantastic (AIR & hub are probably sitting right next to each other). -65 is still fine once you get close to -80 or -90, you're on the edge and could suffer from packet loss.
How do I clean the SKY or Tempest device?
Under normal conditions, you should not need to clean your Tempest or SKY device. Rain and wind will keep it sufficiently clean. In some cases, you may notice foreign build-up in the wind gap where the ultra-sonic anemometer takes readings. In this case, we recommend removing any debris with a light spray form a hose. You may also want to take the device indoors and use water from the kitchen or bathroom faucet at medium to high pressure. Do not use soap or anything but water. You may need to use a cloth on the top of the device to remove bird droppings and you may also want to wipe the exterior and between the radiation shield plates to remove anything the water does not. Do NOT use a cloth or abrasion of any kind in the wind gap area, which is coated with a super-hydrophobic material.
What does the 'Share Publicly' setting entail?
The 'Share Publicly' settings toggle allows you to decide whether or not others can view data from your weather station and also permits integrated services like IFTTT to use the data. This data does not include any personal identification. It does include a general proximity location for geographical context. If this is of concern, you can simply change the location of your station in the Station settings menu. Here's an example of publicly shared weather data: https://tempestwx.com/station/1934/grid
Where can I see a map of all Tempest stations?
There's a map of all publicly reporting Tempest stations here: TempestWx.com/map
You can also get to this map from the mobile app, starting from the Settings tab, scroll to the "More" heading and tap the "TempestWx (Map)" link.
What's the difference between the mobile app and the web app?
The mobile app is focused on providing an intuitive view of current conditions and forecast information, both of which are driven and improved by observation data from your Tempest hardware.
The web app (TempestWx.com) includes all of the features of the mobile apps, plus a few extras - typically those that are used less frequently and/or are more appropriate for a browser interface. As we add more features to both apps, we will continue to be guided by our design principles.
Our design goals are to keep the Tempest apps purposefully simple, elegant and easy-to-use. Feedback on our apps generally comes in two forms: Some users want a more technical, sophisticated view of the data from their weather station. Others simply want to know what the weather is doing now and in the future in a simple and clean interface. Our challenge is to provide both.
What are the IFTTT column headers for the observation log applet?
If you are using the pre-made applet, the column headers are as follows: Timestamp, AirTemp, Humidity, Pressure, WindAvg, WindDir, WindLull, WindGust, Rain, UV, Brightness, SolarRadiation, LightningStrike
Know that you can make new columns and convert from the base units or add a conversion to the data coming in to a cell. This is one of the pre-configured IFTTT applets which is simple to set up but the configuration cannot be changed. However, you can actually create your own applet with your own configuration (parameters, units, etc.).
To configure your own data logging applet...
From IFTTT, go to My Applets > New Applet > select WeatherFlow for the "If" part > choose New Observation. Then choose Google Sheets for the "Then" part > "Add Row" > customize your preferred ingredients to a formatted row.
How can I use my data on my website or blog?
There are several ways to integrate your smart weather station data into a website. If your website uses WordPress, check out the beautiful Weather Station plugin (https://weather.station.software/). You can also link your station to Weather Underground, then use one of their weather stickers (https://www.wunderground.com/stickers/). The desktop software Weather-Display (www.weather-display.com) is a powerful tool for visualizing weather data and also provides a nice way to publish data to a website. Finally, if you are an experienced developer (or know someone who is), you'll want to check out our API (https://weatherflow.github.io/SmartWeather/api/).
How do I link my station to Weather Underground?
To send your weather station data to WU, create a WU PWS and gather your PWS ID and Station key. Then login to your account on the web app: https://tempestwx.com/ and go to settings > stations > choose your station > public data > Weather Underground and enter your WU PWS station ID and key. Wait at least 30 minutes to an hour before WU starts publishing your data. This process could take longer depending on WU issues.
Forecast FAQs
Where does the Forecast come from?
The forecast data displayed in the Tempest app is produced by WeatherFlow. Our modeling systems start with data from a variety of third-party sources, including global and regional numerical models from US and European weather agencies, as well as WeatherFlow's in house regional numerical models. The forecasts are then enhanced using the rich source of WeatherFlow observations in WeatherFlow's proprietary machine learning (AI) forecasting platform to improve the forecast for your specific location.
How is Tempest's forecast better than others?
Improvements are made to the local forecast as the machine learning (AI) ingests observations from your Tempest System and other observations in your area. We pay a great deal of attention to the quality of the observations coming from your Tempest and our Continuous Learning AI seeks to improve the quality of your unique observations. You will notice advantages in accuracy over other forecasts starting about ~60 days from the time of installation. You may notice additional improvements going forward as we learn more about your local weather.
Why does the daily probability of precipitation not match the hourly values?
The probability of seeing precipitation at any hour during the day will always be greater than the probability of seeing precipitation within one hour of that day. It's a little like the fact that the probability of an individual coin toss is 50% heads, yet the probability of getting at least one heads in 5 throws is almost 97%. The actual values presented are derived from the complex interplay of math, physics, meteorology and magic that happens in the WeatherFlow data science center.
Full Smart Home Weather Station FAQs
Can I see my weather station online?
Yes. Go to smartweather.weatherflow.com and user your WeatherFlow login credentials to view your station. You can also share your weather station with friends and family by sharing the URL noted at the bottom of your station's web page. You can use any connected device to view your weather data. iPad – yes. iPhone – yes. Android phone or tablet – yes. Computer – yes. Anything with a browser.
Do I need WiFi?
Yes and no. Most people will locate their weather station at home and connect to a home WiFi network. Doing this will enable consistent weather data to flow into our servers and allow anytime data access. It is possible to operate a Smart Weather Station via your smartphone, however, data will only be reported when the phone is directly connected to the weather station (via BLE).
Solar power accessory for SKY
SKY is capable of running entirely off solar power using the solar panel accessory. The solar is expected to provide 5 years of battery life with an internal lithium iron phosphate battery and up to 30 days of power on a full charge even in full overcast conditions.
How does the ultra-sonic anemometer work?
SKY houses a sonic anemometer in the top of the device. The SKY measures wind speed and direction based on the time of flight of sonic pulses between pairs of transducers. This allows for a high degree of accuracy especially in variable wind conditions. For more information see Wikipedia on Sonic Anemometers.
How does the haptic rain sensor work?
SKY uses a patent-pending haptic rain sensor in the top of the device. Using a combination of pressure and capacitance, SKY measures and counts each falling raindrop. Algorithms exclude things that are not rain (like the rumblings of a passing train or Harley). This allows SKY to report the instant rain begins falling, the current intensity, and the total rain accumulation over time. Accuracy compares to a large tipping bucket, but does not get fouled with leaves or bird poop.
Is there a solar radiation shield for the AIR?
If your AIR must be placed in direct sunlight - make sure to house the unit within an adequate solar radiation shield. There are solar shields available on the market, search "solar radiation shield". We've tested the Ambient SRS100LX: http://a.co/fu9505i and the AIR fits snugly inside if you build the layers around the unit.
Does the AIR & Tempest really detect lightning?
The AIR and Tempest detects cloud-to-ground and cloud-to-cloud lightning activity. The sensor detects electrical transmissions from lightning activity up to 40km (approx. 25 miles) away and gives an estimate of distance. Humans can typically sense lightning only up to 25km away. The sensor algorithm is even smart enough to reject man-made signals such as microwave ovens and motors. That said, it's important to place the AIR away from electrical disturbances for best performance. The maximum detection efficiency at 5km is about 40%, at 15km ~35%, and at 40km ~18% or so. Please note that the sensor is an early warning system designed to track the head of the storm, it is not necessary to capture every single lightning strike. It is enough to capture some events to get information on how far the leading edge of the storm is away from the sensor's position. The system is based on statistical analyses of lightning strikes and is thus not comparable to expensive lightning measurement equipment.
Why don't I get an alert for every lightning strike?
To prevent users from being overwhelmed by lightning detection alerts, we set up a rule that our software follows: for each lightning strike, an alert is sent if it's been more than 30 minutes since the last alert or if it's closer than the previous strike.
What is the temperature operating range of the equipment?
The Hub is not intended to be used outdoors, it should not be in an environment where relative humidity can reach 95% or more because water could condense on the circuits and cause damage.
AIR and SKY's temperature operating range is from -35F to 140F.
How durable are the Tempest & AIR/SKY devices?
We use a marine-grade plastic formula for the device casings, which are designed to improve durability and keep the devices shining white for many years to come. No matter where you live; in the heat of Central Florida, bitter cold of Canada, or across the seas, the AIR/SKY won't degrade from years of weathering.
Can I use this on a moving vehicle?
Many owners have installed the equipment on a boat, RV, storm chasing vehicle, motor homes, etc. but the device and software is not designed to support use on a moving platform. There is no GPS in the hardware, so the station location needs to be updated manually upon relocating. Wind direction is determined by aligning the device to true north. Rain readings are triggered by vibrations detected by the haptic rain sensor, so, a moving platform, especially on the road or water would cause false rain readings.
However, when you're parked at a location, the system would still be a great asset for weather data. The Hub (base station) connects to WiFi but it is not necessary aside from the occasional software update. A phone or tablet with a Bluetooth connection with the Hub is all you need to get data locally. The Tempest device transmits data over radio to the Hub. The Hub does need to be powered, requiring 1amp @5v power supply.
Is the Tempest (or AIR/SKY) a scientific/professional instrument?
The Tempest device (like AIR & SKY) was designed to be the best weather sensor device for residential use in the world. The sensor hardware within Tempest devices are best-of-class; as good or better than what you find in other home weather stations. The data these sensors provide is higher quality than data coming from most home stations as well as what more expensive, "pro-sumer" hardware produces. Moreover, the Tempest system is more than hardware - using advanced quality control analysis and machine learning techniques, our goal is to provide you the most accurate estimate of real-time conditions, as well as a guaranteed better forecast.
In addition to data accuracy and forecast enhancement, there are several attributes where the Tempest (and AIR & SKY) perform better than other devices, better even than "professional" devices. These areas include cost, simplicity, ease-of-use, low maintenance, and high reliability.
And while we do intend to develop a line of commercial/professional weather hardware devices in the future, the Tempest (and AIR & SKY) is aimed squarely at the home consumer. Despite being designed for common residential use with available WiFi, they will perform exceptionally well in a variety of situations. That said, features like power management, signal range, connectivity, inputs/outputs have not been optimized for the various advanced needs of the scientific / professional user.
Siting & Installation for Tempest
Troubleshooting Measurements & Data


Regardless of your pest issue-- be termites, cockroaches, or rodents-- nobody delights in the sight of a insect scurrying throughout their walls and hallways. After all, numerous insects are understood to provide a range of health threats, with some even known for carrying illness into your house. Sadly, when you identify one pest that often implies there are numerous them concealing someplace and all set to additional infest your home. When this takes place, you'll want to work with the best pest control operator around to secure your house.
When the bed bugs remain in your home, they'll be going from 1 place to another. Bed bugs are intrusive pests Nixon, TX that may be hard to discover. They are best dealt with by an skilled expert.
Bed bugs are rather more resilient and resistant than every other pest, including rats and cockroaches in Nixon, TX . Unless a bed bug was spotted, the very first sign of an problem is generally the existence of skin inflammation. Once bed bugs have invaded your house, they can be somewhat hard to get rid of. They can be harder to treat than other family insect insects for a few factors. Considering that they are difficult to see, use a magnifying glass. They do not stay on the human that they are eating therefore they will normally hide in clothing and try to get to a brand-new place. They are unable to survive high temperatures, making heat a extremely reliable treatment method .
Charge of bed bugs can take some time and several follow-up treatments. Overall control takes a thoroughly prepared and designed integrated strategy. Bed bug control does not have to be costly Nixon, TX .
You will have to understand the signals of a vermin problem. An invasion is something which can occur to any person Nixon, TX . As an example, be specific to take a look at where you have to take care of your bed bug problem. If you're worried you own a bed bug problem, begin searching for physical indications of their presence. Bed bug infestations can affect a single bed in 1 room or a entire home or residential or commercial property. Chemical techniques aren't the only approach to manage bed bug infestations.
Ways To Get Started with Bed Bugs Exterminator or Pest Control Specialist Nixon, TX ?
Usually, knowledgeable pest control service will utilize a few selections of treatment techniques like vacuuming, cleaning, steaming and other mechanical approaches to absolutely get rid of the bed bug problem. There are numerous pest control companies that may assist you for the exact very same. Normally speaking, a lot of excellent pest control businesses will initially send out down a specialist to run a visual evaluation of your home prior to quoting you a price Nixon, TX .
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text:
is the area of the brain at the very front of the frontal lobes. It is involved in "executive functions", such as working memory, decision-making, planning and judgment. Prefrontal regions appear to be particularly sensitive to the effects of aging. It is thought that the reduced ability to recall the context of memories that occurs with advancing age, is evidence that the prefrontal cortex is also critical for context processing - a process involved in many cognitive functions. A recent study has also revealed that emotional stimuli and attentional functions are integrated in a specific part of the prefrontal cortex - the anterior cingulate (located between the right and left halves).
Attention warps memory space
Submitted by Fiona McPherson on Mon, 05/13/2013 - 15:39
A recent study reveals that when we focus on searching for something, regions across the brain are pulled into the search. The study sheds light on how attention works.
In the experiments, brain activity was recorded as participants searched for people or vehicles in movie clips. Computational models showed how each of the roughly 50,000 locations near the cortex responded to each of the 935 categories of objects and actions seen in the movie clips.
Mynd:
Read more about Attention warps memory space
Re-organization more important than changes in brain size
Submitted by Fiona McPherson on Tue, 04/16/2013 - 14:24
A new finding points to brain reorganization, rather than brain size, as the driver in primate brain evolution. Data from 17 anthropoid primate species (including humans) across 40 million years has found that around three quarters of differences between the brains of species of monkeys and apes are due to internal reorganization that is independent of size. The prefrontal cortex in particular appears to have played the biggest role in explaining the evolutionary changes in primate brains.
brain evolution
brain size
Read more about Re-organization more important than changes in brain size
Social isolation decreases myelin
A mouse study demonstrates that prolonged social isolation can lead to a decrease in myelin, an effect implicated in a number of disorders, including age-related cognitive decline.
Problems with myelin — demyelination (seen most dramatically in MS, but also in other forms of neurodegeneration, including normal aging and depression); failure to develop sufficient myelin (in children and adolescents) — are increasingly being implicated in a wide range of disorders. A new animal study adds to that evidence by showing that social isolation brings about both depression and loss of myelin.
In the study, adult mice were isolated for eight weeks (which is of course longer for a mouse than it is to us) to induce a depressive-like state. They were then introduced to a mouse they hadn't seen before. Although typically very social animals, those who had been socially isolated didn't show any interest in interacting with the new mouse — a common pattern in human behavior as well.
Analysis of their brains revealed significantly lower levels of gene transcription for oligodendrocyte cells (the components of myelin) in the prefrontal cortex. This appeared to be caused by a lower production of heterochromatin (tightly packed DNA) in the cell nuclei, producing less mature oligodendrocytes.
Interestingly, even short periods of isolation were sufficient to produce changes in chromatin and myelin, although behavior wasn't affected.
Happily, however, regardless of length of isolation, myelin production went back to normal after a period of social integration.
The findings add to the evidence that environmental factors can have significant effects on brain development and function, and support the idea that socializing is good for the brain.
[3197] Liu, J., Dietz K., DeLoyht J. M., Pedre X., Kelkar D., Kaur J., et al.
(2012). Impaired adult myelination in the prefrontal cortex of socially isolated mice.
Nature Neuroscience. 15(12), 1621 - 1623.
http://www.futurity.org/top-stories/in-social-isolation-brain-makes-less...
Read more about Social isolation decreases myelin
Exercise may be best way to protect against brain shrinkage
A large study of older adults shows that physical exercise is associated with less brain atrophy and fewer white matter lesions. A small study shows that frail seniors benefit equally from exercise.
A study using data from the Lothian Birth Cohort (people born in Scotland in 1936) has analyzed brain scans of 638 participants when they were 73 years old. Comparing this data with participants' earlier reports of their exercise and leisure activities at age 70, it was found that those who reported higher levels of regular physical activity showed significantly less brain atrophy than those who did minimal exercise. Participation in social and mentally stimulating activities, on the other hand, wasn't associated with differences in brain atrophy.
Regular physical exercise was also associated with fewer white matter lesions. While leisure activity was also associated with healthier white matter, this was not significant after factors such as age, social class, and health status were taken into account.
Unfortunately, this study is reported in a journal to which I don't have access. I would love to have more details about the leisure activities data and the brain scans. However, although the failure to find a positive effect of stimulating activities is disappointing, it's worth noting another recent study, that produced two relevant findings. First, men with high levels of cognitive activity showed a significant reduction in white matter lesions, while women did not. Women with high levels of cognitive activity, on the other hand, showed less overall brain atrophy — but men did not.
Secondly, both genders showed less atrophy in a particular region of the prefrontal cortex, but there was no effect on the hippocampus — the natural place to look for effects (and the region where physical exercise is known to have positive effects).
In other words, the positive effects of cognitive activity on the brain might be quite different from the positive effects of physical exercise.
The findings do, of course, add to the now-compelling evidence for the benefits of regular physical activity in fighting cognitive decline.
It's good news, then, that a small study has found that even frail seniors can derive significant benefits from exercise.
The study involved 83 older adults (61-89), some of whom were considered frail. Forty-three took part in group exercises (3 times a week for 12 weeks), while 40 were wait-listed controls. Participants were assessed for physical capacity, quality of life and cognitive health a week before the program began, and at the end.
Those who took part in the exercise program significantly improved their physical capacity, cognitive performance, and quality of life. These benefits were equivalent among frail and non-frail participants.
Frailty is associated with a higher risk of falls, hospitalizations, cognitive decline and psychological distress, and, of course, increases with age. In the U.S, it's estimated that 7% of seniors aged 65 to 74, 18% of those aged 75 to 84, and 37% of seniors over the age of 85 are frail.
[3129] Gow, A. J., Bastin M. E., Maniega S M., Hernández M V. C., Morris Z., Murray C., et al.
(2012). Neuroprotective lifestyles and the aging brain Activity, atrophy, and white matter integrity.
Neurology. 79(17), 1802 - 1808.
[3133] Langlois, F., Vu T T M., Chassé K., Dupuis G., Kergoat M-J., & Bherer L.
(2012). Benefits of Physical Exercise Training on Cognition and Quality of Life in Frail Older Adults.
The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences.
First study: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/aaon-emt101712.php
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/uoe-etb102212.php
Second study: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-09/uom-etv090612.php
brain atrophy
white matter lesions
Read more about Exercise may be best way to protect against brain shrinkage
The importance of cognitive control for intelligence
Brain imaging points to the importance of cognitive control, mediated by the connectivity of one particular brain region, for fluid intelligence.
What underlies differences in fluid intelligence? How are smart brains different from those that are merely 'average'?
Brain imaging studies have pointed to several aspects. One is brain size. Although the history of simplistic comparisons of brain size has been turbulent (you cannot, for example, directly compare brain size without taking into account the size of the body it's part of), nevertheless, overall brain size does count for something — 6.7% of individual variation in intelligence, it's estimated. So, something, but not a huge amount.
Activity levels in the prefrontal cortex, research also suggests, account for another 5% of variation in individual intelligence. (Do keep in mind that these figures are not saying that, for example, prefrontal activity explains 5% of intelligence. We are talking about differences between individuals.)
A new study points to a third important factor — one that, indeed, accounts for more than either of these other factors. The strength of the connections from the left prefrontal cortex to other areas is estimated to account for 10% of individual differences in intelligence.
These findings suggest a new perspective on what intelligence is. They suggest that part of intelligence rests on the functioning of the prefrontal cortex and its ability to communicate with the rest of the brain — what researchers are calling 'global connectivity'. This may reflect cognitive control and, in particular, goal maintenance. The left prefrontal cortex is thought to be involved in (among other things) remembering your goals and any instructions you need for accomplishing those goals.
The study involved 93 adults (average age 23; range 18-40), whose brains were monitored while they were doing nothing and when they were engaged in the cognitively challenging N-back working memory task.
Brain activity patterns revealed three regions within the frontoparietal network that were significantly involved in this task: the left lateral prefrontal cortex, right premotor cortex, and right medial posterior parietal cortex. All three of these regions also showed signs of being global hubs — that is, they were highly connected to other regions across the brain.
Of these, however, only the left lateral prefrontal cortex showed a significant association between its connectivity and individual's fluid intelligence. This was confirmed by a second independent measure — working memory capacity — which was also correlated with this region's connectivity, and only this region.
In other words, those with greater connectivity in the left LPFC had greater cognitive control, which is reflected in higher working memory capacity and higher fluid intelligence. There was no correlation between connectivity and crystallized intelligence.
Interestingly, although other global hubs (such as the anterior prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) also have strong relationships with intelligence and high levels of global connectivity, they did not show correlations between their levels of connectivity and fluid intelligence. That is, although the activity within these regions may be important for intelligence, their connections to other brain regions are not.
So what's so important about the connections the LPFC has with the rest of the brain? It appears that, although it connects widely to sensory and motor areas, it is primarily the connections within the frontoparietal control network that are most important — as well as the deactivation of connections with the default network (the network active during rest).
This is not to say that the LPFC is the 'seat of intelligence'! Research has made it clear that a number of brain regions support intelligence, as do other areas of connectivity. The finding is important because it shows that the left LPFC supports cognitive control and intelligence through a mechanism involving global connectivity and some other as-yet-unknown property. One possibility is that this region is a 'flexible' hub — able to shift its connectivity with a number of different brain regions as the task demands.
In other words, what may count is how many different connectivity patterns the left LPFC has in its repertoire, and how good it is at switching to them.
An association between negative connections with the default network and fluid intelligence also adds to evidence for the importance of inhibiting task-irrelevant processing.
All this emphasizes the role of cognitive control in intelligence, and perhaps goes some way to explaining why self-regulation in children is so predictive of later success, apart from the obvious.
[3060] Cole, M. W., Yarkoni T., Repovš G., Anticevic A., & Braver T. S.
(2012). Global Connectivity of Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Cognitive Control and Intelligence.
The Journal of Neuroscience. 32(26), 8988 - 8999.
http://www.futurity.org/top-stories/brain-images-predict-how-smart-you-are/
How the brain works
Read more about The importance of cognitive control for intelligence
Effect of blood pressure on the aging brain depends on genetics
For those with the Alzheimer's gene, higher blood pressure, even though within the normal range, is linked to greater brain shrinkage and reduced cognitive ability.
I've reported before on the evidence suggesting that carriers of the 'Alzheimer's gene', APOE4, tend to have smaller brain volumes and perform worse on cognitive tests, despite being cognitively 'normal'. However, the research hasn't been consistent, and now a new study suggests the reason.
The e4 variant of the apolipoprotein (APOE) gene not only increases the risk of dementia, but also of cardiovascular disease. These effects are not unrelated. Apoliproprotein is involved in the transportation of cholesterol. In older adults, it has been shown that other vascular risk factors (such as elevated cholesterol, hypertension or diabetes) worsen the cognitive effects of having this gene variant.
This new study extends the finding, by looking at 72 healthy adults from a wide age range (19-77).
Participants were tested on various cognitive abilities known to be sensitive to aging and the effects of the e4 allele. Those abilities include speed of information processing, working memory and episodic memory. Blood pressure, brain scans, and of course genetic tests, were also performed.
There are a number of interesting findings:
The relationship between age and hippocampal volume was stronger for those carrying the e4 allele (shrinkage of this brain region occurs with age, and is significantly greater in those with MCI or dementia).
Higher systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with greater atrophy (i.e., smaller volumes), slower processing speed, and reduced working memory capacity — but only for those with the e4 variant.
Among those with the better and more common e3 variant, working memory was associated with lateral prefrontal cortex volume and with processing speed. Greater age was associated with higher systolic blood pressure, smaller volumes of the prefrontal cortex and prefrontal white matter, and slower processing. However, blood pressure was not itself associated with either brain atrophy or slower cognition.
For those with the Alzheimer's variant (e4), older adults with higher blood pressure had smaller volumes of prefrontal white matter, and this in turn was associated with slower speed, which in turn linked to reduced working memory.
In other words, for those with the Alzheimer's gene, age differences in working memory (which underpin so much of age-related cognitive impairment) were produced by higher blood pressure, reduced prefrontal white matter, and slower processing. For those without the gene, age differences in working memory were produced by reduced prefrontal cortex and prefrontal white matter.
Most importantly, these increases in blood pressure that we are talking about are well within the normal range (although at the higher end).
The researchers make an interesting point: that these findings are in line with "growing evidence that 'normal' should be viewed in the context of individual's genetic predisposition".
What it comes down to is this: those with the Alzheimer's gene variant (and no doubt other genetic variants) have a greater vulnerability to some of the risk factors that commonly increase as we age. Those with a family history of dementia or serious cognitive impairment should therefore pay particular attention to controlling vascular risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes.
This doesn't mean that those without such a family history can safely ignore such conditions! When they get to the point of being clinically diagnosed as problems, then they are assuredly problems for your brain regardless of your genetics. What this study tells us is that these vascular issues appear to be problematic for Alzheimer's gene carriers before they get to that point of clinical diagnosis.
[2952] Bender, A. R., & Raz N.
(Submitted). Age-Related Differences in Memory and Executive Functions in Healthy APOE ɛ4 Carriers: The Contribution of Individual Differences in Prefrontal Volumes and Systolic Blood Pressure.
Neuropsychologia. 50(5), 704 - 714.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-05/wsu--wrs050912.php
Read more about Effect of blood pressure on the aging brain depends on genetics
Group settings hurt expressions of intelligence, especially in women
Comparing performance on an IQ test when it is given under normal conditions and when it is given in a group situation reveals that IQ drops in a group setting, and for some (mostly women) it drops dramatically.
This is another demonstration of stereotype threat, which is also a nice demonstration of the contextual nature of intelligence. The study involved 70 volunteers (average age 25; range 18-49), who were put in groups of 5. Participants were given a baseline IQ test, on which they were given no feedback. The group then participated in a group IQ test, in which 92 multi-choice questions were presented on a monitor (both individual and group tests were taken from Cattell's culture fair intelligence test). Each question appeared to each person at the same time, for a pre-determined time. After each question, they were provided with feedback in the form of their own relative rank within the group, and the rank of one other group member. Ranking was based on performance on the last 10 questions. Two of each group had their brain activity monitored.
Here's the remarkable thing. If you gather together individuals on the basis of similar baseline IQ, then you can watch their IQ diverge over the course of the group IQ task, with some dropping dramatically (e.g., 17 points from a mean IQ of 126). Moreover, even those little affected still dropped some (8 points from a mean IQ of 126).
Data from the 27 brain scans (one had to be omitted for technical reasons) suggest that everyone was initially hindered by the group setting, but 'high performers' (those who ended up scoring above the median) managed to largely recover, while 'low performers' (those who ended up scoring below the median) never did.
Personality tests carried out after the group task found no significant personality differences between high and low performers, but gender was a significant variable: 10/13 high performers were male, while 11/14 low performers were female (remember, there was no difference in baseline IQ — this is not a case of men being smarter!).
There were significant differences between the high and low performers in activity in the amygdala and the right lateral prefrontal cortex. Specifically, all participants had an initial increase in amygdala activation and diminished activity in the prefrontal cortex, but by the end of the task, the high-performing group showed decreased amygdala activation and increased prefrontal cortex activation, while the low performers didn't change. This may reflect the high performers' greater ability to reduce their anxiety. Activity in the nucleus accumbens was similar in both groups, and consistent with the idea that the students had expectations about the relative ranking they were about to receive.
It should be pointed out that the specific feedback given — the relative ranking — was not a factor. What's important is that it was being given at all, and the high performers were those who became less anxious as time went on, regardless of their specific ranking.
There are three big lessons here. One is that social pressure significantly depresses talent (meetings make you stupid?), and this seems to be worse when individuals perceive themselves to have a lower social rank. The second is that our ability to regulate our emotions is important, and something we should put more energy into. And the third is that we've got to shake ourselves loose from the idea that IQ is something we can measure in isolation. Social context matters.
[2730] Kishida, K. T., Yang D., Quartz K H., Quartz S. R., & Montague R. P.
(2012). Implicit signals in small group settings and their impact on the expression of cognitive capacity and associated brain responses.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 367(1589), 704 - 716.
Full text available at http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/367/1589/704.abstract?sid...
http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-01-group-diminish-intelligence-women.... http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/shortcuts/2012/feb/28/warning-meetings-iq
Read more about Group settings hurt expressions of intelligence, especially in women
Reviving a failing sense of smell through training
A rat study reveals how training can improve or impair smell perception.
The olfactory bulb is in the oldest part of our brain. It connects directly to the amygdala (our 'emotion center') and our prefrontal cortex, giving smells a more direct pathway to memory than our other senses. But the olfactory bulb is only part of the system processing smells. It projects to several other regions, all of which are together called the primary olfactory cortex, and of which the most prominent member is the piriform cortex. More recently, however, it has been suggested that it would be more useful to regard the olfactory bulb as the primary olfactory cortex (primary in the sense that it is first), while the piriform cortex should be regarded as association cortex — meaning that it integrates sensory information with 'higher-order' (cognitive, contextual, and behavioral) information.
Testing this hypothesis, a new rat study has found that, when rats were given training to distinguish various odors, each smell produced a different pattern of electrical activity in the olfactory bulb. However, only those smells that the rat could distinguish from others were reflected in distinct patterns of brain activity in the anterior piriform cortex, while smells that the rat couldn't differentiate produced identical brain activity patterns there. Interestingly, the smells that the rats could easily distinguish were ones in which one of the ten components in the target odor had been replaced with a new component. The smells they found difficult to distinguish were those in which a component had simply been deleted.
When a new group of rats was given additional training (8 days vs the 2 days given the original group), they eventually learned to discriminate between the odors the first animals couldn't distinguish, and this was reflected in distinct patterns of brain activity in the anterior piriform cortex. When a third group were taught to ignore the difference between odors the first rats could readily distinguish, they became unable to tell the odors apart, and similar patterns of brain activity were produced in the piriform cortex.
The effects of training were also quite stable — they were still evident after two weeks.
These findings support the idea of the piriform cortex as association cortex. It is here that experience modified neuronal activity. In the olfactory bulb, where all the various odors were reflected in different patterns of activity right from the beginning (meaning that this part of the brain could discriminate between odors that the rat itself couldn't distinguish), training made no difference to the patterns of activity.
Having said that, it should be noted that this is not entirely consistent with previous research. Several studies have found that odor training produces changes in the representations in the olfactory bulb. The difference may lie in the method of neural recording.
How far does this generalize to the human brain? Human studies have suggested that odors are represented in the posterior piriform cortex rather than the anterior piriform cortex. They have also suggested that the anterior piriform cortex is involved in expectations relating to the smells, rather than representing the smells themselves. Whether these differences reflect species differences, task differences, or methodological differences, remains to be seen.
But whether or not the same exact regions are involved, there are practical implications we can consider. The findings do suggest that one road to olfactory impairment is through neglect — if you learn to ignore differences between smells, you will become increasingly less able to do so. An impaired sense of smell has been found in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and even normal aging. While some of that may well reflect impairment earlier in the perception process, some of it may reflect the consequences of neglect. The burning question is, then, would it be possible to restore smell function through odor training?
I'd really like to see this study replicated with old rats.
[2651] Chapuis, J., & Wilson D. A.
(2011). Bidirectional plasticity of cortical pattern recognition and behavioral sensory acuity.
Nat Neurosci. advance online publication,
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-11/nlmc-afs111611.php
Read more about Reviving a failing sense of smell through training
Poverty-related stress affects cognitive ability
Stress in the lives of young children from low-income homes negatively affects their executive function and IQ, and these associations are mediated through parenting behavior and household risk.
The study involved 1,292 children followed from birth, whose cortisol levels were assessed at 7, 15, and 24 months. Three tests related to executive functions were given at age 3. Measures of parenting quality (maternal sensitivity, detachment, intrusiveness, positive regard, negative regard, and animation, during interaction with the child) and household environment (household crowding, safety and noise levels) were assessed during the home visits.
Earlier studies have indicated that a poor environment in and of itself is stressful to children, and is associated with increased cortisol levels. Interestingly, in one Mexican study, preschool children in poor homes participating in a conditional cash transfer scheme showed reduced cortisol levels.
This study found that children in lower-income homes received less positive parenting and had higher levels of cortisol in their first two years than children in slightly better-off homes. Higher levels of cortisol were associated with lower levels of executive function abilities, and to a lesser extent IQ, at 3 years.
African American children were more affected than White children on every measure. Cortisol levels were significantly higher; executive function and IQ significantly lower; ratings of positive parenting significantly lower and ratings of negative parenting significantly higher. Maternal education was significantly lower, poverty greater, homes more crowded and less safe.
The model derived from this data shows executive function negatively predicted by cortisol, while the effect on IQ is marginal. However, both executive function and IQ are predicted by negative parenting, positive parenting, and household risk (although this last variable has a greater effect on IQ than executive function). Neither executive function nor IQ was directly predicted by maternal education, ethnicity, or poverty level. Cortisol level was inversely related to positive parenting, but was not directly related to negative parenting or household risk.
Indirectly (according to this best-fit model), poverty was related to executive function through negative parenting; maternal education was related to executive function through negative parenting and to a lesser extent positive parenting; both poverty and maternal education were related to IQ through positive parenting, negative parenting, and household risk; African American ethnicity was related to executive function through negative parenting and positive parenting, and to IQ through negative parenting, positive parenting, and household risk. Cortisol levels were higher in African American children and this was unrelated to poverty level or maternal education.
Executive function (which includes working memory, inhibitory control, and attention shifting) is vital for self-regulation and central to early academic achievement. A link between cortisol level and executive function has previously been shown in preschool children, as well as adults. The association partly reflects the fact that stress hormone levels affect synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex, where executive functions are carried out. This is not to say that this is the only brain region so affected, but it is an especially sensitive one. Chronic levels of stress alter the stress response systems in ways that impair flexible regulation.
What is important about this study is this association between stress level and cognitive ability at an early age, that the effect of parenting on cortisol is associated with positive aspects rather than negative ones, and that the association between poverty and cognitive ability is mediated by both cortisol and parenting behavior — both positive and negative aspects.
A final word should be made on the subject of the higher cortisol levels in African Americans. Because of the lack of high-income African Americans in the sample (a reflection of the participating communities), it wasn't possible to directly test whether the effect is accounted for by poverty. So this remains a possibility. It is also possible that there is some genetic difference. But it also might reflect other sources of stress, such as that relating to prejudice and stereotype threat.
Based on mother's ethnic status, 58% of the families were Caucasian and 42% African American. Two-thirds of the participants had an income-to-need ratio (estimated total household income divided by the 2005 federal poverty threshold adjusted for number of household members) less than 200% of poverty. Just over half of the mothers weren't married, and most of them (89%) had never been married. The home visits at 7, 15, and 24 months lasted at least an hour, and include a videotaped free play or puzzle completion interaction between mother and child. Cortisol samples were taken prior to an emotion challenge task, and 20 minutes and 40 minutes after peak emotional arousal.
Long-term genetic effects of childhood environment
The long-term effects of getting off to a poor start are deeper than you might believe. A DNA study of forty 45-year-old males in a long-running UK study has found clear differences in gene methylation between those who experienced either very high or very low standards of living as children or adults (methylation of a gene at a significant point in the DNA reduces the activity of the gene). More than twice as many methylation differences were associated with the combined effect of the wealth, housing conditions and occupation of parents (that is, early upbringing) than were associated with the current socio-economic circumstances in adulthood (1252 differences as opposed to 545).
The findings may explain why the health disadvantages known to be associated with low socio-economic position can remain for life, despite later improvement in living conditions. The methylation profiles associated with childhood family living conditions were clustered together in large stretches of DNA, which suggests that a well-defined epigenetic pattern is linked to early socio-economic environment. Adult diseases known to be associated with early life disadvantage include coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and respiratory disorders.
[2589] Blair, C., Granger D. A., Willoughby M., Mills-Koonce R., Cox M., Greenberg M. T., et al.
(2011). Salivary Cortisol Mediates Effects of Poverty and Parenting on Executive Functions in Early Childhood.
Child Development. no - no.
Fernald, L. C., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009). Poverty-alleviation program participation and salivary cortisol in very low-income children. Social Science and Medicine, 68, 2180–2189.
[2590] Borghol, N., Suderman M., McArdle W., Racine A., Hallett M., Pembrey M., et al.
(2011). Associations with early-life socio-economic position in adult DNA methylation.
International Journal of Epidemiology.
http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-10-poverty-related-stress-affects-readi... http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-10-dna-memory-conditions-childhood.html
infant environment
preschool child
Read more about Poverty-related stress affects cognitive ability
Cannabis disrupts synchronized brain activity
Effects of a cannabis-like drug on rats explain why cannabis is linked to schizophrenia and how it might impair cognition, as well as supporting our understanding of how working memory works.
Research into the effects of cannabis on cognition has produced inconsistent results. Much may depend on extent of usage, timing, and perhaps (this is speculation) genetic differences. But marijuana abuse is common among sufferers of schizophrenia and recent studies have shown that the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana can induce some symptoms of schizophrenia in healthy volunteers.
Now new research helps explain why marijuana is linked to schizophrenia, and why it might have detrimental effects on attention and memory.
In this rat study, a drug that mimics the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana (by activating the cannabinoid receptors) produced significant disruption in brain networks, with brain activity becoming uncoordinated and inaccurate.
In recent years it has become increasingly clear that synchronized brainwaves play a crucial role in information processing — especially that between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (see, for example, my reports last month on theta waves improving retrieval and the effect of running on theta and gamma rhythms). Interactions between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex seem to be involved in working memory functions, and may provide the mechanism for bringing together memory and decision-making during goal-directed behaviors.
Consistent with this, during decision-making on a maze task, hippocampal theta waves and prefrontal gamma waves were impaired, and the theta synchronization between the two was disrupted. These effects correlated with impaired performance on the maze task.
These findings are consistent with earlier findings that drugs that activate the cannabinoid receptors disrupt the theta rhythm in the hippocampus and impair spatial working memory. This experiment extends that result to coordinated brainwaves beyond the hippocampus.
Similar neural activity is observed in schizophrenia patients, as well as in healthy carriers of a genetic risk variant.
The findings add to the evidence that working memory processes involve coordination between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus through theta rhythm synchronization. The findings are consistent with the idea that items are encoded and indexed along the phase of the theta wave into episodic representations and transferred from the hippocampus to the neocortex as a theta phase code. By disrupting that code, cannabis makes it more difficult to retain and index the information relevant to the task at hand.
[2597] Kucewicz, M. T., Tricklebank M. D., Bogacz R., & Jones M. W.
(2011). Dysfunctional Prefrontal Cortical Network Activity and Interactions following Cannabinoid Receptor Activation.
The Journal of Neuroscience. 31(43), 15560 - 15568.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/uob-hcc102411.php
Read more about Cannabis disrupts synchronized brain activity


Reloop has announced the RP-8000 MK2.
They are saying the RP-8000 MK2 is the most advanced DJ turntable ever made, developed in close collaboration with leading turntable musicians.
The RP-8000 MK2 is a new hybrid turntable which comes with an upper-torque direct drive which is designed for Serato DJ Pro and features 7 new RGB colour-coded performance modes.
Featuring a rigid chassis construction with an even heavier design for vibration damping and isolation, a more powerful starting torque and the newly developed, height-adjustable MK2 tonearm base the RP-8000 MK2 is perfectly suited to combine a powerful music instrument and a world-class professional DJ turntable.
What's new in the MK2?
Expected to be available from February 2019 for £525.


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Home > Golf
RBC Heritage Tournament
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Masters Preview, Picks and Odds
2019 Masters Predictions It's that time of the year again. The Master's is the first major championship of the year and one that always intrigues the masses. Not only does this tournament include a prize of a Green Jacket for the winner but the appealing aspect is that it's held in
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An aural hematoma is a pool of blood that collects underneath the skin of the external part of a pet's ear or ear flap. Both cats and dogs can suffer aural hematomas but it is more common in dogs. A hematoma develops from either a direct trauma or from violent shaking of the head.
What are the symptoms of an aural hematoma?
A hematoma will appear as a swollen, blood filled sack on the animal's ear flap or in the ear canal. It may be firm or soft and fluid. The hematoma could go on to irritate your pet further causing more scratching and rubbing of the area, with some pets tilting their head to one side.
What are the causes of an aural hematoma?
An aural hematoma is commonly caused by scratching and shaking the head due to irritation suffered by the pet. The irritation could be caused by a skin allergy, ear mites, an ear infection or a foreign body lodged in the ear. A hematoma can also occur as a result of a direct trauma such as a bite wound or a blunt injury. Dogs with large ears are more at risk.
What are the risk factors of an aural hematoma?
Hematomas are not harmful to your pet's health but may well cause scarring.
How is an aural hematoma diagnosed?
An aural hematoma is easily diagnosed by a visual examination but you vet will want to investigate the underlying cause. It is very likely a swab of the ear will be taken which the vet will examine for signs of parasites or an infection.
What treatment is there for an aural hematoma?
Where possible the area will be drained using a syringe followed by a cortisone injection to reduce swelling and aid healing. In most cases your vet is likely to recommend surgery to open and drain the hematoma and apply sutures (stitches) to hold the skin tightly in place, effectively preventing further accumulation of blood. Anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics will also be given. The sutures will need to remain in place for several weeks and your pet will need to wear an Elizabethan collar (a cone shaped hood) to prevent itching. Dogs with long ears will often have the ear flipped over and bandaged to the head to prevent any head shaking harming the healing ear. The vet will advise you on how to keep the wound clean once your pet is home. A follow up appointment will be needed so the vet can check there has been no further accumulation of blood, that the wound is healing correctly and to remove of the sutures.


text:
<?php

namespace Magento\Sales\Test\Block\Adminhtml\Order\Create\CustomerActivities\Sidebar;

use Magento\Sales\Test\Block\Adminhtml\Order\Create\CustomerActivities\Sidebar;
use Mtf\Client\Element\Locator;

/**
 * Class RecentlyViewedProducts
 * Recently viewed products block
 */
class RecentlyViewedProducts extends Sidebar
{
    /**
     * Recently Viewed Products selectors
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $recentlyViewedProducts = './/tbody/tr/td[1]';

    /**
     * Get products from Recently Viewed block
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getProducts()
    {
        $products = [];
        $productNames = $this->_rootElement->find($this->recentlyViewedProducts, Locator::SELECTOR_XPATH)
            ->getElements();
        foreach ($productNames as $productName) {
            $products[] = $productName->getText();
        }
        return $products;
    }
}