text:
\section{Introduction}
The study of drug representation provides the foundation for computational drug repositioning. Drug repositioning, the process of finding new uses for existing drugs, is one strategy to shorten the time and reduce the cost of drug development~\cite{nosengo2016new}. Computational methods of drug repositioning typically aim to identify shared mechanism of actions among drugs that imply that the drugs may also share therapeutic applications~\cite{pushpakom2019drug}. However, such methods are limited when prior knowledge of drugs may be scarce or not available; for example, drugs that are in the experimental phase or have failed clinical trials. Therefore, it is appealing to map the chemical structure of a molecule to its pharmacological behavior.

A drug hierarchy encodes a broad spectrum of known drug relations. For example, a widely used drug hierarchy, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), groups drugs that are similar in terms of their mechanism of action and therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical characteristics. But its utility in learning drug representation has not yet been explored.

Here, we develop a drug embedding that integrates the chemical structures of drugs and drug-like molecules with a drug hierarchy such that the similarity between pairs of drugs is informed both by the structure and groupings in the hierarchy (Figure~\ref{fig:1}). To learn the underlying grammar of chemical structures, we leverage a data set of drugs (about 1.3K) that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and a larger data set of drug-like molecules (about 250K) and use the simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES)~\cite{weininger1988smiles} structure representation. We obtain drug similarity relationships from the ATC drug hierarchy. We use the hyperbolic space for the embedding since it is amenable for learning continuous concept hierarchies~\cite{nickel2017poincare, mathieu2019continuous,de2018representation, monath2019gradient}.

\begin{figure*}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{Figures/KDD_schematic_diagram_v5.png}
    \caption{Schematic diagram of the proposed drug embedding method. Our semi-supervised learning approach integrates the chemical structures of a small number of FDA-approved drug molecules ($X_\mathrm{FDA}$) and a larger number of drug-like molecules ($X_\mathrm{ZINC}$) drawn from the ZINC database. We use VAE to encode molecules in hyperbolic space $\mathbb{H}^n$, and enforce the ATC drug hierarchy by preserving local similarity rankings of drugs. The symbols $\bm{x}$, $\bm{z}$, $\hat{\bm{x}}$ denote a molecule represented by its SMILES string, its embedding and its reconstruction; $q_\phi(\bm{z}|\bm{x}), p_\theta(\bm{x}|\bm{z})$ denote the encoder network and the decoder network respectively; $\mathcal{L}_\mathrm{ELBO}(\bm{x};\phi,\theta)$, $\mathcal{L}_\mathrm{SLR}(\bm{x},\mathcal{T};\phi)$ denote the objective functions for the VAE and the local similarity rankings.}
    \label{fig:1}
\end{figure*}

\section{Method}

\textbf{Learning chemical grammar using VAE}
We use a Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE) to encode the chemical structure of molecules. More specifically, we model a molecule as a random variable generated by encoding a SMILES string through a encoder $q_\phi(\bm{z}|\bm{x})$ into a code ($\bm{z}$), which is then decoded back to a reconstruction of the input by passing through a decoder $p_{\theta}(\bm{x}| \bm{z})$. In the classic VAE, the prior $p(\bm{z})$ is the standard normal distribution, the encoder $q_\phi(\bm{z}| \bm{x})$ is modeled by a Gaussian distribution $\mathcal{N}(\bm{z}|\bm{\mu}_\phi, \Sigma_\phi)$. To extend VAE from a flat Euclidean space to a curved manifold, the Gaussian distribution needs to be extended to the hyperbolic space.

In this study, we adopt the so-called wrapped normal distribution proposed by Nagano et al., 2019~\cite{nagano2019wrapped}, which we denote by $\mathcal{N}_{\mathbb{H}}^{\mathrm{W}}(\bm{z}|\bm{\mu}, \Sigma)$, where $\mathbb{H}^n$ is the Lorentz model of a $n$-dimensional hyperbolic space, $\bm{z} \in \mathbb{H}^n$, and $\bm{\mu}$ is the hyperbolic mean. The reparameterization trick in the hyperbolic VAE can be viewed as the composition of two operations $\mathrm{exp}_{\bm{\mu}}(\mathrm{PT}_{\bm{\mu}_0 \rightarrow \bm{\mu}} (\bm{u}))$, where $\mathrm{PT}_{\bm{\mu}_0 \rightarrow \bm{\mu}} (\bm{u})$ is the so-called \textit{parallel transport}, $\mathrm{exp}_{\bm{\mu}}$ is the so-called \textit{exponential map}, and $\bm{u} \sim \mathcal{N}(\bm{0},\Sigma)$ is a random vector sampled from normal distribution. The inside operation $\mathrm{PT}_{\bm{\mu}_0 \rightarrow \bm{\mu}} (\bm{u})$ shifts the tangent space, a linear approximation of the manifold around a point, from $\bm{\mu}_0$ to $\bm{\mu}$ analogous to the addition operation in the classic reparameterization trick. The $\mathrm{exp}_{\bm{\mu}}$ projects the shifted vector to the manifold. Note that, in the Lorentz model, both the \textit{parallel transport} and the \textit{exponential map} have analytical forms,
and can be differentiated with respect to the hyperbolic mean $\bm{\mu}$ of the wrapped normal distribution $\mathcal{N}_{\mathbb{H}}^{\mathrm{W}}(\bm{z}|\bm{\mu}, \Sigma)$. We compute the KL-divergence following the derivation in~\cite{nagano2019wrapped}.

\textbf{Integrating hierarchical knowledge} The hyperbolic VAE learns an embedding for codes that are amenable to hierarchical representation. However, it only models $\bm{x}$ (the SMILES string of the drug), and it does not enforce our prior knowledge about drug hierarchy which defines similarity or dissimilarity between drugs at various levels. Inspired by concept embedding in hyperbolic space~\cite{2018arXiv180603417N}, we incorporate the ATC hierarchy $\mathcal{T}$ in our model by using pairwise similarity between drugs.
Let $t_{i,j}$ denote the path-length between two drugs, $\bm{x}_{i}$ and  $\bm{x}_{j}$ in $\mathcal{T}$, and let $\mathcal{D}(i,j)=\{k: t_{i,j}<t_{i,k}\} \cup \{j\}$ denote the set of drugs with path-lengths equal to or greater than $t_{i,j}$. We define the soft local ranking with respect to the anchor drug $\bm{x}_i$ as:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:slr}
    p(\bm{x}_i, \bm{x}_j;\phi) = \frac{\mathrm{exp}(-d_{\ell}(\bm{\mu}_i, \bm{\mu}_j))}{\sum_{k \in \mathcal{D}(i,j)} \mathrm{exp}(-d_{\ell}(\bm{\mu}_i, \bm{\mu}_k))}
\end{equation}
where $\bm{\mu}_i$ is the hyperbolic mean of $q_\phi(\bm{z}|\bm{x}_i) = \mathcal{N}_{\mathbb{H}}^{\mathrm{W}}(\bm{z}|\bm{\mu}_i, \Sigma_i)$ and $d_{\ell}(\bm{\mu}_i, \bm{\mu}_j)$ is the hyperbolic distance between $\bm{\mu}_i$ and $\bm{\mu}_j$. The likelihood function of the soft local rankings is given by $\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SLR}}(\bm{x}_i, \mathcal{T}; \phi) = \sum_j \mathrm{log}\ p(\bm{x}_i, \bm{x}_j;\phi)$.

Note that the global hierarchy of $\mathcal{T}$ is decomposed into local rankings denoted by $\mathcal{D}(i,j)=\{k: t_{i,j}<t_{i,k}\} \cup \{j\}$. To train our model, we need to effectively sample $\mathcal{D}(i,j) \sim \mathcal{T}$, and the best sampling strategy supported by the empirical results of ablation study is as follows. For each anchor drug $\bm{x}_i$, we uniformly sample a positive example $\bm{x}_j$, such that the lowest common ancestor of $\bm{x}_i$, $\bm{x}_j$ has equal chance of being an internal node at any level, i.e., level 1, 2, 3, or 4, in the ATC tree. We then randomly sample $k$ negative examples $\bm{x}_k$ from other leaf nodes that have greater path lengths than $t_{i,j}$.

\textbf{Optimization} We employ a semi-supervised learning approach that combines a small number of FDA-approved drugs $X_\mathrm{FDA}$ with a larger number of drug-like molecules $X_\mathrm{ZINC}$. We upsample $X_\mathrm{FDA}$ to $20\%$ in mini-batch to enhance the signal of the supervised learning task, which is maximizing the likelihood of the soft local rankings with respect to the ATC hierarchy $\mathcal{T}$. The unsupervised learning task is to maximize the variational evidence lower bound (ELBO)~\cite{jordan1999introduction} of the marginal likelihood of the chemical structures of drugs and drug-like molecules $X=\{X_\mathrm{ZINC}, X_\mathrm{FDA}\}$. We then formulate the drug embedding problem as:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:obj}

     \arg\!\max_{\phi, \theta} \Big(\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{ELBO}}(\bm{x}; \phi, \theta)
      + c\cdot\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{SLR}}(\bm{x}, \mathcal{T}; \phi) \Big)
\end{equation}
where $c=1$ when $\bm{x} \in X_\mathrm{FDA}$, $c=0$ when $\bm{x} \in X_\mathrm{ZINC}$, and $|X_\mathrm{ZINC}| \gg |X_\mathrm{FDA}|$. The first term in the objective function captures the underlying chemical grammar of molecules, and the second term enforces the relative positions of the drugs in the latent space to correspond to their relative positions in the ATC hierarchy. Parameters are estimated using mini-batch gradient descent and gradients are straightforward to compute using the hyperbolic reparameterization trick.

\section{Experimental Results}
\textbf{Datasets} We obtained SMILES strings of 1,365 FDA-approved drugs and SMILES strings of 250,000 drug-like molecules extracted at random
by~\cite{gomez2018automatic} from the ZINC~\cite{irwin2012zinc} database. We combine the 1,365 drug and the 250,000 drug-like molecules to create a single data set of chemical structures that we use in our experiments. The ATC hierarchy was created by the World Health Organization (WHO)~\cite{world2014collaborating} that leverages the location of action, therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical properties of drugs to group them hierarchically. We obtained the ATC hierarchy from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus (version 2019AB) and mapped the FDA-approved drugs to the terminal nodes in the ATC tree that represents the active chemical substance.

\textbf{Model visualization} We visually explore the embedding in two dimensional hyperbolic space by mapping the embedding in the Lorentz model to the Poincar\'e disk via a diffeomorphism described in~\cite{nickel2018learning}. In Figure~\ref{fig:emb_2d}(a), we observe that most of the drugs are placed near the boundary of the Poincar\'e disk and form tight clusters that correspond to the drug groups at ATC level 1. The hyperbolic embedding exhibit a clear hierarchical structure where the clusters at the boundary can be viewed as distinct substrees with the root of the tree positioned at the origin. A small number of drugs (grey circles) are scattered around the origin and denote drugs that act on the sensory organs. This group of drugs mainly consist of anti-infectives, anti-inflammatory agents, and corticosteroids, most of which act on more than one system and have multiple therapeutic uses. We hypothesize that these sensory organ drugs are placed close to the center because minimizing the local ranking loss constrains them to be concurrently close to different drug groups in the latent space.  Figure~\ref{fig:emb_2d}(b) and (c) demonstrate that embedding in hyperbolic space can effectively induce a multi-level tree and the embedding retains the hierarchical structure to the deepest levels.
\begin{figure*}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{Figures/Lor_ATC_Lvl123_v3.png}
    \caption{Visualization of hyperbolic drug embedding in two-dimensional Poincar\'e disk that shows drugs with colored symbols. In panel (a) drugs that belong to the same group at ATC level 1 are denoted by circles of the same color. Panel (b) shows drugs of one group from ATC level 1 namely, "Antineoplastic and Immunodulating Agents", and drugs that belong to the same group at ATC level 2 are denoted by circles with the same shade of green. Panel (c) shows drugs of one group from ATC level 2, namely, "Antineoplastic Agents", and drugs that belong to the same group at ATC level 3 are denoted by symbols of the same color.}

    \label{fig:emb_2d}
\end{figure*}

\textbf{Evaluating drug repositioning} We evaluate the learned embedding for drug repositioning by deriving kNN models to discriminate between approved and unapproved drug-indication pairs in the repoDB~\cite{brown2017standard} dataset, a benchmark data set that contains information on drug repositioning. We tag each drug-indication pair with the date when the drug was first approved by the FDA. We choose 2000 as the cutoff year to split the repoDB data set into training (earlier than year 2000) and test (year 2000 and later) sets. The ratio between the size of training and test data sets is about $85\%:15\%$. For each drug $\bm{x}_i$ in the test set, we first encode it into the latent space using its SMILES string as the input, and then retrieve its $k$ nearest neighbors $\{X_{kNN}\}$ from the training set in the latent space. We apply majority voting to the retrieved drug-indication pairs in $\{X_{kNN}\}$ to predict the status of each indication associated with $\bm{x}_i$. For indications of $\bm{x}_i$ that do not exist in $\{X_{kNN}\}$, we assume that it has an equal probability of being either being successfully approved or failed to be approved, and we assign an equal vote (0.5) to each class.

Because we are not aware of any other approach developed on the repoDB dataset with the same chronological split, we compare the performance of our drug embedding, denoted as Lorentz Drug Embedding (LDE), for drug repositioning using kNN to the following baselines: (1) kNN on RDKit-calculated~\cite{landrum2006rdkit} descriptors, (2) kNN on Morgan fingerprints (bit vector)~\cite{rogers2010extended}, (3) kNN on count-based Morgan fingerprints, and (4) kNN on Lorentz drug embedding without ATC information. We use the Tanimoto coefficient~\cite{bajusz2015tanimoto} as the similarity metric for fingerprints-based representations. Performance is evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC). Figure~\ref{fig:repo_comp} shows that the LDE with ATC information outperforms other drug representations by a large margin. Averaging across different $k$ values, the LDE with ATC information surpasses Morgan fingerprints, the second best representation, by $12\%$ (AUROC) and $15.8\%$ (AUPRC). Compared to LDE without ATC information, incorporating drug hierarchy in the embedding achieves a large gain of $33.6\%$ (AUROC) and $48.8\%$ (AUPRC). LDE's competitive performance on discovering repositioning opportunities are likely driven by the drug-drug similarity that is encoded in the ATC hierarchy.

\begin{figure}[h]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{Figures/repoDB_comparison.png}
    \caption{Comparison of representations for drug repositioning prediction using kNN (k $\in [3,5,7,9,11]$). The left panel shows AUROC scores and the right panel shows AUPRC scores.}
    \label{fig:repo_comp}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}
We introduced a method for learning a high-quality drug embedding that integrates chemical structures of drug and drug-like molecules with local similarity of drugs implied by a drug hierarchy. We leveraged the properties of the Lorentz model of hyperbolic space and developed a novel hyperbolic VAE method that simultaneously encodes similarity from chemical structures and from hierarchical relationships. We showed qualitatively that our embedding recapitulates the hierarchical relationships in the ATC hierarchy. We showed empirically that the embedding can be used for drug repositioning.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

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[1] Alexander, J.A.\ \& Mozer, M.C.\ (1995) Template-based algorithms for
connectionist rule extraction. In G.\ Tesauro, D.S.\ Touretzky and T.K.\ Leen
(eds.), {\it Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7},
pp.\ 609--616. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[2] Bower, J.M.\ \& Beeman, D.\ (1995) {\it The Book of GENESIS: Exploring
  Realistic Neural Models with the GEneral NEural SImulation System.}  New York:
TELOS/Springer--Verlag.

[3] Hasselmo, M.E., Schnell, E.\ \& Barkai, E.\ (1995) Dynamics of learning and
recall at excitatory recurrent synapses and cholinergic modulation in rat
hippocampal region CA3. {\it Journal of Neuroscience} {\bf 15}(7):5249-5262.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Paul Adado, né le , est un footballeur togolais.

Il joue au poste de défenseur central.

Carrière

 1999-2000 : Dynamic Togolais ()
 2000-2001 : Al Nasr Benghazi ()
 2001-2002 : Apóllon Smýrnis ()
 2002-2005 : PFK Litex Lovetch ()
 2005 : Vidima-Rakovski Sevlievo ()
 2005-2006 : Doxa Drama ()
 2006-2008 : PAS Giannina ()
 2008- :  Panserraikos FC ()

Sélections

 4 sélections et 0 but avec l'équipe du Togo de football entre 1999 et 2008.

Références

Liens externes

Footballeur international togolais
Joueur de l'Al Nasr Benghazi
Joueur du Litex Lovetch
Joueur du Panserraikos FC
Joueur de l'Apollon Smyrnis
Joueur du PAS Giannina
Naissance en octobre 1983

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Phone, wallet, keys, ID – the standard 4-pocket pat before any student leaves for a night out – check. Jesters? Not on Friday, as the new Cube extravaganza premiered. The big question on everybody's lips: was it a success?
The last ever Kinki aside, the Cube hasn't been full for a club night since soon after Freshers' last year, however last night SUSU were proud to have filled out the 1000 capacity venue (upstairs was closed), with a queue still outside.
The night began strongly; anticipation was rife and the Stags was full, as people waited for the doors to be opened at 22:15, with the queue at one point being 5 or 6 people wide, and going up the slope alongside the Jubilee Sports Centre; the new entrance certainly did its bit to remove the familiarity associated with entering Kinki through the same doors people walked through most days.
At full capacity, the event felt lively, with increased seating in both bar areas making socialising easier and more comfortable. However, the bar queue was frequently at a standstill, despite the staff receiving "speed-training" from a Vodka Revolutions bar member. One member of staff even claimed that they had not received proper training for what was their first shift for SUSU.
With that in mind, there were apparently "half the usual number of staff", so future Twisted events should be better managed – it is important to remember also that whilst last night was called a "Premiere", it was more of a trial before the real thing next Friday in Freshers' Week.
What is more, Billy Fitzjohn, SUSU President, is looking to install bottle bars in the corners of the bar area – something he was disappointed in not being ready for the premiere. The cheaper drinks prices certainly went some way to alleviating issues.
Another complaint about previous incarnations of the Friday night Union club is that DJ has been poor, or not to student taste. It was clear Radleigh Tant could DJ, and the sound system supporting him was strong and explosive, but any further opinion, positive or negative, will always cause debate. Everyone on the dance floor was having a good time, with cries of "one more song" at the end.
One thing that Twisted needs to survive beyond Freshers' initial interest is to offer something different: Sobar and the Hobbit have massive beer gardens, Jesters has a reputation that speaks for itself, and Kinki was always just considered a nice place to go out if there was a large group of you, but nothing special.
However, that could change, with what was the biggest difference to the Cube, where a 3-piece beat-box band performed for 40 minutes, performing chart topping hits in a beat-box fashion. Not world changing in itself, but the idea that there is a "twist" each week, be it musical, performance, theme or other, means that the Twisted brand can be completely flexible to ideas, without ever being questioned as to what it is doing.
If this is done properly, the Cube could come hurtling back into the student nightlife calendar. It is clear, at the very least, that the Events team and the SABBS have worked very hard on this brand, and even if ultimately unsuccessful, it is a much better effort than the simply renaming efforts of 'Yo Mama!' as previously.
Thanks for this review Sasha, I'm glad that you felt positive about Twisted in the main!
I have checked out the issue with training the staff and I know that anybody who did not go to the training event, was not put on the rota for any shifts on Friday night, so the fact that someone has said they didn't receive 'proper training' is particularly disconcerting, as we have worked hard all summer to ensure the nights are fantastic and a massive part of that is that staff are properly trained. A comment like that absolutely undermines all that hard work, so thank you for bringing it to light as we will ask staff what the problems are.
We have taken the comments about the numbers of bar staff seriously, a useful comment that has been made by others. Generally, the feedback I have had from students was that Twisted was a success, so as you say, I hope that all the work we have already and will be putting in will pay off and will keep people at the Cube this year. Thank you for taking the time to write the review.


The Ghana Paper Project is currently developing fashion accessories that make use Ghanaian handmade paper and local textiles. Stay tuned for additional products.
Below, Ghanaian paper and textile handbags, designed and fabricated by University of Wisconsin-Madison Textile Design alumni Sage Conrad.


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Apply for Grant Funding
If you are a nonprofit or school serving residents of Maricopa County through innovative solutions, you can apply to be considered for funding. Check here for updates.
Open Opportunity:
MC2026 is a direct result of a year-long, community engagement and input process. This 5-Year Impact Plan is a new direction for Valley of the Sun United Way's work that expands beyond our traditional grant-making role and includes new opportunities for Valley of the Sun United Way to drive community change. Through this process, we repeatedly heard that our organization must work with government, business, education, and nonprofit sectors to achieve the critical short-term and long-term strategies to achieve bold aspirational community-level goals in the areas of Health & Food Access, Housing & Homelessness, Education, and Workforce Development.
>>> Beginning Wednesday, September 1, 2021, Valley of the Sun United Way will open the Request for Proposal (RFP) process. This funding cycle's area of focus is Workforce Development. The grants program provides funding that is competitive, open to nonprofits and schools operating in Maricopa County. The deadline to apply is Monday, September 27, 2021. View additional grant information HERE.
September 1, 2021 | Application is Released
September 27, 2021 | Last Day to Submit
September-October 2021 | Volunteer and Staff Review of Grant Applications
November 2021 | Funding Recommendations Determined
November 2021 | Funding Recommendations Approved by Board
December 2021 | Funding Notifications Communicated to Organizations
January 2022 | Grant Awards Begin, First Quarterly Payments Paid Out
*Grant Application Orientations*
September 1, 2021, 9:30-11 a.m., Webinar
View Webinar HERE
View PowerPoint Presentation HERE
September 8, 2021, 2:00-3:00 p.m., "Deeper Dive into Workforce Development" Webinar
September 10, 2021, 9:30-11 a.m., Webinar
September 13, 2021, 1:00-2:30 p.m., Webinar
*Webinars will be recorded and placed on our VSUW website and the Resource Section in e-CImpact
>>> Frequently Asked Questions | Download
>>> Access the e-CImpact application portal HERE.
>>> Click HERE to access the e-CImpact Agency Training Manual.
For more information please feel free to contact us at eCImpact@vsuw.org or call 602.631.4883.
Valley of the Sun United Way envisions a community where every child, family and individual is healthy, has a safe place to live, and has every opportunity to succeed in school, in life and in work. Over the next five years, we will put all of our efforts behind driving positive change for our community to reach Mighty Goals in Health, Housing and Homelessness, Education and Workforce Development. If you are a 501(c)3 or school serving residents of Maricopa County through innovative solutions that align to our focus areas, you can submit an application to be considered for funding. Check back at this page for opportunities, or sign up below to receive email updates when applications are open.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Embryo found inside 200-million-year-old fossilised ichthyosaur
The remains of an unborn baby ichthyosaurus have been found inside the body of a 200 million-year-old sea reptile.
The remains of an unborn baby have been found inside the fossilised body of a 200 million-year-old sea reptile.
The 3.5 metre pregnant ichthyosaur lived at the time of the earliest dinosaurs during the early Jurassic period.
Scientists said the incomplete embryo was less than seven centimetres long and consisted of preserved vertebrae, a forefin, ribs and a few other bones.
There was evidence the foetus was still developing in the womb when it died.
The find adds to evidence that ichthyosaurs, some of which grew to more than 20 metres, gave birth to live young unlike egg-laying dinosaurs.
Dean Lomax, from the University of Manchester, who co-led the UK-German team, said: "This specimen provides new insights into the size range of the species, but also records only the third example of an ichthyosaurus known with an embryo. That's special."
The creature, named ichthyosaurus somersetensis, was discovered on the Somerset coast during the 1990s but ended up in the collections of the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hanover, Germany.
The new study also showed that a tail from another ichthyosaur had been added to the skeleton to make it appear more complete and visually appealing for display.
The specimen was the largest of the ichthyosaurus family of ichthyosaurs on record, said the scientists writing in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.
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Pixel Earbuds


The staff of RS Growers Supply includes, from left, Alicia Lovell, Donovan Lovell, Robin and Roy Siemens of RS Growers Supply Inc. in Fallbrook.
FALLBROOK – "An empty pot needs to be filled," may be an old saying, but Roy and Robin Siemens take it seriously with their RS Growers Supply business in Fallbrook, a fast growing nursery and garden supply distribution center.
The Siemens started RS Growers Supply 20 years ago, about the same year they got married. They moved to Fallbrook from Orange County in 2000 and began servicing professional growers on the West Coast.
"Our idea was to originally just market plastic pots, but over time we began to realize every grower that buys a pot from us buys fertilizer for the plant in that pot," Roy Siemens said. "So the RS Growers Supply family kept on growing and one day came up with the idea. 'If we sell pots and the fertilizer, why not the soil that fills those pots?'"
With that in mind, they looked for the best water soluble fertilizer line on the West Coast and found it in Half Moon Bay. The company, Romeo Packing, is a family-run company that prides itself on two levels: service and quality.
"They are a 60-year-old company, well-known in California," Roy Siemens said. "We feel very blessed to represent their line to our grower clients. And so, a second company was born – Tri Prime Solutions which also is under the same roof in Fallbrook as RS Growers Supply."
It specializes in providing both the traditional grower and the hydroponic grower with the best quality coco coir soil available in the market. Tri-Prime Solutions is a partnership between the Siemens family, and Plant Best out of Canada and Van Der Knaap out of Holland. Each partner brings different strengths to the table.
Roy Siemens has sold horticulture products for over 35 years, and Robin Siemens came from a banking and retail background with Nordstroms. She helped guide the family's new endeavor with a desire that they would be the best at servicing clients promptly and courteously.
Daughter Alicia joined forces with them after finishing her business degree in 2005 and is now heavily involved in sales with the company.
Rounding out things as a family business, Alicia's husband Donovan, joined the team four years ago bringing support for the company's information technology and distribution needs with his degree in economics.
"The RS team is also blessed to have Diane Hagen do our bookwork and logistics, and Dave Jr. Phillips handling deliveries and assisting in sales," Roy Siemens said.
Robin Siemens said, "We have a lean tight group that all wear many hats to get the job done."
RS Growers Supply has three main products they market – plastic nursery pots of all sizes and shapes, Romeo water soluble fertilizers and also coco coir soils. All three lines are well stocked at their warehouse-office location at 561 Industrial Way in Fallbrook.
RS Growers Supply and Tri-Prime Solutions serve clients that have small greenhouse operations to the largest nurseries on the West Coast. They carry pots for tree and shrub growers as well as the smaller greenhouse pots used by color, foliage and succulent growers. And they offer a nice line of decorative containers for patio ready markets.
Roy Siemens said, "We offer several coir options. You can buy it by the 40-inch sea container from us directly from India if you have a sizable soil appetite or pick up a pallet or two from our warehouse for the smaller grower. It comes in both blocked coir pallets – which are most economical or in 1.5 cubic yard soil tote bags or just recently in our newest packaging 3.8 cubic foot bales of coir from coconuts. We supply some of the largest growers on the West Coast with coir and also some of the biggest soil companies that use coco coir in their mixes. We pride ourselves in the quality of our product. We have very specific quality control guidelines to keep our soil consistent and at low salt levels."
Roy and Robin Siemens said they make sure their "pots are filled" with the best fertilizers on the market today at RS Growers Supply, 561 Industrial Way in Fallbrook. For more information, call (760) 451-1941 or email info@rsgrowerssupplyinc.com.
RS Growers Supply Inc. owner Roy Siemens sorts through plastic pots at their Fallbrook warehouse.


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Home / Games / Strategy / War Dragons
Uploaded:January 12th, 2018
Category : Strategy
Developers: Pocket Gems
Invasion: Modern Empire – The Difference of the East-West strategic Game so far, most of the games have only been shaped into one genre and focused on developing that genre. Therefore, players have less chance to experience a game that combines many different genres. Because trying to stuff a lot of things into a game will make the game too complicated and difficult to grasp. However, this prejudice may have to look back after the birth of the War Dragons (Mod) for Android. The game is actually a real-time strategy game (RTS). But when first contacted the world of War Dragons, players absolutely can not think that RTS belongs to this genre. Because the game has a completely different approach to nature to attract players from the first moment.
War Dragons Mod APK unlimited gold/free shopping/unlocked
Actually, RTS games are more selective than other genres. This is a game genre that requires time and development strategy to be clearly defined, not as fast as other GMO games. There is a paradox that the number of fast-paced gamers overwhelms the market share of RTS games.
Most of the player's psychology is always fascinated by powerful chases or something that maximizes the interaction between the player and the game world. Touching, swiping on the phone screen is more attractive than waiting for some time to develop the character or facilities needed in the RTS game. So, the War Dragons choose a different approach that other players love. Right from the start of the War Dragons world, gamers will be overwhelmed by the excellent image quality. A world of European mythology games unfolded in an inimitable way.
The 3D graphics platform is used radically to create an amazing marvel. All visual material is reproduced in meticulous detail. This is due to the sharp and true image quality combined with the bright and brilliant color scheme but not too fancy. The background system, re-rendered realism, and richness along with the creation of extremely powerful and vibrant dragon species will make the player be amazed.
Moreover, the visual effects of fire and explosion also make the player satisfied by the monumental and lively in each battle. From the very beginning of the game, what gamers are exposed to is the choice of a dragon to fight. Gamers will directly control the impressively animated dragons flying across the sky and attacking targets on the ground.
Besides, War Dragons (Mod APK) have species system of dragons are very plentiful. Each species of dragon has a different shape and different fighting styles. The player has the right to collect various dragon species and can customize the development to improve the quality of the dragon species that he owns. Possess and activate special effects. But as mentioned above, War Dragons is an RTS game, so the main task that players need to do is to develop their facilities. From hatching houses to creating new dragons to food processing items – a most important factor helps dragons fight. Because, if the food is not enough, the dragons can not fight.
This is a strategic factor that players need to figure out when and what to do. For example, when to incubate, when to produce food and when to take the dragon to occupy the resources needed. This makes War Dragons attractive when it comes to perfectly combining interactive action elements in a fascinating way, as well as enhancing the player's strategic and growth. In addition, the content of War Dragons is unique as the main characters are mysterious creatures, which further increases the curiosity of players. Currently, the game supports Android and iOS operating systems.
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A FAMILY that runs a humble suburban newsagency is allegedly behind a baby formula syndicate orchestrating the theft and export of more than $1 million worth of stolen baby formula, Manuka honey and vitamins overseas.
Four members of the Ke family, who run a Carlingford newsagency, have been charged over their roles in the alleged operation which police say employed thieves to steal the formula from supermarkets across NSW.
Lie Ke, 48, her husband Wueqi, 53, and their two children Xiaoyu, 29, and Jian Feng Ke, 31, have all been charged by a Robbery and Serious Crime Squad strike force set-up in February to investigate the "co-ordinated theft" of baby formula, vitamins and Manuka honey.
Police will allege in court the syndicate was behind the theft of the items much sought-after in China.
"The organised syndicate received more than $1 million worth of stolen products, including baby formula and health supplements, which were then on-sold overseas," police said in a statement.
On Saturday Jian Feng Ke was arrested at Sydney International Airport after arriving on a flight from China.
He was charged with recklessly dealing with the proceeds of crime and participating in a criminal group.
Jian Feng Ke was granted bail by Parramatta Bail Court on Sunday where he unsuccessfully requested to have a 9pm to 6am curfew extended to 10pm so he could continue working at the newsagency in Carlingford Court shopping centre.
In August two Carlingford properties were raided and 4000 tins of baby formula and large quantities of stolen vitamin and Manuka honey was seized. More than $215,000, which police say was the proceeds of crime, was also taken. A Bankstown business "Onestop Nature" was also raided.
The tins seized sell for $30 in Australia but in China they sell for more than $80.
Manuka honey is sold for 30 per cent more in China than the $120-$150 a kilogram price tag in Australia.
Lie Ke and a 35-year-old man - accused of stealing for the syndicate - were charged.
She pleaded not guilty in court in September charged with directing the criminal group's activities among a raft of charges relating to the theft.
Police say she ran a dozen mules that targeted stores from Sydney to Newcastle and was arrested allegedly trying to sell 20 tins to a buyer.
Wueqi Ke was charged in December and his daughter Xiaoyu Ke was charged earlier this month with participating in a criminal group for their roles in the ring. They will appear in court next month.
The Australian Taxation Office and other law enforcement agencies have already frozen assets of one family member and have begun court proceedings to freeze the funds of others.
The theft and mass buying of Australian baby formula to sell overseas has enraged many in the community and led to supermarkets chains rationing customers to just two tins each.
"Police will continue to pursue those who seek to make a quick buck at the disadvantage of others and will always strive to stamp out unscrupulous activity", the Robbery and Serious Crime Squad Detective Superintendent Daniel Doherty said.
China's insatiable appetite for Australian baby formula is creating illegal syndicates, runaway criminals and parents desperate to feed their babies.
The demand spiked after Chinese formula was contaminated in 2008. Six babies died and 54,000 were hospitalised.
On Christmas Eve last year, a scrum of people clambered for tins of baby formula at the Wentworth Point Coles just after it opened at 7am.
Penrith mother of three Belle Goldie said she would call supermarkets in tears searching for baby formula.
"I was driving around to shops, calling around, I almost felt like a drug addict who just had to find it," she said.
The demand for the tins had a man allegedly lead police on a high-speed chase in a stolen truck in Condell Park in October before it was later found in a nearby industrial complex full of baby formula.
Another man was charged with stealing 33 tins from a Woolworths in July.
Coles and Woolworths have a two-tin limit however customers get around that by making multiple trips in and out of the supermarkets until the shelves are bare.
AuMake buys baby formula by the pallet to sell in its chains of retail and online stores.
"There is a lot of mistrust in the local product in China where the Australian product has a reputation for high quality," AuMake chairman Keong Chan said.


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Scripturient
Ideas. Opinions. Politics. Culture. Satire. Parrhesia. Skepticism. Terribila meditans.
The Cancer Diaries Part 1
The Cancer Diaries, Part 2
The Cancer Diaries, Part 10
Ukuleles & music
Machiavelli for Mayors: The Prince Rewritten
Tag: technology
WiFi hysteria again
Every so often, old crackpot ideas, hoaxes, cons and plainly silly pseudoscience resurface online under the guise of Trump-like alternate fact. Scary stories about chemicals in your food, fake health tips, and Facebook-stealing-your-photos nonsense compete for attention with actual news and factual stories. The old bromide about wireless signals (WiFi) killing things is just one to come back to life this week on Facebook.
(You already know Facebook isn't a reliable source of anything factual, even though factual content does get shared now and then. More common are the wingnut conspiracies, hoaxes and codswallop, along with cute kitten videos. Facebook is the place where what was once called the fringe has a cozy place alongside the mainstream, and New Age charlatans prey on fears and fantasies.)
This latest story beings pread on FB comes from a UK site called "Stop Smart Meters" originally published in 2013. SSM is one of those wacky "all wireless is evil and the government is behind it" sites that thrive despite the overwhelming scientific research that debunks their crazy notions. Break out the tin foil hats. These sites are to electronics, physics and biology what the Food Babe is to nutrition and chemistry: bunkum.
While it's easy to scoff at this as just a fringe community, it's more tragic that usually reliable media sites and sources (like ABC News) picked up the story and reprinted is, uncritically, without analysis or examination. This only helps spread the bunk and give it a semblance of credibility, while diminishing that of the media itself. It's worse when these articles use words like proof or proven alongside the conjectures, allegations and fantasies.
Whether they be about chemtrails, creationism, magic crystals, auras, ayurveda, homeopathy, angels, chakras, UFOs or anti-vaccination claptrap, these pseudoscience sites all feed off each other, spreading the viruses of ignorance and fear. They share one another's stories as if publishing on one wingnut site gives the conspiracy credibility. And they have a huge, gullible audience who treat their version as gospel and any debunking as a Satanic attack. Plus, they usually have some magic potion or bean to sell you for protection against those things that go bump in the night…
Continue reading "WiFi hysteria again"
The birth and death of privacy
I was in a local grocery store recently and it was my misfortune to enter, and walk most of the same aisles at the same time as a voluble woman shopper. She spent her entire time there on her cell phone. From before she entered, through the time she collected her groceries, went through the cash register, and exited, she did not once stop talking. Loudly.
And it was a very personal, intimate conversation, as I and those in her near vicinity heard. Not intimate as in sexual, but she talked about private and personal issues, about other people, her feelings, her job, and so on. Did I mention she was loud? Loud enough to hear her clearly at the far end of the aisle.
The whole store was her audience. I saw other shoppers looking at her, some staring angrily, but she was oblivious. And that made me wonder if we have, thanks to the swell of new technologies, entirely abandoned the notion of privacy that we have slowly crafted over the past three millennia.
No we haven't, says Neil M. Richards, a professor of law at Washington University in St. Louis, In 2014, he published a paper on "Four Privacy Myths." In it, he wrote:
…if we think about privacy as outdated or impossible, our digital revolution may have no rules at all, a result that will disempower all but the most powerful among us… we can no longer think about privacy as merely how much of our lives are completely secret, or about privacy as hiding bad truths from society. How we shape the technologies and data flows will have far-reaching effects for the social structures of the digital societies of the future.
It is possible, I suppose, that the woman on her phone was just an unusually rude and inconsiderate person. But I've seen too many similar incidents with other people to believe she is a rare example. It's not just her lack of cell-phone manners: it was her attitude towards her personal information that caught my attention and made me research the intersection of privacy and technology.
Actually, most of our modern, Western notions of privacy are quite new, many culturally instilled only in the last 150 years. Personal privacy, as we now consider it, was not the norm before the 19th century. (Aside from sexual privacy, which historically was preserved, but is being eroded by the vast tsunami of online pornography, including celebrity sex tapes and images…). The camera, in the late 19th century, was really the spark that lit the conversation about privacy.
Greg Ferenstein has put together a fascinating history of privacy in 46 images that shows how we developed our idea of having a private space over the ages. It's quite enlightening.
Continue reading "The birth and death of privacy"
Server upgrade coming
Sometime in the next two weeks, I will be amalgamating servers for the several sites I manage and conflating them onto one, new and (I hope) faster and more efficient server. There may be some downtime while the files and databases migrate, like virtual birds, to their new home.
I hope that the digital gods of server migration allow my moves to go smoothly. I would sacrifice a virtual dove to propitiate them, if I could only find their virtual altar… would that I were the digital Odysseus…
For most users, it will, I expect, be but a momentary blip in the service, a temporary lapse of rant soon reconstructed. No more than a couple of hours of downtime while the ether is busy with transient bytes flitting hither and yon. My biggest concern is the Blue Agave forum which operates on an Invision system… the transition to the current servers wasn't all that smooth when I moved a few years back. But we'll see how it evolves… I might need the aid of Invision's tech team, too…. but that should not concern you.
If things don't go smoothly, and it takes longer than expected, it may be the result my clumsy handling of the tools (while still technically inclined, my edge has, I admit, lost some of its crispness as I age). Or it may be some deeper, larger problem that requires tech support to save me from myself and the quicksand of SQL content.
I can migrate the static files easily enough, but depend somewhat on online tools to make the transition for the blog and WordPress databases. And then there's all that PHP stuff…
Anyway, things may appear and disappear, and off error pages emerge, but take heart that I am not vanished from the network, merely taking the high road to the deep north, as Basho did, but of course virtually, and expecting to return momentarily. Should my site appear gone, take heart that it has not shuffled off this mortal coil, but merely retired momentarily to a far, far better place…. and will reappear when the digital stars align.
Refresh, refresh, refresh and return and it will all be made clear. I hope. If not…. well, I can always start afresh.
Bad News For Balderdash
A recent story on New Scientist gives a glimmer of hope for those of us who bemoan the swelling tsunami of claptrap and codswallop that fills the internet:
THE internet is stuffed with garbage. Anti-vaccination websites make the front page of Google, and fact-free "news" stories spread like wildfire. Google has devised a fix – rank websites according to their truthfulness.
What a relief that will be. Of course it may spell doom for the popularity of pseudoscience, conspiracy theories, fad diets, racist, anti-vaccination fearmongers, yellow journalism, Fox News, celebrity wingnuts, psychics and some local bloggers – all of whose sites have an astronomically distant relationship with fact and truth, and depend instead on the ignorance and gullibility of their readers.
Page ranking has historically been based on a complex relationship of several, mostly superficial factors: links, keywords, page views, page loading speed, etc. – about 200 different factors determine relevance and where a page appears in a search – it's in part a worldwide popularity contest that doesn't measure content.
Fact ranking – knowledge-based trust – would certainly make it more difficult for the scam artists who thrive because their sites pop up at the top of a search – which many people assume means credibility. But people would actually have to pay attention to trust rankings for them to have any effect. If you're determined to have your aura read, or communicate with your dead aunt, or arrange your furniture with feng shui, you've already crossed the truth threshold into fantasy with your wallet open. Fact ranking won't help you.
A Google research team is adapting that model to measure the trustworthiness of a page, rather than its reputation across the web. Instead of counting incoming links, the system – which is not yet live – counts the number of incorrect facts within a page…its Knowledge-Based Trust score. The software works by tapping into the Knowledge Vault, the vast store of facts that Google has pulled off the internet. Facts the web unanimously agrees on are considered a reasonable proxy for truth. Web pages that contain contradictory information are bumped down the rankings.
Garbage online affecting our decisions, our lifestyles, our pinions, our ability to make appropriate judgments, our voting and our critical thinking? Not news. Back in 2004, the Columbia Journalism Review ran a story on the 'toxic tidal wave' of lies and deceit affecting the US presidential campaign. One of the points it makes is that we're awash in digital content, so much so that our ability to sort it out has been hampered by the sheer volume.
Continue reading "Bad News For Balderdash"
Internet TV and Roku
I picked up a ROKU streaming stick this weekend at the local Staples store to get access to some internet TV. The box advertises 500+ channels, while the boxes for the upscale models 2 and 3 offer 450+ and 1,000+, respectively.
However, the official webpage for Roku says you can get more than 1,800 channels in the US on these devices. The Canadian site suggests it's closer to 1,000 – Canadians get shortchanged by this and similar services, it seems. But by my count on the screen, the actual number of possible "channels" tops 1,300.
Before you shout "woo hoo" and rush out to buy one, I suggest it's not really close to that many, at least not channels you will want to subscribe to.
It also depends on your definition of a channel: i wouldn't count more than 100 streaming applications like Plex, games (47) or screensavers (76) as channels, but Roku does.
As you will read below, it's not whether you get 1,800, 1,000 or even 500 channels: it's whether the channels are top quality, commercial programming like you get on your cable. Of that category, it's maybe a dozen.
Why, when I had dropped cable almost two years ago, would I want TV now, you ask… well, I primarily wanted to find a more convenient way to get Acorn TV (the source of many BBC programs). We already have Acorn on the iPad that hooks up through Apple TV but it's not as comfy or convenient to use as a simple changer. Tapping at the iPad while watching is distracting and frankly, the iOS app is clumsy. It times out frequently, and drops the show, forcing you to restart then fast forward to the dropped location – unless you keep tapping the screen now and then to wake it up.
I am thinking of subscribing to Netflix, too, and wanted the same easy and dependable access. Yes, I could always hook my laptop to the TV with an HDMI cable, but that's not always convenient, either.
First a comment on the device and setup: simple, easy, well-made. The Roku interface is cleaner and easier to use than either Apple TV or the internet-ready apps built into our Sony Blu-ray player or TV. Setup takes a few minutes to get networked and authenticate the device online (an external computer connection is needed here). It took another minute to link it to my Acorn TV account. After that, it worked flawlessly.
The HDMI picture is, from what little we've seen, clear and crisp and if the original was also in hi-def. However, not everything is presented that way. Sound seems okay, but volume is inconsistent (some channels are way too loud, others are low).
Continue reading "Internet TV and Roku"
The Strange World of E-Writers
There's always been a place for amateur or new writers to present their efforts and hope to see print: publications where you could submit your work and hope the editors found it good enough to print in an upcoming issue. That's how some famous writers got their start, in the pulp magazines of the 1930s and 40s: Robert Howard, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Isaac Asimov and many more. But all of these depended on getting past the gatekeeper, someone like John Campbell: an editor who set standards – slim as they may sometimes be – and wrangled clumsy prose into shape for publication.
And then there have been self-publishing houses that can eschew the editor and simply print your book as you submit it – as long as you paid the bill to do so. This type of publishing house is still operating and plays an important role in getting many local and personal or family books into print. Many authors, frustrated at not being able to find a national publisher, has resorted to self-publishing. The wonderful book of local oral history, Butchers, Bakers and Building the Lakers used this method to get into print.*
Self-publishing runs the gamut from quality books like this to family genealogies, first novels and collections of atrociously sappy poems. It's not simply self-printing: it's self-editing, self-layout and self-design (unless you hire a professional to do it for you – there's still a role for freelance editors and designers). Still, it has a respectable place in the history of publishing.
I remember in the 1950s and 60s there were ads in magazines for poetry books – submit your poem and an amount of money and you would get back a book of poems by aspiring writers like yourself, the printing paid for by the collective authors. No editor, just a compositor and printer. And usually awful stuff between the covers. But who cared about the rest if you saw your name in print?
Then came the internet and a new venue for self publishing: the website. And from that sprang the blog. But most of these efforts have been limited in scope and size. Almost no one reads a novel online, and would-be authors have had to either break their work into smaller parts or bundle it into a downloadable file for offline printing and reading. With the dwindling public attention span, it's hard to get readers to stick around a website to read even something as long and rambling as these blog posts, let alone a whole book.
The Net also gave a boost to fan fiction because it allowed fans to collectivize and publish online. Like many other forms of writing, fan fiction has a long history. I remember many years ago, in the 70s, writing fantasy short stories in the world created by Fritz Leiber in his Fafhrd and the Grey Mouser series. Never saw print, mind you, but it's interesting and entertaining to work within the universe created by another writer – and great practice for the wannabe novelist.
In a similar vein, the original Dungeons and Dragons gamified a fantasy universe for players to both participate in and develop their own, personal story lines – some of which led to fan books and magazine stories.
Now, with the arrival of e-readers, those authors have a new platform, a new audience, and what a world it has spawned.
Continue reading "The Strange World of E-Writers"
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text:
layout: post
title: How can I find out intersection of two LinkedList ?
subtitle: Where is the intersection of two LinkedList
category: Extenstion Of DataStructure
tags: [list]
permalink: /2016/07/10/Utilization_Of_LinkedList5/
---

# intersection of two list

 just I recommend you to refer to [geeksforgeeks](http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-a-function-to-get-the-intersection-point-of-two-linked-lists/)

 for example,

```
  A:          a1 → a2
                     ↘
                      c1 → c2 → c3
                     ↗
  B:     b1 → b2 → b3
```

in the above case, how can you find c1 without any information ??????

just in this case, you cas get just lits is only linked list and don't have Loop.

->즉 전제 조건은 리스트 들은 각각 링크드 리스트 그리고 순환 구조가 아니라고 해보자.

##   brute-force

 - 단순한게 만나는 점을 찾으면 되기 때문에, 이중 Loop를 이용하면 된다.
 - just try to find intersection of List, so just using two of Loop is the simple solution.

 let's make psuedo code

```c
 void intersectionOfLinkedList (ListNode * A, ListNode *B){
     for( the length of List A ) {
        for ( the lengthn of List B ) {
               if( address of Node of List A == address of Node List B) {
                       printf("the same address : address of Node of list")
               }
        }
     }
  printf(" there is no the same address") // this means theres is no intersection.
 }
```

 If you want to improve more the above algorithm, just find out the shortest length of both of above them.

 let's say make pseudo code

```c
 void intersectionOfLinkedList (ListNode * A, ListNode *B){

   here is you have to calculate the length of the two lists after that, you find out the shortes length of the both.

   and the shortest length is List A in next for statement.

      // from first to end
     for( the length of List A ) {
        for ( the lengthn of List B ) {
               if( address of Node of List A == address of Node List B) {
                       printf("the same address : address of Node of list")
                       return;
               }
        }
     }
  printf(" there is no the same address") // this means theres is no intersection.
 }
```

## how to use hash table

  let's make psuedo code

```c
  void whereIsIntersectionInBothOfList (ListNode *A, ListNode *B) {

        // first
        arrA[hash(each Node of List A)] = address of each Node of List A;

        // from first to end
        for ( the length of List B ) {
              if( arrA[hash(ech Node of List)] == address of each Node of List B) {
                        printf("there is intersection between List A and List B");
                        return ;
              }
        }

     printf("there is no intersection between List A and List B");
  }
```

## If you use the stack to solve this problem about intersection of the two lists.

 yes, you can use the stack to solve this problem.

 1. 각 리스틑 스택에 집어 넣고 그 다음 top의 위치를 비교하여 다를 때가지 비교한다.

 let's make pesudo code

```c
 struct ListNode * IsIntersectionOfLits (struct ListNode * A, struct ListNode *)
 {
      Stack A, B;
      struct ListNode * tempA = NULL, tempB = NULL;
      struct ListNode * intersection = NULL;

      // first,  get StacK the total Node of each listNode
      while (tempA != NULL) {
           A.push(tempA->Node);
           tempA = tempA-> next;
      }

      while (tempB != NULL) {
           B.push(tempB -> Node);
           tempB = tempB-> next;
      }

      // Second, comare the tops from the Stacks.
      while ( A.empty() != false && B.empty() != false ) {
           if ( A.top != B.top)
              break;
           else
               intersection = A.top or intersection = B.top;
          A.pop();
          B.pop();
      }
      return intersection;
 }
```

## Another way

  1. 두 리스트 중 작은 길이만큼만 비교 즉, 각 리스트 길이를 구하고 그 다음에 두리스트의 길이의 차를 구해서

  2. 긴 리스트를 차이만큼 움직이고 나서

  3. 각 리스트의 노드가 동인한지 비교를 해본다.

```c
  struct ListNOde * findIntersectingNode( struct ListNode * A, struct ListNode * B)
  {
     ListNode tempA=A;
     ListNode tempB=B;
     int lenOfTempA = 0;
     int lneOfTempB = 0;
     int differenceOfTwoLen = 0;
     ListNode * intersection = NULL;
     // first, you have to calculate the length of two lists.

     while (tempA != NULL) {
       lenOfTempA++;
       tempA = tempA -> next;
      }

     whil (tempB != NULL) {
       lenOfTempB++;
       tempB = tmepB -> next;
     }

     // Second, difference of length of two list
     // here I allocate tempA the longer List/
     if ( lenOfTempA < lenOfTempB ) {
           tempA = tmpeB;
           tempB = TempA;
           differenceOfTwoLen = lenOfTempB - lenOfTempA;
      }
     else {
       tempA = tempA;
       tempB = tempB;
       differenceOfTwoLen = lenOfTempA - lenOfTempB;
     }

     // now you have to move the longer list by differenceOfTwoLen
     for(int i = 0 ; i < differenceOfTwoLen ; i++) {
          tempA = tempA->next;
     }

     // finally, you have to compare whether two list is indentical.
     while (tempA != NULL && tempB != NULL) {
          if (tempA -> data == tempB ->  data) {
                 intersection = tempA or intersection = tempB
                 break;
          }
          else {
               tempA = tempA -> next;
               tempB = tempB -> next;
          }
     }
    return intersection;
  }
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Lucia Day is also celebrated in Denmark, Norway, and Finland.


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