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Ball Milling
Crushing Action of Ball Mills
Conditions Determining Fineness of Crushing
What Affects Ball Mill Capacity
Conditions Affecting Ball Mill Power
Ball Mill Crushing
How to Feed a Ball Mill
Consistency of Pulp in Ball Mill
Grinding Ball Consumption
Ball Mill Liner Consumption
These notes are based on observations made while on a recent trip through the West, for the purpose of studying the practical operation of the ball mill. The writer takes this opportunity to express his thanks for courtesies extended at the many plants visited as well as for the valuable data received.
While there are several types of ball mill on the market, particular attention will here be given to the diaphragm type, as the open-trunnion type, especially the conical mill, has been thoroughly discussed in the Transactions.
There is a prevailing impression that the ball mill is a recent development; however, ball mills were used extensively in Montana and other western states for crushing ores for concentration as far back as 1898. Its present prominence is due in part to its recent successful application by one of the large copper companies. Without any reference to dry grinding, the first successful ball mill for wet crushing, which is still in operation, was built 10 years ago. This mill, designed by Erminio Ferraris for crushing Sardinian ores for concentration, is of more than passing interest. It embodies the peripheral discharge with grates, large forged-steel balls, and the principal features of the modern ball mill. The results approach present-day practice, the chief differences being that the mechanical construction has been unproved in the modern types.
The action of the balls and the principles of crushing have been studied by several investigators. Their conclusions are confirmed by results obtained by the writer in experimenting with a small machine built at the Allis-Chalmers factory, and serve to explain the reasons for some of the results obtained in practice. A ball mill may be revolved so fast that the balls will cling to the shell during the entire revolution, while at slow speeds they will be carried up only a short distance and roll back. On the other hand, at the critical speed, they will cascade as shown in Fig. 1. At the critical speed the balls ascending on the layer next to the shell start from rest at a point S and cling to the shell without revolving or rolling, which has often been ascribed to them. These balls are held at rest by centrifugal force until they reach a point G, the location of which is dependent on the speed of rotation. Beyond the point G, gravity overcomes centrifugal force and the balls fall with increasing velocity in a parabolic curve which is the resultant of the above two forces, striking at a point W, the force of the impact being expended in crushing the material.
The several layers of balls lying on top of those next to the shell follow a similar cycle except that, due to relative difference in the two forces, their paths become more nearly vertical. The outer layers, spreading more than the inner layers, increase the area in the zone of the falling balls. Within the circuit thus formed is a neutral axis or a sluggishly rotating kidney-shaped mass in which little actual work is performed.
The material being crushed is thoroughly distributed throughout the mass by filling the interstices between the balls, and follows in the same circuit. It is, therefore, evident that the material is crushed mainly by impact of the striking balls as the whole mass falls. There can be very little grinding by attrition due to the rotation of balls, except at the point S where the shell picks up the mass and accelerates it to the rotative speed of the shell. The argument has often been advanced that fine material cannot be produced by impact alone and that fine grinding is done entirely by attrition or rubbing of adjoining balls. It is only necessary to break up a few small pieces of rock on an anvil with a hammer to prove that fines are unavoidably produced by impact. Screen analyses of the discharges from tube-mills in open and in closed circuits lead to the conclusion that in many instances an ore fragment may pass through the mill six to eight times before it is crushed to the desired fineness. Quoting directly from the article by Hermann Fischer referred to above:
The grinding action, therefore, depends upon the height of the drop of the balls, i.e:, the height of the curve vertex above the point where the ball strikes, the speed of the shell, the weight and number of balls.
The speed of the drum must be so determined that the curves can develop themselves properly. The weight of the balls and the height of drop are interrelated and their product must be sufficient to break the ore according to its size and hardness. Hard materials require heavier balls or greater height of drop than soft ones and steel balls in small diameter cylinders will do the same work as flint pebbles in large diameter cylinders.
The free fall of the balls is dependent upon the volume of ball load. With a charge equal to or greater than half the volume of the mill the free fall of the balls is decreased, the charge is held together, and the size of the inactive kidney-shaped mass is increased. When the charge is about one-third of the volume of the mill the size of the kidney-shaped mass is reduced and the balls fall from their maximum free height. Operating results bear out the above facts in that the greatest number of tons crushed to a certain mesh per kilowatt-hour are obtained with ball charges equal to approximately one-third the volume of the mill.
There is a general impression that the grate acts as a screen or sizer. This is true to a limited extent, but it is not of primary importance. The fineness of product delivered by a ball mill, the size of feed, ball charge, and speed remaining constant, depends upon the tonnage fed, the density of the pulp (water to solids ratio), size of balls, and, when operating in closed circuit, on the efficiency of the external classifying apparatus. The screen analyses plotted in Fig. 2 show the effect of varying tonnages, other factors remaining constant. They are from actual results with a 6 by 4-ft. mill.
The experience of operators at two western plants verifies the statement that an assorted charge, containing a certain percentage of small balls, is desirable for a fine product.
Laboratory Jaw Crusher
The screen analyses plotted in Fig. 3. show the difference in product when the initial charge included only 5-in. and 2-in. balls, and when the same charge contained a large percentage of 4, 3, and 2-in. balls. In some respects, these results do not agree with what would be expected, but I will not attempt to propound a theory to explain the deviations at this writing.
The peripheral-discharge mill differs from a trunnion-discharge mill, in the character of its product in that a small amount of moisture will
give a fine product and a large amount a coarse product. As the discharge is entirely at the periphery, and does not depend upon any classifying action to overflow the, finished product, the greater the amount of water added the quicker the pulp will pass through the mill and the coarser the product.
In mills provided with means for raising the discharge or pulp level from the periphery to some intermediate height between the periphery and the trunnion, the fineness and the amount of oversize can be controlled within certain limits. No.figures are available showing these differences, but from practical results in the field it appears that a wide variation can be obtained by this means.
The grate should, of course, retain some oversize, but this action can be carried to extremes, especially when a fine product is desired, as the consequent diminished capacity is not compensated by the reduction of oversize. In all cases when a fine product is desired, it is advisable to run the mill in closed circuit with an efficient external classifier. The principal function of the grate is to retain the ball charge in the mill, while permitting a peripheral discharge. The efficiency of the classifier, when a ball mill is run in closed circuit, directly affects both tonnage and fineness. This will be discussed under capacity.
Capacity of ball mills depends upon the following factors: fineness of grinding, weight or volume of ball charge, hardness of material, size of grate openings, and size of balls, other factors remaining constant. Practically speaking, the most important limiting factors for capacity have
been the size of the feed opening in the trunnion, the type of trunnion liner, and the type of feeder.
As previously shown, tonnage and fineness are interrelated and the capacity of a ball mill should be figured on the following basis when sufficiently reliable figures have been collected. The kw.-hours required to crush a ton of ore from and to a certain mesh should be arrived at from average operating conditions. A ball mill has a certain definite maximum power rating depending upon its ball load. Multiplying the kw.-hours per ton by the tons required to be crushed per hour, the product will represent the power required, and the mill nearest to that power rating should be selected. Fig. 4 is a preliminary power curve based on the recommended maximum ball charge, together with all available data at hand at the present time; however, 60 or more carefully taken power records would be needed for even an approximately correct curve.
Operating a mill at less than its maximum capacity for a given ball charge will result in excessive wear on lining and balls and produce a finer product than necessary. To crush a ton of ore of a certain hardness and size to a given fineness represents a definite amount of work; hence the capacity of a mill depends upon (a) the hardness, and (b) the ratio of reduction, the latter affecting capacity far more than the former.
It is useless to expect a large capacity from a mill operated with balls of a size too small to crush the ore, or when the balls are of a composition that will not withstand the shock of impact and shatter themselves to fragments. Hard ores, when fed direct from a crusher, require a proper percentage of 5-in. steel balls to do effective work. A 4-in. steel ball is often sufficient for some of the softer porphyry ores. Smaller steel balls may be used for regrinding work, but the charge should contain a per-
centage of 2-in. steel balls when working on hard ores. For regrinding soft ores, cast iron or composition balls may be used.
Where a fine product is desired together with a minimum amount of oversize, the grate opening should not be diminished. Smaller grate openings will reduce the amount of oversize but the decreased tonnage is not compensated. In such cases it is advisable to depend on an external classifier and operate the mill in closed circuit; the grate bars should be set with at least 1/8-in. opening. Where a coarse product is desired, for example for concentrating table work, the grate may be used as a sizer and an open-circuit scheme adopted.
Fig. 5 shows a typical example of the variation as to both tonnage and product that can be obtained with different grate openings.
When the mill is operated in closed circuit the efficiency of the classifier directly affects the capacity and it is important that the classifier be of proper size and properly operated. In one case observed, a classifier of the mechanical drag type was set with the wrong slope; correcting the slope approximately doubled the capacity of the mill. Classifiers of the mechanical drag type, in order to make an efficient separation, must be operated with proper consistency of pulp in the classifying zone, the slope and length of the sand plane must be correct, and the speed of the drag must be suited to the material.
Power depends principally upon the weight of ball charge, an approximate figure being 9 to 10 hp. per ton. However, the power per ton of balls will vary according to the percentage of volume the ball charge occupies in the mill. An approximate curve from data at hand is given in Fig. 6, from which it will be seen that the power required per ton of balls is least when the mill is loaded half full and that the curve rises very rapidly as the ball load is reduced. A charge greater than half full causes a balancing effect until, when the mill is full, the power required is practically only that necessary to take care of friction after starting.
When the volume of ball charge is reduced, within certain limits, the power consumption per unit of ball charge is increased, because the center of gravity of the charge is further from the axis of the mill; but as the mass of balls is more active and circulates more freely, the crushing efficiency is increased proportionately to the increase in power consumption per-ton of ball load.
There are a number of ball mill installations for fine crushing in the West. Most of these are arranged in two or more stages where a product finer than 100-mesh is desired, and there seems to be little difference of opinion as to the advantage of such an arrangement. Where coarser products are desired say, through 48-mesh, both single-reduction and stage-crushing installations are found. Stage crushing seems to have higher efficiency, but when first cost and simplicity are considered, the single-reduction installation seems to be more desirable, especially for small plants.
The curves (Fig. 7) plotted from recent tests show the power required per ton of material crushed under-varying capacities. It can be seen that the power rises rapidly at the expense of capacity when a fine product
is desired, and when compared with an average power curve it would make a saving to run a large tonnage through several stages. The phrase "single reduction" as applied to ordinary ball mill practice is misleading, because in the most common application of the ball mill, running in closed circuit for preparing feed for flotation, a great deal of the material is returned from once to six or seven times before it is finally reduced. The most efficient installations in practice are undoubtedly those which have a large return circuit and the mill is crowded, making a small reduction at each pass through the mill, but handling a large tonnage at the same time.
The ball mill is not to be recommended for all and sundry problems in the milling field. It is not suitable for concentration work where the ore contains a large amount of coarse mineral easily pulverized. Where crushing to 12-mesh and finer is necessary to release the mineral, the ball mill makes a suitable product when properly operated, and is as good as any other regrinding machine. The installation of concentrating
tables within the mill circuit, as practised at Stoddard, Ariz., is a notable advance in this class of work. The special field of the ball mill, however, is for products 20-mesh and finer.
The use of ball mills for reducing crusher product to 85 per cent,: below 200-mesh in two stages, as practised at the United Eastern, Tom Reed, and Montana mines, in Arizona, is a distinct advance in fine crushing. The simplicity, small floor space and large capacity of these installations are especially notable.
While there is not such economy in power nor so small a number of repairs as compared with a stamp- battery and tube-mill plant of the same capacity, the operating troubles and attendance are much reduced.
The curves in Figs. 8 and 9 show typical screen analyses of ball mill products, to give a better indication of the class of work that may be expected.
The most desirable method of feeding coarse material is the arrangement as installed at the Tom Reed mill. The crusher product is fed direct from a bin to an apron feeder, the speed of which is controlled by a Reeves variable-speed transmission device, having a small hand crank, sprocket, and chain conveniently situated for the mill operator. This insures absolute control and allows quick changes.
When a ball mill having a proper crushing load is rotated at the critical speed, the balls strike at a point on the periphery about 45° below horizontal, or S in Fig. 1. An experienced operator is able to judge by the sound whether a mill is crushing at maximum efficiency, or is being over- or under-fed. Excessive rattling denotes under-feeding; a sound of impact at W (Fig. 1) indicates overloading; while under proper conditions, the impact will be heard near S.
When a ball mill fitted with a diaphragm is over-fed, the mill fills up to a certain level, then stops, crushing and discharges any additional feed back through the feed trunnion. Once over-fed, it takes from 30 min. to 2 hr. to free itself. Ball mills, therefore, should be provided with a central opening in the diaphragm connecting with the discharge trunnion, to prevent over-feeding and the delays incidental thereto.
The greatest difficulty in feeding most ball mills, when running on large tonnages and coarse feed, say, ½ to 3 in., is due to the restricted area of the feed trunnion, which limits the quantity of coarse material that can be fed through it. A few simple calculations will show the velocity necessary to pass a given quantity feed through the trunnion. It can also be shown mathematically that the average spiral in the trunnion liner does not advance the feed rapidly enough; therefore, instead of aiding, it retards the feeding. These results are confirmed in practice. A smooth liner, tapering from the feeder into the mill, does not retard the flow of the feed, and is, therefore, more efficient than the spiral. Experiments with small models, as well as experiments in the field, corroborate these conclusions. A short trunnion with large diameter is essential for feeding a large tonnage to a ball mill.
The engineering department of the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. has recently conducted some experiments with feeders modeled after the various types in use, on a scale of 1 in. per foot. The feeders were operated at constant speed conformable with present practice, the material delivered in a given time being weighed. The following con-
clusions were drawn: " The intake of a single-scoop feeder has far greater capacity than the throat or trunnion of the mill, and there is no good reason for using a double- or triple-scoop feeder, the capacity of the feeder not being controlled by the quantity it will pick up, but by the quantity that it can discharge through the throat or trunnion." These experiments further demonstrated that the capacity of a spiral feeder is in direct proportion to the length of the path of the spiral. In other words, a spiral feeder embodies all the principles of the Frenier sand pump, in which the long path of the spiral increases the pressure which forces the feed into the trunnion opening.
Fig. 10 shows a double-scoop feeder without a partition; Fig. 11 shows the same feeder with the two spirals connected across the center of the trunnion opening, making a partition so that the material taken up cannot drop from one scoop into the other. Fig. 12 shows a single-spiral feeder; Fig. 13 shows a triple-spiral feeder; and Fig. 14 shows a standard combination feeder which has a single spiral.
Disregarding the influence of the trunnion liner as determining the relative capacity of feeders, the experiments demonstrated that No. 12, the single-spiral feeder, has the greatest capacity; No. 11, double-spiral feeder with the partition across the trunnion opening, gave the next best capacity, which, however, was less than 50 per cent., that of No. 12. The capacity of No. 10 was only about 25 per cent, that of No. 12. The capacity of the triple-scoop feeder, Fig. 13, was but very little greater than that of No. 11. The results clearly demonstrate that increasing the number of spirals of scoops does not add to the capacity of a feeder.
The ratio of moisture to solids is important in ball mill work. From actual operation it has been observed that fine grinding is best done when water constitutes 33 to 40 per cent, of the pulp, or the water-to- solids ratio is 1 : 2 or 1 : 1½. Where a minimum of fine material is desired, 50 per cent, and upward of water is desirable.
Ball consumption varies with the fineness of the product, hardness of the ore, quality of ball, and whether a mill is run in closed or open circuit. The ball, consumption for mills delivering a coarse product, all passing 8-mesh- and containing 10 to 20 per cent. below 200-mesh, the mill being run in open circuit, is about ½ lb. per ton for steel balls and 1 lb. for cast composition balls.
The average ball consumption for mills in closed circuit has been plotted in Fig. 15 for steel balls and for cast composition balls. Enough data are not available to plot curves for hard and soft ores, and individual figures will vary considerably from the average of the curves, which are given merely a guide as to what may be expected and also to show the increased consumption with finer grinding. It should be noted that the curves apply to products practically all of which are finer than the meshes indicated, up to 65-mesh. Points on the curves representing finer products are for mills generally regrinding 10- to 20-mesh feed; hence corresponding amounts must be added to give the total ball consumption for reducing from crusher size to 100-mesh and finer.
Average consumption of shell liners, for both chrome and manganese steel, is 1/3-lb. per ton of ore crushed. The consumption of lining seems to be fairly constant regardless of the hardness of the ore, fineness of product, or other conditions. The greatest wear on the lining is probably caused by the impact of the balls and by their slippage on the shell during the period of acceleration. If the mill is running below capacity the wear will increase.
There are numerous types of liners on the market, and improvements are constantly being made, but the greatest improvement made recently
is the general increase in weight and thickness. The proportion of scrap has been very high, and the consumption stated above may be reasonably expected to be diminished with heavier and thicker liners. Regarding the shape of liner, there is considerable difference of opinion. The smooth liner is probably as efficient as any of the others if run at slightly higher speed.
Hard-iron liners have not been found satisfactory when used with balls of 5 and 4-in. diameter, as, they have invariably failed by cracking and breaking, but with balls of 2-in. diameter and smaller they are sufficiently durable. It is possible that a heavy hard-iron liner backed and set in cement mortar might be successful, but this has not yet been tried as far as we know.
The loosening of liners may be avoided by using deeply countersunk bolts of large diameter with double nuts. When the liners are first put in place, after running the mill for several hours the bolts should be gone over again and the nuts tightened with a short wrench and hammer. Later, after the feed is on, they should be gone over once more. Leakage around bolt holes is caused entirely by loosening of the bolts due to lack of tightening or a worn-out lining. If candlewicking is used as packing around a bolt; between the shell and the washer, and the nut is kept tight, no leakage will occur until the liners are worn out.
by David April 22, 2017 April 22, 2017 Categories Grinding Tags 918


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In suburban Milton Keynes, just off the Abbey Hill roundabout, Moltens restaurant at the redeveloped Mercure hotel aims to bring 'a little bit of outside in' with moody green lighting, cool images of nature, some Middle Eastern touches, glass balustrades and views of a golf course beyond. Food-wise, the restaurant's USP is DIY cooking on volcanic rocks, which are heated to 440oC and used for finishing off anything from pre-seared steaks and exotic meats to seafood in various forms – a perfect idea for sharing with friends or business colleagues. To bookend the main event, you might consider salmon and fat crayfish tails with crisp salad leaves, followed by a familiar dessert such as sticky toffee pudding. Friendly staff are passionate about the concept, and the wine list offers plenty of reasonably priced favourites from across the globe.
I saw this restaurant from the Square meal guide and l liked the menu concept straight away, so I decided to give a try for my sister's 40th surprise birthday party for a group of about 15 people. I must confess I fell in love with the venue and the team at the restaurant were absolutely friendly and extra helpful. I wasn't disappointed at all with the food especially menus from the volcanic rock options! I strongly recommend people out there to give this a try, you wont regret it. On the overall, it was an excellent choice and I had a fabulous experience, my guests kept commending the overall service which was waoh! and I even had a couple stay back to enjoy sometime at the hotel just because of the beauty. For all the crew at Molten restaurant,keep up the good work and the standard and I am sure you'll have me and others guests coming back.


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Interview by Visual Tales
Talent: Jack Blanco | Menace Model Management
Photographer: Peter Stanglmayr
Styling: John Tan for Visual Tales
Visual Tales: Hi Jack! It was great to finally meet you while you were in NYC. You came from London to LA to walked the Amiri FW2022 show. What's your perspective on the differences between London, LA and NY?
Jack Blanco: I love everything about New York! The energy of the city is something I hadn't experienced anywhere else, it's nice as it has similarities to London but it is ten times the size. As for LA, I only got to spend a couple days there so I didn't have as much opportunity to explore the city, however I definitely would like to go back – just maybe not to downtown again. One thing I will say though is that, for me, it felt like I had been to LA before just because I've played so much Grand Theft Auto 5! Haha
VT: How did you get into modeling? What attracted you in wanting to pursue this path in the first place?
JB: I was street scouted whilst strolling around London. It's funny actually, I was supposed to be going to a university open day, however I got the dates mixed up and had nothing else to do but go shopping and make the most of the day; if it wasn't for that mistake then I wouldn't be where I am today which makes me appreciate it a lot more. I did a little bit of modeling when I was younger, so I think that experience together with me being interested in fashion and the creative industry really motivated me to put my all into my career as a model – also meeting so many like-minded people has definitely made me love it even more.
VT: What are some of your highlight experiences so far?
JB: The first time I got that feeling of 'oh shit I really did this' kind of thing was sitting on the back of a yacht watching the sunset, having just finished the first day of filming for the Prada SS22 show in Sardinia - That's definitely something I will never forget. Another thing that has been a highlight for me this year so far was seeing myself on the front page of vogue street style in Milan and in other magazines and articles from that season. I remember my mum and some of my friends sending me messages like 'have you seen this?' – something that again, will stay with me.
VT: What are some of your own personal interest that you would like to pursue in the future?
JB: As much as I love being in front of the camera I also love to be behind it, which is something I really want to begin to put more time into. I am really lucky to always be working with great photographers and seeing how they work on and off set which is extremely valuable to me. I also did a lot of acting when I was young which I am definitely going to be putting to use. Moving forward. Aside from that, there are too many things to list so you'll have to wait and see!
VT: More and more, everyone can express or judge an individual with or without knowing them. They could like or dislike someone just by clicking on the latest imagery. It is interesting because modeling, in some ways, is creating a visual illusion; It doesn't necessarily represent what the subject is really about. What's your take on it?
JB: I think at the end of the day, the job of a model is to try to bring the designer or artist's vision to life while still holding onto their own sense of originality – which can sometimes be a challenge. The mindset I always have when going into a job is to keep an open mind and always appreciate the work put into the collections I modeled by the designer, whether It's my style or not. Something that really resonated with me was in line-up before the Amiri FW22 show as Mike Amiri stood up and said to us all; 'Put your all into these next 20 seconds, because I spent 6 months on those 20 seconds' – and I think this really represents that point of we only see the final product, not the work put in behind the scenes. I really loved that collection and am so grateful to have been a part of it!
VT: You are signed with Patrick Egbon-Marshall, founder of Menace Model Mgmt, a great modeling agency that represents models that are known for being individualistic. How did that came about? We often wonder about the Agent/Model's relationship, what's the collaboration process like? What goals would you like to achieve through modeling?
JB: Patrick was the one who street scouted me actually. I think Menace Model Management is such a unique agency not only because of the variety of models that they have, but because we all have such a close knit relationship. It's nice as I know a lot of the guys in the agency through parties Patrick has put on for us or through going abroad to fashion week with them – something that I don't think you get with other, bigger agencies. Another thing that is great about Menace is that I know that Patrick has my best interests at heart and I am frequently in contact with him, in person or over text. One of my goals for now is to be feature on a cover of a magazine that is in-print and just to keep traveling and working as much as possible. Something that I've always wanted is to see myself on a billboard on the tube (London metro), which I'm sure will happen soon enough.
VT: From the moment you arrived on set, we witnessed your love of fashion. Share with us your personal style. Who are some of your favorite brands that you gravitates towards and why?
JB: My style changes frequently depending on where I am and what I'm feeling, it's usually just bits of everything. When I'm at home I usually opt for baggy jeans/trackies and a vest – maybe some baggy jumpers or jackets – very 90's. Aside from that, I think staples of my wardrobe right now are Cuban heeled boots (everyone should have a pair), scarfs and cool sunglasses. I have way too many pairs of shoes and sunglasses, because I think that these can make or break an outfit and should be chosen accordingly. I don't really have a favorite brand if I'm honest because a lot of the things I buy I stumbled across while vintage shopping. However, a brand I am really liking right now is Diesel. They definitely can be a hit and miss with some things but I have a lot of love for some of their archival pieces and their most recent collection definitely has a few stand out fits. I got a good look at it during their new Soho store opening while I was in New York and I saw a lot of things I liked.
VT: You buy and collect a lot of vintage pieces for your wardrobe, share with us your selection process and some of your personal favorites you have acquired in your shopping.
JB: Yes I do! Probably a bit too much… I usually just stumbled across things, but I feel like I know where to look. In the UK, we have stores called charity shops everywhere - which are basically the same as Goodwill – and these are one of my favorite places to look. When abroad, I usually search up vintage stores on google maps and go to all the ones I possibly can. Another place that I can always rely on is a UK based store called Vintage Threads (shoutout to Charlie and Freddie), I've got a lot of cool pieces from them and you all should go check them out!
VT: Since this is a fashion special that focused on you wearing CELINE by HEDI SLIMANE, what are your thoughts of CELINE by HEDI SLIMANE's collection? Why do you think young guys like yourself gravitates towards his aesthetic?
JB: I really love the energy of this collection, it felt amazing to wear and there are some great pieces that I would love to have in my wardrobe. I think that Hedi really knows what he's doing at the moment with Celine; the aesthetic they are pushing is a massive influence on guys like myself who are into fashion and have great style, it's the perfect balance being on trend and setting new ones. I think this influence is because it fits the fast paced energy of young guys nowadays.
VT: Describe a perfect day for you?
JB: Iced black coffee, long walks in the sunny countryside, good food, music and driving my car.
VT: As a representative of a new generation of models heading towards 2023, knowing what you know, how would you like models like yourself and the modeling industry evolve going forward?
JB: I think that the industry has a lot of work to do in terms of looking out for models. I say this because I know so much goes on that isn't talked about, such as agencies and clients being shady about money, people having to put up with bad living situations and other things that shouldn't be acceptable. Thankfully I haven't had any bad experiences, but I know that there are a lot of people affected. There is a great organization called Model Alliance that is based in New York that focuses on changing things for people working in the fashion industry.
VT: Everyone have their own personal account as to how the pandemic affected them, what's yours like?
JB: Initially, I was really thankful for the covid lockdown as it allowed me to get some much needed rest and take some time away from everything so I could work through some personal things. It was also when Patrick convinced me to grow out my hair, a decision that has definitely changed my life so far! After 2020, the pandemic then became a big problem as it stopped me from doing a lot of things I could've done if it wasn't around; however, I think that without all the setbacks and bad choices made I wouldn't be where I am today.
VT: What defines beauty in your eyes?
JB: I think that beauty is whatever you want It to be, it's a very personal thing that I think differs for everyone even if you don't know what It is for you yet.
VT: We all have individuals we look up to or aspire to be, who is that individual for you?
JB: I definitely have individuals that I look up to, but there is no one that I aspire to be, because there is no one I'd rather be than myself. Saying that, someone I have a lot of respect for would be a good friend of mine called Clément LaGuardia: a model, mother agent and photographer. I look up to him because as well as being a successful model, he manages successful models and still has the time to capture beautiful images – a work ethic that I think is unmatched.
VT: If there is a song to sum up who you are and what you are about, what song would that be and why?
JB: Everything I Am by Kanye West – because everything I'm not made me everything I am.
Model Jack Blanco, Patrick Egon-Marshall at Menace Model Management (UK), Peter Stanglmayr, Ashley Jacobs, Lilian Bard and Sophie Andreesen at Celine for their friendship and support.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


this show was the perfect after show to handmade arcade. it was smaller and more of a boutique, so i wasn't mobbed the whole time. yet there were plenty of customers and the feel of the show was fabulous from the space to the music played. it was well organized, had high quality crafting, and a very nice time was had by all. AND it was my first 'away' show, so i took some photos to commemorate.
lauren and i about to leave. ben was trying to get a photo of the packed civic too.
friday night we showed up to stay with the very generous abby and her boyfriend mason. we came friday specifically because she invited us to go to knitter's night out at her lys. of course we took her up on it! plus, i must say it was really nice not to get up at 4:30 am and drive over.
while at said yarn store, a woman at knit night was talking about making a pattern called the old shale smoke ring!! they had a sample and the pattern printed word for word from the blog:"my vacation is pretty much over – we leave on a plane tomorrow – and indeed, my vacation kni…" which is funny since it has back story, but the actual copies they were handing out had less (maybe the rav download version?). AND they had my copyright info on them, which is what i require. how strange!! who knows where the things we put on the internets have been, will be, might be right now.
here's the booth for this show and the fabulous food that our hostess made us for saturday night.
plus, for desert we had this fabulous banana bread (link includes recipe cause abby's good like that!).
and finally a picture of abby and i, sunday night, right after we ate the best ice cream ever. lime cardamom. yum.
other highlights? meeting the charming squeezleknits chris who was not nearly as weirdo and fanish as she felt :) and buying a print that i've wanted for a long time entitled 'buses as caterpillars' by the tugboat printshop. also, the fact that we had a table near the printshop. i adore them.
What fun! I'm so jealous, as I sit here in the library behind my computer. Not that I'm complaining ;) So glad you had fun!
sounds like a good time and a great experience! and how to cool to find your pattern in the yarn store like that.
hey – glad to hear it went well! :) that food looks delicious -it is inspiring me to cook some thing yummy this week.
what an awesome trip. i've been itchy for some travel lately, but it will come. I'm so happy the show went well, too. welcome to the great frontier of travelling craftsters!


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I talked before about tradition and dogma and not too long ago, on LinkedIn, I saw someone post yet another one of those bits of dogma in our industry without considering the context. The discussion that ensued showcased exactly the problem with simply regurgitating the "received wisdom" of others. So let's talk about this.
Before getting started here, I'll note that awhile back I talked about the danger of the technocrat tester. What I'm talking about this time is actually a much more pernicious problem and it's one that's particularly dangerous in an industry that is conflating terms, roles, and disciplines. But I do think that both articles reinforce each other to some extent.
Note that this doesn't mean development and testing are "indistinguishable" as the first quote suggests. It means they are done concurrently and in the same context. And for something to be done concurrent with another, it must be distinguishable, by definition.
Again, not indistinguishable aspects but, rather, interleaved aspects. A "marriage" does not make two things indistinguishable from each other; it (hopefully) puts them in cooperation (rather than opposition), allowing for mutually reinforcing strengths.
That's different than saying a "separate activity" or a "separate function." They are using this in the sense of a branch of knowledge or a field of study. That is the lack of separation they talk about.
But … The Response to What?
So why was I throwing all these quotes back at the person who posted the dogma? Well, I think the initial lesson should be: don't just repeat quotes, especially hyperbolic quotes. Understand the context. But, more to the point, in bringing this up to the original poster, the following comment was made. And I provide this quote (accurately but anonymously) because, in various language, this is exactly the type of response that is normally given.
This person was using the initial Google quote as supportive of this entire belief. But think about it. By definition "building it" and "testing it" cannot be the same activity. That is the dangerous part of this view, in my opinion.
Relation should not imply conflation. Muddy thinkers routinely fall prey to that mistake. And that was my point about taking some other quotes from Google. While one quote seemed to imply the "blending", all of their other quotes from how they do things show they recognize the danger of the conflation. What Google has done is implemented an approach whereby the relation is encapsulated in one person or one group, in this case developers. The developer acts as a developer in some cases ("build it") and as a tester in others ("test it"). Two different things: not the same activity.
And my response is that, ontologically, what's being described here is not possible. And I would argue testers deal with ontology all the time; it's one of the core skills we often have that distinguishes our thinking from that of developers. Now, being fair, what is said there is ontologically possible — if you redefine your terms entirely, of course. But then you may as well just use one term rather than two if you feel both terms describe the exact same thing.
But here's the problem with that kind of thinking. TDD does not at all imply testing and development are indistinguishable (which is what we started with) but it does imply they are separable. Incidentally, notice how easy it was to switch from one word (indistinguishable) to another (inseparable) and treat them almost as the same? That's what the original poster was doing in this conversation and it's a key flaw that I see often: again, relation becomes conflation. Muddy thinking.
And, in fact, this aspect of separation with TDD is a large part of the point: it's test DRIVEN development. It is development (an activity) driven by a test (an artifact). And therein lies the danger of the conflation. TEST is an artifact; TESTING is an activity. And testing, as an activity, extends before code is even written and even before we're even deciding if we should write code.
This conflation that we're seeing here — even with "indistinguishable" morphing into "inseparable" — leads to three errors of reasoning in our industry right now: muddy thinking, insufficient category distinction, and descriptive parallax. That> is the danger I was referring to. I wasn't so much referring to the "danger" of developers doing testing; that's the entirely different issue I mentioned.
Finally, I should note that the the notion of simultaneity, as posited by my conversation companion, is not true in this context any more than the suggestion that simultaneity happens in the real world. It doesn't even though it looks like it does. What you have are two aspects (development-thinking, test-thinking) taking place concurrently and interleaved to greater or lesser extents.
Testing, as activity, is always putting pressure on design. Some of that design is speaking to code. Other times it is not. Conflation often hides that fact.
Bolded emphasis is mine. Notice three terms: indistinguishable, simultaneous, and inseparable ("impossible to separate").
For something to be described as simultaneous, there have to be more than one thing so "indistinguishable" is no longer accurate. Likewise, for simultaneous to make sense, the 'more than one thing' you are dealing with, by definition, has to be separable. It's only by its being separable so that you can decide if the components are simultaneous or not. Conflation leads to muddy thinking; or muddy thinking leads to conflation. Take your pick. Either way, it's poor thinking. And it's this kind of thinking that is occurring a lot in the overall discipline of software engineering.
That's the problem. What's the opportunity bit I mentioned?
The ability to point things like this out is often the skill that specialist testers are bringing over and above pure development activities. We're clearing up muddy thinking; the inaccurate, or conflicting, use of terms; the unpacking of suitcase words; the removal of semantic nests where one word is used to describe multiple things or where multiple words are used to describe the same thing.
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You can now use voice commands with Control Center via Alexa. Now, watching TV is truly as easy as saying "watch."
Next, tell Alexa your PIN, in this case it's 7788: "Alexa, tell Caavo my PIN is 7788". You will hear a confirmation from Alexa when the pairing is successful (you may have to repeat the previous step a few times if Alexa doesn't understand you, the word 'Caavo' rhymes with the word 'bravo'). Control Center should now be paired, and you can try things like "Alexa, tell Caavo to open Netflix".
Make sure you have the Amazon Alexa app installed on your smartphone and are logged in.
Please note that the PIN will be different each time you need to re-pair Control Center to Alexa.
Check out our full list of supported Amazon Alexa Voice Commands.
1. At this time you can only connect a single Control Center to your Alexa Account by adding the Caavo skill and using the unique PIN provided in settings. All Alexa devices in that account will be able to control the paired Control Center. To control multiple Control Centers, you will need a different Alexa account paired to each Control Center.
2. Alexa "Watch" commands only work with the programs in the Watch lists and with exact name.
3. If you are having problems pairing with Alexa, please go here to troubleshoot the problem.


Many of you will have been anticipating the arrival of your new community website, and for some of you this will be a pleasant surprise.
Now that your new community website has arrived, we'd like to tell you a little more about the functions and features which have been developed to make this a one-stop, interactive experience.
A dedicated forum has been designed to create a closed community space in which you, your neighbours and community partners can discuss everything from gardening tips to days out – log in with the details provided in your welcome pack to see more. Alternatively, email us at helpdesk@preim.co.uk where a member of our team will be happy to help.
You will spot an events tab in the forum – here you can create and manage your events, invite members of your community and track attendance.
This is a space within your forum to share local businesses, traders and services within the Tadpole Garden Village area. We hope members of the community will engage in reviews and comments, helping to build a trusted trader base.
We hope this area will eventually develop so that posts such as events, items for sale and community messages are pinned to this area and immediately highlighted to users.
Your community website has been jam packed with information on your local area, including nearby attractions and services, a dedicated gallery, blogs retelling the story of Tadpole Garden Village, up-to-date development news, details on your community allotments, a nature area which we hope will become home to TGV's own feeds and a space to facilitate the future use of the community hub building when it comes to Tadpole Garden Village!
So what are you waiting for? Get stuck in and make the most of the Tadpole Garden Village community website.


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Home Ethiopia Genocide Rwanda Tigray TPLF The Case of Rwanda: Lessons for Ethiopia
The Case of Rwanda: Lessons for Ethiopia
Admin 12:00 AM Ethiopia, Genocide, Rwanda, Tigray, TPLF
TPLF's ethnic apartheid system is creating the conditions for a Rwanda-like ethnic violence to break out in the country
By Dawit Woldegiorgis
This is article is meant for Ethiopians to remind them to learn lessons from the Rwandan genocide. Some might think that such kind of scenario will never happen in Ethiopia. But just think about it: who thought that a country called Somalia with one language, one ethnic group and one religion would so rapidly fall apart and be a failed state for two decades? Who would have thought that the former Yugoslavia would disintegrate and result in the kind of genocide and ethnic cleaning we have seen in the heart of Europe, sending many leaders to the international criminal court? Who would have thought that South Sudan, which had its independence in 2011, after decades of war, would descend to a civil war that is causing the death and displacement of hundreds of thousands of South Sudanese? Who would have thought that Muammar Gadhafi would be overthrown in such a swift and brutal way and the country plunging into civil war and becoming the breeding ground of terrorists like ISIS, an evil that slaughtered many innocent young Ethiopian migrants? And the list can go on.
Let me tell you a first hand story about the genocide in Rwanda just to remind you, though I know that you have read and heard about it and you may have watched the movie Hotel Rwanda. In 1994, in the month of August I received a call from Ellen Sirleaf Johnson (current president of Liberia) who was then the UNDP Africa Bureau Chief. I was asked if I would be willing to head a UN emergency coordinating team to Rwanda. I accepted the offer.
That was just a few weeks after the genocide, the greatest mass murder since the holocaust, of close to one million Tutsis and moderate Hutus ended and the Rwandan Patriotic Front had just entered victoriously to Kigali. I had never been to Rwanda before. Flying over Rwanda is an incredible experience. The scenery does not seem real. It is a beautiful country, a country of mountains as it is called in French (mille collines) and looks as if a green carpet has been plastered over the thousands of mountains with beautiful well-structured villages. But being inside Rwanda at that time would give one a very eerie experience that one would never forget.
I had come to a country where in the last 100 days (April 6 to July 16, 1994) an estimated 800,000 to I, 000,000 Tutsis and some moderate Hutus were slaughtered; between 250,000 to 400,000 women raped (67% of these were later infected with HIV); etc. The statistics on the number of survivors, orphans, disabled people, widows etc. are staggering. There are two major 'ethnic' groups in Rwanda Hutus composing of 84% and Tutsis 15% and the rest Twas, the pygmy population who comprise around 1%.
Though the two groups are one culturally and linguistically united people, they had a very brutal past. The genocide was a culmination of accumulated hatred by the majority Hutus towards the minority Tutsis; hatred and mistrust that had its roots in the Belgian colonial era. In 1860, a certain British officer by the name of John Hanning Speke:
"declared that all culture and civilization had been introduced by the taller sharper featured people who he considered Caucasians from the Horn of Africa, Ethiopians" and I may add perhaps the Oromos in particular. He considered Ethiopians to be of "Caucasian origin, descendent from the biblical King David and therefore superior race to the Negros." Of course this is not substantiated neither by history nor by science and therefore considered either oral history or just a legend. (I however don't wish to make this subject of discussion since the intention of this article is to look into the genocide and the lessons that can be learnt). Such a contorted categorization of Africans was a convenient way for Europeans to divide and rule, in this case, by creating the illusion that Tutsi blood was more like them than was the Hutus. We see the same pattern in South Africa apartheid system where the whites were classified as first class citizens and the coloreds (half casts) who were to be the closest to the whites and therefore treated better as second class and the Indians who, though they are black, have sharper features third class and the black Africans came last in the ladder of categorization of South Africans and rights and privileges distributed in that order.
In Rwanda this categorization resulted in the complete marginalization of the majority during the colonial period. By the end of the Belgian presence in Rwanda in 1959, "forty three chiefs out of forty five were Tutsis as well as 549 sub-chiefs out of 559" in a country where peoples' lives and land holding system were controlled by chiefs. The result was a political and economic monopoly by the minority ethnic group. The college enrollments for example was:
1932 forty-five Tutsi and 9 Hutus
1945 forty-six Tutsi and three Hutu;
1954 sixty three Tutsi and 19 including 13 from Burundi
1959 two hundred seventy nine Tutsi and 143 Hutu.
Obtaining secondary education for Hutus was very difficult and even those who got the education had difficulty getting employment. This resulted in the creation of a special Rwandese Tutsi minority elites that controlled the lives of the majority and who believed in the Belgian and the Tutsi contorted history that made the Tutsis very different from the Hutus, a superior race narrative, which eventually was embedded into the minds of Tutsis for which they eventually paid a very dear price. The Hutus who were denied everything they had prior to the coming of the colonialists and repeatedly told they were inferior to the Tutsis, began to hate all Tutsis. "The time bomb was set and it was now only a question of when it would go off …Rwanda was not a land of peace and bucolic harmony before the arrival of the Europeans (but) there is no trace in its pre-colonial history of systematic violence between Tutsi and Hutu as such…. ideas and myths can kill, and their manipulation by elite leaders for their own material and power interest does not change the fact that in order to operate they first have to be implanted in the souls of men." (Gerard Prunier, the Rwanda Crisis.) Tutsis started a movement for independence and this angered the Belgians who quickly changed sides and replaced the Tutsi chiefs by Hutus. When Hutu leaders got this power they started settling scores and in 1959 killed over 100,000 Tutsis. A huge number of Tutsis fled to neighboring Uganda, Zaire and Burundi. It was by these refugees that the Rwandan Patriotic Front was established.
In 1994 the RPF, had intensified the war and was closing in Rwanda. Radio des Milles Collines (RTLM) financed by the government launched its program of hate and extermination just after the Arusha Accord. When the president was returning from Arusha, his plane was struck and he was killed. That incident triggered the genocide though the preparation to eliminate the Tutsis had been going on for quiet sometime. A highly educated Rwandese professor, Ferdinand Nahimana was heading the radio programs. It was full of vitriolic propaganda of hate and clear messages for Hutu extremists to go out and kill. The radio was sending out messages that Tutsis were controlling everything and seeking supremacy and this evil and injustice perpetuated by this minority group can "be cured only by their total extermination" calling them hyenas, snakes, cockroaches, etc. It was hateful, dehumanizing, and designed to incite the people to rise up and kill Tutsis, capitalizing on the years of oppression that Hutus have endured under the real or perceived, direct and indirect control of a minority that only represented 15% of the population. It was not a spontaneous uprising. It was an uprising that had been in the making since the Habermanya government took over (the last government before the genocide). But the root of the problem goes back to the colonial period.
Many of the killers believed the Tutsis were evil people who have taken everything for themselves and treated the majority as second-class citizens and therefore deserve to be eradicated. Children were not spared according to Radio Milles Collines ""you must also kill the rat in gestation; it will grow up to be a rat, like the others."
They used languages too graphic to repeat (if interested read Hate as a Contagion: the Role of Media in the Rwandan Genocide by Maria Armoudian). Hutus were killed for helping the fleeing Tutsis because, according to the media they were "inyenzi' cockroaches. Rwandan Hutus were called to rise up and finish the Tutsi once and for all. They were told to use knives, machetes and clubs.
The first few weeks in Kigali were extremely traumatizing for me. Though the RPF had been there for a month and cleaned up the city as much as it can, there were still bodies littered on the outskirts of the city and roadblocks that have not yet been cleaned up, road blocks made of human corpses. We could see bodies floating on river Kivu though thousands had already been swept away down stream, 'to Ethiopia' as their killers stated when they threw them in to the river. One church was still full of corpses, with over 700 Tutsis who had run to the church hoping to get protection. The churches all over Rwanda had been the traditional sanctuary for these deeply religious people but on this occasion they became the convenient place where they were killed in mass. Many churches have been used as killing fields because there were a large concentration of frightened people in one small area. In one case over 2000 people had sought refuge in the largest Catholic Church Saint Famille and all of them were killed after the parish priest handed them over to their killers. Apparently he was a supporter of the Hutu extremists. The Ntarama church, where I saw over 700 corpses, has now been turned over to a genocide museum. At the time I arrived there were still some dogs feasting on human corpses and RPF had to go after stray dogs and shoot them.
Prior to the genocide, Rwanda had come a long way where it had become sometimes difficult to make a distinction between a Tutsi and a Hutu. There were many instances where Tutsis were mistaken for Hutus and spared from being killed. Moderate Hutus were killed because of their association to the Tutsis and because they did not want to be part of the killing machinery that was being put in place.
During the first days after the president's plane was hit, on 6 April 1994, the 'interhamwey' (Hutu militia) started systematically killing Tutsis and Hutu moderates in the villages and neighborhoods by imposing curfews and roadblocks. "The roadblocks and barriers were staffed by soldiers and gendarmerie on the main roads, while communal police, civil self-defense forces, and volunteers guarded others. Together, they successfully stemmed the flight of victims who tried to escape the genocide. Anyone who tried to hide was tracked down by search patrols that scoured the neighborhoods, checking in ceilings, cupboards, latrines, fields, under beds, in car trunks, under dead bodies, in bushes, swamps, forests, rivers, and islands. By April 11, after barely five days, the Rwandan army, interahamwe, and party militias had killed 20,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu" (OAU May 2000).
In villages where both Tutsis and Hutus were living together people knew who was who and therefore identifying the Tutsi was not difficult. But in the towns and particularly in Kigali, the business and political capital, where people did not know each other, identification was difficult. The roadblocks were the key locations where many were massacred. Fleeing people were asked their ID cards. Tutsis were automatically hacked to death and those who don't have ID cards were killed as well including Hutus who were suspected of being moderate or associated with Tutsis. In Rwanda of those times all ID cards had to show the ethnic group one belongs to.
Jean Kambanda, Prime Minister of Rwanda during the months of the genocide, pleaded guilty to genocide and admitted that "he ordered the setting up of roadblocks with the knowledge that these roadblocks were used to identify Tutsi for elimination" and that he participated in the distribution of arms knowing that these would be used in massacres of Tutsis (OAU May 2000).
There are many lessons leant from the Rwandan genocide. Most relate to the response of the international community once the killing machinery was set off. Effective and active response would certainly have helped to reduce the level of carnage that took place in Rwanda in 1994, but it would never have been able to remove the level of anger and hate that were embedded in the minds of most Rwandese.
So we come to the most important lesson that Africa and particularly Ethiopia should learn from the genocide in Rwanda. The genocide in Rwanda happened because of ethnic politics and state sanctioned incitement to hate and kill. The responsible officials were disseminating contempt and demonizing the other group. The supreme court of Canada reviewing the response of the Canadian government based on the report of the then commanding Lt. General Romeo Dallaire stated "…. the holocaust did not begin in the gas chambers-it began with words. These are the chilling facts of history-the catastrophic effects of racism" and the Rwandan Tribunal stated "these acts of genocide were preceded by-and anchored in-the state orchestrated demonization and dehumanization of the minority Tutsi population-using cruel, biological of Tutsis as 'inyenzi' –prologue and justification for their mass murder." Yes genocide starts with words. Words are the means through which hate or love is expressed. In cases of genocide and crimes against humanity, words are the means through which the flames of hate and intolerance are fanned.
The situation in Ethiopia has not reached that level yet but if it is allowed to reach that level there is no way to stop it. The rhetoric and irresponsible statements coming out from some people including government officials, from community leaders and from the major ethnic groups, which spreads faster and effectively through social media, suggests that if left on its own the situation could escalate to wide spread hatred and retribution, civil war, crimes against humanity and possibly to genocide. 'Genocide is defined in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)'
Rwanda showed the worst that human beings can be. It showed how human beings could be manipulated to hate and kill through irresponsible leaders and members of the community in general who may harbor hatred. The hate and anger directed at particular ethnic group accumulates overtime and knows no boundaries when it is unleashed through a concerted effort of hate groups created by the deliberate polices of a government and elite groups who seem to care more about power than the long term consequences of their actions. Ethiopian leaders are accountable for what is happening now and worse on what may happen unless remedial measures are taken. " Africa's redemption is not only clasp in the hands of the leadership, but moreover in the active participation in change of the average person, in the home, in the school, in the work place and in their private relationship." (African Holocaust Society)
The damage done on the relationship between the various ethnic groups in Ethiopia is grave and warrants the intervention of the international community to exert meaningful pressure to stop this build up of tensions that could lead to a catastrophic end with very severe consequences that could dwarf the Rwandan genocide. The government should be made accountable and be willing to take steps that could restore sanity and heal the gaping wounds. For this to happen, Ethiopia needs leaders who are not consumed with narrow ethnic and personal interests but leaders who capitalize on the common thread that binds the people and the common vision for unity and democracy.
The international community's indifference to the early warning signs and faultiness is not acceptable. At this moment the major preoccupation of millions of Ethiopians has become individual and group security, stocking arms and guarding themselves from the excesses of a minority government. Some ethnic groups are spewing hate and vengeance and as in Rwanda (where Hutus hated all Tutsis) people are unjustifiably beginning to hate all Tigreans. This, of course, is unfair to the large majority of Tigreans who are themselves victims of the policies of the current government which does not truly represent the best interests of the majority of Tigreans. When such a sense of insecurity, mistrust and hate is stretched to its logical conclusion it can lead to war and possibly genocide. The silence of the international community in the face of this build up is disturbing. The international community is needed now to ensure that sanity prevails and a system that addresses the grievances of all ethnic groups is installed sooner than later because at this stage the crisis is preventable. Conflicting western interests might not make an effective intervention possible but silence would not be appropriate either. Reconciliation, election, power sharing would not solve the fundamental problems and grievances once war starts because the stakes become higher as groups dig in deeper, the divisions become sharper and the sacrifices too many to allow easy compromises. The voice of the international community at this early stage could prevent this country from going into war with itself.
With such kind of catastrophe no one wins. In the end every body loses. There will be no Ethiopia to fight about. Each ethnic group in Ethiopia has treasures of wisdom. Let them tap to those wisdoms, let them see what is happening around the country, let them take note of the signs of difficult times ahead, let them prevent harm on each other, let them go back to the drawing table and begin with the common factors that unite them, let them dwell less on their differences and more on the common ties that bond them or else they become one of those countries they never imagined to be. Let Ethiopians have the courage to stand together to challenge the status quo and build a democratic system that would answer the grievances of all, because it is possible. Africa has over 3000 tribes and 2000 languages and there are only 54 states. There is, therefore, no alternative to peaceful coexistence.
I worked in Rwanda for two years and had the honor to know closely President Paul Kagame, then vice president and head of the military. His challenge and the challenge the people faced were enormous. With half a million Hutu refugees 'inetrhamways' most of them just across the border, to build a peaceful country and begin reconciliation was indeed a very tall order. The threat of 'interhamways' unleashing another war was always there until in 1996 they returned in mass. The reconciliation program started in earnest only then. There was no family in Rwanda, in both the Hutu and Tutsi communities that were not severely affected by the genocide and yet there were no alternatives to re reconciliation and the task had to begin soon. It was difficult to bring about a majority rule as well. Democracy, in the way that has been defined by the western world posed a great danger in a country where reconciliation has not yet been complete and the memories of 1994 are still fresh in many minds. The President had to walk a fine line and the majority had to accept the reality. Pragmatism and common sense than idealism prevailed.
I left Rwanda after two years but what I saw and heard during those years haunted me for a long time until I returned to Kigali after ten years to see a population truly trying hard to leave the past behind, learn from the lessons and move on as one people and one nation. During my two years there I had been to the prisons and talked to former 'interhaweys' who have been implicated in the genocide. Some were still proud that they did what they did. The unrepentant voices of some were scary and had made me doubt whether there could ever be a true reconciliation. The numerous voices of the survivors were also bitter. But the government and the people chose the right path. For over twenty years people are slowly learning to live together ad heal the wounds together even when they know that some in either communities have been killers and still harbor hate.
There were thousands who were identified as perpetrators of the genocide locked up in various prisons in Rwanda. To bring about justice and reconciliation, the Rwandan government introduced or reinstituted what is known in Rwandese tradition the Gacaca community court system. In this system the communities select judges where the cases of perpetrators are heard. The court gives mitigated sentences for those who repent. In many cases those who repent are freed and allowed to go back to the community and be part of the reconciliation program where victims and perpetrators live side by side and talking to each other.
Unlike many other African countries where colonialists carved out the borders, Ethiopia was defined by its own people and its own history and the enormous sacrifices of every ethnic group. It is their only home. Like any family in a home they had differences and on many occasions each encroached on the rights and freedoms of the other in the family. But they stayed together.
No conflict in Africa is similar to another. But the underlying reasons are always the same: leadership and governance. Ethiopia does not need a genocide or civil war to learn from its own lessons. It had its own turbulent years of nation building. It is now time to learn from its own past and from what has happened elsewhere in Africa and form one united people with freedom, justice and democracy for all.
As Bob Marley said: "One love, One Heart. Let's get Together and Feel Alright."
Dawit Woldegiorgis , Executive Director of Institute for strategic and Security Studies
The Case of Rwanda: Lessons for Ethiopia Reviewed by Admin on 12:00 AM Rating: 5
Ethiopia Genocide Rwanda Tigray TPLF