text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:introduction}

Observations suggest that star formation in galaxies is regulated by feedback
processes. In rapidly star-forming galaxies, feedback operates on large scales,
driving galaxy-wide superwinds, which can eject the raw materials for future
stellar generations if the interstellar material is launched with enough
momentum to escape the host galaxy's gravitational potential. Otherwise,
the ejected material may be re-accreted in a so-called ``fountain flow''. These
issues are crucial for understanding the formation of stars in rapidly star-forming
galaxies across cosmic time.

The exceptionally high star formation rates present in starburst galaxies make
them optimal targets to probe feedback processes. The focus of this paper is
the archetype of this class of objects, M82. This galaxy's  proximity
\citep[3.63 Mpc; $1''=17.6$pc;][]{Fr94, Sa99, Ge11} and nearly edge-on geometry
\citep[$i=80\arcdeg$;][]{LS63,Mc95} make it a superb laboratory for studying the
physics of galactic winds and star formation.  At infrared wavelengths, its
luminosity is $6 \times 10^{10}~L_{\odot}$ \citep{San03}, which makes it one of
the brightest and most observed infrared objects in the sky. Most of its
infrared luminosity originates in the starburst core, which is severely
obscured by dust at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths \citep{Ri80, Fo01}.

The origin of M82's starburst is thought to be a tidal interaction with its
more massive companion, M81, $\sim$10$^8$ years ago \citep{Got77, Lo87, Te91,
Ac95}.  The pronounced H~$\!$I bridge that connects the galaxies
\citep{Co77,Yu93} is strong evidence for such an interaction, and \citet{Yu94}
found that the ``cloud of H~$\!$I'' that engulfs the M81 group is dominated by
filamentary tidal structures, which suggests a violent past of tidal
interaction. In addition to the dynamical effects associated with tidal forces
from M81, the global dynamics and evolution of the starburst are further
perturbed by the presence of a stellar bar \citep{Te91}, which may have formed
as a result of the interaction.

As an interacting, barred galaxy, M82's observed dynamical properties are
distinct from those seen in typical Sb and Sc galaxies.  Molecular gas
measurements by \citet{Yo84} show that the CO velocity field contains warps and
peculiarities that are consistent with a significant non-circular velocity
component, perhaps due to radial infall or a polar ring tilted with respect to
the major axis. In addition, measurements of CO (2,1) by \citet{Sofue92}
suggest that the rotation of the gas disk is nearly Keplerian at radii $>$
1~kpc. \citet{So98} reproduced this Keplerian motion with a model in which the
outer disk and halo were stripped during the encounter with M81. Although flat
rotation curves are observed in the vast majority of galaxies, \citet{RuFord83}
found falling rotation curves in several tidally interacting galaxies, which
suggests that some dark matter is stripped from galaxies during interactions.

The H~$\!$I velocity field along the major axis is similar to the CO velocity
field; it also has peculiarities such as a sudden drop at $\sim$1~kpc, which
some authors have interpreted as a falling rotation curve \citep{Yu93}.  It is
important to note, however, that the H~$\!$I gas is highly disrupted and may
not provide a reliable rotation curve for the outer disk. In fact, \citet{Yu93}
state that rotation dominates the H~$\!$I kinematic signature inside the
central 1~kpc, but the outer region is characterized by a significant, likely
tidally induced, nonrotational component.

The gas and stars in M82 have been shown to be composed of two distinct
kinematic structures. \citet{West09} found that the axis of gas rotation is
offset from the stellar rotation axis and the photometric major axis by
$\sim$12$^\circ$.  This result implies that, in long-slit spectroscopic
studies, the shape of the rotation curve is particularly sensitive to the
position and alignment of the slit. In addition, \citet{Kont09} studied M82's
star cluster population out to $\sim$2.6~kpc radius and found that the rotation
curve as traced by the clusters is flat at large radii, which further
distinguishes the stellar kinematic tracers from the previous measurements of
the gas kinematics.

\citet{Fo03} proposed that M82's starburst activity occurred in two successive
episodes that each lasted a few million years and peaked about 10$^7$ and
5$\times$10$^6$ years ago. In this model, the encounter with M81 triggered the
first burst in the central 500~pc by inducing strong large-scale torques, loss
of angular momentum, and an infall of molecular clouds toward the nuclear
region. The second burst occurred in a circumnuclear ring and along the stellar
bar and is attributed to bar-induced dynamical resonances. The \citet{Fo03}
starburst model can explain the apparent abundance of red supergiants (RSGs)
that dominate the light within 500~pc radius.

In order to understand the dynamics of the ejected gas and constrain the
physics of feedback processes in M82, it is essential to accurately measure the
total dynamical mass on both the small scales of star-forming regions and the
large scales of the entire galaxy. Rotation curves are most commonly employed
to determine the distribution of mass in galaxies \citep{So01}, and many
studies have employed gas and stellar kinematics at a range of wavelengths to
measure radial velocities in M82 \citep[e.g.,][]{Saito84, Go90, Mc93, Ac95,
Sofue92}.  \citet{Gr11} includes a compilation of these results. Given that M82
has recently undergone tidal interactions and harbors an extraordinary
superwind, stellar kinematics should be a more reliable tracer of the mass
distribution than the gas. Nearly all previous stellar kinematic measurements
used visible-wavelength tracers, which may be compromised by the substantial
dust attenuation present in the galaxy.  The near-infrared $K-$band is a better
tracer of the stellar kinematics, as attenuation $A_{\lambda}$ in the $K-$band
is approximately a factor of 10 less than in the $V-$band. In this study, we
use $K-$band spectroscopy to study M82's gas and stellar kinematics, mass
distribution, and stellar populations.

\section{Observations and Data Reduction} \label{sec:reduce}

We obtained $K-$band spectra of M82 at the Mount Graham International
Observatory with the LUCI-1 spectrograph and the Large Binocular Telescope
(LBT) on 2011 February 10. The observations were made through a $K-$band filter
(2.05\,-\,2.37\,$\mu$m) with the N1.8 camera, which has a plate scale of
$0''\!\!.25$ pixel$^{-1}$ and a field of view of $4'\!\times4'$. A grating with
210 lines mm$^{-1}$ was used with a slit width of $1''\!$. This combination
yields a spectral resolution of $\lambda / \Delta\lambda\approx$\,3000 or 100
km~s$^{-1}$. With sufficient signal-to-noise, the centroid of the
cross correlation function for relative velocity measurements can be measured
with much higher resolution. Two slit positions, which we designate as M82E and
M82W, were used to measure the rotation curve out to $4'\,(\sim$4\,kpc) from
the center of the galaxy. We centered each end of the slit on the nuclear
region at a position angle of $67.5\arcdeg\!$ (Figure~\ref{fig:slits}). The
observations were made with 300 second exposures in an {\it object-sky}
sequence for a total on-source integration time of 1 hour per slit position.  A
telluric standard close in air mass to M82 was observed before and after both
the M82E and M82W observations.

We carried out standard data reduction with the IRAF\footnote{IRAF is
distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by
the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under
cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.}\,software package.
The two-dimensional data were transformed onto an orthogonal
wavelength/slit-position grid based on a wavelength solution from the sky's
bright OH emission lines. This transformation linearized the dispersion to
$\sim$1.64~\AA\ pixel$^{-1}$. We used the {\tt xtellcor} \citep{Va03} package
in IDL to correct for absorption from Earth's atmosphere. The telluric
standard spectra had slightly higher spectral resolution than was obtained for
M82. This is likely because the light from the stars did not fill the 1$''$
wide slit. This complication was remedied by convolving the telluric spectra
with Gaussians to match their resolutions to M82.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=7.2cm,height=5.8cm, trim=0cm 0cm 0cm 1cm,clip=true]{SLIT_POS.eps}
\caption{
Digital Sky Survey image of M82 with overlays of our two slit positions. Each
slit is $4'$ long and they overlap on the center of the galaxy. The widths of
the slits have been increased by a factor of six for ease of visibility in this
figure. North is up and East is to the left.
}
\label{fig:slits}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\center
\includegraphics[width=9.4cm,trim=0cm 0.8cm 0cm 2cm,clip=true]{spectra.ps}
\caption{
$K-$band spectra from M82's nucleus, 8.8$''$ east from center, and
19$''$ east from center. \bandhead, which is the dominant absorption
feature, originates in the atmospheres of cool, evolved stars. The He$\!$~I and
Br$\gamma$ lines trace star formation, and the H$_2$ is evidence of shocked
gas. The strength of the emission lines peaks near 19$''$.
}
\label{fig:spec}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=19.5cm,trim=2cm 1cm 0cm 1cm,clip=true]{CO.ps}
\caption{
Stellar rotation curve based on \bandhead.  The horizontal error bars indicate
the aperture size of the measurement, and the vertical error bars represent the
rms scatter between the six cross correlation templates. All data points
without error bars have uncertainties less than 2 km~s$^{-1}$ and aperture
sizes less than 5$''$.  We assume an inclination of 80$^\circ$ for all velocity
measurements. The symmetric, sharp features on either side of the nucleus are
due to the non-circular motions of the stellar bar. At $\sim$1~kpc on either
side of the galaxy, there is an apparent ``velocity reversal'', which may be
due to symmetric spiral arms. The inset compares our results of the inner
region with stellar velocity measurements by \citet[W09;][]{West09} and
\citet{Mc93}. The C4 label with the W09 data refers to the component of an
integral field unit (IFU) observation.
}
\label{fig:CO}
\end{figure*}

\vspace{-.4cm}
\section{Rotation Curve}

To measure the rotation curve, we symmetrically extracted 30 apertures each
from the M82E and M82W slit positions. We progressively increased the aperture
widths at larger radii to achieve a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio in the
stellar continuum. Figure~\ref{fig:spec} shows illustrative $K-$band spectra
from M82's nucleus and eastern side. We measured the rotation curve out to
nearly 4~kpc radius with the \CO\ stellar absorption band head at \wave\
(\bandhead) and to $\sim$1~kpc radius with gas emission (He~I, H$_2$,
and Br$\gamma$) from the interstellar medium. We have assumed an inclination of
80$^\circ$ and corrected each velocity accordingly. It is important to note
that the choice of dynamical center may introduce systematic uncertainties, as
the photometric center does not necessarily coincide with the dynamical center.
As the gas and stars trace distinct kinematic structures, we discuss each in
turn.

\begin{deluxetable*}{rcrr || rcrr}[!h]
\centering
\tablecolumns{8}
\tablewidth{0pt}
\tabletypesize{\scriptsize}
\tablewidth{6.0truein}
\tablecaption{Stellar Rotation Curve Data\label{tbl:curve}}
\tablehead{
\multicolumn{4}{c}{\bf M82E}  &  \multicolumn{4}{c}{\bf M82W} \\ \hline \\
\colhead{Position} &
\colhead{Aperture} &
\colhead{Velocity} &
\colhead{Uncertainty} &
\colhead{Position} &
\colhead{Aperture} &
\colhead{Velocity} &
\colhead{Uncertainty} \\
\colhead{(arcmin)} &
\colhead{(arcmin)} &
\colhead{(km s$^{-1}$)} &
\colhead{(km s$^{-1}$)} &
\colhead{(arcmin)} &
\colhead{-1$\times$(arcmin)} &
\colhead{(km s$^{-1}$)} &
\colhead{(km s$^{-1}$)}
}
\startdata
0.0203  &      0.0125 - 0.0292     & 71.8   & 1.8  & -0.0205  &      0.0125 - 0.0292     &  -17.7   &  1.3  \\
0.0411  &\,\,\,0.0333 - 0.0500\tna & 85.4   & 1.9  & -0.0403  &\,\,\,0.0333 - 0.0500\tna &  -35.0   &  1.2  \\
0.0622  &      0.0417 - 0.0833     & 104.6  & 1.7  & -0.0609  &      0.0417 - 0.0833     &  -41.0   &  1.2  \\
0.1034  &      0.0833 - 0.1250     & 126.5  & 1.2  & -0.1031  &      0.0833 - 0.1250     &  -55.1   &  1.0  \\
0.1412  &      0.1250 - 0.1667     & 122.0  & 1.2  & -0.1443  &      0.1250 - 0.1667     &  -71.4   &  0.8  \\
0.1848  &      0.1667 - 0.2083     & 103.6  & 1.7  & -0.1851  &      0.1667 - 0.2083     &  -66.1   &  2.0  \\
0.2303  &      0.2083 - 0.2500     & 96.9   & 1.4  & -0.2278  &      0.2083 - 0.2500     &  -53.6   &  2.7  \\
0.2711  &      0.2500 - 0.2917     & 89.7   & 1.3  & -0.2706  &      0.2500 - 0.2917     &  -56.4   &  2.2  \\
0.3121  &      0.2917 - 0.3333     & 92.5   & 1.0  & -0.3133  &      0.2917 - 0.3333     &  -52.7   &  1.7  \\
0.3553  &      0.3333 - 0.3750     & 100.4  & 1.0  & -0.3542  &      0.3333 - 0.3750     &  -62.2   &  1.8  \\
0.3955  &      0.3750 - 0.4167     & 107.3  & 1.3  & -0.3950  &      0.3750 - 0.4167     &  -75.6   &  1.7  \\
0.4413  &      0.4166 - 0.4583     & 127.6  & 1.2  & -0.4372  &      0.4166 - 0.4583     &  -81.4   &  1.6  \\
0.4747  &      0.4583 - 0.5000     & 121.6  & 1.0  & -0.4789  &      0.4583 - 0.5000     &  -81.0   &  1.7  \\
0.5198  &      0.5000 - 0.5417     & 111.8  & 1.2  & -0.5200  &      0.5000 - 0.5417     &  -94.5   &  1.4  \\
0.5614  &      0.5416 - 0.5833     & 106.9  & 1.3  & -0.5615  &      0.5416 - 0.5833     &  -100.7  &  1.4  \\
0.6032  &\,\,\,0.5833 - 0.6250\tna & 103.3  & 1.8  & -0.6037  &\,\,\,0.5833 - 0.6250\tna &  -111.4  &  1.9  \\
0.6662  &      0.6250 - 0.7083     & 111.0  & 1.5  & -0.6657  &      0.6250 - 0.7083     &  -112.6  &  1.7  \\
0.7512  &      0.7083 - 0.7917     & 114.4  & 1.5  & -0.7471  &      0.7083 - 0.7917     &  -119.3  &  1.4  \\
0.8318  &      0.7916 - 0.8750     & 115.1  & 1.8  & -0.8325  &      0.7916 - 0.8750     &  -115.6  &  1.7  \\
0.9166  &\,\,\,0.8750 - 0.9583\tna & 123.2  & 1.6  & -0.9149  &\,\,\,0.8750 - 0.9583\tna &  -111.9  &  1.9  \\
0.9994  &      0.9583 - 1.0416     & 121.9  & 1.3  & -0.9990  &      0.9583 - 1.0416     &  -112.2  &  1.8  \\
1.1127  &      1.0416 - 1.2083     & 120.3  & 1.2  & -1.1217  &      1.0416 - 1.2083     &  -118.6  &  1.8  \\
1.2876  &      1.2083 - 1.3750     & 129.8  & 1.1  & -1.2908  &      1.2083 - 1.3750     &  -119.8  &  1.7  \\
1.4572  &      1.3750 - 1.5417     & 136.0  & 1.0  & -1.4576  &      1.3750 - 1.5417     &  -125.7  &  2.2  \\
1.6221  &      1.5417 - 1.7083     & 134.8  & 1.1  & -1.6220  &      1.5417 - 1.7083     &  -128.5  &  1.8  \\
1.7900  &      1.7083 - 1.8750     & 132.7  & 1.1  & -1.7897  &      1.7083 - 1.8750     &  -132.9  &  2.7  \\
1.9741  &      1.8750 - 2.0833     & 137.4  & 1.5  & -1.9705  &      1.8750 - 2.0833     &  -137.4  &  1.5  \\
2.1838  &      2.0833 - 2.2917     & 134.1  & 1.5  & -2.1801  &      2.0833 - 2.2917     &  -132.4  &  2.0  \\
2.4630  &      2.2917 - 2.6667     & 129.3  & 1.8  & -2.4728  &      2.2917 - 2.6667     &  -138.1  &  5.0  \\
3.1024  &      2.6667 - 3.6667     & 120.2  & 6.9  & -3.0919  &      2.6667 - 3.6667     &  -135.5  &  7.0
\enddata
\tablecomments{
All values are measured with respect to M82's center. The positions are flux weighted, and the uncertainties
were calculated as the rms scatter between the six templates. At M82's distance, $1'\approx 1.056$~kpc.
\tablenotetext{$\dagger$}{Cross-correlation aperture}
}
\end{deluxetable*}

\subsection{Stellar Absorption}

\bandhead\ originates in the atmospheres of cool, evolved stars and provides a
strong absorption feature for stellar velocity measurements
\citep[e.g.,][]{Ga95}. Previous studies of M82 have used H$\alpha$ and NaD to
measure the rotation curve with stellar kinematics \citep[e.g.][]{Ma60,Go90},
yet these measurements are likely compromised by the $A_V\,\sim5 \rightarrow25$
attenuation toward the central region \citep{Ri80, Le90, Pu91}. At somewhat
longer wavelengths, \citet{Mc93} measured the stellar kinematics  with Ca II
stellar absorption lines (8662, 8542, and 8498~\AA).  If the near-infrared
extinction wavelength dependence is given by the relation $A_{\lambda} \propto
\lambda^{-1.75}$ \citep{Dr89}, attenuation for \bandhead\ is approximately a
factor of five less than Ca II. With the copious amount of gas and dust
present, an improvement at this level may reveal  kinematic features
that are otherwise obscured.

To measure the stellar rotation curve, we selected six apertures with high
signal-to-noise as cross-correlation templates for relative velocity
measurements. We used the {\tt rvsao} package in IRAF to cross-correlate all
60 apertures against each of the six templates. We restricted the wavelength
range from 2.28 to 2.365$\mu$m to focus the analysis on \bandhead.  This
resulted in six independent rotation curves. We assumed the galaxy is symmetric
on large scales to determine zero velocity. After correcting for M82's nearly
edge-on inclination, we took the mean velocity at each point to be the value of
the rotation curve at that point, and the uncertainty was calculated as the rms
scatter between the six curves.  Figure~\ref{fig:CO} shows our stellar rotation
curve.  The horizontal bars represent aperture size.  All data points without
error bars have uncertainties less than 2~km~s$^{-1}$ and aperture sizes less
than 5$^{\prime \prime}$. Table \ref{tbl:curve} lists the measurements
(apertures selected as cross-correlation templates are marked with a dagger).

The observed stellar velocities show the stellar rotation curve is flat on
scales of 1~$-$~4~kpc. This seems to contradict the falling rotation curve
suggested by H~I and CO emission from the interstellar medium
\citep{Sofue92,Yu93}. The gas, however, is severely disrupted by the wind and
may also be affected by radial inflow and tides \citep{Yo84}. The stellar data
are therefore expected to trace the mass distribution much more reliably.

The rotation curve for M82E appears to decline slightly from $\sim 2
\rightarrow 4$~kpc. This decline has $\sim$2$\sigma$ significance and may be
due to tidal stripping caused by the interaction with M81. The decline in the
rotation curve is at the approximate location of a flaring in the stellar disk
and the northern H~I streamer \citep{Yu93}. No decline is seen in the M82W
data. Measurements at larger radii are needed to determine whether or not the
falloff is due to tidal stripping.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\center
\includegraphics[width=20.0cm,trim=5.4cm .4cm 0cm 0cm,clip=true]{emission_with_CO.ps}
\caption{
(a) The gas and stellar rotation curves from this work and the measurements of
CO (2,1) by \citet{So98}. On average, the gas has larger velocities than the
stars. (b) Comparison of gas measurements of the inner 1~kpc radius from this
work with gas measurements by \citet{Ca91}, \citet{Mc93},
\citet[W09;][]{West09}, and \citet{So98}. The C labels with the W09 data refer
to the different components of an IFU observation.
}
\label{fig:compare}
\end{figure*}

\citet{Te91} discovered M82's stellar bar with observations at infrared
wavelengths and estimated it to be approximately 1~kpc in length.
Numerical simulations have shown that galaxy interactions are effective at
inducing galactic bars \citep[e.g.][]{No88, Mi98}, and the strong evidence for
past tidal interaction observed in M82 makes it an excellent testing ground for
theories of bar formation. Although it is difficult to observationally
determine the origin of M82's bar, the effects of its presence can be seen in
our stellar rotation curve as the symmetric, sharp features on either side of
the nucleus.

The second bump at $\sim$500~pc may be the result of a super star cluster (seen
in the two-dimensional data) that fell on the slit.  This cluster, which was
identified as cluster `z' by \citet{Mc07}, likely dominates the flux
from this aperture, and its velocity excess with respect to the main rotation
curve likely indicates strong non-circular motion.  However, it is puzzling
that multiple points define the feature and that no other studies have seen
this second peak in the rotation curve.  Other possible explanations for the
feature are the presence of tightly wound spiral arms and patchy $K-$band
extinction.

Our data contain evidence of a ``velocity reversal'' (velocity decrease) at
$\sim$1.0~kpc on both the eastern and western sides of the galaxy. \citet{Gr11}
highlights the existence of a 100~km~s$^{-1}$ velocity reversal of gas and/or
stars at $\sim$1.0~kpc in H$\delta$ and H$\epsilon$ stellar absorption on the
eastern side of the galaxy, as well as in ionized gas emission lines at visible
and blue wavelengths on the eastern and western sides; interestingly, the
feature is apparently absent in near-infrared Ca~II stellar absorption.
Although the velocity amplitude of our detection is approximately a factor of
10 less, the reversal is present in our data. Local extinction is not likely
to be the culprit, as the feature is symmetric with respect to the nucleus.
\citet{Gr11} investigates the hypothesis that the reversal is due to local
surface density enhancements associated with spiral arms \citep{Ma05}, but
finds inconsistencies with this picture. For instance, the absence of the
velocity reversal in near-infrared Ca~II stellar absorption suggests that it is
not inherent to the disk, and the blue-wavelength detections of the eastern
velocity reversal reach negative velocities, which cannot be explained from the
rotation of a stellar disk with embedded corotating spiral arms.  Nevertheless,
the detection of the reversal in \CO\ stellar absorption and the symmetry about
the nucleus indicate the feature is present in the stellar population and
implies it is due to a local density enhancement, such as spiral arms.

The inset of Figure~\ref{fig:CO} compares our results for the inner region with
\citet{West09} and \citet{Mc93}. The agreement with \citet{West09} is excellent
outside the bar region. There is good agreement with \citet{Mc93}, as well as
some interesting differences. The sharp peaks just off of the nucleus are in
agreement on the eastern side but not on the western side. \citet{Mc93}
measured a larger amplitude for the western peak. Interestingly, the western
peak of our gas measurements (described next, and see Figure \ref{fig:compare})
is in better agreement with \citet{Mc93} than our stellar measurements.

\vspace{-.2cm}
\subsection{Gas Emission}

There are several prominent gas emission lines in our data that are
characteristic of starburst activity, most notably Br$\gamma$, He\,I, and H$_2$
(Figure~\ref{fig:spec}). The Br$\gamma$ and He\,I are recombination lines that
trace photoionized nebulae, and the H$_2$ is a rovibrational line that traces
shocked gas. In contrast to the observed strength of \bandhead\ relative to the
continuum, which decreases with distance from the nucleus, the emission lines
show an increase of intensity with distance to 350~pc radius and a rapid
decrease beyond 1~kpc radius. This is in qualitative agreement
with the intensity variations measured by \citet{Fo01}.

For each aperture listed in Table \ref{tbl:curve} with sufficient
signal-to-noise, we used the {\tt emsao} package within IRAF to measure the
velocity offset of each emission line relative to its rest wavelength
\citep{Cox}. We normalized the emission line rotation curves to the \bandhead\
velocity in an aperture $\sim$1.25$''$ west of the nucleus.
Figure~\ref{fig:compare} compares our gas and stellar rotation curves with the
nearly Keplerian gas dynamics measured in CO~(2,1) by \citet{So98}. The
emission lines used to measure the gas kinematics are only detected out to
1~kpc.

On average, our measurements show that the gas moves with higher velocities
than the stars inside 1~kpc. This can be explained by forces from the stellar
bar, which tend to drive the gas towards the center of the galaxy.
Figure~\ref{fig:compare}a compares our gas measurements with our stellar
rotation curve and radio observations of CO~(2,1) by \citet{So98}. The dramatic
decline seen in \citet{So98} is not seen in the \bandhead\ rotation curve.
Figure~\ref{fig:compare}b compares gas measurements by \citet{Ca91},
\citet{Mc93}, \citet[W09;][]{West09}, and \citet{So98} with our measurements.
These data cover a wide wavelength range and are in fairly good agreement.
There is a large discrepancy in amplitude between \citet{So98} and the other
data. As the depth of an observation is a function of wavelength, these
discrepancies may be the result of optical depth variations.

\section{Mass Distribution}

The mass of M82 has a much larger contribution from atomic and molecular gas
than seen in typical spiral galaxies. \citet{Yo84} estimate that between 30\%
and 40\% of the galaxy's mass is in the ISM and that the H$_2$/H~$\!\!$I mass
ratio is approximately 10:1. These authors postulate that the high gas fraction
may be due to infalling material that contributes to the available reservoir.
The estimated dynamical mass of M82 ranges from several times 10$^9 \rightarrow$
10$^{10}~M_{\odot}$ in the literature \citep[e.g.][]{Bu64, Cr78, Yo84, Go90,
Sofue92}; however, the substantial dust attenuation and non-circular motions
associated with tidal forces and the stellar bar make the estimation of the
mass challenging and uncertain.

Figure~\ref{fig:mass} shows the mass profile based on our stellar kinematic
measurements. Similar to the studies mentioned above, we assumed circular
motion to calculate the enclosed mass at each point. While non-circular motions
are expected in the central region, and in particular in the bar region,
circular motion is a good assumption on large scales. At 4~kpc the mass
distribution appears to be asymptotically approaching
$\sim$10$^{10}~M_{\odot}$. This is likely the total mass of the galaxy, as
these measurements are based on stellar motions and extend out to nearly 4~kpc
from the nucleus.

Circular motion is not a good assumption in the central region, where the bar
and perhaps other asymmetries in the potential produce non-circular motions.
Nevertheless, here we estimate the mass within 500~pc is  $\lesssim 2\times
10^9~M_{\odot}$, which is consistent with mass measurements of this region by
\citet{Yo84}, \citet{Go90}, and \cite{Gr02}. This mass estimate may be high by
a factor of two based on the relative mass distributions for M82E and M82W
shown in Figure~\ref{fig:mass}.

\vspace{-.4cm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=9.0cm]{massprofile.ps}
\caption{
Mass profile derived from our stellar rotation curve. Circular motion was
assumed in the derivation. The horizontal error bars denote the aperture size
of the measurement. The apparent decrease in mass at small radii may be due to
the non-circular motion associated with the stellar bar. The superwind is
likely launched from the region inside the dashed line, where we estimate the
mass is $\lesssim 2\times 10^9~M_{\odot}$.
}
\label{fig:mass}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-.5cm}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=9.0cm]{eqwidths.ps}
\caption{
\ew\ as a function of distance from the center of the galaxy. The horizontal
error bars indicate the aperture size of the measurement. The peak in \ew\
inside the dashed region is indicative of a stellar population dominated by RSGs.
}
\label{fig:eqw}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-.5cm}

\section{Stellar Populations}

The CO absorption index in stars increases with increasing stellar luminosity,
decreasing effective temperature, and increasing metallicity \citep{Fr78,
Fr83}. Large CO indices are indicative of either a stellar population dominated
by RSGs or one dominated by old, metal-rich giants. These two possibilities
have led to much debate on the nature of M82's evolved stellar population,
particularly in the nucleus \citep{Fo01}.  Starburst models with RSG-dominated
nuclei, however, provide the best fit to the observed properties of M82
\citep{Ri93, Fo03}.

Our data reveal very deep CO absorption in M82's starburst core.  In
Figure~\ref{fig:eqw}, we show the equivalent width of \bandhead\ (\ew) as a
function of radius.  The data clearly show a significant increase in \ew\
within 500~pc radius. Based on the diagnostic diagrams proposed by \citet{Or93}
and \citet{Ol95}, these results suggest that RSGs dominate the near-infrared
continuum throughout the starburst core. At yet smaller radii, \citet{Fo01}
found that \ew\ within the central 35~pc is characteristic of RSGs with
$T_{eff}=3600-4200$~K.

The dramatic contrast in \ew\ between the starburst core and the stellar disk
can be explained by the successive starburst model proposed by \citet{Fo03},
in which the disk and the starburst core are composed of two distinct
stellar populations.

\vspace{-.1cm}
\section{Summary}

We have used longslit, $K-$band spectroscopy from the LBT to measure the
stellar and gas kinematics and study the mass and stellar population
distribution in M82. The primary points of this paper can be summarized as follows.

We used \CO\ stellar absorption to measure the rotation curve out to nearly
4~kpc on the eastern and western sides of the galaxy. While some previous
studies have interpreted H~$\!$I and CO emission-line position-velocity
diagrams as evidence for a declining rotation curve, our data show that it is
flat from 1~$-$~4~kpc (Figure~\ref{fig:CO}).  The rotation curve also contains
the signatures of the stellar bar and an apparent ``velocity reversal'' at
$\sim$1.0~kpc on either side of the galaxy that may be the manifestation of
symmetric spiral arms.

We measured the rotation curve with the Br$\gamma$, He$\!$~I, and H$_2$
emission lines from the interstellar medium out to 1~kpc from the nucleus.
These gas rotation curves have velocities 10~$-$~50~km~s$^{-1}$ greater than
the stellar velocities (Figure~\ref{fig:compare}). The gas dynamics are
expected to be disrupted more than the stars by the presence of tides and
galactic winds, which is the likely origin of the stellar and gas velocity
differences.

We used the stellar absorption data to measure the mass distribution
(Figure~\ref{fig:mass}) and investigate the stellar populations as a function
of radius (Figure~\ref{fig:eqw}). We estimate the total dynamical mass of M82 is
$\sim10^{10}$~$M_{\odot}$.  The strong variation in \ew\ with radius clearly
indicates that the starburst is located within the central 500~pc radius.  The
superwind is likely launched from this region, and we estimate its mass is
$\lesssim 2\times 10^9$~$M_{\odot}$.  This mass estimate is somewhat uncertain
due to the presence of non-circular motions, but nevertheless provides an upper
limit to the gravitational potential of the starburst region.

\vspace{-.3cm}
\acknowledgments

We thank Mark Westmoquette for comments and supplying data for
Figures \ref{fig:CO} and \ref{fig:compare}. We also appreciate the helpful
comments from the referee. We are grateful to Jeff Blackburne and Jill Gerke for
taking the data as part of the OSU/RC queue. JPG is grateful for support from
an undergraduate research scholarship from the College of Arts and Sciences at
the Ohio State University. PM is grateful for support from the NSF via award
AST-0705170. TAT is supported in part by NASA grant NNXIOADOIG and an Alfred
P. Sloan fellowship.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Roanoke, Va. : National and American Amatuer Press Associations.
"Published purely as a hobby by those amateur journalists represented herein, & who are members of the National and the American Amatuer Press Associations."
a| Roanoke, Va. : b| National and American Amatuer Press Associations.
a| v. : b| ill. ; c| 22 cm.
a| "Published purely as a hobby by those amateur journalists represented herein, & who are members of the National and the American Amatuer Press Associations."
a| Amateur journalism z| Virginia.
a| American Amateur Press Association.


The work Trade Expansion Act of 1992 : hearings before the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, on H.R. 5100, to strengthen the international trade position of the United States, May 14 and 19, 1992 represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Biddle Law Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books.


text:
Home / News / Health Care and Medicine
Medication opens door to more opioid treatment in rural areas
Buprenorphine prescriptions more available than methadone
By Tony Leys - Kaiser Health News
Bonnie Purk (left) meets with nurse practitioner Andrea Storjohann at the Primary Health Care clinic in Marshalltown. Storjohann manages Purk's treatment with Suboxone, a medication that dampens cravings for opioids and prevents withdrawal symptoms. (Tony Leys/KHN)
MARSHALLTOWN — Andrea Storjohann is glad to see she's becoming less of a rarity in rural America.
The nurse practitioner prescribes medication to dozens of patients trying to recover from addiction to heroin or opioid painkillers.
The general practice clinic where she works, housed in a repurposed supermarket building, has no signs designating it as a place for people to seek treatment for drug addiction, which is how Storjohann wants it.
"You could be coming here for OB-GYN care. You could be coming here for a sore throat. You could be coming here for any number of reasons," and no one in the waiting room would know the difference, she said.
Privacy is an important part of the treatment. And so is the medication Storjohann prescribes: buprenorphine, which staves off cravings and prevents withdrawal symptoms for people who have stopped misusing opioid drugs.
The Central Iowa clinic, owned by the nonprofit agency Primary Health Care, has offered buprenorphine since 2016. "We were kind of a unicorn in this part of the state," Storjohann said, but that's changing.
Unlike methadone, the traditional medication to wean people off heroin or other opioids, buprenorphine can be prescribed at primary care clinics and dispensed at neighborhood pharmacies. Federal and state authorities have encouraged more front-line health care professionals to prescribe Suboxone and other medications containing buprenorphine for patients trying to overcome opioid addiction. Federal regulators have made it easier for doctors, nurse practitioners and physician assistants to become certified.
The opioid crisis has deepened in the past decade with the illicit distribution of fentanyl, a powerful, extremely addictive opioid. Its prevalence has complicated the use of medication to treat opioid addiction. Patients who have been misusing fentanyl can suffer severe withdrawal symptoms when they begin taking buprenorphine, so health practitioners must be careful when starting the treatment.
In Iowa, officials designated $3.8 million from the state's initial share of opioid lawsuit settlement money for a University of Iowa program that helps health care providers understand how to use the medications.
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Federal agencies are spending millions to expand access to medication to treat addictions, including in rural areas. The Health Resources and Services Administration, which aims to improve health care for underserved people, offers many of these grants.
Carole Johnson, the agency's top administrator, said she hopes increased training on treating opioid addiction encourages health care providers to learn the latest ways of treating other kinds of addiction, including methamphetamine dependence and alcoholism, which plague many rural states. "We're sensitizing people to substance use disorder writ large," she said.
In 2016, just 40 percent of rural counties nationwide had at least one health care provider certified to prescribe buprenorphine, according to a University of Washington study. That figure climbed to 63 percent by 2020, the study found.
The study credited the rise to changes in federal rules that allow nurse practitioners, physician assistants and other midlevel health care providers to prescribe buprenorphine. In the past, only physicians could do so, and many rural counties lacked doctors.
Buprenorphine is an opioid that pharmacies most often sell as a tablet or a film that dissolves under the tongue. It does not cause the same kind of high as other opioid drugs, but it can prevent the debilitating withdrawal effects experienced with those drugs. Without that help, many people relapse into risky drug use.
The idea of opioid "maintenance treatment" has been around for more than 50 years, mainly in the form of methadone. That drug is also an opioid that can reduce the chance of relapse into misusing heroin or painkillers. But the use of methadone for addiction treatment is tightly regulated over concerns it can be abused.
Only specialized clinics offer methadone maintenance treatment, and most of them are in cities. Many patients starting methadone treatment are required to travel daily to the clinics, where staffers watch them swallow their medicine.
Federal regulators approved Suboxone in 2002, opening an avenue for addiction treatment in towns without methadone clinics.
Storjohann said buprenorphine offers a practical alternative for Marshalltown, a town of 27,000 people surrounded by rural areas.
The nurse practitioner spends about half her time working with patients who are taking medications to prevent relapse into drug abuse. The other half of her practice is mental health care. A recent appointment with patient Bonnie Purk included a bit of both.
Purk, 43, sat in a small exam room with the nurse practitioner, who asked about her life. Purk described family struggles and other stressors she faces while trying to abstain from abusing painkillers.
Storjohann asked whether Purk felt hopeless. "Or are you just frustrated?"
Purk thought for a moment. "I went through a week where I was just crying," she said, wiping her eyes with a tissue. But she said she hasn't been seriously tempted to relapse.
Storjohann praised her persistence. "You're riding a roller coaster," she said. "I think you need to give yourself some grace."
Purk knows Suboxone is not a miracle cure. She has taken the medication for years, and twice relapsed into misusing pain pills. But she has avoided a relapse since spring, and she said the medication helps.
In an interview after her monthly appointment with Storjohann, Purk said the medicine dulls cravings and blocks withdrawal symptoms. She recalled terrible night sweats, insomnia, diarrhea and jitters she suffered when trying to stop abusing pills without taking Suboxone.
"You focus on nothing but that next fix. 'Where am I going to get it? How am I going to take it?'" she said. "You just feel like a train wreck — like you'll die without it."
Purk said mental health counseling and frequent drug tests have also helped her remain sober.
Patients can stay on buprenorphine for months or even years. Some skeptics contend it's swapping one drug dependence for another, and that it should not be seen as a substitute for abstinence. But proponents say such skepticism is easing as more families see how the treatment can help people regain control.
Dr. Alison Lynch, a UI addiction medicine specialist, warned about the risks of fentanyl and buprenorphine in a recent lecture to health professionals in training.
Lynch explained that fentanyl remains in the body longer than other opioids, such as heroin. When someone with fentanyl in their system takes buprenorphine, it can cause a particularly harsh round of nausea, muscle pain and other symptoms, she said. "It's not dangerous. It's just miserable," she said.
Lynch noted drug dealers are lacing fentanyl into other drugs, so people don't always realize they've taken it. "I just make the assumption that if people are using any drugs they bought on the street, it's probably got fentanyl," she said. Because of that, she said, she has been using smaller initial doses of buprenorphine and increasing the dosage more gradually than she used to.
Nationwide, the number of health professionals certified to prescribe buprenorphine has more than doubled in the past four years, to more than 134,000, according to the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Efforts to expand access to the treatment come as drug overdose deaths have more than doubled in the nation since 2015.
Storjohann would like to see more general clinicians seek training and certification to prescribe buprenorphine at least occasionally. For example, she said, emergency room doctors could prescribe a few days' worth of the medication for a patient who comes to them in crisis, then refer the patient to a specialist like her. Or a patient's primary doctor could take over the buprenorphine treatment after an addiction treatment specialist stabilizes a patient.
Health care providers no longer are required to take special classes to obtain federal certification — called a "waiver" — to treat up to 30 patients with buprenorphine. But Lynch said even veteran health care providers could benefit from training on how to properly manage the treatment. "It's a little daunting to start prescribing a medication that we didn't get a lot of training about in medical school or PA school or in nursing school," she said.
Federal officials have set up a public database of health care providers certified to offer buprenorphine treatment for addiction, but the registry lists only providers who agree to include their names. Many do not do so. In Iowa, only about a third of providers with the certification have agreed to be listed on the public registry, according to the Iowa Department of Health and Human Services.
Lynch speculated that some health care professionals want to use the medication to help current patients who need addiction treatment, but they aren't looking to make it a major part of their practice.
Storjohann said some health care professionals believe addiction treatment would lead to frustration, because patients can repeatedly relapse. She doesn't see it that way.
"This is a field where people really want to get better," she said. "It's really rewarding."
Kaiser Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues. Together with Policy Analysis and Polling, KHN is one of the three major operating programs at the Kaiser Family Foundation. KFF is an endowed nonprofit organization providing information on health issues to the nation.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.reactnativenavigation.react;

import androidx.annotation.Nullable;

public class CommandListenerAdapter implements CommandListener {

    @Nullable private CommandListener listener;

    @Nullable
    public CommandListener getListener() {
        return listener;
    }

    public CommandListenerAdapter() {
    }

    public CommandListenerAdapter(@Nullable CommandListener listener) {
        this.listener = listener;
    }

    @Override
    public void onSuccess(String childId) {
        if (listener != null) listener.onSuccess(childId);
    }

    @Override
    public void onError(String message) {
        if (listener != null) listener.onError(message);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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FDD Talk: Average Monthly Gross Margin and Net Profits for Reporting Welcomemat Services Franchisees (2013 FDD)
February 28, 2014 by Franchise Chatter Leave a Comment
in Direct Mail Franchise, Franchise Earnings
Highlights of Welcomemat Services' Item 19 Financial Performance Representations (2013 FDD) – Part 1
Welcomemat Services offers qualified sales professionals the right to offer local businesses the ability to participate in its personalized monthly direct mail marketing campaigns directed to new movers in a defined area under the "Welcomemat Services" mark.
Welcomemat franchisees use the franchisor's proprietary barcode tracking technology to offer local businesses the ability to track and monitor the success of their Welcomemat mailing campaigns.
The total investment necessary to begin operation of a home-based Welcomemat Services business ranges from $51,900 to $79,550. This includes the $37,700 to $39,000 in fees that must be paid to the franchisor or its affiliates prior to opening.
Preliminary Notes
This Item sets forth certain historical performance information reported by Welcomemat Services franchisees during the 2012 calendar year.
Specifically, Part I of this Item sets forth the average gross margin and average net profit for each of the franchisees 4th and subsequent monthly mailers sent between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012 (the "Measurement Period").
Part II of this Item discloses the average number of certificates per zip code per month for each franchisee during the Measurement Period.
Part III of this Item sets forth the average set-up fee charged by franchisees to a new Welcomemat Client as well as the average cost to the Welcomemat Client per household in a franchisee's Territory during the Measurement Period.
Part IV of this Item illustrates the gross margin and net profit earned by franchisees in connection with their first and second mailings during the Measurement Period.
This Item includes information for the 9 franchisees who were:
(i) open and actively operating during any portion of the 2012 calendar year; and
(ii) sent at least 3 mailings during the Measurement Period (the "Reporting Franchisees")
Measurements for Part I begin after each franchisee's third mailing, and measurements for Parts II-IV include all mailings sent during the Measurement Period
Excluded from all Parts of this Item 19 is information from one of its franchisees who was not actively operating their Welcomemat Business during the Measurement Period, and information from three of its franchisees that did not send 3 mailings during the Measurement Period.
Explanatory Notes for Part I – Average Monthly Gross Margin and Net Profits for Reporting Franchisees
Part I of this Item presents average monthly gross sales data and average monthly net sales data for the 4th and subsequent mailings during the Measurement Period of 8 Reporting Franchisees.
In Part I, the franchisor excluded the financial performance information for 1 Reporting Franchisee because this franchisee purchased a pre-developed market and was paying a special royalty that is different from the royalty rate paid by franchisees who purchase the franchisor's standard offering.
The franchisor also excluded partial-year data from a second Reporting Franchisee who purchased a partially developed market and was paying a special royalty for 2 months during the Measurement Period. Accordingly, the franchisor excluded the data from those 2 months and included the remaining data from this Reporting Franchisee.
The system-wide "Average Monthly Gross Margin" was calculated by taking the sum of all of the Reporting Franchisees' average monthly Gross Margin during the Measurement Period, and dividing it by the total number of Reporting Franchisees.
"Monthly Gross Margin" equals the "Monthly Gross Profit" divided by "Monthly Gross Income."
Each Reporting Franchisee's average Monthly Gross Margin was calculated by taking the sum of the Reporting Franchisee's Monthly Gross Margin during the month and dividing it by the total number of months the Reporting Franchisee was in operation after its first Cycle during the Measurement Period.
"Monthly Gross Income" includes all income derived by a Reporting Franchisee during a month, including mailing revenues billed, shipping and handling billings, Punchpoints mobile revenue, and graphic design work.
"Monthly Gross Profit" is calculated by subtracting the cost of product/mailing, shipping and handling, bounceback printing, scan, mobile expenses, and graphic design work from the Reporting Franchisee's Monthly Gross Income. Monthly Gross Profit does not include royalty and advertising fees due to the franchisor, labor expenses, costs of sales, or start-up costs associated with a Welcomemat Business.
The system-wide "Average Monthly Net Profit" was calculated by taking the sum of all of the Reporting Franchisees' average monthly Net Profits during the Measurement Period, and dividing it by the total number of Reporting Franchisees.
"Monthly Net Profit" equals the Reporting Franchisee's "Monthly Net Income" divided by the Reporting Franchisee's "Monthly Gross Income."
Each Reporting Franchisee's average Monthly Net Profit was calculated by taking the sum of the Reporting Franchisee's Net Profits during the Measurement Period and dividing it by the total number of months the Reporting Franchisee was in operation after its first Cycle during the Measurement Period.
"Monthly Net Income" equals the Reporting Franchisee's Monthly Gross Profit during the Measurement Period less the Reporting Franchisee's system marketing expenses, merchant fees for payment processing, invoicing fees, cancellation fees, royalty fees, and technology fees.
Part I – Average Monthly Gross Margin and Net Profits for Reporting Franchisees (Between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2012)
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text:
Frank D. Lucas & Pramila Jayapal
Compare the voting records of Frank D. Lucas and Pramila Jayapal in 2017-18.
Frank D. Lucas
Represented Oklahoma's 3rd Congressional District. This was his 13th term in the House.
Pramila Jayapal
Represented Washington's 7th Congressional District. This was her 1st term in the House.
Frank D. Lucas and Pramila Jayapal are from different parties and disagreed on 71 percent of votes in the 115th Congress (2017-18).
Dec. 20, 2018 — Waiving a requirement of clause 6(a) of rule XIII with respect to consideration of certain resolutions reported from the Committee on Rules, and providing for consideration of motions to suspend the rules
Sept. 8, 2017 — Palmer of Alabama Amendment No. 56
Sept. 7, 2017 — Yoho of Florida Part B Amendment No. 110
Sept. 6, 2017 — Carter of Georgia Part B Amendment No. 17
March 1, 2017 — Moore of Wisconsin Amendment No. 11


Eleven years ago I taught ESL in Gwinnett county, Georgia. I did not only belong to best team of ESL teachers, but I also taught wonderful students, and was supported by hard-working, caring families. My students were immigrants.
I was an immigrant. I still am.
My students and their parents, carried on their shoulders a heavier burden than mine though. I could write a book with all tales told by my students during our readers and writers workshop time together. Tales of cold nights spent at the desert. Tales of uncertainty. Tales of escaping danger. Tales of parents working four jobs. Tales of sharing a bed with five siblings. Tales of nostalgia for warm abuela's cuddles. Tales of hope and resilience.
Amidst this pondering, a good friend of mine, Carolina Gomez, a fellow educator, and source of inspiration, asked if I wanted to collaborate in the creation of resources related to the topic. Resources that not only teachers, but homeschool guardians and parents can use with their kids.
Literature has the power to convey different aspects of the human experience, it can help us see life from a different perspective. It offers vivid images that makes us feel we are part of the story. There are studies that have proved that the empathy we feel for characters, wires our brains to have the same sensitivity towards real people.
Therefore, reading can help banish the fear rooted in the human soul caused by the lack of familiarity and understanding of others. The type of fear that feeds stereotypes, racism, and hate.
Keeping all that in mind, I created a simple graphic poem.
I am an elementary Spanish teacher, so the resources I create, need to be developmentally appropriate for that age and also comprehensible for non native speakers.
This poem, though in both versions ( English and Spanish), can be used with children of different ages.
I also created Spanish and English worksheets for the kids to write about or illustrate each stanza. You will find all the attachments below this post.
Feel free to share, download and spread the word by reposting and tagging friends.
Do not forget tag me if you end up using it with your children.
Also visit Carolina's blog to download the story of Lilian.


text:
The 15 Worst Things About Giving Blow Jobs
Just sayin', there are some drawbacks.
By Lane Moore
Even if you consider yourself someone who likes giving blow jobs, you've probably had some moments when you were like "not so much right now." Here are a few BJ drawbacks you can probably relate to.
1. Even when it doesn't take forever, it still feels like it's taking forever. How long have I been doing this for? Forty minutes? No? It's only been 10? Well, in blow job minutes, that's like an hour and a half, so I stand by my original point.
2. You're way too aware of the weird noises your mouth is making. I sound like a kid annoyingly taking a lollipop in and out of her mouth at the grocery store. Great, now I'm thinking about kids. What is wrong with me?
3. When he starts thrusting his pelvis out of nowhere. Do not fuck my face. Do not fuck my face. I am not joking.
4. When you become aware of your gag reflex and become terrified of throwing up on his penis. OK, I have to get it far enough from the back of my throat to avoid that, but still pretty close because...wait, does this even make a difference? Could I just be up on the tip and it would feel the same? Fuck this, that's what I'll do.
5. Having no idea how much spit you're supposed to be involving in this. Is it like an ocean or a puddle? Am I trying to pour a bottle of lube out of my mouth or sprinkle it like rain? Anyone? Anyone?
6. For the love of god, remember to breathe through your nose. Passing out on someone's crotch is never cute, apparently, so I really have to focus on this one. Oh shit, I just accidentally inhaled his junk. Maybe that felt good? I don't even know anymore.
7. Having no idea what the hell to do with his balls. Do I roll them around like those stress balls people move around in their hand or something? I'll just try that but honestly I am not confident this will work.
8. Making your mouth into a toothless chasm. Which then stretches your jaw to its maximum capacity and also makes you feel like an elderly person without dentures in. It's super hot (no).
9. Feeling like you have to deep-throat even though you totally do not. I am not a circus performer and he probably doesn't want me doing anything I don't want to do anyway, and if he does want me to do something I don't want to do, I'll just go home and watch Friday Night Lights reruns which is all I keep thinking about during the BJ anyway.
10. Knowing for sure, without a doubt, you're not going to come from this. I know that's the whole thing about oral sex with either gender, but it still sucks. No pun intended, but also that's why the word "sucks" is used to describe something not great.
11. If you're doing it while you're really turned on, your vag just has to wait patiently until he's done. Sometimes you do get super turned on while going down on him, which is great, but being that close to his penis/body, and being super turned on, and not being able to do anything about it because of the solo task at hand? So hard! God, between "task at hand" and "so hard," I am full of accidental puns right now.
12. Feeling like you have to make crazy moaning sounds while he's coming. As if your three-handed circus act that got him to come in the first place wasn't enough. Look, if you legit want to make sounds, make sounds, but that pressure in your head telling you that you have to give him porn star moans like his jizzing is turning you on is the worst.
13. When he tells you he's coming and you have to quickly decide if you're going to spit or swallow. It's like defusing a bomb and having someone ask you to pick the red wire or the blue wire, except in this case it's more, "Should I swallow? Will he care if I don't? Well, I guess I could. You know what? No. I don't want to and I won't!"
14. If you spit, having to carry a little handful of jizz to the bathroom like it's a hurt baby bird you just rescued. "It's going to be OK, tiny jizz ball, you're going to a better place and that is the toilet because you are gross."
15. If you swallow, that shit coats your throat and is also water-resistant. It really should be used as some sort of protective device for your electronics. For real.
Follow Lane on Twitter and Instagram.
Lane Moore Sex & Relationships Editor I'm Lane Moore, sex & relationships editor at Cosmopolitan.com.
More From Cosmo Master Class: How to Give a Blow Job
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20 Oral Sex Positions You Need in Your Life
Here's What to Do If He Has a Big Penis
8 Blow Job Sex Positions That Do It for You Too
The 14 Best Blow Job Secrets No One Ever Told You
11 Things Not to Do When Receiving a Blow Job
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How to Give The Best Blow Job. Ever.
Girls Who Say They Love Blow Jobs Are Ruining My Life
A Complete Beginner's Guide to the Messy Blow Job
5 Surprising Things to Know About Jobs That Give Back
This Couple Staged a "Blow Job" Engagement Photo
Amy Schumer's Blow Job Story


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'Hagerstown boy' wins in city film festival
A filmmaker originally from Hagerstown captured the Best Local Film award Sunday at the conclusion of the Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown.
Erik Kristopher Myers was one of seven winners in various categories in the four-day festival, during which films were shown at downtown locations.
Myers won for "Butterfly Kisses," the inspiration for which came from a trailer he saw of found footage in the style of "The Blair Witch Project."
Myers said he thought about films that present themselves as being discovered footage of an alleged supernatural incident leading to the disappearance or death of the filmmakers.
He said he wondered what the real-life journey of someone discovering forgotten footage would be like, as well as the journey that would lead to the film being shown in a movie theater.
The 42-year-old Myers said he was proud to receive the award, especially because he is "a Hagerstown boy." Myers, who lives in Baltimore, entered a film in the local festival in 2013.
Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown opens
The Historic Maryland Theatre rolled out the red carpet Friday night for the seventh annual Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown in downtown Hagerstown.
The festival, which continues through Sunday, will showcase more than 106 films from 13 countries. Films will be shown in various venues throughout downtown Hagerstown.
"This is a great event," Tom Riford, president of the film festival, said during a VIP reception at The Grand Piano Ballroom in downtown Hagerstown. "This is very important for filmmakers to be able to have their films shown."
Paul Frey, president and chief executive officer of the Washington County Chamber of Commerce, said the festival is a great showcase not only for Washington County, but downtown Hagerstown.
"Anything related to tourism and tourists visiting and spending money in Hagerstown and visiting Washington County is excellent," Frey said. "It's excellent. It really helps to make Washington County and Hagerstown shine."
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The Maryland International Film Festival returns to Hagerstown
Experience over one hundred new films this weekend without leaving the tri state area. The Maryland International Film Festival returns to Hagerstown for the seventh year of screening new films and offering movie entertainment opportunities.
Smithsburg native returns to receive award from film festival
Right out of college, Strong got her first break. The home of her then-boyfriend's parents was being rented for exterior shots for 1990's "Avalon," which was filmed in Baltimore. A film and communications major, Strong wanted to watch.
"I remember going over there, sitting on the curb and just watching. Seeing (cinematographer) Allen Daviau lighting, and all the makeup and hair people, and actors — and everything going on — was so exciting," she said. "I just knew that's what I was going to do."
First-time Filmmaker has 'Jitters' at Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown
"Jitters" might be the name of Otoja Abit's film directorial debut, but it's a notion he shouldn't be feeling with big names behind his short film. "Jitters" will be shown as part of the Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown at 6:30 p.m. Saturday, April 28, at the Historic Maryland Theatre in Hagerstown, Md. The film festival runs Friday, April 27, through Sunday, April 29.
'Blacklist' actor Amir Arison will receive the Mendez Award from the Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown
It is because of that mentality that Arison will receive the 2018 Mendez Award at the Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown. The award is given annually at the festival and is named in honor of Antonio "Tony" Mendez, a former CIA agent who wrote "Master of Disguise" that went on to be made into the movie "Argo."
According to a press release, the Mendez Award is "awarded to someone who has succeeded in the television and film industry; or has supported film and television, and has given back to the community." Past winners have included Joe Carnahan, film director and producer and the festival's creative director; prolific author and Boonsboro resident Nora Roberts; and Kerry Cahill, actress and activist.
Seventh Annual Maryland International Film Festival, Hagerstown Will Host 106 Films
The Seventh Annual Maryland International Film Festival-Hagerstown has selected 106 films from 13 countries for the 2018 festival! MDIFF Festival Director, Tracie Hovey said, "After a meticulous selection process, we are so grateful to have the opportunity to screen all these fabulous films at our festival. It becomes more difficult every year to pick our slate of films because we enjoy them all."


Prince performing "Purple Rain" at the Grammy Awards in 2004.
Though he died over a year ago, tragically and unexpectedly at age 57, Prince has continued to dominate the news cycle since, with a seemingly endless supply of unseen photos and untold stories emerging, from that time he snuck up on Cindy Crawford on the dance floor to his butler's reveal about the true extent of his boss's obsession with breakfast.
It's no surprise, then, that along with all that, there's also an upcoming exhibition, My Name Is Prince, opening this October in London, with unseen possessions and artifacts delivered straight from Paisley Park, including his stage outfits for the 1984-5 Purple Rain and the 1988-9 LoveSexy tours, his cloud suit from 1985's "Raspberry Beret," and his more recently used diamond-studded cane. The show is billing itself as the first ever official exhibition dedicated to him, which is a bit of a revelation in and of itself.
But the real truth bomb—if you can believe it's the truth—came this week in an interview about the show with the late musician's sister, Tyka Nelson, who's Prince's only remaining full-blood relative. "It is strange because people always associate the colour purple with Prince, but his favourite colour was actually orange," she said casually, while discussing the fact that the "stand out piece" for her in the show is Prince's orange Cloud guitar.
Prince performing during the Super Bowl XLI Half-Time in Miami in February, 2007.
Not only is this earth-shattering anecdote sending Prince fans into a frenzy, but it's also not the best news for Pantone, who earlier this month announced a new shade of purple in honor of the musician.
There does seem to be some evidence to back up Tyka Nelson's claim: If you take a look at back at some of Prince's most memorable style moments, there's nary a swatch of purple in sight. He did, however, perform at the 2007 Super Bowl in orange, turn up to last year's Grammy Awards in a sparkly orange tunic, and make other such carrot-hued appearances over the years.
"It was always his wish to make all of the material made public, and I will do everything in my power to make sure his wish comes true," Nelson said of the thousands of hours of unreleased studio material, albums, live recordings and video footage that currently remain hidden away at Paisley Park. Who knows what else may be in store, but at least this time, she's giving us a bit of warning.


For yet another week, the updated Canada Food Guide has dominated the news. Calgary organizations that provide food to those in need are redirecting their efforts to better coincide with the prescribed changes. One of the big changes is the newfound prominence of whole grain foods on the new food guide plate. Just two days after the amendment, Canadian Field Crop Research Alliance received a $4.1 million investment to improve grain-growing across the country. On the topic of valuable grains, Corby's whiskies--known for Pike Creek, J.P. Wisers, and many more --cashed in big last weekend at the Canadian Whisky Awards.
Brown Bagging for Calgary's Kids and the Calgary Food Bank are taking suggestions from the new Canada's food guide seriously. In an effort to conform to the updated recommendations, the Calgary charities are revamping their menus to give Calgary's less fortunate more healthy options going forward.
Are "ghost kitchens" the next big trend in food delivery?
We've talked about how the rapid expansion of delivery apps is changing the landscape of food procurement. A Southeast Calgary "ghost kitchen" is utilizing its space to house multiple delivery-only restaurants. Is this a practical solution to the growing demand of delivery or is it a shallow step in the wrong direction?
Read more about this interesting trend at CBC News.
A Saskatchewan conservation officer spent 16 months posing as a scientific researcher in an attempt to catch a Cree First Nations man marketing fish without a commercial license. The covert operation has ignited a wildfire of controversy, as the seemingly unethical operation victimized a man whose net profit was a modest $90.
Check out the full story at the National Post.
Francis Drouin, member of parliament for Glengarry—Prescott—Russell, paid a visit to the Chicken Little Farm in St. Isidore, Alberta earlier this week to reaffirm Canada's commitment to the one of the country's largest economic contributors, the crop sector.
Find out what this means for the future of Canada's crops at The Review.
The Victoria Whisky Festival wrapped up this week and Corby Spirit and Wine Limited were big winners. The international distributer picked up 30 top accolades at the Canadian Whisky Awards, including the Sipping Whisky of the Year Multinational going to Pike Creek Rum Barrel, and the Connoisseur Whisky of the Year Multinational being awarded to J.P. Wiser's 35 Years Old.
For more info on the event including the full list of winners check out Canadian Whisky.


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Ask Kate about Mortgage Rate Lock Stall Tactics: Kate, I was just reading a post about a very similar situation my husband and I are in -- I also believe the lender is stalling on our mortgage rate lock. We have outstanding credits scores (800+), amazing debt to loan ratios, and we owe 182k on a 500k valued house.
Michelle continues... We locked in on the 3rd of Feb and due to the timing of the end of the month, holidays, etc, we only have until the 23rd to close.
The problem is, the lender is trying to find any excuse they can to delay this process. They want us to finish our attic (!?!) before they lend us the money.
I believe this is a stall tactic since we locked in at 4.125 percent and literally the next day the rates started going up and did not stop going up. I believe they are trying to get out of this loan.
Is there anything we can do since our locked rate has not yet expired but our time is running out? Will threats to call the Attorney General help?? Thank you!
The amount of letters I receive about losing mortgage rate locks is shocking.
When I originated mortgages, I monitored locked-in interest rates very carefully and that is why I have such a bone to pick with this subject!
Now that's not to say mortgage borrowers can't take precautions also. The less time an interest rate is locked, the less it costs. But this is not the time to cut corners.
Before locking in rates, borrowers need the advice of their mortgage lender. Ask what the current turn times are. Take into consideration holidays and end-of-month crunch times.
In your situation, requiring an attic to be finished seems petty unless it poses a risk to safety. Of course if the appraiser counted an attic bathroom or bedroom under construction in the appraised value, that's another story.
But let's assume the lender is stalling because mortgage rates kept climbing after you locked in. If so, you have every right to expect your home loan to close under the agreed upon terms.
How can disputes over locked in mortgage rates be resolved? As I have mentioned before, put on your best walking shoes because there's probably a long hike ahead of you.
Create a timeline of pertinent dates, application date, lock and expiration dates to begin with, and submit them to a person of authority if you can't reconcile this with your individual mortgage originator. Keeping track of names, dates and subject of conversations, follow up discussions in writing.
However if you are not satisfied that your concerns are being addressed satisfactorily, here is what the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (the district North Carolina is in) suggests.
Quick fact: The Federal Reserve System sets monetary policy, supervises and regulates member financial institutions.
Depending on the specific financial institution you are using, it may be more advantageous to contact your North Carolina attorney general at (919) 716-6000.
Michelle, I hope this can be settled at the local level directly with your lender. Would you let me know? I'd like to hear back from you.
Comment on Mortgage Rate Lock Stall Tactics here. Or Ask Kate another question.
Get Your Best Mortgage Rate depends on your word of mouth. Tell your friends about Mortgage Rate Lock Stall Tactics.


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To Build Or Not To Build The Fence
October 25, 2006 by Phyllis Schlafly
Paraphrasing Shakespeare, To build, or not to build; that is the question. Will the Bush Administration build a fence to secure our southern border, or are we being bamboozled with sound and fury, signifying nothing?
Conflicting news stories have appeared since the Senate (80-19) and the House (283-138) passed the Secure Fence Act calling for the building of a 700-mile fence along our 2,000-mile southern border. Senator John Cornyn (R-TX) admitted, "There is no credibility when it comes to proposals for border control and immigration reform."
When President Bush was asked about his alleged promise to sign the fence bill, he restricted his reply to an appropriations bill that includes some funding for something to be done at the border. Meanwhile, the Senate defeated Cornyn's bill to appropriate $3.7 million in supplemental funds to secure the border, although Cornyn said "we have not yet appropriated nearly enough to complete the job."
Senate leaders bragged about the Secure Fence Act as one of this session's primary accomplishments, but immediately thereafter shot it through with loopholes that virtually ensure it will never be built. That must be what they mean by a virtual fence.
Just before recessing to go out on the campaign trail, the Senate and House gave the Bush administration authority to decide where, when and how long a fence should be, plus approval to spend fence money on a variety of alternatives including roads, technology and infrastructure. Congress even gave Homeland Secretary Michael Chertoff discretion over whether to build a fence or choose other options.
When the open borders crowd asserts that a fence will be ineffective because people can climb over it, through it and around it, what they really mean is that the fence law will be ineffective because a variety of loopholes enable the Bush Administration to go around it. If the Bush Administration doesn't start construction on the fence before November 7, we can assume that the passage and signing of a fence bill were just pre-election posturing to fool the voters.
Advocates of a fence never claimed it would be the total solution to stopping the entry of illegal aliens. A fence is just the first step that must be followed by a greatly increased border-patrol force, Social Security verification of employees, and tracking of visitors who become illegal aliens when they overstay their visas.
But, as Rep. Duncan Hunter (R-CA) said, border fencing is a "critical component." The triple-layered fence that was finally built near San Diego has led to a 70 percent drop in illegal immigration there.
The mass entry of 10 million illegal aliens during the Bush Administration is grievously unfair to our millions of high-school dropouts who desperately need a job to get started building a life. At least two-thirds of the illegal aliens now in this country, as well as those who would benefit by the President's guest-worker plan, likewise do not have a high school education, so they are in direct competition with native-born Americans.
The Center for Immigration Studies has just released a report showing how immigrants (legal and illegal) who arrived during George W. Bush's presidency have caused a massive displacement of native-born workers. The number of young (age 16 to 34) native-born American men who were employed declined by 1.7 million, while over the same period, the number of new male immigrant workers increased by 1.9 million.
If the jobs held by new immigrant males aged 16 to 34 were made available to jobless native-born males, then the job deficit among our native-born males would be completely eliminated. America doesn't need any more high school dropouts; we have plenty of our own.
Employers are substituting new immigrant workers for young native-born workers. New immigrants account for most of the growth in the number of employed persons in the United States.
The Center for Immigration Studies report also shows that agriculture is not a reason to permit or invite more illegal workers because only 4 percent of all illegal workers in the United States work in agriculture. That means, for every illegal worker in agriculture, 24 are illegally employed in non-farm industries.
So why don't the agriculture employers hire illegal aliens who are already in this country instead of demanding that we import even more workers from other countries?
Furthermore, a large share of new immigrants are employed in the underground economy, which means they are paid in cash and the employer evades the basic labor standards that have been the norm in our economy for many years.
The failure of President Bush to carry out his constitutional duty to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed," e.g., the laws against illegal entry, illegal hiring and illegal documents, gives the lie to his famous boast that he is a compassionate conservative. His failure shows that he is not only not conservative; he is not compassionate.
Filed Under: Border Security, Immigration, National Sovereignty, Phyllis Schlafly Report Column
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Home Tennis Millman knocked out by qualifier in Munich
Millman knocked out by qualifier in Munich
John Millman has been knocked out of the ATP Munich tournament by a qualifier, ending the Australian men's interest in the week's clay-court fare around Europe.
If Alex de Minaur's brilliant run to the semi-finals of the Madrid Open last week had inspired his compatriots in the run-up to the French Open, it hasn't been obvious over the past couple of days with the Australian men all succumbing quickly in warm-up events in Portugal and Germany.
Millman, who'd enjoyed an encouraging victory over the returning 2020 US Open champion Dominic Thiem on the way to the last-16 in Belgrade last week, roared back from 4-2 down to take the opening set against Belarusian qualifier Egor Gerisamov with four straight games on Wednesday.
From then on, though, the powerful serve of the world No.150 Gerasimov – 71 places below the Queenslander in the ATP rankings – kept the Belarusian well in control of the match, as he broke Millman five times over the last two sets to prevail 4-6 6-2 6-2.
Watch the latest sport on Channel 7 or stream for free on 7plus >>
It was a setback for the 32-year-old Millman, now down to No.4 in the Australian men's rankings, who's been making more headlines with some of his off-court comments than his tennis this past week.
Millman had caused a stir when tweeting his concerns over Wimbledon's decision to ban Belarusian and Russian players, saying: "I feel like Ukraine would be better served if @Wimbledon donated their entire profit in support aid instead of banning the Russian and Belarusian players."
At the Estoril Open, Alexei Popyrin and Max Purcell couldn't get through qualifying while Jordan Thompson was beaten in the first round.
Two men charged after alleged Australia Day break-in of tennis icon Margaret Court's Perth home
Nick Kyrgios makes wild Novak Djokovic prediction as 'monster' call comes true
The sad detail in Novak Djokovic's Australian Open triumph: 'That hurts me a lot'


are like timeless whole system recycling.
while living in a virtuous WinWin communicating circle?
through a WinLose vicious market square.
overpowered by a viciously commodified square?
to be used both for and against complexities.
I hoped to pee my glee.
accepting humanity while others feel complexly grieved.
rocking my infantile welfare world.
disassociated ego-space v eco-bilateral timeless time.
through herstoric operative reforesting Voice.