At night, a float with a dragon's head blows smoke during a festival in downtown Tokyo. Nick stares at a light flickering in a building. He continues to walk on the sidewalk.
In the hotel, lit in scarlet red, he and Kevin sit on the windowsill.
On the subway, he leans his head against the pole.
Listening to his headphones, he rides the elevator in the hotel.
Kevin gazes the Rainbow Bridge. He stares at the twists and turns inside the mall and then rides the elevator.
Eli looks up at the trees in Kamakura.
A young woman drums inside the float.
Nick dances in the street.
Inside a club, Nick, Eli, Kevin and Sean watch several young women play the drums.
Lit in electric blue, Walk the Moon perform in the street. Nick sings at a karaoke bar. The neon lights from the building illuminate the band as they stare at it.
Nick orders some sushi at Sushi Saito. The server asks him how he's been. Nick responds in Japanese that he's good. He explains the band in town for some a photo shoot. However, he explains his family is meeting him for a couple extra days. He's going to take them on his personal tour of the city.
Nick visits his favorite arcades after dinner. He plays at Club Sega and eats some edible Sega logos for dessert. He receives a text from some of his friends and they ask him if he wants to go to a karaoke bar. He asks his bandmates if they want to come along.
In the morning, he takes a walk through the trail in Kamakura and prays to the Buddha as he passes. He views the cherry blossoms of the trees and buys some flowers for his mom. He takes the bridge back into the city. Looking at his cell phone, he realizes he has to get to the airport. His family will be arriving soon. He hails a cab. His family is going to fall in love with Japan.


text:
Q: Sending elements of an array as arguments to a method call I have a method that accepts the splat operator:
def hello(foo, *bar)
   #... do some stuff
end

I have an array with a variable length that I'd like to send into this hello method:
arr1 = ['baz', 'stuff']
arr2 = ['ding', 'dong', 'dang']

I'd like to call the method with arr1 and arr2 as arguments to that method but I keep getting hung up in that *bar is being interpreted as an array instead of individual arguments. To make things more fun, I can't change the hello method at all.
I'm looking for something similar to this SO question but in ruby.

A: try calling it like this
hello(arr1, *arr2)

here's a run through in irb
irb(main):002:0> def hello(foo, *bar)
irb(main):003:1>   puts foo.inspect
irb(main):004:1>   puts bar.inspect
irb(main):005:1> end
=> nil
irb(main):006:0> arr1 = ['baz', 'stuff']
=> ["baz", "stuff"]
irb(main):007:0> arr2 = ['ding', 'dong', 'dang']
=> ["ding", "dong", "dang"]
irb(main):008:0> hello(arr1, arr2)
["baz", "stuff"]
[["ding", "dong", "dang"]]
=> nil
irb(main):009:0> hello(arr1, *arr2)
["baz", "stuff"]
["ding", "dong", "dang"]
=> nil

by adding the * to the second array, it treats them as an array instead of an array of an array, which is what you're looking for i think

A: Here you go:
hello('Something', *(arr1 + arr2))

This will combine the arr1 and arr2 arrays and collectively pass them from the second argument on to the method.
Example:
>> def hello(str, *args)
>> puts str
>> args.each do |arg|
?>   puts 'Splat: ' + arg
>> end
>> end
=> nil
>> hello('Hello', *(['programming'] + ['is', 'fun']))
Hello
Splat: programming
Splat: is
Splat: fun
=> ["programming", "is", "fun"]

The last parameter of a method may be preceded by an asterisk(*), this indicates that more parameters may be passed to the function. Those parameters are collected up and an array is created.
Since the last parameters are collected up into an array, you need to use the * operator to indicate that you are indeed sending an array to the method and that it shouldn't wrap the arguments in another array.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


CLEAR EXPECTATIONS: We must communicate to our clients how our work will impact their lives, property investments and timelines, so they can plan their lives and get on with it.
COLLABORATION: Working with our clients to meet as many of their goals as we can, helping them to understand their choices and what compromises (if any) might work best for them.
INITIATIVE AND CREATIVITY: Being proactive when problems arise or changes are needed. We are good at finding solutions that are cost and time effective in order to stay as close as possible to original cost and timelines.
TRUST: By being true and consistent to our culture, we will earn the trust of our clients.


text:
Arbitration, Mediation & Alternate Dispute Resolution
Categories CATEGORYAncillary Judicial ProceedingsArbitrability – PartiesArbitrability – Subject MatterArbitrationArbitration Agreement – Consumer ContractArbitration Agreement – DraftingArbitration Agreement – Employment ContractArbitration – CompellingArbitration – Institutional RulesArbitration – StayingAward – ConfirmationAward – EnforcementAward – VacaturChoice of LawClass ActionClass Action ArbitrationCollective ActionDiscovery in Aid of International ArbitrationExperts, Use ofFederal Arbitration ActFLSAFMLAInterim MeasuresJudicial Jurisdiction IssuesMediation – Institutional RulesNew York ConventionNinth CircuitNLRANLRBPractice and Procedure – ArbitrationPractice and Procedure – MediationPractice and Procedure – Other ADRSecond CircuitSection 7 RightsSupreme CourtUncategorized
Type TYPEAdvisoryAlertArticleBlogPodcastVideo
Published PUBLISHEDLast DayLast MonthLast Year
Does the Physical or Mental Impairment of a Party Make An Arbitration Agreement Voidable?
March 5, 2019 | Blog | By Todd Rosenbaum
For an arbitration agreement to be enforceable, the parties must have a reasonable opportunity to understand its terms. See Fagerstrom v. Amazon.com, Inc., 141 F. Supp. 3d 1070 (S.D. Cal. 2015). With this principle in mind, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit commented in 2006, regarding the enforceability of an arbitration clause that was prominent in a contract, "You'd have to be blind to miss this warning. There was no surprise here." Nagrampa v. MailCoups, Inc., 469 F.3d 1257, 1309-10 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc) (emphasis added). But what if the plaintiff in Nagrampa had been blind, or was otherwise unable reasonably to read, or to understand, or to appreciate the significance of the arbitration clause by virtue of a disability or a more temporary impairment?
"Just What Was Needed": Another Way to Waive a Right to Arbitrate
February 25, 2019 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
Want to give up a contractual right to arbitrate? Easy. Don't seek to enforce it. For example, just litigate for awhile and don't mention your arbitration clause. The court has no obligation sua sponte to raise or enforce your contractual right if you choose not to.
How to Enforce an Arbitration Subpoena: Jurisdiction and Venue Basics
The Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") §7 (9 U.S.C. §7) enables arbitrators to "summon … any person to attend before them or any of them as a witness and in a proper case to bring with him or them any [document] which may be deemed material as evidence in the case."
Discoverability of Third Party Funding Agreements in Arbitration – Part I
January 29, 2019 | Blog | By Daniel Pascucci
The use of third party funding of arbitration and litigation proceedings provides broader access to formal claim resolution mechanisms, but that benefit may come with some unique issues for the uninitiated. However, forewarned is forearmed. In a prior post, we discussed the recoverability in arbitration proceedings of third party funding costs. This post identifies the discoverability issues in arbitration concerning third party funding.
The Bermann Objection: Re-Thinking the "Clear and Unmistakable" Manifestation Test re Who Decides Arbitrability Issues
January 23, 2019 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
Gateway issues of arbitrability are presumptively for a court, rather than an arbitrator, to decide in the first instance. First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938 (1995). But arbitration is a creature of contract, and the parties to an arbitration agreement ultimately have the power to determine who is to decide such issues. Hence, that presumption may be rebutted by the parties' clear and unmistakable manifestation of their mutual intention that an arbitral tribunal should have the exclusive authority to decide arbitrability issues in the first instance. Id.; Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 77, 83 (2002). While the federal courts have been identifying examples of the practical application of those principles, many questions are still unanswered and some have barely been posed.
Judicial "Wholly Groundless" Doctrine Regarding Delegation of Arbitrability Issues is Wholly Groundless Under the FAA
January 9, 2019 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
The U.S. Supreme Court has decided that the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") requirement that courts enforce arbitration agreements according to their terms includes the parties' agreement to have an arbitrator decide "not only the merits of a particular dispute, but also 'gateway' questions of 'arbitrability'...." Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., No. 17-1272 (U.S. Jan. 8, 2019). (As is customary, the rookie Justice (Kavanaugh, J.) delivered the Court's unanimous opinion.) This judgment, issued little more than two months after oral argument, shatters the "wholly groundless" doctrine, which purported to enable federal courts to adjudicate gateway arbitrability issues notwithstanding the parties' clear and unmistakable delegation of such issues to an arbitral tribunal, if the court decided that the argument for arbitrability was "wholly groundless." (The Courts of Appeals were split on the viability of that doctrinal exception.)
Consolidation of Arbitrations is a Procedural Matter Presumptively For the Arbitrator to Decide in Accordance With the Parties' Agreement
Since arbitration is a process of dispute resolution in accordance with a private agreement, the question of consolidation of arbitral proceedings ought to be determined in the same manner as other procedural issues. In short, no agreement to permit consolidation, no consolidation.
How to Compel Arbitration When Litigation Is Commenced in State Court
November 30, 2018 | Blog | By Todd Rosenbaum
In a previous post, we addressed what may happen when a defendant in federal litigation seeks to compel arbitration under Ch. 1 of the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"), 9 U.S.C. § 4, but the applicable arbitration agreement specifies a place of arbitration that is outside the geographic jurisdiction of the federal court. (See https://www.mintz.com/insights-center/viewpoints/2017-07-spectre-haunts-motions-compel-arbitration-venue.) But what approaches are available to a defendant when a plaintiff files suit in a state court, the claim is subject to an arbitration agreement, and the agreed place of arbitration is in a different state?
New Rules of the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre Arguably Foster Collective and Opt-In Class Arbitration
November 20, 2018 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
The Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC") has promulgated a new set of Administered Arbitration Rules ("AAR"), effective November 1, 2018. Among those rules are Articles 27-30 concerning the HKIAC's powers to join additional parties in an arbitration, to consolidate arbitrations, to consolidate related claims in a single arbitration, and to coordinate related unconsolidated arbitral proceedings. Those powers, which the HKIAC can exercise without the consents of the parties to any bilateral arbitration agreement, are not trivial; among other things, they arguably institutionalize pathways to collective or opt-in class arbitration proceedings.
Seventh Circuit Agrees That Class Arbitrability is a Gateway Question Presumptively for the Court, Then Apparently Ignores the Delegation Issue
October 30, 2018 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals has joined five other Circuits in determining, unremarkably, that class or collective arbitrability is a gateway question that is presumptively for the court to decide. It then apparently ignored the issue of whether the parties delegated such arbitrability questions to an arbitrator. See Herrington v. Waterstone Mortgage Corp., No. 17-3609 (7th Cir. Oct. 22, 2018). (Yet we may infer from the Court's decision that incorporation by reference in an arbitration agreement of the Employment Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association does not constitute a clear and unmistakable manifestation of the parties' intent to delegate the class/collective arbitrability question to an arbitrator.)
Non-Signatory to Arbitration Agreement Cannot Compel Arbitration When New York Convention Applies
The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals held recently that it could not compel arbitration demanded by a non-signatory to an arbitration agreement when the New York Convention applied. See Outokumpu Stainless USA, LLC v. Converteam SAS (c/k/a GE Energy Power Conversion France SAS, Corp., No. 17-10944, 2018 WL 4122807 (11th Cir. Aug. 30, 2018).
Eleventh Circuit Adjudicates the Delegation Issue with Respect to "Class Arbitrability" No Differently Than for Bilateral Arbitration; but Who Is Bound?
The U.S. Supreme Court has pointed out consistently in recent years that the relatively new construct of "class arbitration" is very different from your uncle's classic bilateral arbitration. ("Class arbitration" signifies the utilization of a class action protocol (Fed. R. Civ. P. 23) in an arbitration proceeding.) One might expect, therefore, that the adjudication of issues concerning the one would differ from the adjudication of the same issues concerning the other. Delegation of the arbitrability question is one such issue. Have the lower federal courts adopted such a view? Count the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals as another that has decided against it, and that whether the "class arbitrability" issue has been delegated to an arbitrator should be adjudicated using the same criteria as are applied to that issue with respect to bilateral arbitration.
Vacatur of an Arbitration Award in an FAA Case on Non-FAA Grounds
October 9, 2018 | Blog | By Kevin Ainsworth
In an unusual decision in an unusual case—a dispute between sovereigns—a U.S. appellate court recently vacated a domestic arbitration award on grounds other than those provided in Section 10 of the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"). In Citizen Potawatomi Nation v. Oklahoma, 881 F.3d 1226 (10th Cir. 2018), the appellate court vacated the award because the parties' agreement to arbitrate was deemed unenforceable. While the outcome of that case is, in considerable part, fact-specific, it involves issues having broader applicability.
FLSA Collective Action Provision, Too, Does Not Make Mandatory Bilateral Arbitration Agreements Unenforceable
In our sister blog, ADR: Advice from the Trenches, Gil Samberg explains the Sixth Circuit's ruling, applying the Supreme Court's reasoning in the recent Epic Systemscase, that the "collective action" provision of the FLSA does not render a collective action waiver in an arbitration agreement unenforceable.
Fair Labor Standards Act Collective Action Provision Too Does Not Make Agreement to Mandatory Bilateral Arbitration Unenforceable
August 27, 2018 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
When the Supreme Court ruled recently that the "concerted activities" provision of the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA") did not make a contractual waiver of "class arbitration" unenforceable, it provided an extensive analysis that included comments regarding the interaction of the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"), the NLRA, and the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA").
The Right to Compel Arbitration Under the FAA Can Be Overridden by Another Federal Statute
August 20, 2018 | Blog | By David Barres
The Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") reflects a strong federal policy in favor of arbitration. In extraordinary cases, however, a dispute that otherwise would be arbitrable under the FAA could be rendered non-arbitrable by the operation of another federal statute. The
After Granting a Motion to Compel Arbitration, a Court Operating Under the FAA Should Stay, Not Dismiss, the Pending Suit. And Then What?
After granting a motion to compel arbitration, should a court operating under the FAA stay or dismiss the pending judicial proceeding? While the federal circuit courts are split on the question, the better rule seems to be that after granting a defendant's motion to compel arbitration, FAA §4 (9 U.S.C. §4), the court should stay the judicial proceeding pending the arbitration.
Who May Determine Whether Class Arbitration Is Authorized?
August 1, 2018 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
Who may determine whether "class arbitration" has been authorized by the parties to an arbitration agreement — a court, an arbitrator, either? Considering the nature of "class arbitration," is this a special case of the arbitrability delegation issue, or is this issue sui generis?
Are Third-Party Funding Costs Recoverable in Arbitration?
July 23, 2018 | Blog | By Daniel Pascucci
Third-party litigation and arbitration funding is increasingly being utilized in the United States. Are the corresponding financing costs recoverable in arbitrations?
A Proposal: Adopt a "Clear and Unmistakable" Standard to Determine If Parties Have Agreed to "Class Arbitration"
July 9, 2018 | Blog | By Gilbert Samberg
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that "class arbitration" may be permitted if an arbitration agreement authorizes it, Stolt-Nielsen v. AnimalFeeds Int'l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 684 (2010), and that state contract law governs the interpretation of the parties' arbitration agreement. A proposal: that an agreement to permit class arbitration must be "clear and unmistakable" to be enforceable.
Sign up to receive email updates from Mintz.
Viewpoint Editors
Gilbert A. Samberg
Kevin N. Ainsworth
Daniel T. Pascucci
Member / Managing Member, San Diego Office; Co-chair, Class Action Practice
Narges M. Kakalia
Todd Rosenbaum
Kaitlyn Anne Crowe
Explore Other Viewpoints:
Consumer Product Safety
EB-5 Financing
Employment, Labor & Benefits
Environmental Enforcement Defense
Federal Circuit Appeals
Financial Institution Litigation
Health Care Compliance, Fraud and Abuse, & Regulatory Counseling
Health Care Enforcement & Investigations
Health Care Transactions
Health Information Privacy & Security
IPRs & Other Post Grant Proceedings
Insolvency & Creditor Rights Litigation
Institutional Investor Class Action Recovery
Insurance Consulting & Risk Management
Insurance and Reinsurance Problem-Solving & Dispute Resolution
Litigation & Investigations
Medicare, Medicaid and Commercial Coverage & Reimbursement
Patent Prosecution & Strategic Counseling
Products Liability & Complex Tort
Real Estate, Construction & Infrastructure
Securities & Capital Markets
Strategic IP Monetization & Licensing
Technology, Communications & Media
Venture Capital & Emerging Companies
White Collar Defense & Government Investigations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Practice makes perfect so the saying goes, however non-has been more true especially when it comes to something that you have to aim at.
The caliber is irrelevant if you just want to shoot well. If you are going to hunt with a specific rifle practice with that rifle.
In these videos there are 3 different scenarios My 470NE Blasé S2 double two shots at 2 hanging clays 25 yards the same rifle on a "charging buffalo'( not loading) target and a speed test with the 416 Rem mag 4 shots 25 yards at clay pigeons.
I am highlighting different techniques you can use to familiarize yourself with your rifle, the point is to find the mistakes and the faults this way you will have a chance to practice getting out of a situation on the range as opposed to facing it first time in a dangerous situation.
Over and above the learning of your rifle you will have the opportunity to shoot under pressure so take your time and only shoot once you have aimed correctly a hole in the right place will stop a charge miss the vital "spot" and your in trouble.
I enjoy doing these type of excises on the range and I hope you get a chance to try these out, they are fun helpful and keep your shooting exciting.


text:
Showcases❯VILLA RUFOLO, ITALY
Show breathes new life into iconic Amalfi villa
During September and October, Ravello's Villa Rufolo, located in Ravello on the splendid Amalfi coast, comes to life thanks to an exciting mixed media installation by Laser Entertainment, Milan. It's the fourth time the historic villa has played host to the popular show with its dramatic lighting, lasers, and, not least, 3D video mapping courtesy of Dataton WATCHOUT.
Villa Rufolo is a true pearl of the Amalfi coast, with a history spanning over one thousand years. And it's a history that deserves to be told to the many visitors who visit every year from all over the world. The host in the multimedia installation is an animated "ghost" of Lorenzo Rufolo who provides visitors with an insight into over 1000 years of the villa's history. He regales visitors with stories of all the famous people who have passed through the villa, from Wagner to Reid; Boccaccio to Escher.
This fourth edition of the event follows a major restoration project, which has seen the Torre Maggiore and the south façades returned to their original glory. Laser Entertainment were commissioned to take care of the entire show production - from design to installation, including the creation of original video content.
"This year, following the recent renovations of the southern facades of the Villa, we have designed and devised a new framework and updated the various previous chapters, with an installation even richer in technical quality and even more evocative than its predecessors," says Alberto Kellner Ongaro from Laser Entertainment.
"This is a rather complex project that involves 3D video mapping, holo3d, lasers, lights, illuminated fountains and special effects - all synchronised by timecode in order to tell the history of the Villa and enhance its marvellous architecture" adds Alberto.
Inside and outside the location, specially created "paintings" have been projected, containing content created by the Laser Entertainment team. These images are projected with different transparency gradients, in order to create a stunning hologram effect. This effect forms the creation of landlord Lorenzo Rufolo, who accompanies visitors during their trip.
For the technical management of content, a Dataton WATCHOUT system was provided, which distributes SMPTE time code to an MA Lighting console for lighting control, alongside a Pangolin Beyond Ultimate system dedicated to laser effects. The show also includes water fountains, which synchronise with the rest of the show.
The choice of fixtures used for the projection was of paramount importance, with the required projectors needing to be capable of both powerful output and accurate color reproduction. Proven reliability was also essential, given that the installation is active for at least two months, not to mention subsequent extensions - until 3rd November if weather permits.
"We used Christie J 3DLP series projectors with 20,000 ansi lumens, NEC 1DLPs with 8000 and 5000 ansi lumens and the BENQ 1DLP with 6000 ansi lumens. These are top-quality machines with guaranteed reliability."
Optical fiber was chosen for the distribution of the signals, which included the distribution of the time code. A multi-language Sennheiser audio guide system ensures overseas visitors are also able to follow the narrative.
"As a landlord, I am proud to have hosted you" Lorenzo Rulfo informs guests, as his hologram personally thanks his visitors at the end of a fantastic journey.
Dataton Premium Partner Italy: MeCtech
Venue: Villa Rufolo, Ravello, Italy
Design, production, content, installation: Laser Entertainment, Milan


WASHINGTON, D.C. – Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno Karabakh) President Bako Sahakyan praised the Armenian Assembly of America's (Assembly) Summer Internship Program in Armenia, and encouraged young Armenian Americans to take part in this unique and educational experience. Each year, President Sahakyan meets with the Assembly's summer internship class and speaks directly with the participants about current issues.
"The Armenian Assembly of America's Summer Internship Program offers our compatriots the unique opportunity to truly experience Armenia and Artsakh. Visiting Artsakh, the interns not only explore and discover our country's rich history and culture, they also meet with the people and various officials. That is one of my summer highlights as well – the opportunity to discuss our current issues with our next generation of leaders," the President of Artsakh stated. "I wholeheartedly support this program and its expansion and encourage young Armenian-Americans to engage in it," he concluded.
The summer program features lectures and discussions with a wide range of officials and tours around the homeland, in both Armenia and Artsakh. The eight-week internship program based in Yerevan is packed with educational activities, including meetings with prominent individuals from civil society and political leaders, aimed at helping the participants better understand the socio-political situation in the region.
Lillian Avedian from Woodland Hills, California, attending University of California, Berkeley, interned at Hetq news agency as an investigative journalist.
Raffi Barsamian from Sherborn, Massachusetts, attending Middlebury College, interned at ArmComedy Live.
George Hamalian from Glendale, California, attending California Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo, interned at the Federation of Youth Clubs of Armenia.
Janae Knight from Clarkston, Michigan, attending University of Michigan, interned at Oknooshoon training therapy dogs.
Jivan Purutyan from Concord, Massachusetts, attending Worcester Polytechnic Institute, interned at the Eurasian Partnership Foundation.
Justin Tramonti from Concord, Massachusetts, attending Fordham University, interned at the Matenadaran, The Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts.
Eric Zakharian from San Jose, California, attending University of San Francisco, interned at PicsArt as a web developer.
In addition to this year's summer interns, Varant and Areny Tchalikian from Northridge, California interned in the Armenian Assembly's office at Republic Square as part of the Assembly's two-week high school pilot program.
"In 1999, the Armenian Assembly of America launched its Summer Internship Program in Armenia to encourage college-aged Armenian-American students to experience life in our ancestral homeland. Working and living in Yerevan offers interns a unique perspective on issues and realities in Armenia and promises to change your life," said Assembly Regional Director Arpi Vartanian.
"I am proud I took the first step on what will most likely be a life-long journey of learning the Armenian language. After four weeks of lessons, I picked up some basic writing, reading, and speaking skills, as well as basic grammar. Hopefully, I will continue learning Armenian and will return in the near future with more fluency," Justin Tramonti said.
"There were so many highlights to the trip that it's hard to pick! The four-day trip to southern Armenia and Artsakh definitely contained my favorite places that we visited," Tramonti shared. "This program is worth checking out. You get the best of everything: you get autonomy, you get to pursue your own career goals and interests through the internship wherever they set you up and on the weekends, and you get to experience Armenia and the amazing things this country has to offer," he added.
Armenian Assembly summer interns with U.S. Ambassador Richard Mills, Jr.
This year's Assembly interns met with U.S. Ambassador to Armenia Richard Mills, Jr., Yerevan-based Regional Studies Center Founder and Director Richard Giragosian, International Center for Human Development Founder and President Tevan Poghosyan (and Pro Bono Advisor to President Armen Sarkissian), Women's Support Center, Oknooshoon, and NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Ambassador Elena Semerdjian.
Participants visited a wide range of cultural and heritage sites around Armenia including: Areni Cave, Armenian Genocide Memorial & Museum, Charents Arch, Etchmiadzin, Garni Temple, Geghard Monastary, Goris, Khor Virap, Lake Sevan, the Matenadaran, National History Museum, Noravank, Vernissage, Wings of Tatev, and Zvartnots. In Garni, interns joined in the annual Vardavar celebrations.
Moreover, the interns participated in various activities throughout the country. In the Kotayk Region, they cheerfully volunteered a full day to work with Fuller Center for Housing-Armenia and help build a home for a family. They toured the Armenia Tree Project's Karin Nursery and planted seedlings, discovered the Voskevaz Winery, and toured Gyumri, where they learned from a Master Artisan how to make miniature paintings, creating their own souvenirs.
"The Assembly gives you a platform and an outlet to really discover what Armenia is about, what it's like, and also puts yourself in a position where you are able to give back," stated Raffi Barsamian.
The group travelled to Stepanakert, where they met with President Sahakyan, National Assembly Chairman Ashot Ghoulian, Foreign Minister Masis Mayilyan, and Ombudsman Ruben Melikyan. While in Artsakh, the interns visited the ancient cities of Shushi and Tigranakert, Gandzasar Monastery, Dadivank, Haterq Village's annual Zhingyalov Hats Festival, "We Are Our Mountains" Monument (Tatik-Papik), and met with The HALO Trust staff, who clears landmines in the area and makes Artsakh safe for its citizens.
"What I really like about the Assembly internship is that it gives you both structure and freedom. There are events, things planned, meetings, and excursions, but there is also enough free time built in that you can explore Armenia for yourself," Jivan Purutyan said.
Before completing their internship programs, interns attended the launch of the Armenian National Institute's exhibit on the YMCA's humanitarian assistance in Armenia 100 years ago, organized by the Armenian Assembly.
To find out more about the 2018 summer interns' experience in Armenia, visit the Assembly's Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube pages.
Applications are now available for the Armenian Assembly's summer internship programs in Yerevan, Armenia (deadline: January 10, 2019) and Washington, D.C. (deadline: December 10, 2018).


text:
Q: Reading data from a file being frequently updated in C I am writing a C code to read data from a file (and then process it) being constatly appended by some software in interval of 9 seconds
Here is a prototype of the actual code( i haven't pasted the original code here, it's of 250 lines ) -
while(1){
    while(ch ! = EOF){
        ch = fgetc(File pointer)
        //read from the file and do the required
    }
    clearerr(File pointer);
    sleep(9); //after every 9 seconds the new data is added to the file by some external software
    ch = fgetc(File pointer);
    printf("The value of ch is %d",ch);
}

But here the code reads the data from the data file once then when EOF occurs it breaks out of inner while loop and goes to the outer loop and gets stuck there only. I expected that clearerr(File pointer) will erase the EOF from the file so that i will be able to read newly updated data but instaed i'm getting stuck at that EOF and am unable to read new data. The print statement keeps on printing the EOF so it means it doesn't get erased from the file.
How can i fix this issue?
Since i did'nt had much knowledge about that other software, i tried updating the data myself, pasting and saving after 1 EOF is detected and my program is on sleep
Also when i ran my program in one terminal and tail -f file_name.txt in an other terminal parallely the program then everything works fine. I'm able to read the new data. Why is it so?
Note - I've already read this question( link given below ) and accordingly i've used clearerr(File pointer) but it's not deleting the current EOF so i'm unable to read the newly updated data from the file.
Read from a file that is continuously being updated
Here is the original code -
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include"link.h"
#include<string.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<unistd.h>

char file_time[20],file_date[20],file_year[20],file_month[20],time_interval[20],mac_addr[40];
float store_voltage,store_pressure,store_temp1,store_temp2,store_humid,store_ntctherm,rssi_no,lqi_no;
char input_filename[30],output_filename[30],corrected_year[20],ch;
int first_time =0,cursor_position=0,no_of_stack,timestamp_detected=0,file_has_ended=0;

stack *s;

int input_func,flag=1,order=1,restart=0;

void output(){

    FILE *fi = fopen(output_filename,"a");             /*file is opened and closed after each input by the user because in the
    output user only wants the data for last some of the readings for plotting the graph*/

        printf("How many stacks you want to print\n");
        while(1){
            if(scanf("%d",&no_of_stack)!=1){                 //error handling
                printf("Please enter valid input\n");
                scanf("%c",&ch);
            }
            else
                break;
        }
        /*like the program keep on recording the data as stacks and prints
        whatever no of stacks i want it to print , also this asking od the no_of_stacks should take place till
        the program runs*/
        printList(&s,no_of_stack,fi);

    printf("Please wait, Updating logs..............................................................\n");
    fclose(fi);
    // sleep(atoi(time_interval));                    //this sleep can be removed also, this is done so as to
    // sleep(2);
    printf("Done \n");

}

void input(){

    int i=0,j,initial_lines=0;
    char ch=0;

    fflush(stdout);
    FILE *fp = fopen(input_filename,"r");               /*file is closed and opened in each iteration to handle buffer overflow
    because since the data in input file keeps on increasing so the input buffer will also increase so to tackle this the file is
    reopened again and again and the file pointer starts reading from the point where it left off instead of reading whole file
    again and again*/
    if(fp==NULL){

        printf("input_filename - %s",input_filename);
        printf("No file found of this name: %s\n",input_filename);
        exit(1);
    }

    ch=fgetc(fp);
    ch = fgetc(fp);

    if(first_time == 1){
    printf("file is openend first time\n");                    //this is to record whether it's the first time user's reading the file
        while(1){
            if(initial_lines == 3){
                break;                        // This is just to skip some useless lines in input file
            }
            if(ch=='\n'){
                initial_lines++;
            }
            ch = fgetc(fp);
        }
        initial_lines = 0;
        first_time =0;
    }

    fseek(fp, 10, SEEK_CUR);
    printf("Cursor set to  %d position after fseek\n",cursor_position);

    ch=fgetc(fp);
    if(ch==EOF){
    printf("here comes ch %d\n",ch);}

    char str[100];

    while(1){

    while(ch!=EOF){               //reading till end of file

        input_func++;
        timestamp_detected=0;
        restart=0;

        fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
        while(1){                                       //this is just string matching for taking input
            if(!strcmp(str,"Timestamp")){
                timestamp_detected=1;
                break;
            }
            if(fscanf(fp,"%s",str)==EOF){
                file_has_ended = 1;
                break;
            }
        }

        if(timestamp_detected){              //taking input

            fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",file_month);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",file_date);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",file_time);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",file_year);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",str);

            // printf("%s %s")

            for(i=0;i<4;i++){
                corrected_year[i] = file_year[i];
            }
            corrected_year[4] = '\0';

            fseek(fp,36,SEEK_CUR);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",mac_addr);
            // printf("mac addr - %s",mac_addr);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
            if(!strcmp(str,"RSSI")){
                fscanf(fp,"%f",&rssi_no);
            }
            else
                restart =1;

            fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
            fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
            if(!strcmp(str,"LQI")){
                fscanf(fp,"%f",&lqi_no);
            }
            else
                restart =1;

            if(restart){
                continue;
            }

            order=1;
            while(fscanf(fp,"%s",str)){
                if(!strcmp(str,"+[Node_Voltage]")){

                    fseek(fp,3,SEEK_CUR);
                    fscanf(fp,"%f",&store_voltage);
                    order=2;
                    break;
                }
                else if(!strcmp(str,"Timestamp")){
                    fseek(fp,-20,SEEK_CUR);
                    restart =1;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if(restart){
                continue;
            }

            fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
            printf("str value - %s\n",str);
            while(fscanf(fp,"%s",str)){

                if( !strcmp(str,"+[P_MS5637]") && order==2 ){

                    fseek(fp,7,SEEK_CUR);
                    fscanf(fp,"%f",&store_pressure);
                    printf("pressure - %f stored, order - %d\n",store_pressure,order);
                    order++;
                }
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                if( !strcmp(str,"+[NTC_THERM") && order==3 ){

                    fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                    fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                    fseek(fp,5,SEEK_CUR);
                    fscanf(fp,"%f",&store_ntctherm);
                    printf("ntc_therm - %f stored, order - %d\n",store_ntctherm,order);
                    order++;
                }
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                printf("after ntc%s\n",str);
                if( !strcmp(str,"+[Temp_LM75B]") && order==4 ){

                    fseek(fp,5,SEEK_CUR);
                    fscanf(fp,"%f",&store_temp1);
                    printf("temprature - %f stored, order - %d\n",store_temp1,order);
                    order++;
                }
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);

                if( !strcmp(str,"+[RH_CC2D33S]") && order==5 ){

                    fseek(fp,5,SEEK_CUR);
                    fscanf(fp,"%f",&store_humid);
                    printf("humid - %f stored, order - %d\n",store_humid,order);
                    order++;
                }
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
                if( !strcmp(str,"+[Temp_CC2D33S]") && order==6){

                    fseek(fp,3,SEEK_CUR);
                    fscanf(fp,"%f",&store_temp2);
                    printf("temp2 - %f stored, order - %d\n",store_temp2,order);
                    order++;
                }
                if(order==7){
                    printf("items pushed\n\n\n");
                    push(&s,file_date,file_time,file_month,corrected_year,store_pressure,store_ntctherm,store_temp1,store_temp2,store_humid,store_voltage,rssi_no,lqi_no,mac_addr);
                    break;
                }
                else{
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        ch=fgetc(fp);
        if(ch==EOF)
            printf("the value of EOF is %d\n",ch);
        cursor_position = ftell(fp);          //recording the cursor position

    }
    printf("\n\n\nend of file detected\n");
            clearerr(fp);
            sleep(9);
        printf("i'm sleeping\n");
        fscanf(fp,"%s",str);
        printf("the value of str is after sleeping- %s\n",str);
        ch = fgetc(fp);
        printf("the value of ch is after sleeping- %d\n",ch);

}
    // fclose(fp);
}

    //shift the control of the program, printing takes place...........

int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
        int input_func = 0;

    // Enter the time interval in seconds
    if(argv[1]==NULL || argv[2]==NULL || argv[3]==NULL){
        printf("Invalid Format, Use the format specified below\n ./[executable] [Input File Name] [Output File Name] [Time Interval(in seconds)]\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    strcpy(time_interval,argv[3]);
    strcpy(output_filename,argv[2]);
    strcpy(input_filename,argv[1]);

    create(&s);                    //creating the stack

    first_time = 1;

    while(1){
        input();               //runin the input function then
        output();
    }

    return 0;

}


text:
Tatiana Grant
Sign up to receive my monthly newsletter.
The newsletter includes tips, opportunities, and resources in the entrepeneurial and public relations sectors to help you in your career and business.
Serial Entrepreneur, Investor, Marketer, Philanthropist, Connector, Mother and Believer
Tatiana Grant is a metro-Detroit native, who has had an entrepreneurial spirit since a young age. This spirit started with a Kool-Aid stand and expanded to a home business of doing hair and nails, under the age of 10. Her family instilled hard work and education, which sparked her work ethic and academic performance. Her past experiences allowed her to gain positions at some of the nation and region's leading companies. After working in the corporate world, she pondered the idea of starting her own public relations and event planning company, and Infused PR & Events was formed. Luckily, Grant had built up a strong network of friends, family and acquaintances who supported her and her business ventures.
Grant's prior "corporate" experience includes: managing events and fundraising for the Braylon Edwards/Foundation, Dwight Smith Foundation, Detroit Economic Club, Michigan State Fair, and the Parade Company; media relations for the North American International Auto Show, public relations for retail developer, The Taubman Company, The Palace Sports & Entertainment (Detroit Pistons and Shock), WEMU, and Court TV; community relations for WJBK-TV Fox 2; marketing research and development for automotive supplier, Reynolds & Reynolds; and external relations for the Detroit Super Bowl XL Host Committee. The skills she has perfected while working at these various companies have been instrumental in the company's success.
Companies Tatiana Grant owns:
2050 Partners Inc. delivers integrated marketing, social impact and business strategies to a diverse range of audiences, partners and clients across the world.
Grant founded Cultivate MI Solutions after strong recommendation of mentors and colleagues in the cannabis industry. The company provides services to licensees and service providers, for:
Marketing - Public relations, email, SEO, events, CRM, budtending/sales training, digital
Matchmaking - Connecting client needs with prospective strategic partners and capacity partners
Logistics support - Secure transport brokerage
Infused PR & Events is one of Michigan's top PR firms and offers premier public relations and event planning services to celebrities, small businesses, non-profits and corporations. Under Grant's influence and execution, Infused manages sponsorship relations for clients and has managed approximately $10M for clients (to date). The company has also grown its client base from professional athletes (the only clients at first) to small businesses, nonprofits and corporations. The Infused team has secured and array of local and national media placement for clients.
The idea came out of necessity, and the team was assembled. Our team of "holiday helpers" provide gift wrapping, pick-up and delivery, gift assembly and personal shopping services.
Renaissance Mom is a lifestyle brand focused on motherhood, multitasking, and balance. A play on the term, "Renaissance Man". Renaissance Mom is all about celebrating women who do it all. Mommy magic, aka making sure everything is taken care of in and out of the home, is just one of Renaissance Mom's many talents. Our signature shirt marks the year "Moms" ventured into motherhood.
A self-proclaimed "foodie", Grant decided to turn an idea into reality after realizing she needed dinner delivered to her; it was a cold, rainy night. After doing research, she discovered this could turn into a viable business venture. The concept of Flash Delivery was born. Flash Delivery is Detroit's first food delivery service.
Grant graduated cum laude and holds a Master's in Public Relations from Michigan State University and a Bachelor's of Science (with honors) in Public Relations from Eastern Michigan University. She has received numerous awards that include: 20 in their 20s by Crain's Detroit Business, the Next Gen: Entrepreneur of the Year by the Michigan Black Chamber of Commerce, L. Brooks Patterson's Elite 40 Under 40 Award, Michigan Front Page's 30 Under 40, Michigan State University Graduate Scholar Award, among many others. She has a personal mission and commitment to bettering her community and mentors with Women of Tomorrow (at Cody High School), and serves on the Music Hall of Detroit's Board of Trustees, A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute's Young Friends Board, and the Belle Isle Conservancy's Emerging Leaders Council.
Grant enjoys spending time with her friends and family, and taking weekend trips to various cities. She has a long-haired Chihuahua named Chase, who she adores.
Due to Tatiana's unique career and success at such a young age, she has been asked to serve as the keynote address and on panels at numerous high school, college and professional group events.
Topics that Tatiana speaks about include:
Entrepeunership
Creating Your Own Destiny
Small Business Topics
Public & Community Relations
Detroit's Revitalization
Email Tatiana at tgrant@infusedpr.com or connect via LinkedIn.
You can also contact her through the form below.
I would like to subscribe to your monthly newsletter.
© 2023 Tatiana Grant. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Ministry of Science and Higher Education
MinisterState Minister
Data Collection and Processing PortalGraduation Verification SystemJob PortalMoshe Services
GuidlineManualStandardPolicyDirectiveProclamation Other DocumentsReportAlphabetic African Timeline - Copyright Proprietorship NoticeStrategic PlanTraining Curriculum
sort by date sort by title
Alphabetic African Timeline - Copyright Proprietorship Notice - Description
AFRICA IN GENERAL - COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY & RANKINGS
Column ―AFRICA IN GENERAL COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY & RANKINGS‖ created to promote and reinforce the African continent is part of ―Alphabetic African Timeline Take an Overview on the African Continent (The Complete & Comprehensive Guide to the African countries, people, and politics)‖ Independent story telling comprehensive summary over the African continent. Presenting latest and updated geographic and historic information, lifestyles, and major happenings of the entire continent, compiled from different sources consulted by multi-disciplinary African group of scholars in the field. Visit website at, www.africacomplete.com
Alphabetic African Timeline - Copyright Proprietorship Notice Posted 2019-08-06
Romans identified the original tribes of Algeria as the Berbers. Former French overseas department (French Colony). In 1954 Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) founded by pan-Algerians More than a million Algerians were killed in the fight for independence from France in 1962.
Hoisin hunter-gatherers are some of the earliest known modern human inhabitants of the area. They were largely replaced by Bantus during the Bantu migrations, though small numbers of Khoisans remain in parts of southern Angola. The culture is mainly native Bantu mixed with Portuguese aspects. Angola was a former Portuguese colony for 500 years, but until the 1920s, there was little investment and the Portuguese presence was confined to the coastal towns. There a creole or mestizo class evolved.
In 1472 the Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit the country. The hinterland was developed as a source of slaves. By 1700, some 20,000 slaves were being exported annually. After long resisting attempts at colonization, the south became a French protectorate in 1893 while the north was added incrementally between 1895 and 1898. In 1904, present day Benin, then known as Dahomey, became part of the French West African Federation. Dahomey played a key role in the administration of the region, providing educated staff to other parts of the French African empire. It became independent on 1 August 1960.
The earliest inhabitants of the region were the San, who were followed by the Tswana The culture is mainly of native Bantu. In common with many of their neighbors, the Tswana suffered greatly from Nguni and Afrikaner incursions in the mid 19th century, leading to the establishment of a British Protectorate in 1885. Coveted in turn by the early Boer republics, by Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company and then by South Africa, Bechuanaland ('Bechuana' is synologous with 'Batswana', the correct term for the people of Botswana) has often trodden a narrow path between its neighbors' political, military and economic ambitions.
Burkinafaso, originally known as Upper Volta until its name change in 1983, was a French colony, part of French West Africa. It gained its independence from France in August 1960. The post-independence civilian government was authoritarian, and opposition parties were banned. This eventually led to the country's first military coup in 1966. For the following 24 years, there was a succession of military regimes, mostly conservative, but including the short lived revolutionary regime of Captain Isidore Thomas Sankara (August 1983 – October 1987).
Burundi existed as an independent Kingdom for several centuries before becoming part of German East Africa in 1899. After WWI it became the Belgian-run territory of 'Ruanda-Urundi', with neighboring Rwanda, under a League of Nations mandate. Following independence in 01 July 1962, Burundi was run by a series of brutal regimes dominated by the minority Tutsi group. Massacres in 1972 killed an estimated 300,000 of which the majority were Hutu. In 1987 Major Pierre Buyoya, a Tutsi, took control in a bloodless coup and initiated a 5-year transition to democracy.
The French-administered UN trusteeship gained independence on January 1, 1960 from France Before the trusteeship it was a German colony. Modern Cameroon was created as the German protectorate of Kamerun in 1884. After the First World War, under League of Nations mandates, France was awarded administration of Eastern Cameroon, and Britain Northern and Southern Cameroons. These mandates were converted in 1946 to UN Trusteeships.
Cape Verde was colonized by the Portuguese started from 1456. The Portuguese used Cape Verdeans as administrators throughout their African empire, and as labor on their shipping lines. During the 19th century Cape Verdeans used to crew American whalers in the Atlantic. Since this time, Cape Verdeans have had a strong tradition of emigrating to find work. Major droughts and famines have historically also propelled mass migrations from the islands.
Central African Republic (CAR) was a French colony, as Ubanghi-Shari. The territory of present day CAR was called Oubangui-Shari in colonial times, named after the country's two largest rivers. It was 1 of 4 territories of French Equatorial African Empire, marking the point where French colonial advance to the east was halted. Colonial rule was based on a plantation economy, and the French were often brutal in their treatment of the local population.
The French extending their power in 1910, made Chad a territory of French equatorial African federation administered from Brazaville (CongoB). Chad, formerly part of France's Central African colonial administration, became independent on 11 August 1960, although a large part of the north of the country remained under French military administration until 1964. Francois Tombalbaye, the leader of the PPT party, became President. He declared single party rule in 1963. In 1965 the National Front for the Liberation of Chad (FRONILAT), started a rebellion in the north and the east of the country claiming that the government was run solely in the interests of southerners.
Over the centuries, the islands were invaded by a succession of diverse groups from the coast of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Indonesia and Madagascar. The culture is mainly of European and Arabic. The earliest inhabitants were probably of Malay-Polynesian origin. Later settlers came from mainland Africa, Madagascar and the Arab world. The Shirazis from Persia became dominant in the 15th-16th century, establishing sultanates in the Comoros linked to their trading settlements in Kilwa (on the coast of present-day Tanzania) and Zanzibar, and dealing in spices and slaves to the Middle East.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire): A vast country with immense economic resources at the heart of Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) has been at the centre of what could be termed Africa's world war. Formerly Belgian colony of "Congo Leopoldville". The Congo is located at the heart of Africa with a narrow strip of land along the Congo river estuary leading to the Atlantic ocean in the west. The Congo is vast, fertile, diverse and mineral rich is also Africa's second largest country (2.3 million sq km) with over 200 ethnic groups. With just over 70 million people, the Congo has the second largest Christian population in Africa with lots of natural resources.
The first European contact with the country dates from the late 15th century. But it was not until 1880 that an explorer, Pierre de Brazza, concluded the treaties that secured the new territory as a colony for France. In 1910 the Republic of Congo became the administrative centre of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa (AEF). Known later as colony of French Congo in the mid-19th century and established colonial rule in 1905, renamed French Middle (Moyen) Congo with Gabon and then Ubangi-Shari, now Central African Republic and Chad as part of the French Equatorial Africa in 1910 when the French possessions were renamed.
Djibouti, a small country in the Horn of Africa, was part of a region colonized by the French and was part of the Land of Punt in the ancient past. In the late-19th century, French Somaliland was established when ruling Somali and Afar sultans signed the land over to France. From 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the Gulf of Tadjoura was called Obock and was ruled by Issa Somalis and Afar Sultanates, local authorities with whom France signed various treaties between 1883 and 1887 to first gain a foothold in the region. The French subsequently founded Djibouti city in 1888, with the area at the time uninhabited.
It's name derived from Greece word 'Aegyptus' meaning for "dark soil" Long known for its pyramids and ancient civilization, Egypt is the largest Arab country and has played a central role in Middle Eastern politics in modern times. Arabs introduced Islam and Arabic in 7th century and ruled the hitherto predominantly Christian country for six centuries.
It is one of the tiniest countries in Africa with mainland and five Islands. At around 1472, Portuguese navigator Fernão do Pó arrived at the spot that has become Malabo area and surrounding coast mainly visited by Portuguese traders. Portugal assigned the rights to offer Spain a foothold to conduct slave trade. The Island of Bioko was then ceded to the Spanish in 1777 by its original Portuguese colonizers. Spain then went on to settle the mainland province of Rio Muni in 1844. In 1904 the 2 territories were united as the Western African Territories and later renamed Spanish Guinea
Formerly it was part of the Abyssinian Empire Eritrea (formerly known as "Bahr-Negash" before being renamed to "Eritrea" by Italian colonizers from 1890–1941, then became under UN mandated British administration, and later under Ethiopian rule. Eritrea is a country with a diverse climate and Geography, has been under Italian, British and Ethiopian rule. Most Eritreans in especially in lowlands except the Sahaba (Family of Prophet Mohammed sent from Mecca) were Christians, they were converted islam by Turkish and Egyptians. If you asked any Eritrean Moslem from the lowlands his great grand father was a Christian.
Origins of names: Ethiopia thought to have been derived from the Greek word "Aithiopia", and from "Aithiops" 'an Ethiopian', derived in turn from Greek words "ethio" meaning "burned" and "pia", meaning "face", of the "burned face". On the other hand "Ethiop" meaning for "the gift of yellow gold to God". Thus, the land started to be called "Ethiopia", according to historians. Welcome to Ethiopedia, the free Encyclopedia for Ethiopia. We will give clear pictures about the history, languages and cultures of Ethiopia and its people. The posts and most of the images will be original factual information from the 400 volumes of the Emperor Tewodros Ethiopian Library located in Washington DC. Ethiopedia does not publish personal opinions and remarks about religion politics and tribalism.
France ruled what was to become Gabone from 1839. In 1849 slaves freed by the French founded the Gabonese capital Libreville French meaning for Free Town. In 1910 Gabone became one of the 4 territories of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa (AEF) along with Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and the Central African Republic. Gabon achieved independence in 1960, with Leon Mba elected President in 1961. He was deposed in the only coup in Gabon's history in 1964, but was restored after French intervention. His Vice-President and hand-picked successor, Albert-Bernard Bongo, took over on his death in 1967 and declared Gabon a one-party state, which it remained until 1990. President Bernard Bongo converted to Islam in 1973, taking the name Al-Hadj Omar Bongo.
The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was key to the establishment of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British. The Gambia became a British protectorate in 1894 and a British Colony in 1902. It gained independence from Britain on 18 February 1965, with Dawda Jawara as Prime Minister. On 24 April 1970, The Gambia became a Republic following a referendum and Jawara was elected as President. Jawara and the People's Progressive Party dominated Gambian politics, until 1994 (See Below), although the country retained a multi-party system, and opposition parties were represented in the small parliament. A coup attempt in 1981 was only put down at the expense of hundreds of people being killed.
A Deeper Look Into The Life Of Mansa Musa – The Richest Human Being Who Ever Lived AFRICANGLOBE – When we think of the wealthiest people in the world, we most often think of the Waltons (of Wal-Mart fame), Warren Buffett, or Bill Gates. However, if you go a bit further back in history, you'll discover that the wealth of the kings, queens, and rulers of yesteryear trumps the bank accounts of most modern day millionaires and even billionaires by a mile. In fact, during his time, one man controlled more wealth than Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, and the most wealthy member of the Walton family, Sam Walton, combined. That man was Mansa Musa I. With an adjusted net worth of approximately $400 billion, Musa is without a doubt the richest
Guinea became a French colony in the late 19th century. It became independent in October 1958, 2 years earlier than the other French African colonies, because it rejected de Gaulle's offer of membership of the French Community (a short-lived structure which gave France's colonies limited autonomy within the French empire). Guinea was the only country of the French African Empire to reject de Gaulle's proposal, and the country's historic "Non" led to it being abandoned by the French who immediately cut all ties. This reinforced a proud sense of independent nationhood in Guinea which still resonates today. Ahmed Sekou Touré, who became the first President, ruled as an autocrat and suppressed opposition, often on the pretext of defending the country against destabilisation by foreign powers. Cut off by France, Touré isolated Guinea
Historically, Guinea-Bissau was known as the 'Slave Coast' due to its strategic positioning as a trading post. Guinea-Bissau was a Portuguese colony until 1974. The African Party for the Independence of GuineaBissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC) fought a protracted guerrilla war for the independence of both colonies. It was led by Amilcar Cabral. He was assassinated by dissidents in his own movement in 1973. However, Guinea-Bissau unilaterally declared its independence under the leadership of his brother, Luis Cabral, and, following the carnation revolution in Lisbon in 1974, Portugal withdrew its troops and recognised the independence of Guinea Bissau. Luis Cabral governed Guinea-Bissau as a one-party state, with socialist policies but a non-aligned foreign policy. He was overthrown in 1980 by a coup led by Joao Bernardo Veira known as
The Europeans came to the area to trade in Ivory and Slaves and estimated that local kingdoms were gave way to French inluence in the late eighteenth century. Côte d'Ivoire is the present name of formerly Ivory Coast, it was part of French colonial West Africa. It was a major area of agricultural development under French rule, attracting immigrant workers from throughout the French African Empire. It gained independence from France in 1960, retaining close ties with the former colonial power through a number of bilateral agreements including membership of the Franc Zone, a defence pact, and provision for a French military base in the country. Félix Houphouët-Boigny became the first President and ruled for 33 years until his death in 1993.
Kenya became a British protectorate in 1895 and a colony in 1920. White settlement was encouraged and by the 1940s European settlers had achieved considerable prosperity. African population growth resulted in increasing pressure for land. Jomo Kenyatta whos known for his quotation "When the Missionaries arrived, the Africans had the land and the Missionaries had the Bible. They taught how to pray with our eyes closed. When we opened them, they had the land and we had the Bible" formed the first national organisation in 1944. On his return to Africa in 1952, he organized a number of independent measures for Africans which enraged the white settlers, But when the Mau Mau rebellion erupted in 1952, a state of emergency was declared, parties were banned and Kenyatta was tried and sent to prison. and the same year he was charged with being the head of the violent terrorist group known as the Mau Mau who were murdering many whites. He was sentenced to seven years hard labor but always professed his innocence.
It is an enclave within the "Republic of South Africa". The kingdom of Lesotho was founded by Moshoeshoe I a 19th century leader faced by Boer encroachment onto Basotho grazing lands from one direction, and violent population upheavals precipitated by the military rise of Shaka Zulu in Natal from another. Moshoeshoe I, then a minor chief, initially led his people to a mountain refuge where they established a new settlement; subsequently he established a policy of affording haven to refugees willing to help with defence. In 1824 he shifted his headquarters to a more easily defensible hilltop called Thaba-Bosiu. From the 1830s onwards, Moshoeshoe I began to welcome Christian missionaries into his newly established kingdom as potential allies. Under Moshoeshoe I the Basotho - who had adopted horses and guns from their erstwhile opponents - inflicted some sharp defeats on their European enemies. But in 1868 the King felt obliged to seek British protection from Boer encroachments.
Liberia is the only African country that was not colonised by a foreign power (Ethiopia shares that to an extent, having only been briefly occupied by Italy from 1937 to 1941). Liberia was established as an independent state by freed slaves from America in 1847. They were joined by Africans released from slave ships off the West African coast. For more than 130 years from its founding, politics were dominated by the small minority of the population descended from these original settlers, known as the Americo-Liberians or Congo. During that era, Liberia was renowned for its stability, its functioning economy and the large amount of foreign investment it attracted in the rubber plantations and the iron ore mines. But the indigenous Africans were largely excluded from political power.
Italy took over the area around Tripoli from the Ottoman Turks until 1943. It was relinquished by Italy in 10th February, 1947, and from UK, France under United Natons trusteeship in 24th December, 1951. On December 24, 1951 Libya officially achieved independence with the Senussi or Sanussi (Arabic: السنوسية) refers to a Muslim political-religious order in Libya. Headship since independence; Monarchial Head;- Full name Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi. The Grand Senussi's grandson King Idris Muhammad of Libya known also as Sayyid Muhammad Idris bin Sayyid Muhammad al-Mahdi alSenussi was the King of Libya (1951 to 1969). He was a member of the Walad Sidi Abdalla tribe, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslims.
Madagascar is the world's fourth largest island. The people of Madagascar are of mixed African and Malay-Indonesian ancestry migrated to Madagascar at about 700 AD. Although Madagascar is geographically close to mainland Africa, its history and culture are distinct. The first settlers are believed to have arrived from the area of Indonesia in about the 5th century. The forebears of the present population were from South-East Asia and from East Africa in equal measure, with the Asian element predominant in the highlands, and the African (and Arab) element predominant in the coastal areas. While people and culture represent a unique blend, the nearest relation to the Malagasy language, which bears few African traces, is today spoken only in southern Borneo. In contrast to most African countries where linguistic diversity is the rule, Madagascar has a single common language.
Early human inhabitants of what is now Malawi date to 8000–2000 BC Bantu-speaking peoples migrated there between the 1st and 4th centuries AD. Malawi takes its current name from the Maravi (which means 'rays of light') empire which developed on the shore of Lake Malawi in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the 19th century Maravi was devastated by the arrival of Nguni invaders from the south, and Muslim slavers from the east, leading to the establishment of the British Protectorate of Nyasaland at the end of the 19th century. Christian missions, inspired by Livingstone's appeal to end the slave-trade, played a key role in promoting British intervention. Apart from local initiatives - most notably by John Chilembwe, an evangelical Christian minister (and national hero), in 1914 - there was little resistance to colonial rule until the 1950s when
Although in its current form Mali is a creation of the French Empire (called French Soudan under colonial rule), Malians continue to draw a sense of national pride from the heritage of the Songay and Malian Empires. The country became an independent republic in 1960 after having briefly joined with Senegal in 1959 in the Federation of Mali. The first head of State, President Modibo Keita, immediately declared a single party state and pursued Marxist Socialist policies supported by alliances with the Soviet Bloc. Keita's regime was overthrown by a military coup in 1968. The coup leader Colonel Moussa Traore promised a return to civilian rule, but in the event continued the oppressive single party rule of his predecessor until his overthrow in early 1991.
Formerly known as "Ile de France". It had been re-named by the French when they captured the country Mauritania has often been described as a bridge b/n the Arab and Black African worlds. France gained control of the region known as now Mauritania in 1817, and established French protectorate in 1903, it was added to French west Africa in 1904 and later a colony in 1920. France gained control of the coastal region in 1817, and in 1904 a formal French protectorate was extended over the territory
Arab sailors visited Mauritius during the Middle Ages. The Portuguese were probably the first Europeans to land, in around 1511, but they did not settle the island. The first colonists were the Dutch who settled in 1638 and named the island Mauritius after Prince Maurice of Nassau. The Dutch, who eventually abandoned Mauritius in about 1710, are remembered for having introduced sugar cane to the island. The French occupied between 1715 and 1810, renaming the country Isle de France. In 1810 the British took possession during the Napoleonic Wars (the French ceded the island under treaty in 1814) and reverted to the name Mauritius.
The Spanish seized part of Moroccan terrtory in 1859. It was made part of a French protectorate from 1912 until the independence struggle with Spain and mainly with France ended successfully in March, 1956, colonial years that had lasted 44 years. Headship since independence on 3rd March, 1956; Monarchial Head In the late 1970s, Morocco annexed Western Sahara. In the 1990s, the country established a bicameral legislature which met for the first time in 1997. But legitimate authority remains in the hands of the monarchial head.
Bantu speaking tribes migrated to Mozambique in the first millennium, and Arab and Swahili traders settled the region thereafter. The Portuguese arrived on the East African coast in the early 16th century, displacing Arab rulers from many of the towns. They established settlements along the Zambezi, but were for centuries largely confined to the river valley and the coastal strip. After many failed attempts to penetrate inland (particularly to control the gold and silver mines of what is now Zimbabwe), they made a concerted effort to conquer the interior in the late 19th century.
The Bantu-speaking Ovambo and Herero population migrated from the north in about the 14th century AD. The San are generally assumed to have been the earliest inhabitants of the region. Later inhabitants include the Nama and the Damara or Berg Dama. Germany declared a protectorate over the area in 1884. Colonial settlement provoked a series of uprisings at the beginning of the 20th century, in which the Herero and the Nama peoples were almost wiped out. During the First World War South Africa, in pursuit of its own colonial ambitions, invaded and occupied German South-West Africa and was awarded a League of Nations Mandate. South Africa occupied the German colony of South West Africa during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II, when it annexed the territory.
Niger played an important role in the trade between North Africa and kingdoms farther south from the 14th century onwards because of its extensive mineral resources. The nomadic, animal-breeding Tuaregs controlled most of the north and after a drought in the 18th century, extended their dominance southwards, making contact with agriculturalists. Niger was a French colony, part of French West Africa. The French colonised Niger in the late 1800s, but not before meeting heavy resistance, particularly from the Tuaregs. Niger was granted its independence in August, 1960 but retained strong ties with France through a series of bilateral agreements, including a defence agreement, and its membership of the Franc Zone. Its first President, Hamani Diori, introduced a one-party state which survived until Niger experienced its first military coup in 1974.
Rwanda existed as an independent, highly centralised state for several centuries, ruled by a King and noble elite drawn largely from the minority Tutsi (15%) group. It became part of German East Africa in 1899. Following the First World War, it became part of the Belgian-administered territory of 'Ruanda-Urundi', with neighbouring Burundi, under a League of Nations mandate. The colonial authorities initially consolidated the power of the existing Tutsi elite. In an attempt to head off claims for independence from the ruling elite, the Hutu majority was later encouraged to participate in the political life of the country. Independence from Belgium followed in 1962, after a Hutu uprising (1959-61) and largescale massacres of Tutsi. This brought to power a Hutu-dominated Government led by President Kayibanda.
Sao Tome and Principe is a Portuguese-speaking island nation consisting of two islands; Sao Tome and Principe, off the north-western coast of Gabon.It was colonized by the Portuguese in the late fifteenth century and were used in the trade and transshipment of manpower (slaves), until slavery officially abolished in 1875. Sao Tomé & Principe was part of Portugal's African possessions for over 500 years. São Tomé & Principe: The second smallest country in Africa. Slave Trade & The Portuguese Slave Trading in the 16th, 17th, and 19th Century
First it was explored by the Portuguese in 1445 and in 1638 the French established a trading post around in exportation of Gold, slaves & ivories, during the period several hundred thousands of Africans have died as a result of being inslaved to the west or who were caught up in the violence and chaos unleashed as their communities suffered destruction during the raids by slaving European gangs. The areas of Senegal around Dakar and St Louis, colonised in the 1840s, were the earliest parts of the formal French empire in sub-Saharan Africa. Dakar was the capital of French West Africa from the early 1900s. Some Africans from this region were granted full French citizenship, and a handful of individuals became prominent in French public life, such as Blaise Diagne and Leopold Sedar Senghor, both members of the French parliament in the colonial period. On independence in 1960, Senghor became the country's first President. Famous for his intellectual and literary achievements, his rule was
A group of volcanic islands in the Indian Ocean. The Seychelles islands remained uninhabited for more than 150 years until the 17th century, most Seychellois are (Creoles) descendants of early French settlers and the African slaves brought to the Seychelles in the 19th century by the British, who freed them from slave ships on the East African coast. They were proclaimed a French colony in 1756 but the first French settlers did not arrive until 1770; the French ruled the islands with delegated powers from Mauritius. Both the British and the French were keenly interested in the strategic value of the islands and during the late 1790s and early 1800s Seychelles changed hands several times.
Sierra Leone literally meaning for "the mountain of Lions", became a British colony in 1808 and a protectorate in 1896. Sierra Leone was founded as a state by returned slaves from Britain and North America in 1787. The colony of Sierra Leone (roughly the current day Western Province around Freetown) was administered by the British. Became a British colony in 1808 and a protectorate in 1896. Heavily influenced by a blend of native Bantu and western culture. The hinterland came under British control as a protectorate in 1896.
Somalia, officially the Somali Federal republic, is located on the Horn of Africa in East Africa. It's bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. At present ethnic-Somali population are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former colonial powers.
Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of modern day South Africa in 1652 and established a stopover point on the spice route between the Netherlands and the East, founding the city of Capetown. Slavery In South Africa Slavery in South Africa began in 1652 under Dutch rule, after that in 1795 the Great Britain took over the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own republics. It is a popular misconception that slavery in South Africa was mild compared to America and the European colonies in the Far East.
As Sudan prepared to gain independence from joint British and Egyptian rule in 1956, southern leaders accused the new authorities in Khartoum of backing out of promises to create a federal system, and of trying to impose an Islamic and Arabic identity. In 1955, southern army officers mutinied, sparking off a civil war between the south, led by the Anya Nya guerrilla movement, and the Sudanese government.. The conflict only ended when the Addis Ababa peace agreement of 1972 accorded the south a measure of autonomy.
Sudan entered the Twentieth Century ruled as an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, a unique constitutional status dating from 1899. After the First World War, Sudanese nationalist sentiment grew drawing inspiration from Egyptian nationalism. The Mahdist Movement The Mahdi, his real name was Mohammad Ahmad Ibn El Sayed Abdullah, was born in Dongola, in Northern Sudan, in 1844.
eSwatini/Swaziland
Bantu peoples migrated southwest to the area of Mozambique in the 16th century. A number of clans broke away from the main body in the 18th century and settled in Swaziland. In the 19th century, these clans organised as a tribe, partly because they were in constant conflict with the Zulu. The Swazi nation has been led by a monarchy since about the middle of the seventeenth century. In 1890, Swaziland was brought under the protection and administration of the British Governor of the Transvaal. It was assumed that it would in time be incorporated into South Africa, though not against the wishes of its inhabitants. In 1910 the Transvaal became a province of the Union of South Africa and Swaziland came under the direct control of the UK.
The modern Tanzanian state is formed from the former colony of Tanganyika, on the mainland, and the former Protectorate of Zanzibar. Tanganyika was first a German colony, then a League of Nations mandated territory under British administration and later a UN trust territory, remaining under British control. In 1954, Julius Nyerere founded the Tanganyikan African National Union (TANU), which became the focus of African nationalism. Constitutional changes increased the voice of the African population. Elections were held in 1958-59 and 1960 which resulted in overwhelming victory for TANU.
In an 1884 treaty, present-day Togo became a German protectorate. Current day Togo was, part of the German protectorate of Togoland from 1884, through a treaty. The status was formalised in 1905. In 1919, the French took over the eastern part of Togoland under a league of Nations Mandate. The British took over the western part. In 1956, in a UN organised plebiscite, the majority of the population of British Togoland chose to merge with the neighbouring colony of Gold coast. The following year that region became part of the newly independent state of Ghana. French Togoland voted in 1956 to become part of the French Community. In 1960 the territory voted in favour of independence, which was granted in 1960.
Tunisia became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th Century and was a French protectorate from 1881 to 1956. Origins of name – Named after Tunis the present-day capital, but in ancient times a powerful city-state and successor to ancient Carthage Gained independence from France on the 20th of March, 1956. Headship since independence; Head of instrumental self-administration Tunisia became Republic in 1957 with Habib Ahmed Bourguiba, who led the independence movement it's founder-President.
Uganda developed from the 19th century kingdom of Buganda, which was declared a British protectorate in 1894. The protectorate was extended to other traditional kingdoms in 1896 and the rest of the country brought under central administration by 1914. British administration followed the principles of indirect rule, which included special measures of autonomy for the Baganda. African representation in government increased steadily after 1945. This met some resistance from the traditionalists and separatists among the Baganda. Uganda became independent in October 1962 under a constitution that safeguarded the autonomy of Baganda and the other kingdoms. Milton Obote, leader of the Uganda People's Congress (UPC), was elected Prime Minister, with the Kabaka (Buganda monarch)
After an agreement among the European colonial powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884 on the division of spheres of influence in Africa, Spain seized control of The Western Sahara and established it as a Spanish colony. POLISARIO's declared independence, on the 27th of February, 1976. Morocco annexed the former Spanish Sahara. Legal status still not fully recognized but POLISARIO's Government-in-exile was seated as an Organization of African Unity (OAU) member in 1984. In 1991- A ceasefire with the rebel-POLISARIO was brokered by the United Nations.
The area of modern Zambia was inhabited by Khoisan hunter-gatherers until around AD 300, when technologically advanced migrating tribes began to displace or absorb them. Zambia's geographical position kept it largely free of foreign influences until the 19th century. The Lunda and Bemba kingdoms, in what is now northern Zambia, were the largest precolonial polities, joined from 1838 by the Lozi, whose kingdom still survives today (as Barotseland). As elsewhere in southern Africa, there was also an influx of Ngoni settlers at about the same time. But the greatest political changes began in 1890 when Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company signed a series of treaties with local leaders, leading to
Present day Zimbabwe was the site of a large and complex African civilisation under Mwene Mutapa empire in the 13th and 14th centuries. Widely believed it was populated by descendants of the Bantu tribes, who had migrated from the north around the 10th century. Until the 19th century, the area covering modern day Zimbabwe was ruled by a succession of Shona kingdoms, including the builders of the famous Great Zimbabwe complex (from which the country takes its name). By the 1820s internal and external pressures had led to the collapse of the Shona polities, laying the country open to occupation. Nguni conquerors from South Africa occupied what is now Matabeleland, and in 1890 Cecil
A to Z Africa General Information
Africa general information eMap.
Alphabetic African Timeline - Copyright Proprietorship Notice
Alphabetic African Timeline -The Essential & Complete e-Guide platform to the African Countries, People, and Politics Launched at Landmark Event in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, January, 2019. ©Copyrights "Alphabetic African Timeline (K) - 1995-2019. Afro friendly Media/Edutain content hiring e-platform primarily tasked to promote and empower the African continent including the surrounding islands and islets termed as "The Dependencies" at its educate/entertain form. A chronology of an arrangement of events or data in the order which they happened, meaning, in four-colors collected e-Version (Web platform) giving knowledge based resource and reference material for Africans and non-African friends of Africa with basic geographic, and historic information and the instructions on African individual countries in alphabetic order includes "The Dependencies" those estimated at nearly fourteen islands, islets, and city states, those categorically termed the integral parts of Africa, were politically willing to stay under former colonial masters through formal referendum. All Rights Reserved. Copyrights protected and belong to the respective owners, authors, publishers, designers and developers, may not be copied, altered, sold or transmitted without permission of the copyrights holders. The views expressed in such hypertext are of mainly referred to other trusted editorials. "Alphabetic African Timeline" necessarily reflects its own views & editorials in the forewords and copyright notices. Founder & Content Editor At-Large: Moges Mulugeta Amharay (The Hon. Laureate, Ed-D Arts) Website: http://www.africacomplete.org / www.africacomplete.co.ke / www.africacomplete.et E-mail: africacomplete61@gmail.com Cellphones, +251 901 091733, +251 944 251281/2, +254 746 117694 LETTERS OF TESTIMONIALS, APPRAISALS, AND REMARKS ENDORSED BY AFRICAN DIGNITARIES & MULTI-DISCIPLINARY PERSONALITIES. "It's an excellent job that Moges is trying to do" -The late Mohammed "Mo" Amin (victim of the 1996 hijacked EAL jetliner Flight 906 that crashed at territorial waters of the Comoros) of Camerapix/Reuters TV, Nairobi. Kenva. "I express my admiration for this young and growing Ethiopian's, endaavoure the time and paitience he paid to bring his wish into reality!" -The Hon. Wolde-Michael Chemu (retired), ex-Federal Minister of Information and Culture, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia /FDRE/. "The e-Map Africa and the Afro friendly website Africacomplete.com projected by Mr. Mulugeta is a highly visual and detailed venture that gives relevant information to scholars and people who are interested in general information pertaining Africa and the selected African countries. I'd therefore recommend it as a reference material." –Mr. Ken Karangi, Senior Digital Educationist at Text Book Center (TBC), Kenya. "The e-Map of Africa produced by Mr. Moges Mulugeta Blatta Amharay is a useful tool in the teaching of African history, culture and geography, and will hopefully find users in schools and other teaching institutions that are concerned with Africa" -Anne Kristin Bang (PhD), Associate Professor of History, Archaeology, Cultural-and Religious Studies, University of Bergen (UiB), NORWAY. "Since October 1992, Moges Mulugeta, an Ethiopian by nationality, has through his own initiative contacted all OAU Member States and has been able to prepare a geo-political Almanac of Africa. The Almanac, the first of it's kind, has been supported by the OAU General Secretariat as it provides useful profiles of Member States in reasonable depth, and will definitely go a long way towards publicizing the Member States and our continental organization at home and abroad. The OAU General Secretariat, would, therefore, appreciate any assistance that would be extended regarding the promotion of this handy publication to Ethiopian Embassies abroad, NGOs, Colleges, the University, Libraries and the general public through the media i.e. etv, radio, etc." - Ambassador Ahmed Hagag (retired Egyptian diplomat), ex-Acting Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union Interim Commission (AUIC). "Moges, you have dedicated many years of your life to bring knowledge about Africa to learners everywhere. Your work is commendable, and your dedication to this cause gives me inspiration" –Mr. Øyvind Høynes, CEO of Norwegian Digital Learning Arena (NDLA) /Digitale læremidler for videregående opplæring/, NORWAY. "I have read the draft African Almanac version, I recommend it to read. It's an excellent initiative, and think it's quite in order. Moges is ingeniously finds ways to serve the general public especially in terms educate/entertain by empowering and promoting the African continent as a whole" -Dr. Ibrahim Dagash Ibrahim (retired), ex-Head of Press and Information Department of the ex-OAU. The writer and Alphabetic African Timeline can be reached at, facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter @ MogesMogesie & MogAfric
Data Collection and Processing Portal
Graduation Verification System
Moshe Services
The Higher Education Relevance and Quality Agency (HERQA)
The Higher Education Strategy Center (HESC)
The TVET Agency and the TVET Institute
ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
moshe@ethernet.edu.et
2021 © Ministry of Science and Higher Education - All rights reserved.


After studying fashion at Central Saint Martin's College of Art & Design, Sally started her career at Vogue, moved to The Observer as fashion editor, and then launched Elle in the UK, where she was editor-in-chief. She has published four novels and a non-fiction memoir of depression.
Last year, I spent a month in hospital, which was fine by me, or as fine as any severe illness can be, but it was a psychiatric unit and the moment you utter those two words, a hush falls across the room and then, like the faintest breeze, the whispers begin.
I have been in four psychiatric units, so I know those whispers well, although they bewilder me, because I am very open about my illness, which is bipolar disorder. If I have already spoken the words, what is there to talk about, what is left to say?
I was standing in a changing room the other day, struggling to get into a dress. It was one of those changing rooms in which high street stores seems to delight – the fat mirror imported from the funfair; the harsh, overhead light that picks out every lump and bump and dimple of cellulite. You know the ones? I guess every woman does.
Here is one of my favourite quotes from the always irrepressible, Mark Twain. "The best way to cheer yourself up is to try to cheer somebody else up". I love it because it's so simple and so true. Or perhaps that should be the other way around. No matter, whichever way you put it, it works.
I am a great believer in kindness. It is the virtue I hold dear above all others. Besides being central to Mark Twain's cheering-up philosophy, which has to be the ethos of a happy society, it is also one of the best ways to individual happiness. Win, win.
You know the way Gill gets over excited when she loves something and immediately turns into a happy lunatic? Of course you do. Well, this month I'm going to join her. Not about the cutting-edge health and beauty products that she constantly discovers for us, (as divine as they are) but about cutting-edge art.
And I don't mean glass cubes suspended in a glass cube suspended from a glass ceiling but a series of portraits of women, called the Aunties, which are just as radical in their own way. The first time I saw them, I laughed. They looked like they were having such a fine old time, I couldn't help but smile.
I've decided I'm going to be A Whole New Me. Just kidding. It's taken me years to get used to the old me. I admit there's room for improvement (which I always think sounds rather like redecorating the spare room) but, here's an old-fashioned notion, I really quite like myself.
I know we're not supposed to say that – and certainly not out loud, because god forbid anybody should think we're arrogant. I said it to a friend last week who, quite frankly, looked stunned. It was as if I'd said a rude word but perhaps we might show ourselves a little respect. We celebrate our friends. Our friends celebrate us. We don't sit around saying, hmmm, she could do with some Botox or look at those thighs! We love each other, lumps and bumps and all. We don't try to change each other.
Suicide. It scares people – both those who are not suicidal, and those who are. It's almost impossible to talk about unless you are with somebody who understands, because they have been there themselves. When I am suicidal (or have suicidal ideation, as it is more benignly phrased by psychiatrists although it all comes down to the same thing; you want to die) I call a friend, who I met in the loony bin, ten years ago. We have been close ever since, not bound through mental illness, but simply because we love each other. Anyway, I call him, sobbing that I want to die. Most people panic, which simply makes me feel worse but his words are always," What method are we choosing today, darling? Which makes me laugh. As black as it sounds, we discuss our various options. He is quite keen on cars, smashing into a wall, or driving off a cliff. I am vaguer in my options. All I know is that I want to die or, rather, that I don't want to be here any longer. There is a difference as anybody who has ever looked into the black abyss of severe depression will understand. We do not want to be dead. We simply want to go to sleep for a very long time and, one day, wake up and feel the sunshine on our backs, and breathe the cool, still air and hold life in our hands.