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Q: A very basic auto-expanding list/array I have a method which returns an array of fixed type objects (let's say MyObject).
The method creates a new empty Stack<MyObject>. Then, it does some work and pushes some number of MyObjects to the end of the Stack. Finally, it returns the Stack.ToArray().
It does not change already added items or their properties, nor remove them. The number of elements to add will cost performance. There is no need to sort/order the elements.
Is Stack a best thing to use? Or must I switch to Collection or List to ensure better performance and/or lower memory cost?

A: Stack<T> will not be any faster than List<T>.
For optimal performance, you should use a List<T> and set the Capacity to a number larger than or equal to the number of items you plan to add.

A: If the ordering doesn't matter and your method doesn't need to add/remove/edit items that have already been processed then why not return IEnumerable<MyObject> and just yield each item as you go?
Then your calling code can either use the IEnumerable<MyObject> sequence directly, or call ToArray, ToList etc as required.
For example...
// use the sequence directly
foreach (MyObject item in GetObjects())
{
    Console.WriteLine(item.ToString());
}

// ...

// convert to an array
MyObject[] myArray = GetObjects().ToArray();

// ...

// convert to a list
List<MyObject> myList = GetObjects().ToList();

// ...

public IEnumerable<MyObject> GetObjects()
{
     foreach (MyObject foo in GetObjectsFromSomewhereElse())
     {
         MyObject bar = DoSomeProcessing(foo);
         yield return bar;
     }
}

A: Stack<T> is not any faster than List<T> in this case, so I would probably use List, unless something about what you are doing is "stack-like". List<T> is the more standard data structure to use when what you want is basically a growable array, whereas stacks are usually used when you need LIFO behavior for the collection.

A: For this purpose, there is not any other collections in the framework that will perform considerably better than a Stack<T>.
However, both Stack<T> and List<T> auto-grows their internal array of items when the initial capacity is exceeded. This involves creating a new larger array and copying all items. This costs some performance.
If you know the number of items beforehand, initialize your collection to that capacity to avoid auto-growth. If you don't know exactly, choose a capacity that is unlikely to be insufficient.
Most of the built in collections take the initial capacity as a constructor argument:
var stack = new Stack<T>(200);  // Initial capacity of 200 items.

A: Use a LinkedList maybe?
Though LinkedLists are only useful with sequential data.

A: If you need the semantics of a stack (last-in first-out), then the answer is, without any doubt, yes, a stack is your best solution. If you know from the start how many elements it will end up with, you can avoid the cost of automatic resizing by calling the constructor that receives a capacity.
If you're worried about the memory cost of copying the stack into an array, and you only need sequential access to the result, then, you can return the Stack<T> as an IEnumerable<T> instead of an array and iterate it with foreach.
All that said, unless this code proves it is problematic in terms of performance (i.e., by looking at data from a profiler), I wouldn't bother much and go with the semantics call.

A: You don't need Stack<> if all you're going to do is append.  You can use List<>.Add (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/d9hw1as6.aspx) and then ToArray.
(You'll also want to set initial capacity, as others have pointed out.)


Legal immigration is an integral and important part of the way our Republic functions. Our country is a nation of immigrants – a place where individuals who legally seek to enter to work or to become citizens are welcomed with open arms.
Our country is also a nation of laws. Crossing our borders without following the legal processes set out explicitly by law is unacceptable. American taxpayers should not be forced to pay for the welfare, medical care, and other expenses incurred by illegal immigrants – essentially subsidizing that illegal activity.
Immigration reform is imperative to reduce the incentives for individuals to cross our borders illegally. Immigration requirements, guest worker, and visa programs should be audited, updated and enforced for all those wishing to enter the United States.
Any attempt at immigration reform must begin with securing our borders.
Congress and the President must make every effort to secure our borders. Millions crossing our borders without documentation constitutes a clear threat to our nation's security. As your Senator, I will work to secure our borders immediately.


Lauri Markkanen and Allonzo Trier combined for 30 points and No. 2-seeded Arizona rallied to defeat No. 7 Saint Mary's 69-60 and advance to the West Regional's Sweet Sixteen on Saturday night.
Arizona's Rawle Alkins left the game in the first half with a dislocated finger, only to return and contribute six points.
"We hung in there," said Arizona head coach Sean Miller. "It was really like a microcosm of our entire season. Rawle dislocated his finger just the way that Kadeem Allen did a few weeks back when it popped out."
"Going into halftime, we knew we weren't playing our best basketball," said guard Kadeem Allen. "We came out in the second half and kept playing and battled it out."
"I got a little more comfortable as the game went on," said Markkanen. "I just tried to be as physical as I can."
"We're thrilled to be playing, and we beat a really good team tonight," added Miller.


In January of 1954, Frances Clark and Louise Goss organized the first committee of music educators interested in founding a state chapter of MTNA. Frances Clark was the Founding President and Louise Goss chaired the first nominating committee. In the fall of 1954, the first elected president was installed at the first Conference. Listed below are the past presidents of NJMTA who have volunteered their time and their expertise on behalf of the music profession.
NJMTA has established a special award to recognize an outstanding teacher in teaching, character, and service, to be in line with MTNA's Teacher of the Year Award to be given at the annual National Conference. Listed below are the recipients of this award.


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Cost Lawyers for Legal Costing Melbourne, Sydney & Brisbane
Bill of Costs/Costs Statements
Objections/Responses
Mediation/Settlement
Taxation/Costs Assessments
Blackstone Brief
Blackstone Brief – Volume 1
BStoneAdmin - July 31, 2017 - 0 comments
Welcome to the inaugural Blackstone's Brief – our monthly eNewsletter. We hope you gain some valuable insights from our experience in legal costing, which we will share each month with contributions from key personnel at Blackstone Legal Costing. Acknowledgements for this edition go to one of our associate solicitors, Chris Grisenti, part of our commercial team in our Melbourne office.
If you want to recover costs from a client, it matters whether your invoices are itemised or lump sum. And yet, the distinction between the two isn't always as clear cut as you might think.
If you're looking to recover costs from a client, whether you use a lump sum invoice or itemised invoice matters a lot more than you might imagine. That's because how a court or tribunal treats an itemised bill differs from how they deal with a lump sum bill.
But what constitutes a lump sum bill and what constitutes an itemised one isn't always straightforward, as one long-running case proved.
The decision: Smoel & Wooster v Piper Alderman
This case was ultimately decided in early March 2017 after three hearings.
The hearings centred around two trustees of a family superannuation fund, Ms Smoel and Ms Wooster. The two women had taken over from other trustees who had been receiving legal advice from Piper Alderman about obtaining a binding death benefit determination.
Piper Alderman charged the superannuation fund costs of $329,605.22 for their professional advice. They spread across 22 tax invoices with attendant schedules. In 15 of these invoices, Piper Alderman had discounted its professional fees by 50%.
On being appointed, Small and Wooster sought a review of Piper Alderman's costs under s3.4.38 of the Legal Profession Act 2004 (Vic) (the Act).
Section 3.4.38 allowed either a client or 'third party payer' apply to the Costs Court in Victoria to review all, or even part of, a firm's legal costs.
Did Smoel and Wooster have standing to dispute costs?
Piper Alderman challenged Smoel and Wooster's right to bring the claim (Smoel & Wooster v Piper Alderman; Smoel & Wooster v DLA Piper [2015] VSC 256 (5 June 2015)). In doing so, it argued it was the former trustees – and not the two news ones – who were its clients for the purposes of s 3.4.38.
McMillan J accepted this argument. However, her Honour found that the claim could still proceed as the trustees were third party payers under the Act because it was the super fund they were responsible for that would be paying Piper Alderman's legal costs.
Was the bill lump sum or itemised?
This decision was followed by another claim, also heard by McMillan J. This time, Piper Alderman contended that the invoices it had issued to the super fund were lump sum bills under the Act (Smoel & Wooster v Piper Alderman (No. 2) [2016] VSC 237 (12 May 2016)). This meant that before the fees could be reviewed they would need to draw up new, itemised bills of costs.
This distinction was important, because Piper Alderman wanted to charge more professionals fees than they had already billed.
Whether or not they would be successful, depended on how McMillan J interpreted s3.4.2 of the Act, which stated that:
A lump sum bill means 'a bill that describes the legal services to which it relates and specifies the total amount of the legal costs', and
An itemised bill means 'a bill that specifies in detail how the legal costs are made up in a way that would allow them to be reviewed under Division 7 of Part 3.4 of the Act'.
This section was also supplemented by the Supreme Court Rules (Supreme Court (General Civil Procedure) Rules 2015 (Vic)), which states that, for itemised bills:
Charges and disbursements shall be set out in separate columns, and the amounts shall be totalled at the foot of each page and carried to the top of the next page.
The bill shall contain:
Items numbered in chronological order describing the work done and stating the amount claimed for the work
At the conclusion of the chronological description, a description having regard to the matters referred to in Rule 63.48 justifying an allowance under Appendix A of the amount claimed beside that item
Disclosure of the hourly rates
The name and position of clerks who performed work.
McMillan J noted that Piper Alderman hadn't complied with these requirements for an itemised bill. However, her Honour also noted that s17D(3) of the Supreme Court Act 1986 required the court to exercise its discretion with as little formality and technicality as it could.
In light of this, McMillan J reasoned that Piper Alderman's failure to comply with the requirements of an itemised invoice didn't automatically mean they had issued a lump sum bill. Instead, failing to comply with the section was an irregularity rather than a nullity.
Her Honour then examined the decisions handed down in Clayton Utz Lawyers v P&W Enterprises Pty Ltd (Clayton Utz Lawyers v P&W Enterprises Pty Ltd [2011] WDC 5) and Ralph Hume Garry v Gwillim (Ralph Hume Garry v Gwillim (CA) [2002] EWCA Civ 1500; (2003) 1 WLR 510). These established that a bill would be considered itemised if there was enough detail in the invoices to enable a client to make an informed decision as to whether they wanted a taxation.
Piper Alderman's invoices met this threshold. That, in turn, meant the firm was limited to charging for the amounts and matters already set out in its invoices.
Context matters when determining whether a bill is itemised
Not happy with this decision, Piper Alderman appealed to the Victorian Court of Appeal (the VCA). In doing so, it argued that McMillian J:
Had confused the term 'itemised bill' by conflating it's meaning with procedural requirements, and by construing any bill with more detail than a lump sum bill to be itemised
Had erred in finding that the attendance schedules to the invoices had sufficient detail to be reviewed, and
Should have found the invoices were lump sum bills.
Piper Alderman also argued that that the authorities didn't identify any distinction between the general description of legal services in a lump sum bill, and the detailed information required for an itemised bill.
The firm argued that, in light of this ambiguity, Young J's statement in Bartex Fabrics v Fox (Bartex Fabrics Pty Ltd v Phillips Fox [1994] 13 ACSR 667) should apply. Young J had stated that, "[a] schedule which shows a solicitor spent one hour forty minutes perusing some pieces of paper without identifying the pieces of paper…tells the client absolutely nothing". (Ibid at 66)
But the VCA bench, Beach and Ferguson JJA and Cameron AJA, disagreed with Piper Alderman's submissions and dismissed its appeal.
In doing so, the VCA found that McMillian J had correctly considered the definition of a lump sum bill and an itemised bill. The VCA also found that her Honour had also not concluded that any invoice containing more information than a lump sum bill was automatically an itemised one.
The VCA agreed with McMillian J's view that the Costs Court should take an informal approach and that failing to comply with rule 63.42 was an irregularity, not a nullity.
Importantly, the VCA noted that no court could assess whether there was sufficient detail 'in a vacuum'. Instead, it needed to take into account how much the invoice recipient knew about the context surrounding the fees charged.
Some final advice on invoicing from the VCA
Finally, the VCA found that "nothing that we have said should be taken as suggesting that a bill in the form delivered by Piper Alderman would always constitute an itemised bill". (Piper Alderman v Smoel & Wooster [2017] VSCA 42 at 53)
In other words, when it comes to determining whether a bill is itemised or lump sum, every case should be determined subjectively and a court will look at the fullness of the relationship between the parties as well as the circumstances in which any invoices were issued.
Whether a bill is itemised or lump sum matters and yet, it's not always straightforward. Knowing your options means get expert opinion as early as you can.
Get in touch if you'd like to understand your current situation when it comes to costs.
Volumes (26)
Costs Recovery for Self Represented Litigants
Party/party costs recovery for different types of self-represented litigants in Australia
Can your firm claim interest on legal fees?
Blackstone Brief Volume 19
Can a determination of a separate question in a proceeding trigger a costs order on the ordinary basis?
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Band Credits
Inspiration for Rockaxeon
"I've always been interested in archeology and anthropology as well as human evolution.
This article in the Los Angeles Times inspired me to begin writing Rockaxeon" - Darien Martus
To the primitive hands that deftly shaped it from rose-colored quartz 350,000 years ago, a glittering stone ax may have been as dazzling as any ceremonial saber.
It was found in the depths of a Spanish cavern among the skeletal remains of 27 primitive men, women and children -- pristine, solitary and placed like a lasting tribute to the deceased whose bones embraced it.
For the archeologists who unearthed this prehistoric blade, the unique burial site is a compelling but controversial glimpse of arguably the earliest evidence of humanity's dawning spiritual life.
The ax may be a token of the first known funeral.
If so, the find is 250,000 years older than any other evidence that such early human species honored their dead, said experts led by Eudald Carbonell at Universitat Rovira i Virgili in Tarragona, Spain, and the Museum of Natural History in Madrid.
The researchers believe that the ax -- perhaps the earliest offering to the dead -- testifies to what skulls and bones alone cannot: the origins of spirituality and ritual. In their view, this mute rock embodies compassion, grief and a desire to commemorate the dead among creatures until now considered incapable of modern human behavior.
"This would mean that human cognitive complexity emerged on the planet much earlier than previously thought," Carbonell said.
Exploring the origins of the mind is a risky research endeavor under any circumstances. It can be all but impossible to distinguish hard evidence of something as fleeting as thought, especially from the distance of so many thousands of years.
But if the research team's claim is borne out, the ax marks a crucial milestone in the archeology of the mind.
"This is the first instance in Europe where we have some evidence of burial rites and burial ritual and symbolism," said paleoanthropologist Marie-Antoinette de Lumley at the Museum of Natural History in Paris. "The hand ax is perhaps tied into this and perhaps shows some sort of symbolic behavior."
The researchers found the almond-shaped ax in 1998 mixed with nearly 4,000 fossilized bones belonging to a species called Homo heidelbergensis. The find and their analysis are set to be detailed in the French scientific journal L'Anthropologie this year. The ax has been put on display for the first time, at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Scholars from London to Los Angeles are puzzling over its meaning.
The remains were far from any campsite or animal den, at the bottom of a narrow 50-foot-deep shaft that scientists have named Sima de los Huesos -- the Pit of the Bones. The pit can be reached only by crawling a third of a mile through a subterranean passage.
Carbonell and his colleagues are convinced that the inaccessibility of the pit, which contains the largest assemblage of such hominid fossils in the world, is additional evidence that the cave was the site of a deliberate burial.
Many experts on the origins of humanity are intrigued and impressed. They are also skeptical and seek more proof. By claiming evidence of a burial ritual, the Spanish researchers may be overreaching, they caution. "The dividing line between reality and paleo-fantasy is very narrow," one English scholar said.
Richard Potts, director of the human origins program at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, however, said the burial was "so unique and outlandish" that it seems all but certain that the ax is evidence of intentional, symbolic behavior.
"That does not imply full-blown modern symbolic capability," Potts said. "I think we need to say it is intentional and purposeful behavior and just leave it at that."
Whatever its meaning, the find is unique in the annals of human evolution, said anthropologist Richard Klein at Stanford University. "It is a very strange circumstance," he said.
The controversy over Sima de los Huesos goes to the heart of the biggest debate in the field of human evolution, as researchers struggle to reconstruct the origins of the mind.
How did instinctive urges become thoughts and conscious emotions? When did the urge to mate first become love, or animal howls become language? When did the mind first take flight into itself, to cross a threshold into an inner world of symbols, fantasy and abstraction?
Throughout the long prehistory of the mind, the brain left few traces of its growth into a self-aware organ of thought.
Mental development "is pretty much a mystery because we don't fossilize brains and behavior," said Marta Mirazon Lahr at the Leverhulme Center for Human Evolutionary Studies in Cambridge, England.
The evidence is indirect at best.
In patterns of scratches on fossilized bones, researchers strain to see the creative spark of art. In patches of heat-seared soil, they seek traces of the first hearths and the beginning of an organized home life. In fields of fractured cobblestones, they search for the origins of invention, science and industry.
"It is very difficult to see anything other than slender signs of cognitive advances," Potts said.
The powers of the mind were long considered the exclusive province of Homo sapiens -- the species to which all modern humanity belongs.
By this theory, the modern mind was born in a cultural Big Bang -- a creative explosion about 40,000 years ago that left elaborate cave paintings, expert carvings, musical instruments and finely crafted tools throughout Eurasia and Africa.
More recently, however, researchers have argued that Neanderthals, who lived from 200,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago, also shared the human capacity for art, music and spirituality.
Most scholars agree that Neanderthals had developed some kind of symbolism related to death as early as 100,000 years ago.
Throughout the Middle East and Europe, they buried their dead in oval-shaped graves with what may be votive offerings, such as goat horns and, in one possible instance, wildflowers.
The discovery of the ax and bones in the Sima de los Huesos pushes that debate back even earlier, to the species who were the forebears of Neanderthals.
The ax belongs to an era when early Europeans -- the Homo heidelbergensis -- were settling the rolling limestone hills of Atapuerca in northern Spain, not far from the modern city of Burgos.
Most scholars believed that these hominids were relatively primitive scavengers with a knack for making stone tools, not so much smarter than chimpanzees that can fish for termites with twigs or New Caledonian crows, which scientists recently discovered can bend wire to suit their purpose.
Although their brains were about as large as those of modern humans, these hominids were only beginning to master fire. They were cannibals, evidence from Atapuerca suggests. They left no evidence of art, language, religion or, until now, complex cognitive behavior.
"We don't have anything that screams out that these people had a more elaborate, sophisticated intelligence," said Lesley Aiello, who, as an anthropologist at University College London, studies the evolution of cognition.
The ax, however, "seems to be shouting that something is going on," Aiello said.
That something could have been the stirrings of mental and emotional capacities.
Other hints have survived.
In 1995, researchers in Germany discovered several well-preserved wooden spears dating from about 380,000 years ago, suggesting that the creatures who used them could plan, cooperate and pursue game with considerable skill.
In Zambia, researchers found what some scientists say are 350,000-year-old paint pigments that may represent a small stepping stone in the evolution of art. Ochre crayons of about the same age found in southern Africa may have been used to decorate the body.
In the same way, the presence of a single pristine ax among so many human bones at Sima de los Huesos also could be a sign of the development of the mind's inner life.
So far, the ax is the only artifact found in the pit itself.
Microscopic examination of its sharp edges revealed no signs of wear, suggesting that the hand ax was never used to butcher prey. Ground water could have eroded evidence of use, the researchers acknowledged.
Of the hundreds of stone tools found outside the cavern at nearby sites, the ax is the only one made of quartzite. Other tools were made of flint, limestone and sandstone. The only source of the reddish quartzite is an outcrop about 12 miles away.
"It is the only tool at all in Sima de los Huesos, which is completely strange," said Marina Mosquera, a Universitat Rovira i Virgili expert on prehistoric tools. "There has to be a meaning."
The bones are also strange.
By and large complete, the skeletons show no evidence that they were carried down by carnivores or washed into place, the researchers said.
The dead included surprisingly few children and no elderly, suggesting that they may have been victims of famine, disease or catastrophe.
The placement of such an unusual tool with the bodies suggests that these human ancestors may have been prompted by stirrings of emotional intelligence and an effort to memorialize the burial of so many of their own.
"The ax would speak to some feeling of compassion," Aiello said. "The stone indicates some feeling of loss, of wanting to leave something of themselves with the dead members of their group."
la times article
Listen to Rockaxeon


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Just 45 minutes drive from Entebbe International Airport, The Sheraton Kampala is within reach of the Central Business District.
Guest Room includes 1 King bed and a Botanical Garden View.
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Larger Guest Room, 1 King, Garden View.
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Club level, 1 Bedroom Executive Suite, 1 King or Twin/Single Bed(s).
Club level, 1 Bedroom Junior Suite, 1 King, Garden view.
Club level, 1 Bedroom Presidential Suite, 1 King, 1.5 Bathrooms.
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The Sheraton Club Lounge is accessible for Club Level guests with an inviting ambiance with food and beverage services.
Within the Hotel Lobby there is an array of shopping options for Authentic Ugandan gifts, convenience shopping and more.
Our lobby café will treat you to high tea, freshly brewed coffee, delicious pastries and enchanting live piano music in the evening.
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This chapter discusses the development of thermosetting preceramic polymers, emphasizing peroxide-curable polysilazanes. These polymers are excellent precursors for both silicon nitride and silicon carbide. Vinyl-substituted polysilazanes may be readily thermoset with peroxide initiators. In addition, a new class of polysilazanes which contain peroxide substituents directly bound to the polymer has been developed. The utility of peroxide-cured polysilazane precursors for the formation of silicon nitride articles has been demonstrated.
Polysilazanes and polycarbosilanes have been extensively used as precursors to silicon nitride and silicon carbide (1-7). Preceramic polymers offer an avenue to prepare ceramic articles, such as fibers or coatings, which cannot be made via traditional ceramic processing routes (2). Another potential advantage of this technology is improvement in current ceramic processing methods. For example, precursors may replace the organic polymer binders typically used in the injection molding of ceramic parts (8,9). A universal prerequisite for the utilization of preceramic polymers for the formation of a ceramic article is that they undergo a transformation from a processible state (generally soluble or thermoplastic) to an infusible state. Once rendered infusible, the fabricated ceramic "green" (unfired) body will not deform during the subsequent firing required to generate the finished ceramic article.
may introduce unwanted contamination, such as oxygen, into the final ceramic article. Irradiation techniques are also difficult to incorporate into traditional ceramic processing. While it might be feasible to irradiate a spun fiber, any bulk, molded article, such as an injection molded silicon nitride turbocharger rotor, could not be readily cured with such an exposure. Thermal addition and catalytic crosslinking have proven especially effective for rendering vinyl-substituted precursors infusible and this technology can be translated to the fabrication of ceramic parts.
This chapter will highlight several examples of these two methods, with an emphasis on free radical crosslinking. Vinyl crosslinking has been used by the authors to develop a family of peroxide-curable, polysilazane-based precursors for both S13N4 and SiC (14-19). A further extension of this concept has been the preparation of new polysilazanes with peroxide groups bound directly to the polymer (20). The utility of these precursors for the manufacture of ceramic articles has been demonstrated.
Thermal crosslinking has been used as an effective technique to produce crosslinked polymers with good ceramic yield. For example, the liquid polysilane Me3Si(SiMeH)x(CH2=CHSiMe)ySiMe3 showed a substantial exotherm when heated at 200C, and both hydrosilylation and vinyl polymerization occurred (21). In a more detailed study of this system, Schmidt et al. reported that the primary thermal reaction mode was vinyl crosslinking (equation 1), which eventually yielded a glassy solid after heating the silane from ambient to 196C in 57 minutes under nitrogen (22). In this case, the radical R, responsible for vinyl polymerization, was presumably produced by thermal decomposition of an Si-Si, Si-, or S1-CH3 bond.
Pyrolysis of the thermoset solid gave a mixture of SiC and C (22). This polymer may also be crosslinked more rapidly (10 minutes) by heating at 250C (13).
Likewise, vinyl-substituted polysilazanes may be thermally crosslinked at elevated temperatures. A liquid oligovinylsilazane, (CH2=CHSiHNH)x, prepared by the ammonolysis of vinyldichlorosilane, thermoset to an infusible, insoluble solid after heating for 2 hours at 110C (23f24). This solid had a char yield of over 85 wt% when pyrolyzed to 1200C. For this system, infrared analysis showed that hydrosilylation, and not vinyl polymerization, was the predominant crosslinking mechanism.
For both the polysilane and oligovinylsilazane, low molecular weight liquids were converted to infusible solids with good ceramic yield by utilizing thermal activation of vinyl substituents. The major disadvantage of this type of crosslinking method is the slow kinetics.
An enhancement in the rate of precursor thermal crosslinking is obtained when transition metal catalysts are included in the thermal processing. The liquid oligovinylsilazane, (CH2=CHSiHNH)x, containing both vinyl and Si- substituents, crosslinks to an infusible solid upon heating to 110C for one hour in the presence of chloroplatinic acid (23). As mentioned in the previous section, the same solid was formed in two hours when no catalyst was present. Careful monitoring of the molecular weight and polymer structure by NMR spectroscopy showed that for this polysilazane, crosslinked oligomers were formed more rapidly in the presence of the catalyst. As in the thermal treatment, the predominant crosslinking mode was hydrosilylation.
Porte and Lebrun found that the ceramic yield of the polysilazane KMeSiNHL5)o45(Me2SiNH)o.25(MeSiHNH)o.20(CH2=CHSiMeNH)o increased dramatically when a platinum complex of 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane was used during thermolysis (25). When the polymer alone was heated at 170C for 20 hours, a resin with a char yield of 53% at 1400C was produced. In comparison, when 100 ppm of the Pt catalyst were added, the same thermal treatment produced a solid with a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) yield of 80%.
These examples illustrate that augmenting the thermal crosslinking reaction of vinyl-substituted precursors with platinum catalysts provides a means to obtain crosslinked precursors more rapidly or with enhanced ceramic yield. Still, the processing times described for both the thermal and the platinum-catalyzed cure methods are too long for rapid ceramic processing. In addition, hydrosilylation of nitrogen-containing silicon compounds is difficult at best.
Peroxide initiators are equally effective, but often kinetically faster, than platinum-based crosslinking systems. The crosslinking of silicon-based polymers with organic peroxides is well-known, and in this section several examples will illustrate the translation of this technology to preceramic polymer systems. For many vinyl-substituted precursors, and polysilazanes in particular, free radical-based crosslinking is the cure chemistry of choice.
Polysiloxanes. Siloxane rubbers are readily cured by heating in the presence of an appropriate peroxide and the technology is well-established (26). Indeed, this crosslinking chemistry has recently been extended into ceramic applications (27). Vinyl-substituted siloxanes were found to be very effective binders for SiC powder. With only about 1 wt% 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)hexane (Lupersol 101), the [(MeSi0^5)o.5o(PhSiOi .5)0.25 ( C H 2 = C H M e 2 S i o 0 . 5 ) 0 . 2 5 l polysiloxane cured to an infusible solid after one hour at 180C (27). Subsequent pyrolysis gave -SiC, and dense ceramic monoliths could be prepared using these polymer systems as SiC binders.
Polysilanes. Vinyl-substituted polysilanes have also been thermoset using peroxide-based free radical initiators (73). Me3Si(SiMeH)X(CH2=CHSiMe)ySiMe3, a liquid polysilane, crosslinked in 20 minutes when heated at 200C with 2-15 wt% dicumyl peroxide. A mechanism similar to that in equation 1 was postulated, with being the methyl radical formed in the decomposition of dicumyl peroxide. An interesting finding of this study was that benzoyl peroxide and azoisobutyronitrile were not effective initiators, even under reaction conditions in which they were certainly decomposed. It was speculated that an active alkyl radical was required for polymerization of the Si-CH=CH2 substituents. Contrast this cure chemistry with the thermally activated vinyl polymerization of the same polymer described in the work of Schmidt in the previous section. In this case, the presence of the free radical generator allows the same vinyl crosslinking to take place more rapidly.
Polysilazanes with Vinyl Substituents. Little fundamental work has been described on the peroxide crosslinking of polysilazanes. In 1984, it was reported that simple organooligocyclosilazanes, prepared by the polycondensation of methylvinyl-cyclosilazanes, could be crosslinked by heating to 220C with 0.5-2.5 wt% of the silylperoxide (MeSiOOteuO^ (28). Even for the highest levels of peroxide, only about 60% of the liquid silazane could be converted to a gel. Still, this work demonstrated the potential for crosslinking vinyl-substituted polysilazanes using a free radical approach.
Subsequently, several liquid polysilazane-based precursors have utilized peroxide-initiated crosslinking to obtain high char yield solids. Lebrun and Porte found that a vinyl-substituted liquid cyclic silazane, such as (MeSiCH=CH2NH)X, heated with 2.7 wt% dicumyl peroxide at 170C for 24 hours produced a solid with a char yield of >70 wt% (29). Toreki et al. further studied this system and its utility for producing ceramic materials (30-33). In their work, (MeSiCH=CH2NH)X was thermoset by heating with 0.1-1.0 wt% dicumyl peroxide for 12 hours at 135C to a brittle, highly crosslinked polymer. Because this crosslinking occurred through vinyl groups, a network with an extended S1-CH2 rather than Si-N backbone was obtained. Despite the polymerized vinyl network within the thermoset, and the relatively low nitrogen content of the precursor, a- and P-Si3N4 were the only observable crystalline ceramic products after pyrolysis to 1500C under nitrogen. Elemental analysis showed, however, a high carbon content in the char. At higher temperatures, i.e., >1600C, SiC formed at the expense of S13N4 (33).
As reported previously for the vinyl-substituted polysilane, it was also observed that some free radical initiators were not effective for polymerizing the vinylsilazane. Benzoyl and lauroyl peroxide, and azoisobutyronitrile were ineffective polymerization initiators, even at elevated temperatures and extended heating times (32). Again, the efficacy of dicumyl peroxide was attributed to the formation of the reactive methyl radical.
phenylisocyanate with the cyclic silazane [(MeSiHNH)o.8 (CH2=CHSiMeNH)o.2]x at 70C for 1 hour (18). The isocyanate addition provides controlled viscosity increase in the polysilazane system (14,18). When the isocyanate-modified polysilazane 2 was heated with 0.1 wt% dicumyl peroxide at 150C, an exotherm occurred and within 30 seconds the liquid cured to a glassy, insoluble solid with no discernible glass transition temperature.
Experimental Section. All reactions were performed under nitrogen using standard inert atmosphere techniques and dried solvents. Reagents were obtained as follows: (Me2SiNH)3 (3) from Huls and teuOOH in a 3.0 M solution in isooctane from Aldrich. A cyclic silazane copolymer 4 was prepared by the coammonolysis of methyldichlorosilane and methylvinyldichlorosilane (4:1) mol ratio in hexane. The cyclic, vinyl-substituted polysilazane 4 has the formulation [(MeSiHNH)o.s (CH2=CHSiMeNH)o.2]x with x=8. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed at 20C/min from 25-1000C in nitrogen. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed at 10C/min under nitrogen from 40-320C. 2 9 S i NMR spectra were obtained in C5D6 at 71.1 MHz with a gated decoupling pulse sequence and a 4 sec pulse delay. Cr(acetylacetonate)3 was used as a Si atom relaxation agent and tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standard (0.00 ppm).
Cyclic Silazane/Hydroperoxide Reactions. Monomelic alkylsilylperoxides have been prepared by the reaction of hydroperoxides with linear (34-36) or cyclic (36) silazanes. Equation 2 shows the reaction of tert-butyl hydroperoxide with a silylamine to produce ter^butyltrimethylsilylperoxide and an amine (34).
This idea was later extended to cyclic silazanes (equation 3) (36). The reactions proceeded readily at room temperature to give good yields of the desired silylperoxides. Reaction of one equivalent of hydroperoxide per Si-N bond in the silazane gave complete substitution of the cyclic silazane trimer.
No examples, however, were reported in which a lower hydroperoxide/Si-N stoichiometry was used. Such a ratio would be expected to produce silylperoxides containing silylamine moieties. We adopted this strategy for the preparation of peroxide-substituted polysilazanes.
The reaction of the cyclic silazane trimer, (Me2SiNH)3 (3), with one equivalent of tBuOOH per mol trimer in hexane at room temperature proceeded with Si-N bond cleavage and ring-opening as shown in Scheme 1. The initial reaction is postulated to be a rapid ring-opening of (Me2SiNH)3 to give the linear intermediate 5 which was not observed. The S1-NH2 end group is not stable in the presence of unreacted hydroperoxide, and further reaction of 5 with another equivalent of the hydroperoxide occurs to produce 6 and ammonia. By 2^Si NMR spectroscopy, the final mixture obtained had 50% unreacted (Me2SiNH)3 ( -4.67, s, 3 Si) and 50% product 6 ( 3.14, s, 2 Si; -5.71, s, 1 Si). The ratio of products indicates that preferential reaction of teuOOH with the Si-NH 2 group in intermediate 5 occurs. Thus, instead of obtaining a 100% yield of 5 with one silylperoxide end group, the Si-NH2 group of 5 further reacts with another equivalent of hydroperoxide to produce 6 (in a 50% yield based on tBuOOH) with two silylperoxide end groups.
The reaction mixture which contained 6 had no other products by 2 9 S i NMR spectroscopy. This peroxide-substituted silylamine was successfully prepared by control of the reaction stoichiometry to supply the hydroperoxide as the limiting reagent, which prevented complete conversion to an alkyl silylperoxide as in equation 3. This approach was then used to prepare a peroxide-substituted polysilazane.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Peroxide-Substituted Polysilazane. Clearly, peroxides bound to silazane moieties could be readily prepared from cyclic silazanes. The polysilazane 4, [(MeSiHNH)o.s (CH2=CHSiMeNH)o.2]x, of interest for thermosetting, is actually a mixture of cyclic oligomers with an average ring size of eight Si-N units. Thus, if the methodology shown in Scheme 1 is used with a very small quantity of hydroperoxide R'OOH, a small percentage of cyclics in the oligomeric polysilazane 4 will be ring-opened to provide linear polysilazanes end-capped with silylperoxide groups, e.g., ROO-tRRSiNH^-SiRROOR".
To prepare a peroxide-substituted polymer, polysilazane 4 was reacted with 5 mol% (6.6 wt%) tBuOOH at room temperature in hexane to give silylperoxide-substituted polysilazane 7. A high level of hydroperoxide was used so that the substituted polymer could be examined by NMR spectroscopy for formation of the tBuOOSi end groups. The substitution was confirmed by 2 9 S i NMR spectroscopy. To determine whether polymer 7 would thermoset, a DSC analysis was performed. The DSC showed an exotherm beginning at 118C with a peak temperature of 155C, coinciding with the initiation of cure. Because of the relatively high level of peroxide substitution in 7, a heat of reaction of 105 cal/g was observed. When a bulk sample (10 g) was cured, an exotherm began at 124C and reached 204C within several minutes. The polymer thermoset to a hard, brittle glass with a char yield by TGA of 76 wt% at 1000C under nitrogen.
preheated 160C oil bath. In each case, the cure exotherm began when the sample reached about 130C and the maximum exotherm temperature exceeded 200C for a 10 g polymer sample (Table I).
A solid, crosslinked polysilazane was produced in about 5 minutes in each case. Thus, even very low levels of peroxide substituents on the polysilazane were effective in the thermoset cure. The TGA yields compare quite favorably with that obtained when [(MeSiHNH)0.8(CH2=CHSiMeNH)o.2]x (4) is mixed with 0.5 wt% dicumyl peroxide and heated under the same conditions. In that case, a char yield of about 75 wt% is observed.
The effectiveness of this approach was somewhat unexpected in light of the general rule that silylperoxides are inefficient free radical initiators. Previous work with the crosslinking of polyethylene showed that silylperoxides require higher initiation temperatures, are less efficient and more thermally stable, than typical organic peroxides (37). Also, silylperoxides undergo oxygen extrusion reactions to form alkoxysilanes which are not active as free radical generators (equation 4) (34).
Despite the expectation that the silylperoxide substituents might be inefficient initiators, the vinyl-substituted polysilazanes containing such moieties thermoset readily producing highly crosslinked solids which had good pyrolysis yields.
Preceramic polymers have the potential to improve traditional ceramic processing methods (2). In particular, ceramic injection molding may be enhanced by the replacement of organic binders with thermosetting polysilazanes. Table II compares the attributes of the two binder systems.
Hot Mix/Cold Mold Cold Mix/Hot Mold Binder Must Be Burned Out Binder "Burns In"
The complete molding process is further illustrated in Figure 1. In traditional ceramic injection molding, a ceramic powder and auxiliaries (e.g., sintering aids) are combined in a thermoplastic polymer (e.g., polyethylene) producing an extremely high viscosity mix. This mixture is heated until it flows and then injected into a cold mold to solidify the mixture and produce a ceramic green body. Once the green body is removed from the mold, it is subjected to a binder burnout step. During this phase, the green body is heated very slowly from ambient to a temperature at which the binder begins to volatilize. Binder removal must be very slow so that deformation of the molded object is avoided. Binder burnouts of up to one week are not uncommon. Once the binder is completely removed, the ceramic is fired to the temperature necessary to produce a fully sintered (densified) article.
By replacing the organic binder with a polysilazane thermoset, the binder burnout step may be essentially eliminated so that the cycle time from injection molded part to densified ceramic is greatly reduced. An injection molding scheme using the polysilazane binder system is depicted in Figure 1. The vinyl-substituted polysilazane, e.g. polymer 2, is first combined with the ceramic powder and additives such as sintering aids and peroxide initiators in a Ross double planetary mixer. The peroxide-curable polysilazanes typically have very low viscosities (i.e. 25-150 cps), so mixtures with high loadings (50-55 vol%) of ceramic or metal particulate fillers are both fluid and non-dilatant at ambient temperature (8,9). The powder-filled mixture is injected at less than 500 ksi (ca. 3500 MPa) pressure into a heated (>150C) mold. The polysilazane binder phase thermosets in less than 5 minutes to produce the molded green body which is quite strong. Silicon nitride powder-filled green parts having as little as 8 wt% binder, for example, have four point bend strengths which typically exceed 8 MPa (Matsumoto, R.L.K., Lanxide Corporation, presented at the 92ni* American Ceramic Society meeting, Dallas, TX, April, 1990).
quickly, the peroxide-curable polysilazanes make ideal binders for ceramic powder injection molding. These preceramic polymers have fulfilled their potential to enable improvements in traditional ceramic processing technology.
The authors would like to thank J.A. Mahoney, D.A. Moroney, M.J. Centuolo, T.C. Bradley, and J. Brereton for their technical assistance. Discussions with Dr. J A . Jensen and R.L.K. Matsumoto were most helpful.
Polymers; Zeldin, M., Wynne, K. J., and Allcock, H . R. Eds., ACS Symposium Series 360; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1988, pp 124-142.
4. Seyferth, D.; Wiseman, G. H.; Schwark, J. M.; Yu, Y.-F. ; Poutasse, C. A. In Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers; Zeldin, M., Wynne, K . J., and Allcock, H . R. Eds., ACS Symposium Series 360; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1988, pp 143-155.
224; Zeigler, J. M., Fearon, F. W. G., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1990, pp 593-606.
7. Yokoyama, Y . ; Nanba, T.; Yasui, I.; Kaya, H.; Maeshima, T.; Isoda, T. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1991, 74(3), 654-657.
8. Lukacs, A . US 5,190,709 (March 2, 1993). 9. Lukacs, .; Matsumoto, R. L . K . US 5,240,658 (August 31, 1993). 10. Legrow, G. E.; Lim, T. F.; Lipowitz, J.; Reaoch, R. S. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull.
2(2), 121-128. 13. Lee, B. I.; Hench, L . L. In Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing; Hench, L .
Hampden-Smith, M. J., Klemperer, W. G., Brinker, C. J., Eds.; Materials Research Society: Pittsburgh, 1992, pp 807-812.
20. Schwark, J. M. Polymer Preprints 1993, 34(1), 294-295. 21. Schilling, C. L. , Jr. British Polymer Journal 1986, 18(6), 355-358.
22. Schmidt, W. R.; Interrante, L . V. ; Doremus, R. H.; Trout, T. K.; Marchetti, P. S.; Maciel, G. E. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 257-267.
23. Lavedrine, .; Bahloul, D.; Goursat, P.; Yive, N. S. C. K.; Corriu, R.; Leclerq, D.; Mutin, P.; Vioux, A. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1991, 8, 221-227.
24. Corriu, R.; Yive, N . S. C. K.; Leclercq, D.; Mutin, P. H.; Vioux, A . New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 85-92.
4(6), 1313-1323. 28. Kazakova, V . V. ; Avdeyeva, A . I.; Zhandov, . .; Akutin, M. S.; Osipchik, V .
S.; Kotrelev, G. V . Polymer Science USSR 1984, 26(8), 1889-1897. 29. Porte, H.; Lebrun, J.-J. US 4,722,988 (February 2, 1988). 30. Toreki, W.; Batich, C. D. Polymer Preprints 1989, 30(2), 237-238. 31. Toreki, W.; Creed, . .; Batich, C. D. Polymer Preprints 1990, 31(2), 611-612. 32. Toreki, W.; Batich, C. D.; Sacks, M. D.; Morrone, A . A . Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc.
1990, 11(9-10), 1371-1386. 33. Morrone, . .; Toreki, W.; Batich, C. D. Materials Letters 1991, 11(1,2),19-25. 34. Pike, R. .; Shaffer, L . H. Chemistry and Industry 1957, 1294. 35. Ostrozynski, R. L . US 3,700,712 (October 24, 1972). 36. Ostrozynski, R. L. US 3,843,703 (October 22, 1974). 37. Fan, Y. L.; Shaw, R. G. Rubber World 1971, 164(3), 56-62.


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Q: Unable to create datastore extent on VMware ESXi 5.5 - HP Smart Array P800 I have a HP P800 array controller connected to a HP MSA60 with 12x 1TB SATA drives installed.  I provisioned a single array with 1 spare in ACU.  I have followed this KB and created 4x 1.9TB logical drives and a 1.5 TB logical drive.
I created a new VMFS-5 datastore from the first logical drive of size 1.9TB (named: vmh03-das02)
My issue is that when i try to extend the datastore to the other logical drives, as the KB suggests, there are no devices listed.
Does anyone have any idea why this would be?
screen shots can be seen here

A: Using extents in VMware isn't so great. The knowledgebase article you linked to is correct in that this is a driver limitation...
Your HP Smart Array P800 controller supports logical drives sizes larger than 2TB. The "limit" is 8 Zettabytes :)
You should update the controller firmware if you haven't already.
However, VMware uses two drivers for HP RAID controllers; the CCISS and HPSA. The HPSA supports the larger volumes, but not your controller (without hacking). The P400/P800 are basically stuck with the older CCISS driver.
So yes, you need to use extents here. I'm curious if you've rebooted and rescanned the storage devices since having this problem. You should be able to do this hot and without a reboot, but the rescan of LUNs may be necessary. Use the "Rescan All..." option.

If this doesn't work, your best bet is to obtain a Smart Array P810 controller, since it uses the newer driver and will see the full logical drive size.

A: I was able to determine the solution to the problem based on the conversation in this thread.  Originally I was trying to extend the datastore via my vCenter server, which it seems does not work. Based on the forum thread I tried to connect to the host directly, rather than the vCenter server, and I was able to successfully extend the datastore.
NOTE: I am unclear on if this should have worked via vCenter or not.  Both the windows and web versions of the vSphere client present options to extend the datastore but I am not able to see any extent devices in either when connected to vCenter.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Santa Rosa History
1906 QUAKE
THE LADIES TURN OUT TO VOTE
May 4, 2015 March 27, 2019 Jeff Elliott 1912, prohibition, suffrage
After California women won the right to vote in 1911, everyone watched the first elections of 1912 to see whether the winds had changed, particularly concerning one issue: prohibition.
Passage of the amendment to the state constitution had not been easy – it won by a narrow two percent statewide and by four points in Sonoma county. Petaluma, Sonoma, Windsor and Healdsburg all voted against allowing women to vote; local support was only enthusiastic in Santa Rosa, where male voters approved by a 14 point margin. Suffragists were fought every step of the way by a coalition of social conservatives and the national liquor industry, together dubbed the "anti's" in the press.
(This is the third and final article on the campaign for women's suffrage in California. For background see part I, "WILL MEN LET THE LADIES VOTE?" and "THE SUMMER WHEN WOMEN WON THE VOTE.")
Predictably, the anti's carped about the measure passing and there were noises about a Sonoma County recount, but nothing came of it. One of the most vocal member of that faction was state Senator J. B. Sanford (D-Ukiah), also editor and publisher of the Ukiah Dispatch-Democrat, who put his unique spin on the results to make it sound as if men had foolishly decided to force women to vote against their will: "The ballot on Equal Suffrage was not a fight between the men and women, but was rather a fight between the women, and the men were called in to decide the matter…it seemed that a majority of women did not wish to assume the extra duty, but the men have said, 'Ladies, you must vote.'" Still, he encouraged the women of Ukiah to register "…and thus offset the evil that might arise from giving the ballot to some women in the large cities."
Sanford also couldn't resist throwing one final misogynist bomb: "[Women] will have to go to the county clerk's office and submit to many formalities, among which will be to give their visible marks and scars, age and previous condition of servitude, all of which will be open to inspection."
(RIGHT: This April, 1912 advertisement ran in the Santa Rosa Republican a few days before the first local elections where women could vote, one of several display ads that month with a similar voting theme)
Some confusion arose in the weeks following passage. Technically the amendment didn't become law until 90 days after the election, but women were already lining up to register in some places; county clerks added women registrars to help. The first woman to register in Sonoma County on Jan. 2, 1912 was Mrs. Jennie Colvin – a milestone little noticed by either Santa Rosa paper – and she wasn't asked about any scars, or even her exact age; the legislature had changed the voter requirements after the amendment passed, and now the voter only had to swear that he or she was over the age of 21. They still required height be recorded for ID purposes, which caused a minor problem because women at the time wore elaborate hats that could be difficult to position without a mirror. So the County Clerk installed a mirror in the office.
There was also uncertainty whether or not women would have to pay the poll tax to vote, as that part of the election law named only males. It was was quickly decided that women were exempt unless voters passed another amendment to change the language, which was in a different section of the state constitution. Aside from that issue and the need for mirrors, registering new women voters went smoothly and the county soon had an all-time high of over 17 thousand voters. Republicans outnumbered Democrats more than two-to-one, a proportion that must have unnerved Ernest Finley, editor of the fiercely-partisan Press Democrat.
In an ill-conceived Sunday editorial, the PD suggested women needed a "class in politics" to educate them about the differences between Dems and Repubs so they could be sure to pick the right team. A blistering letter to the editor followed in the Santa Rosa Republican, almost certainly written by the indomitable Frances McG. Martin, titled, "MOST WOMEN ARE NOT IDIOTS".
It starts out with a request for nonpartisan instruction, and closes with a prayer to "politicians" to tell her why she is a Democrat or Republican…The men and women who worked for the enfranchisement of California women, worked with the hope that women would not prove to be blindly and passionately partisan, and that they would not adopt the methods of the professional politicians and wire puller; but, since the just men gave us the ballot, the women who worked against the cause or were indifferent, have displayed a very lively interest in politics of the old brand. Women are not all idiots, then why should there be such a hue and cry, raised about instructing them as to what they believe and how to prepare and write a ballot?
Then came the local elections that April. Women were eager to vote; the Republican paper told the story of Santa Rosa Police chief Boyes leaving home before dawn to setup polling places, promising his wife he would later "send an automobile for her and some other ladies in the neighborhood" so they could vote. By the time he returned home for breakfast, Cora Boyes had already gone out and cast her ballot as the first voter in their city ward.
Then there was the matter of the prohibition vote. About twenty California towns had ballot items to decide if their community would go "dry." Locally, Cloverdale held a series of spirited public meetings; at the weekend rally before the vote, Andrea Sbarboro (male), the founder of the Italian Swiss Colony in Asti, made a rare public appearance to speak against the proposal. In the end the township of Cloverdale voted for leaders who promised to clean up the saloons – particularly gambling and serving liquor to minors – but rejected outright prohibition by an almost 2:1 majority. Overall, about half of the towns voting on alcohol went dry; in the Bay Area, only Los Gatos and Mountain View closed their saloons. "FEMALE OF SPECIES AS THIRSTY AS THE MALE," quipped the Santa Rosa Republican headline. In November, however, county voters did pass an anti-roadhouse ordinance, about which more will be written separately.
But suffrage did not equality make; it would still be a decade in Sonoma County before women were seated on a Superior Court jury, for example. And although Senator Sanford tried to frighten men in 1911 with the image of a helpless mother sequestered late at night with eleven leering men, there were five women jurors on that trial in 1922. Turns out they didn't need Sanford's protection at all. Never did.
WOMEN WILL NOT PAY POLL TAX
Another Amendment of the Constitution Would Be Necessary Before Tax Can Be Collected
Many opponents of woman suffrage before and after the recent election declared that the adaption of the amendment allowing women to vote would carry with it the added responsibility of paying poll tax. This, however, is not true.
The right of suffrage was given by the adoption of an amendment to Section 1 of Article 2 of the Constitution of California, and which amendment consisted of stipulating the word "male." Women could not be allowed the right of suffrage without the addition of the amendment.
The liability for poll tax is fixed also by the constitution of the state: Section 12 of article 13 of the Constitution of the State of California reads as follows…
…So it will be readily seen that the women will not and cannot be required to pay a State poll tax without an amendment to Section 12 of article 13 of the Constitution. In the adoption of such an amendment as will require the women to pay a State poll tax the women will now have the right themselves to vote on such an amendment, and if such an amendment is adopted it necessarily must be done with their consent.
– Press Democrat, October 20, 1911
REGISTRATION PROVISIONS
Some Changes in Registration Laws Are Noted
The recent legislature made a number of changes in the form of the registration blanks used in the registering of voters for the coming elections. The changes were made mostly for the accommodation of women, as a voter under the new law will not have to give his or her age, nor visible marks or scars. The only requirement about the age is that the voter must swear that he or she is over the age of 21 years.
There might be a little dispute over the question of whether the husband or the wife is the head of the house, but the decision is that this question must be settled in the home.
The question of naturalization is also different from the old blanks. A woman of foreign birth must state how she became a citizen–if she became one by the naturalization of her father when she was a minor, by the decree of the court, or by marriage. If by marriage, she must state when she was married, and if she registered under one name and afterwards married, she must re-register. The same rule applies to change of name by divorce.
– Santa Rosa Republican, January 1, 1912
REGISTRATION OF VOTERS HAS BEGUN
Registration of voters began at the county clerk's office on the new year…Rev. Peter Colvin and wife, Mrs. Jennie Colvin, registered. Mrs. Colvin was the first lady to register…
M'LADY YOUR HAT CAN COME OFF
Big Mirror to be Installed in the Office of the Registrar of Voters in Court House
County Clerk Feit is to install a big mirror in the County Clerk's office which will add materially to the comfort of the women voters who visit the office for the purpose of registering.
A number of women who have called to register have not been able to give their height and have had to take off their hats prior to standing under the measure. When it came to readjusting their hats without the aid of a mirror, the effort has not proved very successful in some instances.
Hence the providing of the big looking glass by the county clerk.
– Press Democrat, January 28, 1912
MOST WOMEN ARE NOT IDIOTS
Editor REPUBLICAN:
Will you please explain the following clipping, taken from the Sunday morning paper?
There has been this past fortnight several expressions regarding the establishment of a non-partisan class in politics for women. If some of the deep-thinking politicians would volunteer to discuss simple political problems from purely unselfish standpoints, they would undoubtedly be listened to with interest and pleasure. Last week one new voter asked: "Will you ask some Democrat and Republican to briefly state through the press, why I am a Democrat and why I am a Republican?" Attention! politicians, tell us why.
It starts out with a request for nonpartisan instruction, and closes with a prayer to "politicians" to tell her why she is a Democrat or Republican. A non-partisan, in politics, is one who is not blindly or passionately attached to any political party, so defined by the standard dictionaries. The men and women who worked for the enfranchisement of California women, worked with the hope that women would not prove to be blindly and passionately partisan, and that they would not adopt the methods of the professional politicians and wire puller; but, since the just men gave us the ballot, the women who worked against the cause or were indifferent, have displayed a very lively interest in politics of the old brand.
Women are not all idiots, then why should there be such a hue and cry, raised about instructing them as to what they believe and how to prepare and write a ballot? The Los Angeles women certainly demonstrated the fact that they could vote more rapidly and mark their ballots more accurately than a great many men voters. Any man or woman who is fit to cast a ballot can master the mechanical part of it in ten minutes. Each voter is furnished with a sample ballot not more than ten nor less than five days before an election. Full directions are printed upon those sample ballots, and the woman voter, as well as the man, can take her time and mark her sample ballot as she intends to vote, take it with her to the voting booth and use it as a model by which to stamp her real ballot.
No woman can vote who cannot read the constitution in the English language and write her name, then why can she not read the able editorials which appear in the leading papers and magazines, and deal with the vital questions of the day. If she have children in the public schools, let her take up with them the study of civics as set forth in a state text book of that name and sold for sixty (60) cents. Any woman can afford to buy one for herself. In the History of the United States, published by the state for use in the public schools–price eighty (80) cents–she will find both the state and national constitutions, and a history of bot the Democratic and Republican parties. If she desires to study Socialism, she can secure the literature of that party at a nominal price, or she can attend the lectures delivered in all parts of the country by the best Socialist speakers.
For a number of years, women, in constantly increasing numbers, have attended public political meetings; in fact, the writer has often heard men complain that the non-voters crowded out the voters; that the tired men had to stand if they wished to hear the speeches, while the women occupied their seats. Now, why do they not know whether they are Democrats, Republicans, Socialists, nonpartisan, etc.? Women have now, as they have always had, men relatives and friends, who are willing to talk over all kinds of questions with them, but why pose as idiots without minds of their own? I sometimes wonder that men gave the ballot to women at all, as so many women disclaim all title to reason and judgement; but I conclude that the men relatives of good, level-headed, conscientious and devoted mothers, sister, wives, daughters and sweethearts, who are strangers to afternoon bridge, divorce courts, etc., felt that such women are in the majority and that they would do their duty toward their homes, state and nation.
Women of Sonoma county, it is our duty to inform ourselves by reading, conversation and observation as to the measures most important to be voted upon, the candidates most likely to carry out the best of those measures, if elected, and vote accordingly; to vote for the best measures and best candidates, irrespective of party lines, and not need to be "told" by somebody just how we must vote; after hearing all sides, let us conscientiously decide that for ourselves.
Let us vote for members of the legislature and congress who are not so anxious to make new laws, as to simplify and embody in plain English the laws now in existence, so that any citizen of common intelligence may read and understand them, and it may not require years for the courts to interpret them.
And let us no longer play at being feeble-minded–the day has passed when that pose appeals to any man whose regard is worth having.
ONE OF THE NEW VOTERS.
– Santa Rosa Republican, March 12, 1912
MANY LADIES VOTING AT MUNICIPAL ELECTION
Some Interesting Happening With the Fair Suffragists
Santa Rosa's first election at which the ladies voted has almost passed into history and that it was all the better for the influence which the ladies exerted cannot be doubted even by those who have heretofore been opposed to the injection of the ladies into politics. Many had caused their names to be placed on the great register, giving their ages, to be permitted to cast their ballots at this election. They are the pioneers in the suffrage cause. The others, who waited until the law made it unnecessary to give their ages, failed to get the privilege of the ballot at the municipal election.
During the hours of the forenoon and afternoon the ladies went to the polls, many preferring to walk and cast their vote than to avail themselves of the time-honored custom of the men to ride in automobiles or buggies. To show that they were awake to the privileges and enthusiastic, some of them were at the polls quite early in the morning.
In at least two instances ladies were absolutely the first to vote…
…At 12 o'clock figures were obtained from each of the polls in the city, and the table given below shows the the total number of votes cast, and the number of women who had voted: [Votes cast to that time: 808 "Ladies": 284]
Many amusing incidents were narrated on the fair sex, one being to the effect that one lady left her ballot lying on the desk after having marked it, and failed to hand it to the judge of election to be placed in the ballot box, and that another lady marked her ballot and then calmly folded it up and placed it in her pocket.
Chief of police Boyes arose at 4:30 o'clock Tuesday morning to go with City Clerk Charles D. Clawson to distribute the election ballots and paraphernalia. Mrs. Boyes asked her husband regarding her going to the polls and he informed her that during the afternoon he would send an automobile for her and some other ladies in the neighborhood. After the chief had gone, Mrs. Boyes arose and dressed herself, wended her way to the polls and when Chief Boyes had returned to his breakfast, the good wife calmly informed him that she had cast her ballot.
– Santa Rosa Republican, April 2, 1912
THE FUTURE PROJECTED
OUR ARTIST NO LONGER IN RESIDENCE
THE MURDEROUS SOMNAMBULIST
ELEMENTARY, MY DEAR BURBANK
A TINKER OF NO SMALL GENIUS
A CITY OF BRIDGES
KILLER DOCTOR
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Narroway Production "The 4th Cross" The production is at 12:00pm. We will meet at WCC at 10:00am to ride together. $25 per ticket. Limited Space. Pay to reserve your spot. We will eat dinner together at John's Resturant following the production.
Contact Trudy Savant for more information.


text:
Q: Phalcon doesnt work properly on nginx Today I have a problem with Phalcon (2.0.7).
Main environment is running Centos 7 which runs docker with Debian's latest image. On Docker I have installed PHP 5.4.45 and Nginx 1.2.1
There is config file (/etc/nginx/nginx.conf)
user    www-data www-data;  ## Default: nobody
worker_processes 5;  ## Default: 1
error_log   logs/error.log;
#pid    logs/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 8192;

events {
worker_connections 4096;  ## Default: 1024
}

http {
    include mime.types;
    #   include /etc/nginx/proxy_conf;
    include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;
    index   index.html index.htm index.php;

    default_type application/octet-stream;
    log_format   main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local]  $status '
        '"$request" $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
    access_log  logs/access.log main;
    sendfile    on;
    tcp_nopush  on;
    server_names_hash_bucket_size 128; # this seems to be required for some vhosts

    server {
        server_name 149.202.61.223;
        listen 80;

        #    access_log /srv/www/example.com/log/access.log;
        #    error_log /srv/www/example.com/log/error.log;

        root /var/www/vokuro/public;
        index index.html index.htm index.php;

        location / {
            try_files $uri $uri/ @php_mvc;
        }

        location @php_mvc {
            rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.php?_url=$1 last;
        }

        location ~ ^(.+\.php)(/.*)?$ {
             fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.*)?$;

             set $script_filename $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

             if (!-e $script_filename) {
                 return 404;
             }

             fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
             fastcgi_index index.php;
             include fastcgi_params;

             fastcgi_param   APPLICATION_ENV development;
             fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_FILENAME $script_filename;
             fastcgi_param   SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
             fastcgi_param   PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
       }
    }
}

I've cloned https://github.com/phalcon/vokuro project to
/var/www/vokuro

and it has files as
CONTRIBUTING.md  README.md  app  composer.json  index.html  public  schemas

So everything above looks corretly I suppose but it isn't working. Error reporting is on but it shows nothing.
Do anyone of you know where I have done a mistake? What's wrong with that?
PS. The configuration I wrote is running on http://149.202.61.223/ you can check it but there is only a blank page.
PS1. PHP is working fine i can do phpinfo or anything else
PS2. Phalcon is recognizing by php/nginx too (I have checked it)


text:
Harefanaese is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Nias Utara van de provincie Noord-Sumatra, Indonesië. Harefanaese telt 1011 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

Plaats in Noord-Sumatra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Proxima specializes in high-level talent acquisition. Our team is skilled in locating, assessing and hiring business leaders with outstanding track records for your organization, and provides our clients with the best talent that the industry has to offer.
This service relates to the hiring at the topmost level of any organization, both public and private. Our specially dedicated CEO Services team works on this mandate across different industries.
We offer Mid-Level Search Solutions, to deliver the right candidates for your company by leveraging on our proprietary global database and cutting-edge technology across many markets and practice areas. Our consultants meet your company's specific requirements for key individual hires with customized approach and minimal overhead. We lay emphasis on finding quality talent.
With an increasing thrust on corporate governance, Proxima has a set of qualified professionals who focus on recruiting for Boards of Directors, offering their advice on issues relating to corporate governance. We understand the need and processes of recruiting Board members of high stature and capability.
Our Human Capital business supports clients in optimizing performance by meeting your most critical needs - managing, rewarding and engaging talent; achieving responsible executive remuneration; and enhancing HR effectiveness. Proxima's HR Consulting services assist clients in addressing business challenges effectively. Our cost-effective end-to-end HR solutions are tailor-made to suit your business and need.
We facilitate your progress towards improving capacity to handle internal and external functioning and relationships. This would include improved interpersonal and group processes, more effective communication, enhanced ability to cope with organizational problems of all kinds, more effective decision processes, more appropriate leadership style, improved skill in dealing with destructive conflict, and higher levels of trust and cooperation among organizational members.
This service helps clients bridge the gap between the organization's goals and objectives and the employee's focus and actions. This would include Compensation Analytics, which provide critical information and insight used to make prudent compensation decisions. We collate and analyze market data to offer general and customized surveys, covering both individual pay components and total compensation competitiveness.
We help you derive maximum value from your investments, facilitating the management of plan policies by instituting a robust governance structure that connects such policies to strategic business objectives.
Training Management Services enable you to identify the training needs of your company, which are vital to meet organization goals. Proxima facilitates the drawing up of suitable training programs for the business, structures the training program, and develops content for the same. Apart from this, we also identify suitable and competent faculty (trainers) to conduct your program.
Proxima enables you to outsource or transfer all or part of your recruitment activities to us. We help cut through the competition to the most talented individuals quickly and efficiently, thus taking on the burden of operational recruitment activities and freeing the organization's time to focus on value-generation and strategic activities. This service increases the client's time to hire, enhances the quality of the candidate pool, provides verifiable metrics, reduces cost and improves compliance with all relevant laws and regulations.
The fixed investment costs are changed into variable costs that vary with fluctuation in recruitment activity. Companies may pay by transaction rather than by staff member, thus avoiding under-utilization or forcing costly layoffs of staff when activity is low.


One of the best investments we can make is in our youth. We need to encourage our young people to become more involved in our local community and to help them understand that they can truly make a difference.
The Front Porch Trust Scholarship Fund (501c3) was created by PBPA to recognize students for their volunteer efforts in our community. Conestoga and Great Valley High School college-bound seniors are eligible for six scholarships ranging from $500 to $1000 annually. The awards will be announced at the Breakfast For Champions on Thursday, April 25th, held at and sponsored by the Upper Main Line "Y". All applicants, parents, government officials, PBPA members and school leadership are invited to attend.


PALEO festival has now become a huge success and proudly taking its position as the biggest festival in Switzerland drawing in crowds from all over the world.
Many huge names have performed here from the well-known to unsigned, giving a diverse choice of music genres, including some of the more abstract. 'Paleo' now boasts 6 main stages.
'Paleo' offers a multicultural choice of food stalls including local specialties and locally sourced foods to suit all your requirements. It's a very family friendly festival, taking care of all ages with a wide variety of activities, WiFi points and excellent facilities. Great care has gone into creating a 'home from home' kind of feeling, also they care for the environment in the locality and on site, providing refuse bags for all types of recycling, local transport, parking facilities that are guarded 24 hours.
Everyone at Paleo festival work hard to ensure that offering a worry free environment is at the top of the list, offering an atmosphere that welcomes all who attend!
As illustrated in the pictures below, we aim to give you an idea how everyone on the site are making final preparations for the grand opening on the 22nd, making sure every detail is taken care of. Some photo's included are of the acts during the day and night of the 22nd. A great vibe is already apparent come rain of shine everyone is happy to be here, this is just the beginning, the're still 5 days of partying remaining!
The atmosphere was electric with 'THIRTY SECONDS TO MARS'.
Capturing the atmosphere of the crowds as they enjoy the headline acts!
This entry was posted in Festival reviews and tagged cats on trees, JAKE BUGG, M.I.A, MUSIC FESTIVAL, PALEO 2014, PALEO festival. Bookmark the permalink.


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