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Arab–Israeli conflict
(Redirected from Arab-Israeli conflict)
"Arab-Israeli War" redirects here. For other uses, see Arab–Israeli War (disambiguation).
The Arab–Israeli conflict refers to the political tension, military conflicts and disputes between a number of Arab countries and Israel. The roots of the Arab–Israeli conflict are attributed to the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism towards the end of the 19th century. Part of the dispute arises from the conflicting claims to the land. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their ancestral homeland is at the same time regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and currently belonging to the Palestinians,[8] and in the Pan-Islamic context, as Muslim lands.
The key parties in the Arab–Israeli conflict
c. 15 May 1948–ongoing
(71 years, 2 months and 2 days)
Main phase: 1948–1982[2]
Low-level ongoing:
Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty 1979
Oslo Accords 1993
Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty 1994
UNSC 1701 (Israel-Lebanon ceasefire treaty) 2006
Approachment of Israel and Gulf States in light of mutual stance against Iran 2010s
Establishment of Israel and All-Palestine Protectorate (1948); Jordanian annexation of the West Bank;
Dissolution of All-Palestine Government and Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip
Israeli occupation (1967–82) of the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights
Egyptian–Israeli peace and formation of the Israeli Civil Administration (1982)
Oslo Accords and formation of the Palestinian National Authority in areas A, B of the West Bank and Gaza in 1994.
Israel–Jordan peace treaty (1994)
Mahal volunteers (1947–49)
United Kingdom (1956 only)
France (1956 only)
Kataeb Party (1978–82)
Free Lebanon State (1978–84)
South Lebanon Army (1984–2000)
Arab League
Egypt (1948–78)
Jordan (1948–94)
Lebanon (1948–67)
Iraq (1948–2003)
Syria (1948–)
All-Palestine (1948–59)
AHW (1947–49)
Fedayeen (1949–64)
PLO (1964–1993)
Palestinian Authority (2000–05)
Soviet Union (1967–91)[1]
Gaza Strip (2006–) Supported by:
Iran (2006–12)
Commanders and leaders
David Ben-Gurion (1948–63)
Yigael Yadin (1948–52)
Yaakov Dori (1948–49)
Yitzhak Rabin (1948–95)
Ariel Sharon (1948–2005)
Ehud Barak (1948–2013)
Moshe Dayan (1948–79)
Saad Haddad (1978–84)
Antoine Lahad (1984–2000)
Bachir Gemayel (1978–82)
John Bagot Glubb (1948–86)
Habis al-Majali (1948–2001)
Abd al-Q. al-Husayni †
Hasan Salama †
Fawzi Al-Qawuqji (1948–77)
Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi (1948–1979)
Haj Amin Al-Husseini (1948–74)
King Farouk I (1948–65)
Ahmad Ali al-Mwawi (1948–79)
Muhammad Naguib (1948–84)
Saad El Shazly (1948–2011)
Casualties and losses
≈22,570 military deaths[3]
≈1,723 civilian deaths[4] ≈1,050 SLA militiamen deaths[5] 91,105 total Arab deaths[6]
Both sides:
74,000 military deaths
18,000 civilian deaths
(1945–1995)[7]
The sectarian conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs emerged in the early 20th century, peaking into a full-scale civil war in 1947 and transforming into the First Arab–Israeli War in May 1948, following the Israeli Declaration of Independence. Large-scale hostilities mostly ended with the cease-fire agreements after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Peace agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979, resulting in Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and abolishment of the military governance system in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, in favor of Israeli Civil Administration and consequent unilateral annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem.
The nature of the conflict has shifted over the years from the large-scale, regional Arab–Israeli conflict to a more local Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which peaked during the 1982 Lebanon War. With the decline of the First Palestinian Intifada, the interim Oslo Accords led to the creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, within the context of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. The same year Israel and Jordan reached a peace accord. A cease-fire has been largely maintained between Israel and Baathist Syria, as well as with Lebanon since 2006. Despite the peace agreements with Egypt and Jordan, interim peace accords with the Palestinian Authority and the generally existing cease-fire, until mid-2010s the Arab League and Israel had remained at odds with each other over many issues.
Developments in the course of the Syrian Civil War reshuffled the situation near Israel's northern border, putting the Syrian Arab Republic, Hezbollah and the Syrian opposition at odds with each other and complicating their relations with Israel, upon the emerging warfare with Iran. The conflict between Israel and Hamas-ruled Gaza, is also attributed to the Iran–Israel proxy conflict in the region. By 2017, Israel and several Arab Sunni states led by Saudi Arabia, formed a semi-official coalition to confront Iran - a move which some marked as the fading of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Religious aspects of the conflict
Some groups opposed to the peace process invoke religious arguments for their uncompromising positions.[9] The contemporary history of the Arab–Israeli conflict is very much affected by the religious beliefs of the various sides and their views of the idea of the chosen people in their policies with regard to the "Promised Land" and the "Chosen City" of Jerusalem.[10]
The Land of Canaan or Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, promised by God to the Children of Israel. This is also mentioned in the Qur'an.[11] In his 1896 manifesto, The Jewish State, Theodor Herzl repeatedly refers to the Biblical Promised Land concept.[12] Likud is currently the most prominent Israeli political party to include the Biblical claim to the Land of Israel in its platform.[13]
Muslims also claim rights to that land in accordance with the Quran.[14] Contrary to the Jewish claim that this land was promised only to the descendants of Abraham's grandson Jacob (Yisrael),[15] they argue that the Land of Canaan was promised to what they consider the elder son of Abraham, Ishmael, from whom Arabs claim descent.[14][16] Additionally, Muslims also revere many sites holy for Biblical Israelites, such as the Cave of the Patriarchs and the Temple Mount. In the past 1,400 years, Muslims have constructed Islamic landmarks on these ancient Israelite sites, such as the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. This has brought the two groups into conflict over the rightful possession of Jerusalem. Muslim teaching is that Muhammad passed through Jerusalem on his first journey to heaven. Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, claims that all of the land of Palestine (the current Israeli and Palestinian territories) is an Islamic waqf that must be governed by Muslims.[17]
Christian Zionists often support the State of Israel because of the ancestral right of the Jews to the Holy Land, as suggested, for instance, by the apostle Paul in his letter to the Romans, chapter 11, in the Bible. Christian Zionism teaches that the return of Jews in Israel is a prerequisite for the Second Coming of Christ.[18][19]
National movements
The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict lie in the rise of Zionism and the reactionary Arab nationalism that arose in response to Zionism towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their historical homeland is also regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and presently belonging to the Palestinian Arabs. Before World War I, the Middle East, including Palestine (later Mandatory Palestine), had been under the control of the Ottoman Empire for nearly 400 years. During the closing years of their empire, the Ottomans began to espouse their Turkish ethnic identity, asserting the primacy of Turks within the empire, leading to discrimination against the Arabs.[20] The promise of liberation from the Ottomans led many Jews and Arabs to support the allied powers during World War I, leading to the emergence of widespread Arab nationalism. Both Arab nationalism and Zionism had their formulative beginning in Europe. The Zionist Congress was established in Basel in 1897, while the "Arab Club" was established in Paris in 1906.
In the late 19th century European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities began to increasingly immigrate to Palestine and purchase land from the local Ottoman landlords. The population of the late 19th century in Palestine reached 600,000 – mostly Muslim Arabs, but also significant minorities of Jews, Christians, Druze and some Samaritans and Bahai's. At that time, Jerusalem did not extend beyond the walled area and had a population of only a few tens of thousands. Collective farms, known as kibbutzim, were established, as was the first entirely Jewish city in modern times, Tel Aviv.
During 1915–16, as World War I was underway, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, secretly corresponded with Husayn ibn 'Ali, the patriarch of the Hashemite family and Ottoman governor of Mecca and Medina. McMahon convinced Husayn to lead an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was aligned with Germany against Britain and France in the war. McMahon promised that if the Arabs supported Britain in the war, the British government would support the establishment of an independent Arab state under Hashemite rule in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine. The Arab revolt, led by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") and Husayn's son Faysal, was successful in defeating the Ottomans, and Britain took control over much of this area.
Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine
Main article: Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine
First mandate years and the Franco-Syrian war
In 1917, Palestine was conquered by the British forces (including the Jewish Legion). The British government issued the Balfour Declaration, which stated that the government viewed favorably "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" but "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Declaration was issued as a result of the belief of key members of the government, including Prime Minister David Lloyd George, that Jewish support was essential to winning the war; however, the declaration caused great disquiet in the Arab world.[21] After the war, the area came under British rule as the British Mandate of Palestine. The area mandated to the British in 1923 included what is today Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Transjordan eventually was carved into a separate British protectorate – the Emirate of Transjordan, which gained an autonomous status in 1928 and achieved complete independence in 1946 with the approval by the United Nations of the end of the British Mandate.
A major crisis among the Arab nationalists took place with the failed establishment of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in 1920. With the disastrous outcome of the Franco-Syrian War, the self-proclaimed Hashemite kingdom with its capital in Damascus was defeated and the Hashemite ruler took refuge in Mandatory Iraq. The crisis saw the first confrontation of nationalist Arab and Jewish forces, taking place in the Battle of Tel Hai in March 1920, but more importantly the collapse of the pan-Arabist kingdom led to the establishment of the local Palestinian version of Arab nationalism, with the return of Amin al-Husseini from Damascus to Jerusalem in late 1920.
At this point in time Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine continued, while to some opinions a similar, but less documented, immigration also took place in the Arab sector, bringing workers from Syria and other neighbouring areas. Palestinian Arabs saw this rapid influx of Jewish immigrants as a threat to their homeland and their identity as a people. Moreover, Jewish policies of purchasing land and prohibiting the employment of Arabs in Jewish-owned industries and farms greatly angered the Palestinian Arab communities.[22][verification needed] Demonstrations were held as early as 1920, protesting what the Arabs felt were unfair preferences for the Jewish immigrants set forth by the British mandate that governed Palestine at the time. This resentment led to outbreaks of violence later that year, as the al-Husseini incited riots broke out in Jerusalem. Winston Churchill's 1922 White Paper tried to reassure the Arab population, denying that the creation of a Jewish state was the intention of the Balfour Declaration.
In 1929, after a demonstration by Vladimir Jabotinsky's political group Betar at the Western Wall, riots started in Jerusalem and expanded throughout Mandatory Palestine; Arabs murdered 67 Jews in the city of Hebron, in what became known as the Hebron massacre. During the week of the 1929 riots, at least 116 Arabs and 133 Jews[23] were killed and 339 wounded.[24]
A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to protect against rock, glass, and grenade throwing, late 1930s
By 1931, 17 percent of the population of Mandatory Palestine were Jews, an increase of six percent since 1922.[25] Jewish immigration peaked soon after the Nazis came to power in Germany, causing the Jewish population in British Palestine to double.[26]
In the mid-1930s Izz ad-Din al-Qassam arrived from Syria and established the Black Hand, an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organization. He recruited and arranged military training for peasants, and by 1935 he had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. The cells were equipped with bombs and firearms, which they used to kill Jewish settlers in the area, as well as engaging in a campaign of vandalism of Jewish settler plantations.[27] By 1936, escalating tensions led to the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.[28]
In response to Arab pressure,[29] the British Mandate authorities greatly reduced the number of Jewish immigrants to Palestine (see White Paper of 1939 and the SS Exodus). These restrictions remained in place until the end of the mandate, a period which coincided with the Nazi Holocaust and the flight of Jewish refugees from Europe. As a consequence, most Jewish entrants to Mandatory Palestine were considered illegal (see Aliyah Bet), causing further tensions in the region. Following several failed attempts to solve the problem diplomatically, the British asked the newly formed United Nations for help. On 15 May 1947, the General Assembly appointed a committee, the UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states.[30] To make the committee more neutral, none of the Great Powers were represented.[31] After five weeks of in-country study, the Committee reported to the General Assembly on 3 September 1947.[32] The Report contained a majority and a minority plan. The majority proposed a Plan of Partition with Economic Union. The minority proposed The Independent State of Palestine. With only slight modifications, the Plan of Partition with Economic Union was the one the adoption and implementation of which was recommended in resolution 181(II) of 29 November 1947.[33] The Resolution was adopted by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. All six Arab states who were UN-members voted against it. On the ground, Arab and Jewish Palestinians were fighting openly to control strategic positions in the region. Several major atrocities were committed by both sides.[34]
Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
Main article: 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
Boundaries defined in the 1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine:
Area assigned for a Jewish state
Area assigned for an Arab state
Planned Corpus separatum with the intention that Jerusalem would be neither Jewish nor Arab
Armistice Demarcation Lines of 1949 (Green Line):
Israeli controlled territory from 1949
Egyptian and Jordanian controlled territory from 1948 until 1967
In the weeks prior to the end of the Mandate the Haganah launched a number of offensives in which they gained control over all the territory allocated by the UN to the Jewish State, creating a large number of refugees and capturing the towns of Tiberias, Haifa, Safad, Beisan and, in effect, Jaffa.
Early in 1948, the United Kingdom announced its firm intention to terminate its mandate in Palestine on 14 May.[35] In response, U.S. President Harry S. Truman made a statement on 25 March proposing UN trusteeship rather than partition, stating that "unfortunately, it has become clear that the partition plan cannot be carried out at this time by peaceful means. ... unless emergency action is taken, there will be no public authority in Palestine on that date capable of preserving law and order. Violence and bloodshed will descend upon the Holy Land. Large-scale fighting among the people of that country will be the inevitable result."[36]
Main article: History of the Arab–Israeli conflict
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Main article: 1948 Arab–Israeli War
On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum and approved a proclamation that declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. The declaration was made by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization.[37]
There were no mention of the borders of the new state other than that it was in Eretz Israel. An official cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the UN Secretary-General on 15 May 1948 stated publicly that Arab Governments found "themselves compelled to intervene for the sole purpose of restoring peace and security and establishing law and order in Palestine" (Clause 10(e)). Further in Clause 10(e): "The Governments of the Arab States hereby confirm at this stage the view that had been repeatedly declared by them on previous occasions, such as the London Conference and before the United Nations mainly, the only fair and just solution to the problem of Palestine is the creation of United State of Palestine based upon the democratic principles ..."
That day, the armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Iraq invaded what had just ceased to be the British Mandate, marking the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The nascent Israeli Defense Force repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original UNSCOP partition.[38] By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the Jordan River. The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank (controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 713,000[39] Palestinian Arabs fled their original lands to become Palestinian refugees, in part due to a promise from Arab leaders that they would be able to return when the war had been won, and also in part due to attacks on Palestinian villages and towns by Israeli forces and Jewish militant groups.[40] Many Palestinians fled from the areas that are now Israel as a response to massacres of Arab towns by militant Jewish organizations like the Irgun and the Lehi (group) (See Deir Yassin massacre). The War came to an end with the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and each of its Arab neighbours.
The status of Jewish citizens in Arab states worsened during the 1948 Israeli-Arab war. Anti-Jewish riots erupted throughout the Arab World in December 1947, and Jewish communities were hit particularly hard in Aleppo and British-controlled Aden, with hundreds of dead and injured. In Libya, Jews were deprived of citizenship, and in Iraq, their property was seized.[context?][41] Egypt expelled most of its foreign community, including Jews, after the Suez War 1956,[42] while Algeria denied its French citizens, including Jews, of citizenship upon its independence in 1962. Over the course of twenty years, some 850,000 Jews from Arab countries immigrated to Israel and other countries.[43]
As a result of Israel's victory in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, any Arabs caught on the wrong side of the ceasefire line were unable to return to their homes in what became Israel. Likewise, any Jews on the West Bank or in Gaza were exiled from their property and homes to Israel. Today's Palestinian refugees are the descendants of those who left, the responsibility for their exodus being a matter of dispute between the Israeli and the Palestinian side.[44][45]:114 Morris concluded that the "decisive cause" for the abandonment by Palestinian Arabs of their settlements was predominantly related to, or caused by, actions of the Jewish forces (citing actual physical expulsions, military assaults on settlements, fear of being caught up in fighting, the fall of nearby settlements, and propaganda inciting flight), while abandonment due to orders by the Arab leadership was decisive in only six out of the 392 depopulated Arab settlements analysed by him.[45]:xiv-xviii Over 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1952, with approximately 285,000 of them from Arab countries.[46][47]
In 1956, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contravention of the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.[48][49][failed verification] On 26 July 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping.[50] Israel responded on 29 October 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British and French support. During the Suez Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The United States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire.[50][51] Israel agreed to withdraw from Egyptian territory. Egypt agreed to freedom of navigation in the region and the demilitarization of the Sinai. The United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created and deployed to oversee the demilitarization.[52] The UNEF was only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.[53]
Israel completed work on a national water carrier, a huge engineering project designed to transfer Israel's allocation of the Jordan river's waters towards the south of the country in realization of Ben-Gurion's dream of mass Jewish settlement of the Negev desert. The Arabs responded by trying to divert the headwaters of the Jordan, leading to growing conflict between Israel and Syria.[54]
The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) was first established in 1964, under a charter including a commitment to "[t]he liberation of Palestine [which] will destroy the Zionist and imperialist presence..." (PLO Charter, Article 22, 1968).
On 19 May 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[55] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula.[56] It again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[57][58] returning the region to the way it was in 1956 when Israel was blockaded.
On 30 May 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. Egypt mobilized Sinai units, crossing UN lines (after having expelled the UN border monitors) and mobilized and massed on Israel's southern border. On 5 June, Israel launched an attack on Egypt. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) destroyed most of the Egyptian Air Force in a surprise attack, then turned east to destroy the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.[59] This strike was the crucial element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War.[56][58] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Shebaa farms, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.
Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal on 7 October 1973
At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reached consensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's".[60]
In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition, with the goal of exhausting Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula.[61] The war ended following Gamal Abdel Nasser's death in 1970. Once Sadat took over, he tried to forge positive relations with the US, hoping that they would put pressure on Israel to return the land, by expelling 15,000 Russian advisors from Egypt.[62]
On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt staged a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur, the holiest day of the Jewish calendar. The Israeli military were caught off guard and unprepared, and took about three days to fully mobilize.[63][64] This led other Arab states to send troops to reinforce the Egyptians and Syrians. In addition, these Arab countries agreed to enforce an oil embargo on industrial nations including the U.S, Japan and Western European Countries. These OPEC countries increased the price of oil fourfold, and used it as a political weapon to gain support against Israel.[65] The Yom Kippur War accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war, secured a ceasefire on 25 October.[63][64]
Further information: Egypt–Israel relations
Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David
Following the Camp David Accords of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty in March 1979. Under its terms, the Sinai Peninsula returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip remained under Israeli control, to be included in a future Palestinian state. The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways.
Further information: Israel–Jordan relations
In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of hostilities, the fixing of the Israel-Jordan border, and a resolution of other issues. The conflict between them had cost roughly 18.3 billion dollars. Its signing is also closely linked with the efforts to create peace between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representing the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). It was signed at the southern border crossing of Arabah on 26 October 1994 and made Jordan only the second Arab country (after Egypt) to sign a peace accord with Israel.
Further information: Iraq–Israel relations
Israel and Iraq have been implacable foes since 1948. Iraq sent its troops to participate in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and later backed Egypt and Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War and in the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
In June 1981, Israel attacked and destroyed newly built Iraqi nuclear facilities in Operation Opera.
During the Gulf War in 1991, Iraq fired 39 Scud missiles into Israel, in the hopes of uniting the Arab world against the coalition which sought to liberate Kuwait. At the behest of the United States, Israel did not respond to this attack in order to prevent a greater outbreak of war.
Further information: Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Israel–Lebanon relations, and Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
In 1970, following an extended civil war, King Hussein expelled the Palestine Liberation Organization from Jordan. September 1970 is known as the Black September in Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of regrettable events". It was a month when Hashemite King Hussein of Jordan moved to quash the autonomy of Palestinian organisations and restore his monarchy's rule over the country.[66] The violence resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of people, the vast majority Palestinians.[67] Armed conflict lasted until July 1971 with the expulsion of the PLO and thousands of Palestinian fighters to Lebanon. The PLO resettled in Lebanon, from which it staged raids into Israel. In 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani, in which it together with the South Lebanon Army forced the PLO to retreat north of the Litani river. In 1981 another conflict between Israel and the PLO broke out, which ended with a ceasefire agreement that did not solve the core of the conflict. In June 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon. Within two months the PLO agreed to withdraw thence.
In March 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement. However, Syria pressured President Amine Gemayel into nullifying the truce in March 1984. By 1985, Israeli forces withdrew to a 15 km wide southern strip of Lebanon, following which the conflict continued on a lower scale, with relatively low casualties on both sides. In 1993 and 1996, Israel launched major operations against the Shiite militia of Hezbollah, which had become an emergent threat. In May 2000, the newly elected government of Ehud Barak authorized a withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, fulfilling an election promise to do so well ahead of a declared deadline. The hasty withdrawal lead to the immediate collapse of the South Lebanon Army, and many members either got arrested or fled to Israel.
Further information: Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The 1970s were marked by a large number of major, international terrorist attacks, including the Lod Airport massacre and the Munich Olympics Massacre in 1972, and the Entebbe Hostage Taking in 1976, with over 100 Jewish hostages of different nationalities kidnapped and held in Uganda.
In December 1987, the First Intifada began. The First Intifada was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule in the Palestinian territories.[68] The rebellion began in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread throughout Gaza and the West Bank. Palestinian actions ranged from civil disobedience to violence. In addition to general strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti and barricades, Palestinian demonstrations that included stone-throwing by youths against the Israel Defense Forces brought the Intifada international attention. The Israeli army's heavy handed response to the demonstrations, with live ammunition, beatings and mass arrests, brought international condemnation. The PLO, which until then had never been recognised as the leaders of the Palestinian people by Israel, was invited to peace negotiations the following year, after it recognized Israel and renounced terrorism.
Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat at the Oslo Accords signing ceremony on 13 September 1993
In mid-1993, Israeli and Palestinian representatives engaged in peace talks in Oslo, Norway. As a result, in September 1993, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords, known as the Declaration of Principles or Oslo I. In side letters, Israel recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, while the PLO recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounced terrorism, violence and its desire for the destruction of Israel.
The Oslo II agreement was signed in 1995 and detailed the division of the West Bank into Areas A, B, and C. Area A was land under full Palestinian civilian control, and Palestinians were also responsible for internal security. The Oslo agreements remain important documents in Israeli-Palestinian relations.
The Second Intifada forced Israel to rethink its relationship and policies towards the Palestinians. Following a series of suicide bombings and attacks, the Israeli army launched Operation Defensive Shield in March 2002. It was the largest military operation conducted by Israel since the Six-Day War.[69]
As violence between the Israeli army and Palestinian militants intensified, Israel expanded its security apparatus around the West Bank by re-taking many parts of land in Area A. Israel established a complicated system of roadblocks and checkpoints around major Palestinian areas to deter violence and protect Israeli settlements. However, since 2008, the IDF has slowly transferred authority to Palestinian security forces.[70][71][72]
Israel's then prime minister Ariel Sharon began a policy of disengagement from the Gaza Strip in 2003. This policy was fully implemented in August 2005.[73] Sharon's announcement to disengage from Gaza came as a tremendous shock to his critics both on the left and on the right. A year previously, he had commented that the fate of the most far-flung settlements in Gaza, Netzararem and Kfar Darom, was regarded in the same light as that of Tel Aviv.[74] The formal announcements to evacuate seventeen Gaza settlements and another four in the West Bank in February 2004 represented the first reversal for the settler movement since 1968. It divided his party. It was strongly supported by Trade and Industry Minister Ehud Olmert and Tzipi Livni, the Minister for Immigration and Absorption, but Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom and Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu strongly condemned it. It was also uncertain whether this was simply the beginning of further evacuation.[75]
Shift to Iranian conflict (2006–present)
Further information: Iran-Israel proxy conflict
In June 2006, Hamas militants infiltrated an army post near the Israeli side of the Gaza Strip and abducted Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. Two IDF soldiers were killed in the attack, while Shalit was wounded after his tank was hit with an RPG. Three days later Israel launched Operation Summer Rains to secure the release of Shalit.[76] He was held hostage by Hamas, who barred the International Red Cross from seeing him, until 18 October 2011, when he was exchanged for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.[77][78]
In July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed eight Israeli soldiers, and abducted two others as hostages, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War which caused much destruction in Lebanon.[79] A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006, officially ending the conflict.[80] The conflict killed over a thousand Lebanese and over 150 Israelis,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87] severely damaged Lebanese civil infrastructure, and displaced approximately one million Lebanese[88] and 300,000–500,000 Israelis, although most were able to return to their homes.[89][90][91] After the ceasefire, some parts of Southern Lebanon remained uninhabitable due to Israeli unexploded cluster bomblets.[92]
In the aftermath of the Battle of Gaza, where Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip in a violent civil war with rival Fatah, Israel placed restrictions on its border with Gaza and ended economic cooperation with the Palestinian leadership based there. Israel and Egypt have imposed a blockade of the Gaza Strip since 2007. Israel maintains the blockade is necessary to limit Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza and to prevent Hamas from smuggling advanced rockets and weapons capable of hitting its cities.[93]
On 6 September 2007, in Operation Orchard, Israel bombed an eastern Syrian complex which was allegedly a nuclear reactor being built with assistance from North Korea.[94] Israel had also bombed Syria in 2003.
In April 2008, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. This was confirmed in May 2008 by a spokesman for Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as a peace treaty, the future of the Golan Heights is being discussed. President Assad said "there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office."[95]
Speaking in Jerusalem on 26 August 2008, then United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice criticized Israel's increased settlement construction in the West Bank as detrimental to the peace process. Rice's comments came amid reports that Israeli construction in the disputed territory had increased by a factor of 1.8 over 2007 levels.[96]
A fragile six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on 19 December 2008;[97] attempts at extending the truce failed amid accusations of breaches from both sides.[98][99][100][101] Following the expiration, Israel launched a raid on a tunnel suspected of being used to kidnap Israeli soldiers, which killed several Hamas fighters.[102] Following this, Hamas resumed rocket and mortar attacks on Israeli cities, most notably firing over 60 rockets on 24 December. On 27 December 2008, Israel launched Operation Cast Lead against Hamas. Numerous human rights organizations accused Israel and Hamas of committing war crimes.[103]
In 2009 Israel placed a 10-month settlement freeze on the West Bank. Then United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton praised the freeze as an "unprecedented" gesture that could "help revive Middle East talks."[104][105]
A raid was carried out by Israeli naval forces on six ships of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla in May 2010[106] after the ships refused to dock at Port Ashdod. On the MV Mavi Marmara, activists clashed with the Israeli boarding party. During the fighting, nine activists were killed by Israeli special forces. Widespread international condemnation of and reaction to the raid followed, Israel–Turkey relations were strained, and Israel subsequently eased its blockade on the Gaza Strip.[107][108][109][110] Several dozen other passengers and seven Israeli soldiers were injured,[108] with some of the commandos suffering from gunshot wounds.[111][112]
Following the latest round of peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, 13 Palestinian militant movements led by Hamas initiated a terror campaign designed to derail and disrupt the negotiations.[113] Attacks on Israelis have increased since August 2010, after 4 Israeli civilians were killed by Hamas militants. Palestinian militants have increased the frequency of rocket attacks aimed at Israelis. On 2 August, Hamas militants launched seven Katyusha rockets at Eilat and Aqaba, killing one Jordanian civilian and wounding 4 others.[114]
Recognition of both Israel and Palestinian State
Recognition of Palestinian State only
Intermittent fighting continued since then, including 680 rocket attacks on Israel in 2011.[115] On 14 November 2012, Israel killed Ahmed Jabari, a leader of Hamas's military wing, launching Operation Pillar of Cloud.[116] Hamas and Israel agreed to an Egyptian-mediated ceasefire on 21 November.[117]
The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights said that 158 Palestinians were killed during the operation, of which: 102 were civilians, 55 were militants and one was a policeman; 30 were children and 13 were women.[118][119] B'Tselem stated that according to its initial findings, which covered only the period between 14 and 19 November 102 Palestinians were killed in the Gaza Strip, 40 of them civilians. According to Israeli figures, 120 combatants and 57 civilians were killed.[120] International outcry ensued, with many criticizing Israel for what much of the international community perceived as a disproportionately violent response.[121] Protests took place on hundreds of college campuses across the U.S., and in front of the Israeli consulate in New York.[122] Additional protests took place throughout the Middle East, throughout Europe, and in parts of South America.[122] However, the governments of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Netherlands expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself, and/or condemned the Hamas rocket attacks on Israel.[123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133]
Following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas, Israel started an operation in the Gaza Strip on 8 July 2014.[134]
Israel's military role in the Syrian Civil War has been limited to missile strikes,[135][136] which until 2017 were not officially acknowledged. While the Israeli official position is neutrality in the conflict, Israel is opposed to Iran's presence in Syria. Israel has provided humanitarian aid to Syrian war victims, an effort that was drastically geared up since June 2016 when the Operation Good Neighbour was launched by the Israeli military. There are many different national interests playing a role in the war. One of them is Iran, which Israel is concerned could gain too much regional influence. Iranian proxies such as Hezbollah are suspected of carrying out attacks against Israeli positions on the borders to Syria and Lebanon, and Israel is suspected of carrying out air strikes against convoys transporting weapons to such organisations.
On 9 December 2017, US president Donald Trump announced the United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, prompting condemnation by other world leaders as well as the 2018 Gaza border protests. The new United States Embassy opened in Jerusalem on 14 May 2018.
Notable wars and violent events
Death Toll[6]
1948–1949 First Arab–Israeli War 6,373 Israelis
10,000 Arabs Israeli victory, independence confirmed
1951–1955 Reprisal operations 967 Israelis
5,000 Arabs Israeli victory
1956 Suez War 231 Israelis
3,000 Arabs Israeli military victory, Egyptian political victory
Israeli occupation of Sinai until March 1957
1967 The Six-Day War 776 Israelis
18,300 Arabs Israeli victory
Israel captures and occupies the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria
1967–1970 War of Attrition 1,424 Israelis
5,000 Arabs Israeli victory, continued Israeli control of Sinai
1971–1982 Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon Israeli victory
1973 Yom Kippur War 2,688 Israelis
19,000 Arabs Israeli victory, Arab offensives repulsed
Camp David Accords followed by Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty; Israel returns Sinai Peninsula in exchange for mutual recognition
1978 First South Lebanon conflict Israeli victory, PLO expelled from southern Lebanon
1982 First Lebanon War 1,216 Israelis
20,825 Arabs Israeli tactical victory but strategic failure
Syrian political advantage
PLO expelled from Lebanon
1985–2000 Second South Lebanon conflict Hezbollah victory
Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon
1987–1993 First Intifada 200 Israelis
1,162 Arabs Israeli victory, uprising suppressed
2000–2004 Second Intifada 1,100 Israelis
2006 Operation Summer Rains Israeli victory, end of Hamas rocket fire into Israel until May 2007
Second Lebanon War 164 Israelis
1,954 Arabs Stalemate, both sides claim victory
2008–2009 Gaza War 14 Israelis
2012 Operation Pillar of Defense 6 Israelis
158 Arabs Both sides claim victory
2014 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict 73 Israelis
2,100 Arabs Both sides claim victory
2012-2019 Israeli airstrikes in Syria 1 Israeli
400-800 Arabs[137] Ongoing Israeli strikes on Hezbollah, Iranian, and Syrian targets
Cost of conflict
See also: Arab League boycott of Israel
A report by Strategic Foresight Group has estimated the opportunity cost of conflict for the Middle East from 1991–2010 at $12 trillion. The report's opportunity cost calculates the peace GDP of countries in the Middle East by comparing the current GDP to the potential GDP in times of peace. Israel's share is almost $1 trillion, with Iraq and Saudi Arabia having approximately $2.2 and $4.5 trillion, respectively. In other words, had there been peace and cooperation between Israel and Arab League nations since 1991, the average Israeli citizen would be earning over $44,000 instead of $23,000 in 2010.[138]
In terms of the human cost, it is estimated that the conflict has taken 92,000 lives (74,000 military and 18,000 civilian from 1945 to 1995).[7]
One-state solution
International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict
Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Foreign relations of Israel
Israel–European Union relations
Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
Policide
Israel–Turkey relations
Jewish-Islamic conflict in the days of Muhammad
Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator
Civil defense in Israel
List of wars involving Israel
Israeli casualties of war
Palestinian casualties of war
Palestinian political violence
Zionist political violence
List of wars by death toll
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^ "Foreign Secretary statement on Gaza and southern Israel". UK: Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
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^ Hall, Bianca (16 November 2012). "Gillard condemns attacks on Israel" (Press release). Australia. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
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^ "Foreign minister Nikolay Mladenov commenting on the situation in southern Israel and the Gaza Strip". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria). 15 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
^ "Canada Condemns Hamas and Stands with Israel" (Press release). Canada: Foreign Affairs and International Trade. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ Statement of MFA on Israel and the Gaza Strip, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 15 November 2012 Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ Timmermans condemns rocket attacks on Israel from Gaza, Government of the Netherlands 13 November 2012
^ "Russia condemns 'disproportionate' strikes on Gaza". The Daily Star. Lebanon. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
^ "Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises". The New York Times. 8 July 2014.
^ "IDF official said to confirm attack in Syria: 'First strike on Iranian targets'".
^ "U.S. officials confirm Israel launched pre-dawn airstrike on Syria".
^ See main page for list of incidents and references.
^ "Cost of Conflict in the Middle East, Strategic Foresight Group" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2009.
See also: Bibliography of the Arab–Israeli conflict
Associated Press, comp. (1996). Lightning Out of Israel: [The Six-Day War in the Middle East]: The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Commemorative Ed. Western Printing and Lithographing Company for the Associated Press. ASIN B000BGT89M.
Bard, Mitchell (1999). Middle East Conflict. Indianapolis: Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-863261-3.
Barzilai, Gad (1996). Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2944-X
Brown, Wesley H. & Peter F. Penner (ed.): Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Neufeld Verlag, Schwarzenfeld 2008. ISBN 978-3-937896-57-1.
Carter, Jimmy (2006). Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-8502-6.
Casper, Lionel L. (2003). Rape of Palestine and the Struggle for Jerusalem. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-297-4.
Citron, Sabina (2006). The Indictment: The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Historical Perspective. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-373-3.
Cramer, Richard Ben (2004). How Israel Lost: The Four Questions. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5028-1.
Dershowitz, Alan (2004). The Case for Israel. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-67952-6.
Falk, Avner (2004). Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Madison: U of Wisconsin P. ISBN 0-299-20250-X
Gelvin, James L. (2005). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: 100 Years of War. New York & Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge UP. ISBN 0-521-61804-5.
Gold, Dore (2004). Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos. New York: Crown Forum. ISBN 1-4000-5475-3.
Finkelstein, Norman G. (2003). Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict. Verso Books. ISBN 1-85984-442-1.
Goldenberg, Doron (2003). State of Siege. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-310-5.
Gopin, Marc. (2002). Holy War, Holy Peace: How Religion Can Bring Peace to the Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514650-6.
Hamidullah, Muhammad (January 1986). "Relations of Muslims with non-Muslims". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 7 (1): 9. doi:10.1080/13602008608715960.
Howell, Mark (2007). What Did We Do to Deserve This? Palestinian Life under Occupation in the West Bank, Garnet Publishing. ISBN 1-85964-195-4
Israeli, Raphael (2002). Dangers of a Palestinian State. New York & Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-303-2.
Katz, Shmuel (1973). Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine. Shapolsky Pub. ISBN 0-933503-03-2.
Khouri, Fred J. (1985). The Arab-Israeli Dilemma (3rd ed.). Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2339-9.
Lewis, Bernard (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP. ISBN 0-691-05419-3.
Lesch, David (2007). The Arab-Israeli Conflict A History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-517230-2.
–––. (September 1990). "The Roots of Muslim Rage." The Atlantic Monthly.
Maoz, Zeev (2006). Defending the Holy Land. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 0-472-11540-5
Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-521-00967-7.
Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-679-42120-3.
Morris, Benny (2009). 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1
Reiter, Yitzhak (2009). National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel (Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution), Syracuse University Press (Sd). ISBN 978-0-8156-3230-6
Rogan, Eugene L., ed., and Avi Shlaim, ed. (2001). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-79476-3.
Segev, Tom (1999). One Palestine Complete: Jews and Arabs Under British Mandate. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-6587-3.
Arab–Israeli conflictat Wikipedia's sister projects
Government and official sources
Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000
The Arab-Israeli Wars, by Netanel Lorch
Palestinian Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs
United Nations on the Question of Palestine
Arab-Israeli Conflict from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Regional media
Israel News – Yedioth Aharonoth Israel's largest newspaper, centrist (Hebrew)
Jerusalem Post, Israel's oldest English newspaper, conservative
Ha'aretz Israeli newspaper, liberal
Jerusalem Newswire Christian-run Jerusalem-based news website, conservative
Lebanon Daily Star, largest English-circulation newspaper in the Arab world
Al Ahram, Egypt's largest newspaper (see also Al Ahram)
Palestine Chronicle, weekly electronic paper
Think tanks and strategic analysis
Dean Peter Krogh Examines Prospects for Peace from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
NGO Monitor, NGO watchdog group, highlighting perceived instances of anti-Israeli NGO bias
Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA), Palestinian research organization
Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information Joint Israeli-Palestinian think tank
Middle East Research and Information Project (see also Middle East Research and Information Project)
Saban Center for Middle East Policy (see also Saban Center for Middle East Policy)
Washington Institute for Near East Policy (see also Washington Institute for Near East Policy)
Original analysis of current developments in the peace-process, from Middle East Media Research Institute
The Ariel Center for Policy Research
A Regional Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Jay Shapiro
Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies
Peace proposals
Main article: List of Middle East peace proposals
A historical summary of Middle East Peace Plans and Proposals
MideastWeb Middle East Map Collection
FactsOfIsrael.com Maps, history, statistics, victims
University of Texas Map Collection
Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from the Council on Foreign Relations
The State of Israel The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Daily digest of commentary about the Arab-Israeli conflict from around the world
Israel and the Palestinians
Encarta Encyclopedia on the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Archived 2009-10-31)
Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict, includes links to historical sources, as well as sources representing the Arab and Israeli sides of the conflict.
The Guardian (UK) A Brief History of Arab-Israeli Conflict (flash)
Israel-Palestine Conflict at Curlie
Diplomacy Monitor – Middle East
Information (articles, reports, maps, books, links, ...) on the israeli palestinian conflict (middle east conflict)
Holy Land, Unholy War Independent coverage of the Middle East conflicts by the news agency Inter Press Service
"A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict" by Jeremy Pressman
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab–Israeli_conflict&oldid=904532195"


After completing my internship at Nova, I have been given the unique opportunity to be the first person to go through Nova's "Tomorrow's HR Talent" Apprenticeship.
And as a young HR professional about to kick-start my career, I love that every day I am given the chance to make a positive impact in someone's life, whether through scheduling interviews or fostering our young talent through careers advice. My in-office experiences and training are what help me grow as a professional!


Home / General / Is it Time to Get Your Favorite Four-Legged Friend?
Is it Time to Get Your Favorite Four-Legged Friend?
The decision to have a dog as a pet is a significant one. As with any life style modification, you should give a lot of thought to whether a dog is right for you. Radha Singh, who has a dog, firmly believes that before bringing your new pet home, there are things you should consider.
Dogs need exercise and attention to be happy. Play time, daily walks and grooming are some of the things your dog requires to be healthy. Inactive dogs have a diminutive life span on average than active ones. They also need to spend time with their humans, so if you are somebody who voyages often does not get a dog.
According to Radha Singh, dogs are a lifetime commitment, not only their lifespan, but yours as well. Before you adopt, by taking your present and future situations into considerations, you can make the correct decision before you bring your new friend home for good.


text:
Q: Can a scatter plot be used for identifying the interaction terms for multiple linear regression model? I know we can deduce a correlation using scatterplot between the variables. But can it help in identify interaction terms in multiple regression?

A: There are many manual ways of doing it, but I can show you two convenient libraries/functions that may be up your alley. They come from the visreg and sjPlot libraries. First, we can load the libraries and fit a regression model with R's iris dataset.
#### Library ####
library(visreg)
library(sjPlot)

#### Fit Model ####
fit <- lm(Petal.Length ~ Petal.Width*Sepal.Width,
          iris)

To plot with visreg, you just specify the fit, the variable of interest, and a "by" argument to split the values of Petal.Width up by different values of Sepal.Width. I switched it here to gg=T to make it a ggplot2 object:
#### Visualize with Visreg ####
visreg(fit,
       "Petal.Width",
       by = "Sepal.Width",
       gg=T)

Here I use plot_model by specifying I wan't an interaction with "int" and split the values of the interaction by their mean and SD.
#### Visualize with Plot_Model ####
plot_model(fit,
           type = "int",
           mdrt.values = "meansd")

You can see from all of these plots that the interaction between predictors isn't very strong, as the line of fit doesn't vary by much. To visualize a more meaningful change, we can fit the following regression with the mtcars data. I have also added in data points this time with show.data to get a scatterplot:
#### More Varied Regression ####
fit2 <- lm(mpg ~ hp*disp,
           mtcars)
plot_model(fit2,
           type="int",
           mdrt.values = "meansd",
           show.data = T,
           axis.title = c("Horsepower","Miles per Gallon"),
           colors = c("black","steelblue","darkblue"),
           title = "Interaction Between Horsepower and Miles per Gallon on MPG")

Here we can see engine displacement really changes how much horsepower affects miles per gallon for cars.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A literal breath of fresh air, outside of the Woodmere Art Museum I experience three site-based vignettes performed tenderly by Maddie Hopfield*, Jung Woong Kim, and Michele Tantoco. Each encounter is guided by an element: earth, water, and metal—textures to activate our environment in the sensual Ground Works by Leah Stein Dance Company.
Our first meeting is along a short hill. Looking up, I see Hopfield arriving with gentle swings and curving of her hips and wrists, as if learning how her muscles work for the first time. A stick and a round slice of a tree truck become dance partners. I notice a falling leaf and the bright grass against the dreary sky. Kim triumphantly holds a large metal circle over his head like a picture frame. The circle outlines the green trees in the distance behind him. Things are calm. It is a gentle introduction landing me wholly in our natural site.
As an audience we mosey to the second location.
It is the billowing sculpture and fountain of Free Interpretation of Plant Forms by Harry Bertoia. Dramatically curling up and down like bent flower petals the three dancers spelunk underneath the sculpture exploring this small crevice. Each dancer has a distinctive relationship with this artwork. Hopfield, secured at its base, stretches herself long, pulling and holding the shapely detail of the trunk. Tantoco circulates at the edges as if measuring its diameter and stability. Kim seems overwhelmed by the sculpture's power crawling helplessly through the tiny waterfalls and gravel. I crouch low in my seat to try to see more, but the waves of the fountain block my vision. Kim is in a long lunge, yet in only seeing his legs I am drawn to his toes and right foot directly underneath the dripping water. The foot's angle aligned with the flowing form of the artwork feel like a release and makes me wish I had taken a picture.
Our final spot is an enormous copper-colored metal sculpture that looks like a collection of found objects (Spring & Triangle by Dina Wind). Its various hollow shapes allow the dancers to hang, climb, and pass through the sculpture itself. They thrust their arms against the metal generating a playful reverberation. We are invited to get up close as the performers moan into one of the giant tubes. Bassoonist Chuck Holdeman plays in another metal hollow. With my ear in the structure, the bellow is surprisingly booming and the moaning sounds like a matching of tone with the instrument. These similarities draw me to reflect on each dancer's individuality, the unique run or droop of their agile interaction with the sculpture.
Leah Stein has created a space for potential— allowing audience members to fashion their own associations with this movement and this site. It is curious and warm and well worth the drive into nature.
Ground Works,Leah Stein Dance, Woodmere Art Museum, Sept 13 – 16.
* Maddie Hopfield is a current thINKingDANCE writer.
than physical walls, but also the perception of the senses, scaled through memory.


It's time to get comfy while meditating!
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The Skill Based Title System allows Titles to be rewarded based on a multitude of requirements. There are many options for each requirement, and multiple requirements are possible for a single Title. Some Titles require the character to own a horse, for example, while other may require owning a ship, or having a certain amount of gold in the bank.
Additional Titles are broken into different categories based on their general requirements. For example, Titles in the the "Survival" category all involve Survival Skills as their main requirement, but some may have additional requirements outside the Survival Skillset.
For more information, to ask questions, or to discuss the new system, please visit the Titles Topic in the Play.net Forums.


text:
All McDonald's nuggets are not created equal.
U.S. McNuggets not only contain more calories and fat than their British counterparts, but also chemicals not found across the Atlantic.
CNN investigated the differences after receiving a blog comment asking about them.
American McNuggets (190 calories, 12 grams of fat, 2 grams of saturated fat for 4 pieces) contain the chemical preservative tBHQ, tertiary butylhydroquinone, a petroleum-based product. They also contain dimethylpolysiloxane, "an anti-foaming agent" also used in Silly Putty.
By contrast, British McNuggets (170 calories, 9 grams of fat, 1 gram of saturated fat for 4 pieces) lists neither chemical among its ingredients.
"I would certainly choose the British nuggets over the American" says Ruth Winter, author of "A Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives."
McDonald's says the differences are based on the local tastes: In the United States, McNuggets are coated and then cooked, in the United Kingdom, they are cooked and then coated. As a result, the British McNuggets absorb less oil and have less fat.
"You would find that if you looked at any of our core food items. You'd see little, regional differences," says Lisa McComb, who handles global media relations for McDonald's, which has more than 32,000 restaurants in 117 countries. "We do taste testing of all our food items on an ongoing basis."
One apparent difference is only a matter of labeling, according to McComb. U.K. McNuggets list ground celery and pepper, which are labeled simply as "spices" in the United States, she says.
Marion Nestle, a New York University professor and author of "What to Eat," says the tertiary butylhydroquinone and dimethylpolysiloxane in the McNuggets probably pose no health risks. As a general rule, though, she advocates not eating any food with an ingredient you can't pronounce.
Dimethylpolysiloxane is used as a matter of safety to keep the oil from foaming, McComb says. The chemical is a form of silicone also used in cosmetics and Silly Putty. A review of animal studies by The World Health Organization found no adverse health effects associated with dimethylpolysiloxane.
TBHQ is a preservative for vegetable oils and animal fats, limited to .02 percent of the oil in the nugget. One gram (one-thirtieth of an ounce) can cause "nausea, vomiting, ringing in the ears, delirium, a sense of suffocation, and collapse," according to "A Consumer's Dictionary of Food Additives."
In 2003, McDonald's launched smaller, all-white-meat McNuggets after a federal judge dubbed the food "a McFrankenstein creation of various elements not utilized by the home cook." Among the ingredients that remained in the new McNuggets: tBHQ and dimethylpolysiloxane.
Christopher Kimball, the founder and publisher of Cook's Illustrated magazine and host of the syndicated cooking show America's Test Kitchen, says he suspects these chemicals are required for the nuggets to hold their shape and texture after being extruded into nugget-shaped molds.
"The regulations in Europe, in general, around food are much stricter than the U.S.," Kimball says. http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/25/a-tale-of-2-nuggets

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Are you in need of an urgent care facility that's committed to a family-friendly atmosphere with services geared toward your personal health and well-being? Then Superior Urgent Care in Keller, TX, is the facility for you. This veteran-owned and operated medical clinic provides treatment for individuals, families, and employers of all walks of life. With a former Air Force Flight Surgeon as the medical director, you're receiving premium healthcare with the highest level of personalized care.
Staff members and physicians at this urgent care facility are committed to offering the best medical care possible for adults and children. Illnesses like colds, allergies, urinary infections, and fractures are just a few ailments their physicians are able to treat. They also offer testing for pregnancies, allergies, sexually transmitted diseases, strep throat, flu, and much more. They also offer onsite digital x-rays and sports physicals.
Are you an employer and need to test potential or current employees for drug use? They also offer drug screens for both DOT and post-accidental testing, audio screening, and visual acuity testing.
Regardless of your situation, their doctors will handle your situation with care, compassion, and excellence. Committed to helping patients feel better and improve their overall health, they take the time to go over all the details and answer any questions you may have. As long as your ailments don't require serious intervention or surgery, their experts will have you in and out in no time.
When you need immediate and convenient medical care, visit Superior Urgent Care. To speak with a physician, call (817) 576-4050 today. You can also like them on Facebook or visit them online for a comprehensive list of the illnesses and injuries they treat.
What Is a DOT Physical & Who Needs It?
What Does a DOT Physical Entail?
What Happens at a Doctor's Office Sports Physical?
Why Do I Need to Seek Treatment for the Flu?
Who Is Covered Under Workers' Comp in Texas?


text:
Q: Use token from Google Cloud Platform without verification and warnings we have some authorization issues while access sensitive scopes with private Google user data using tokens from Google Cloud Platform credential service.
Verification
Our applications is a self-developed web-service which provides data-gathering functionality for our accounts. After data collection all data is placed in the aggregated form into our database for future analysis. All accounts which will be used with this application are inner accounts of our advertising agency or delegated to us by our clients. No external user accounts will use our developed app.
In order to pass the verification process we have to provide Youtube link with the demonstration of how our web-service works with user data, however data gathering web-service does not have visual interface.
What will you recommend to with this case? Maybe there is no need to pass full verification in case of using only own accounts?


text:
How Post-Brexit Currency Fluctuations Could Affect U.S. ADR Holders
By Cory RenauerFool.com
Following last week's Brexit vote, the British pound suffered one of its biggest single-day drops in history and was at a 30-year low against the dollar at the time of writing. With some economists suggesting that the pound could fall to parity with the dollar, U.S. investors holding American depository receipts (ADRs) for British companies are right to wonder how post-Brexit currency fluctuations might affect their returns, and dividends, going forward.
ADRs are certificates issued by banks that represent shares in foreign stocks. This makes it easy for Americans to invest in foreign companies. At the same time, however, because ADRs are denominated in dollars while the underlying stock is denominated in a foreign currency, they expose the owners of the certificates to exchange-rate risk. If the foreign currency falls in value relative to the dollar, so too will the ADR.
This doesn't bode well for owners of ADRs right now, given the strength of the dollar. To this end, Wall Street treated British drugmakersGlaxoSmithKline andAstraZeneca similarlyon post-Brexit Friday, with losses of 4% and 5%, respectively.Let's take a look at differences between the companies, and try to gauge how currency fluctuations might impact their ADRs in the quarters ahead.
Sterling results
GlaxoSmithKline records its results in pounds. During the three months ended in March, Glaxo recorded $1.96 billion in U.S. pharmaceutical sales, which it reported as 1.37 billion pounds to British shareholders.
Suppose sterling remains at Monday's exchange rate of $1.32 to the pound. If Glaxo's U.S. pharmaceutical sales were otherwise flat in the second quarter compared to the first quarter,the company will nevertheless report a sequentialincrease in its pound-denominated revenue -- this assumes that the proceeds from the sales weren't converted from dollars to pounds before the latter's fall.
Image source: GlaxoSmithKline.
U.S. investors holding Glaxo ADRshave less to look forward to. If first-quarter profits remain flat in the second quarter at 0.058 pounds per share, ADR holders will see their slice fall 7.2% from $0.083 per share to $0.077 per share, or $0.154 per ADR.
They would also see the annual dividend of 0.80 pounds paid last year, which management expects to freeze at that level through 2017, fall as well. This means 100 Glaxo ADRs that paid $234.81 last year, after the $0.02 per ADR dividend fee and excluding the special dividend, would fall to just $209.20 if the exchange rate remains at its present level.
Beyond the dividend however, there are benefits that come with a depressed currency. For example, Glaxo's low-margin consumer healthcare products manufactured in the U.K. will become less expensive in foreign markets, and possibly lead to increased sales.
Penny wise?
Unlike Glaxo, AstraZeneca records its sales in U.S. dollars.Although the greenback's steady rise over the past couple of years has been a thorn in Astra's side, it's working out in the company's favor at present.
During the first quarter, Astra recorded $6.11 billion in total revenue. That was a 1% increase in sales over the same period in the previous year but would have resulted in a 5% gain at constant exchange rates. On the bottom line, the company reported earnings of $0.51 per share, or a rise of 17% over Q1 2015, that would have been 26% excluding the negative effects of the dollar rising against other currencies.
Before you get too excited, reported earnings are much higher than core earnings because of recent recognition of over $1 billion of external revenue from entering collaborations withCelgene and other companies.Astra is guiding revenue andcore earnings to decline at low to mid-single digits this year because of restructuring costs and loss of exclusivity in May for Crestor, a drug responsible for $1.16 billion of first-quarter sales, or about 19% of revenue for the period.
Image source: AstraZeneca.
While the euro's slight drop against the dollar won't help Astra's bottom line, the depreciating pound might cause the company to revise its core earnings guidance upwards. A great deal of the company's operating costs originate in the U.K., which means a falling pound should lower expenses, and increase profits.
Astra included a sensitivity analysis related to major currencies in its first-quarter reportthat predicted a 5% drop in the pound against the dollar, based on exchange rates since the end of March, would result in a $96 million increase in core operating profit. As of today, the pound has fallen 8.8% against the dollar since the end of March.
With core operating profit in the first quarter of $1.59 billion, lowered operating expense because of a falling pound won't completely remedy impending losses, but it could help.
As for the distribution, Astra hasn't announced its twice-annual dividend yet, but ADR shareholders will probably fare better than they would have if more members of the "Remain" camp had turned out to vote.
If you're holding Glaxo, Astra, or another British company's ADRs, now's a good time to look at what currency they report in.
US Dollar to British Pound Exchange Rate data by YCharts
As you can see from these two, it's about to make a significant difference, at least in the near term. Something that Wall Street took a few days to work out. Astra's ADRs have risen above their pre-Brexit price as of Wednesday's close, while Glaxo's have remained somewhat flat.
Looking further ahead, however there are so many pluses and minuses associated with currency fluctuations that it's nearly impossible to forecast how they'll all wash out in the end. Before changing positions in these ADRs consider their products and pipelines, before their currencies.
The article How Post-Brexit Currency Fluctuations Could Affect U.S. ADR Holders originally appeared on Fool.com.
Cory Renauer has no position in any stocks mentioned. You can follow Cory on Twitter @TMFang4apples or connect with him on LinkedIn for more healthcare industry insight. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Apollo 13 monument to be unveiled in April


Cactus Republic are fighting the good fight with their authentic Cal-Mex style cuisine, meaning you reap the benefits of their preservative-free, locally sourced, and fresh ingredients prepared on site. There's no pre-prepped or frozen food to be had here, just all-Mexican goodness whipped up before your very eyes.
Quell your cravings with soft or crispy tacos, lightly roasted burritos (with handmade guac) or get your hands on their "Gringo Specials" with nachos, fries, and wings. Top it off with a Mexicana dessert, also known as the chocolate nachos, dubbed a dessert revolution in itself!


IEEE Xplore is a digital library providing access to the world's highest quality technical literature in electrical engineering, computer science, electronics, and related disciplines.
IEEE Xplore contains full-text documents from IEEE journals, magazines, conference proceedings, and standards, in addition to books and educational courses. IEEE Xplore also includes content from its publishing partners.


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The Y will use its best efforts to never disclose any PII about you to any third party for purposes unrelated to the YMCA without having received your permission except as provided for herein or otherwise as permitted or required under applicable law.
We do not rent or sell PII, including information provided about children, to third parties. The Y may share PII with trusted service providers, such as payment processors, technology partners or other providers that need access to your information to provide operational or other support services while you are a YMCA member or program participant. In certain circumstances, we may also share information with select similar nonprofit organizations that may offer activities of interest to you.
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where previous critics had not thought to go.
>understand Herbert if one isn't Jewish!
>writing, and teaching -- education, as Richard says.
>Thank you, Daniel. But think also of the work of Fish, Lieb, Chana Bloch, etc.
>others should be one of the major things that education is all about.


A winner of SJDA 2011, Miss Anya Almira just graduated from Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts and is currently looking for a job in Singapore. She said, 'This competition has given me more confidence as my design has been accepted by the judges.' She added that her design is a representation of herself; it expresses her character of being cheerful and playful. Her advice to budding designers is to appreciate custom made jewellery or contemporary pieces, it will help them grow in their design knowledge.
A winner of SJDA 2011, Miss Lam Hoi Kiu just graduated from Hong Kong IVC (Lee Wai Lee). She became interested in jewellery design after reading some jewellery related magazines. Her inspiration for her winning design came from a caterpillar cocoon turning into a butterfly. She thinks that Hong Kong students need to increase their CAD knowledge. Singapore students use CAD in their designs, and their designs were better presented in the competition. Hong Kong students relied more on hand drawn designs which tend to lose out to CAD designed jewellery; CAD can make your designs look more 3D and are more accurate. She added that she likes designs that are eye-catching, and her favourite jewellery pieces are from Dior; they use gems stones tactfully, enhancing the beauty of their jewellery pieces.
Mr Ho Nai Chuen, is the President of Singapore Jewellers Association. He is also the Managing Director for On Cheong Jewellery, and On Cheong the manufacturing sponsor for SJDA 2011 and SJDA 2012.
Q: Singapore Jewellery Design Award (SJDA) has been running for 7 years, what has changed over the years?
Mr Ho: Singapore Jewellers Association (SJA) took over this design competition from Rotary Club of Singapore East about 4 years ago. After a few rounds of discussions with the then-president of Rotary Club East, we found it very relevant to the Association, especially promoting local talents and putting our students in the international arena.
To enhance the level of awareness of SJDA, we came up with an idea to invite students from the designs schools in the region to participate in this competition using the internet platform.
In the past, there were feedbacks from students who conveyed that they had incurred expensive postage charges, and this had deterred them from participating in our competition. From 2011 onwards, aspiring designers can submit their entries online, and the first round of judging can also be done online. Our panel of judges need not to be physically present till the final round.
I believe that using an internet platform, we can grow SJDA and encourage young talents to take part in this competition. For the time being, the competition is for design students, and the next step is to have another category for professionals and/or jewellery practitioners.
Q: You mentioned that the portal is to attract the international participants, how would this be done?
Mr Ho: We need to do marketing through the internet platform, and convey the message to our counterparts, foreign jewellery design schools and overseas associations, to make them aware of such innovative platform for entries submission. We are hopeful of attracting more participants.
Q: I noted that most of the foreign winners were commenting on the computer aided designs compared to hand drawn designs. Which is better?
Mr Ho: I would advise all participants to make use of IT; computer aided designs ensure accuracy and precision as compared to hand drawn designs. Furthermore, computer aided designs are visually more appealing as compared to hand drawn designs.
Desmond J. Chin has been teaching jewellery design for 12 years. He introduced jewellery design courses in Singapore. Desmond is currently the Senior Lecturer at Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA).
Q: What do you think about this competition?
Desmond: It is good to have a competition, as it provides a platform for students to showcase their design talent.
Q: Will you be getting your students to participate in SJDA 2012?
Desmond: Definitely. SJDA 2012 is on an internet platform, students do not need to submit design hard copies and could save substantial amount of money.
Q: What stands out when you look at these designs?
Desmond: They need to have a love for designing and it can be expressed in their designs. Their designs will not be inspiring if they are solely designed for meeting commercial requirements.
Q: What is your preference between hand drawn design and CAD design?
Desmond: Hand drawn designs are good, as designers can have a quick visualisation of ideas. CAD can better illustrate designs, and this gives the designers an opportunity to improve their designs before production.
Ms Ko Lee Meng, is the Executive Director for Aspial-Lee Hwa Jewellery, and Aspial-Lee Hwa was the previous manufacturing sponsor for SJDA 2009 and SJDA 2010.
Q: What do you think of the winning designs this year?
Ko: The designs are very nice and more creative. This competition is a platform for students to design their jewellery according to the themes set by the sponsor. It helps to prepare students to be ready for real job demands, as there are many customers who request for custom-made jewellery.
Q: Can these winners find a job easily in the jewellery industry?
Ko: The winners from Hong Kong will have no difficulty in finding jobs as designers in the jewellery industry. However, in Singapore, it is difficult to find a job just as a jewellery designer. Most jewellers require designers to perform other roles in the company because it does not make business sense to employ a full time designer. Therefore, it is common to find designers doubling up as sales staff or administrative staff.