An inexpensive pre-molded package for electronic semiconductor circuit with increased thermal extraction capability, improved electrical performance, improved dielectric constant of sealing medium, optically transmissive sealing lid, and partially reduced electromagnetic radiation. In one embodiment, the pre-molded package includes electronic semiconductor circuit, a plurality of electrically conductive leads, a heat spreader, a plurality of electrically conductive bond wires, and a seal lid. Preferably, a surface of the heat spreader remains exposed to the exterior of the pre-molded package. In another embodiment, the pre-molded package includes a semiconductor circuit, a plurality of electrically conductive leads, a heat spreader, a plurality of electrically conductive bond wires, and an optically transmissive seal lid.
A semiconductor circuit device packaged in an inexpensive molded plastic package does not provide the electrical performance of a device packaged in an expensive ceramic or metal package that provide a die cavity. The dielectric constant of the air in the die cavity formed in the ceramic or metal package is 1.0 where as plastic is about 4.4.
The latest semiconductor devices have greatly increased device complexity and transistor gate count even more rapidly than with the reduction of the semiconductor device processing from 1.0 micron to sub-micron technologies. This proliferation of device functionality and increase in operational frequency response requirements of most semiconductor devices are beyond the normal dielectric constant range of the plastic package which is nominally greater than 1. The demand for low cost molded plastic packaging of these highly complex functional and high frequency semiconductor devices requires a novel solution to meet requirements of 2, 3, or more giga-hertz devices per plastic package.
The concept of displacing plastic material surrounding and contacting the device for low cost plastic packaging to meet these requirements has been reduced to practice by creating a pre-molded plastic package die cavity to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor circuit device by hard ejection or transfer mold package tooling or pre-cast die attach cavity spacer. The cavity has been arranged to provide the semiconductor circuit device with an air dielectric medium which is approximately 1/2 or less than that of a molded plastic package. This feature of the pre-molded plastic package improves the electrical performance of these complex and high frequency semiconductor circuit devices.
A pre-molded plastic package body is formed in an ejection or transfer mold prior to a semiconductor device being attached directly to a die attach paddle of a lead frame or to a rerouting board using a number of conventional techniques including welding, soldering, brazing, and adhesive bonding. The semiconductor device is then interconnected to the lead frame or rerouting board prior to sealing of the pre-molded package plastic body housing the semiconductor device to form the protective body of the pre-molded plastic package. Examples of prior art are discussed in the following paragraphs.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,930,114 to Hodge discloses a plastic package including a thermally conductive body which extends from the lead frame die pad supporting the semiconductor circuit to the external surface of the package. However, in order to stabilize the thermally conductive body during the encapsulation process, Hodge requires stabilizing legs which extend to the opposite surface of the plastic body. This package design, because of the many plastic-to-metal interfaces extending directly from the external package surface to the semiconductor circuit cavity, fails to provide adequate protection against invasion by water vapor and the like and fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,053 to Kuraishi discloses a plastic package including a metal lead frame having at least one heat spreader extending from the die paddle on which a semiconductor chip is mounted from the periphery of the die paddle and existing in a space defined between the die paddle and the inner ends of the leads. The thermal conductivity of such an internally encapsulated heat spreader cannot approach the thermal conductivity of exposed metals and ceramics and, accordingly, this package concept fails to provide adequate means for rapidly conducting heat to the package surface and also fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,903 to Olla discloses a plastic package structure in which a body of plastic containing particles of thermally conductive material is used to conduct heat from the chip directly to the package surface. However, the thermal conductivity of such metal-impregnated plastic cannot approach the thermal conductivity of metals and ceramics and, accordingly, this package concept fails to provide adequate means for rapidly conducting heat to the package surface and also fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,794 to Long discloses a plastic package structure in which silicone compound is first applied over the exposed surface of the integrated circuit, its bonding wires, and portions of the lead frame prior to molding in plastic. The coated bonding wires and the lead frame conduct heat away from the semiconductor circuit. However, the thermal conductivity of such silicone coated bonding wires and lead frame cannot approach the thermal conductivity of metals and ceramics and, accordingly, this package concept fails to provide adequate means for rapidly conducting heat to the package surface and also fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,381,042 to Lerner et al discloses a plastic package structure in which a body of plastic surrounds the semiconductor circuit, lead frame, and heat slug, preferably formed from oxygen-free high-conductivity copper, that has an exposed surface outside the package. This package concept fails to provide adequate means for rapidly conducting heat to the package surface because of high thermal resistance copper oxidation formed on the oxygen-free copper "drop-in" heat slug surface exposed during ejection and transfer molding process and subsequent high temperature post mold cure operation and also fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device. The disclosure also fails to address the unnecessary steps of removing the high thermal resistance copper oxide and requirement for a post cleaning and post plating operation to prevent the copper "drop-in" heat slug from further oxidation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,234 to Liang discloses a plastic package structure in which an integrated circuit die is attached to one side of the die attach paddle and a heat sink is resiliently fixed to the other side of the die attach paddle using a viscous thermal grease between heat sink and the die attach paddle. The heat sink is ejection molded into the plastic package forming the structure. However, the thermal conductivity of such heat sink attachment by thermal grease cannot approach the thermal conductivity of metals and ceramics and, accordingly, this package concept fails to provide adequate means for rapidly conducting heat to the package surface and also fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,483,098 to Joiner, Jr. discloses a plastic package structure in which an integrated circuit die is attached to one side of the die attach paddle and a substantial portion of the inactive side of the die is left open to the environment. While this structure does provide a direct path for thermal conductivity from the integrated circuit die to a metal or ceramic heat sink, this package concept fails to provide adequate mechanical protection of the integrated circuit die during mounting of the heat sink leading to the plastic package, an adequate moisture barrier to water vapor penetration and the like into the plastic package, and also fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,485,037 to Marrs discloses a plastic package structure in which an integrated circuit die is attached to one side of a oxygen-free high thermally conductive thermal induction plate and the thermal induction plate is molded in the plastic package leaving an exposed surface outside the package. This package concept falls to provide adequate means for rapidly conducting heat to the package surface because of high thermal resistance copper oxidation formed on the oxygen-free thermal induction plate surface exposed during ejection and transfer molding process and subsequent high temperature post mold cure operation and also fails to provide the pre-molded die attach cavity necessary to reduce the dielectric constant of the semiconductor device. The disclosure also fails to address the unnecessary steps of removing the high thermal resistance copper oxide and requirement for a post cleaning and post plating operation to prevent the copper thermal induction plate from further oxidation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,362 to Hamzehdoost et al discloses a plastic package structure for an integrated circuit includes a package body having a die-cavity formed therein, in which an integrated circuit die is attached to a die mounting ring and a substantial portion of the inactive side of the die is left open to the environment. While this structure does provide a direct path for thermal conductivity from the integrated circuit die to a metal or ceramic heat sink, this package concept fails to provide adequate mechanical protection of the integrated circuit die during mounting of the heat sink leading to the plastic package or an adequate moisture barrier to water vapor penetration and the like into the plastic package.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,598,034 to Wakefield disclosures a plastic package structure in which a body of plastic containing a gas-filled cavity or chamber to surround the semiconductor circuit and provides an electromagnetic radiation shield surrounding the semiconductor circuit. This package concept fails to provide adequate means for rapidly conducting heat to the package surface because of high thermal resistance copper oxidation formed on the oxygen-free copper heat slug surface exposed during ejection and transfer molding process and subsequent high temperature post mold cure operation. The disclosure also fails to the unnecessary steps of removing the high thermal resistance copper oxide and requirement for a post cleaning and post plating operation to prevent the copper heat slug from further oxidation.
Accordingly, several objects and advantages of my invention are listed. In accordance with the present invention a pre-molded plastic package for electronic semiconductor circuits is provided in which a die attach cavity is formed to contain the semiconductor circuit. The pre-molded package provides a cavity for attachment of the semiconductor circuit device directly to a die attach paddle of a lead frame or to a rerouting board using a number of conventional techniques including welding, soldering, brazing, and adhesive bonding. To assure rapid conduction of heat from the semiconductor circuit, the package may also include a thermally conductive body of metal, ceramic or the like which acts as a heat transfer body extending directly from the lead frame die pad to the surface of the plastic package. Heat may thus be conducted by the thermally conductive body directly from the semiconductor circuit to the package surface for extraction and dissipation.
The pre-molded plastic package cavity provides the environment for the semiconductor device to operate in an air dielectric medium thus reducing the capacitive loading and mechanical stress on the semiconductor device, and providing the semiconductor device the ability to transmit optically. The sealing process of the plastic pre-molded package allows for a varied selection of sealing medium including but not limited to plastic, metal, ceramic, or optically transmissive materials.
However, a substantially vapor-proof barrier must be formed between the plastic body and the heat transfer body. Plastics bond fairly well to ceramics. However, to provide an adequate seal between metal heat transfer bodies and the plastic body, the interface or junction between the metal heat transfer body and the plastic encapsulation material is adapted to provide an elongated path between the exterior of the package and the internal cavity containing the semiconductor circuit. The elongated junction thus provides a barrier to water vapor encroachment into the package and, because the metal-to-plastic junctions between the metal body and the plastic body do not form straight lines, the possibility of vapor leakage resulting from mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion is minimized. Furthermore, by forming an irregular interface between the heat transfer body and the plastic body, mechanical integrity is assured and the package is much more resistant to mechanical stress. The packages of the invention thus permit use of inexpensive plastic packaging techniques to produce packages having direct conduction of heat from the interior of the package to the package surface without increased risk of water vapor leakage and without loss of mechanical package stability.
Still further objects and advantages will become apparent from a consideration of the ensuing description and accompanying drawings.
FIG. 15 is a sectional view of a open transfer mold illustrating an alternative embodiment of the invention including die paddle, lead frame, pre-cast die attach spacer, heat transfer body, and a partial electromagnetic radiation shield.
This invention relates to packaging of electronic semiconductor circuit devices. More particularly, it relates to packaging arrangements which include an pre-molded plastic package for semiconductor circuits to permit use of plastic packaging for highly complex and high frequency devices and to arrangements which provide improved electrical operational environment and rapid conduction of thermal energy from the circuit component to the package exterior. The novel arrangements are formed employing relatively inexpensive and versatile plastic packaging techniques. This invention also relates to packaging arrangements which reduces electromagnetic radiation into or out of the package structure.
Advances in microelectronics technology and materials tend to develop semiconductor circuits which occupy less physical space while performing more advanced functions at higher operational frequencies. Traditionally, semiconductor circuits are packaged for use in housings which protect the semiconductor circuit from its environment and provide means for input/output communications between the semiconductor circuit and external circuitry. The continuing drive toward miniaturization thus results in higher operational frequencies and generation of more heat in less physical space with less structure for removing heat from the package structure. Similarly, the development of electronic semiconductor circuits using compound semiconductors, sensors, or optically transmissive circuits further expands the requirements for packaging which can contain devices operating at much higher operating frequencies and higher temperatures and control of device performance by improved environment and temperatures by heat dissipation.
Miniaturization of semiconductor circuit devices has also led to packaging of more than one semiconductor circuit within a single package housing. The semiconductor circuits may be supported on one or both sides of a substrate or rerouting board. For purposes of this disclosure, the terms "chip", "die", or "semiconductor circuit" and the like are used interchangeably and are intended to cover all electronic circuit device configurations enclosed within a single housing or package structure, regardless of whether such device configuration is in the form of one or more pieces of semiconductor material and/or supporting interconnection structure.
Conventionally, high pin-count package structures are generally either ceramic packages or plastic packages. Ceramic packages are better heat conductors than plastic packages, contain a die attach cavity area, provide for hermetic sealing, and are thus generally considered more reliable. However, ceramic packaging is relatively expensive when compared to plastic packaging structures. Transfer and injection pre-molded plastic packaging is much less expensive and will be therefore widely used when the advantage of hermetic sealing are not essential to the semiconductor circuit.
Electronic semiconductor circuits generate heat in operation and, in most cases, the semiconductor circuits are temperature sensitive. The temperature at which the semiconductor circuit operates and the ability to remove heat from the semiconductor circuit may, in fact, determine or limit various operating characteristics of the circuit. The encapsulating plastic, however, is not a particularly effective heat transfer medium. Accordingly, as the density of semiconductor circuit functions increases, the need for effective heat dissipation increases. Where the device semiconductor circuit is encapsulated in the plastic, removal of thermal energy is difficult. Thus, a means is often provided for conducting heat from the package to an external heat sink.
Electronic semiconductor circuits operating at much higher frequencies of operation and, in most cases, the semiconductor circuits are sensitive to the dielectric constant of sealing medium. The dielectric constant of the sealing medium in which the semiconductor circuit operates and the ability to operate at higher frequencies may, in fact, determine or limit various operating characteristics of the circuit. In the simple pre-molded plastic package structures, the dielectric constant may be adequately lowed by the encapsulated air environment.
From the foregoing description it will become apparent that by using the principles of the invention pre-molded plastic packaging techniques may be modified to form various configurations of plastic packages which efficiently and effectively provide a cavity to reduce capacitance loading and conduct heat from the device semiconductor circuit to external surfaces of the packages. It will be appreciated, of course, that various combinations and variations of the specific embodiments illustrated and described can be used to achieve particular desired results. It is to be understood, therefore, that although the invention has been described with particular reference to specific embodiments thereof, the forms of the invention shown and described in detail are to be taken as preferred embodiments, Various changes, combinations and modifications thereof may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
In accordance with the present invention a pre-molded plastic package for electronic semiconductor circuits is provided in which a pre-molded die attach cavity area and a barrier plated surface, nickel or some other metal, heat spreader is formed around the semiconductor circuit. To assure rapid conduction of heat from the semiconductor circuit, the package may also include a thermally conductive body of metal, ceramic or the like which acts as a heat transfer body extending directly from the lead frame die pad to the surface of the plastic package. Heat may thus be conducted by the thermally conductive body directly from the semiconductor circuit to the package surface for extraction and dissipation. However, a substantially vapor-proof barrier must be formed between the plastic body and the heat transfer body. Plastics bond fairly well to ceramics. However, to provide an adequate seal between metal heat transfer bodies and the plastic body, the interface or junction between the metal heat transfer body and the plastic encapsulation material is adapted to provide an elongated path between the exterior of the package and the internal cavity containing the semiconductor circuit. The elongated junction thus provides a barrier to water vapor encroachment into the package and, because the metal-to-plastic junctions between the metal body and the plastic body do not form straight lines, the possibility of vapor leakage resulting from mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion is minimized. Furthermore, by forming an irregular interface between the heat transfer body and the plastic body, mechanical integrity is assured and the package is much more resistant to mechanical stress. The packages of the invention thus permit use of inexpensive plastic packaging techniques to produce packages having direct conduction of heat from the interior of the package to the package surface without increased risk of water vapor leakage and without loss of mechanical package stability.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention the electronic semiconductor circuit is contained within a pre-molded die attach cavity area. The invention thus permits use of relatively inexpensive plastic packaging techniques to package much higher frequency electronic semiconductor circuits and devices which generate excessive amounts of heat. Other features and advantages of the invention will become more readily understood from the following detailed description taken in connection with the appended claims and attached drawings.
The general principles of molded plastic packaging structures are well known. Ordinarily, a metal lead frame is employed which includes a die paddle and lead frame with terminal leads arranged in a pre-selected arrangement. The semiconductor circuit device is attached to the die paddle and wire bonding or the like used to interconnect bonding pads on the device semiconductor circuit to the terminal leads. The assemblies are then encapsulated in a thermoset molding compound using a transfer or injection molding process. The general process, which is well known, may be used to produce various configurations of device package structure. Lead frames for plastic packages employ various configurations, all of which generally include a plurality of terminal leads which define a semiconductor circuit location and extend outwardly therefrom. When the plastic package is formed on the lead frame, the semiconductor circuit device location and inner ends of the terminal leads are encapsulated in a plastic body defined by opposed major faces and opposed edges with terminal leads extending from at least one of the edges. The leads extending from the edge may be formed into any of various configurations for mounting and interconnection purposes.
The pre-molded plastic package encapsulates a metal lead frame which ordinarily includes a die paddle and lead frame, lead frame with heat spreader, or lead frame with rerouting board and heat spreader with terminal leads arranged in a pre-selected arrangement in a thermoset molding compound using a transfer or injection molding process. The semiconductor circuit device is attached to the die paddle or rerouting board and wire bonding or the like used to interconnect bonding pads on the semiconductor circuit device to the terminal leads. The general process may be used to produce various configurations of device package structures. Lead frames for plastic packages employ various configurations, all of which generally include a plurality of terminal leads which define a semiconductor circuit location and extend outwardly therefrom. When the pre-molded plastic package is formed on the lead frame, the semiconductor circuit device location and bottom and sides of inner ends of the terminal leads are encapsulated in a plastic body defined by opposed major faces and opposed edges with terminal leads extending from at least one of the edges. The leads extending from the edge may be formed into any of various configurations for mounting and interconnection purposes, all of which are within the scope of this invention.
For purposes of simplicity and clarity of illustration, the invention is described herein with reference to the pre-molded plastic package body 13 configuration generally described as but not limited to a quad flatpack which has gullwing leads as shown in FIG. 1 extending from all four lateral smooth flat surfaces, the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 which provides area for semiconductor circuit 8 attachment and reduction of dielectric constant, die paddle 12, pre-molded package plastic body 13, interconnection area 16, terminal leads 17, and seal area 20. The structure is formed by placing the lead frame 29 containing the die paddle 12 and lead frame tie bars 32 into a ejection or transfer mold 100 which has the upper mold half 100a modified to the geometry of the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 then encapsulating the lead frame 29 with thermoset molding compound. When the lead frame 29 is positioned in the ejection or transfer mold 100, the die paddle 12 rests directly against the modified portion of the closed upper half mold 100a surface of the ejection or transfer mold 100. Therefore, to avoid over-coating the interconnection area 16 with plastic material, the die paddle 12 must be securely positioned and maintained adjacent the upper half mold 100a surface of the ejection or transfer mold 100 during molding process. Following the encapsulation process, the a ejection or transfer mold 100 is opened and pre-molded package plastic body 13 is normally but not necessarily cured through a post mold cure process.
For purposes of simplicity and clarity of illustration, the invention is described herein with reference to the pre-molded plastic package body 13 configuration generally described as but not limited to a quad flatpack which has gullwing leads as shown in FIG. 2 extending from all four lateral smooth flat surfaces, the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 which provides area for semiconductor circuit 8 attachment, reduction of dielectric constant, and interconnection area 16, the metal-to-plastic junction 14c provides a direct leakage path from the exterior of the package into the internal cavity, permitting leakage of water vapor and the like into the cavity. To minimize such leakage, the edge surfaces of the body 14 are not perpendicular to surfaces 14a and 14b. Instead, the edge surfaces are irregular and preferably include at least one inwardly extending retaining flange 15 which increases the length of the metal-to-plastic junction 14c to at least twice the distance separating surfaces 14a and 14b. Multiple flanges could, of course, be used. Heat spreader interface 18 consists of using adhesive, pressure sensitive foil, or aluminum oxide filled thermal grease or the like at heat spreader interface.
It will be observed that when the pre-molded package plastic body 13 is formed around the metal body 14, the metal-to-plastic junction 14c along the edges of the metal body 14 is contorted and extended so that the path along the metal-to-plastic junction 14c from the external surface of the package to the internal surface 14a of metal body 14 is at least twice as long as the distance separating parallel faces 14a and 14b. By including inwardly extending retaining flange 15 on metal body 14, the potential leakage path formed by the metal-to-plastic junction is thus elongated and contorted. The likelihood of leakage is therefore greatly reduced. By making the edge surface of metal body 14 which defines the junction irregular, contact is formed between the metal body 14 and the pre-molded package plastic body 13 which greatly enhances the structural integrity of the package unit formed. Since the metal-to-plastic junction 14c is formed by contact sections of metal and plastic, the danger of leakage because of mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion is also greatly reduced. The package unit is thus much less susceptible to damage or leakage caused by mechanical stress. Accordingly, in the structure of FIG. 4 the pre-molded package plastic body 13 has means to directly conduct heat from the semiconductor circuit 8 to an exposed surface 14b which is nickel or other barrier metal 9 while maintaining the integrity of the package so that the likelihood of water vapor leakage into the package is substantially reduced and thermal oxide formation on surface 14b is prevented.
It should be noted that the invention is not limited to use of metals for the heat transfer metal body 14 or metal body 19. Various other materials such as ceramics and the like may be used. Even though ceramics generally exhibit coefficients of thermal conductivity which are considerably less than that of most metals, their coefficients of thermal conductivity are at least an order of magnitude greater than that of most plastic materials used for forming plastic packages. Furthermore, ceramics generally exhibit coefficients of thermal expansion which are more compatible with plastic bodies than that of metals. Therefore, adequate ceramic-to-plastic seals are more readily formed than metal-to-plastic seals. Accordingly, for purposes of this disclosure, such terms as "heat transfer body" and "thermally conductive body" are used to mean any body of material having a coefficient of thermal conductivity greater than 1×10-6 cal./cm. °C. whether the body is metal, ceramic or otherwise.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the invention is described herein with reference to the pre-molded plastic package body 13 configuration generally described as but not limited to a quad flatpack which has gullwing leads extending from all four lateral smooth flat surfaces, the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 which provides area for semiconductor circuit 8 attachment and reduction of dielectric constant, die paddle 12, pre-molded package plastic body 13, interconnection area 16, terminal leads 17, seal area 20 and support pin holes 31. The structure is formed by placing the lead frame 29 containing the die paddle 12 and lead frame tie bars 32 into a ejection or transfer mold 100 which has the upper mold half 100a modified to the geometry of the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 then encapsulating the lead frame 29 with thermoset molding compound. When the lead frame is positioned in the ejection or transfer mold 100, the die paddle 12 rests directly against the modified upper mold half 100a surface of the closed ejection or transfer mold 100. Therefore, to avoid over-coating the interconnection area 16 with plastic material, the die paddle 12 and terminal leads 17 are supported by support pins 31 securely positioned and maintained in the lower mold half 100b of the ejection or transfer mold 100 during molding process. Following the encapsulation process, the a ejection or transfer mold 100 is opened and pre-molded package plastic body 13 is normally but not necessarily cured through a post mold cure process.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, an electronic semiconductor circuit 8 is secured to the opposite surface of die paddle 12 in the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 which provides area for semiconductor circuit 8 attachment and reduction of dielectric constant, and then conventional interconnections such as wire leads 24 from the semiconductor circuit 8 to the package input/output terminal leads 17 are attached, then a generally orthogonal metal body 14 of thermally conductive material such as copper or the like is plated with a nickel or other barrier plated metal 9 secured to the lower-side of the semiconductor circuit 8 on a conventional lead frame using adhesive, pressure sensitive foil, or aluminum oxide filled thermal grease or the like at heat spreader interface 14a. Metal body 14 may, of course, be circular in plan dimensions or may be in any other geometric form desired or compatible with the package design. Heat spreader interface 14a may be any suitably thermally conductive material. Where electrical isolation between semiconductor circuit 8 and metal body 14 is required, the heat spreader interface 14a should be a suitably electrically non-conductive material. Alternatively, where electrical continuity between the semiconductor circuit 8 and metal body 14 is acceptable or required, an electrically conductive material may be used or the metal body 14 may be otherwise secured to the lower-side of the semiconductor circuit 8. Obviously, various other means of securing the metal body 14 to the lower-side of the semiconductor circuit 8 may be used as necessary to satisfy the electrical requirements of the package. Seal area 20 of pre-molded package plastic body 13 provides the mounting surface for attachment of seal lid 21 to the pre-molded package plastic body 13. Seal lid 21 maybe constructed of plastic, ceramic, metal, or optically transmissive materials and is attached to pre-molded package plastic body 13 seal area 20 by using a variety of epoxy adhesives.
It will be observed that when the pre-molded package plastic body 13 is formed around the metal body 14, the metal-to-plastic junction 14c along the edges of the metal body 14 is contorted and extended so that the path along the metal-to-plastic junction 14c from the external surface of the pre-molded package plastic body 13 to the internal surface 14a of metal body 14 is at least twice as long as the distance separating parallel surfaces 14a and 14b. By including inwardly extending retaining flange 15 on metal body 14, the potential leakage path formed by the metal-to-plastic junction is thus elongated and contorted. The likelihood of leakage is therefore greatly reduced. By making the edge surface of metal body 14 which defines the junction irregular, contact is formed between the metal body 14 and the pre-molded package plastic body 13 which greatly enhances the structural integrity of the package unit formed. Since the metal-to-plastic junction 14c is formed by sections of metal and plastic, the danger of leakage because of mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion is also greatly reduced. The package unit is thus much less susceptible to damage or leakage caused by mechanical stress. Accordingly, in the structure of FIG. 4 the pre-molded package plastic body 13 has means to directly conduct heat from the semiconductor circuit 8 to an exposed surface 14b while maintaining the integrity of the package so that the likelihood of water vapor leakage into the package is substantially reduced.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, an electronic semiconductor circuit 8 is secured to the opposite surface of die paddle 12 in the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 which provides area for semiconductor circuit 8 attachment and reduction of dielectric constant, and then conventional interconnections such as wire leads 24 from the semiconductor circuit 8 to the pre-molded package plastic body 13 input/output terminal leads 17 are attached, then a generally orthogonal metal body 19 of thermally conductive material such as copper or the like is plated with a nickel or other barrier plated metal 9 secured to the upper-side of the semiconductor circuit 8 on a conventional lead frame using adhesive, pressure sensitive foil, or aluminum oxide filled thermal grease or the like at heat spreader interface 19a. Metal body 19 may, of course, be circular in plan dimensions or may be in any other geometric form desired or compatible with the package design. Heat spreader interface 19a may be suitable thermally conductive material. Where electrical isolation between semiconductor circuit 8 and metal body 19 is required, the heat spreader interface 19a should be a suitably electrically non-conductive material. Alternatively, where electrical continuity between the semiconductor circuit 8 and metal body 19 is acceptable or required, an electrically conductive material may be used or the metal body 19 may be otherwise secured to the upper-side of the semiconductor circuit 8. Obviously, various other means of securing the metal body 19 to the upper-side of the semiconductor circuit 8 may be used as necessary to satisfy the electrical requirements of the package.
In order to ensure that the outer surface of the metal body 19 is properly oriented prior to lid seal procedure, the metal body 19 should be securely affixed to the upper-side of the semiconductor circuit 8. As shown in FIG. 5, the metal body 19 has first and second oppositely disposed major surfaces 19a and 19b. Surface 19b is positioned to be coplanar with and thus forms an integral portion of the pre-molded package plastic body 13 seal lid 21 that secures to seal area 20. Seal area 20 of pre-molded package plastic body 13 provides the mounting surface for attachment of seal lid 21 to the pre-molded package plastic body 13. Seal lid 21 maybe constructed of plastic, ceramic, metal or materials and is attached to pre-molded package plastic body 13 seal area 20 and surface 19b by using a variety of epoxy adhesives.
It will be observed that since the metal body 19 is connected directly to the upper-side of the semiconductor circuit 8 and extends to the seal lid 21 of the pre-molded package plastic body 13, heat can be conducted through the metal body 19 directly from the upper-side of semiconductor circuit 8 to lid 21 and rapidly dissipated by connecting an external heat sink or the like in thermal communication with seal lid 21.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, after the semiconductor circuit 8 is secured to the die paddle 12 in the pre-molded die attach cavity area 10 which provides area for semiconductor circuit 8 attachment and reduction of dielectric constant, and the semiconductor circuit 8 connected to the terminal leads 17 by wires 24, the construction techniques described in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 above produce heat spreader metal body 14 and heat spreader metal body 19 are shown in pre-molded package plastic body 13. This arrangement produces two sources for heat extraction directly from semiconductor circuit 8, one from the upper-side surface 19a through heat spreader metal body 19 to surface 19b and to seal lid 21b, and the other from underside of die paddle 12 surface 14a through heat spreader metal body 14 to surface 14b.
It will be noted that when FIG. 6 construction techniques are employed a near EMI shield is produced around the semiconductor circuit 8.
As the functional complexities of semiconductor circuits increase, it is sometimes necessary or advantageous to provide ground planes, internal busses or the like between contact pads on the semiconductor circuit in the device package itself. Similarly, where a semiconductor circuit having standardized input/output pad orientations is adapted to a package having incompatible input/output leads, a device known as a rerouting board is sometimes included within the device package. A rerouting board or the like is essentially a miniature circuit board which provides electrical communication paths within the package and reorients the input/output pads to be compatible with the frame leads of the device package. Ordinarily, such rerouting boards are either ceramic substrates or polyimide boards or the like. Unfortunately, polyimide boards, when encased in a plastic package, tend to de-laminate. Furthermore, since the material of the rerouting board is different from that of the encasement plastic, a difference in coefficients of thermal expansion may cause fracturing or delamination of the rerouting board and components mounted thereon. Temperature related problems associated with such rerouting boards become extremely acute in devices which generate excessive amounts of thermal energy.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 after the semiconductor circuit 8 is secured to rerouting board 22 mounted on die paddle 12 and the semiconductor circuit 8 connected to the terminal leads 17 by wires 25 or rerouting board 22 by wires 24 and rerouting board 22 to semiconductor circuit 8 by wires 26, the construction techniques described in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 above produce heat spreader metal body 14 and heat spreader metal body 19 to seal lid 21 are shown in pre-molded package plastic body 13. This arrangement produces two sources for heat extraction directly from semiconductor circuit 8, one from the upper-side surface 19a through heat spreader metal body 19 to surface 19b and seal lid 21, and the other from underside of die paddle 12 to surface 14a through heat spreader metal body 14 to surface 14b.
As illustrated in FIG. 7, the thermal problems of the rerouting board are solved by fabricating the rerouting board from material which is the same as or closely approximates the material of the semiconductor circuit 8. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 7 rerouting board 22 is a high resistivity silicon substrate on which circuit paths are suitably formed by diffusion, electroplating, deposition or the like. The semiconductor circuit 8 is suitably secured to the rerouting board 22 and the interconnection contact pads of semiconductor circuit 8 connected to the contact pads of the rerouting board 22 by wires 26 or to terminal leads 17 by wires 25. Similarly, wires 24 connect the contact pads of the rerouting board 22 to the terminal leads 17. Since the rerouting board 22 is formed of the same material as the semiconductor circuit 8, mismatches in coefficient of thermal expansion are avoided.
It will be recognized that the semiconductor circuit 8 and rerouting board 22 structure shown in FIG. 7 may be utilized as the semiconductor circuit 8 in any of the structures shown in FIGS. 4, 5, 6, or 9. Accordingly, since the rerouting board 22 is formed of silicon, the composite rerouting board 22 and semiconductor circuit 8 may be used as desired in any of the package configurations disclosed herein by simply substituting the combination of semiconductor circuit 8 and rerouting board 22 for semiconductor circuit 8 in any of the other configurations.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8 after the semiconductor circuit 8 is secured to rerouting board 22 and semiconductor circuit 8 connected to the terminal leads 17 by wires 26 or rerouting board 22 by wires 25 and rerouting board 22 to terminal leads 17 by wires 25, the construction techniques described in FIG. 4 above produce heat spreader metal body 14 is shown molded in pre-molded package plastic body 13. This arrangement produces one source for heat extraction directly form semiconductor circuit 8 from underside of rerouting board 22 surface 14a through heat spreader metal body 14 to surface 14b and an environment in which the semiconductor circuit 8 can be sealed in an air dielectric medium.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9 after the semiconductor circuit 8 is secured to die paddle 12 and the semiconductor circuit 8 connected to the terminal leads 17 by wires 24, the construction techniques described in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 above produce heat spreader metal body 14 and heat spreader metal body 19 are shown in pre-molded package plastic body 13. This arrangement produces two sources for heat extraction directly from semiconductor circuit 8, one from the upper-side surface 19a through heat spreader metal body 19 to surface 19b then to seal lid 21, and the other from underside of semiconductor circuit 8 surface 14a through heat spreader metal body 14 to surface 14b. Arrangement of the additional surface area provides for ejection molding without allowing mold flash or molding compound to penetrate additional surface edges thereof and which is adapted to be surface mounted. This arrangement produces surface 14b of metal body 14 for direct heat extraction from semiconductor circuit 8 or mounting of external terminal lead configuration for improved thermal extraction from semiconductor circuit 8. Surface 14b of metal body 14 also provides adequate planar surface area for subsequent handling operations i.e.., pick and placement for surface mount applications and the like. Addition of external air flow or liquid cooling medium onto surface 14b of metal body 14 of pre-molded package plastic body 13 will provide additional thermal extraction directly from the semiconductor circuit 8.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein the heat transfer of heat spreader body metal 14 is enhanced by increasing surface area of surface 14b of metal body 14 that forms a surface of pre-molded package plastic body 13. Arrangement of the additional surface area provides for ejection molding without allowing mold flash or molding compound to penetrate additional surface edges thereof and which is adapted to be surface mounted. This arrangement produces surface 14b of metal body 14 for direct heat extraction from semiconductor circuit 8 or mounting of external terminal lead configuration for improved thermal extraction from semiconductor circuit 8. Surface 14b of metal body 14 also provides adequate planar surface area for subsequent handling operations i.e.., pick and placement for surface mount applications and the like. Addition of external air flow or liquid cooling medium onto surface 14b of metal body 14 of pre-molded package plastic body 13 will provide additional thermal extraction directly from the semiconductor circuit 8. The seal lid 21 also contains the optical lens 28 as an integral part of seal lid 21. The optical lens 28 provides the path for ultra violet, infrared, or optical rays to penetrate from the pre-molded package plastic body 13 to the external environment.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the invention which shows a plan view of the lead frame 29. The lead frame 29 is comprised of a die paddle 12, terminal leads 17, alignment holes 30, and lead frame tie bars 32. Alignment holes 30 are formed at spaced apart locations in the lead frame 29. The die paddle 12 is formed in the center of the lead frame 29. The die paddle 12 is attached to surface 18 of metal body 14. Tie bars 32 connect the die paddle 12 to the lead frame 29. Tie bar downset 33 facilitate flexure of the tie bars 32. The terminal leads 17 are formed circumferentially around the die paddle 12. The terminal leads 17 extend from the lead frame 29 toward the die paddle 12, but they do not touch it. This is so that in the finished pre-molded package plastic body 13 the terminal leads 17 may be electrically isolated from the die paddle 12. This electrical isolation is accomplished, after the semiconductor circuit 8 is attached, interconnected, sealed, and by dam bar removal of the lead frame 29, leaving extended and unconnected terminal leads 17 and tie bars 32. Bond wires 24, 25, or 26 connect the interior end of each of the terminal leads 17 to selected semiconductor circuit 8 interconnection pads, providing electrical connection from the semiconductor circuit 8 to electrical components outside the package.
FIG. 11 shows a cross sectional view of the heat spreader metal body 14, lead frame 29, disposed in the mold cavity 110 of an ejection or transfer mold 100. In one method of forming the pre-molded package plastic body 13 with heat spreader, the heat spreader metal body 14 is attached to the die paddle 12 of lead frame 29 creating interface 18. The lead frame 29, die paddle 12, tie bar 32, and heat spreader metal body 14 are then placed in the mold cavity 110, as shown in FIG. 11, so that surface 14b of the heat spreader metal body 14 contacts lower mold half 100b contact surface 111. The lead frame 29 is mounted to the lower mold half 100b by placing the lead frame alignment holes 30 of the lead frame 29 over the mold alignment pins 120.
The two mold halves 100a, 100b of ejection or transfer mold 100 are closed together. The lead frame 29 with attached heat spreader metal body 14 height 130 is greater than the corresponding lower mold half height 140 of the mold cavity 110. Therefore, when the two mold halves 100a, 100b are fully closed together, the die paddle 12 will be pushed upward, causing the tie bars 32 to be bent upward. This upward pull on the tie bars 32 gives rise to tensile forces which act to pull down the end of the tie bars 32 adjacent the die paddle 12. Consequently, the heat spreader metal body 14 is forced against lower mold half 100b surface 111 so that it is held in place and the die paddle 12 is forced against upper mold half 100a surface 112. Further, due to the tight seal between the heat spreader metal body 14 and the lower mold half 100b surface 111 and the die paddle 12 and upper mold half 100a surface 112, no encapsulant enters the region between those two surfaces so that no bleed or flash will form on the surface 14b or die paddle 12 when the encapsulant solidifies. Bleed and flash are minimized, too, because of the development of encapsulant compounds with better characteristics (e.g., lower viscosity, better fillers) than those previously used and because of the implementation of computer control of molding parameters (e.g., compound velocity, transfer pressure, etc.).
After the ejection or transfer mold 100 is closed, encapsulant is transferred into the mold cavity 110 through the encapsulant channel 150 until the cavity 110 is full. When the encapsulant solidifies, the ejection or transfer mold 100 is opened and pre-molded package plastic body 13 is removed and normally but not necessarily cured through a post mold cure process.
In the alternate embodiment illustrated in FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the invention which shows a plan view of the lead frame 29. The lead frame 29 is comprised of a die paddle 12, terminal leads 17, alignment holes 30, and lead frame tie bars 32. Alignment holes 30 are formed at spaced apart locations in the lead frame 29. The die paddle 12 is formed in the center of the lead frame 29 and tie bars 32 connect the die paddle 12 to the lead frame 29. Tie bar downset 33 facilitate flexure of the tie bars 32. The terminal leads 17 are formed circumferentially around the die paddle 12. The terminal leads 17 extend from the lead frame 29 toward the die paddle 12, but they do not touch it. This is so that in the finished pre-molded package plastic body 13 the terminal leads 17 may be electrically isolated from the die paddle 12. This electrical isolation is accomplished, after the semiconductor circuit 8 is attached, interconnected, sealed, and by dam bar 34 removal of the lead frame 29, leaving extended and unconnected terminal leads 17 and tie bars 32. Bond wires 24, 25, or 26 connect the interior end of each of the terminal leads 17 to selected semiconductor circuit 8 interconnection pads, providing electrical connection from the semiconductor circuit 8 to electrical components outside the package.
FIG. 12 shows a cross sectional view of lead frame 29, disposed in the mold cavity 110 of ejection or transfer mold 100. In one method of forming the pre-molded package plastic body 13, the terminal leads 17 are attached to the die paddle 12 of lead frame 29. The lead frame 29, die paddle 12, and tie bars 32, are then placed in the mold cavity 110, as shown in FIG. 12, so that terminal leads 17 of the lead frame 29 are supported by lead frame support pins 170 and die paddle 12 of the lead frame 29 is supported by die paddle or rerouting board support 175 of lower mold half 100b. The lead frame 29 is mounted to the lower mold half 100b by placing the lead frame alignment holes 30 of the lead frame 29 over the mold alignment pins 120.
The two mold halves 110a, 100b of ejection or transfer mold frame height 160 is greater than the corresponding lower mold half height 140 of the mold cavity 110. Therefore, when the two mold halves 100a, 100b are fully closed together, the die paddle 12 is held against upper mold half 100a surface 112 and terminal leads 17 will be pushed upward, causing the tie bars 32 to be bent upward. This upward pull on the tie bars 32 gives rise to tensile forces which act to pull down the end of the tie bars 32 adjacent the die paddle 12. Consequently, the terminal leads 17 are forced against the support pins 170 so that they are held in place. Further, due to the tight seal between the die paddle 12 and the lower mold half 100b surface 111 and the die paddle 12 and upper mold half 100a surface 112, no encapsulant enters the region between those two surfaces so that no bleed or flash will form on the surface on die paddle 12 when the encapsulant solidifies. Bleed and flash are minimized, too, because of the development of encapsulant compounds with better characteristics (e.g., lower viscosity, better fillers) than those previously used and because of the implementation of computer control of molding parameters (e.g., compound velocity, transfer pressure, etc.).
After the ejection or transfer mold 100 is closed, encapsulant is transferred into the mold cavity 110 through the encapsulant channel 150 until the mold cavity 110 is full. When the encapsulant solidifies, the ejection or transfer mold 100 is opened and the completed pre-molded package plastic body 13 is removed and normally but not necessarily cured through a post mold cure process.
FIG. 13 shows a cross sectional view of lead frame 29 with die paddle 12, tie bars 33, and dam bar 34 disposed in casting fixture upper half 190 and in casting fixture lower half 200. Lead frame 29 with die paddle 12 is placed into position using casting fixture alignment pins 230 of casting fixture lower half 200. Casting fixture upper half 190 is placed over lead frame 29 with die paddle 12 using casting fixture alignment pins 230 of casting fixture lower half 200. In one method of forming the pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180, a material such as but limited to silicone rubber is cast into FIG. 13 to form the pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180. Casting fixture upper half 190 is removed to expose lead frame 29 with die paddle 12 and pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180. This structure, lead frame 29 with die paddle 12 and pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180, is now ready for ejection or transfer mold 100 to produce a pre-molded package plastic body 13 as described in FIG. 15.
FIG. 14 shows a cross sectional view of lead frame 29 with die paddle 12, tie bars 33, dam bar 34, and metal body 14 disposed in casting fixture upper half 190 and in casting fixture lower half 200. Lead frame 29 with die paddle 12 and metal body 14 is placed into position using casting fixture alignment pins 230 of casting fixture lower half 200. Casting fixture upper half 190 is placed over lead frame 29 with die paddle 12 and metal body 14 using casting fixture alignment pins 230 of casting fixture lower half 200. In one method of forming the pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180, a material such as but limited to silicone rubber is cast into FIG. 14 to form the pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180. Casting fixture upper half 190 is removed to expose lead frame 29 with die paddle 12, metal body 14, and pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180. This structure, lead frame 29 with die paddle 12, metal body 14, and pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180, is now ready for ejection or transfer mold 100 to produce a pre-molded package plastic body 13 as described in FIG. 15.
FIG. 15 shows a cross sectional view of lead frame 29 with die paddle 12, tie bars 33, dam bar 34, and metal body 14 disposed in ejection or transfer mold 100 and with mold upper half 100a and mold lower half 100b. Lead frame 29 with die paddle 12 and metal body 14 is placed into position using ejection mold alignment pins 120 of ejection or transfer mold 100 lower mold half 100b. When ejection or transfer mold 100 mold upper half 100a closes onto lower mold half 100b, pre-cast die attach cavity spacer height 210 is greater than lead frame with attached heat spreader height 130. This height difference compresses the pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180 against ejection or transfer mold 100 cavity upper mold half 100a surface 112 and against upper surface of lead frame die paddle 12 so no encapsulant enters the region between those two surfaces therefore, that no bleed or flash will form on the surface 14b or die paddle 12 when the encapsulant solidifies. Bleed and flash are minimized, too, because of the development of encapsulant compounds with better characteristics (e.g., lower viscosity, better fillers) than those previously used and because of the implementation of computer control of molding parameters (e.g., compound velocity, transfer pressure, etc.).
After the ejection or transfer mold 100 process is complete, the ejection or transfer mold 100 is opened to expose the pre-molded package plastic body 13 which contains pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180. Next, the package structure is lifted from lower mold half 100b and then the pre-cast die attach cavity spacer 180 is removed from the pre-molded package plastic body 13 leaving lead frame 29, die paddle 12, tie bars 33, dam bar 34, and metal body 14. Pre-molded package plastic body 13 is normally but not necessarily cured through a post mold cure process.
The external terminal lead configuration, however, is not significant to the invention other than to limit the surface area and location on the package which may be used for attaching heat sinks for heat extraction. The packages illustrated herein are configured so that the heat conductive body presents a flat surface parallel, even coplanar with one surface of the quad flatpack plastic package, or an improved thermally conductive surface. It will be readily recognized, however, that the principles of the invention may also be applied to produce packages of other designs and packages wherein the outer surface of the heat conductive body is not coplanar with the surface of the plastic body since it is only necessary that the exterior surface of the heat conductive body be in a position to be placed in thermal communication with an external heat sink or the like.
Pre-molded package plastic body provides the environment to reduce the dielectric constant of semiconductor circuits sealing medium and reduces the limits on semiconductor circuits to performance at much higher frequencies.
Accordingly, it can be seen that use of a barrier plated heat spreader can provide an economical and direct thermal conduction path from the semiconductor circuit to the external surface of the pre-molded package plastic body. Use of pressure sensitive foil or thermal grease with aluminum oxide or the like provides for improved thermal dissipation of pre-molded package plastic body. Additionally, thermal performance is achieved by arranging the surface of the heat spreader to provide improved surface area and a method of molding the heat spreader that restricts the molding compound and mold flash from covering the heat spreader's exposed improved surface area.
Although the description above contains many specificities, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Various other embodiments and ramifications are possible within it's scope. Except for the configuration of the package itself, this invention is not limited to any particular materials used for pre-molded plastic packaging. It will be readily recognized that to fully exploit the advantages of the invention, the thermosetting materials used for plastic packages should be selected which plastic coefficient of thermal expansion between the plastic package and the device chip and/or the lead frame yet provide the desired physical and electrical characteristics.
Thus the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the examples given. From the foregoing description it will become apparent that by using the principles of the invention conventional plastic encapsulation techniques may be modified to form various configurations of plastic packages which efficiently and effectively conduct heat from the device semiconductor circuit to external surfaces of the packages. It will be appreciated, of course, that various combinations and variations of the specific embodiments illustrated and described can be used to achieve particular desired results. It is to be understood, therefore, that although the invention has been described with particular reference to specific embodiments thereof, the forms of the invention shown and described in detail are to be taken as preferred embodiments. Various changes, combinations and modifications thereof may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
(d) a body of thermally conductive material partially contained within said pre-molded body of plastic, said body of thermally conductive material having first and second opposed major faces and a retaining flange extending inward and at least partially defining the edge surfaces thereof connected to said lead frame with said first major face in thermal contact with said electronic semiconductor circuit and said second major face substantially parallel with and adjacent one of said opposed sides of said package extending to the surface of the package body.
2. A structure as defined in claim 1 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said die paddle with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
3. A structure as defined in claim 1 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said upper-face of semiconductor circuit with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
4. A structure as defined in claim 1 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said die paddle with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated; and said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said upper-face of semiconductor circuit with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
5. A structure as defined in claim 1 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured rerouting board and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said die paddle with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated; and said lead frame includes a die paddle secured rerouting board with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said upper-face of semiconductor circuit with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
6. A structure as in claim 1, further comprising a barrier metal plated heat spreader composed of copper, oxygen-free high thermal conductivity copper or the like.
7. A structure as in claim 1, further comprising a pressure sensitive foil composed of copper, aluminum or the like to attach heat spreader to die paddle.
8. A structure as in claim 1, further comprising a pressure sensitive foil composed of copper, aluminum or the like to attach heat spreader to rerouting board.
9. A structure as in claim 1, further comprising a thermal grease composed of thermal grease and filled with aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or the like, to attach heat spreader to die paddle.
10. A structure as in claim 1, further comprising a thermal grease composed of thermal grease and filled with aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or the like, to attach heat spreader to rerouting board.
11. A structure as in claim 1, further comprising a pressure sensitive foil composed of copper, aluminum or the like to attach heat spreader to semiconductor circuit.
12. A structure as in claim 1, further comprising a thermal grease composed of thermal grease and filled with aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride or the like, to attach heat spreader to semiconductor circuit.
13. A structure as in claim 1, wherein at least one inwardly extending retaining flange is formed around the circumference of the exposed body section of the heat spreader to provide a mechanical interlock.
14. A structure as in claim 1, wherein the arrangement of heat spreader metal body increases the surface area of the heat spreader and provides for ejection molding without mold flash or molding compound on the heat spreader exposed improved surface area.
15. A structure as in claim 1, wherein at least one transmissive lens is formed in the seal lid to provide path for ultra violet, infrared, or optical rays to penetrate from the pre-molded package plastic body to the external environment.
(d) a body of thermally conductive material contained within said pre-molded body of plastic, said body of thermally conductive material having first and second opposed major faces and a retaining flange extending inward and at least partially defining the edge surfaces thereof connected to said lead frame with said first major face in thermal contact with said electronic semiconductor circuit and said second major face substantially parallel with and adjacent one of said opposed sides of said package but covered with a seal lid material.
17. A structure as defined in claim 16 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said die paddle with pressure sensitive foil, aluminum filled thermal grease, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
18. A structure as defined in claim 16 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said upper-face of semiconductor circuit with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
19. A structure as defined in claim 16 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said die paddle with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated; and said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said upper-face of semiconductor circuit with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
20. A structure as defined in claim 16 wherein said lead frame includes a die paddle with a secured rerouting board and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said die paddle with pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated; and said lead frame includes a die paddle secured rerouting board with a secured semiconductor circuit and said first major face of said thermally conductive body is secured to said upper-face of semiconductor circuit with no adhesive, pressure sensitive foil, thermal grease filled with aluminum oxide, or the like and said thermally conductive body is barrier plated.
21. A structure as in claim 16, further comprising a barrier metal plated heat spreader composed of copper, oxygen-free high thermal conductivity copper, or the like.
22. A structure as in claim 16, further comprising a pressure sensitive foil composed of copper, aluminum, or the like to attach heat spreader to die paddle.
23. A structure as in claim 16, further comprising a pressure sensitive foil composed of copper, aluminum, or the like to attach heat spreader to rerouting board.
24. A structure as in claim 16, further comprising a thermal grease composed of thermal grease and filled with aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, or the like to attach heat spreader to die paddle.
25. A structure as in claim 16, further comprising a thermal grease composed of thermal grease and filled with aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, or the like to attach heat spreader to rerouting board.
26. A structure as in claim 16, further comprising a pressure sensitive foil composed of copper, aluminum, or the like to attach heat spreader to semiconductor circuit.
27. A structure as in claim 16, further comprising a thermal grease composed of thermal grease and filled with aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, or the like to attach heat spreader to semiconductor circuit.
28. A structure as in claim 16, wherein at least one inwardly extending retaining flange is formed around the circumference of the molded body section of the heat spreader to provide a mechanical interlock.
29. A structure as in claim 16, wherein at least one transmissive lens is formed in the seal lid to provide path for ultra violet, infrared, or optical rays to penetrate from the pre-molded package plastic body to the external environment.
(c) wherein at least one body of thermally conductive material partially contained within said pre-molded body of plastic, said body of thermally conductive material having first and second opposed major faces and a retaining flange extending inward and at least partially defining the edge surfaces thereof connected to said lead frame with said first major face in thermal contact with said electronic semiconductor circuit and said second major face substantially parallel with and adjacent one of said opposed sides of said package extending to the surface of the package body.
31. A structure as in claim 30, wherein a routing board is used to interconnect the semiconductor circuit.
32. A structure as in claim 30, wherein lead frame and die paddle or rerouting board support pin holes provide thermal transfer paths to lead frame and die paddle or rerouting board.
33. A structure as in claim 30, wherein at least one transmissive lens is formed in the seal lid to provide path for ultra violet, infrared, or optical rays to penetrate from the pre-molded package plastic body to the external environment.
(b) an ejection or transfer mold with lead frame support pins providing the lead frame and die paddle or rerouting board mechanical support to prevent mold flash or bleed on or into the interconnection surface, die attach, or pre-mold cavity.


Linen Hero Wedding Special Event Chair Covers Table Rentals Throughout And Linens Remodel 4 is one of pictures thet are related with the picture before in the collection gallery. If you would like to see the Linen Hero Wedding Special Event Chair Covers Table Rentals Throughout And Linens Remodel 4 in High Resolution [HD Resolution] version, please press the right click on picures/image then choose "Save as Image" option, and done. You will get Linen Hero Wedding Special Event Chair Covers Table Rentals Throughout And Linens Remodel 4 pictures that you want. The exactly dimension of Linen Hero Wedding Special Event Chair Covers Table Rentals Throughout And Linens Remodel 4 was 500x500 pixels. You can also look for some pictures by collection on below this picture. Find the other picture or article about Chair Covers And Linens here. We hope it can help you to get information of the picture.


text:
package by.bsuir.verkpavel.adb.main;

import by.bsuir.verkpavel.adb.ui.ShowUsersView;

public class Main {

    public static void main(String[] args){
        ShowUsersView.create();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


De Gruyter can look back on a long-standing tradition as an academic publishing firm. For medics and lawyers, for example, Pschyrembel's Medizinisches Wörterbuch (medical dictionary) and Staudinger's BGB (German civil code) have been indispensable standard works for decades. The Berlin company needed to be more clearly associated with its imprints, which hauser lacour achieved with a new corporate design.
The new De Gruyter corporate design sends out a clear signal: We're keeping our brand core. But at the same time are going down new roads. A trend-setting corporate design combines the tradition and renown of a major academic publisher with the emotionality and catchy nature of contemporary brand communication.
A completely remade brand architecture prevents the umbrella brand and the imprints from drifting apart. The relationship is clearly defined: The publisher's name De Gruyter always has a prominent position, with the name of the imprint in a subordinate place. Wring conclusions are no longer possible.
Making "rules" for typography, color schemes, image style and layout concept for all the corporate design's uses ensures the publisher's identity is given a strong visual thrust.
The development and use of high-end imagery enables the publisher to make careful use of emotionalization, and as such optimizes the corporate design and all the brand communications.
The layout concept supports a wide spectrum of designs. Alongside the logo and typography it is also one of the three main elements of a uniform brand presence, which effectively bolsters the De Gruyter brand identity. The concept is based on requirements derived from the different types of print products and is characterized by a decidedly its pragmatic approach. Each product type has its own layout concept. The logo, text space and advertising text space are always in the same position.


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Siady (lit. Seda) – miasto na Litwie w rejonie możejskim, 24 km na południowy wschód od Możejek. 1260 mieszkańców (2005). Siedziba starostwa. Przez miasto płynie Warduwa, a na południowym obrzeżu miasta znajduje się Jezioro Sedskie. Istnieją też dwa kościoły: pw. Wniebowstąpienia Najświętszej Marii Panny i pw. Św. Jana Nepomucena.

W połowie XIX wieku funkcję kancelisty w Siadach pełnił znany później poeta litewski, bp Antanas Baranauskas zanim wstąpił do seminarium duchownego w Worniach (1856), w czym pomogła mu pierwsza poetka żmudzińska, Karolina Proniewska.

Zobacz też
 Synagoga w Siadach

Miasta w okręgu telszańskim

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
About Dandy Goat
Dandy Goat
Falling forward faster
Museum dresses nudes for visiting Iranian president
The normally immodest Capitoline Venus was attired in a hijab and a traditional Persian chador out of respect for visiting Iranian president Hassan Rouhani (right).
ROME — Museum officials in the Italian capital are relieved following a successful effort to spare the visiting Iranian president from the embarrassment and potential injury of seeing representations of naked bodies.
President Hassan Rouhani was scheduled to visit Rome's Capitoline Museum with Italian prime minister Matteo Renzi on Tuesday, but officials worried that the meeting could end in disaster if Rouhani accidentally glanced at one of the museum's hundreds of nudes, which under Iranian custom would require the president to either receive 30 lashes or gouge out his own eyes.
"We were advised by the Iranian cultural attaché that President Rouhani might have difficulty not looking at an exposed marble nipple or a granite pubic mound," said museum curator Frederico Fellaciolini. "So we took the decision to just clothe all the nudes."
While painted nudes were easily covered by museum staff with pieces of felt, nude statues required expensive form-fitting clothing.
"We had four tailors working on the project for six weeks," Fellaciolini said. "They made long black chadors [traditional Persian cloaks] and headscarves to cover the female statues, and male statues were dressed more casually in pleated slacks and button-down shirts."
A spokesperson for Renzi says that adapting to a visiting head of state's culture is a common practice in diplomatic circles.
"You know, when [former prime minister Silvio] Berlusconi used to travel abroad, he was always greeted in his stateroom by six or more underage strippers with tacky names like Diamond or Nutella, a gesture of cultural sensitivity that Signore Berlusconi greatly appreciated, and one that helped to foster warm relations with other leaders," the spokesperson said.
The last Iranian official to visit the Capitoline Museum was the former minister of foreign affairs, who in 1999 was being given a tour of the Greek collection when he found himself face-to-face with the bronze penis of a Hercules statue. Assuming that it was the nozzle for a drinking fountain, the chief Iranian diplomat opened his mouth and attempted to release water by turning the appendage. The ensuing mockery in the Italian press led to years of frostiness between the two nations.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Schlock-Wire: Scream Factory Unleashes A Double-Feature Blu-Ray Of THE DUNGEONMASTER And ELIMINATORS – Schlockmania!
Scream Factory presents a double dose of science-fiction fun with The Dungeonmaster & Eliminators in their Blu-ray debuts on December 15, 2015. This release comes complete with a new interview with director Peter Manoogian.
Paul, a young computer ace, is forced to pit his physical and mental skills against unimaginable odds when a hulking wizard looking for formidable opponents picks Paul as his next challenger. Paul faces a series of seven spectacular and death-defying challenges and must survive not only to save his life but that of his girlfriend's too! Jeffrey Byron (Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn) and Richard Moll (Night Court) star in this eye-popping thriller featuring an appearance by W.A.S.P.!
A mandroid – part man and part machine – seeks revenge on the evil scientist who created him. Enlisting the help of a beautiful woman and a mysterious ninja, he pursues the scientist in hopes of stopping him before he can be further harm to humanity. Andrew Prine (The Town That Dreaded Sundown) and Denise Crosby (Star Trek: The Next Generation) star.
Andrew PrineBlu-RayCharles BandConan LeeDenise CrosbyEliminatorsEmpire FilmsJeffrey ByronPeter ManoogianRichard MollScream FactoryThe DungeonmasterW.A.S.P.


Keepers at Edinburgh Zoo are delighted to announce the arrival of three Meerkat pups.
The lively bunch has joined the troop of Meerkats at Meerkat Plaza, in Edinburgh Zoo, and has started to venture outside the safety of the burrow and is slowly learning the ropes.
Meerkats are the most well-known member of the mongoose family. They inhabit dry, open areas with short grass and sparse woody scrub, mainly in southern Africa.
In April 2014, Edinburgh Zoo unveiled its new Meerkat enclosure, Meerkat Plaza, with the help of legendary Edinburgh author Alexander McCall Smith. The dynamic new enclosure is located at the entrance to the Zoo and features sanded areas for digging, large rock features, caves, heat pads and a Meerkat house. Visitors can come face to face with the charismatic creatures, with 20 meters of glass paneling running along the front. Four large wooden Meerkat benches featuring hand-crafted Meerkat carvings, created by a local chainsaw artist Iain Chalmers, take pride of place in the middle of the plaza.


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Gov't debt down slightly to P11.93 trillion at end-November —Treasury
Posted by News Agency | Dec 30, 2021 | Headlines | 0 |
MANILA, Dec 30 (Mabuhay) –The Philippine government's running debt balance saw a slight decline as of end-November 2021, data released Wednesday by the Bureau of the Treasury (BTr) shows.
As of end-November this year, the national government's outstanding debt reached P11.93 trillion, down by 0.3% from P11.97 trillion as of end-October 2021.
The end-November 2021 debt stock level, however, was higher by 17.7% than the P10.13-trillion debt level recorded as of end-November 2020.
Year-to-date, the total running debt balance rose by P2.136 trillion or by 21.8%.
The Treasury attributed the slight decrease "primarily due to the net redemption of domestic securities and favorable foreign exchange rates."
The government's total debt is comprised mostly of domestic borrowings at 70.7%, while the remaining balance of 29.3% were externally sourced.
"The latest easing of the outstanding national debt could also be attributed to additional measures to further re-open the economy towards greater normalcy with the nationwide adoption of the Alert Level System/granular or smaller scale lockdowns since November 2021 that are less costly for the government compared to the larger scale lockdowns in the past at the city/provincial/regional levels that have reduced the country's tax revenues and increased government spending on various COVID programs whenever there were bigger lockdowns," Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation chief economist Michael Ricafort said in an emailed commentary.
"Thus, further re-opening of the economy would help increase economic/business activities that help increase tax revenue collection and also help reduced government spending on various COVID programs, thereby narrowing the budget deficit and, in turn, reduced the need for more borrowings/debt, thereby a step in the right direction to improve the country's fiscal performance and debt management in a more sustainable manner in view of less/smaller scale lockdowns, going forward," Ricafort said.
Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III earlier defended the uptick in the country's programmed debt, which is expected to hit the internationally recommended threshold of 60% proportion of gross domestic product by 2022.
As of end-September this year, the amount of the country's outstanding debt relative to the size of the economy has already breached the internationally-accepted debt threshold.
Data from the BTr showed that the country's debt-to-gross domestic product (GDP) ratio grew to 63.1% as of end-September 2021 as the national government's outstanding debt hit P11.917 trillion during the period.
This is the highest debt-to-GDP ratio in 16 years when the outstanding debt as percentage of the economy hit 65.7% in 2005.
The government's domestic debt stood at P8.44 trillion, 0.3% lower than the end-October 2021's level of P8.468 trillion "as a result of the net redemption of government securities."
Foreign debt, meanwhile, amounted to P3.49 billion, down 0.4% from the P3.5-trillion posted as of end-October this year.
"The lower external debt for the month was attributed to the Philippine peso's appreciation against the US dollar and other foreign currencies adjustments amounting to P11.64 billion and P4.05 billion, respectively," the BTr said, noting that the peso appreciated against the greenback from P50.552:$1 as of end-October to P50.384:$1 as of end-November.
"This more than offset the net availment of external obligations amounting to P2.90 billion," the Treasury said. (MNS)
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SPEED LIMITS WILL BE LOWERED IN SEATTLE AS PART OF VISION ZERO!
This Seattle Times article begins to detail the city's traffic safety plan for 2015. Seattle drivers should prepare for slower speeds, more school-zone cameras, fewer right turns on red and targeted enforcement. Many of the busy 35 mph corridors will be reduced to 30 mph or lower, and speeds will be reduced from 30 to 25 mph throughout downtown.
These traffic safety efforts in Seattle are all part of "Vision Zero".Even though traffic fatalities have declined in the past 10 years, traffic collisions remain a leading cause of death for Seattle residents ages 5-24 and older adults are disproportionately affected as well. Vision Zero is a collaboration between law enforcement, government, and community safety groups, and seeks to eliminate traffic deaths and serious injuries by 2030. Click here for the detailed Vision Zero vision and plan.
More than ever, it is essential that drivers be aware of the rules of the road. There will be law enforcement out in increasing numbers throughout 2015, eager to enforce the updated speed limits.
If you do receive a traffic ticket, be wise and consult our experienced traffic attorneys before paying it. Our traffic attorneys are extremely skilled and experienced in finding creative solutions and aggressively defending every type of traffic ticket. It is almost always worth it to fight your ticket and to do whatever you can to keep it off your record. Even ONE traffic ticket on your driving record can potentially increase insurance premiums for 3 years! Whether you receive a speeding ticket, reckless driving, moving violation, or other traffic ticket, we are prepared to help you reach the best possible outcome. It is our goal to protect your driving record, insurance rates, privilege to drive, and in some cases even your job.
Call Dellino Law Group today for a Free Consultation.


A detached spacious bungalow in a delightful hamlet environment.
From Hereford proceed north on the main A49 after a couple of miles upon reaching Moreton-On-Lugg turn right, proceed through the village centre towards Marden bearing left and continuing towards Marden. Upon reaching Marden itself at Walkers Green bear left signed posted Litmarsh proceed out of the village noting S & A Davis on the right-hand side from there on continue for a further one and half miles (ignoring turnings to The Vauld on the right and turnings to The Vern (on the left). Upon reaching Litmarsh turn right and thereafter the property can be found as the second on the right-hand side with the entrance just beyond.
The property is situated in this delightful hamlet which is convenient not only to Marden but also to Bodenham hence local amenities include shop, primary school, church, garage/store and regular bus service (very close to the property). It is also conveniently situated for both Hereford and Leominster plus the main A417 at Bodenham provides excellent access towards Gloucester, Ledbury, Worcester, M5 and M50 motorways.
area with Worcester oil fired central heating boiler, work surfaces, cupboards and drawers, breakfast bar, hotpoint double oven and hob, stainless steel sink unit, plumbing for automatic washing machine, plumbing for automatic dishwasher, spotlighting, air extractor.
with double glazed sliding patio door to gardens, open fireplace with marble surround.
with front entrance door and airing cupboard with hot water cylinder.
with air extractor, W.C. panelled bath, pedestal wash-hand basin, fully tiled shower cubicle and fitted electric shower.
Gated access to off road car parking and turning area.
Mature lawned gardens surround the property with paved terrace, outside lighting, mature trees including larch, spruce and laurel, further lawns to front with personal gateway. Mature shrubs and hedging surrounding which provides considerable privacy to this already delightful situation.
Mains electricity, mains water, shared private drainage, oil fired central heating.


A double-indent paragraph macro in Word 2016 modifies a paragraph's indentation, increasing both left and right attributes by half an inch. This effect could be applied by using a style, but a style sets the indentations to a specific value. When the macro is run, no matter what the current indentations are, the new values are a half-inch greater.
The macro takes the current paragraph indent values and adds a half-inch to each. These values are saved in the pleft and pright variables. The current paragraph's format is then modified, reset to those values.
This macro cannot be faked with recorded keystrokes. You must code it directly.
The Ctrl+M keyboard shortcut works similarly to the double_indent macro, but it affects only the paragraph's left indent value.


Curve Control and Torque Vectoring Control: Uses anti-lock braking, throttle reduction, and torque transfer to improve cornering ability.
AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control: Uses two gyroscopic sensors to monitor yaw and roll rates and detect and correct understeer, oversteer, or motion roll.
The Ford Escape is a crossover SUV that offers drivers the interior space of a full-size SUV. Whether you want to stretch out on your commute from Naperville to Aurora or pack plenty of luggage when you're heading from Plainfield to O'Hare, the Ford is going to prove superior to the Chevy. At the same time, the Ford is a little shorter, making it easier to park and maneuver.
With the crossover SUV segment so popular among families, the Ford Escape's exceptional safety ratings and technology should inspire greater confidence than the underequipped and severely outdated Chevrolet Equinox.
If you ever wonder why the Ford Escape is so highly rated, just compare it against a rival like the Chevy Equinox. If you'd like to experience a new or used Escape, contact us today to arrange a test drive or apply for financing to start making one yours.


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Q: How to properly call a thunk function from a thunk promise? I have a Delete function that uses Thunk to first dispatch a DELETE action through CALL_API middleware, and when the promise is resolved, it dispatches a GET action.
This code below performs the expected behaviour successfully.
  export const deleteShops = (shopId) => (dispatch, getState) => {

  let endpoint = `stores/${shopId}`;
  console.log('endpoint a enviar: ',endpoint)

  return dispatch({
    [CALL_API]: {
      // las acciones que ejecuta el middleware en loading, success y error.
      method: 'PATCH',
      types: [ SHOPS_DELETE_LOADING, SHOPS_DELETE_SUCCESS, SHOPS_DELETE_ERROR ],
      endpoint: endpoint,
      body: {
          "status" : "INACTIVE"
      },
      schema: Schemas.USER  // TODO: create a Schema for this
    }
  }).then((res) => {
    console.log('termino el delete con respuesta: ', res);
    console.log('el state es: ', getState());
    let page = getState().shops.data.page.number;
    let pageSize = getState().shops.data.page.size;
    let endpoint = `stores/search/advancedSearch?page=${page}&size=${pageSize}&projection=storeProjection`;

    //getShops({page:page, pageSize:pageSize, filtered:[], sorted:[]})();
    return dispatch({
      [CALL_API]: {
        // las acciones que ejecuta el middleware en loading, success y error.
        method: 'GET',
        types: [ SHOPS_GET_LOADING, SHOPS_GET_SUCCESS, SHOPS_GET_ERROR ],
        endpoint: endpoint,
        schema: Schemas.USER
      }
    })

  })
}

What I would like to do is to pass another Thunk function instead of a dispatch, to avoid code duplication. Here's the action I want to pass to the promise.
  export const getShops = (state, instance) => (dispatch, getState) => {

  let endpoint = `stores/search/advancedSearch?page=${state.page}&size=${state.pageSize}&projection=storeProjection`;

  // more endpoint forming code here, not relevant

  // endpoint
  console.log('endpoint a enviar: ',endpoint)

  return dispatch({
    [CALL_API]: {
      // las acciones que ejecuta el middleware en loading, success y error.
      method: 'GET',
      types: [ SHOPS_GET_LOADING, SHOPS_GET_SUCCESS, SHOPS_GET_ERROR ],
      endpoint: endpoint,
      schema: Schemas.USER // TODO: create a Schema for this
    }
  })
}

And here is the modified deleteShops action.
export const deleteShops = (shopId) => (dispatch, getState) => {

  let endpoint = `stores/${shopId}`;
  console.log('endpoint a enviar: ',endpoint)

  return dispatch({
    [CALL_API]: {
      // las acciones que ejecuta el middleware en loading, success y error.
      method: 'PATCH',
      types: [ SHOPS_DELETE_LOADING, SHOPS_DELETE_SUCCESS, SHOPS_DELETE_ERROR ],
      endpoint: endpoint,
      body: {
          "status" : "INACTIVE"
      },
      schema: Schemas.USER // TODO: create a Schema for this
    }
  }).then((res) => {
    console.log('termino el delete con respuesta: ', res);
    console.log('el state es: ', getState());
    let page = getState().shops.data.page.number;
    let pageSize = getState().shops.data.page.size;
    let endpoint = `stores/search/advancedSearch?page=${page}&size=${pageSize}&projection=storeProjection`;

    getShops({page:page, pageSize:pageSize})();

  })
}

When I make a delete, I get in Chrome's console:
Uncaught (in promise) TypeError: dispatch is not a function
    at shops.js:47
    at shops.js:83
    at <anonymous>

My understanding is that Thunk is not passing the dispatch method to getShops. What would be the correct way to chain these actions?

A: Here's the deleteShops function dispatching a function instead of an action. Notice on the last part that instead of executing the getShops function, I pass it to dispatch. Thunk middleware takes it from there.
export const deleteShops = (shopId) => (dispatch, getState) => {

  let endpoint = `stores/${shopId}`;
  console.log('endpoint a enviar: ',endpoint)

  return dispatch({
    [CALL_API]: {
      // las acciones que ejecuta el middleware en loading, success y error.
      method: 'PATCH',
      types: [ SHOPS_DELETE_LOADING, SHOPS_DELETE_SUCCESS, SHOPS_DELETE_ERROR ],
      endpoint: endpoint,
      body: {
          "status" : "INACTIVE"
      },
      schema: Schemas.USER // TODO: create a Schema for this
    }
  }).then((res) => {
    console.log('termino el delete con respuesta: ', res);
    console.log('el state es: ', getState());
    let page = getState().shops.data.page.number;
    let pageSize = getState().shops.data.page.size;

    dispatch(getShops({page:page, pageSize:pageSize, sorted:[], filtered:[]}));

  })
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The three major stock indicators all fell about 1 percent. "On balance," said James O'Sullivan, an economist at UBS, "people view the economy as pretty strong." But the housing and consumer figures "are definitely negative," he said, adding: "The trend in the home sales is the clearest. It's pretty unambiguous that demand for housing has been weakening in the last couple of months." The new data, along with comments yesterday from a Google executive that the company's growth in search-related advertising revenue was inevitably slowing, seemed to concern investors.
It was the fifth consecutive monthly decline in sales, which are down 10 percent from their pace in September. The National Association of Realtors reported that sales of existing homes fell 2.8 percent in January, to an annual pace of 6.56 million.
At the current pace of sales, that would be a 5.3-month supply, up from 5.1 months in December. The number of homes available for sale at the end of January was up 35.7 percent from a year earlier, to 2.91 million.
The status of the nation's long housing boom is weighing heavily on the minds of economists and consumers because the growth in home values, and the ability to tap into it with cheaper mortgages and home-equity loans, has been behind much of the consumer spending in recent years. On Monday, the Commerce Department reported that the sales of new homes fell 5 percent in January from a year earlier.
Median prices — half the homes sold for more and half for less — increased 11.6 percent from a year earlier, to $211,000. By comparison, prices rose 10.5 percent in December, 13.2 percent in November and 16.6 percent in October from the corresponding periods the year before. Prices, though, do not seem to be falling, although they are not rising as fast as they did most of last year.
Lynn Franco, director of the board's consumer research center, said some of the concern seemed to be based on the increases in mortgage rates and a drop in refinancing activity. In another report yesterday, the Conference Board said that its consumer confidence index fell to 101.7 this month, from 106.8 in January, as Americans expressed greater concern about their future job prospects and earnings power.
Ms. Franco added that consumers considered jobs plentiful now and that their wages were increasing, but that those gains were being negated by higher gasoline, electricity and other prices. "There is a growing feeling," she said, "that business conditions and labor conditions are not going to be as strong in the second half of the year as in the first half."
Excluding food and energy, the index was also up 3.3 percent, compared with 2.8 percent in the third quarter. The Commerce Department revised upward one gauge of inflation, the fourth-quarter gross domestic product price index, to 3.3 percent, from an earlier estimate of 3 percent.
The increase resulted from revisions in data on federal spending, equipment and software and inventories. Initial government estimates of economic growth are frequently revised higher. The department also revised upward its estimate of fourth-quarter economic growth to 1.6 percent, from its previous estimate of 1.1 percent.
Richard Yamarone, director of economic research at Argus Research in New York, predicted that "expectations of future growth and inflation are going to force the Fed to be more aggressive rather than sit on the sidelines." Federal Reserve policy makers have indicated that they may have to raise the benchmark short-term interest rate further; it is now at 4.5 percent after a two-year campaign to increase the cost of borrowing.
It was the third consecutive drop in the index, which measures the economic expectations of producers in the Midwest; readings above 50 indicate plans for growth. Separately, the Chicago Purchasing Managers monthly index dropped to 54.9 this month, from 58.5.