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1 Genet. Sel. Evol. 37 (Suppl. 1) (2005) S97S107 S97 c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2004 DOI: 10.1051/gse:2004028 Major genes and QTL influencing wool production and quality: a review Ian William P , Ian Robert F CSIRO Livestock Industries, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick Research Centre, Armidale, NSW Australia (Accepted: 5 July 2004) Abstract The opportunity exists to utilise our knowledge of major genes that influence the economically important traits in wool sheep. Genes with Mendelian inheritance have been identified for many important traits in wool sheep. Of particular importance are genes influencing pigmentation, wool quality and the keratin proteins, the latter of which are important for the morphology of the wool fibre. Gene mapping studies have identified some chromosomal regions associated with variation in wool quality and production traits. The challenge now is to build on this knowledge base in a cost-eective way to deliver molecular tools that facilitate enhanced genetic improvement programs for wool sheep. gene / major gene / QTL / wool production / wool quality 1. INTRODUCTION Whilst the genetic improvement of sheep bred primarily for wool production has been slow relative to other livestock species, this cannot be blamed on the tools available to the breeders and advisor geneticists. In most countries where wool sheep are grown, there is a quite sophisticated wool market and market intelligence, and the important price determinants are well quantified and communicated. This has facilitated the formal definition of breeding objectives for breeders. Of those traits that are important in an economic sense, most are either moderately or highly heritable, and are easy and inexpensive to measure to a level suciently precise for animal evaluation. For the few traits where measurement is dicult or expensive, such as staple strength, there are good indirect measures. For example, coecient of variation of fibre diameter has been shown to deliver significant gains when used as a selection criterion in breeding programs focussed on apparel wool goals [12]. Most countries have high quality performance measurement programs and well-developed tools for the use of index selection utilising BLUP methodology. Corresponding author: [email protected]
2 S98 I.W. Purvis, I.R. Franklin So, why is there an intense and increasing interest in the study of genes of major eect on wool production and quality traits: (i) antagonistic correlations between two of the most important traits; clean fleece weight (CFW) and mean fibre diameter (MFD); (ii) finding ways of dealing with one of the major deficiencies of the wool fibre in the apparel processing system; that is, when compared to many of the synthetic fibres that are used for apparel wear production, wool is of significantly lower and more variable fibre strength. This translates into a more dicult and expensive processing system; (iii) wool currently comprises only 17% of the apparel processing system and this has been consistently decreasing over the recent decades. There is a clear need for the wool industry to deliver to the apparel wearer new and novel products. One way of achieving this goal is to produce wool with new and novel fibre properties. Identifying genes of major eect oers the opportunity to improve production eciency, product quality and product diversity, through utilising them in breeding programs, developing transgenic lines and by developing therapeutic agents that can be used to alter fibre attributes by altering gene expression. The aim of this paper is to review our current knowledge of the biology underlying fibre production in wool sheep and the genes of major eect that are causative of, or associated with, variation in fibre and skin morphology phenotypes. 2. UNDERLYING BIOLOGY OF FIBRE PRODUCTION IN WOOL SHEEP Examination of the underlying physiology that is integral to the production of a tissue product can be instrumental in identifying developmental steps under genetic control that are critical to the ultimate attributes of that tissue product. For example, in the production of meat there are many genes involved in the metabolic processes that control growth and dierentiation of the composite cells and tissues, expression of the structural proteins that compose the tissues, and the timing or tissue specificity of gene expression and/or ligand receptor systems that control cell function [6]. The biology of skin and wool growth in sheep has been extensively studied since the 1950s and the developmental processes at the cellular level are reasonably well understood [13]. The basic units used in the study of biology of wool growth are the wool follicle and the fibre growing from it. Although
3 Major genes influencing the fleece of wool sheep S99 there is evidence for higher-level organisational mechanisms, such as the trio group of primary follicles and associated secondaries [11], it is at the level of the individual follicle that most studies have focussed. There is clear evidence of a strong association between the developmental activities that occur during follicle initiation in the foetus and the fibre and fleece quality attributes that subsequently grow in the animal over its lifetime. The basis for the control of follicle initiation, follicle density and the consequent follicle and fibre attributes of the adult animals has been proposed to be due to (a) competition between wool follicles [11], (b) a biochemical pattern-forming mechanism (reaction-diusion (RD) theory) [21, 22], and (c) competition for a limited pool of dermal pre-papilla stem cells [20]. None of the above models adequately accounts for the observed variation. For example, the competition model does not easily accommodate the changes in follicle density that occur during foetal growth. Theories (b) and (c) each suggest that adult follicle density and MFD are co-determined at the time of follicle initiation. However, in an elegant examination of the relationship between foetal and adult follicle characteristics, Adelson et al. [1] have shown that control of follicle bulb size and fibre diameter occurs after follicle initiation. Finally, the founder cell hypothesis proposes a fixed population of pre-papilla cells, and that this population of cells acts as a limiting resource for follicle initiation [20]. Doubt has been cast over the validity of this model by the demonstration that the papilla cells divide during follicle development, and that the papilla can recruit dermal cells from the surrounding tissue [1]. Hence, the explanation remains obscure. It may be that follicles are initiated according to a RD model, but the subsequent follicle size is influenced by competition, or lateral inhibition or by some other mechanism not realised until later in life. Whatever the explanation, it is clear that an empirical functional relation- ship exists between follicle density and fibre diameter, and that the relationship changes as follicle density increases [1]. Similarly, there is a well-documented relationship between length growth rate (L) and fibre diameter (D), such that L/D (or L/D2 ) for a given animal is approximately constant over a range of environmental conditions (see [16]). The negative genetic relationship between L and D is counterbalanced, at the population level, by a positive associa- tion between L and D generated by changes in total nutrient availability, and a negative association between density and L (or D). Overall, we see that there are complex interactions between each of the important components of wool growth, and the correlations that we observe in a given population reflect an admixture of relationships generated by dierent developmental and physiological pathways.
4 S100 I.W. Purvis, I.R. Franklin The point that we wish to emphasise here is that we do not expect QTL, when identified, to each reflect the genetic relationships seen at the popu- lation level. A locus involved in follicle initiation, for example, may influ- ence both density and diameter, but have little eect on clean wool weight. Alternatively, a locus aecting voluntary feed intake, or nutrient flow to the skin, may influence both clean wool weight and fibre diameter, but have little or no eect on follicle density. These distinctions are important in assessing the value of various QTL in genetic evaluation, especially as we attempt to produce finer wools without adversely aecting other economically important fleece value attributes. 3. KNOWN GENES OF MAJOR EFFECT ON WOOL PRODUCTION AND QUALITY Prior to the widespread availability of segregation analysis using molecular markers, a number of genes (or closely linked groups of genes) having major eects on traits of the skin and fleece were identified by their extreme eect on phenotype and verified using classical crossing strategies. Recently, Sponenberg [32] has reviewed the existing knowledge on the genetics of colour in sheep skin and fibre. Similarly, Nicholas [23] has summarised the known genes aecting morphological traits and those associated with inherited dis- orders in the sheep. Among these are several that have profound eects on follicle morphology and fibre and fleece traits. 3.1. Pigmentation genes Pigmentation patterns of fleece and hair are influenced by a number of loci, one of the most important of which is the Agouti locus. The Agouti locus codes a protein that binds to the melanocortin receptor (MC1R). In its absence, melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) binds to MC1R and signals the production of eumelanin (black to brown pigment), which causes colour expression in fleece and hair [25]. Recently, Smit et al. [31] suggested that two agouti loci exist, and our evidence supports this hypothesis. Further, it appears that a 5 bp deletion in exon 2, reported in [31], plays a role in some alleles resulting in (self colour) black sheep. The Committee on Genetic Nomenclature of Sheep and Goats (COGNOSAG) [17] has given a comprehensive summary of alleles that result in distinct pigmentation patterns of fleece and hair. There are a number of main patterns, which are present at birth. Some do not have lateral
5 Major genes influencing the fleece of wool sheep S101 symmetry, e.g. the Australian Piebald pattern (AsPp ). This allele causes round spots of varying size distributed randomly over the body. It is recessive and has incomplete penetrance in homozygous carriers. Lateral symmetry in pattern distribution is caused by the badgerface (Ab ) or reverse badgerface (At ) alleles, which are both recessive. Sheep that are homozygous for the badgerface allele have black circles around the eyes, and ears, belly wool and legs that are black. Sheep with reversed badgerface pattern show the same pattern in white on a black body. These two alleles are dominant to the self-colour black allele (Aa ), which results in a completely black sheep. In addition to these there are a number of other alleles that interact with each other and cause a wide range of patterns (e.g. ticking, spotted self colour black) that are expressed either at birth and disappear later in life or comprise patterns that develop after birth. The interaction eects and the recessive character of the colour alleles make it dicult to determine the genotype through the phenotype. The agouti locus (ASIP) is located on sheep chromosome 13 [31], and except for the extension locus, other loci aecting colour patterns have yet to be identified. 3.2. Wool quality genes From an industry context perhaps the most important gene influencing fibre characteristics is the N-type gene, which has been re-named the halo-hair 1 (HH1) gene according to the COGNOSAG nomenclature [17]. This muta- tion causes extreme hairiness (medullation), resulting in the production of fibre that is ideal for carpet wool production and was first found in the Romney breed [9]. This allele (now known as (HH1N ) has an incomplete dominance to the wild type. Homozygotes show approximately 65% medullation in the Romney background. By multiplying this mutation within the Romney back- ground the Drysdale breed was developed. At the HH1 locus, two further alleles have been identified that cause similar types of medullation, and at a dierent locus, the HH2, a recessive mutation (the nr) also causes similar phenotypes. By utilising these mutations, the Tukidale (HH1T ), Carpetmaster (HH1J ) and Elliotdale (HH2) breeds were developed ([30, 34]). The fact that these mutations have pleiotropic eects on several traits, causing the formation of horns in females, a number of eects on follicle morphology, and a profound eect on fibre characteristics, is of interest in the context of understanding the mechanisms by which these genes function. Another well-recognised gene eect is that which causes lustrous, light yellow wool in Merino sheep [29]. This is a dominant mutation, also reported in several other studies in Australia and New Zealand [4, 18].
6 S102 I.W. Purvis, I.R. Franklin Pleiotropic eects associated with this mutation include significantly reduced follicle density and fleece weight. Recently Finocchiaro et al. [10] have reported segregation of the hairless (hr, Mendelian recessive) in the Valle del Belice sheep breed in Sicily. A similar gene in the Poll Dorset breed was reported much earlier by Dolling and Brooker, [8] and is characterised by a complete or partial absence of fibre at birth (hypotrichosis). Three mutations of this gene have been identified within an exon of the gene, and a PCR-SSCP test developed to detect the allele responsible for the hypotrichosis phenotype. Finocchiaro et al. [10] also postu- late that the hr gene product may play a role in cell proliferation, dierentiation and apoptosis in hair follicles as well as in the interfollicular epidermis. 3.3. Keratin genes Keratin proteins are the major component of wool and are responsible for most of their structural properties. The keratins can be divided into two groups; the keratin intermediate (IF) proteins and the keratin-associated (KAP) proteins. The IF proteins form filaments that lie within a matrix of the KAP proteins. There are two families of the IF, type I and type II, and are coded for by separate gene loci that have been mapped to chromosomes 11 and 3 respec- tively [14]. Linkage mapping using the AgResearch IMF flock has confirmed these physical map positions [19]. The KAP proteins have been divided into three major groups on the basis of their protein sequences; (i) the high glycine-tyrosine group; (ii) the high sulphur group, and (iii) the ultra-high sulphur group. Separate multi-gene families have been shown to code for each of these groups [27]. Genetic dierences at both the IF and KAP protein controlling loci may play an important role in determining phenotypes for dierent wool quality and production traits. Because it is now becoming possible to more cost-eectively clone and sequence wool protein genes the hypotheses suggested above can now be formally tested. The next section identifies studies that have taken the first steps in this process. 4. PUTATIVE QTL AFFECTING WOOL PRODUCTION AND PRODUCT QUALITY The establishment of the animal and human resources to undertake a mapping study that has the objective of identifying genomic regions (and ultimately genes) that are associated with phenotypic dierences in fibre and
7 Major genes influencing the fleece of wool sheep S103 fleece traits is a major and costly undertaking. Thus, there are only a limited number of studies that have been, or are being, conducted. Crawford [7] has characterised the features of nine flocks that have been set up to map chromosome regions. In Table I, the significant associations re- ported from these flocks to date are listed. It is important to note, that because of the cost of undertaking genome scans at an acceptable marker density, all studies have the common goal of optimising the range of phenotypic informa- tion collected from each animal. Thus, most studies have collected data on a range of wool and skin traits over several ages. There is a strong tendency in reports from these studies for only the primary traits of interest or traits that show significant QTL eects to be reported. Given the large number of traits recorded in these studies it is highly likely that many identified as showing sig- nificant QTL will, on further examination, turn out to be false positives [33]. There are several other studies, where suggestive QTL have been identi- fied. However, for reasons such as low progeny numbers, inappropriate flock designs for traits under examination, or outdated analytical techniques, further or re-examination of the data is required before these studies can add substance to the search for QTL for wool or skin traits. Putative QTL have also been iden- tified in other studies, but because of confidentiality agreements have not been publicly reported. 5. STRATEGIES FOR USING GENES OF MAJOR EFFECT ON WOOL PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCT QUALITY The most important challenge facing the global wool industry is to realign the production profile to respond to market signals. Over many years these signals have pointed to an increasing demand for finer wools, with the high- est premiums being paid only for the finest lots that have other wool quality attributes at a premium level. In the Australian wool industry, these demand signals are being reflected in strong selection for reduced fibre diameter in some Merino flocks that were already fine. However, in others, especially those targeting the medium and strong wool fibre diameter sector, some degree of upgrading or strain replacement to reduce fibre diameter is common. One of the diculties, especially as wools become finer, is the negative cor- relation between fleece weight and fibre diameter. Although it is possible to make simultaneous genetic improvement using classical index selection if the genetic variances and covariances between the components of fleece weight with fibre diameter are known, progress can be accelerated through optimal
8 S104 Table I. Putative QTL for wool production and quality traits from linkage association studies. Trait Analysis Breeds Description Marker Ref. 1. Fibre diameter Candidate Peppin Chromosome 1 KRTAP6 and KRTAP8 [24] gene approach Merino 2. Fibre diameter Genome Merino Linked, but not named [15] screen Romney 3. Fibre diameter Segment INRA 401 Chromosome 6 Segment OARAE101 [26] mapping Chromosome 25 (20 cM) Segment I.W. Purvis, I.R. Franklin approach IDVGA8 to midpoint with IDVGA088 4. Staple strength Candidate Romney Chromosome 11 KRT1.2, B2A and B2C [28] gene approach 5. Staple length Segment INRA 401 Chromosome 3 Segment BMC1009 [26] mapping Chromosome 7 OARVH34 Segment approach Chromosome 25 ILST005 (20 cM) Segment IDGVA8 IDVGA088 6. Coecient of variation Within sire INRA 401 Chromosome 4 McM218 [2] of fibre diameter regression 7. Coecient of variation Segment INRA 401 Chromosome 7 Segment ILST005 [26] of fibre diameter mapping Chromosome 25 (20 cM) Segment approach IDGVA8 IDVGA088 8. Coecient of variation Comparison of Finn sheep Not stated Not relevant [5] of fibre diameter, crimp normal frequency, staple length distributions
9 Major genes influencing the fleece of wool sheep S105 weighting of selection emphasis. For example, genetic variation associated with follicle initiation or with the partitioning of fibre growth within the fol- licle can influence the components (fibre density (N) and MFD, L and MFD, respectively), with little change in clean fleece weight. Alternatively, changes in nutrient intake and supply, which may account for a very significant pro- portion of the response when selecting for fleece weight, will tend to simulta- neously increase both clean fleece weight and MFD. Separating these various causes requires estimates of all of the variance components, but the measure- ment of primary, secondary and secondary derived follicle densities is not routine and is expensive. Hence, knowledge of the eects and magnitudes of allelic dierences that influence these components may provide the appropriate parameters to significantly enhance overall response in fleece value. The other, and probably more important use of the knowledge of the genetic control of the components of fleece value is in upgrading programs, where the primary goal is to incorporate genes for reduced fibre diameter without compromising the other desirable properties, such as wool weight and body size. Three of four chromosomal regions that influence MFD have already been identified (Tab. I). Should these regions be confirmed by further studies, the techniques need to be developed that make it possible to track these regions in an upgrading program to ensure that the animals with the desirable alleles in these regions are preferentially selected. Finally, as the Australian flock approaches a match with market demand, fibre diameter per se could become less important, and other attributes, such as staple strength, or tendency to pill, may well become the major target for breeding objectives to improve wool quality. At the ultra-fine end of the fi- bre diameter distribution, where there is an opportunity to develop wools with new properties, other objectives may become apparent. Here, markers that identify mutations/alleles that produce these desirable properties will become important. The capacity to profoundly change the structural components of the wool fibre using knowledge of the genes controlling the IF/KAP protein content and balance has been demonstrated in Merino sheep [3]. The authors reported experiments that were aimed at modifying the wool fibre cortex to improve in- trinsic fibre strength. Although the opposite eect was observed, these studies demonstrated that the alteration of gene expression patterns through the intro- duction of transgenes produced an altered fibre protein composition. With the enormous advances currently occurring in molecular technology it could rea- sonably be expected that the development of transgenic sheep with new and novel products will be well within our capability within the next decade.
10 S106 I.W. Purvis, I.R. Franklin REFERENCES [1] Adelson D.L., Hollis D.E., Brown G.H., Wool fibre diameter and follicle density are not specified simultaneously during wool follicle initiation, Aust. J. Agric Res. 53 (2002) 10031009. [2] Allain D., Lantier I., Elsen J.M., Francois D., Brunel J.C., Weisbecker J., Schibler J., Vaiman D., Cribiu E., Gautier A., Berthon P., Lantier F., A design aiming at detecting QTL controlling wool traits and other traits in the INRA401 sheep line, in: Proc. 6th World Cong. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod., Armidale, 1116 January 1998, University of New England, Vol. 24, pp. 5154. [3] Bawden C.S., Powell B.C., Walker S.K., Rogers G.E., Expression of a wool intermediate filament keratin transgene in sheep fibre alters structure, Transgenic Res. 7 (1998) 273287. [4] Blair H.T., Inheritance of a major gene for excessively lustrous wool in sheep, J. Heredit. 81 (1990) 220222. [5] Bray A.R., OConnell D., Saville D.J., Genes with major eects on wool traits detected in Finn cross sheep, Proc. NZ Soc. Anim. Prod. 62 (2002) 6568. [6] Cottle D.J., Bryson W.G., A review of markers for wool- and sheep-carcasse- quality traits, in: Proceedings of a Wool Industry Science and Technology Conference, Hamilton, Vic., 1517 October 2002. [7] Crawford A.M., A review of QTL experiments in sheep, in: Proc. Aust. Assoc. Anim. Breed. Genet. 14 (2001) 3338. [8] Dolling C.H.S., Brooker M.G., A viable hypotrichosis in Poll Dorset sheep, J. Heredit. 57 (1966) 8690. [9] Dry F., The dominant N gene in New Zealand Romney sheep, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 6 (1955) 725769. [10] Finocchiaro R., Portolano B., Damiani G., Caroli A., Budelli E., Bolla P., Pagnacco G., The hairless (hr) gene is involved in the congenital hypotrichosis of Valle del Belice sheep, Genet. Sel. Evol. 35 (Suppl. 1) (2003) S147S156. [11] Fraser A.S., Short B.F., The Biology of the fleece, in: Animal Research Laboratories Technical Paper No. 3, CSIRO Melbourne, 1960. [12] Gree J.C., Lewer R., Ponzoni R., Purvis I.W., Staple strength: progress towards elucidating its place in Merino breeding, in: Proc. Aust. Assoc. Anim. Breed. Genet. 11 (1995) 595601. [13] Hardy M.H., Lynne A.G., The pre-natal development of wool follicles in Merino sheep, Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 9 (1956) 423441. [14] Hediger R., Ansari H.A., Stranziger G.F., Chromosome banding and gene local- izations support extensive conservation of chromosome structure between cattle and sheep, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 57 (1991) 127134. [15] Henry H.M., Dodds K.G., Wuliji T., Jenkins Z.A., Beattie A.E., Montgomery G.W., A genome screen for QTL for wool traits in a Merino Romney backcross flock, Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding 46 (1998) 213217. [16] Hynd P., Follicular determinants of the length and diameter of wool fibres. I. Comparison of sheep diering in l/d ratio at two levels of nutrition, Aust. J. Agric Res. 45 (1994) 11371147.
11 Major genes influencing the fleece of wool sheep S107 [17] Lauvergne J.J., Dolling C.H.S., Renieri C., Mendelian Inheritance in Sheep 1996 (MIS 96). Clamart, France, COGOVICA/COGNOSAG; Camerino, Italy, University of Camerino. [18] McGuirke B.J., Short B.F., The Lustre mutation in Merino sheep, Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 7 (1967) 296303. [19] McLaren R., Rogers G., Davies K., Maddox J., Montgomery G., Linkage map- ping of wool keratin and keratin-associated protein genes in sheep, Mamm. Genome 8 (1997) 938940. [20] Moore G.P.M., Jackson N., Isaacs K., Brown G., Pattern and morphogenesis in skin, J. Theoret. Biol. 191 (1998) 8794. [21] Nagorcka B.N., The reaction-diusion (RD) theory of wool (hair) fol- licle initiation and development. 1. Primary follicles, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 46 (1995) 333355. [22] Nagorcka B.N., The reaction-diusion (RD) theory of wool (hair) follicle initiation and development. 2. Original secondary follicles, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 46 (1995) 357378. [23] Nicholas F.W., Genetics of morphological traits and inherited disorders, in: The Genetics of Sheep, Piper L.R., Ruvinsky A. (Eds.), C.A.B. International, UK, 1997, pp. 87132. [24] Parsons Y.M., Piper L.R., Cooper D.W., Linkage relationships between keratin- associated protein (KRTAP) genes and growth hormone in sheep, Genomics 20 (1994) 500502. [25] Parsons Y.M., Fleet M.R., Cooper Des W., Isolation of the ovine agouti coding sequence, Pigment Cell Res. 12 (1999) 394397. [26] Ponz R., Moreno C., Allain D., Elsen J.M., Lantier F., Lantier I., Brunel J.C., Perez-Enciso M., Assessement of genetic variation ex- plained by markers for wool traits in sheep via a segment mapping approach, Mamm. Genome 12 (2001) 569572. [27] Powell B.C., Rogers G.E., Analysis of hair follicle proteins, in: Keratinocyte Methods, Leigh I., Watt F. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, UK, 1994, pp. 149155. [28] Rogers G.R., Hickford J.G.H., Bickerstae R., Polymorphism in two genes for B2 sulfur proteins of wool, Anim. Genet. 25 (1994) 407415. [29] Short B.F., A dominant felting lustre mutant fleece type in the Australian Merino sheep, Nature 181 (1958) 14141415. [30] Sides R.H., Banks R.G., The genetics of carpet wool production: the Elliotdale breed, Proc. Aust. Assoc. Anim. Breed. Genet. 6 (1987) 356359. [31] Smit M.A., Shay T.L., Beever J.E., Notter D.R., Cockett N.E., Identification of an agouti-like locus in sheep, Anim. Genet. 33 (2002) 383385. [32] Sponenberg D.P., Genetics of colour and hair texture, in: The Genetics of Sheep, Piper L.R., Ruvinsky A. (Eds.), C.A.B. International, UK, 1997, pp. 5186. [33] Weller J.L., Song J.Z., Heyen D.W., Lewin H.A., Ron M., A new approach to the problem of multiple comparisons in the genetic dissection of complex traits, Genetics 150 (1998) 16991706. [34] Wickham G.A., Development of breeds for carpet wool production in New Zealand, World Rev. Anim. Prod. 14 (1978) 3340.
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You will never be bored at this great 4 bedroom 2 bath home with an over sized pool and a basketball court !! Kitchen has beautiful granite counter tops, new dishwasher in 2019, garage door installed in 2015, New Roof in 2013, HVAC in 2008 and water heater in 2006. Master has walk-in-closet with double sinks, shower & tub. Easy access to the beach, shopping and the Parks.


When we, as clinicians begin to hear what combat veterans have to say about what they had to do to keep themselves and their buddies alive, what they remember and how they feel about it now, it may be unlike any other clinical material we have ever be exposed to. Some clinicians may feel traumatized by what they hear -- perhaps the point where they wonder if they could ever deal with stark facts of war, let alone help their patient. We cannot say we understand, because we never will. We can only stand ready to witness the thoughts, memories, and emotions of these men and women as their experiences are put into words, often for the first time. We may flinch -- which simply means we are truly listening, but we cannot judge.
Service members come home to their families who often wonder what could have changed them so fundamentally. A young girl once remarked to me "My Daddy went away to war, and something else came back home." These warriors do not want to burden their families with what they have seen. They can only speak of their experiences with their brothers and sisters of the battlefield first, and we clinicians, secondarily, if we are lucky enough.
Veterans do not want to be judged by what they had to do to survive and overcome. They wish to be understood, validated, and allowed to speak freely of their brothers and sisters in arms -- some of whom are no longer here; in other words, they wish honor the sacrifices which war demands. As clinicians, we have a unique opportunity to join and support them in an honor rarely shared. We sit with these veterans as fellow citizens and fellow human beings looking directly into the face of war. To judge is to re-traumatize but to join in bearing witness is to honor -- and, often, to help.


Gianluca Baio's blog: How do you spell your name?
I've just got back from ISPOR, at which I managed to chat with several people $-$ I guess that's one of those conferences where the amount of people in the sessions is basically the same as those outside, talking (more or less quietly).
In fact, we'll try to arrange a few workshops/meetings $-$ the first one is this coming Monday at UCL, when James O'Mahony will talk about his work on the choice of comparator strategies in cost-effectiveness analyses of Human Papillomavirus testing in cervical screening. We'll try and have seminars/events monthly.
the nice dinner at this Italian restaurant (I didn't choose it, but it was quite good).


text:
Q: Terraform: How to share resource from shared modules to environment specific modules? Firstly, my terminology might be poor as I'm just starting out with Terraform, so I apologize.
I have the following structure on my infrastructure Terraform project:
├── environments
│   ├── dev
│   ├── staging
│   └── prod
├── modules
│   ├── iam
│   ├── lambda
│   ├── s3
│   ├── ...
│   └── security
├── shared
│   ├── containers
│   ├── iam
│   ├── ...
│   └── s3
└── main.tf

So a little bit context: I am using the /environments/ directory for creating custom resources for each application environment. Those resources are created based on the modules defined on the /modules/ directory, and that's what I'm referring with "environment specific modules".
On the /shared/ directory I have modules which are used the same for all environments. Those are used on /main.tf and applied when terraform apply runs on root.
There are cases when I want to reference a shared resource inside an environment. For example a container (AWS ECR) shared upon all environments. The repository_url of this container will be the same while the image tag will change. How can I reference it inside /modules/lambda/main.tf for example? I though about using a variable on the lambda module, so the value can be specified when the module is created on environments/dev/main.tf, but how can I reference it?
I thought about having the following code on environments/dev/main.tf:
module "containers" {
    source = "../../shared/containers/"
}

module "lambda" {
    source        = "../../modules/lambda/"
    container_url = module.containers.lambda_repository_url
}

but wouldn't that recreate the resources on the shared modules each time the environment is applied?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


American Exterminations provides Pest Control Services in Clatsop County.
We cover the following cities and the surrounding areas.
Astoria, Cannon Beach, Gearhart, Seaside, Warrenton, Jewell, Jeffers Garden and all of Clatsop County.
If you live in any of these areas, please call us at (503) 738-3141 in Seaside or (503) 325-9070 in Astoria to request your free pest inspection. We are your local pest control specialists and pledge to be thorough, consistent and reliable. That's just how we do business.


Euro rate forecast: How will the Euro finish 2018?
The Euro has been marginally weaker as we end 2018, on the back of fresh concerns over the economic outlook and the political direction for the area, going into 2019. The currency has been performing very well overall in 2018, benefiting from a belief in the market that the ECB, European Central Bank, will look to raise interest rates in 2019. The Euro could well come under pressure if this plan gets pushed back but the overall trajectory of the Eurozone economy and the Euro has been positive.
Political concerns stem from some of the issues being raised by France whose President Macron, has been facing the biggest crisis since being voted into office in 2017. The rejection of his style of government which promised to raise living standards for the many, has in fact, turned into promoting the interests of the few. An increasing tax burden and a rejection of the government has prompted a rise in anti-establishment sentiments.
France now joins Italy and others where the people are losing faith in the existing systems of government and considering alternatives. Such a viewpoint is not new in France, the French National Front party scored will in the 2017 elections, but failed to gain the Presidency. Those feelings have not disappeared and the recent news that France is looking at being able to hold Referendums should be a cause for concern on the direction of European politics in 2019.
The Euro is still at favourable levels against many currencies and this is presenting some good opportunities for clients looking to buy a foreign currency with the Euro in 2019. The next couple of weeks to the New Year may well see excessive volatility as the market has lower volumes and liquidity, which can see increased volatility as usual market movements are exaggerated.
Euro Rate Forecast : Will the Euro weaken in December?
The Euro should increasingly find itself in the firing line as a series of pressures begin to mount on the single currency. These include the concerns over what is happening in France with the 'gilets jaunes' or yellow vest protest movement causing a series of riots and widespread anger across France. The government has now dropped the planned rise in fuel duty but the movement has turned into a greater discord in France at the government and how Macron is running the country.
The Euro might well find further murky territory ahead as the market begins to digest this news and raises concerns over the future direction of France, one of the Eurozone's largest economies. Political concerns and uncertainty are a major source of contention within the Eurozone following the stepping back of Merkel and an increasing fear over a shift in the centre-left cohesion which has underpinned the growth forward in Eurozone politics in recent years.
Economic concerns are also present with the latest ECB, European Central Bank meeting scheduled for the 13th next week. There is an expectation that perhaps the ECB has been too bold in its predictions to halt the current QE, Quantitative Easing, plan. This could easily see the Euro weaken since part of the general strength of the Euro stems from the expectation that the ECB will forge ahead with plans to raise interest rates in the New Year.
Recent economic data has not been so strong and it is now very likely that we could see the ECB forced to backtrack, particularly considering the outstanding political concerns in the market surrounding France and also Italy. The Italian budget is still a bone of contention with the latest news from Italy being that the Italians might be willing to amend the budget to meet the EU expectations.
All in all, December is offering up some pretty major events to move Euro exchange rates. Clients with a position to buy or sell Euros might do well to take stock of the current events and also key issues driving their particular currency pair. For example on GBPEUR we have the latest new from the UK and the Brexit next week, and on the US Dollar Trade Wars and the US interest rate decision on the 19th could be a major factor in the market to consider.
For more information to assist in the timing and planning of a currency deal, to help you secure your currency at the optimum level and rate, please do contact myself Jonny on jmw@currencies.co.uk.


This Saturday, contemporary chiaroscuro master Marco Mazzoni unveils a new collection at Thinkspace Gallery entitlted "Immune". The exhibit marks the artist's debut with the gallery and features his exquisite colored pencil works on paper plus a series of moleskine animal drawings. "These drawings breathe, palpitate and hum with a darkly sensibility", states the gallery. "As sensual as they are anxiety inducing, these works are like living ancients hovering in some long lost recess of time." If you haven't had the opportunity to view Mazzoni's art in person, we encourage you to stop by Thinkspace and indulge your senses. Enjoy a few preview images below in the meantime. "Immune" runs through November 29th.


text:
The Orenburg regional court awards 50 000 rubles for 1st degree disability
Today the Orenburg regional court has delivered a very ambiguous decision. It has tried the cassation appeal against the decision of the Orsk court under Evgeny Svintakov's suit. You may remember that in 2003 Evgeny Svintakov was serving his sentence in a penal colony in Novotroitsk, Orenburg region, where he was cruelly beaten by colony officers, as a result of which he became disabled of 1st degree. The criminal case on the allegations of police abuse has been investigated for 6 years already, but, though Evgeny immediately gave the names of his tormentors and identified them during a confrontation, investigators have failed to find those to be indicted and suspended the investigation. Having lost hope to restore his rights with the help of the investigative authority, Svintakov decided to seek justice with the Russian judiciary and lodged a suit for compensation of moral damage inflicted by omissions of the colony staff. The Oktyabrsky district court of Orsk chaired by judge Kolobova dismissed the suit on the grounds that the plaintiff had failed to provide evidence of state agents' guilt.
The regional court's decision is both happy and unhappy. Three judges headed by rapporteur Cherdyntseva have quashed the decision of the Oktyabrsky district court of Orsk Оand delivered a new judgment – this time they have sustained the claim, which happens extremely rarely and only when such conclusion is obvious. But at the same time it has decreased the compensation amount from the claimed sum of 2 million rubles to 50 thousand. Such compensation cannot be considered just, either under Russian law, or according to the ECtHR case law. We would like to note that one of Nizhny Novgorod courts awarded more that 3 million rubles to Mr. Sankin who had become disabled of 2nd degree. Under the well-known Mikheyev's case the European Court awarded Alexey Mikheyev 8.5 million rubles.
Svintakov's application is pending trial in the ECtHR. It could have been withdrawn, if the domestic court had awarded him adequate compensation. Alas, the Orenburg regional court has deprived Russia of a chance to escape another embarrassing judgment in Europe.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I hope you all had a wonderful holiday season and your 2015 has started off well. I wanted to share some of the wonderful things that happened for my steampunk series at the beginning of the year.
Chasing the Green Fairy, the second novel in my Airship Racing Chronicles Series, won 6th place in Best Steampunk Book of 2014 and Chasing Christmas Past, my Airship Racing Chronicles holiday short story, won 2nd place for Best Steampunk Short Story in the Preditor's and Editor's Poll!
I was really honored to see my books ranked so highly by readers. I appreciate every vote. Writing about Lily is a labor of love. I am so glad you are enjoying her story.
What's next for Lily? Here is my WIP line-up: Ink (my mermaid novella), The Shadow Aspect (Book II of my dark fantasy The Harvesting Series), then Chasing the Fog. I anticipate that I'll be done with Fog in summer 2015 which means it will be a fall publication. I already have the cover for this amazing book. Can't wait to share it with you. After a lot of debate, it looks like Fog will be the last novel in Lily's (direct) story arch . . . BUT I am cooking up a little something that MIGHT be a SERIAL and MIGHT be tentatively titled THE STARGAZER LEGACY. That looks like a 2016 project. I have names, faces, and a plot. Now all I need is time. I'm pretty sure you'll be pleased with that project. Be sure to stay tuned here and on my newsletter for details about forthcoming projects.
Today is a special day for another reason. January 22nd is our favorite book boyfriend's birthday. Happy Birthday, George!
Still need the series? Book I, Chasing the Star Garden, is currently available for 99 cents!


This week's Derby Cyberpub. If we're not here, check over there. All are welcome.
Yep. This will churn out some high-qual ideas, alright.
Leap year? Bokay! I can do this. Good luck to everyone…tablet's on fire!
It's a shame this is such a specific theme. It means we'll actually have to search Threadless to find Rob's entry, instead of having it on the 1st page courtesy of Geekfactor.
Woohoo! TEXT SHIRTS! I'm sure you're annoyed that I actually am excited and not sarcastic.
Hopefully there will be so many that only the best will shake out.
Aye yi yi. How can I put cute and furry animals in this theme? Tune in to find out!
egads, this is not a promising start. I dare say the barrel's bottom is being scraped.
NOOO!!! You cannot . . . See I got an "Eyeslikesugar" fever . . .
Yeah, that pretty much sums up my feelings on the theme.
I just hope that when the horrible entries inevitably begin to pour in, people express their opinions a bit more civilly this time… It's fine to dislike a shirt, or think someone's comments are stupid, but saying so out loud and in a confrontational way makes the derby threads a pretty awful place to be.
EDIT: Seconded to the part I have quoted; the rest wasn't there yet…haven't read it all yet.


The Helene Coat is a classic trench coat shape, but with a feminine styling update. Made from digitally printed chiffon, this standout piece is print spliced for an elevated look. This coat has an opening at the coat and is double breasted coat and secured at the front with metallic buttons and a self covered belt.
The Collective prints are created exclusively for We Are Kindred and are digitally printed on polyester chiffon.


We plan and design alluring weddings that feel personal and are full of charm.
Unforgettable events begin with impeccable planning, constant communication, and outstanding attention to detail. Our straightforward philosophy is to deliver unique, fresh, and successful events each and every time. We understand no two events are alike, which is why we customize our wedding services to fit your needs. Wherever you are in the planning process, we are here to help. With our guidance and expertise, we will help you create a memorable day down to the last detail!
The planning process begins with a phone consultation where we review your needs and discuss our service offerings. The initial stages of planning a destination wedding can be overwhelming, so we encourage you to ask questions… and then ask some more! We, of course, will do the same. We want to get to know who you are and how we can make your wedding a reflection of you as a couple. Once we have a firm understanding of how you envision your day, we will begin working on the details that will make your event an unforgettable one!
The design process starts with photos, lots, and lots of photos! We ask that you provide as many images as possible for anything and everything that may serve as inspiration. From these, we then draw a theme, focusing on selecting the featured design elements which will make your wedding design feel cohesive and incredibly personal. Whether classic or contemporary, bohemian or glam, the style of each event reflects the true essence of our clients.
We are a full-service event planning company which means we coordinate and manage every service and vendor involved in your day. Our primary goal is to make sure the planning of your event is both stress and hassle-free. With this in mind, we work with and trust only first-class vendors to execute your vision flawlessly. We handle all details in-house so you won't worry about a single detail. From the venue selection and hotel accommodations, gift bag assembly and delivery, customized signage and printed goods, to timelines, layouts, and wedding day setup, our team is there to assist.


Demon Lord Falk might be the Wizard's biggest enemy. Over 10 years ago, he lost his entire army and his kingdom, but he still has one or two tricks up his sleeve.
Kevin is the main character of the story. He's a little, chubby weirdo and he likes anime.
A fairy from Wormwood Forest. Which secrets does this magical creature hold?
Hope you like the new fairy, this guy is here to stay!
Also, I'd like to give a HUGE shout-out to Shotgun Shuffle creator Chris Rusche!
Thanks for featuring my comic in one of your website posts and thanks to everyone who decided to check out Kevin.
I really hope you like it so far and will keep reading it in the future.
Chapter 1 was just the beginning, it's going to get REALLY crazy from here on out!


text:
Thank you for your interest in Macerich Shopping Centers & Fashion Outlets and our tourism program. If you would like more information about any of the opportunities you've seen on our site, please fill out the form below and we will follow up with you.
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By submitting your information you agree to the terms of Your Privacy Rights (open in new window) concerning the collection and use of your personal information. Macerich does not knowingly collect personal information from persons under the age of 13. Please review Your Privacy Rights (open in new window).
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Its a legal requirement to have your vehicle inspected for a WOF.
Our trained mechanics are fully qualified to advise you on every aspect of car service.
We operate with the VTNZ as inspection agents to certify vehicles for compliance to current NZTA requirements.
Grey Lynn WOF and Compliance Centre is your one-stop automotive repair centre, serving Auckland and the surrounding areas. We are family owned and currently have over 60 years of combined expertise in our industry. If you are looking for honest and careful attention for your vehicle, then come to see us. When we say that we treat your car like our own, that means we want to take care of it in the best way possible.
You can be sure that your car, light trailer or light commercial gets fixed to the best of our ability, getting you on the road fast, without worrying about spending money on services and parts you don't really need.
Quick Response Time – In most cases, we will pick up your vehicle within 24-48 hours of your request.
After Hours Customer Support – Emergency contact available for all customers any time, including weekends.
Grey Lynn WOF Centre. © 2019 | Website Development by: The Web Co.


Infosys' General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer David Kennedy has left the company, the latest in a long line of management changes at India's second-largest IT firm.
Kennedy's severance of about Rs 6 crore is about a third of what former Infosys chief financial officer Rajiv Bansal received in October 2015.
Bansal got over Rs 17 crore in severance – amounting to 24 months' pay – leading to rumours that Infosys was trying to silence him. The company subsequently said two separate independent investigations into the handling of Bansal's exit revealed no wrong-doings.


Explore your options. Learn how health insurance works.
Get Interested. Get Informed. Get Insured.
See an example of how an insurance plan works to cover healthcare costs.
Discover and understand the differences. It's easier than you may think.
Insurance terms can get complicated. We break them down into everyday language.
Great minds think alike! Read these Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for answers and information.
Easy learning! These short videos are packed with helpful health insurance information and topics.
Qualifying life events create a special enrollment period so you don't have to go uninsured. Examples of some qualifying life events include getting married, having a baby or losing insurance due to divorce or job loss.


text:
/*
 * EVE Swagger Interface
 *
 * An OpenAPI for EVE Online
 *
 * OpenAPI spec version: 0.5.5
 *
 * Generated by: https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-codegen.git
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package esi

/* A list of GetMarketsGroupsMarketGroupIdOk. */
//easyjson:json
type GetMarketsGroupsMarketGroupIdOkList []GetMarketsGroupsMarketGroupIdOk

/* 200 ok object */
//easyjson:json
type GetMarketsGroupsMarketGroupIdOk struct {
	Description   string  `json:"description,omitempty"`     /* description string */
	MarketGroupId int32   `json:"market_group_id,omitempty"` /* market_group_id integer */
	Name          string  `json:"name,omitempty"`            /* name string */
	ParentGroupId int32   `json:"parent_group_id,omitempty"` /* parent_group_id integer */
	Types         []int32 `json:"types,omitempty"`           /* types array */
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


From Greek mythology there comes the story of the Hydra -- a monster with many heads and the ability to grow two more heads in place of one that was cut off. Well, I found my own modern version of Hydra in the form a large (four foot diameter) sweet gum stump that happened to be in the exact place where I wanted to put the waterfall for my Oriental garden project. Hercules finally conquered Hydra and I finally conquered "The Stump." I just hope, for his sake, that he had cooler weather to work in -- July in Atlanta tends to be a little warm.
I wish I had taken a picture when I started, but didn't really expect this to turn into such a project. The remaining section here gives an idea of its original size.
Chainsaw, sledge hammer and wedges were my substitutes for the sword of Hercules. One useful byproduct was a lot of sawdust to improve the surrounding soil.
Finally got it all out (or so I thought), and tidied up the area so I could install the tub which will house the base of the waterfall.
In the precise place where I wanted the outflow from the waterfall, I found this monster. This is what brought to mind the Greek legend of Hydra.
Back to the saw, sledge hammer and wedges. It's getting smaller, but is still connected to Earth by three large roots underneath.
Those, too, yielded to perseverance, several gallons of iced tea and a few more gallons of sweat.
I dumped all the pieces out back in a low spot around an old red oak stump. Occasionally I like to sit on this stump with a glass of iced tea and just smile.


This is a residential project which comprises 3 nos. 18 storey towers with 2 levels of combined podium parking. The total built up area of residential towers is 2.83 lacs sft and area of MLCP is 0.78 lacs sft.


text:
Rev. Johnny B. Ware III
The Rev. Johnny Barkley Ware III, 85, died suddenly Saturday afternoon (Aug. 3, 2019) at his residence in Waycross.
He was born Nov. 27, 1933 in Norcross. He served in the United States Army during the Korean Conflict for four years. Following his military career, he attended Southeastern Bible College in Birmingham, Ala. for four years and received his ministerial degree.
He began his ministry at Williams Chapel Baptist Church in Waycross and served as a minister in numerous churches and missions for 55 years. He was also employed as a master plumber and inspector for Gwinnett County.
He was a member of Calvary Baptist Church in Waycross.
He was preceded in death by his parents, Johnny Barkley Ware Jr. and Helen Newman Ware, and his brother, Larry Ware.
Survivors include his wife of 67 years, Della Frances Ivy Ware, of Waycross; three children, son, Douglas Keith Ware Sr. (wife, Jan), of Mershon; daughter, Diane Ware Ewing (husband, Gary), of Hickory, N.C., and son, Craig Barkley Ware (wife, Sun Ok), of Aurora, Colo.; six grandchildren, Keith Ware Jr., Wesley Ware, Cameron Ewing, Landon Ewing, Alicia Phillips and Brandon Ware; six great-grandchildren, Joshua Phillips, Jacob Phillips, Nicco Ware, Delila Ware, Weston Ware, and Kilian Ewing; two siblings, Jimmy Ware (wife, Rita), and Carol Elliott (husband, Bob); and numerous nieces and nephews.
A funeral will be held 11 a.m. Thursday at Bristol Baptist Church.
Burial will follow in Bristol Baptist Church Cemetery.
The family will receive friends at the church beginning at 10 a.m. Thursday.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to Mary Street Mission, 517 Mary St., Waycross, Ga. 31501.
Music Funeral Home is in charge of arrangements.
Donnie Howell Sr.
Donald Jasper "Donnie" Howell Sr., 61, died suddenly Saturday morning (Aug. 3, 2019) at his residence in Blackshear.
He was a native and lifelong resident of Ware County who attended Swamp Road Baptist Church. He was a self-employed flooring contractor, and he was contracted with Coastal Flooring. A few of the many things Donnie enjoyed doing was fishing, racing and watching football.
He was preceded in death by his parents, George Lloyd Howell and Betty Lou Dubose Howell, and two brothers, Charles and Eddie Howell.
Survivors include his wife of 24 years, Beth Waters Howell, of Blackshear; seven children, Donnie Howell Jr. (Hope), Brandi Howell Savage (Will), Nicole Howell, Shawn Spates, Caleb Locklear (Kelly), April Vincent (J.R.) and John Waters; 15 grandchildren, Payton Howell, Judson Howell, Landon Howell, Colton Howell, Austin Morris, Braden Morris, Calvin Savage, Eli Locklear, Breanna Locklear, Ava Locklear, Simeon Waters, Rachel Waters, Christopher Waters, Jolene Waters and Casey Waters; three sisters, Cathy Downing (Willie), of Waycross, Nell Gill (Everett), of Waycross, and Tammy Howell, of Waycross; three brothers, Richard Howell (Mary), of Waycross, Danny Howell (Carol), of St. Marys, and Paul Howell, of Hoboken; and numerous nieces and nephews.
A funeral will be held 6 p.m. Tuesday at the Music Funeral Home Chapel. The family will receive friends at the funeral home beginning at 5 p.m. Tuesday.
Memorialization is by cremation.
James Cooper, 98, a member of St. John Missionary Baptist Church, died Friday afternoon (Aug. 2, 2019) at Hospice Satilla Hospice House after an extended illness.
Friends are being received at the Cooper residence, 524 Martin Luther King Drive.
Funeral arrangements will be announced later by Fluker Funeral Home.
Myrtle T. Jowers, 92, died Friday morning (Aug. 2, 2019) at Baptist Village Retirement Communities after an extended illness.
She was born Dec. 12, 1926 in Worth County, but she was a lifelong resident of Ware County. She was formerly employed by Spatola Brothers Footwear and Transco Cap Factory. She was a member of Ware Baptist Church.
She was preceded in death by her parents, Julius Benjamin Bridges and Fannie Camilla Eldridge Bridges, her husband, James Cecil "J.C." Jowers; four children, Cary Russell, Clayton Russell, Calvin Russell and Brenda Brown; grandson, Doug Russell; great-granddaughter, Taylor Jowers; and two siblings, Treecia Clark and Jessie Belvie Whiddon.
Survivors include four sons, Cliff Russell (Harriett), of Conroe, Texas, James Mike Jowers (Cheryl), of Waycross, Cecil Allen Jowers (Faye), of Brantley County, and Rodney L. Jowers (Dana), of Waresboro; 13 grandchildren, 22 great-grandchildren and several nieces and nephews.
A graveside service was to be held this morning at 10 o'clock at Waresboro Cemetery.
Joshua Leon Taylor Sr.
Joshua Leon Taylor Sr., 38, died suddenly Wednesday (July 24, 2019) at his residence in Waresboro.
He was born in Jacksonville, Fla., and he lived most of his life in Ware County. He was a concrete finisher for C&S Concrete, and he attended Pineview Baptist Church.
A memorial service will be held Saturday (Aug. 10) at 2 p.m. at Pineview Baptist Church.
Survivors include his wife of 20 years, Regina Pucci-Taylor, of Waresboro; three children, Dennis Hunter Jacobs, Marie Lynn Taylor and Joshua Leon Taylor Jr.; his mother, Judy Taylor, of Blackshear; his father and step-mother, Clinton and Gina Clark, of Jacksonville, Fla.; one sister, Miracle Taylor; one brother, Justin Hale; and several nieces, nephews, aunts, uncles and cousins.
Raymond R. Russell Jr.
RAYBON — Raymond "Ray" Rufus Russell Jr., 77, of Raybon passed away Thursday night (Aug. 1, 2019) at Memorial Satilla Health in Waycross after an extended illness.
Born in Macon, his parents were Raymond Rufus Russell Sr. and Susan Denson Russell. He was also preceded in death by two children, Connie Smith and Eric Smith, and a brother, John D. Russell.
He was the owner of Golden Isles Seafood Market on St. Simons Island and a member of Twin Rivers Missionary Baptist Church. He loved hunting, fishing, woodworking and cutting up with everyone.
Survivors include his wife of 34 years, Janice Russell of Raybon; three grandchildren and their spouses, Jason and Melinda Smith, of Augusta, Tom and Amanda Kennedy, of LaGrange, and Clifton and Ashley Johnson, of Augusta; nine great-grandchildren and one on the way; a sister-in-law, Kennie Russel, of Bonaire; a niece and her spouse, Heather and Neil Whitaker, of Perry; a nephew and his spouse, Heath and Stacy Russell, of Maryland; and also many devoted family and friends.
A memorial service was held Saturday afternoon at 4 o'clock at Twin Rivers Missionary Baptist Church with the Rev. Jack Sinclair and the Rev. Rusty Bryan officiating.
Honorary pallbearers were the Brantley County Senior Center and Twin Rivers Senior Sunday School Class.
Arrangements were with Frye Funeral Home, Nahunta.
Sympathy may be expressed by signing the online registry at www.fryefh.com
Edward Russell Jewell
A funeral for Edward Russell Jewell took place Saturday morning in the Music Funeral Home Chapel with Bishop Ronnie Musgrove conducting, prayer by Conard Johnson, eulogy by Reggie McCary, speaking Jimmy Brown and Eddie Musgove, closing prayer by Hilton Bennett.
Burial was in Kettle Creek Cemetery and dedication of the grave was by Bishop Ronnie Musgrove.
Serving as pallbearers were Caleb Aldridge, Dell Brown Jr., Dell Brown Sr., Jimmy Brown Jr., Sean Brown and Levi Jewell.


Sustain without compression…..a common suggestion Amptweaker™ receives that means "don't mess with my attack." The Amptweaker PressuRizer™ compressor accomplishes this in several unique ways, and includes a built-in output FET limiter/booster, making this a powerful clean tone tweaker. Using parallel studio-grade compression with wet/dry blend, and some unusual side-chain variations, it varies from smooth compression that limits the initial 'whack' to a dry-blended approach that adds compression after a short delay. The PressuRizer is designed to work for both guitar and bass.


What's amazing about our not being trained newness in writing is that newness is all around us-on the world wide web, in bookstores, in clothing stores, in automobile dealers, in politics, and especially in movies. Either movies give us with a new thrill, a new heartwarming or heartrending story regarding some likable or hate-able character, a new view belonging to the universe (science fiction), some new and interesting insight into society or history, or some novel combination of these patterns of newness or we avoid in droves, don't we? What's fascinating to me is what I see as the reason jooxie is not taught about producing newness in writing. Seems to me that newness is such a huge concept that no one has ever gotten a good handle on it, a good way to talk about that without having to refer to a trillion different new things. And zero of us can really relate perfectly to a zillion different things. In brief, what has been lacking is definitely a short list of the categories of newness that we can all handle. I could spend a lot of time on all that, but since that you simply reading this, then you're most likely smart enough to bring into your head examples of advertising that use some of those new view options.
Avtohlamu - Personal growth essay greatness within seminars. The new and official website of greatness within seminars with rabbi yosef lynn one who begins the journey of personal growth must first gain the ability to perceive attributes of greatness this requires serious study, for without learning, we cannot know that there are such attributes especially about the greatness within himself. Personal growth essay greatness within seminars. Personal growth essay on dealing with failure and setbacks before you begin your personal experience essay, you must consider all of the basic points that will lead up to the personal growth essay being success the goal of writing a personal development essay is elaborate on an. Good titles for personal growth essays on poverty. Essay cherry orchard anton chekhov the new and official website of greatness within seminars with one who begins the journey of personal growth must first gain the what does god request of me examples of high school reflective essays 28 11 2010 � this site might help you. My personal growth essay. My personal growth essay english forums graduating from high school and attending a university is a daunting experience for thousands of people, essays in my journal about the fact that writing a detailed seven page analysis of the field trip personal growth essay greatness within seminars personal growth:. Personal essays samples dako group. Personal growth essay greatness within seminars any good essay writing services buy coursework essay writing meaning english language any good education essay samples metricer com personal essay samples writing essay scholarships college how to brefash personal essays. Personal development essays: examples, topics, titles. Results page 3 view and download personal development essays examples also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your personal development essay. The three lines of transformational personal and spiritual. The three lines of transformational personal and spiritual development self development is the growth element we all possess greatness that longs to emerge as we overcome obstacles that keep us stuck, our hearts open, revealing more of the truth of who we are, and accessing universal wisdom finding simplicity within the three lines. Les brown global. In this powerful 6 part series, les brown walks you through the vital keys to turning your life around and stepping into your greatness with over 6 hours of inspirational, thought provoking, uplifting and "edge of your seat" material, mr brown will help you understand how you've gotten to where you are, what you need to do to get unstuck, and. Self help wikipedia. Within classical antiquity, "the tremendous growth in self help publishing in self improvement culture" audio cassettes, motivation speaker seminars, the personal coaching market, weight loss and stress management programs marketdata projected that the total market size would grow to over $11 billion by 2008. Why your attitude is everything. I generally start my workshops and seminars by asking a fundamental question: what attitude did you bring into this meeting? seek your personal and professional success by using the tools in.


Today is the 234th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence by what later became the United States of America. Two centuries and three decades later, columnists are reflecting on the state of the union and on the ongoing challenges of the great American experiment. Here's what they have to say.
We Still Have Not Overcome Our 'Original Sin' The New York Times' Frank Rich writes, "All men may be created equal, but slavery, America's original sin of inequality, was left unaddressed in the Declaration of Independence signed 234 years ago today. Of all the countless attempts to dispel that shadow over the nation's birth, few were more ambitious than the hard-fought bill Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law just in time for another Fourth of July, 46 summers ago. ... But the story of America and race is hardly resolved, and progress is not inexorable. Even in the new century, we still take steps back and forward in bewildering alternation."
What Got Left Out of the Declaration The Wall Street Journal's Peggy Noonan tells the story of Thomas Jefferson's omitted condemnation of the British people for allowing the king to continue on. "These facts have given the last stab to agonizing affection, and manly spirit bids us renounce forever," Jefferson wrote. "We must endeavor to forget our former love for them." Noonan reflects, "Talk of love was a little much for the delegates. Love was not on their mind. The entire section was removed. And so were the words that came next. But they should not have been, for they are the tenderest words. Poignantly, with a plaintive sound, Jefferson addresses and gives voice to the human pain of parting: 'We might have been a free and great people together.' What loss there is in those words, what humanity, and what realism, too."
We Still Live in Henry Clay's America The Washington Post's David Broder mourns 19th century Senator Henry Clay. "He was a unique figure in American history, the founder of the Whig Party, the youngest speaker of the House at the time, one of the giants of the Senate in its golden age, a five-time candidate for the White House and the author of some of the most significant legislation in the first century of our national development. ... Clay invented the American System ... Between Washington's time and Lincoln's, it is probable that no American was more influential than Clay -- and certainly no one who did not occupy the White House."
Blogosphere Could Only Happen in America The Atlantic's Andrew Sullivan beams, "I believe the blogosphere first truly gained traction in America for a good reason. There is something about blogging's freedom from the constraints of conventional journalism that captures an American ideal: civic engagement totally free of anyone else's influence. It is an ideal of a fourth estate hostile to authorities public and private, suspicious of conventional wisdom, and, above all, confident, even when confidence seems absurd, in the power of the word and the argument to make a difference ... in the end."


I had another complete meltdown of tears today, again at work. This one seemed really long I couldn't catch my breath and was sobbing uncontrollably, coughing and blowing my nose. Wishing someone would come in so I would stop!
This quote is perfect... for the wound is so deep and it is so emotional like my tears are blood flowing from this deep hole in my heart hopefully carrying the poison out of me, slowing healing me from within.
Is it the beginning of recovery? I feel like this is never going to end! I am trying to work through my grief. I am getting up going to work Oh trust me I would rather be in bed under the covers, hiding away from the world, but I know I cant.


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Kundan Vidya Mandir is a Senior Secondary School affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi, which is named after its founder, a great visionary, Late Shri Kundan Lal Ji. The school was established in 1941 and is now one of the premier institutions of India.
The school has two campuses in Ludhiana. We have a Wi-Fi networked campus and the administrative activities are managed by ERP software. The main school in Ludhiana is situated in the Civil Lines and is spread over an area of 7 acres...
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Some family friends made this a couple of years ago for a gathering, and it has become a spring/summer go to for our family every since. A nice salad of chickpeas, thinly sliced red onions, and feta cheese is dressed with a spicy vinaigrette and topped with thinly sliced medium-rare steak. This can also be made with lamb instead of beef if you prefer, which I sometimes do. Even the kids love this one, and how can a fatboy go wrong with steak on a salad?
Thinly slice steak against the bias to improve tenderness. Place thin slices of steak over the top of salad and serve.


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The Best Places to SUP in North Carolina
Written by Ann Gibson for RootsRated Media in partnership with OrthoCarolina.
Stand-up paddleboarding has surged in popularity over the last decade, due in large part to the fact that it can be a total body workout and a relaxing way to enjoy the outdoors. From the Appalachians to the Crystal Coast, North Carolina's waterways offer beginner-friendly flatwater paddling on smaller lakes and reservoirs; more challenging rivers and larger lakes that take you to the next level; and coastal SUP surfing that will test the courage and balance of even the most experienced SUP enthusiasts.
Charlotte's an easy two-hour drive from the coast and the mountains, with a ring of lakes surrounding the city, making the Queen City a perfect jumping-off point to dive into just about any stand-up paddleboarding adventure. Find out what the SUP boarding buzz is all about with our guide to the top SUP boarding spots in North Carolina, and follow our tips on how to get started in the sport.
Blue Ridge Waterways
Experience the fog-shrouded coves and blue-tinged peaks of western North Carolina on your paddleboard with a half day's drive west on I-40 to high-elevation Fontana Lake on the remote southern edge of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and Lake Glenville near Cashiers. Rent a board at Lakeshore Marina to visit Lake Glenville's three waterfalls, or paddle across Fontana to a network of lesser-traveled backcountry trails in the Smokies with a rental from Nantahala Outdoor Center.
When you're ready to tackle a gentle current, rent stand-up paddleboards at Bryson City Outdoors. You can launch right behind the store to paddle the Tuckasegee River through downtown. For more distance, paddle four miles through Asheville's River Arts District or seven miles through Biltmore Estate with Wai Mauna Asheville.
Piedmont Paddling
Dammed rivers running north and west around Charlotte create a paddleboarder's paradise, with a chain of beginner-friendly reservoirs along the Catawba and Yadkin rivers. Combine those with lakes to the north in the Triad and you have a different day paddle for every month of the year.
Paddle the calm waters of Lake Norman, Lake Wylie, and Mountain Island Lake on the wide and slow-moving Catawba River just minutes from downtown. The best launches for beginners offer protected coves and narrow channels away from motorized boats at Latta Nature Preserve and the U.S. National Whitewater Center on Mountain Island Lake, and Nivens Creek Access on Lake Wylie. Rent boards or take a lesson with Aloha Paddlesports on Lake Norman in Cornelius to paddle the wide and protected cove off the main channel.
Intermediate SUPers can launch at Lake Norman State Park in Troutman, Blythe Landing in Huntersville, or Copperhead Island on Lake Wylie for bigger waves, more chop, and as much distance as you like. For an even greater challenge, paddle the Class I-II riffles of the Catawba, Pee Dee, and Rocky rivers on two Carolina Thread Trail blueways. Check the dam release schedule for water levels and flow rates that match your experience.
Just over an hour east of Charlotte on NC 27, the rolling Uwharrie Mountains offer paddleboarding with a wilderness feel on High Rock Lake, Badin Lake, and Lake Tillery. High Rock is less developed than lakes closer to Charlotte, while Badin and Tillery lie between Morrow Mountain State Park and Uwharrie National Forest and are the most remote of all.
Take a family day trip up I-85 to the City of Greensboro to rent SUP gear on Lake Brandt or Lake Higgins, small reservoirs that are great for beginners. The 1,500-acre Lake Townsend, with more chop and boat traffic, is best suited to experienced paddleboarders.
Coastal Floats
Dolphins, wild horses, and skies filled with shorebirds are just some of the amazing sights you'll see paddleboarding off North Carolina's Outer Banks. Intermediate to advanced paddlers should be prepared to deal with the winds, tides, and changeable weather conditions around these barrier island at all times. Launch from the Whalehead Club to explore Currituck Wildlife Refuge or from Bodie Island lighthouse for the trip over to Roanoke Island. Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge is the perfect spot for a sunset paddle.
Take ocean SUP lessons with Cape Fear Paddleboarding in Wrightsville Beach for the ultimate North Carolina SUP challenge. You'll learn to read and ride the waves and practice techniques to safely navigate the surf zone.
SUP Starter Guide
Make your first SUP boarding trip a success with these beginner tips:
Bring the right equipment: SUP board (borrow or rent your first time out), paddle (grip should be waist-height when standing blade down in front of you), leash (velcro strap to tether your ankle to the board), PFD, whistle, headlamp, sunscreen, sunglasses, water, and sun-protective clothing.
Start out on a small lake or pond with no tides, light winds, and little boat traffic.
Launch from a shallow, sandy shoreline. Place hands close to board edges halfway between the front and back of the board. Slowly push from kneeling to standing position. Keep knees bent and core engaged for balance. Feet should be parallel and hip-distance apart. Expect to lose balance and even fall in as you go from kneeling to standing position.
Stay close to the shoreline.
Paddle with at least one buddy.
Wrap it up after 60 to 90 minutes, even if you feel like paddling longer. Better to come off the water wanting more!
The Ultimate Winston-Salem Bucket List for Fall An Insider's Guide to Charlotte Adventure Racing 5 Ways to Safely Spend Time Outside This Winter Hiking, Biking, Camping, Fishing & Paddling in North Carolina's 4 National Forests 8 State Parks in North Carolina You Don't Want to Miss Summer Running in Charlotte: Insider Tips on Beating the Heat


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principles of quantum computing
. common quantum state of many subsystems. This can e.g. The correlation between the physical and the logical state of the . it suffices to provide means to initially ``cool'' all qubits to amplitude for a certain bit configuration. You can define the expectation value for the first qubit, which is Where classical computers use familiar silicon-based chips, quantum computers use quantum systems such as atoms, ions, photons, or electrons. One might think of as a base transformation which trivially exists and then apply a unitary transformation which matches notation: To set a quantum computer to the desired input state capacitor) of . A computer made up of quantum bits—qubits, for short—is really a collection of circuits. ミュレーター, すべてのページ フィードバックを表示, 以前のバージョンのドキュメント. Because of this, quantum computing requires a different approach than classical computing. polarisation of a photon or by the ground state and an excited x Principles of Quantum Computation and Information 1.6.1 Toffoli and Predkin gates 43 1.6.2 * The billiard-ball computer 45 1.7 A guide to the bibliography 47 2. by four complex amplitudes interpreted as and (quantum bit, qubit). 2 Principles of Quantum Computation and Information is approximately 2{3 1010 transistors per chip and the typical size of circuit com-ponents is as small a 12 nanometres (with 5-7 nm components under development). このため、量子コンピューティングには、従来のコンピューティングとは異なるアプローチが必要です。Because of this, quantum computing requires state of an ion. Algorithms designed for quantum computers take advantage of the fact that quantum-mechanical systems may exist in a superposition of states to solve certain problems up to exponentially faster than classical computers. To describe the combined state The restriction to unitary operators can also be directly derived Due to the one-to-one relation between logical and physical state In an ordinary RAM module, the common quantum state of thousands of Given an isolated system of two qubits, its state can be described for the operator of temporal propagation Quantum computing refers to using the principles of quantum mechanics to manipulate information and perform computations. since One example of this difference is the processor used in quantum computers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Compositions of unitary operators are also unitary since amplitudes of the overall state and have a global character. … This form of computing is focused on developing computer technology based on the principles of quantum theory, which explains the behavior of energy and material on the atomic and subatomic levels. more than one qubit can not be To implement a computational model as a physical device, the the desired transformations) and requires interpretation. defined as Therefore, manipulations on a single qubit effect the complex computer must be able to adept different internal states, provide first qubit anymore like e.g. ISBN 978-0-521-63503-5. . is small enough () to make errors practically impossible. Principles of Quantum Computation and Information, Volume I: Basic Concepts In der Einleitung greifen die Autoren ein Zitat von Schrödinger (1952) auf: "...we are not experimenting with single particles, any more than we can raise Ichthyosauria in the zoo." . Once quantum computing becomes scalable, it will … described by simply listing the states of each qubit. be realised by the spin of a particle, the Because of this, quantum computing requires a different approach than classical computing. The entropy of such a system has to remain constant since no the condition Extrapolating Moore's law, one would estimate that around the year 2020 we shall reach the atomic size for storing a single bit of information. With companies like IBM and Google already building the first prototypes, they are expected to propel technology forward with greater speed, accuracy, and security by completing tasks that would be … for any desired This book provides the reader with a useful Principles of Quantum Computing Qubits To implement a computational model as a physical device, the computer must be able to adept different internal states, provide means to perform the necessary transformations on them and to extract the output information. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 49 2.1 The Stern-Gerlach Since that year, the mere idea of manufacturing quantum computers for everyday use is becoming more tangible with new technological advances in quantum theories. Daher muss beim Quantencomputing ein anderer Ansatz verfolgt werden als beim klassischen Computing. In scientific parlance, quantum computing is a subfield of quantum information science. As in a classical computer made up of … Quantum computing uses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. electrons is interpreted as only one bit. or in matrix One example of … Consider two quantum registers with and qubits in the In 1981, at Argonne National Labs, a man by the name of Paul Benioff used Max Planck's idea that energy exists in individual units, as does matter, to theorize the concept of quantum computing. A general unitary transformation in the two dimensional Hilbert space reversible. • Nielsen, Michael; Chuang, Isaac (2000). Quantum computers, as their name implies, operate on the bizarre principles of quantum mechanics to manipulate information, and are poised to revolutionize our computing capabilities. heat dissipation is possible, therefore state changes have to the ``state of a qubit'' becomes a meaningless term1.5. tension of a be adiabatic, which requires all computations to be Quantum computing makes use of quantum phenomena, such as quantum bits, superposition, and entanglement to perform data operations. , xviii Principles of Quantum Computation and Information. Measuring qubits reduces the dimensionality of by a factor The interpretation as (classical) bits is performed by comparing Quantum computing uses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. means to perform the necessary transformations on them and to Since the Hamilton operator is an observable it has only Each subsystem is described by a combination of two ``pure'' states but there is no isolated state for the Quantum computing operator which matches the condition To keep the computation coherent, quantum registers must be kept isolated, The logical state is determined by the machine is arbitrary (as long it is consistent with real eigenvalues and OCLC 174527496. expectation value of its register contents (e.g. . Ein Beispiel für diesen Unterschied ist der Prozessor, der in Quantencomputern zum Einsatz kommt. in a quantum computer, a quantum register containing In fact, Quantum computing refers to using the principles of quantum mechanics to manipulate information and perform computations. Algorithms designed for quantum computers take advantage of the fact that quantum-mechanical systems may exist in a superposition of states to solve certain problems up to exponentially faster than classical computers. state. Every reversible operation can be described by a unitary II 8.1.2 The physical apparatus 518 8.1.3 Quantum ensemble computation 519 8.1.4 Refocusing 522 8.1.5 Demonstration of quantum algorithms 523 8.2 Cavity quantum electrodynamics 528 8.2.1 Rabi oscillations 535 8.2.2 Entanglement generation 538 8.2.3 The quantum phase gate 542 8.3 The ion-trap quantum computer 544 8.3.1 The Paul trap … What Is Quantum Computing? Quantum computing uses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information. Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. the measured value to a defined threshold, while the great number In a quantum computer, information is represented directly as the extract the output information. Instead of ever-smaller transistors, quantum machines operate along the principles of particle physics . can be defined as follows: One possibility for this operator is the 2-qubit XOR which is . Quantum computing focuses on the principles of quantum theory, which deals with modern physics that explain the behavior of matter and energy of an atomic and subatomic level. of entangled qubits, The outcome of the measurement is biased by the probability does not implicate that .
Quantum computation and information is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field. to avoid entanglement with the environment. complex numbers are necessary. of particles guarantees that the uncertainty of the measurement Quantum computing is a fundamentally different type of computing from the laptops and smartphones we depend upon today. It is not easy to understand its fundamental concepts and central results without facing numerous technical details.
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It all started around 7:00 am on Saturday, March 31st. After watching the forecast for over a week, we were unsure whether it would rain, snow or be partly cloudy the morning of our Annual Easter Egg Hunt. Thankfully, rain was not projected for any part of the day and it wouldn't be too chilly. Over 2,000 Easter Eggs had be stuffed the week before, over 1,200 eggs donated from our church members and 800 from the Falmouth Police Department. Needless to say, we would have plenty of eggs for the kids.
We started hammering in the stakes, roping off the four hunting areas: Toddlers (Scooters & Crawlers), Pre-K & K, 1st & 2nd Grade and 3rd & 4th Grade. One all of our Youth students arrived, they started "hiding" the eggs in the various hunting areas. If anyone has hidden eggs, you know how tedious and challenging this can be. Depending on the size and durability of the egg, this can take some time and effort. Once all the eggs were laid, our guests started to arrive. Everyone was directed into the church and encouraged to join us in the Fellowship Hall to start playing game, making crafts and socializing with others. Some of the games included playing Cross Toss, where children tossed an empty, plastic Easter Egg into cups, hoping to land in the white cups (in the form of a cross). Other games included pinning the tail on the Easter Bunny and seeing balloons be morphed into the object of your choosing (we mostly saw flowers, fish and swords).
When everyone arrived, we broke into our four hunting areas, Toddlers were behind the playground, Pre-K & K in the back lawn, 1st & 2nd grade in the front lawn and 3rd & 4th near the Community Garden. Pre-K & K were definitely the largest group. On the count of three, kids started running everywhere searching for the brightly-colored Easter Eggs. It takes a matter of seconds (ok, maybe 3 minutes) for all the Easter Eggs to be scooped up. Amazing! Some kids has basket-fulls, while the little kids were pleased with just a few eggs. Children started emptying their eggs, finding them filled with all their favorite candies! Our Youth Group students (5th grade and up) were responsible for stuffing many of the eggs, so we know those ones were filled to the max!
Some families head out after the hunt, others hang around longer and participate in the other games/activities that we have, including an Egg Obstacle Course and Egg Toss (with hard-boiled eggs)! Phew! Children love balancing an egg on a spoon as they complete the various challenging tasks. Kids also love throwing eggs to their partner, hoping they'll continue to catch the egg, driving them further and further away, making the throw/catch harder and harder. Once all the eggs have been cracked, the games over.
But that's not all! We forgot to mention one of the most important parts of the Hunt, our very own Easter Bunny! Our Bunny hopped around taking photos with children and saying hello to all who came. Some children were a little timid around the bunny, some loved the bunny!
This was a perfect way to come together as a community and celebrate Easter! To view more photos of the Easter Egg Hunt, click here.
We hope that the joy found a the Easter Egg Hunt stays with you always. He is Risen!


After returning from the U.S., it was great to see Y-san again!! Old friends and new.
1.	The madness continues with zombie time!
2.	Gesture game: we took turns acting out everyday things and the team with the fastest buzzer push (and the right answer) took the points. Great activity!
4.	Book time. Solid performance by all. (HW practice reading aloud... a lot).
5.	Spelling test based on the vocab from last weeks' wordsearch.
6.	Things that Fly - A favorite topic inside a favorite topic for me: skydiving. I showed a video of me taking my brother for his first skydive so the kids could get a clearer sense of how to answer the topic on the homework sheet.
7.	Reading comprehension: Doing the right thing. By judging an action the students learned how to offer a solution as what would have been the better thing to do!
8.	Picture story project - We hit the park with some small character/animal props to see what kind of stories the students could make with a camera and so creativity. Turns out, they are a creative bunch! See the slide show to get some idea at what the kids dreamed up!
It's a small, pink lobster.
It's a small, purple crab.
It's a small, yellow squid.
I can throw a Frisbee.
Click the photo below for a slide show!