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Smithsonian American Art Museum and Renwick Gallery
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Open daily, 11:30 a.m.–7 p.m.
The nation's first collection of American art, an unparalleled record of the American experience.
Open daily, 10 a.m.–5:30 p.m.
Located just feet from the White House, a branch of the museum that is home the nation's collection of contemporary craft and decorative art.
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How Do I Research My Art?
Want to learn more about the painting you found while clearing out the attic? For answers, be prepared for a little detective work.
How to Care for Your Collections
Regardless of the monetary value of your artwork, if it is personally meaningful, you should consider having the object conserved.
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Recording a Changing Nation
This resource uses images from photographic surveys in 55 communities in 30 states across the United States as source documents to spark sustained inquiry.
Critical Thinking in Action
These 60-to-95-minute units pair thinking patterns with works of art to instill a thinking disposition transferable across classroom curriculum and into the wider world.
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Featured SAAM Stories
Contemporary Craft in Focus: The Birth of Eve
Artist Judith Schaechter uses the labor-intensive medium of stained glass to capture a singular moment in time
Director's Letter: A Year of Stories
Director Stephanie Stebich looks forward to the year ahead
Donating Artworks
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Join SAAM Creatives
A national membership group of museum friends who share a love of American art and craft and our commitment to celebrating the extraordinary creativity of our nation's artists.
SAAM Creatives
A membership group for young professionals who are interested in immersing themselves in the American art experience.
born Boston, MA 1836-died Prout's Neck, ME 1910
Winslow Homer, Prout's Neck, Maine, © Peter A. Juley & Son Collection, Smithsonian American Art Museum J0001697
Prout's Neck, Maine, United States
Active in
Gloucester, Massachusetts, United States
Painter and graphic artist. Homer's illustrations of the Civil War for Harper's Weekly are singular and outstanding examples of wartime reporting. Later, his dramatic paintings of the sea, many of which were completed at his seacoast home in Prout's Neck, Me., established Homer as a leading American artist.
Joan Stahl American Artists in Photographic Portraits from the Peter A. Juley & Son Collection (Washington, D.C. and Mineola, New York: National Museum of American Art and Dover Publications, Inc., 1995)
Winslow Homer began his art career in 1854 or 1855 as an apprentice to J. H. Bufford, a lithographer in Boston. He left two years later to begin free-lance illustration. In 1859 Homer moved to New York, which remained his winter home until the 1880s, and studied for a brief time at the National Academy of Design and with Frederic Rondel. Between 1862 and 1865 he made illustrations of Civil War scenes for Harper's Weekly and turned seriously to landscape painting after the war's close. Homer was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1864 and in the following year a full academician. His first trip abroad came in 1866 and 1867, with ten months spent in France. During the summers of 1868 through 1881, Homer made several trips to the White Mountains, the Adirondacks, and Gloucester, Massachusetts. In 1881 he went to England, staying near Tynemouth, and returned to America late in 1882. The following summer, he settled in Prout's Neck on the coast of Maine, his home thenceforth. After 1884, Homer made hunting and fishing trips in the summers to the Adirondacks or Quebec with his brother and spent part of several winters in Nassau, Bermuda, or Florida.
No examination of the Barbizon mood in American painting can avoid recognition of Homer's singular contribution, despite the fact that his highly selective and independent course of study had only the most oblique connection with the art of the men from Fontainebleau. That Homer numbered among his few friends several admirers of Barbizon art; that he had ample opportunity to study Barbizon painting in Boston, New York, and Paris; that his favorite subjects included American workers on the farm or in seacoast villages, are all facts, but these facts do not adequately explain the peculiar appeal of Homer's special brand of realism. Nevertheless, during the years between his 1867 visit to Paris and his departure for Tynemouth in 1881, Homer executed several small studies of rural life in New England or Normandy that demonstrate a new sense of finesse in his handling of paint and diffused light, as well as an aura of circumspection usually missing in the artist's earlier work. His Two Girls with Sunbonnets in Field [Cooper-Hewitt Museum] from about 1877 is a remarkable achievement in this regard, a work comparable to the portraits of peasant youngsters by Millet that are so often enshrouded in the soft glow of twilight. The earlier Girl with a Pitchfork, [The Phillips Collection] which was probably painted from a Normandy sketch, is a prototype for the heroic fishwoman in many Homers executed much later at Tynemouth and Prout's Neck.
Peter Bermingham American Art in the Barbizon Mood (Washington, D.C.: National Collection of Fine Arts and Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975)
Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum
February 27, 2004–October 22, 2005
Several hundred of the museum's greatest treasures by artists such as John Singer Sargent, Winslow Homer and Childe Hassam are on view in the Grand Salon at its Renwick Gallery while renovations continue at the museum's historic main building. This striking new selection of more than 185 works are hung salon-style, one-atop-another and side-by-side to re-create the elegant setting of a 19th-century collector's picture gallery. Drawn primarily from the museum's large collection of 19th-century painting, the works were selected from four strengths in the museum's permanent collection: Colonial and Federal artworks, American impressionism, Gilded Age treasures and art of the Western frontier including the Taos School. This installation includes a suite of three stunning views of Yellowstone and the Grand Canyon by Thomas Moran, two on long-term loan from the U. S. Department of the Interior, which inspired Congress to establish Yellowstone as the nation's first national park.
American ABC: Childhood in 19th-Century America
June 30, 2006–September 16, 2006
"American ABC" demonstrates how portrayals of the nation's youngest citizens took on an important symbolic role in the United States' long journey toward maturity and provides a window into the everyday life of the period—the world of families, children's pastimes and the routines of the schoolhouse. Claire Perry, curator of American art at the Cantor Arts Center, is the curator. The exhibition's presentation at the Smithsonian American Art Museum also will include artworks from its permanent collection. Paintings by George Catlin and several sculptures, including works by Thomas Crawford, Harriet Hosmer and William Henry Rinehart among others, will be included at this venue only. Programs and activities for children will take place in a re-creation of a 19th-century schoolroom that is based on depictions by Winslow Homer.
An Impressionist Sensibility: The Halff Collection
November 3, 2006–February 4, 2007
The exhibition is the first time this remarkable collection has been on display in Washington, D.C. Marie and Hugh Halff, who live in San Antonio, acquired these masterpieces during the past 20 years. In addition to reflecting the Halff's keen eye for the finest artworks from this period, the collection also is noteworthy for illustrating the consistency of their vision. The paintings in the collection are linked through a shared sensibility about American cultural aspirations at the turn of the century.
Graphic Masters I: Highlights from the Smithsonian American Art Museum
November 21, 2008–May 24, 2009
Graphic Masters I: Highlights from the Smithsonian American Art Museum is the first in a series of special installations that celebrate the extraordinary variety and accomplishment of American artists' works on paper. These exceptional watercolors, pastels, and drawings from the early nineteenth century through the 1930s reveal the central importance of works on paper for American artists, both as studies for creations in other media and as finished works of art. Rarely seen works from the museum's permanent collection by masters such as John James Audubon, Romaine Brooks, Childe Hassam, Winslow Homer, John La Farge, Man Ray, John Marin and Georgia O'Keeffe will be featured in the exhibition. Joann Moser, senior curator for graphic arts, selected the artworks in Graphic Masters.
The Civil War and American Art
The Civil War and American Art examines how America's artists represented the impact of the Civil War and its aftermath. Winslow Homer, Eastman Johnson, Frederic Church, and Sanford Gifford—four of America's finest artists of the era—anchor the exhibition. The exhibition follows the conflict from palpable unease on the eve of war, to heady optimism that it would be over with a single battle, to a growing realization that this conflict would not end quickly and a deepening awareness of issues surrounding emancipation and the need for reconciliation. Genre and landscape painting captured the transformative impact of the war, not traditional history painting.
The Great American Hall of Wonders
July 14, 2011–January 8, 2012
The exhibition The Great American Hall of Wonders examines the nineteenth-century American belief that the people of the United States shared a special genius for innovation. It explores this belief through works of art, mechanical inventions, and scientific discoveries, and captures the excitement of citizens who defined their nation as a "Great Experiment" sustained by the inventive energies of Americans in every walk of life.
Sargent, Whistler, and Venetian Glass: American Artists and the Magic of Murano
October 8, 2021–May 8, 2022
This exhibition brings to life the Venetian glass revival of the nineteenth century on the famed island of Murano and the artistic experimentation the city inspired for artists such as John Singer Sargent and James McNeill Whistler.
The Civil War and American Art looks at the range of artwork created in the years between 1852 and 1877. Author Eleanor Jones Harvey surveys paintings made by some of America's finest artists, including Frederic Edwin Church, Sanford Gifford, Winslow Homer, and Eastman Johnson, and photographs taken by George Barnard, Alexander Gardner, and Timothy O'Sullivan.
The Gilded Age: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum
The Gilded Age: Treasures from the Smithsonian American Art Museum commemorates Treasures to Go, a series of eight exhibitions from the Smithsonian American Art Museum, touring the nation through 2002. The Principal Financial Group is a proud partner in presenting these treasures to the American people.
The Great American Hall of Wonders is a vividly illustrated survey of the American ingenuity that energized all aspects of nineteenth-century society, from the painting of landscapes and scenes of everyday life to the planning of scientific expedition and the development of new mechanical devices. Each chapter comprises an essay and a selection from more than 120 illustrations. These include works by pre-eminent painters Winslow Homer, Albert Bierstadt, Frederic Church and Thomas Cole.
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There is a number of ways to catch mouse or keyboard under Windows. So I tried some of them, but every of them has some advantages and drawbacks. I want to ask you: Which method do use?
WM_KEYDOWN/WM_KEYUP - Main disadvantage is that, I can't distinguish between left and right-handed keys like ALT, CONTROL or SHIFT.
GetKeyboardState - This solves problem of first method, but there is new one. When I get that the Right-ALT key is pressed, I also get that the Left-Control key is down. This behaviour happens only when using localized keyboard layout (Czech - CS).
WM_INPUT (Raw Input) - This method also doesn't distinguish left and right-handed keys (if I can remember) and for mouse movement sometimes generates message with zero delta values of mouse position.


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School of Biology & Environmental Science
Biology & Environmental Science Research Collection
The impact of farming on over-wintering bird populations
Download McMahon et al 2003.pdf 555.17 KB
McMahon, Barry J.
Whelan, John
Bracken, Fintan
Kavanagh, Brendan
12T11:10:43Z August 2013
Field boundaries and fields in stubble, set-aside, winter wheat and improved grassland in County Kildare were surveyed for birds on 15 occasions between October 2001 and February 2002. A total of 40 species was recorded on all sites during the period of the study. Arable farming that retains stubble throughout the winter supports the greatest species richness and diversity with the lowest being recorded on improved grassland. Individual species showed preference for certain sites. Seed-feeding species, yellowhammer and skylark, preferred stubble while invertebrate-feeding species, fieldfare and meadow pipit preferred grassland. The analysis demonstrated that certain components of habitat were responsible for differences in species present and density.
Faculty of Agriculture, UCD in association with Teagasc
Tearmann - the Irish Journal of Agri-Environmental Research
Birds and farming
Bird habitat
Over-wintering birds

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Ventura Keys is Ventura's beautiful, unique waterfront community. Homes come in many shapes and sizes. The biggest draw, of course, are the boat dock homes on the water. From quaint single story homes to expansive modern mansions there is quite a variety to choose from. You have inboard homes (homes that aren't on the water) as well which offer a more affordable option while still feeling like you are a part of the entire "Keys" dynamic. This is a wonderful community of wavers and smilers! Young families, hard working professionals, and retirees all commune here.


Social Work at the University of Edinburgh is one of the highest rated centres of research in the UK. The subject was rated as third in the UK for its quality and breadth of research, in the Research Excellence Framework 2014 (REF2014). In addition to its 3rd place ranking using the respected Research Fortnight "Power Index", the alternate Times Higher Education "research power" index ranks Social Work as 1st in the UK.
81% has been identified as being as "world leading" or "internationally excellent".
56% of the wider societal and economic impacts derived from the research have been assessed as "outstanding".
100% of the research environment - the way a subject area fosters research and nurtures staff - has been judged to be "world-leading".
Much of our research starts from the premise that social work can make a difference in the lives of individuals and communities. Social workers must have intellectual curiosity and a willingness to explore how things might be better for people who rely on services. As social work academics, we see our role as not only producing research and pursuing scholarship, but also encouraging the use of research in practice.
This University pays particular attention to knowledge exchange and the importance of research for policy making and practice development.
In addition, academic researchers at times take on discrete projects which do not fit easily into the groupings above. To find out more about individuals' research activities, please see our academic staff profile pages.


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Publishing and Innovation
Macquarie researchers seek insights on sales and exports of Aussie books
October 1, 2019 | Publishing and Innovation
Earlier this year, Copyright Agency's Cultural Fund partnered with the Australia Council for the Arts to announce a new Macquarie University research project examining the international rights sales and export of Australian books over the last decade.
Professor David Throsby, Dr Paul Crosby and Dr Jan Zwar are conducting the research in collaboration with book industry representatives.
The university study is now collecting data on the extent and nature of demand for contemporary Australian books, the changing nature of deals, and factors contributing to success in global markets, to inform strategies for sustaining international interest and increasing opportunities for Australian publishers and writers in the future.
Agents, publishers and self-published authors who have sold rights to Australian books in 2008-2018 or exported Australian books directly in 2018 are eligible to fill out the survey, which is open now.
Professor Throsby says, "Many opportunities exist for increasing the publication of Australian books in overseas markets. However, there is a lack of basic data on the export sector of the book industry that could assist publishers, agents and authors in planning international rights sales, leading to a stronger presence of Australian titles in the international marketplace.
"This research is aimed at helping to fill that gap. It is a continuation of the extensive research that our team at Macquarie University has undertaken into the economics of the Australian book industry over the last five years."
How the research will be used
The published research report will be used as follows:
The final report will be emailed to all agents, publishers and self-published authors who fill out the survey
Industry associations will use the report to inform capacity building
Organisations including the Copyright Agency and the Australia Council will use the findings to inform funding strategies
The findings will be provided to policy analysts, the Minister for the Arts and to the Parliamentary Friends of Books and Writing group
The report will be made public and offered to the media to promote informed debate
Copyright Agency CEO, Adam Suckling, says "We know there are many success stories around Australian books in international markets. This research will generate data and evidence which will provide valuable insights so the publishing sector can further innovate in global markets, benefitting authors, agents and publishers right through to readers."
The survey closes on 15 December, 2019.
If you are not sure if you are eligible to participate, contact Paul Crosby at Macquarie University.
The next phase of the research involves preparing case studies. Jan Zwar, who is leading this component, is seeking a broad variety of case studies and invites industry members with suggestions to contact her.
Tags: books + publishing, David Throsby, Jan Zwar, Macquarie Uni, publishing, Research, research export Australian books
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One of the most practical recovery accessories you can have is a Mean Mother high lift jack. It can be used in situations where it is necessary to lift, winch, clamp, pull and push. They are useful in lifting a vehicle clear from obstacles that come into contact with the under body. By lifting the vehicle holes can be filled or articles such as rocks, wood or sand tracks can be positioned to assist in creating traction for the wheels. The Mean Mother jack stands at a total height of 48" (122cm). It has a minimum lowered height of 11cm and a maximum lifting height of 102cm. With a Working Load Limit (WLL) of 1500kg, the jack also complies with the mandatory requirements of AS/NZS2693:2007.


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Ahold, Oatmeal Cookies is a low fat food because it contains less than 3 grams of fat per serving.
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Can you build or revamp an entire business with a functional website that runs operations seamlessly in just six weeks?
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The team presented their work to the client in the beginning of April 2015 and they couldn't have been more delighted with the results. The co-presidents were most impressed by the way the team took their needs into consideration and made everything user friendly and low maintenance.
I'm so proud of everyone in the class and thank them all for their very hard work. A special thanks goes out as well to our lovely co-presidents for allowing us to use their business as a Guinea Pig for our class this term. I'm looking forward to next semester already!
Click here for information on upcoming courses offered by RockStarVA @Stranac Academy.


Environmentalism as a new "religion"
In the past decade, critics of climate change have said overt environmentalism—especially when it diverges from science—has systemically become "the new religion" because of its complex belief system, fear-mongering and proselytizing. For City Weekly's Green Guide, we asked Kevin DeLuca, University of Utah associate professor of environmental communication, to weigh in.
Is environmentalism becoming a religion?
I think environmentalism, maybe, has some New Age practitioners who take on a certain spiritualism with it, maybe even considering themselves pagans. But, I can say, as a whole, it's very different from religion, because religion is based on a belief system that, fundamentally, cannot be proven.
For environmentalism, it has to be based on science—like the issue of the ozone hole, it was proven scientifically. When environmentalism moves into simple, passionate statements, it has problems. It can't be faith-based, because then it becomes only about changing people's minds, and it's hard to make policy thereafter.
Certain environmental groups veer away from science and scientific findings and become churches of charismatic megafauna. They embrace pandas, whales and so on, because they're cute, cuddly and easy to love; these—and not the bigger-picture—are concerns we, as people, easily embrace. Humans don't like ants, which are more crucial, but not as charismatic.
Environmental rhetoric is like church rhetoric when it's strictly about humans. They say, "We have to stop climate chaos because people will get hurt," instead of worrying about larger ecosystems. For both, these sorts of appeals make sense because humanity's self-absorption is infinite—our attention is attracted to appeals about ourselves.
How does each system use fear to guide its disciples?
Both are well versed in apocalyptic, "The end of the world" jargon—at least, for religion, Christianity is. Certain environmental groups talk about it a lot. Of course, it's a bit of an overstatement; it'll just be humans and some other species—the world will keep going. I think for both, the fear is basic: of the unknown or the extinction of ourselves, our children and grandchildren. These are pretty motivating.
What are environmentalism's commandments, in your opinion?
1. Nature is the measure of all things.
3. Know the ground you stand on.
5. Listen to the earth's inhabitants.
6. Stop pillaging the planet.
8. The love of money is the root of all evil (Jesus was right).
9. Practice insurrection and resurrection.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Home » Events » Freed from Hostageship: Iranian Perspectives on the Arsacids of Rome
Freed from Hostageship: Iranian Perspectives on the Arsacids of Rome
Jake Nabel (Getty Research Institute)
Over the course of the Julio-Claudian period in Rome (c.30 BCE-68 CE), several Arsacid princes from the ruling family of the Parthian empire were sent to live in the court of the Roman emperor. Ancient Greco-Roman sources describe these figures as "hostages," and modern scholars have largely followed suit. While contemporary Parthian evidence is scarce, this talk will draw on later Iranian sources and broader histories of the ancient Near East to consider the Arsacids of Rome from a new perspectives – namely, as foster-children rather than hostages. This reinterpretation supports a different view of Roman-Parthian relations in the first century CE, one that departs from the scholarly literature's usual focus on war and diplomacy between unitary empires and emphasizes instead the interconnection of two royal families through the bonds of fictive kinship.
Nabel's research centers on interstate affairs between the early Principate and the Parthian empire, Rome's imperial peer on the Iranian plateau, but he also maintain active interests in Latin literature, the Hellenistic East, and Sasanian history. In all his work, he draws on both Greco-Roman literary texts and Near Eastern sources to promote the fuller integration of ancient Persia into the study of the classical Mediterranean. In the classroom, he helps students put Roman and Near Eastern history in dialogue with one another and with the historiographic mainstream, combining close readings of primary sources with comparative treatments of topics like political institutions, trade, and slavery. He also enjoys teaching the Greek and Latin texts at the heart of the classical tradition, especially historians like Thucydides and Tacitus. His interest in Near Eastern sources and in the digital humanities led to my creation of Parthian Sources Online (parthiansources.com), a digital collection of texts for the study of the Parthian empire.
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Written documents for First stage of selection:Autobiography in both Chinese and English (includes the plan of study abroad) ,transcript of academic records, certificates of English tests, records for participation in extracurricular activities, ect.. Please print the documents in A4 size and put in an A4 envelope (please paste the attachment of CHECKLIST on the cover of the envelope), and submit the original files to the office of Center for International Affairs BEFORE 12:00 am, MAY 1st. (Electronic format and any delay are not acceptable).


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RAPID TRANSLATION OF NOVEL NEPHROGENETIC AETIOLOGIES FROM FIRST REPORT TO ACCREDITED DIAGNOSTIC OUTCOME
A MALLETT1, C PATEL2,4, J CRAWFORD2,5, L HALE2,6,7, G HO2,8,9, K HOLMAN2,8, B BENNETTS2,8,9, M LITTLE2,6,7, I SMYTH2,10, C SIMONS2,5,6
1Royal Brisbane And Women's Hospital, Stafford, Australia, 2KidGen Collaborative, Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Parville, Australia, 3Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia, 4Genetic Health Queensland, Royal Brisbane And Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia, 5Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia, 6Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia, 7Department of Paediatrics and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 8Sydney Genome Diagnostics, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia, 9Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health; Discipline of Genetic Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 10Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
Aim: To describe the collaborative process involved in translating new genetic causes of monogenic kidney disease into diagnostic clinical outcomes.
Background: The rate of novel nephrogene discovery has been accelerated by genomic research applications. Translating these discoveries into clinical diagnostic testing for patients with rare heritable kidney disease has been less clear or accelerated.
Methods: After informed consent, families with genetically unexplained heritable kidney disease were offered research whole exome/genome sequencing (WES/WGS) (HREC/14/QRBW/34). Custom in-house bioinformatic analysis identified putatively causative variants, which were confirmed independently in an accredited diagnostic laboratory.
Results: Two families had a genetic finding identified in the setting of novel nephrogenes reported during 2017. Family 1 has autosomal dominant renal agenesis, varying between unilateral and bilateral. Despite recruitment in 2014, having 5 affected family members and being recurrently re-analysed, a clear genetic cause had not been identified. On 26/07/2017, GREB1L was reported in association with this phenotype. A heterozygous GREB1L variant (c.4964T>C;p.(Ile1655Thr), ACMG Class4) was identified in all affected family members, diagnostically confirmed and reported to the participants on 19/12/2017 (146days later). Family 2, recruited in 2016, has a phenotype approximating Bartter Syndrome Type3 with autosomal recessive hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and variable normocalciuria. On 03/07/2017, CLDN10 was reported in association with a similar phenotype. A homozygous CLDN10 variant (c.494G>C;p.(Gly165Ala), ACMG Class3) was identified in the affected family member, diagnostically confirmed and reported to the participants on 19/01/2018 (200days later).
Conclusions: These two families demonstrate the diagnostic power afforded by WES/WGS in ultra-rare and unresolved heritable kidney disease. Furthermore, they suggest that the time taken to translate new gene discoveries into clinical practice is meaningfully shortening.


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Abolish Electoral College, says former Ohio governor
Published:Wednesday | November 4, 2020 | 12:19 AMJanet Silvera/Senior Gleaner Writer
COLUMBUS, Ohio:
Former Ohio Governor Ted Strickland has called for the abolition of the United States Electoral College system, calling it an archaic holdover of the slave-economy era.
Strickland cited the election of Republicans George W. Bush, in 2000, and Donald Trump, four years ago, as the "two most preventable tragic events" that have resulted from the Electoral College.
Citing the response to the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, he lambasted Bush, who lost the popular vote but became president, for plunging the US into a "war in Iraq that has had terrible consequences".
"The tremendous loss of life; the high cost of war, the creation of ISIS, we are dealing with circumstances today that I believe are the direct results of the Bush administration's decision to go to war with Iraq," he told a group of international observers on Tuesday.
The Trump presidency was blamed by Strickland for its handling of the coronavirus pandemic that has killed more than 230,000 in the US and infected nine million and counting. Trump also lost the popular vote to Hillary Clinton.
Strickland, who was the 68th governor of Ohio, served from 2007 to 2011, insists that the winner of the popular vote ought to be the one sworn in as president.
"I think it would be a fairer system to say that every vote counts equally to every other vote when we elect our president," he stated.
Describing the Electoral College model as untenable, he explained that smaller states tend to have a disproportionate influence over their counterparts with larger populations.
Strickland said that the Electoral College was founded as a means to get the support of the slave-owning Southern states. The populations of the North and the South were historically roughly equal before the system was ratified, but the North forged an agreement with the South that blacks could not be counted as full humans.
"To our great shame, a compromise was agreed upon that allowed an African American slave to be counted as 3/5ths of a person. So when the decisions were made as to how many representatives, Congress members came from that state, it was a way to get the South to agree and the Electoral College was established, using those calculations," Strickland said.
A three-fifths majority would be needed for a constitutional amendment, after which individual states would vote, said Strickland.
But he predicted that that would be a "long, difficult process that probably would never happen because the Congress members and the senators from these smaller states would be unlikely to vote in a way that would diminish their power".
janet.silvera@gleanerjm.com
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text:
Janne's August 2020 Newsletter
Dear friends and partners,
It's been a while since I have written. The Covid 19 virus has changed so much of my life and life at Nokor Tep Women's Hospital. In late March I returned to Canada amid fears that I would contract the virus while in Cambodia
with no secure medical care for the virus – a factor that my co-founders Phavi and Sieng found hard to live with.
Since then much has happened in Cambodia and in the hospital.
The virus has resulted in Cambodia closing its borders to all people for a number of months which has resulted in a low incidence of the virus in the country. Instead the virus has resulted in a huge economic impact of the people – tourism and garment industries are deeply affected leaving an unemployment crisis as low as 60% in some areas to as high as 85% in other areas. The spendable income of people has dropped dramatically.
The impact on the Nokor Tep Hospital is enormous. Our plans to open up our maternity and surgical units has been put on hold. We needed to close the laboratory temporarily as the cost of the reagents and staff far outstripped our payments for the services. We are currently using another lab until things return to normal. All of the staff are working on half pay as the ability for patients to pay has dropped drastically.
Yet despite the doom and gloom – the hospital continues to serve those in need.
Let me share two stories
(1) Ong Dany:
Ong Dany sits down next to us and starts her story: "Since I've grown old, my health has been getting weaker by the day, and I sometimes have no energy to even walk. I have been chronically ill for 3 to 4 years now, in and out of the hospitals, but with no improvements." This unexplained, growing 'physical weakness' became so prominent in 2019 that she fainted, and due to her brittle bones, she broke the bones in one of her legs with the fall, thereby needing an urgent operation at a well-knownhospital in Phnom Penh City.
I continued to try to find a cure to my 'physical weakness' at that particular hospital, but despite my leg getting better, I was still increasingly physically fatigued. Seeing my deteriorating physical condition, my neighbor introduced me to a new hospital called Nokor Tep Women's Hospital stating that maybe this hospital will be able to help me".
On February 8, 2020 Ong Dany took her chance and came to Nokor Tep Women's Hospital for the first time for a health check-up of her unexplained 'physical weakness'. Our doctors listened to her complaints, did laboratory tests, gave her medicine to try for 3 days and requested her to return to see if the medicine was effective. Three days later, she "actually had returned better and more energetic" so she was given an extended treatment for a month, and a follow-up consultation in six months if all was well. Today, July 29, 2020 was her six-months follow up and she can finally say that she "feels much better – no more chronic pain, no more dizziness, and no more weakness" and is profoundly thankful to Nokor Tep Women's Hospital for taking care of her and solving t
this mysterious physical problem that she carried with her throughout the last few years.
With the Coronavirus taking its toll on the Cambodian people financially – we have opened our doors to all who need us.
(2) Chamreuon Meng:
A couple months ago, we had the visit of Mr. Chamroeun Meng*, limping and bleeding from one of his legs, hand in hand with his wife desperate for help. Chamroeun, aged 41 years old, lives very close to Nokor Tep Women's Hospital and works at a nearby construction site. He had accidentally sawed his leg while cutting wood and had sought treatment from nearby clinics but was refused treatment multiple times due to the severity of the cut and his "perceived inability to pay" he said. By the time he reached us, his wound was deeply infected, filled with shards of wood and his skin was starting to rot with a strong smell. Our team quickly moved him to the Emergency Room and started to work on his wound cleaning and treatment. The wound was so deep and severe that the doctors required Chamroeun to return to the hospital every two days for a wound cleaning and to check the status of the wound. However, two days later, Chamroeun never came back, and on the third day we decided to call him to ask him why he didn't return, to which he replied "I'm sorry, I am thankful to the doctors for their attention but I have no money to return to the hospital".
Due to Chamroeun's lack of financial means and the urgency to keep his wound clean and to avoid a bigger infection which could lead to amputation, Nokor Tep Women's Hospital used the Solidarity Funds ( a specific fund set up to help those in need) to sponsor Chamroeun's medical treatment.
Thanks to the Solidarity Fund, Chamroeun came very diligently every two days for his treatment. Sometimes he slowly limped for 20-30minutes to reach the hospital, and sometimes he managed to get a free motorbike ride from our team members…he truly was lacking financial means.
June 6th 2020, a month or so later, was his last appointment with our doctors, and we were very happy to see that his wound had completely healed. Chamroeun is very grateful to our hospital for not rejecting him, for caring for him and for providing him free medical care when he needed it but couldn't afford it – he stated that he "is profoundly thankful to the doctors for their care and to the donors of the Solidarity Fund" for allowing him to treat and keep his leg.
I and my co-founders are so thankful to our God for being allowed the privilege of serving all who are in need of medical care. I am thankful to each of you, our supporters for your faithfulness to the Cambodia people who are hurting so much. In this difficult time I pray that each of you may find it in your heart to support us yet again. As my staff say – stay well – stay safe. Thank you for being a part of Ong Dany and Chamreouns lives.
Janne Ritskes
Nokor Tep Women's Hospital
Created by DNA Integrated Communications.


text:
La Révolte du beurre est une manifestation survenue à l'Université Harvard en 1766. Ce fut la première manifestation étudiante dans ce qui est maintenant les États-Unis. Elle eut lieu alors que se préparait la Révolution américaine.

Depuis l'ouverture du collège (pas encore université) Harvard en 1636, l'alimentation était un problème. La production de beurre des Treize colonies étant insuffisante pendant l'hiver, elles devaient en importer d'Irlande qui, souvent, se gâtait pendant le transport et devenait immangeable au printemps. L'épisode de 1766 est connu par une satire en parodie de style biblique : lors d'un repas avec du beurre particulièrement rance, Asa Dunbar (grand-père de Henry David Thoreau) alla se plaindre au recteur : . Il fut renvoyé par le recteur puis contraint à faire une déclaration de repentir et dégradé d'une année. Les étudiants se rassemblèrent dans la chapelle de l'université pour organiser une protestation et, le lendemain, boycottèrent la cantine de l'université pour aller manger en ville. Sous la conduite de George Cabot (futur sénateur), ils adressèrent une protestation au gouverneur du Massachussetts. L'université réunit une commission pour examiner le beurre et le trouva, en effet, très mauvais : 6 barriques furent déclarées impropres à la consommation et 4 bonnes uniquement . Cependant, la conduite des étudiants fut regardée par la direction de l'université comme une trahison de la Couronne et 155 d'entre eux durent signer une déclaration de repentir. Malgré ce demi-échec, leur protestation avait été entendue par les autorités, leur montrant que l'union fait la force.

Notes et références

Citations originales

Références

Bibliographie
 Morrison, Samuel Elliot, Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636-1936, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1936 .
 Bethell, John T., Hunt, Richard M., Shenton, Robert, Harvard from A to Z, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2004.
 Buettner, Cynthia K., Parties, Police, and Pandemonium: An exploratory study of mixed-issue campus disturbances, Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, 2004.
 « Butter.» , Time, 23 mars 1925.
 Lepore, Jill, Conférence à l'Université de Harvard pour son cours : « la Liberté et l'Esclavage, l'Histoire d'un Paradoxe Américain. », .
 Poitier, Beth, « L'alpha et l'oméga de la Harvard lore », The Harvard Gazette, juin 2004.
 Wood, Sandy, Kovalchik, Kara, « College protests in America began in the 1960s, right? Not quite. Back up a couple hundred years », Mental Floss, 6 avril 2003.

Beurre
Université Harvard
Treize colonies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia