text:
ReviseSociology
A level sociology revision – education, families, research methods, crime and deviance and more!
Exams, Essays and Short Answer Questions
Families and Households
Sociological Theories
Beliefs in Society
Globalisation and Global Development
Left Realist Criminology
Left realists believe the main causes of crime are marginalisation, relative deprivation and subcultures, and emphasise community oriented programmes for controlling and reducing crime.
As a response to the increasing influence of Right Realism, Left Realism was developed by Jock Young, John Lea and Roger Matthews. Left Realism is related to Marxism and the New Criminology, but tries to focus on finding practical ways of solving crime, as it claims that these two theories are too idealistic and have unrealistic ideas about how to solve crime.
Key ideas:
As a criticism of Marxism, Left Realists point out that the victims working class street crime are most likely to be the working class, and it is these types of 'ordinary crime' that worry working class people. Criminology should thus focus on dealing with these types of 'ordinary crime' rather than focusing on elite crime.
The three three major causes of (working class street) crime are relative deprivation, marginalisation and subcultures.
Solutions to crime should focus on social and community crime prevention and improving relations between the police and local communities.
Left Realism – Causes of Crime
Young (1997) argues that you have to be tough on crime, but this does not just mean being tough on criminals, it means being tough on trying to change the social factors which have a long term impact on crime rates and ensuring that the criminal justice system promotes social justice.
He argues that since the Second World War, rising living standards and the development of welfare provisions have gone hand in hand with a higher crime rate. Lea and young conclude that they can explain this using the following key concepts; relative deprivation, marginalisation and subculture.
Relative deprivation
Lea and Young argue that crime has its roots in deprivation, but deprivation itself is not directly responsible for crime – for example, living standards have risen since the 1950s, so the level of deprivation has fallen, but the crime rate is much higher today than it was in the 1950s.
Left Realists draw on Runciman's (1966) concept of relative deprivation to explain crime. This refers to how someone feels in relation to others, or compared with their own expectations.
The concept of relative deprivation helps to explain the apparent paradox of increasing crime in the context of an increasing wealthy society. Although people are better off today, they have a greater feeling of relative deprivation because of the media and advertising have raised everyone's expectations for material possessions – we are wealthier, but we feel poorer, and thus there is more pressure to get more stuff to keep up with everyone else, which generates historically high crime rates.
Left Realists see subcultures as a group's collective response to the situation of relative deprivation, and they draw on Cohen's theory of status frustration to explain how they emerge. There are many different subcultural adaptations to blocked opportunities, and not all result in crime – but those subcultures which still subscribe to the mainstream values of material wealth but lack legitimate opportunities to achieve those goals.
This is where people lack the power or resources to fully participate in society. According to Left Realists marginalised groups lack both clear goals and organisations to represent their interests. Groups such as workers have clear goals (such as wanting better pay and conditions) and organisations to represent them (such as trades unions), and as such they have no need to resort to violence to achieve their goals.
By contrast, unemployed youth are marginalised – they have no specific organisation to represent them and no clear sense of goals – which results in feelings of resentment and frustration. Having no access to legitimate political means to pursue their goals, frustration can become expressed through violence.
Evaluations – THINK about…
Supporting Evidence: Crimes this theory can explain – Is there any statistical evidence or case study* evidence which supports this theory?
Criticising evidence: Crimes this theory cannot explain – Is there any statistical evidence or case study evidence which criticises this theory?
Evaluate using other perspectives – What does the theory under investigation ignore?
Historical evaluation – Has society changed so much that the theory is just no longer relevant?
Evaluate in terms of ideology/ power – Is the theory biased, does it serve the powerful
Left Realism – Solutions to Crime
Left realist solutions to crime emphasis Social and Community Crime Prevention strategies which focus on individual offenders and the social context which encourages them to commit crime.
There are two broad approaches – Intervention, identifying groups at risk of committing crime and taking action to limit their offending, and Community based approaches– involving the local community in combating crime.
One of the best-known intervention programmes aimed at reducing criminality is the Perry pre-school project for disadvantaged black children which took place in Michigan, USA. IN this programme a group of 3-4 olds were offered a two-year intellectual enrichment programme, during which time the children received weekly home-visits.
A longitudinal study following the children's' progress showed significant differences between the experimental group and a control group. By age 40, they had had significantly fewer arrests for various types of grime, and a higher percentage had graduated high school and made it into full-time employment. It was calculated that for every $1 spent on the programme, $17 were saved on welfare, prison and other costs.
As far as community-based strategies for reducing crime are concerned – Young and Matthews (1992) argue that improving leisure facilities for the young, reducing income inequalities, improving housing estates, raising the living standards of poorer families, reducing unemployment and creating jobs with prospects, will all help to cut crime. Long term problems must be addressed, but more immediate measures can also be taken.
Improving Policing
A third strategy for reducing crime according to left realists is to improve policing. They argue that over 90% of crimes are cleared up by the police as a result of information from the public, however research suggests that public confidence in the police has declined. Left Realists argue that if this relationship breaks down, the flow of information from the victims of crime will dry up. If Police do not have the information they need from the public, they have to find new ways of solving crime, and there is a drift towards military policing (the police having to resort to tactics such as stopping and searching or using surveillance) they then alienate people in the community and make everyone feel like criminals, and as a result trust in the police declines further. Therefore the police must concentrate on improving relationships with the community and the public should have more say in shaping police policy –where the police should listen to the public about what crime affects them most in their area.
Evaluations of Left Realist solutions to crime
If done effectively, these are the most costly of all crime prevention measures.
HOWEVER, if done properly, community prevention measures can save hundreds of thousands of pounds, by 'turning' a potential criminal into an employed tax-payer.
Marxists argue that these policies may tackle deprivation but they do not tackle the underlying structural inequalities in the Capitalist system which are the root cause.
Such approaches target working class, inner city communities and do not tackle elite crime.
Michel Foucault and David Garland interpret the these strategies as being about surveillance and control rather than real social change which prevents crime.
Extension work – Find out more about 'Multiple Aetiology and The Square of Crime'
Left Realists argue that crime is caused by several different factors. They call this multiple aetiology. Crime is a product of formal and informal rules, actions of offenders and of reaction by victims, the state and its agencies, it is therefore important to understand why people offend, what makes victims vulnerable, the factors that affect public attitudes and responses to crime and the social forces that influence the police. This can be done by drawing together a number of different agencies in the community, who should all work together to solve crime.
For more please see my main page on crime and deviance.
Author Karl ThompsonPosted on September 6, 2016 January 18, 2019 Categories Crime and Deviance, right and left realismTags community policing, marginalistion, relative deprivation, subcultures
2 thoughts on "Left Realist Criminology"
Pingback: How I would've answered A level sociology paper 3: crime and deviance with theory and methods, June 2017 | ReviseSociology
Pingback: Controlling and Reducing Crime – The Role of the Community | ReviseSociology
Previous Previous post: The Hidden Privileges of Identity: On Being Middle Class
Next Next post: Sociological Perspectives on Identity (1)
Revision Mind Maps and Revision Notes for Sale
A-Level Sociology Teaching Resources
All My A Level Sociology Revision Resources
Crime and deviance revision notes
Families and Households Revision Bundle
Sociology of Education Revision Bundle
Theory and methods revision bundle
Revision Mega Bundle
Teaching Resource Subscriptions
Sociology Revision Webinars
Positivism and Interpretivism in Social Research
The Functionalist Perspective on the Family
Research Methods in Sociology - An Introduction
The Marxist Perspective on Education
The Marxist Perspective on The Family
Merton's Strain Theory of Deviance
View Realsociology's profile on Twitter
A level sociology exam practice (67)
A-levels (56)
ageing population (3)
Agencies of development (8)
Aid, trade and debt (9)
audience effects (8)
Beliefs in Society (21)
Book summaries (68)
Careers and alternative careers (9)
Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism (1)
Contemporary Sociology (12)
content analysis (3)
Crime and Deviance (113)
crime control (1)
Culture and Identity (15)
Digital nomads (1)
Digital sociology (1)
Education Policy (19)
Environmental problems and sustainable development (4)
Essay plans (25)
Exams and revision advice (113)
Families and Households (99)
Family diversity (13)
Functionalism (19)
Global Development (87)
Globalisation (48)
In-school factors (2)
Indicators of development (10)
Industrialisation and urbanisation (4)
Key Sociology Concepts (3)
Longitudinal studies (2)
Marriage, Divorce and Cohabitation (12)
methods in context (8)
Millennials and Youngers (1)
Neoliberalism and The New Right (17)
news values (7)
ownership and control (5)
participant observation (3)
positivism (3)
Postmodernism and Late Modernsim (32)
Pot Luck (49)
private documents (2)
religious organisations (10)
representations (8)
right and left realism (9)
secularization (5)
Sex and gender (51)
Social Action Theory (Interpretivism and Interactionism) (11)
Social class, wealth and income inequalities (36)
Social Policies (16)
Social Theory (A2) (74)
Sociological concepts (64)
Sociology and science (3)
Sociology in the News (27)
Sociology on TV (17)
Sociology soundtrack (3)
state crime (2)
subcultures (1)
teaching and learning theory (15)
Theories of development (23)
Transnational corporations (12)
War and conflict (8)
ReviseSociology Proudly powered by WordPress


forest wall art teal tree canvas path metal.
forest wall art decal trees sticker tree window colorful road nursery c path metal.
forest wall art silhouette multi panel canvas dreams.
forest wall art large canvas.
forest wall art original abstract huge oil painting on canvas in calligraphy from home garden group path metal.
forest wall art black tree branches in the dark winter canvas print set of 3.
forest wall art canvas prints night dreams.
forest wall art light through the red canvas.
forest wall art bamboo grove japan oversized metal.
forest wall art extra large deer in the mural decor living room bedroom home decal wallpaper poster applique x canvas.
forest wall art aerial ocean beach canvas south africa.
forest wall art yellow fall framed graphic canvas.
forest wall art poster canvas painting eagle posters and prints black white pictures for nordic.
forest wall art canvas decor painting tree pictures for living room paintings home decorative from bj keith metal.
forest wall art canvas green artwork for home decor extra large nature pictures paintings of oak trees lined road at black metal.
forest wall art landscape 3 piece dining room decor night nottingham.
forest wall art morning view in the multi panel canvas set of 3.
forest wall art design fascinating greenery in wild large canvasgreenx australia.
forest wall art decor foggy poster misty landscape canvas prints large modern picture for bj keith metal.
forest wall art dreamy greenery in dense large canvas green nz.
forest wall art sunny morning in a on canvas metal.
forest wall art nordic canvas.
forest wall art trees in canvas print 3 panel split triptych friends.
forest wall art image 0 dreams canvas.
forest wall art pine tree metal.
forest wall art bamboo mural decor cease to struggle and you live quote decal poster home decoration wallpaper sticker stickers south africa.
forest wall art custom grafie pine tree metal.
forest wall art sequoia print bj keith metal.
forest wall art black and white canvas.
forest wall art surface of lake in on wrapped canvas black and white.


1972 VW Beetle Engine Schematic.
Hello beloved visitor. Hunting for unique ideas is one of the exciting events however it can be also annoyed when we can not discover the desired plan. Precisely like you now, You are considering innovative concepts about 5 amp camper wiring diagram right?
Actually, we also have been realized that 5 amp camper wiring diagram is being one of the most popular subject right now. So we attempted to uncover some terrific 5 amp camper wiring diagram image to suit your needs. Here you go. it was from reliable on-line resource and that we like it. We think it deliver interesting things for 5 amp camper wiring diagram niche. So, what about you? Can you like it too? Do you totally agree that this image will probably be certainly one of excellent reference for 5 amp camper wiring diagram? Please leave a comment for us, we hope were able to bring further helpful information for future posts.
This unique 5 amp camper wiring diagram photo has submitted in [date] by Benson Fannie. We thank you for your visit to our website. Make sure you get the information you are looking for. Do not forget to share and love our reference to help further develop our website.


In this lesson students learn how to order food in a restaurant . They will be able to tell the waiter how they want their dishes to be prepared. They also will be able to differentiate between a main dish, a side dish and an appetizer. The receptive skill of listening will be followed by some controlled and freer practice to enable students speak about what they have learnt.
Listening: (Receptive phase) Ordering International food in restaurants ,mentioning how they want their dishes prepared( such as: grill, slice, etc) as main dish,side dish and appetizer courses. Listening for gist and listening for details will be my sub-skills.
Vocabulary and Speaking: Be able to talk about International food while ordering food .Be specific about how they want their food prepared as main dish, side dish and appetizer courses.
Show a picture ( PPT) of different international foods. Ask ss in groups to guess where these foods are from. Ss write the initials on sticky labels and come stick them to the board and then as WC feedback say where they think the food is from.
Give HOs .Ask ss in pairs to match the words with their definitions. Ask them to check with other pairs.Words will be: main dish, side dish, appetizer, bake, boil, fry, grill, raw, steam. AKs on the wall.
Ss listen to the audio. HOs given. Ask ss to fold them, and look at part A.They have to check the correct picture. Which food has been mentioned (a or b )? Check with their pairs.Listen again . Check. WC feedback if needed.
Listen again . Look at the other side of the folded HOs. What do people order? A main dish, a side dish, or an appetizer. Check the correct answers. Mingle and check. Listen again and check.WC feedback.
Give groups some cut-ups. Ask groups to put them in correct order to make a sentence. Check with other groups.Listen to the CD. Stick the cut-ups on colorful papers. Check with other groups. Stick them on the board. The functions related to ordering food are: Would you like.....? How about....? May I take your order? What kind of.......?
Ask ss to imagine they are in a restaurant . In groups of three, one of them a waiter and the other two customers, they have to practice ordering food in a restaurant. They use the sentences made in the previous stage( stuck on the board).


We are one of the professional China manufacturers work at Beer Table(Beer Table Set). The following items are the relative products of the Beer Table, you can quickly find the Beer Table through the list.
Group of Beer Table has been presented above, want more	Beer Table and Beer Table Set, Please Contact Us.


Why did our Ancestors Ferment?
People around the world have eaten probiotic foods for thousands of years. Fermented foods can even be considered part of the paleo diet. There's no doubt that if we eat fermented foods we'll grow to love the flavours. But the main reason our ancestors fermented was to preserve food. Remember, prior to the mid-1900s, refrigerators and freezers were not available for the average family. Prior to the early 1800s no one had developed methods of canning food. Without freezing or canning the only method left for to preserve veggies was to ferment them.
Our ancestors may not have known it but fermentation creates communities of with trillions of good bacteria or probiotics. These probiotics are vital for the health and wellbeing of people. This is especially important for people who don't have access to fresh food all year round. Probiotic foods are not just a fresh-food-replacement, probiotic foods boost your immune system and also give your body more access to vitamins and minerals already contained in the vegetables.
In today's society highly processed foods are the norm. With so many processed foods it's easy to imbalance our body's gut flora. "Gut flora" is a term that refers to the community of bacteria in our gut and it's vital for general immunity, digestion and prevention of disease and allergies. Highly processed foods are full of refined sugar and carbohydrates which are detrimental to the health of our intestine. Antibiotics and many other medications may also kill the "good" bacteria which we need to fight off sickness and disease. Eating fermented foods is a great way to replenish the bacteria in our gut and release protective compounds throughout our intestines.
Probiotic foods, if they're properly fermented are pre-digested, which means some of the hard work has already been done for our bodies. As the food ferments, microorganisms feed on the sugars and starches to begin breaking down the food and making it easier to digest. This means our body has to expend less energy to digest food which allows our body to absorb more of the nutrients that already exist in our food. The pre-digestion process is also helpful for people who have food intolerances to food components like gluten or lactose as these are partly broken down in the fermentation process.
There are so many benefits to eating probiotic foods. It's a great boost to the general wellbeing and immunity of those who eat it. Fermented foods are full of good bacteria and are really helpful in replenishing gut flora. Pre-digestion that takes place during fermentation improves our body's digestion. Fermentation of food enables us to better absorb the nutrients.
You can ferment your own food, or you can buy it here and let us do all the hard work.


text:
Home Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. Tech News
In China, drivers would rather kill you than injure you
Chris Weller
In China, security camera footage across multiple years shows drivers accidentally striking passersby, realizing their error, and subsequently rolling back over the injured pedestrians to make sure they're dead.
According to Geoffrey Sant, a professor at Fordham Law School and board member at the New York Chinese Cultural Center, if a driver in China hits a pedestrian, the goal isn't to minimize damage. It's to maximize it.
China's hit-to-kill mentality has been around for the better part of two decades, Sant explains in a recent article he penned for Slate.
Not only is it common, Sant says. It's embraced.
"Judges, police, and media often seem to accept rather unbelievable claims that the drivers hit the victims multiple times accidentally," he says, "or that the drivers confused the victims with inanimate objects."
People do this because of the money at stake, both present and future.
In China, it is customary after an accident for the offending party to cover the victim's medical expenses. However, this doesn't just happen once after the victim has left the hospital. It can go on for decades.
Killing the victim right away, in other words, avoids years of potentially crippling debt.
"The Chinese language even has an adage for the phenomenon," Sant writes. "'It is better to hit to kill than to hit and injure.'"
Christian MANGE/Flickr
The most disgusting cases involve children. In 2010, a man driving a BMW backed out of a parking spot and accidentally struck a 3-year-old boy, security footage shows. Rather than check to see if the boy was alright, the man proceeded to roll his car over the boy's skull several times before driving off.
Sant says these cases are all too common, and rarely do the courts or public express outrage.
But sometimes they do.
In 2013, onlookers attacked a man who killed a 6-year-old with his car. News reports argued the crowd had misinformation, although numerous bystanders all agreed the man was at fault.
Tokyo has one of the lowest rates of traffic-related fatalities in the world.
Yuya Shino/Reuters
Since breaking cultural traditions is easier said than done, China is unlikely to give up the practice of covering years worth of medical expenses.
Perhaps the easiest workaround is simply making pedestrian life safer — in other words, reducing the number of opportunities drivers have to hit people. China is already in the process of improving its public transit system and bike lane infrastructure through the use of physical barriers and more trains in operation.
In the short-term, China can look to Japan for cues on how to stay safer. The Greater Tokyo area boasts the most sophisticated railway system in the world, servicing 40 million people daily and has one of the lowest rates of traffic fatalities of any city.
In the future maybe it can become more like Denmark, where half the country commutes by bike and traffic fatalities are pretty much extinct.
Or, a simpler solution — just stop killing people.
NOW WATCH: If you think China's air is bad, you should see the water
More: China Traffic Bikes Car Accident

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


European secondary schools are eager to add an international orientation to their curriculum. Chinese high schools wish to diversify the learning experience of their teenagers. Connecting these two trends means business. It has a name – Globi. Founded in 2012, this growing company connects high school students to an interesting new world.
The offering of Globi is like music to the ears of any secondary school manager in both Europa and China. What school would not like to include "meaningful and in-depth intercultural experiences" – Globi's product – for their pupils in the age of 14 to 18?
Hans Boodt Mannequins, world leader in window mannequins, targets the high-end retail market in China's first and second tier cities, with top products.
The University of Groningen is to be the first mainland European university to establish its own branch campus in China, in Yantai, Shandong province.


In 1998, I started my own service, with one car. I'm still the owner, but now I probably have about 15 cars and shuttle buses.
I was born in Tehran, and in 1971, I came to America on a student visa. I was 20 years old. I went back to see family, then the revolution happened, and I took off. When I finished my studies, I got a job as a manager at a coffee shop; I needed work experience: My résumé was empty, but I had an MBA from Berkeley. I guess the company wasn't doing so well, and when I told one of my coffee-shop regulars, a driver, he said: "Well, why don't you come and work for us? The money's good; you can learn; it's flexible; you can make your own hours." When the business shut down, that's what I did.
I went to L.A. for a while, but the recession happened. Then there were the riots and stuff after Rodney King, so it was not a good time to work in L.A. So in 1998, I came back, again, and got a Lincoln Town Car.
You had to advertise in the yellow pages. There was no Google. I only had a pager and pay phones. I was able — without having a single office, without any employees — to handle all of this by myself. Customers would page me, then I'd get to a public pay phone and call them. There was no other way to find out, What do they need? — you know.
Then I got more customers. After a couple of years, I started thinking about a second and then a third car.
I don't drive as much now. I will drive customers with high expectations, very high VIP, I don't want to lose them. I want to make sure they get good service. And also, you know, I want to hear from them.
I get up at 3 a.m., every day. I do my paperwork, then I start the engine of the business: answering the phone, taking care of reservations, and making sure the drivers come to work. In this business, you never know when they're gonna call you. You have to always be available and ready. Our line is open 24/7.
It's not an easy job. It's long hours — you have to make sure you don't get frustrated with the behavior of other drivers. You have to hide your anger or your frustration from the customer sitting in the back of the car. Always have some kind of really good attitude and show that you are professional, show that you are experienced.
The Uber concept is not a service concept. People who ride with Uber or the other companies, you know, they just think about the money they pay. And how much they pay. But when it comes to the safety issue, they don't know.
Buses, BART, you know, the public transportation, the airport shuttle — they're almost going out of business, too, because less people are using the services. The parking companies at the airport are suffering.
This is how I put it: If you eat a hamburger, you have two choices. You can go to McDonald's and get two for $1. Or you can go eat one hamburger at a different place where that's their job, and you pay $20 for a hamburger. It depends on, you know, how much you care.
Now, parents with Uber, they just open the account; they don't even have to have cash in their pockets. The kids use those devices to call for a ride, you know, so we don't drive that many younger kids like we used to. Mainly work people and older generations who are not familiar with the devices — old-fashioned.
You talk to somebody if they're interested in talking. You'll find subjects and issues, even if they say, "Donald Trump," you know, you're gonna talk to them — you can drag into the conversation something pleasant. Not to argue with them. Wherever you think they'll agree with you, you find those moments. Make a pleasant trip, and make sure this guy is not fighting with my brain or idea, so he will come back to me next time. It's your customer, your guest. Doesn't matter if it's a Democrat or a Republican — I don't want to get into that kind of conflict. I stay away from that kind of argument or issues talks.
Older customers are more likely to talk to me, but they just like to talk about their past. They are not interested in anything that's going on. They like to talk about the story of their life, their kids, and their nephews. Their grandchildren, their dog, what they're coming here for, and where they're going.
The phone goes with me wherever I go — I have four or five. I always carry two or three with me, and I always have a couple of lines forwarded: my toll-free number or my landline, if I'm not in the office.
I have a couple of smartphones, but my business line comes to my flip phone.
I just wanna call people and answer the phone, that's all I want from this phone, nothing else. No texting, no emailing, no nothing. Just call me — the phone rings; I answer the phone.
My family is used to me being on my phone all the time. They know what I'm doing. They know I get up at three in the morning; they know I have to answer the phone. I'm the only one who works, so they have to put up with me, ha! They can't complain.
Don't text me, okay! Call.
I don't encourage people to text me — when they text me, I ignore it. After I ignore them a couple of times, they call. I want to hear your voice; I want to chat with you. Texting and emailing for some types of things, in my job and the work we do, is a waste of time. If you need me, you call me right now and tell me what you need. Don't leave me a message on my voice-mail. Call me and make sure I am talking to you. Otherwise, I might miss it, and you might not get it, then it's a loss for me and a loss for you.


text:
Q: Kohana 3: has_many and order_by How can i order a query that uses the has_many association in Kohana 3?

A: Have you tried something like $model->items->order_by('fieldname')->find_all()? __get() method returns Query_Builder object, not a Database_Result, so you can add QBuilder's conditions (where/order_by/etc) for your needs.

A: According to the Kohana_ORM::__get() implementation - you cannot.
All it does is just composing where condition without any possibility of adding a sort:
    elseif (isset($this->_has_many[$column]))
    {
        $model = ORM::factory($this->_has_many[$column]['model']);

        if (isset($this->_has_many[$column]['through']))
        {
            // Grab has_many "through" relationship table
            $through = $this->_has_many[$column]['through'];

            // Join on through model's target foreign key (far_key) and target model's primary key
            $join_col1 = $through.'.'.$this->_has_many[$column]['far_key'];
            $join_col2 = $model->_table_name.'.'.$model->_primary_key;

            $model->join($through)->on($join_col1, '=', $join_col2);

            // Through table's source foreign key (foreign_key) should be this model's primary key
            $col = $through.'.'.$this->_has_many[$column]['foreign_key'];
            $val = $this->pk();
        }
        else
        {
            // Simple has_many relationship, search where target model's foreign key is this model's primary key
            $col = $model->_table_name.'.'.$this->_has_many[$column]['foreign_key'];
            $val = $this->pk();
        }

        return $model->where($col, '=', $val);
    }

But you can write your own class ORM and reimplement __get there. You need to rewrite a little the part I've given above (if isset($this->_has_many[$column])) or pass the control to the parent::__get($column) otherwise. In this case you're free to add one more parameter to _has_many setup array like order_by and use it to order by the related models.
In pseudocode:
class ORM extends Kohana_ORM
{
    public function __get($column)
    {
        $result = parent::__get($column);

        if (isset($this->_has_many[$column]) && !empty($this->_has_many[$column]['order_by'])) {
            $result->order_by($this->_has_many[$column]['order_by']);
        }

        return $result;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Pretoria- South African Minister of Defence, Charles Nqakula will on Thursday 19 March 2009 lead a South African government delegation to the SADC Organ Troika on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation scheduled for Mbabane, Swaziland.
The SADC Organ Troika meeting is convened specifically to discuss the current situation and developments in Madagascar following the resignation of President Marc Ravalomanana on Tuesday 18 March and the hand-over of power to the military.
In his reaction to these developments, South African President and current Chairperson of SADC, President Kgalema Motlanthe expressed regret at the resignation of President Ravalomanana of Madagascar and the handing over of power to the Military Directorate.
"Of particular concern are the unconstitutional attempts undertaken by the opposition that led to the resignation of the democratically elected President of a SADC member country. South Africa and SADC will never countenance the unconstitutional transfer of power from a democratically elected government in any of our member-states" said President Motlanthe.
"In this regard, SADC urges all role players in Madagascar to resolve their differences through negotiations aimed at ensuring that a solution is found, which is constitutional and will restore peace and stability on the island, as a matter of priority" continued President Motlanthe.


Connect and engage with our community through the Agape Church app and you can experience Agape Church anytime and anywhere!
Experience Agape Church anytime and anywhere!
Connect and engage with our community through the Agape Church app, you can experience Agape Church anytime and anywhere!


Pentax, a Japanese maker of cameras and medical equipment, said Tuesday that its fiscal first-quarter profit fell 42 percent as a result of losses at its photographic unit.
Net income fell to ¥261 million, or $2.32 million, for the three months that ended June 30, from ¥448 million a year earlier, the company said in a release to the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Sales rose 9.6 percent to ¥33.8 billion.


Alt-Moabit 89, Berlin, 10559, Germany.
The Hotel Tiergarten Berlin is located only a short distance away from the centre of the old western part of Berlin and the Kurfurstendamm (the main shopping area), whilst the Tiergarten Park and many attractions in the centre of Berlin, are within walking distance. The new main railway station (Hauptbahnhof), Brandenburg Gate and the Boulevard Unter den Linden are two and three stops away respectively by bus. All 64 spacious bedrooms at the Berlin hotel feature television, radio, telephone, minibar and hairdryer. The Hotel Tiergarten Berlin is also very proud of its breakfast buffet. Free internet access at reception is also available. Government buildings are close by i.e. ministry of internal affairs. Furthermore, Schloss Bellevue, the residence of the German president, is also nearby.
To view our full selection of accommodation in Germany, view our hotels in Germany page.
Stay Date: 19/05/2015, a customer aged 65+	from Tewkesbury	who stayed in this hotel wrote this review.
Stay Date: 27/06/2014, a customer aged 65+	from Hassocks	who stayed in this hotel wrote this review.
Stay Date: 25/07/2011, a customer who stayed in this hotel wrote this review.
Stay Date: 29/12/2007, a customer from London	who stayed in this hotel wrote this review.
Stay Date: 11/08/2007, a customer who stayed in this hotel rated this hotel.
Stay Date: 03/2019, dileepawijeyekoon wrote this review.
Stay Date: 12/2018, Maboc2013 wrote this review.
Stay Date: 11/2018, timandteresak1b wrote this review.
Lovely old building with character and really helpful staff.
Stay Date: 11/2018, jas19882016 wrote this review.
We really liked the character and feel of the hotel . Good quiet location with excellent transport links and lots of nearby places to walk. Good local shops and places to eat out with helpful recommendations by the staff.
Stay Date: 06/2018, Kaikaljo wrote this review.


Are you struggling to make progress with your Asperger's and ASD clients ?
Working with individuals on the Autism Spectrum can be very different than traditional therapy. Adults, teens, and kids on the spectrum may be more concrete, more goal oriented, and less interested in developing that intuitive social connection that so many therapists strive for. At the same time, so many autistic individuals are dealing with intense problems, like depression, anxiety, social isolation, and marriage and career issues. Your clients deserve the best possible treatment.
That's where I can help. I've spent over a decade working with special needs individuals of all ages, and I love my work! I've developed my own techniques for dealing with the abstract and confusing world of emotional and social issues in a way that makes logical sense to ASD individuals. I can help you understand your ASD clients, conceptualize a treatment plan and develop interventions that will help you and your clients speak the same language.
This understanding is especially important in couples work. So many couples balance one feeling oriented partner, (who probably loves therapy!) with a more thinking and goal oriented partner. You can learn to relate to both partners, and adapt your therapy techniques to support each of them.
Consultations are available by phone, Skype, FaceTime, or in person. Email or call today to get started. We can do anything from a quick, inexpensive, 30 minute consultation to a full ongoing program. Whatever best suits your needs, so you can meet your client's needs.
If you're familiar with the work of Simon Baron-Cohen, you've heard of the ideas of empathizers, such as a therapist, perhaps, and systemizers, maybe an engineer. If you think of individuals on the autism spectrum as extreme systemizers, it's clear how the difficulty with therapy can come about.
You can learn how to work in a way that really connects with your more concrete and goal oriented clients, whether they have an Asperger's or an ASD diagnosis or not. I work to help you make your own therapy more systemizing oriented. More concrete, more visual, even more mathematical if you want!


text:
Life is a squid game
An unforgiving metaphor for our times
Edward Castronova
Professor of media at Indiana University and author of many books including Wildcat Currency: The Virtual Transformation of the Economy (Yale 2014) and Life Is a Game (Bloomsbury 2020).
Read time: approx. 9 mins
The most popular Netflix show in the platform's history is perhaps an unexpected hit. Why do people so enjoy watching others get brutally murdered simply for losing at children's games? According to Edward Castronova, it's because we see ourselves in the players. Life itself is a game, and these days it's a rigged, zero-sum game: winner gets all, while the losers do nothing but suffer. Yet, while we sympathize with the players on screen, at the same time, in our own lives, we continue to play and perpetuate our own version of Squid Game. But even if life is a game, there are other ways of playing it.
Read Rebecca Roach's counterpoint article, Life is not a squid game.
When the shooting starts, everyone gets hysterical. The players shriek when they realize what losing means, to be shot and burned. Rich sickos love to watch it, but so do we. Currently the top-rated show on Netflix, The Squid Game shows how much today's people resemble Romans attending the gory entertainments of yore. The series trots out the old metaphor of life-as-game, and with no compromise with losing. Losing is not OK in-the-end, not an occasion for deeper awareness, not "actually winning" by some strange logic. Nope, it's just losing. Make the wrong move, and you're dead.
Life is not a squid game Read more Why does this series resonate so much with audiences? Like most artifacts, it has an appeal in a time and place because it reflects the local reality all too well. I've been studying life-is-a-game metaphors for a few years and concluded that the human condition is not a metaphor for playing. Life actually is a game. In my book Life is a Game, I explain that mathematicians define a game as a set of players, a set of strategies, and a mapping from game outcomes back to the well-being of the players. Yes, that's it, that's what we are doing, that's the human condition into which we were thrown and from which we cannot escape. The universe is not God's joke, it's his game. God (or Nature if you want it that way) is the Game Master of a role-playing-game big enough to occupy all time and space.
I've been studying life-is-a-game metaphors for a few years and concluded that the human condition is not a metaphor for playing. Life actually is a game.
What is the game, though? It is a role-playing game, like Dungeons and Dragons. Each player takes on a role – an elven warrior, a hobbit thief, a dwarven priest. The Game Master gives them a setting: "You are in the nastiest tavern in a nasty port city. A well-dressed woman runs in, terrified, her dress torn. Gruff voices can be heard outside. The lady looks for somewhere to hide. What do you do?" From that point forward, the Game Master leaves things open, letting the players decide their pursuits and explain the consequences that follow. If they hide the lady, the Game Master reveals that the local boss now wants to kill them. If they don't, he says "The noble lady is carried off into captivity, but on the way out she screams, '100 pounds of gold to whoever saves me! 100 pounds!'" The Game Master enforces the rules of reality but lets the players take the consequences as they come. People love that. It's empowering but constraining, risky but rewarding, free but dangerous.
Play is disruptive. When people play, they experience a different way of organizing themselves.
Is it fun? It depends on what fun means. Psychologists don't study it, in fact very few professors study fun and games, they say it's not "serious" enough. I don't think that's the real reason, though. Play is disruptive. When people play, they experience a different way of organizing themselves. In some Mardi Gras traditions, a peasant is crowned King for a day. That kind of thing can give other peasants ideas. In our own age, kids playing with video game money became creators of crypto currencies, those digital coins that reveal how blurry the boundary between real and fake money has become.
So far as I can understand it, fun is what we feel when we face a significant risk with a significant reward, in a not-so-serious situation that has some relevance for our ancestral evolutionary needs. A dragon is scary, gold is alluring, a dragon sitting on gold – being sheer fantasy, nobody will get hurt – is fun. Not all games are make-believe (think of elections), but we enjoy a make-believe survival-relevant risk-reward challenge.
Some people are privileged enough to treat life as a not-so-serious occasion. Others aren't so lucky. Life's a fun game for the former. They jump into heart-of-humanity problems like money or fame, take on risks, avoid them, and earn rewards. This is fun, as long as you have a reasonable chance of avoiding the risks and even if you don't manage, nothing too bad will happen.
Fun is what we feel when we face a significant risk with a significant reward, in a not-so-serious situation that has some relevance for our ancestral evolutionary needs.
It's not fun if the risks are insurmountable or losing has dire consequences for players. But, at the same time, the higher the risks and dire consequences for the players, the more fun it is for spectators to watch. That's the Squid Game. That, and an annoying ping-pong-ping-pong soundtrack, a great-grandson of Pong or Space Invaders that simply will not leave your brain.
Players of the Squid Game face unkind odds. There's more than 200 of them, and only a few will make it to the end and get the money. Perhaps those odds look good compared to the lottery, but then again, you don't get killed if you lose the lottery. The game has some cooperative elements, but for the most part it is effectively one parachute per two passengers. And as mentioned above, if you lose, you die. Not fun. You can't even be a hero. If you die for somebody else's sake, the odds are that they're going to eventually die in the game too, so what's the point?
Squid Game is an utterly unforgiving metaphor for life's game in our times. The elites have a stranglehold on culture, government, and business that is stronger than anything we have seen in a democracy before. Conformity is brutally enforced – those who step out of line are mercilessly erased from society. Entry into the elites is gated now the way it was 100 years ago. Back then, you got into the elite because you were raised by people in the elite. Then there was an interregnum where a good test score and education could get you up there. No more. The elites have tossed over tests of merit – last year, colleges across America proudly announced that they would ignore all university entrance exam scores – and replaced them with vague assessments of worthiness based on political and ideological categories. The categories are not defined anywhere, but the administrators say they know a good candidate when they see one. Somebody like them, of course. There'll be no more of this barging in of the uninvited.
Squid Game talks about precisely this. One crude lady – she swears a lot and is not ashamed to hide unusual things in unusual places – reveals that she is, in fact, very smart. She just didn't get to study, that's all. She didn't get admitted to college. The lady tells this to the preppy college man who did get admitted. In so doing, she strikes a nerve with all young people today. If working hard and being good is no longer the way forward, what is?
These stories lure us in by making common cause with ordinary people. They seem to express, and ally with, our frustration and hopelessness with a world gone mad. Yet it's a trick.
Meanwhile, the elites watch. They don't come off all that well in Squid Game. They are rich, yes, but it's their character that turns us off. The Squid Game's elites, are like ours: Primarily interested in personal pleasure. In a Marxist age, we'd code them as capitalists, but that's no longer accurate. In today's world, the elite only partly consist of the guys who created businesses and sold a lot of stuff. The larger share consists of celebrities, artists, and athletes. I'd include journalists too. Though not rich, they certainly have abandoned their traditional gadfly role and become a mouthpiece for the powerful. The elite includes the politicians too, of course. They never change, they are certainly no less corrupt than ever. All these people have one thing in common - they want a world where they can do whatever they want.
A world of "you-do-you" works well if you're on top of society, with the means to take care of the ugly consequences (unwanted kids, depression, drug addiction, and so forth) that inevitably come along. It destroys the middle class and the poor, leaving them desperate. If your love of a drug got you into prison instead of a ritzy rehab, if your love of a guy got you a kid you can't feed instead of one you can send to boarding school, you're going to have to scrape and struggle mightily just to survive. Since the libertine system puts so many people in this situation, it creates an entire culture that the gods of entertainment, politics, and media can exploit to tell their stories. Every movie about urban life in the past 60 years has decried the hopelessness and decay of these places; isn't it funny that the people who actually run them haven't done anything about it? Why would they? Urban anarchy is the golden goose as far as taut, gritty storylines go.
The elites like to make these stories, and, as we learn from the success of the Squid Game, millions of us love to watch them. Why? Because it is a classic bait-and-switch. These stories lure us in by making common cause with ordinary people. They seem to express, and ally with, our frustration and hopelessness with a world gone mad. We point to the Squid Game and say, "That! That's exactly what it feels like! One false move, and BLAM! They kill you."
Yet it's a trick. The same people who commiserate with those on the screen are busy offstage perpetuating the misery.
I wonder, how long will people believe this particular lie? How long will we play the real-world squid game fed to us by the entertainers, journalists, and politicians? The question is never moot, because we can always switch back to the original game of the original Game Master. Nobody can shut that game down. The Great Game of life always remains open.
Love the iai?
Sign up to get exclusive access.
The dangers of Davos and the global social contract
Science can't state all the facts
The family's threat to justice
K-wave, K-pop… K-philosophy
The Arc of Life: Michael Morpurgo
Why do we laugh?
Standing up to sexism
Stories Worth Telling
Constructing consciousness
Get unlimited access to thousands of articles and videos.
What really makes up China's DNA
The making of us
Sign in to post comments or join now (only takes a moment).
Get unlimited access to all our videos
Sign in with a social network
Subscribe to enjoy full access
All you can watch
Hear it first
Unique events
View Account Benefits


This week, European dairy customers got another step closer to having access to enhanced price discovery for dairy products, as GDT announced it is moving forward with work on a joint initiative with the European Energy Exchange (EEX).
Over the last year, buyers and sellers have been consulted about their interest in having greater price discovery for dairy products through an auction mechanism specifically designed for Europe. The response was positive from more than 50 participants in the dairy value chain from across France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Asia.
Recognising GDT's role in providing additional purchasing options for buyers and enhancing the global dairy industry, a joint venture with the EEX is a logical next step. Our expertise in hosting transparent and reliable auctions for generic, large-volume products coupled with EEX's reputation as a highly regarded European market operator, is the ideal recipe for a trusted and local platform to meet the needs of European customers.
Now that the market consultation and initial evaluations with potential IT partners is complete, we will move forward and develop the scope of possible services, obtain commitments from potential customers, validate commercial viability and agree a partnership arrangement.
We plan to make a final decision on the initiative later this year and if all goes well, the first auction would take place in 2020.


text:
Ždaňa () is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia. The village has a population of around 1,400.

History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1222.

Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 185 metres and covers an area of 5.565 km².
It has a population of about 1310 people.

Ethnicity
The population is almost entirely Slovak in ethnicity.

Culture
The village has a public library and a number of general and food stores, and an insurance company branch.

Sport
The village has a football pitch and a gymnasium.

Transport
The nearest railway station is at Čaňa.

References

External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html

Villages and municipalities in Košice-okolie District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


14000 - Sidewinder White C4 LED, Red, Blue, IR LEDs. Includes 2 1/2AA1/2 alkaline batteries. Blister Packaged Coyote.
14001 - Sidewinder White C4 LED, Red, Blue, IR LEDs. Includes 2 1/2AA1/2 alkaline batteries. Blister Packaged Green.
High impact super-tough nylon case offers exceptional durability and weather resistance.
All openings are O-ring sealed.
Available in Coyote and OD Green.
Unbreakable polycarbonate lens with scratch-resistant coating. Gasket sealed.
Dimming-Strobe and LED selection functions.
Design does not require the operator to access separate switching locations on the device.
Rubber dome actuator & 4 position pull-to-turn locking rotary selector knob with IR tactile indicator provides easy operation even when wearing heavy gloves.
Two (2) 1/2AA1/2 size alkaline cells provide fast replacement with readily available batteries.
Lithium 1/2AA1/2 cells allow extended operation in extreme temperature environments (-40F to 150F).
Tactile battery polarity indication on body allows replacement of cells in dark environment.
Most models meet applicable European Community Directives.
Streamlight warrants its Sidewinder (excepting batteries) will be free from manufacturing defects under normal use for 12 months after purchase. During the warranty period, at its sole discretion, Streamlight will repair or replace any defective part or product.
Push-button switch enables/disables selected lighting source starting at low intensity and progressing to the brightest intensity.
O-ring and gasket sealed openings for waterproof operation.


Confused about Trading and having trouble with the jargon? You're in the right place!
In this section we will discuss some of the trading tools available to traders today. This will include some information about charting packages, a spreadsheet I designed for position sizing for Forex trading. I will also include a section dealing with Trading Psychology and some suggestions regarding this essential matter. One of the other essentials here is the necessity to have and follow a trading plan. Look for these articles in the Trading Tools category.
I have had an interest in trading the financial markets for many years. I had purchased some shares on a 'hot tip' years ago and of course it didn't end up well. However I maintained an interest in the financial markets and learning about them and how they worked.
In April 2013 I was made redundant by a company I had worked for for a long time. A few times over the years I had seen companies downsizing and one company that I worked for decided to sell it's operations (including me) to a third party I never had any interest in working for.
When I was made redundant my primary goal was to get a job just to keep the income ticking over and food on the table. I knew however and had known for years that I needed to be doing something different to ensure our financial future and become financially free. I attended some seminars and signed up to do some property courses. I was introduced to a trading education company doing covered calls and this was my first real introduction to the fascinating world of trading.
I found covered calls quite frustrating and moved on from there to doing leveraged options strategies (naked calls and puts as well as buying options). As I did various courses and gained knowledge, I found myself asking questions and having to ferret out answers from all over the place. Hence this site where I can hopefully provide some useful information to others walking the same path and asking the same questions.
I will be talking about a lot of things. Volatility, Risk Management, Position Sizing, Interest. I will list and review some books I found interesting and helpful in my journey. I will also give you direct links on Amazon and The Book Depository to purchase if you wish. I also found some great podcasts available free online.
Enjoy reading my site and feel free to contact me or follow me on Facebook or Twitter.
This information is correct at the time of publishing and represents my views and opinions only. It is not advice or any kind. It is of a general nature and does not take into account your objectives, financial situation or needs. Before acting on any of the information you should consider its appropriateness, having regard to your own objectives, financial situation and needs. I am not licensed in any jurisdiction to provide any financial advice and do not do so.


text:
Les potato skins (littéralement « pelures de pomme de terre ») sont des apéritifs ou hors-d'œuvre américains faits de petits morceaux de pomme de terre, de forme circulaire ou ovale, conservant la peau sur une face et un peu de chair (environ un demi-centimètre d'épaisseur) sur l'autre.

Le côté chair reçoit divers ingrédients tels que pancetta, cheddar (fromage) ou tout autre ingrédient habituellement utilisé avec les pommes de terre au four. Ils sont souvent servis avec de la crème aigre et de la sauce.

Les potato skins apparaissent fréquemment dans les menus des chaînes de restaurants de type diners accompagnant des mets tels que les ailes de poulet Buffalo, les jalapeño poppers (piments farcis) et les mozzarella stickers (frites de mozzarella). Les restaurants les achètent souvent prédécoupés à des fournisseurs spécialisés plutôt que de retirer eux-mêmes l'intérieur des pommes de terre.

Notes et références

Apéritif
Cuisine des États-Unis
Spécialité à base de pommes de terre


text:
Home Interviews Indycar | Bobby Rahal
Indycar | Bobby Rahal
Gemma Hatton - Deputy Editor
Q&A: Bobby Rahal, Team Owner, Rahal Letterman Lanigan (RLL) Racing
Bobby Rahal has been on the IndyCar scene for nearly 40 years. Not only has he won the Indy 500 as well as three Championships, but he was also interim president of CART and has been a team boss since 1992. Currently, he owns Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing (RLL) together with David Letterman and Mike Lanigan.
Ahead of the Portland round of IndyCar, which Bobby won back in 1987, Racecar interviewed him to hear his thoughts on the series and how it could be improved.
When was IndyCar at its best?
'I think around 2001, and into 2002, that was the height.
How do you think the series is doing at the moment?
'I think it's doing pretty well. At Mid Ohio I think it was the largest crowd they ever had, it was a tremendous number of people. The racing's always been super competitive, so that's never been an issue. But I think it seems to be on a very positive slope now, we've got really good people behind the series, Mark Miles [CEO] and Jay Frye [president of competition and operations] in particular, and good support from the manufacturers and sponsors, so I think it's in pretty good shape.'
What do you think of this year's new universal body kit?
'It's like anything, it probably has some shortcomings here and there but it's very good in other areas. Clearly the cars are much faster in a straight line, with less drag than they used to have, maybe a little less downforce as a result, but at places like Elkhart Lake the lap times are quite comparable. I think it will always be a little bit of a work in progress but I would think that overall everybody's quite pleased with it. They look like proper racing cars again and I think the fans like it. It's still tough to pass, the wash, the disturbance from the car ahead is still a bit of an issue, but I think it's a work in progress and I'm sure there will be minor changes for next year.'
In terms of the chassis, IndyCar is very much a spec formula. Do you think this allows enough engineering freedom?
'The teams are able to do more today than they were a year ago, or two years ago, and there's going to be a continual [freeing up] of certain components. The dampers and ride control are still free, and that I think is the big differentiator between the teams now.
'It's kind of an engine formula now, like it once was, but clearly the ability to develop and build your own dampers and your own ride control, that's a big thing, and what development money there is is mostly spent on this. On the aero side you have what you have, it's just a matter of understanding it, but on the seven post rigs and things like that, that's where you see the investment going, and increasingly you're seeing more and more money on simulation, that the teams are doing or the manufacturers are doing.'
CREDIT: RLL
Do you think IndyCar needs another engine manufacturer?
'Well I think it's important for the series. The more manufacturers the better, it creates more awareness of the series, it creates more opportunities for the teams, it's more advertising for the series … a third manufacturer would improve it. There are rumours that a third one is close to making an announcement. The rumours are Alfa Romeo; you also hear of Korean company, Kia, who are getting more and more into the high performance side in their product line.'
What would you like to see from the new chassis that will be introduced in 2021?
'The current gearbox is kind of a throwback, and to be honest it's not a very nice piece. I would also like to see some weight out of the car as right now the cars weigh around 1500lb [680kg]. Some of that is because of the safety aspects for sure, but I think there are areas where the weight could be lessened and certainly I think the gearbox would be the most obvious piece to change right now.'
What do you think of the IndyCar screen compared to the F1 Halo?
'I think it's a good thing. Graham [Rahal, Bobby's son and an RLL driver] once told me that a mirror came off the car in front of him and went right by his head and then it bent the rear suspension. So, especially when you're talking 230mph, I think it's definitely needed. I certainly like the windscreen that IndyCar is developing versus the Halo, I know they're tweaking that now, but clearly it's going to happen.'
How did F1 teams cope with this year's Halo?
Do you think the IndyCar calendar should consist of more speedways?
'The reality is that outside of Indianapolis the spectator turn out at the ovals is not very good. And the spectator turnout at the road courses and street circuits is quite good. If I look at it from a very commercial standpoint I want our team performing in front of the most people every weekend, because that's how I generate value for my sponsors.'
RLL recently became the first team to sign up for the Jaguar I-PACE E-Trophy, which will support Formula E. What are your thoughts on electric racing and what is the future for RLL?
'I think the whole electric world is interesting, it's new, and it's not going away, so we might as well get in on the ground floor and see where we go.
'I would certainly like to see us involved in prototype racing and go to Le Mans. That's something that's very attractive to me.'
Check out IndyCar's NEW 2021 900bhp engines in the September issue HERE
Subscribe to Racecar Engineering Magazine HERE
Gemma has a BEng in Mech Eng from Bath University and an MSc in Advanced Motorsport Eng from Cranfield University. She has worked trackside in BTCC, GT and F1 as a Tyre Engineer for Pirelli and then Manor F1. She has been writing for Racecar since 2010, using her engineering experience to unravel modern motorsport technology.
Why Electric Rallycross makes sense
How does the F1 S-duct work?


1 James the servant of God, and of our Lord Jesus = (Yeshua) Christ = (Mashiach) = (Messiah), to the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad, greeting.
3 Knowing that the trying of your faith worketh patience.
4 And patience hath a perfect work; that you may be perfect and entire, failing in nothing.
5 But if any of you want wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men abundantly, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him.
6 But let him ask in faith, nothing wavering. For he that wavereth is like a wave of the sea, which is moved and carried about by the wind.
7 Therefore let not that man think that he shall receive any thing of the Lord.
8 A double minded man is inconstant in all his ways.
10 And the rich, in his being low; because as the flower of the grass shall he pass away.
11 For the sun rose with a burning heat, and parched the grass, and the flower thereof fell off, and the beauty of the shape thereof perished: so also shall the rich man fade away in his ways.
12 Blessed is the man that endureth temptation; for when he hath been proved, he shall receive a crown of life, which God hath promised to them that love him.
13 Let no man, when he is tempted, say that he is tempted by God. For God is not a tempter of evils, and he tempteth no man.
16 Do not err, therefore, my dearest brethren.
17 Every best gift, and every perfect gift, is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no change, nor shadow of alteration.
18 For of his own will hath he begotten us by the word of truth, that we might be some beginning of his creatures.
19 You know, my dearest brethren. And let every man be swift to hear, but slow to speak, and slow to anger.
20 For the anger of man worketh not the justice of God.
21 Wherefore casting away all uncleanness, and abundance of naughtiness, with meekness receive the ingrafted word, which is able to save your souls.
25 But he that hath looked into the perfect law of liberty, and hath continued therein, not becoming a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work; this man shall be blessed in his deed.
26 And if any man think himself to be religious, not bridling his tongue, but deceiving his own heart, this man's religion is vain.
27 Religion clean and undefiled before God and the Father, is this: to visit the fatherless and widows in their tribulation: and to keep one's self unspotted from this world.
1 My brethren, have not the faith of our Lord Jesus = (Yeshua) Christ = (Mashiach) = (Messiah) of glory with respect of persons.
5 Hearken, my dearest brethren: hath not God chosen the poor in this world, rich in faith, and heirs of the kingdom which God hath promised to them that love him?
8 If then you fulfil the royal law, according to the scriptures, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself; you do well.
10 And whosoever shall keep the whole law, but offend in one point, is become guilty of all.
11 For he that said, Thou shalt not commit adultery, said also, Thou shalt not kill. Now if thou do not commit adultery, but shalt kill, thou art become a transgressor of the law.
12 So speak ye, and so do, as being to be judged by the law of liberty.
13 For judgment without mercy to him that hath not done mercy. And mercy exalteth itself above judgment.
18 But some man will say: Thou hast faith, and I have works: show me thy faith without works; and I will show thee, by works, my faith.
22 Seest thou, that faith did cooperate with his works; and by works faith was made perfect?
24 Do you see that by works a man is justified; and not by faith only?
25 And in like manner also Rahab the harlot, was not she justified by works, receiving the messengers, and sending them out another way?
26 For even as the body without the spirit is dead; so also faith without works is dead.
1 Be ye not many masters, my brethren, knowing that you receive the greater judgment.
2 For in many things we all offend. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man. He is able also with a bridle to lead about the whole body.
3 For if we put bits into the mouths of horses, that they may obey us, and we turn about their whole body.
4 Behold also ships, whereas they are great, and are driven by strong winds, yet are they turned about with a small helm, whithersoever the force of the governor willeth.
5 Even so the tongue is indeed a little member, and boasteth great things. Behold how small a fire kindleth a great wood.
8 But the tongue no man can tame, an unquiet evil, full of deadly poison.
9 By it we bless God and the Father: and by it we curse men, who are made after the likeness of God.
11 Doth a fountain send forth, out of the same hole, sweet and bitter water?
12 Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear grapes; or the vine, figs? So neither can the salt water yield sweet.
13 Who is a wise man, and endued with knowledge among you? Let him shew, by a good conversation, his work in the meekness of wisdom.
14 But if you have bitter zeal, and there be contentions in your hearts; glory not, and be not liars against the truth.
15 For this is not wisdom, descending from above: but earthly, sensual, devilish.
16 For where envying and contention is, there is inconstancy, and every evil work.
17 But the wisdom, that is from above, first indeed is chaste, then peaceable, modest, easy to be persuaded, consenting to the good, full of mercy and good fruits, without judging, without dissimulation.
18 And the fruit of justice is sown in peace, to them that make peace.
1 From whence are wars and contentions among you? Are they not hence, from your concupiscences, which war in your members?
2 You covet, and have not: you kill, and envy, and can not obtain. You contend and war, and you have not, because you ask not.
3 You ask, and receive not; because you ask amiss: that you may consume it on your concupiscences.
4 Adulterers, know you not that the friendship of this world is the enemy of God? Whosoever therefore will be a friend of this world, becometh an enemy of God.
5 Or do you think that the scripture saith in vain: To envy doth the spirit covet which dwelleth in you?
6 But he giveth greater grace. Wherefore he saith: God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble.
7 Be subject therefore to God, but resist the devil, and he will fly from you.
8 Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners: and purify your hearts, ye double minded.
9 Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your laughter be turned into mourning, and your joy into sorrow.
10 Be humbled in the sight of the Lord, and he will exalt you.
11 Detract not one another, my brethren. He that detracteth his brother, or he that judgeth his brother, detracteth the law, and judgeth the law. But if thou judge the law, thou art not a doer of the law, but a judge.
12 There is one lawgiver, and judge, that is able to destroy and to deliver.
13 But who art thou that judgest thy neighbour? Behold, now you that say: To day or to morrow we will go into such a city, and there we will spend a year, and will traffic, and make our gain.
15 For what is your life? It is a vapour which appeareth for a little while, and afterwards shall vanish away. For that you should say: If the Lord will, and if we shall live, we will do this or that.
17 To him therefore who knoweth to do good, and doth it not, to him it is sin.
1 Go to now, ye rich men, weep and howl in your miseries, which shall come upon you.
2 Your riches are corrupted: and your garments are motheaten.
3 Your gold and silver is cankered: and the rust of them shall be for a testimony against you, and shall eat your flesh like fire. You have stored up to yourselves wrath against the last days.
4 Behold the hire of the labourers, who have reaped down your fields, which by fraud has been kept back by you, crieth: and the cry of them hath entered into the ears of the Lord of sabaoth.
5 You have feasted upon earth: and in riotousness you have nourished your hearts, in the day of slaughter.
6 You have condemned and put to death the Just One, and he resisted you not.
7 Be patient therefore, brethren, until the coming of the Lord. Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth: patiently bearing till he receive the early and latter rain.
8 Be you therefore also patient, and strengthen your hearts: for the coming of the Lord is at hand.
10 Take, my brethren, for an example of suffering evil, of labour and patience, the prophets, who spoke in the name of the Lord.
11 Behold, we account them blessed who have endured. You have heard of the patience of Job, and you have seen the end of the Lord, that the Lord is merciful and compassionate.
12 But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, nor by the earth, nor by any other oath. But let your speech be, yea, yea: no, no: that you fall not under judgment.
13 Is any of you sad? Let him pray. Is he cheerful in mind? Let him sing.
14 Is any man sick among you? Let him bring in the priests of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord.
15 And the prayer of faith shall save the sick man: and the Lord shall raise him up: and if he be in sins, they shall be forgiven him.
16 Confess therefore your sins one to another: and pray one for another, that you may be saved. For the continual prayer of a just man availeth much.
17 Elias = (Elijah) was a man passible like unto us: and with prayer he prayed that it might not rain upon the earth, and it rained not for three years and six months.
18 And he prayed again: and the heaven gave rain, and the earth brought forth her fruit.
20 He must know that he who causeth a sinner to be converted from the error of his way, shall save his soul from death, and shall cover a multitude of sins.


Pebble, what can only be described as the most successful smartwatch to date, is now available through Amazon. Up until this week, Pebble was only available directly through Pebble's site or through select retailers like Best Buy. This move, as you can imagine, is huge for the wearable startup. At $149.99 through the online retail giant, though, you aren't seeing a deal – that's the exact same price that Pebble is listed at everywhere else.
With that said, today is Black Friday, so you can find the Pebble with a $20 1-day-only discount directly through their own store. Instead of paying $150 to join the clan of wearables, you can start receiving notifications on your wrist for $130.
They currently have Jet Black, Cherry Red, Orange, and Arctic White in stock.
We reviewed Pebble back in February, finding it to be a useful accessory to your daily notification-filled life. At the time, we had a couple of issues with the amount of information it could display, all of which has been fixed in recent software updates.


Welcome to Le Jour Couture, your best bridal shop in Lafayette, LA and the surrounding area. We provide beautiful and dashing fashions for every kind of wedding with our custom wedding gowns. We'll make sure you look absolutely stunning for your wedding day all for very competitive prices. Just a few of the gowns and accessories we create include bridal gowns, mother of the bride dresses, mother of the groom dresses, prom dresses, Mardi Gras gowns, crowns, bridal accessories, bridesmaid dresses, and wedding veils.
With over six years of experience, our locally owned and operated company offers exquisite taste matched by extraordinary service with our exclusive designers and superior customer service. Le Jour Couture is a boutique that caters to the modern bride. Our collection of wedding dresses is for the brides who stray away from tradition and want something romantic, unique, and modern. We believe that a lovely experience is just as important as finding the perfect gown. That's why we offer an exclusive appointment-only experience that allows us to give each bride our undivided attention.
Le Jour Couture provides all the selection and expert guidance of a bridal boutique all in one convenient place for an affordable price. Our staff is dedicated to ensuring that you get absolutely the best possible pieces for your wedding so that you are satisfied with the way you look. Contact us at Le Jour Couture today and we'll give you a comprehensive description of all the services and products we offer for completing your perfect ensemble and getting you to your wedding or prom looking your best.
Copyright © 2019 Le Jour Couture. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Health Ignition
Indoor Classes
Outdoor Classes
Buy Class Credits
Physio & Rehab
UFIT Clean & Lean Challenge
10% off Personal Training Packages
10% off Health Ignition Package
10% off Recovery Services
UFIT Retreats 2020
Refer a Friend for Group Classes
BOOK A FREE HEALTH CONSULTATION
UFIT Clinic
New UFIT Coach Fay Interview on Yahoo!
Singapore model Fay Hokulani goes from starving herself to looking like this
(Photo: Maxitone)
After eight years of modelling and pursuing a career in television and radio, Singapore stunner Fay Hokulani has taken a new leap in her life by becoming a fitness coach.
The 20-something is perhaps best known for having hosted on Singapore TV channel Okto before switching to radio with Malaysia's Hitz.fm.
But she is also an ambassador of sports brands like Adidas and Maxinutrition, and just last year decided to convert her enthusiasm for an active lifestyle into a profession.
It was a dedication borne out of overcoming the unhealthy, anorexic years of her youth: a past that Hokulani has left behind to focus on the future and a brand-new her, as Yahoo Singapore found out in an exclusive interview.
"I really want to focus on my long-term career now and I see fitness and healthy living as a big passion area that I'll always be interested in," she said.
(Yahoo Photo / Cheryl Tay)
First brush
According to Hokulani, she was a skinny kid whose participation in sports was restricted due to low blood pressure, which caused her to faint easily.
Still, weight was never an issue for her 48kg, 1.65m teenage frame – until she enrolled in the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts to pursue a diploma in visual communications.
Late-night snacking and irregular meals caused her to put on 10kg and she started to feel insecure about her body.
(Photo: Fay Hokulani)
"I realised I was putting on weight and I felt helpless because I didn't know what to do about it," Hokulani recalled. "I knew I had to exercise and eat right, but I didn't know where to start."
After graduating from NAFA, she flew to Florida, US for a six-month stint in modeling, moving in with an aunt who gave her a book called Body for Life by Bill Phillips.
Hokulani found herself inspired by the book's positive testimonials of people who successfully changed their lives through exercise and nutrition, and she grew determined to kick-start her own fitness journey.
She began by running and doing inline skating, as well as making healthier food choices while eating out and doing more home cooking.
When she returned to Singapore in April 2008, Hokulani joined a franchise gym and took up a few personal training sessions. But the struggles with her self-image weren't over yet.
Battling body issues
As a model, she faced inevitable and regular pressure to look good by industry standards, and as a result, briefly fell prey to anorexia.
Hokulani became unhealthily skinny by barely eating and forcing herself to run every day.
"I was obsessed with losing weight that I would refuse to eat. When I felt depressed, I would end up binge eating," she said. "My weight fluctuated and although I was aware that it wasn't going to work out in the long run, I continued not to eat as I became very conscious of my body."
Thankfully, with help from her friends, Hokulani snapped out of it after a few months and started eating healthily again.
"It's important to open up to others and get support. I realised I had a problem with anorexia and that realisation is the first big step into recovery," she explained.
"Stick to a regular eating schedule, start with breakfast and make sure you have a meal or snack every three hours. Instead of focusing on what you shouldn't eat, focus on nutritious foods that will energise and make your body strong."
All this while, she also kept a blog to document her fitness journey, which eventually gained sizeable traction to the point where she realised it was helping her "grow credibility within fitness and health".
So in 2012, as Hokulani spent time in Kuala Lumpur clocking various modeling and hosting gigs, she obtained a personal trainer certification from the widely-recognised American Council on Exercise (ACE).
She moved back to Singapore last July and found the country in the perfect state for her to begin her new calling.
"(Singapore is) a great place to start a career in health and fitness, as a lot of people are getting into it," she noted. "And there are lots of gyms opening up in Singapore to reflect that growing demand and lifestyle shift."
Although she has been working at UFIT Singapore as a part-time personal fitness coach since last October, Hokulani hopes to eventually step out and carve a niche of her own.
"I want to specialise in outdoor training, with functional bodyweight workouts and also simple equipment that can be taken anywhere," she shared.
Hokulani also emphasised the importance of practising portion control, recommending "a lot of vegetables and lean protein but not forgetting complex carbohydrates for energy too".
Her current workout regime consists of a mix of interval training, boxing, yoga and weights. She avoids dining out during the week, choosing to eat at home instead, but goes easy on herself during weekends.
Having been there and done that, Hokulani understands just how damanging body insecurities can be, and has a message for those affected: "Integrate exercise and movement into your daily life. Consciously try to stay active every day and dedicate the time to be healthy not just for yourself but with your friends and family."
She added:"The best reason you can give someone for adopting a healthy lifestyle is by doing so yourself, and letting them see how the change has helped you both mentally and physically."
Newer Post UFIT Video Blog Ep.1: Spinal Awareness during Training.
Older Post These 11 Charts Show Everything That's Wrong With The Modern Diet
UFIT Community
UFIT Perks
UFIT Gallery
UFIT Partners
UFIT in the news
Terms & Conditions and Cancellation Policy
UFIT bootcamps
Book a trial
UFIT Gyms
Amoy Street
One North
Tanjong Pagar CBD


Nigerian born, U.S.-based artist Njideka Akunyili is fast becoming the art world's newest star. At last year's Art Basel, five of her large figurative collage paintings sold out in just half an hour. She was selected for the prestigious Studio Harlem residency program in 2011-2012 and is currently one of the three artists in its exhibition Primary Sources. Rumor has it that major collectors and museums are now vying for the works on show — an impressive feat for the recent Yale University MFA graduate. Here is an interview she gave last year about her art work (Courtesy: Arise Magazine).
You recently showed a series of five large-scale collage paintings at Art Statements during Art Basel this year. How was your first art fair experience?
It was exciting and overwhelming all at once. Basel is an incredible town and it was absolutely filled with art lovers — artists, curators, critics, collectors, dealers etc. There was a ton of great art on display and it was great to see it all — albeit exhausting.
You once said "My art addresses my internal tension between my deep love for Nigeria, my country of birth, and my strong appreciation for Western culture?" Can you explain what you meant?
The work deals with various themes but the overarching thread is that I'm availing myself of Western painting to seek out a new visual language. In my work disparate elements clash together to give rise to a distinctive yet cohesive whole. The sentence you mentioned refers to an interstitial space of negotiation that I work towards. This in-between/liminal space is referenced a lot in post-colonial discourse — Mary Louise Pratt calls it the 'contact zone' and Homi Bhabha calls it the 'third space.' This transcultural space of constant engagement and appropriation is what I was talking about.
Your paintings combine numerous materials, blending acrylic, charcoal, pastel and pencil with intricate collages. How do you start?
There is no one way I start my work. Sometimes I have a clear idea of the composition. I'll make sketches, work out the study with ink drawings and plan out the colors in Photoshop. Other times I start with one small area of the drawing and let it grow, introducing various materials when the work needs them.
You are a painter working primarily on paper. What made you lean towards this medium and not the canvas?
I still do work on canvas but most of my work is on paper for various reasons — the foremost being that the soft highly absorbent quality of certain printmaking papers is great for transfers. I also like paper because of the delicacy to it.
How long does it take you to create each collage painting?
It takes about three to four weeks to finish each piece. I can do it in two weeks if I work 17-hour days.
During your residency at Studio Harlem did you face any challenges in the lead up to the exhibition?
The museum has been great and supports you in any way they can. The one limitation I had was that I had to scale down the size of my work because of the lower ceilings in the area where our works were displayed.
Which artists would you say influenced you in developing your artistic practice?
I look at a lot of painters' painters like Piero, Titian, Velasquez, Manet, Degas and Balthus, also obscure artists like Hammershøi. For drawing inspiration I admire Holbein and more recently the Italian painter Bronzino because I like the sensuality he achieves with his surface using layers of glaze. I also love Kerry James Marshall, Wangechi Mutu, Malick Sidibé, Nontsikelelo Veleko and Yinka Shonibare. I feel a slight content overlap with the last four artists. Literature coming out of Nigeria and the African diaspora also played a part in the development of my work.