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The Cambridge Analytica Files
'I created Steve Bannon's psychological warfare tool': meet the data war whistleblower
For more than a year we've been investigating Cambridge Analytica and its links to the Brexit Leave campaign in the UK and Team Trump in the US presidential election. Now, 28-year-old Christopher Wylie goes on the record to discuss his role in hijacking the profiles of millions of Facebook users in order to target the US electorate
by Carole Cadwalladr
Sat 17 Mar 2018 18.00 GMT Last modified on Sun 18 Mar 2018 00.10 GMT
The first time I met Christopher Wylie, he didn't yet have pink hair. That comes later. As does his mission to rewind time. To put the genie back in the bottle.
By the time I met him in person, I'd already been talking to him on a daily basis for hours at a time. On the phone, he was clever, funny, bitchy, profound, intellectually ravenous, compelling. A master storyteller. A politicker. A data science nerd.
Cambridge Analytica whistleblower: 'We spent $1m harvesting millions of Facebook profiles' – video
Two months later, when he arrived in London from Canada, he was all those things in the flesh. And yet the flesh was impossibly young. He was 27 then (he's 28 now), a fact that has always seemed glaringly at odds with what he has done. He may have played a pivotal role in the momentous political upheavals of 2016. At the very least, he played a consequential role. At 24, he came up with an idea that led to the foundation of a company called Cambridge Analytica, a data analytics firm that went on to claim a major role in the Leave campaign for Britain's EU membership referendum, and later became a key figure in digital operations during Donald Trump's election campaign.
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Or, as Wylie describes it, he was the gay Canadian vegan who somehow ended up creating "Steve Bannon's psychological warfare mindfuck tool".
In 2014, Steve Bannon – then executive chairman of the "alt-right" news network Breitbart – was Wylie's boss. And Robert Mercer, the secretive US hedge-fund billionaire and Republican donor, was Cambridge Analytica's investor. And the idea they bought into was to bring big data and social media to an established military methodology – "information operations" – then turn it on the US electorate.
It was Wylie who came up with that idea and oversaw its realisation. And it was Wylie who, last spring, became my source. In May 2017, I wrote an article headlined "The great British Brexit robbery", which set out a skein of threads that linked Brexit to Trump to Russia. Wylie was one of a handful of individuals who provided the evidence behind it. I found him, via another Cambridge Analytica ex-employee, lying low in Canada: guilty, brooding, indignant, confused. "I haven't talked about this to anyone," he said at the time. And then he couldn't stop talking.
https://interactive.guim.co.uk/embed/article-embeds/Sidebar-ca/embed.html
By that time, Steve Bannon had become Trump's chief strategist. Cambridge Analytica's parent company, SCL, had won contracts with the US State Department and was pitching to the Pentagon, and Wylie was genuinely freaked out. "It's insane," he told me one night. "The company has created psychological profiles of 230 million Americans. And now they want to work with the Pentagon? It's like Nixon on steroids."
He ended up showing me a tranche of documents that laid out the secret workings behind Cambridge Analytica. And in the months following publication of my article in May, it was revealed that the company had "reached out" to WikiLeaks to help distribute Hillary Clinton's stolen emails in 2016. And then we watched as it became a subject of special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into possible Russian collusion in the US election.
The Observer also received the first of three letters from Cambridge Analytica threatening to sue Guardian News and Media for defamation. We are still only just starting to understand the maelstrom of forces that came together to create the conditions for what Mueller confirmed last month was "information warfare". But Wylie offers a unique, worm's-eye view of the events of 2016. Of how Facebook was hijacked, repurposed to become a theatre of war: how it became a launchpad for what seems to be an extraordinary attack on the US's democratic process.
Wylie oversaw what may have been the first critical breach. Aged 24, while studying for a PhD in fashion trend forecasting, he came up with a plan to harvest the Facebook profiles of millions of people in the US, and to use their private and personal information to create sophisticated psychological and political profiles. And then target them with political ads designed to work on their particular psychological makeup.
"We 'broke' Facebook," he says.
And he did it on behalf of his new boss, Steve Bannon.
"Is it fair to say you 'hacked' Facebook?" I ask him one night.
He hesitates. "I'll point out that I assumed it was entirely legal and above board."
Last month, Facebook's UK director of policy, Simon Milner, told British MPs on a select committee inquiry into fake news, chaired by Conservative MP Damian Collins, that Cambridge Analytica did not have Facebook data. The official Hansard extract reads:
Christian Matheson (MP for Chester): "Have you ever passed any user information over to Cambridge Analytica or any of its associated companies?"
Simon Milner: "No."
Matheson: "But they do hold a large chunk of Facebook's user data, don't they?"
Milner: "No. They may have lots of data, but it will not be Facebook user data. It may be data about people who are on Facebook that they have gathered themselves, but it is not data that we have provided."
Alexander Nix, Cambridge Analytica CEO. Photograph: The Washington Post/Getty Images
Two weeks later, on 27 February, as part of the same parliamentary inquiry, Rebecca Pow, MP for Taunton Deane, asked Cambridge Analytica's CEO, Alexander Nix: "Does any of the data come from Facebook?" Nix replied: "We do not work with Facebook data and we do not have Facebook data."
And through it all, Wylie and I, plus a handful of editors and a small, international group of academics and researchers, have known that – at least in 2014 – that certainly wasn't the case, because Wylie has the paper trail. In our first phone call, he told me he had the receipts, invoices, emails, legal letters – records that showed how, between June and August 2014, the profiles of more than 50 million Facebook users had been harvested. Most damning of all, he had a letter from Facebook's own lawyers admitting that Cambridge Analytica had acquired the data illegitimately.
Going public involves an enormous amount of risk. Wylie is breaking a non-disclosure agreement and risks being sued. He is breaking the confidence of Steve Bannon and Robert Mercer.
It's taken a rollercoaster of a year to help get Wylie to a place where it's possible for him to finally come forward. A year in which Cambridge Analytica has been the subject of investigations on both sides of the Atlantic – Robert Mueller's in the US, and separate inquiries by the Electoral Commission and the Information Commissioner's Office in the UK, both triggered in February 2017, after the Observer's first article in this investigation.
It has been a year, too, in which Wylie has been trying his best to rewind – to undo events that he set in motion. Earlier this month, he submitted a dossier of evidence to the Information Commissioner's Office and the National Crime Agency's cybercrime unit. He is now in a position to go on the record: the data nerd who came in from the cold.
There are many points where this story could begin. One is in 2012, when Wylie was 21 and working for the Liberal Democrats in the UK, then in government as junior coalition partners. His career trajectory has been, like most aspects of his life so far, extraordinary, preposterous, implausible.
Cambridge Analytica: the key players
Wylie grew up in British Columbia and as a teenager he was diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia. He left school at 16 without a single qualification. Yet at 17, he was working in the office of the leader of the Canadian opposition; at 18, he went to learn all things data from Obama's national director of targeting, which he then introduced to Canada for the Liberal party. At 19, he taught himself to code, and in 2010, age 20, he came to London to study law at the London School of Economics.
"Politics is like the mob, though," he says. "You never really leave. I got a call from the Lib Dems. They wanted to upgrade their databases and voter targeting. So, I combined working for them with studying for my degree."
Politics is also where he feels most comfortable. He hated school, but as an intern in the Canadian parliament he discovered a world where he could talk to adults and they would listen. He was the kid who did the internet stuff and within a year he was working for the leader of the opposition.
It showed these odd patterns. People who liked 'I hate Israel' on Facebook also tended to like KitKats
"He's one of the brightest people you will ever meet," a senior politician who's known Wylie since he was 20 told me. "Sometimes that's a blessing and sometimes a curse."
Meanwhile, at Cambridge University's Psychometrics Centre, two psychologists, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, were experimenting with a way of studying personality – by quantifying it.
Starting in 2007, Stillwell, while a student, had devised various apps for Facebook, one of which, a personality quiz called myPersonality, had gone viral. Users were scored on "big five" personality traits – Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism – and in exchange, 40% of them consented to give him access to their Facebook profiles. Suddenly, there was a way of measuring personality traits across the population and correlating scores against Facebook "likes" across millions of people.
Examples, above and below, of the visual messages trialled by GSR's online profiling test. Respondents were asked: How important should this message be to all Americans?
The research was original, groundbreaking and had obvious possibilities. "They had a lot of approaches from the security services," a member of the centre told me. "There was one called You Are What You Like and it was demonstrated to the intelligence services. And it showed these odd patterns; that, for example, people who liked 'I hate Israel' on Facebook also tended to like Nike shoes and KitKats.
"There are agencies that fund research on behalf of the intelligence services. And they were all over this research. That one was nicknamed Operation KitKat."
The defence and military establishment were the first to see the potential of the research. Boeing, a major US defence contractor, funded Kosinski's PhD and Darpa, the US government's secretive Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, is cited in at least two academic papers supporting Kosinski's work.
But when, in 2013, the first major paper was published, others saw this potential too, including Wylie. He had finished his degree and had started his PhD in fashion forecasting, and was thinking about the Lib Dems. It is fair to say that he didn't have a clue what he was walking into.
A visual message test from the app thisismydigitallife. Respondents were asked: How important should this message be to all Americans?
"I wanted to know why the Lib Dems sucked at winning elections when they used to run the country up to the end of the 19th century," Wylie explains. "And I began looking at consumer and demographic data to see what united Lib Dem voters, because apart from bits of Wales and the Shetlands it's weird, disparate regions. And what I found is there were no strong correlations. There was no signal in the data.
"And then I came across a paper about how personality traits could be a precursor to political behaviour, and it suddenly made sense. Liberalism is correlated with high openness and low conscientiousness, and when you think of Lib Dems they're absent-minded professors and hippies. They're the early adopters… they're highly open to new ideas. And it just clicked all of a sudden."
Here was a way for the party to identify potential new voters. The only problem was that the Lib Dems weren't interested.
"I did this presentation at which I told them they would lose half their 57 seats, and they were like: 'Why are you so pessimistic?' They actually lost all but eight of their seats, FYI."
Another Lib Dem connection introduced Wylie to a company called SCL Group, one of whose subsidiaries, SCL Elections, would go on to create Cambridge Analytica (an incorporated venture between SCL Elections and Robert Mercer, funded by the latter). For all intents and purposes, SCL/Cambridge Analytica are one and the same.
Alexander Nix, then CEO of SCL Elections, made Wylie an offer he couldn't resist. "He said: 'We'll give you total freedom. Experiment. Come and test out all your crazy ideas.'"
In the history of bad ideas, this turned out to be one of the worst. The job was research director across the SCL group, a private contractor that has both defence and elections operations. Its defence arm was a contractor to the UK's Ministry of Defence and the US's Department of Defense, among others. Its expertise was in "psychological operations" – or psyops – changing people's minds not through persuasion but through "informational dominance", a set of techniques that includes rumour, disinformation and fake news.
SCL Elections had used a similar suite of tools in more than 200 elections around the world, mostly in undeveloped democracies that Wylie would come to realise were unequipped to defend themselves.
Wylie holds a British Tier 1 Exceptional Talent visa – a UK work visa given to just 200 people a year. He was working inside government (with the Lib Dems) as a political strategist with advanced data science skills. But no one, least of all him, could have predicted what came next. When he turned up at SCL's offices in Mayfair, he had no clue that he was walking into the middle of a nexus of defence and intelligence projects, private contractors and cutting-edge cyberweaponry.
"The thing I think about all the time is, what if I'd taken a job at Deloitte instead? They offered me one. I just think if I'd taken literally any other job, Cambridge Analytica wouldn't exist. You have no idea how much I brood on this."
A few months later, in autumn 2013, Wylie met Steve Bannon. At the time, he was editor-in-chief of Breitbart, which he had brought to Britain to support his friend Nigel Farage in his mission to take Britain out of the European Union.
What was he like?
"Smart," says Wylie. "Interesting. Really interested in ideas. He's the only straight man I've ever talked to about intersectional feminist theory. He saw its relevance straightaway to the oppressions that conservative, young white men feel."
Wylie meeting Bannon was the moment petrol was poured on a flickering flame. Wylie lives for ideas. He speaks 19 to the dozen for hours at a time. He had a theory to prove. And at the time, this was a purely intellectual problem. Politics was like fashion, he told Bannon.
If you do not respect the agency of people, anything you do after that point is not conducive to democracy
Christopher Wylie
"[Bannon] got it immediately. He believes in the whole Andrew Breitbart doctrine that politics is downstream from culture, so to change politics you need to change culture. And fashion trends are a useful proxy for that. Trump is like a pair of Uggs, or Crocs, basically. So how do you get from people thinking 'Ugh. Totally ugly' to the moment when everyone is wearing them? That was the inflection point he was looking for."
But Wylie wasn't just talking about fashion. He had recently been exposed to a new discipline: "information operations", which ranks alongside land, sea, air and space in the US military's doctrine of the "five-dimensional battle space". His brief ranged across the SCL Group – the British government has paid SCL to conduct counter-extremism operations in the Middle East, and the US Department of Defense has contracted it to work in Afghanistan.
I tell him that another former employee described the firm as "MI6 for hire", and I'd never quite understood it.
"It's like dirty MI6 because you're not constrained. There's no having to go to a judge to apply for permission. It's normal for a 'market research company' to amass data on domestic populations. And if you're working in some country and there's an auxiliary benefit to a current client with aligned interests, well that's just a bonus."
When I ask how Bannon even found SCL, Wylie tells me what sounds like a tall tale, though it's one he can back up with an email about how Mark Block, a veteran Republican strategist, happened to sit next to a cyberwarfare expert for the US air force on a plane. "And the cyberwarfare guy is like, 'Oh, you should meet SCL. They do cyberwarfare for elections.'"
Steve Bannon: 'He loved the gays,' says Wylie. 'He saw us as early adopters.' Photograph: Tony Gentile/Reuters
It was Bannon who took this idea to the Mercers: Robert Mercer – the co-CEO of the hedge fund Renaissance Technologies, who used his billions to pursue a rightwing agenda, donating to Republican causes and supporting Republican candidates – and his daughter Rebekah.
Nix and Wylie flew to New York to meet the Mercers in Rebekah's Manhattan apartment.
"She loved me. She was like, 'Oh we need more of your type on our side!'"
Your type?
"The gays. She loved the gays. So did Steve [Bannon]. He saw us as early adopters. He figured, if you can get the gays on board, everyone else will follow. It's why he was so into the whole Milo [Yiannopoulos] thing."
Robert Mercer was a pioneer in AI and machine translation. He helped invent algorithmic trading – which replaced hedge fund managers with computer programs – and he listened to Wylie's pitch. It was for a new kind of political message-targeting based on an influential and groundbreaking 2014 paper researched at Cambridge's Psychometrics Centre, called: "Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans".
"In politics, the money man is usually the dumbest person in the room. Whereas it's the opposite way around with Mercer," says Wylie. "He said very little, but he really listened. He wanted to understand the science. And he wanted proof that it worked."
And to do that, Wylie needed data.
How Cambridge Analytica acquired the data has been the subject of internal reviews at Cambridge University, of many news articles and much speculation and rumour.
When Nix was interviewed by MPs last month, Damian Collins asked him:
"Does any of your data come from Global Science Research company?"
Nix: "GSR?"
Collins: "Yes."
Nix: "We had a relationship with GSR. They did some research for us back in 2014. That research proved to be fruitless and so the answer is no."
Collins: "They have not supplied you with data or information?"
Nix: "No."
Collins: "Your datasets are not based on information you have received from them?"
Collins: "At all?"
Nix: "At all."
The problem with Nix's response to Collins is that Wylie has a copy of an executed contract, dated 4 June 2014, which confirms that SCL, the parent company of Cambridge Analytica, entered into a commercial arrangement with a company called Global Science Research (GSR), owned by Cambridge-based academic Aleksandr Kogan, specifically premised on the harvesting and processing of Facebook data, so that it could be matched to personality traits and voter rolls.
He has receipts showing that Cambridge Analytica spent $7m to amass this data, about $1m of it with GSR. He has the bank records and wire transfers. Emails reveal Wylie first negotiated with Michal Kosinski, one of the co-authors of the original myPersonality research paper, to use the myPersonality database. But when negotiations broke down, another psychologist, Aleksandr Kogan, offered a solution that many of his colleagues considered unethical. He offered to replicate Kosinski and Stilwell's research and cut them out of the deal. For Wylie it seemed a perfect solution. "Kosinski was asking for $500,000 for the IP but Kogan said he could replicate it and just harvest his own set of data." (Kosinski says the fee was to fund further research.)
An unethical solution? Dr Aleksandr Kogan Photograph: alex kogan
Kogan then set up GSR to do the work, and proposed to Wylie they use the data to set up an interdisciplinary institute working across the social sciences. "What happened to that idea," I ask Wylie. "It never happened. I don't know why. That's one of the things that upsets me the most."
It was Bannon's interest in culture as war that ignited Wylie's intellectual concept. But it was Robert Mercer's millions that created a firestorm. Kogan was able to throw money at the hard problem of acquiring personal data: he advertised for people who were willing to be paid to take a personality quiz on Amazon's Mechanical Turk and Qualtrics. At the end of which Kogan's app, called thisismydigitallife, gave him permission to access their Facebook profiles. And not just theirs, but their friends' too. On average, each "seeder" – the people who had taken the personality test, around 320,000 in total – unwittingly gave access to at least 160 other people's profiles, none of whom would have known or had reason to suspect.
What the email correspondence between Cambridge Analytica employees and Kogan shows is that Kogan had collected millions of profiles in a matter of weeks. But neither Wylie nor anyone else at Cambridge Analytica had checked that it was legal. It certainly wasn't authorised. Kogan did have permission to pull Facebook data, but for academic purposes only. What's more, under British data protection laws, it's illegal for personal data to be sold to a third party without consent.
"Facebook could see it was happening," says Wylie. "Their security protocols were triggered because Kogan's apps were pulling this enormous amount of data, but apparently Kogan told them it was for academic use. So they were like, 'Fine'."
Kogan maintains that everything he did was legal and he had a "close working relationship" with Facebook, which had granted him permission for his apps.
Cambridge Analytica had its data. This was the foundation of everything it did next – how it extracted psychological insights from the "seeders" and then built an algorithm to profile millions more.
For more than a year, the reporting around what Cambridge Analytica did or didn't do for Trump has revolved around the question of "psychographics", but Wylie points out: "Everything was built on the back of that data. The models, the algorithm. Everything. Why wouldn't you use it in your biggest campaign ever?"
In December 2015, the Guardian's Harry Davies published the first report about Cambridge Analytica acquiring Facebook data and using it to support Ted Cruz in his campaign to be the US Republican candidate. But it wasn't until many months later that Facebook took action. And then, all they did was write a letter. In August 2016, shortly before the US election, and two years after the breach took place, Facebook's lawyers wrote to Wylie, who left Cambridge Analytica in 2014, and told him the data had been illicitly obtained and that "GSR was not authorised to share or sell it". They said it must be deleted immediately.
Christopher Wylie: 'It's like Nixon on steroids'
"I already had. But literally all I had to do was tick a box and sign it and send it back, and that was it," says Wylie. "Facebook made zero effort to get the data back."
There were multiple copies of it. It had been emailed in unencrypted files.
Cambridge Analytica rejected all allegations the Observer put to them.
Dr Kogan – who later changed his name to Dr Spectre, but has subsequently changed it back to Dr Kogan – is still a faculty member at Cambridge University, a senior research associate. But what his fellow academics didn't know until Kogan revealed it in emails to the Observer (although Cambridge University says that Kogan told the head of the psychology department), is that he is also an associate professor at St Petersburg University. Further research revealed that he's received grants from the Russian government to research "Stress, health and psychological wellbeing in social networks". The opportunity came about on a trip to the city to visit friends and family, he said.
There are other dramatic documents in Wylie's stash, including a pitch made by Cambridge Analytica to Lukoil, Russia's second biggest oil producer. In an email dated 17 July 2014, about the US presidential primaries, Nix wrote to Wylie: "We have been asked to write a memo to Lukoil (the Russian oil and gas company) to explain to them how our services are going to apply to the petroleum business. Nix said that "they understand behavioural microtargeting in the context of elections" but that they were "failing to make the connection between voters and their consumers". The work, he said, would be "shared with the CEO of the business", a former Soviet oil minister and associate of Putin, Vagit Alekperov.
"It didn't make any sense to me," says Wylie. "I didn't understand either the email or the pitch presentation we did. Why would a Russian oil company want to target information on American voters?"
Mueller's investigation traces the first stages of the Russian operation to disrupt the 2016 US election back to 2014, when the Russian state made what appears to be its first concerted efforts to harness the power of America's social media platforms, including Facebook. And it was in late summer of the same year that Cambridge Analytica presented the Russian oil company with an outline of its datasets, capabilities and methodology. The presentation had little to do with "consumers". Instead, documents show it focused on election disruption techniques. The first slide illustrates how a "rumour campaign" spread fear in the 2007 Nigerian election – in which the company worked – by spreading the idea that the "election would be rigged". The final slide, branded with Lukoil's logo and that of SCL Group and SCL Elections, headlines its "deliverables": "psychographic messaging".
Robert Mercer with his daughter Rebekah. Photograph: Sean Zanni/Getty Images
Lukoil is a private company, but its CEO, Alekperov, answers to Putin, and it's been used as a vehicle of Russian influence in Europe and elsewhere – including in the Czech Republic, where in 2016 it was revealed that an adviser to the strongly pro-Russian Czech president was being paid by the company.
When I asked Bill Browder – an Anglo-American businessman who is leading a global campaign for a Magnitsky Act to enforce sanctions against Russian individuals – what he made of it, he said: "Everyone in Russia is subordinate to Putin. One should be highly suspicious of any Russian company pitching anything outside its normal business activities."
Last month, Nix told MPs on the parliamentary committee investigating fake news: "We have never worked with a Russian organisation in Russia or any other company. We do not have any relationship with Russia or Russian individuals."
There's no evidence that Cambridge Analytica ever did any work for Lukoil. What these documents show, though, is that in 2014 one of Russia's biggest companies was fully briefed on: Facebook, microtargeting, data, election disruption.
Cambridge Analytica is "Chris's Frankenstein", says a friend of his. "He created it. It's his data Frankenmonster. And now he's trying to put it right."
Only once has Wylie made the case of pointing out that he was 24 at the time. But he was. He thrilled to the intellectual possibilities of it. He didn't think of the consequences. And I wonder how much he's processed his own role or responsibility in it. Instead, he's determined to go on the record and undo this thing he has created.
Because the past few months have been like watching a tornado gathering force. And when Wylie turns the full force of his attention to something – his strategic brain, his attention to detail, his ability to plan 12 moves ahead – it is sometimes slightly terrifying to behold. Dealing with someone trained in information warfare has its own particular challenges, and his suite of extraordinary talents include the kind of high-level political skills that makes House of Cards look like The Great British Bake Off. And not everyone's a fan. Any number of ex-colleagues – even the ones who love him – call him "Machiavellian". Another described the screaming matches he and Nix would have.
"What do your parents make of your decision to come forward?" I ask him.
"They get it. My dad sent me a cartoon today, which had two characters hanging off a cliff, and the first one's saying 'Hang in there.' And the other is like: 'Fuck you.'"
Which are you?
"Probably both."
What isn't in doubt is what a long, fraught journey it has been to get to this stage. And how fearless he is.
After many months, I learn the terrible, dark backstory that throws some light on his determination, and which he discusses candidly. At six, while at school, Wylie was abused by a mentally unstable person. The school tried to cover it up, blaming his parents, and a long court battle followed. Wylie's childhood and school career never recovered. His parents – his father is a doctor and his mother is a psychiatrist – were wonderful, he says. "But they knew the trajectory of people who are put in that situation, so I think it was particularly difficult for them, because they had a deeper understanding of what that does to a person long term."
Facebook has denied and denied this. It has failed in its duties to respect the law
Paul-Olivier Dehaye
He says he grew up listening to psychologists discuss him in the third person, and, aged 14, he successfully sued the Canadian Ministry of Education and forced it to change its inclusion policies around bullying. What I observe now is how much he loves the law, lawyers, precision, order. I come to think of his pink hair as a false-flag operation. What he cannot tolerate is bullying.
Is what Cambridge Analytica does akin to bullying?
"I think it's worse than bullying," Wylie says. "Because people don't necessarily know it's being done to them. At least bullying respects the agency of people because they know. So it's worse, because if you do not respect the agency of people, anything that you're doing after that point is not conducive to a democracy. And fundamentally, information warfare is not conducive to democracy."
Russia, Facebook, Trump, Mercer, Bannon, Brexit. Every one of these threads runs through Cambridge Analytica. Even in the past few weeks, it seems as if the understanding of Facebook's role has broadened and deepened. The Mueller indictments were part of that, but Paul-Olivier Dehaye – a data expert and academic based in Switzerland, who published some of the first research into Cambridge Analytica's processes – says it's become increasingly apparent that Facebook is "abusive by design". If there is evidence of collusion between the Trump campaign and Russia, it will be in the platform's data flows, he says. And Wylie's revelations only move it on again.
"Facebook has denied and denied and denied this," Dehaye says when told of the Observer's new evidence. "It has misled MPs and congressional investigators and it's failed in its duties to respect the law. It has a legal obligation to inform regulators and individuals about this data breach, and it hasn't. It's failed time and time again to be open and transparent."
The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked
Facebook denies that the data transfer was a breach. In addition, a spokesperson said: "Protecting people's information is at the heart of everything we do, and we require the same from people who operate apps on Facebook. If these reports are true, it's a serious abuse of our rules. Both Aleksandr Kogan as well as the SCL Group and Cambridge Analytica certified to us that they destroyed the data in question."
Millions of people's personal information was stolen and used to target them in ways they wouldn't have seen, and couldn't have known about, by a mercenary outfit, Cambridge Analytica, who, Wylie says, "would work for anyone". Who would pitch to Russian oil companies. Would they subvert elections abroad on behalf of foreign governments?
It occurs to me to ask Wylie this one night.
Nato or non-Nato?
"Either. I mean they're mercenaries. They'll work for pretty much anyone who pays."
It's an incredible revelation. It also encapsulates all of the problems of outsourcing – at a global scale, with added cyberweapons. And in the middle of it all are the public – our intimate family connections, our "likes", our crumbs of personal data, all sucked into a swirling black hole that's expanding and growing and is now owned by a politically motivated billionaire.
The Facebook data is out in the wild. And for all Wylie's efforts, there's no turning the clock back.
Tamsin Shaw, a philosophy professor at New York University, and the author of a recent New York Review of Books article on cyberwar and the Silicon Valley economy, told me that she'd pointed to the possibility of private contractors obtaining cyberweapons that had at least been in part funded by US defence.
She calls Wylie's disclosures "wild" and points out that "the whole Facebook project" has only been allowed to become as vast and powerful as it has because of the US national security establishment.
"It's a form of very deep but soft power that's been seen as an asset for the US. Russia has been so explicit about this, paying for the ads in roubles and so on. It's making this point, isn't it? That Silicon Valley is a US national security asset that they've turned on itself."
Or, more simply: blowback.
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Much of What We Thought About Neanderthals Was Wrong. Here's Why That Matters … 31/10/2020
Yazidi elderly exterminated, women & young girls gang-raped & young men captured & indoctrinated & who cares? … 10/08/2020
BLMUK: Black Lives Matter In The Uk Hides A Very Dangerous Agenda Of WOKE Nihilism – EXPOSING DETAILS! … 20/06/2020
Double standards in commemorating complex legacies … 13/06/2020
The Saxon never means anything serious 'til he talks about justice, history & values. When he stands like an ox in the furrow – with his sullen set eyes on your own! … 13/06/2020
IN MEMORIAM of 'D' Day 6-Jun-1944 & My Family's Small Part, On That Day: 06/06/2020
Why it's time to stop the weekly 'Clap for Carers' & Dishonest Left-Wing Politicisation of The NHS … 23/05/2020
It is Good to See Britain Being Talked Up In Responsible Foreign Press Rather Than Talked Down By British Media! … 27/04/2020
CoVid_19 success using Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate, Zinc and Z-Pak CLAIMED … 28/03/2020
OBOR and Why Italy & Iran Were Early Major Victims of the WuHan Leak of Corona Virus … 17/03/2020
Transgender Over Encouragement & Over Indulgence Could Cost Us £Billions & Cripple Our NHS … 02/03/2020
Huddersfield Muslim Grooming Gang … 22/02/2020
Brief CoronaVirus Up-Date as at 09:30hrs. GMT 10-Feb-2020 & Tips … 10/02/2020
2019-nCoV – CORONAVIRUS: Where did it come from & What MIGHT Happen – Will it Effect YOU? … 06/02/2020
27th. January – Holocaust Memorial Day, A Day On Which To Remember All Mankind's Systematic Mass Exterminations … 27/01/2020
Twenty Minute Topic Episode 32: The Great Brexiteers … 26/01/2020
Twenty Minute Topic 31: Resolving Homelessness with Cost Effective Dignity … 19/01/2020
Islam In The Modern World … 13/01/2020
A BLOW AGAINST THE WICKED WOKE OF THE WEST … 07/01/2020
Some Questions, Answers & Opinions on The Death Penalty … 01/01/2020
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RT @Byron_Davies: Wales struggles to tackle Covid surge as public confidence slumps via @FT on.ft.com/2KC3fPF 2 hours ago
RT @CatharineHoey: Would like to know how much licence fee money the BBC has a spent on sending people to cover the US election? 2 hours ago
RT @TelePolitics: 'The most lamentable aspect of Theresa May's latest outburst is her failure to acknowledge the disastrous state of affair… 8 hours ago
RT @derwunqueen: @Effiedeans Effie. Wow. Just wow. I never thought that I'd see @AngusMacNeilSNP as your soul mate! Great writing again. T… 8 hours ago
RT @MccartneyLes: Great article from Effie, giving context and perspective on Salmondgate. Look out for the phrase, "I wish him well". Funn… 8 hours ago
You'll probably have to invite a quota of the superannuate town Councillors who do so little in the… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 8 hours ago
RT @bubblewales: This is an interesting question. What would happen if any other venue serving alcohol was used for a piss up while booze w… 8 hours ago
How very foolish of the #USA but many poor countries will be only too happy to receive US cash to build Oil, Coal,… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 8 hours ago
One good thing about the #SNP - Clearly their own irresponsibility in not wearing masks & social distancing means t… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 8 hours ago
I suggest, minded of the subsidies farmers receive, why not sell your farm to someone competent to make the changes… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 13 hours ago
#Britain faces catastrophe if we fail to rapidly build numerous new #Power_Stations - #Oil #Coal #Gas & # #Nuclear… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 14 hours ago
Can we help you to Buy #British SEE: youk.co or if you would rather: Buy from our true friends & pa… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 15 hours ago
Don't try to blame #Britain - Thje #EU had every opportunity to negotiate a #Free_Trade agreement but in fear opted… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 15 hours ago
Regain #British ownership of British farms & LOCAL #Abattoirs under British control & management. Introduce clear l… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 15 hours ago
RT @LoveBritishFood: Why buy British beef? 🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧 Our favourite reason ⬇ Because it's the best in the world and part of our national her… 16 hours ago
RT @Richardski_UK: We @AbolishAssembly have stated for more than 6 months, that @SeneddWales elections will more than likely be delayed, us… 22 hours ago
RT @jordanbpeterson: That's so lovely to read in the midst of Covid hell... twitter.com/justinalan1995… 23 hours ago
twitter.com/SenTedCruz/sta… https://t.co/j7gjFWNLAZ 23 hours ago
Don't be silly - It would help if you studied facts - #Climate_Change has been a feature of our planet for 4.6Bn.Yr… twitter.com/i/web/status/1… 23 hours ago
RT @tan123: Literally every other country in the world would be happy to receive large sacks of #ClimateScam cash taken from hard-working A… 1 day ago
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text:
Q: Run a command only once in a for loop in Bash I have the following pattern of bash code from a function:
for folder in ${FOLDER[@]}; do
    if [ $# -ne 0 ]; then
        rsync -rvh --delete-after ${folder} ${folder_dest}
    else
        local zipFile=$(stamp-files file.zip)
        unzip -q ${zipFile} "${folder}"*  -d "${folder_src}"
        rsync -rvh --delete-after ${folder_src}${folder} ${folder_dest}
        rsync -rvh --delete-after ${folder_src}${folder} ${folder_dest2}
    fi
done

So in this function I have an if statement in a for loop. And as you can see in the else part there is a call to another function stamp-files. This call to the others functions is needed just in the first iteration and even if it is not causing any issue, it could be definitely improved by just calling it once.
Do you know how could I do that simply and keeping that shape of code (the if statement in the for loop)?

A: You could set a variable and change it in the first iteration:
first='yes'
for folder in "{folders[@]}"; do
    if [[ $first == 'yes' ]]; then
        local files=$(stamp-files "$folder")
        rsync -rvh --delete-after "$files" "$folder_dest"
        first='no'
    else
        rsync -rvh --delete-after "$folder" "$folder_dest"
    fi
done

The way you tried to use $# wouldn't work: that's the number of positional parameters and has nothing to do with the iteration number or similar.
I've also changed a few things:

*

*folders instead of FOLDER; uppercase variable names are more likely to clash with shell and environment variables

*All expansions quoted to prevent word splitting and globbing (the left-hand side in [[...]] is automatically quoted)

*I use $folder instead of ${folder}, but that's really just personal taste

A: If you need to keep structure of your for loop and inside if :
unset stamp_files_done
for folder in ${FOLDER[@]}; do
    if [ $# -ne 0 ]; then
        rsync -rvh --delete-after ${folder} ${folder_dest}
    else
        if [[ -z ${stamp_files_done+x} ]]; then local files=$(stamp-files ${folder}); stamp_files_done=""; fi
        rsync -rvh --delete-after ${files} ${folder_dest}
    fi
done

You could also explain overall task to have more accurate solution.

A: I know you've said you'd like to keep the shape of the code, but stylistically I'm always hesitant to structure code with an if inside a loop just to handle the first element of an array - I prefer to hoist the code out to emphasise that the first element is being treated specially. The other option is to add a state variable, which never makes code any clearer.
In your case, how about
if [ ${#FOLDER[@]} -ne 0 ]; then
    local files=$(stamp-files ${FOLDER[0]})
    rsync -rvh --delete-after ${files} ${folder_dest}
    for folder in ${FOLDER[@]:1}; do
        rsync -rvh --delete-after ${folder} ${folder_dest}
    done
fi

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text:
package eu.jangos.realm.enums.characters;

/**
 * Classes represents the classes that the characters can have.
 *
 * @author Warkdev
 * @version v0.1 BETA
 */
public enum ProfessionsEnum {

    WARRIOR((byte) 1),
    PALADIN((byte) 2),
    HUNTER((byte) 3),
    ROGUE((byte) 4),
    PRIEST((byte) 5),
    SHAMAN((byte) 7),
    MAGE((byte) 8),
    WARLOCK((byte) 9),
    DRUID((byte) 11);

    private final byte value;

    /**
     * Default constructor.
     *
     * @param value
     */
    private ProfessionsEnum(byte value) {
        this.value = value;
    }

    /**
     * Return the int value of this Class.
     * @return the backing int value.
     */
    public byte getValue() {
        return this.value;
    }

    /**
     * Convert an int value into a Class value.
     * @param value
     * @return The Class corresponding to that value, null if there is no match.
     */
    public static ProfessionsEnum convert(byte value) {
        for (ProfessionsEnum v : ProfessionsEnum.values()) {
            if (v.getValue() == value) {
                return v;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Method to check whether the given value exists within this enum.
     * @param value The value to be checked.
     * @return True if the value exists.
     */
    public static boolean exists(byte value){
        for(ProfessionsEnum g : ProfessionsEnum.values())
        {
            if(g.getValue() == value)
                return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Szakács is a Hungarian-language surname literally meaning "cook", i.e., it is an occupational surname. The surname may refer to:

Imre Szakács
Györgyi Szakács

Hungarian-language surnames
Occupational surnames

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The quintessential North African condiment, harissa is a fragrant warm and spicy chili pepper paste. Most harissa recipes call for a variety of roasted red and green chili peppers, garlic, coriander, caraway, saffron, mint and olive oil. The warm and inviting aromas of this delicious condiment blend superbly with our harissa infused olive oil. It is the perfect olive oil for lamb, chicken and fish or shellfish marinades, but it is equally delicious as a finishing oil for legumes, stews and grains.
Combine with any of the suggested vinegar pairings to marinate beef, lamb, chicken, vegetable or shrimp before grilling.
Combine with Mango or Pepper & Honey for a spicy, sweet and savory dressing.
Use to toss couscous, quinoa or farro.
Drizzle over roasted bell pepper salad.


This awesome, huge stuffed TEDDY BEAR is BIG! BIG! BIG!
It is 54-inches tall... that's 4 and 1/2-FEET TALL!
And... it is Holds a Big Red Heart Embroidered with the words: "I Love You"!
You HAVE to SEE THIS big, beautiful, BRAND NEW, premium plush giant stuffed Teddy Bear IN PERSON! This is truly an AWESOME, SUPER-HUGE, STUNNING and REAL-LOOKING stuffed Plush Teddy Bear!
This bear is 100% stuffed with SQUEEZABLY SOFT polyester, and will provide years of huggable squeezable love. You will absolutely LOVE it.
The highly detailed head, gorgeous face and big body makes this plush Teddy Bear so amazingly LOVABLE! And it's holding a big, red squishy-soft heart, that is embroidered with the words: "I Love You".
Quality-made IN THE USA with premium fabric and craftsmanship; it is a masterpiece with a supple, premium plush body, and is made with great ATTENTION TO DETAIL. Real QUALITY.
Measures: over 54-inches tall, (THAT'S OVER 4 and 1/2 FEET TALL)!
This awe-inspiring, fantastic stuffed Teddy Bear conforms to all child safety standards. Kids and adults alike will LOVE this real-looking LIFE SIZE BEAR.
If you want to make someone say WOW - Then GET This Gigantic Stuffed I Love You Teddy Bear... NOW! BRAND NEW. Great conversation piece. Hard to find. MADE IN THE USA. Terrific gift. GRAB IT NOW!


text:
Charles Bair
Bristol Myers Squibb to Acquire Turning Point Therapeutics for $4.1 Billion
Cooley is advising Turning Point Therapeutics, a leading precision oncology company, on its definitive agreement to be acquired by global biopharmaceutical company Bristol Myers Squibb. Lawyers Barbara Borden, Rowook Park, Charles Bair, Lindsey O'Crump, Vivian Tsai and Melissa Meza are leading the Cooley team advising Turning Point Therapeutics. Read more
Lindsey OCrump
Vivian Tsai
Associate, Los Angeles Santa Monica
Melissa Meza
Kay Chandler
Alessandra Murata
Partner, Los Angeles Santa Monica
Koji Fukumura
Gina Cavalier
David Navetta
Stella Sarma
Special Counsel, Brussels
Christine Graham
Special Counsel, London
Brendan Haberle
Hajra Nashin
Megan Drill
Heidi Wang
Eileen Leman
Associate, Los Angeles Downtown
Daniel Gillon
Wade Andrews
Amanda Pacheco
Associate, Palo Alto
Jennifer Shanley
Daniel Lac
Penelope Hale
Associate, London
Kronos Bio – $288 million IPO
Cooley advised Kronos Bio on its $287.5 million initial public offering of 15,131,579 shares of common stock, which includes the full exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional shares. Kronos Bio, whose securities now trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol KRON, is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company dedicated to the discovery and development of novel cancer therapeutics. Partners Charles Bair, Charlie Kim and Chad Mills led the Cooley team.
Alexa Ekman
Brett Dovman
Stephanie Leigh
Paralegal Specialist, San Diego
Kate Walther
Turning Point Therapeutics - $192 Million IPO
Cooley advised Turning Point Therapeutics on its $191.5 million initial public offering of 10,637,500 shares of common stock. Turning Point Therapeutics, whose securities now trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "TPTX," is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company designing and developing novel small molecule, targeted oncology therapies to address key limitations of existing therapies and improve the lives of patients. Partners Charles Bair and Karen Anderson led the Cooley team.
Karen Deschaine
Allogene Therapeutics – $372.6 Million IPO
Cooley advised Allogene Therapeutics, Inc. on its $372.6 million initial public offering of 20,700,000 shares of common stock. The underwriters have a 30-day option to purchase an additional 2,700,000 shares. Partners Charles Bair and Charlie Kim led the Cooley team advising Allogene Therapeutics.
Goldman Sachs, J.P. Morgan Securities, Cowen and Jefferies acted as joint book-running managers for the offering.
Allogene Therapeutics is a clinical stage immuno-oncology company developing allogeneic T cell therapies for the treatment of cancer. The company's shares now trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "ALLO."
Carlos Ramirez
Madhuri Mani Roy
Cidara Completes Initial Public Offering
Cooley advised Cidara Therapeutics on its initial public offering. Cidara, headquartered in San Diego, is a biotechnology company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of novel anti-infectives for the treatment of diseases that are inadequately addressed by current standard-of-care therapies. The company trades on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol "CDTX."
Phillip McGill
Sientra Completes $75 Million Initial Public Offering
Cooley advised Sientra on its $75 million initial public offering. Sientra is a medical aesthetics company committed to making a difference in patients' lives by enhancing their body image, growing their self-esteem and restoring their confidence. The company now trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "SIEN."
Piper Jaffray and Stifel are acting as joint book running managers for the offering. Leerink Partners and William Blair are acting as co-managers.
Tom Hopkins
Partner in Charge, Los Angeles – Santa Monica,
Ambit Biosciences to be Acquired by Daiichi Sankyo for $410 Million
San Diego – Cooley is advising Ambit Biosciences on its agreement to be acquired by Daiichi Sankyo for approximately $315 million on a fully diluted basis. In addition to the upfront cash payment, each Ambit Biosciences stockholder will receive one Contingent Value Right, entitling the holder to receive an additional cash payment of up to $4.50 for each share they own if certain commercialization related milestones are achieved. The total transaction is valued at up to $410 million on a fully diluted basis.
The companies entered into a definitive merger agreement, which is subject to the tender of more than 50 percent of all shares of Ambit Biosciences, clearance under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and customary closing conditions.
Ambit Biosciences is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of drugs to treat unmet medical needs in oncology, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by inhibiting kinases that are important drivers for those diseases. Daiichi Sankyo is a global pharmaceutical company with corporate origins in Japan that provides innovative products and services to more than 50 countries around the world.
Rama Padmanabhan
Kite Pharma $146 Million Initial Public Offering
San Diego – Cooley advised Kite Pharma on its $146.6 million IPO. Kite Pharma is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel cancer immunotherapy products designed to harness the power of a patient's own immune system to eradicate cancer cells. The company now trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "KITE."
Thus far in 2014, Cooley has advised on 62 completed public offerings, including 30 completed IPOs.
Fred Muto
Senior Counsel, San Diego
Trius Therapeutics Acquisition by Cubist Pharmaceuticals
San Diego – Cooley represented Trius Therapeutics in its acquisition by Cubist Pharmaceuticals. The total transaction is valued at up to $818 million.
Trius is a San Diego-based biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of innovative antibiotics for life-threatening infections. Cubist is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the research, commercialization and creation of pharmaceutical products that address unmet medical needs in the acute care environment.
Cooley, which has been general outside corporate counsel to Trius since its inception in 2004, also advised the company on its 2010 initial public offering and on a series of subsequent financings.
View the Cubist press release here.
Thomas Welk
Measurabl Series A and Series B Financings
Cooley advised Measurabl on its Series A and Series B financing rounds. Partner Charles Bair led the Cooley team advising Measurabl, the world's most widely adopted software for commercial real estate ESG (environmental, social, governance) data management.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We used smoked haddock as our fish of preference in this delicious chowder. It is a very forgiving dish and you can use most any fish. Either all smoked like this one or a mix of smoked and unsmoked if you want to achieve a balance that appeals to your taste.
Many fish chowder recipes require fish stock. Most people do not have it to hand and we are no exception. We created an instant fishy, smoky stock by lightly poaching the haddock to create a base stock for this soup and adding marigold and a touch of picante pimenton. It took minutes and worked really well.
Haddock is found in the north Atlantic and is quite a mild flavored fish. It is much loved in England, coated in batter and deep fried, served with fries for the famous "Fish and Chips". Cod may be more popular but we prefer haddock.
It is important to use naturally smoked undyed fish because the ugly dye substances would ruin this chowder.
Picture of a haddock and also bream, red mullet, mackerel, sardine, John Dory.
Probably the mackerel and sardine are not suitable for chowder because of their bony nature. But the others should work fine.
Quick, tasty and filling version of a chowder using smoked haddock. Also how to make a simple fish stock method.
Heat the butter, in a large saucepan, over a low heat.
Add the onion and half of the potatoes.
Stir well to coat all the vegetables with the butter.
Sweat for 15 minutes with the lid on.
Meanwhile, make your simple fish stock. Poach the fish in 800 ml (3.5 cups) of boiling water for a maximum of five minutes. That's it!
Remove skin and flake with a fork.
Carefully remove all bones and set the fish aside. The water should taste subtly fishy.
Add the marigold powder and picante pimenton.
When the onions and potatoes have softened add the fishy stock and simmer gently for 5-10 minutes (until the vegetables are soft).
Cool a little and then liquidize and return to the saucepan.
Add the remainder of the potatoes and simmer until soft(approx 5 mins), stirring occasionally.
Finally, add the flaked fish, the cream and a sprinkling of cayenne pepper to taste.
his own fresh chopped parsley.
As this soup uses smoked fish, which is usually cured in salt first, adding salt may not be necessary.
I added a sprinkle of salt and pepper to my bowl. Danny didn't bother.
Yes this is a good, tasty stock. Good luck with your experiments!
Of my own, but it is a watery mess compared to what I used to make.
Take care and be good to Danny. A good man nowadays is hard to find.


text:
Nick GiambrunoChief Analyst, The Casey Report and Crisis Investing
Nick Giambruno is Doug Casey's globetrotting colleague. He's also the Chief Analyst of Casey Research's flagship advisory, The Casey Report and its premium "value investing" advisory, Crisis Investing.
Nick Giambruno knows that the best time to buy—as Baron Rothschild correctly observed—is "when there's blood in the streets."
He writes about geopolitics, value investing in crisis markets, the global cannabis market, international banking, second passports, and surviving a financial collapse, among other topics.
In short, Nick's work helps people make the most of their personal freedom and financial opportunity around the world.
He's lived in Europe and worked in the Middle East, most recently in Beirut and Dubai, where he covered regional banks and other companies for an investment house.
Nick is a frequent speaker at investment conferences around the world.
Nick Giambruno's Research Services
The Casey Report
Crisis Investing
The Globalists Are Making the Final Push for Their Pet Project
By Nick Giambruno March 14, 2019
"Frankly, the next crisis is going to be the Big One. And you can profit no matter what happens."
How to Make a Fortune in the Gold-Backed Crypto Revolution
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Gold is universally valued… Its worth doesn't depend on any government. It can't be easily confiscated, nationalized, frozen, or...
What Happens When the Easy Money Runs Dry
By Nick Giambruno January 22, 2019
Casey Report chief analyst Nick Giambruno explains why stocks and bonds could be in for a rough year…
The Most Powerful Wealth-Building Secret in Investing
Crisis Investing chief analyst Nick Giambruno's investing secret could be an excellent way to play 2019…
The Legal Cannabis Megatrend Is Just Getting Started
By Nick Giambruno December 25, 2018
If you've been sitting on the sidelines, now is the time to invest in legal cannabis. Here's where you...
America's Forgotten Cash Crop Is Now Legal – Here's How to Profit
This is another major milestone on the road to the full legalization of cannabis in the U.S.
Trump To Legalize Hemp… This Niche Industry Is Set to Surge
Justin's note: Today, we have a special morning edition of the Dispatch for you… because Crisis Investing chief analyst Nick Giambruno has urgent news to share regarding the...