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Millennium Magazine_11th Ed_James Bickford
HONORING THE LEGACIES OF PROFESSIONALS FROM AROUND THE WORLD MILLENNIUM A Marquis Who's Who Magazine Eleventh Edition FOUR WAYS VOLUNTEERING CAN ENHANCE YOUR PROFESSIONAL LIFE Page 105 HOW TO REALIZE AND GROW YOUR LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL Page 233 FIVE WAYS TO USE BRAND RELATABILITY Page 54 JAMES VANALLEN BICKFORD III Real Estate Developer, Midlantic Builders LLC Page 10
Important Dates in History 1898 The Stonewall Riots, considered the birth of the gay rights movement, begins on June 28, 1969 in Greenwich Village, New York. Charles Lindbergh's son is abducted on March 1, 1982. Referred to as one of the "trials of the century," the crime made transporting a kidnapping victim across state lines a federal crime. Albert Nelson Marquis establishes Marquis Who's Who in 1898. 1932 1969
American business executive Dennis Tito becomes the first "space tourist" in 2001, spending six days aboard the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. 2001 Aretha Franklin, the "Queen of Soul," is inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame on January 3, 1987, becoming the first female inductee. 1987 The viral disease monkeypox is declared a public health emergency of international concern by WHO on July 23, 2022. 2022
4 Table of Contents 54 Five Ways to Use Brand Relatability Brand relatability is essential because it helps a brand create powerful messaging and marketing campaigns. How can you use the concept of brand relatability in your marketing? 8 Worldwide Biographies Meet our listees, distinguished professionals from around the world who have dedicated their lives to providing monumental services across all industries. 7 Editor's Letter An introduction to the eleventh edition of Millennium Magazine, a reflection of our prestigious listees whose perseverance has garnered inspiration worldwide.
5 105 Four Ways Volunteering Can Enhance Your Professional Life Volunteering is beneficial for not only your community but your professional life, as well. Herein, peruse four ways volunteering can enhance your professional life. 254 Are You Saving for Retirement Correctly? Roth IRAs and 401(k)s are both tax-advantaged accounts that help individuals save for retirement. Listed herein are details about the accounts that make a difference in your quality of life in retirement. 233 How to Realize and Grow Your Leadership Potential Many individuals have leadership potential regardless of status. If you are thinking about ways to maximize your leadership potential, here are ways to help identify and grow your leadership skills.
Let us help build your personal brand. Visit us at www.marquiswhoswho.com
Pondering the present state of the world may serve to activate complex emotions. As we confront transitioning economic, political and social affairs, we can face feelings of ineptitude and even insignificance as we consider the larger picture. In our quest to contend with such issues, it is natural to encounter situations in which we hold ourselves to unattainable standards — leading to more questions than answers. However, if we take the time to reorient and focus on our individual and professional strengths, we can navigate the enormity of these pressing matters and identify ways to contribute meaningfully, make a difference in the lives of our peers, and discover a sense of fulfillment. This focus can lead to organic ripple effects, which we can leverage to assist others on a grand scale. When we help to aid one person, it can spark a chain reaction of charity that leads from one community to the next. Our feelings of inadequacy are inevitably diminished as we come to realize that society can be dramatically changed with one selfless step. Marquis Who's Who listees grasp this point with intuitive understanding and thus, persevere in their respective industries – whether in the creative arts, medicine, science and technology, academia, law and law enforcement, military service or humanitarianism. We trust that this inspiration can be lifted from the listees featured in the 11th issue of Millennium Magazine. Their examples of resilience, tenacity and diligence demonstrate the pillars of strength that have allowed them to overcome adversity. While you thumb through this edition, we encourage you to remind yourself of the consequential sequences small acts of kindness can ignite. Together, we can transform the world. With warm regards for continued success, Lisa Diamond Senior Editor, Millennium Magazine EDITOR'S LETTER MILLENNIUM Millennium Magazine is published by Marquis Who's Who Ventures LLC 350 RXR Plaza, Uniondale, NY 11556 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means – including, but not limited to, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – or used for any commercial purpose whatsoever without the prior written permission of the publisher and, if the publisher deems necessary, execution of a formal license agreement with the publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. ISSN 2577-7009 (Print) ISSN 2577-6991 (Online) Chief Executive Officer Erica Lee Chief Marketing Officer Kristine McCarthy Executive Vice President, HR and Organizational Development Deborah A. Morrissey Director of Recruitment Fran Bardio Director, Print Production John Sartoris Director, Editorial Services Renée Dutcher-Pryer Technical Administrator, Editorial Charles Varriale Director, Compliance and Quality Assurance Iris Cannetti Director, Branding Services Nikki Masih Director, Sales and Training Michael Swinarski Senior Editor Lisa Diamond Staff Writer Matt Attanasio Senior Graphic Designer Carlton Ramsey
8 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Inspired by his brother-in-law, who was a top producer at one of the largest residential roofing companies in the State of Illinois, Jay Andreas decided to delve into the same industry. In January of 2019, he established ASI Construction, where he has since served as the chief executive officer. Mr. Andreas chose the specialty of roofing in light of the extensive storm damage he witnesses in the region. ASI Construction is an insurance-based roofing business. As such, he and his company are experts in remedying home damage in light of severe storms. Earlier in his career, Mr. Andreas was a director for record labels and was involved in global sales. He draws upon an associate degree from Columbia College, which he received in 2008. Equipped with an unlimited roofing license and recognized as a licensed public adjustor, Mr. Andreas also contributes actively to his community as a donor for various nonprofit and charitable organizations. Furthermore, he has maintained membership with the Better Business Bureau. Mr. Andreas attributes his success to his wonderful team, as well as his own affinity for being the eyes and ears of ASI Construction. Likewise, he is a lifelong learner and advises that individuals should be sponges, soaking up all information around them, particularly from other individuals and mentors from whom they can learn. As a testament to his success in the field, Mr. Andreas won the Balance Claims Partner Award in 2019. Additionally, he was named a Top Producer in the Country for Third Party Supplements and was honored with a Safety Award for Excellence from the National Association of Home Builders. Although his career has been filled with highlights, Mr. Andreas is especially proud of his ability to grow a seven-figure company into eightfigure and some nine-figure opportunities. Looking toward the future, he would like to grow ASI Construction exponentially and witness the continued success of his own career. Millennium Magazine Featured Listee JAY ANDREAS CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER ASI Construction Burr Ridge, IL
9 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE When he was involved in the United States Army, Joseph G. Atkinson frequently relocated to various areas across the nation. During this time, he developed an innate interest in helping military veterans, particularly with respect to housing and development. Spending 13 fruitful years in the Army, Mr. Atkinson would purchase ailing houses, renovate them, and then either rent out the house or sell it to buyers. Although he initially entered the industry in 2003, he has devoted his time fully to his company, Bossco Property Solutions, since 2017, where he serves as president. Bossco Property Solutions is a residential investment company. Alongside this endeavor, Mr. Atkinson also excels as the president of Norse Contracting, located in San Antonio. With this business, he notably provides housing options for military veterans, where they have the opportunity to reside for 18 to 48 months. Recently, he has hired 37 subcontractors for Norse Contracting, all of whom are veterans. Currently, Mr. Atkinson is working on building more transitional housing for the veteran population who have nowhere to live. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Mr. Atkinson notes that materials for renovating houses have increased dramatically in price. Therefore, it is his responsibility to remain abreast of changes in the field and act accordingly. Mr. Atkinson draws upon a BS in health science studies, exercise, physiology and sports nutrition from Boise State University, which he acquired in 2007. A member of the National and Metro Real Estate Investors Associations, he intends to expand his businesses to at least 11 additional U.S. states in the forthcoming future. By 2026, he would like to build facilities outside of major military posts to help veterans who are transitioning from military service to a civilian lifestyle. Outside of his primary endeavors, Mr. Atkinson enjoys participating in triathlons and would eventually like to compete in the Ironman Competition in Hawaii in 2022. Married with three sons, he attributes his immense success to his drive to make the world a better place. JOSEPH G. ATKINSON PRESIDENT Bossco Property Solutions, Norse Contracting San Antonio, TX Millennium Magazine Featured Listee
10 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE cooking classes, as well as educating the homeless population in aspects of art. He also donates money to the homeless population for civil service. Formerly attending the Institute for Spiritual Formation in Washington, D.C., Mr. Bickford notes that he feels blessed to enjoy his time on Earth through God, as well as experience all of life's joys through his wife, Blair, and four sons: James, Christopher, Nathan and David. He also has one grandson, Dylan. Maintaining affiliation with the National Association of Homebuilders, the Christ and St. Luke Episcopal Church, and the Diocese of Southern Virginia, where he has sat on their standing committee, Mr. Bickford is a past president of his local chapter of Outer Banks. Looking toward the future, he intends to experience the continued growth and success of his real estate career. He attributes his immense success to his perseverance through struggle and ability to never give up. Supported by nearly five decades of expertise in diversified areas such as military operations, engineering and real estate, James VanAllen Bickford III has excelled as a real estate developer for Midlantic Builders LLC since 1970. In this prominent role, he nurses ailing properties back to standardized value, sells those properties and finds other properties to which he can apply his expertise. He is a certified property manager in the States of North Carolina and Virginia. Earlier in his career, Mr. Bickford attended the Virginia Military Institute, from whom he received a Bachelor of Science in engineering in 1961. Subsequently, he worked at the Langley Research Center, affiliated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), with their Mercury Program for several years. Thereafter, Mr. Bickford entered the United States Army as an engineer in the 82nd Airborne Unit from 1963 to 1965. Holding a master's degree in city planning from the University of North Carolina as well, Mr. Bickford spends his spare time teaching JAMES VANALLEN BICKFORD III REAL ESTATE DEVELOPER Midlantic Builders LLC Norfolk, VA
11 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE not well-versed in the aspects of homebuying and selling. Shortly thereafter, she decided to delve into the realm of real estate and became an agent for Century 21 in 1988. Spending her first few months at the prestigious company in training, Ms. Bierowicz also surrounded herself with esteemed professionals, who acted as guides and mentors. After two years with Century 21, Ms. Bierowicz became a top agent in her office, having quickly assimilated to both American culture and the culture surrounding homebuying and selling. Equipped with her passion for helping others, she was subsequently approached by RE/MAX, which is often considered the premier real estate company in the industry. She joined RE/ MAX of Naperville in Illinois in 1992, where she remains today as a real estate broker. Over the course of the 30 years that she has been with RE/ MAX, she received the Diamond Award as well as inducted into the RE/MAX Hall of Fame, which placed her in the Top 3% of Agents Nationwide based upon diligence, work achievements and accomplishments. She considers being profiled in the Hall of Fame to be a highlight of her career. Outside of her primary post, Ms. Bierowicz is a member for the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (more commonly known as the ASPCA) and the Children's Miracle Network. Additionally, she has served as a builders' liaison. Fluent in four different languages, she previously attended college to learn to teach English as a Second Language, leveraging her innate desire to be of assistance to others. Throughout her career, Ms. Bierowicz has been dedicated to making sure that her clients are reassured in their decision making. Distinguished from her peers considering her credentials and glowing referrals, she has retained clients from across the country. Immigrating to the United States from Poland in 1979, Bogusia Bierowicz sought to purchase a house, having been a firsttime homebuyer upon her arrival to America. Experiencing much confusion and distress from the homebuying process, she wondered how she could make the process easier for individuals such as herself who were BOGUSIA BIEROWICZ BROKER RE/MAX of Naperville Naperville, IL
12 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE With expertise in both electrical engineering and real estate, Mario M. Correa Sr. first served as an electrical engineer for the U.S. Army and the U.S. Department of Defense for more than 30 years. During his tenure with the military and government, he tested many of the Army's missile systems, as well as oversaw communications systems within the governmental body. In 2005, he retired as the director of information systems operations at White Sands Missile Range. Desiring to further his knowledge and branch out into a different career path, Mr. Correa became a realtor for Options Realty in El Paso, Texas, in which he specializes in remodeling homes and preparing them for sales. In light of his military and government service, Mr. Correa has been honored a myriad of times over the decades. He received a Meritorious Service Medal, an Outstanding Support Award from America's Service Range and two Achievement Medals from the Department of Defense. Driven by the motto, "Nothing comes easy; you have to work for it," Mr. Correa was recognized by Marquis Who's Who in 2021 for his esteemed accomplishments in his dual fields. To prepare for his illustrious career, Mr. Correa pursued a formal education at the University of Texas at El Paso, where he earned a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering in 1969. The recipient of an additional certificate through the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (more widely known as the IEEE), he has also maintained membership with the National Association of Realtors and the Greater El Paso Association of Realtors. Further, he is a member of his local chapter of the Knights of Columbus Council 11926 and the 4th Degree Cristo Rey Assembly, where he was recognized as a former Master of the 4th Degree for the 5th District of Texas. He considers his time spent with the Knights of Columbus and the Department of Defense to be ultimate highlights of his career. Civically, he volunteers with various food banks in the area and his church. Looking forward, Mr. Correa intends to spend more time with his five grandchildren. MARIO M. CORREA SR. REALTOR Options Realty El Paso, TX
13 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Leveraging his military experience to take charge of professional services throughout his life, Hakim Abdul Haqq served in the United States Marine Corps from 1964 to 1966. During this time, he was trained in guerilla warfare and was stationed in Vietnam. During battle, Mr. Haqq was wounded and was eventually honorably discharged with a Purple Heart. Following his military tenure, he served in the railroad industry for numerous years, including as an elevator mechanic for United Technologies and a switchman, conductor, engineer and distributive power engineer for P&W Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad. For 20 additional years, Mr. Haqq served with the United States Post Office. Since 2019, Mr. Haqq has excelled as the chief executive officer of HAH International Real Estate Enterprises LLC. After retiring from the field of railroad and government work, he sought to pursue a new, exciting venture. Settling into the field of real estate, he has since thrived in the industry. Looking toward the future of his career with HAH International Real Estate Enterprises, he intends to accumulate more properties and play a greater role in helping individuals achieve their goals of buying and selling homes. He attributes much of his success to the grace of God, as well as his longstanding military training that he has utilized to prosper in his current vocational endeavors. He notes that he has never forfeited in the face of struggle and has always taken charge of his own path. Mr. Haqq is a native of Yazoo City, Mississippi, and was born on April 23, 1946. He currently resides in Bolingbrook, Illinois. Married to his wife Charlene for nearly 40 years, he is the proud father of nine children. In addition, he has 15 grandchildren and 13 great-grandchildren. In light of his service with the United States Marine Corps, Mr. Haqq is in the process of establishing a nonprofit organization. He lives and works by the motto, "Do for oneself." Millennium Magazine Featured Listee HAKIM ABDUL HAQQ CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER HAH International Real Estate Enterprises LLC Bolingbrook, IL
14 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE 14, while baby sitting and mowing lawns. Her mother then invested her earnings into an investment account. By the time she was 20 years old, Ms. Hitt had accumulated enough funds to afford a down payment to purchase her own home, becoming a homeowner for the first time. As a testament to her success, Ms. Hitt has received a myriad of accolades. Named among the Top Five Individual Agents in 2021, she was also recognized among the Top 10 Agents in the RE/MAX Central Atlantic Region from 2017 to 2021 and the #1 Individual Top Producer for her office between 2013 and 2020. Additionally, she was named a Five Star Real Estate Agent from 2015 to 2021, received the Greater Capital Area Association of Realtors (GCAAR) Gold Award in 2021 and 2022, and was named among RE/MAX Top 100 Maryland Agents in 2021 and Washingtonian Top and Best Realtors between 2015 and 2022. A native of Argentina, Ellie Hitt immigrated to the United States with her parents when she was only 10 years old. Always demonstrating a persevering attitude, she attended a local county college and, simultaneously, worked as a receptionist at a chiropractic office. During her tenure with the medical office, her colleagues inquired about her obtaining a chiropractic assistant license and remain with the office, postcollege. Shortly thereafter, Ms. Hitt attained her chiropractic assistance license and served as a chiropractic assistant and office manager with this practice between 1998 and 2003. As time progressed, Ms. Hitt recognized the importance of the American dream and desired to help others achieve their dreams of becoming homeowners. She subsequently delved into the field of real estate and has been serving in the industry for nearly 20 years. She attributes her immense success to the relationships she has cultivated with her clients throughout her career. Ms. Hitt recalls having learned about financial independence from her mother at an early age. Sh joined the workforce at the young age of ELLIE HITT REALTOR RE/MAX Realty Group Gaithersburg, MD
15 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE was trained corporately in real estate systems, efficiencies and franchising. In this capacity, he fostered proactive relationships with CENTURY 21 franchisees and networked to identify growth opportunities. Mr. Kelly also worked with GMAC Home Services as a regional director, where he maintained responsibility for the recruitment and training of top-tier non-branded GMAC real estate companies to an affiliate program that handled relocation business. Mr. Kelly has excelled as the managing broker and owner of The Real Estate Store, Inc., since 2009. He has implemented systems and efficiencies to position the realtors at his company for success. He is responsible for training, coaching and business operations within the company while staying abreast of local, state and national real estate trends. Additionally, Mr. Kelly is the founder of RealEstateRelated.com, a website designed to organize how the real estate industry promotes its products and services. He says, "It's a tool to help realtors be more productive and maintain front-of-mind awareness with their customers. It provides valuable information they, and the public, need regarding local service providers." An expert in his field, Mr. Kelly is a licensed broker in Florida and New York. He holds a Bachelor of Science in organizational management from Nyack College and aligns himself with the Regional MLS, National Association of Realtors, and several mastermind groups to remain aware of changes in the industry. For his professional excellence, Mr. Kelly won the 5-Star Award on nine occasions and was featured as a market leader in Forbes in 2021. Looking forward, Mr. Kelly would like to experience the continued growth of his career, as well as cultivate the growing social presence of RealEstateRelated.com. He is grateful for all the entrepreneurs, business leaders and friends who continue to coach him to excel. A corporate-trained, seasoned real estate professional with decades of experience, the career of Bill Kelly began in the small town of Hampton Bays, located on Long Island, New York, where he worked for A.G.C. Realty, a small boutique real estate office. Before the turn of the millennium, he was offered a management role at CENTURY 21 Real Estate Corporation and BILL KELLY MANAGING BROKER, OWNER The Real Estate Store, Inc. Lakewood Ranch, FL
16 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE the needs of every customer who contacts them for services. In light of the business' exceptional dedication to quality, most of their business stems from repeat customers and referrals. Cornerstone Construction Group custom designs every job to meet the clients' needs via virtual walk-throughs for over 25 years, among other services. For more information, visit https://cornerstoneccg.com. Mr. Knoeller is especially proud of designing every job by listening to the clients' needs and, through his work, he was afforded opportunities to learn every aspect of building, whether residential or commercial. Mr. Knoeller's wife, Bridgett, also assists with the business by providing interior design with options regarding colors of walls, tiles, rugs and other products. The proud father of five children, Mr. Knoeller also has 12 grandchildren. He thanks Jesus Christ for the many gifts and talents, as well as his beautiful family, that He has provided. Hailing from a hard-working family, John Knoeller was inspired by his grandfather, August Annicchiarico, who was the owner of his own masonry business. Likewise, Mr. Knoeller's uncle, Nick Sita, was a general foreman who brought him on jobs during the summers. Beginning at the age of 12, the young Mr. Knoeller spent his spare time pouring concrete and helping his family in high-rise apartment building renovations. Upon turning 18 years old, he decided to pursue his own venture and learn every aspect of building from design to installation. He notes that his passion for the field of construction has been ingrained since the seventh grade, where he completed mechanical drafting alongside his regular academic studies. This furthered his passion for all types of construction. Now drawing upon over 40 years in the construction business, Mr. Knoeller has excelled as the chief executive officer of the Cornerstone Construction Group since 1981. Imbedded with the belief that a customer's needs are of the utmost importance, the team at Cornerstone Construction Group remains committed to meet JOHN KNOELLER CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Cornerstone Construction Group Greenwood, DE
17 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE As an immigrant from Vietnam, Shawn Luong has possessed a strong drive for success since he was in his early 20s. At the inception of his career, he worked for various companies until his wife, Jessica, encouraged him to branch out and become his own boss. Realizing that he could be more successful working for himself as opposed to working for others, he established S.H. Spectrum, Inc., in 1991, where he remains today as president. Since establishing his business, he has been actively involved in the area of real estate and also has served as an REO broker for Century 21 since 2003. Earlier in his career, Mr. Luong served as vice president for sales engineering and business development at Auriq Systems from 2000 to 2002 and managing director and vice chairman of the board at SELCO Vietnam from 1997 to 2000. A licensed real estate broker in the State of California, he is also a qualified court receiver as a member of the Ventura County Superior Court Panel of Economic Experts. Likewise, he is a designated real estate broker to the public guardian of San Bernardino County. Maintaining affiliation with the California Association of Realtors and the Asian American Real Estate Association, Mr. Luong is also a member of Phi Kappa Phi. He notes that his work in real estate has been quite rewarding, and he feels fulfilled when he recalls opening his own company, which has provided him with immense freedom. Mr. Luong holds a Bachelor of Science in computer engineering from 1982 and a Master of Science in telecommunication in 1984, both from California State University, Los Angeles. Looking toward the future, he intends to experience the continued growth and success of his career. Married to his wife, Jessica, for more than 37 years, he has two adult children, Howard and Kevin. He currently resides in West Covina, California. Millennium Magazine Featured Listee SHAWN LUONG PRESIDENT S.H. Spectrum, Inc. West Covina, CA
18 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE executive for the software division of IBM from 1997 to 2000. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, he excelled as a financial analyst for General Electric. For nearly 20 years, Mr. Sanak has been a licensed realtor in California. He draws upon coursework in music education and a BA in criminal justice and political science from Michigan State University, where he also played the alto saxophone in the SpartanMarching Band. He attributes his success to the discipline and focus he cultivated while in the marching band. Mr. Sanak has earned 109 sales production awards. In 2021, he was ranked the #11 Sales Consultant for the month of July by Harcourts USA, having previously been listed in Real Estate Visionaries of Palm Springs by Modern Luxury Palm Springs Magazine and Real Estate Visionaries of San Diego by Modern Luxury San Diego Magazine, both in 2020. He was further recognized among the Top 200 Realtors in Palm Springs by Palm Springs Life Magazine in 2019. Since 2015, James Stanley Sanak has served as the principal owner and realtor with Harcourts Desert Homes in Palm Springs, California. Established with his husband, Scott Palermo, the brokerage firm is notable for its hand selection of agents, as Mr. Sanak and his husband carefully choose which agents they deem best suited for the firm. Mentoring and coaching each agent on a weekly basis, Mr. Sanak and his husband feel fortunate to be surrounded by a terrific, awardwinning group of agents who also serve as beacons of inspiration to the next generation. In 2020, the firm sold a home at Bighorn Golf Club, one of the most prestigious country clubs across the nation. Additionally, in 2021, the firm sold a 15,000-square foot home at the Vintage Club, the most exclusive country club in Coachella Valley. Earlier, Mr. Sanak served as a realtor and premier director for Windermere Real Estate from 2009 to 2015 and realtor for Prudential California Realty from 2003 to 2009. Previously involved in the automobile and financial sectors, he was a client executive for Toyota Motor Sales USA through IBM from 2000 to 2003 and a sales JAMES STANLEY SANAK PRINCIPAL OWNER, REALTOR Harcourts Desert Homes Palm Springs, CA
19 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Initially interested in finance, particularly in urban area projects, G. Bradford Saunders received a Bachelor of Arts in real estate and finance from the Haas School of Business at the University of California Berkeley in 1975. At the inception of his career, he pursued governmental projects that were available within urban regions. Now accruing more than 40 years of experience in real estate, he has excelled as the president and chief executive officer of BriceHouse, Inc., in San Diego since 1998. In his executive-level roles, Mr. Saunders maintains involvement in all aspects of real estate development, oversees a team that establishes forward planning and is dedicated to increasing outdoor advertising throughout San Diego. Mr. Saunders notes that they were the first to use a specific type of financing to put together projects in collaboration with several municipalities. Over the course of his career, Mr. Saunders has developed a keen expertise in public-private partnership. One such partnership included the City of San Diego, in which he and his team built a police headquarters in conjunction with individuals responsible for light rail transit and bus systems. Currently, Mr. Saunders holds a contract with the local transit agency to install retail kiosks at stations to serve the public. He attributes his immense success to his diligent work ethic, as well as a little bit of luck. To remain abreast of developments in the field of real estate, Mr. Saunders is a member of Lambda Alpha, a professional real estate fraternity. As a testament to his success and efforts in the industry, he was honored with the Building of the Year Award from the Urban Land Institute. Looking toward the future of BriceHouse, Inc., as well as his own career, Mr. Saunders intends to continue involving himself in the real estate development industry. He would also like to proliferate the growth and development of BriceHouse, Inc. Millennium Magazine Featured Listee G. BRADFORD SAUNDERS PRESIDENT, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER BriceHouse, Inc. San Diego, CA
20 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE titled "Bugging a Bug." Since writing her books, Mrs. Sykes has received a myriad of accolades for her writing prowess and mission. In light of her outstanding contributions to the construction industry and methodologies of teaching for emerging female entrepreneurs and construction workers, Mrs. Sykes was recognized as a Female Leader in Construction by "Construction Dive" in March of 2021. She notes that only 59 women out of 800 nominated women were chosen for the award across the nation. Additionally, Mrs. Sykes earned the Black Female Leader in Construction Award. Despite her lauded accolades, however, she is especially proud of giving back to the young women community who endeavor to enter the construction industry. Looking toward the future, Mrs. Sykes aims to continue witnessing the growth and success of her career. She is married to her husband Robi Sykes and has three daughters and one son. Since 2020, Juanakee C. Sykes has excelled as the executive director of Black Girls Build, Inc., in Illinois. While spending 10 years as a commercial and residential carpenter for 90 Degree Construction LLC – a company she had established with her husband – Mrs. Sykes was encountered with significant gender bias and discrimination for being a woman in a male-oriented industry. Drawing upon these experiences, she desired to create avenues in which she could teach construction skills and principles to women and young girls to combat against gender discrimination in the workforce. As such, Black Girls Buildwas established, and it now specializes in teaching women the fundamentals of carpentry, floor laying, painting, plumbing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Earlier inher career, Mrs. Sykes served as a nurse for 12 years, ending her career with the pressures of being an oncology nurse. Demonstrating versatility in her profession, she has also published a memoir, titled "My A.R.R.A.: Growing into Me," which received the C.I.P.A. EVVY Award. She also authored a beginning readers children's book, JUANAKEE C. SYKES EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, CARPENTER Black Girls Build, Inc. Belleville, IL
21 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE drywall ceiling services and exterior framing, Built on the Rock Industries prides itself on its ability to work closely with its clients to achieve optimal and sustainable development. To date, they have completed more than 600 projects with 70 field workers and eight office staff members. Mr. Tejeda notes that his vision to develop his business came from a place of faith during his rediscovery of God in 2004. A former construction company worker, he was inspired by the Word of the Lord and sought to found his own business in an effort to help others. Alongside his primary pursuits in the construction industry, he is also a minister and educator at his own established church, titled Ministerios Exodus. Built in 2009, Mr. Tejeda's church exemplifies the power of God and is maintained by Mr. Tejeda and his brothers. Earlier in his career, Mr. Tejeda served as director of Tejeda Investments LLC and was an accomplished pastor for 12 years. He is also an OSHA-certified safety trainer through The University of Texas at Arlington, where he completed both 10- and 30-hour safety training courses. In light of his achievements with Built on the Rock Industries, Mr. Tejeda was the recipient of the Round Rock Business Award in 2015. Looking toward the future, he intends to expand the reach of his business and open new branches of Built on the Rock Industries in San Antonio, Houston and Dallas. Married to his wife of many years, Mr. Tejeda is the proud father of nine children and a doting grandfather of three grandchildren. He is exceptionally proud of his family and hopes to leave a lasting legacy. F ounded in 2006, Built on the Rock Industries, LLC, was established by Raunel Tejeda in Round Rock, Texas. Over the course of more than 15 years, the business has specialized in commercial construction management services, including studs and drywall. Also offering building construction, interior demolition, RAUNEL TEJEDA PRESIDENT Built on the Rock Industries, LLC Round Rock, TX
22 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE After receiving a BS in education from New York University, Hollis Borteck served as a fifth grade teacher for the Needham School District from 1965 to 1970. During this time, she studied toward an MA in counseling at Boston University, receiving her master's degree in 1970. Excelling as a college counselor for a number of years, she soon took an interest in real estate in light of her husband's work as a contract attorney. She became a licensed associate broker in 1987 and, that same year, became an associate broker for Julia B. Fee Realty. Ms. Borteck thrived in her position for 20 years until 2007. Since 2011, she has served in the same capacity for Houlihan Lawrence. She continues to take real estate courses in areas of new construction, ethics, fair housing and building green. Ms. Borteck is especially proud of the close friendships she has cultivated through her real estate work. The recipient of a myriad of Platinum Awards from 2005 to 2013, she also received several Silver Awards from the Westchester County Board of Realtors from 2014 to 2016. ASSOCIATE BROKER Houlihan Lawrence Scarsdale, NY Inspired by his grandmother, who was the first president of the MLS Board of Realtors in Huntsville, and following his parents' footsteps, John Wesley Brooks delved into real estate. After earning a bachelor's degree in marketing, advertising and business management from the University of South Alabama in 2003, he served as a real estate agent with his parents at his family company, Landmark Realty Center, for six years. Thereafter, he was vice president of sales and marketing for Sunshine Aerospace from 2010 to 2012. Mr. Brooks has served as a realtor and property manager for Coldwell Banker of the Valley since 2009, as well as a real estate investor since 2018. He is certified as an international luxury home and relocation specialist. Additionally, Mr. Brooks has been a senior auctioneer for Roebuck Auctions since 2010. Civically, he has volunteered with the Huntsville DreamCenter, among other organizations, and raised funds for various private schools, overseas charities and the homeless population. Mr. Brooks was named a Top Agent by Top Agent Magazine in 2020, having that same year also been ranked #8 for Transactions in the State of Alabama and the #4 Realtor in North Alabama. REALTOR, REAL ESTATE INVESTOR, PROPERTY MANAGER Coldwell Banker of the Valley Huntsville, AL JOHN WESLEY BROOKS HOLLIS BORTECK
23 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Millennium Magazine Featured Listee PRESIDENT, PARTNER Missouri River Contractors LLC Helena, MT ACQUISITIONS MANAGER Real Solutions Real Estate LLC Grand Island, FL STEVEN R. BURCH Managing projects since he was a teenager working with his father, who was an excavation contractor, Steven R. Burch developed an innate interest in the profession. First pursuing coursework in engineering at St. Clair County Community College, he worked for a number of construction and contracting firms before becoming the president and partner of Missouri River Contractors LLC in Helena, Montana, in 2016. During his tenure with Missouri River Contractors, Mr. Burch has helped bring the company from $4.5 million in 2016 to approximately $33 million in 2021. Alongside this endeavor, Mr. Burch has also owned Burch Industrial Services since 2007. Outside of his primary ventures, Mr. Burch has volunteered at the Yellowstone Institute, Montana Wild and an animal rehabilitation center and maintains affiliation with his local Chamber of Commerce. For his expertise, he was featured in "Construction Equipment Guide," a well-regarded trade publication. In light of his achievements, he considers a highlight of his career to be the highway projects on which he worked. Looking forward, he intends to expand Missouri River Contractors to more locations across Montana. Delving into the real estate industry upon his realization that the field afforded him opportunities to spend time with his family, Mario Di Marco also wanted to help others in the buying and selling of their homes. Attributing his success to the advice and encouragement of a mentor and his own open-minded nature, Mr. Di Marco has excelled as an acquisitions manager for Real Solutions Real Estate LLC in Grand Island, Florida, since 2015. He has also co-owned a martial arts studio for over 20 years, which was recognized as the Best Martial Arts Dojo of 2021 in Eustis, Florida. Maintaining affiliation with the Better Business Bureau, Mr. Di Marco was influenced by his family members, including his parents, his wife Chelsea, and his children Cora and Silas. He advises future real estate professionals to remain honest in transactions, demonstrate integrity, persevere in the face of struggle and always continue learning. Although his career has been filled with highlights, he is especially proud of being a father. Looking forward, he intends to travel with his family. Particularly, he would like to buy a sailboat and spend time sailing the ocean. MARIO DI MARCO
24 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Early on, Lakina Fulks was encouraged to delve into real estate while working for a property management company. While being asked to show clients properties, the company recognized her talent in interacting with clients. Now a certified real estate and negotiation expert and a designated seller representative specialist, Ms. Fulks has excelled as a realtor in the Metropolitan Detroit area of Michigan since 2010. Alongside this pursuit, she is also the founder of The Treasure Within, a girl's empowerment program, and the vice president of The Lost and Found Christian Association. Notably, Ms. Fulks is a best-selling writer, having co-authored "Dreamer on the Rise" and authored "Why: A Young Girl's Search for the Truth," which was published in 2019. She holds a bachelor's degree in business and a master's degree in social justice, both from Marygrove College. Amotivational speaker in her spare time, Ms. Fulks was recently recognized with the Hidden Gem Award for The Treasure Within in 2021. Previously, she was interviewed in K.I.S.H. Magazine for her real estate, educational and writing prowess. Looking forward, she intends to continue working on housing programs for her local community. REALTOR Lake Orion, MI A real estate professional, Corey Hasting has excelled as the owner and broker of Engel & Völkers Jacksonville since 2018. Drawn to the field of real estate by his mother, a broker, Mr. Hasting earned his real estate license in 2013. In early 2017, a friend encouraged him to purchase the franchise rights to Engel & Völkers and, after an interview, he was thrilled with the opportunity to bring the firm to Jacksonville. He officially purchased the rights in November 2017. Mr. Hasting has led his brokerage to win numerous awards, including ranking among the Top 10 in the Engel & Völkers Americas Network for most closed transactions in 2019 and 2020, and his office has been awarded 13 Engel & Völkers Florida awards since its launch – the most awarded Florida franchise in company history. He was a member of the class of 2020 for the 40 Under 40 list by the Jacksonville Business Journal. In 2021, under his leadership, Engel & Völkers Jacksonville was named the 12th Fastest Growing Company in Northeast Florida and the #1 Fastest Growing Real Estate Brokerage. Looking forward, he intends to grow Engel & Völkers Jacksonville. OWNER, BROKER Engel & Völkers Jacksonville Jacksonville Beach, FL COREY HASTING LAKINA FULKS
25 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE Millennium Magazine Featured Listee BROKER ASSOCIATE JJ Elek Real Estate Carteret, NJ SENIOR BROKERAGE ASSOCIATE Trinity Partners Columbia, SC SUKHWINDER KAUR Deciding to delve into the real estate industry as it would provide her with the flexibility and freedom to schedule her own hours, Sukhwinder Kaur has excelled as a broker associate with JJ Elek Real Estate since 2005. Throughout the course of her career in real estate, Ms. Kaur has been grateful for the opportunities to take care of her family and simultaneously establish a pronounced career, and she has earned a myriad of accolades since beginning in the field. The recipient of Silver Circle of Excellence Awards between 2012 and 2015, she has also earned numerous Gold Circle of Excellence Awards since 2016. Additionally, she was named a Top Producing Agent in 2016, winning the title amid the 100 agents nominated for the honor. Earlier in her career, Ms. Kaur worked in consulting, retail and sales, and environmental science. She previously earned a bachelor's degree in environmental science from St. John's University in 1997. Outside of her primary work, she enjoys volunteering in her community. Looking toward the future, she intends to leverage her status as a business executive and mother to inspire others to pursue the same feats. Hailing from a family of real estate professionals, William Thomas Mills originally desired to pursue the field of law before deciding to embark upon a journey is real estate. Completing a bankruptcy law internship at Bailey Law Firm and a civil law internship at the South Carolina Attorney General's Office, he served as a legal courier for Ellis Lawhorne & Sims, P.A., in 2008. Mr. Mills attained a BA in economics from Wofford College in 2011 and went on to join Wilson Kibler as an associate for the following six years. From 2017 to 2019, he subsequently excelled as a senior associate. Since 2019, Mr. Mills has thrived as a senior brokerage associate for Trinity Partners. Holding a real estate license in the State of South Carolina, Mr. Mills notably received the Power Broker Award for Top Retail Leasing Broker by the Costar Group in 2016. He attributes his profound success to the resources he has leveraged throughout his career, as well as his network of mentors. Looking toward the future, Mr. Mills intends to do more development work. He would also like to earn more property. WILLIAM THOMAS MILLS
26 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE A native of Australia, Jonathan Noel earned an associate degree from the University of New South Wales in 2001 and began working in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning industry. First serving as an HVAC technician for York Air Conditioning, he then joined Alliance Refrigeration, where he remained for three years, as well as Austral Refrigeration in 1997. After immigrating to the United States in 2019, he founded Refrigeration Solutions, where he has since served as owner. The recipient of a contractor's license and certificate III in refrigeration and air conditioning, Mr. Noel also holds a commercial and mechanical license in the State of South Carolina. He attributes his immense success to hard work, having always had an affinity for working with his hands and figuring out how mechanisms function. Although his career has been filled with highlights, he says his most notable achievement has been his family. He is incredibly proud of his daughter, Sydney, and would one day like to afford her the opportunity to attend a prestigious private school to enhance her education. Looking forward, he intends to experience the continued success of Refrigeration Solutions. Millennium Magazine Featured Listee OWNER Refrigeration Solutions Taylors, SC Mary M. Sisk's husband, Virgil, established Sisk Painting and Roofing, LLC, in 1980. As a newly married couple, Ms. Sisk and her husband worked collaboratively at the business until Mr. Sisk retired in 2016. Upon her husband's retirement, Ms. Sisk took over the family business as owner, renaming it Sisk Construction, LLC, where she remains today. Over the course of the 40-plus years of the business' establishment, she and her husband notably worked with hot tar roofing and shingling. Among her career achievements, Ms. Sisk is especially proud of restoring the Bates County Courthouse in Butler, Missouri, which was completed in four phases by 2007. In light of the outstanding restoration, their work was featured in Missouri Magazine, West Central Electric Magazine and St. Luke's Magazine. Looking forward, Ms. Sisk intends to pass down the company to their youngest son. Outside of her work appointments, Ms. Sisk sponsors various charity groups, including her local church. Recently, she installed a new communion rail alter at her church, which she offered free-ofcharge. In five years' time, she intends to continue working and serving her community in volunteering capacities. OWNER, PARTNER Sisk Construction, LLC Holden, MO MARY M. SISK JONATHAN NOEL
27 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION AND REAL ESTATE PRESIDENT, CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Nancy Harvey Steorts & Associates McLean, VA NANCY HARVEY STEORTS Nancy Harvey Steorts has accrued over 60 years' experience within government, real estate, media and international management consulting. Establishing Nancy Harvey Steorts & Associates in 2000, where she has served as president and chief executive officer, she also developed Nancy Harvey Steorts International in 1990 in Washington, D.C., and Dallas. Since 2010, she has excelled as an associate broker for Long and Foster Real Estate, Christy's International Real Estate. Ms. Steorts was the official U.S. representative to the Public Health, Medical Equipment and Drugs Exposition in Moscow and a delegate to the U.S. Working Committee on Standards between Russia and the U.S. The former chairperson of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, she has spoken across the globe on safety, regulatory and women's issues; authored numerous award-winning books; and hosted, produced and appeared on network television and radio shows. An alumnus of Syracuse University (SU), she received the George P. Arents Medal for Excellence in Government from SU. Other accolades include the Margaret Dana Award from ASTM International and induction into the Northern Virginia Association of Realtors Hall of Fame.
28 Millennium - A Marquis Who's Who Magazine ARTS, MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT Research Institute's Educational Site Licensing Project at American University and serving on the board of the National Initiative for a Networked Cultural History. Dr. Albrecht is a past president of the Visual Resources Association, served as co-chair of the Visual Resources Association's Summer Educational Institute and participated in the U.S. Department of Commerce Conference on Fair Use. She was appointed to the National Endowment for the Humanities, a Senate-approved Presidential appointment. In 2012, the Visual Resources Association bestowed the Distinguished Service Award to Dr. Albrecht for her exemplary professional work in service to the Visual Resources Association and to the visual resources field. Likewise, she was featured in the book "How Women Lead," authored by Sharon Hadary. Dr. Albrecht's book, "The Machine Anxieties of Steampunk: Contemporary Philosophy, Victorian Aesthetics, and the Future" was published in 2021. Dr. Kathe Hicks Albrecht has over 30 years of experience in art history, education, aesthetics and art curation. At an early age, she was encouraged to study history and philosophy and to explore the field of aesthetics. Fostering her intellectual spirit, she attended the University of California Los Angeles, where she earned a BA in art history in 1975. She then attended American University and received an MA in art history in 1989. Dr. Albrecht then joined American University as the curator of their Visual Resources Center, where she led the center's development from a film-based media library into a collection of digital media. During this time, she transferred the existing visual resources to a digital format. She retired from American University in 2014. In 2014, Dr. Albrecht began teaching art history at Northern Virginia Community College while studying at the Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts (IDSVA). She received a PhD from IDSVA in philosophy and aesthetics in 2017, focusing her research on contemporary aesthetics. Since receivingher doctorate, shehas servedas a special faculty member at the Institute. Dr. Albrecht has also been involved in the coordination of the Getty KATHE HICKS ALBRECHT, PHD SPECIAL FACULTY Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts La Jolla, CA


Current students who wish to live in the Residence Halls for the following academic year must participate in an event called the Room Selection Process.
The process in which any current student who wishes to live in the Residence Halls next year is randomly assigned a computer generated "Number". This number identifies what order the student will choose their room.
Does Everyone Get A Room?
We are pleased that we are able to accommodate any resident who wishes to return the next year if they submitted their Room Selection Registration Form by the deadline.
1. Room Selection Information Packets are available in the Bellamy Hall Office or the Residence Life Office.
2. All registration forms must be returned to Auxiliary Services no later than Thursday, April 6th. No additional deposit required by current students. Students may use their current deposit for their deposit next year.
Contact Residence Life in the Alumni College Center Room 208 and we'll be glad to assist.


Their absence contributed to a slowdown in air traffic and massive delays along the East Coast on Friday. LaGuardia Airport in New York and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey were particularly affected, and delays rippled outward from there - about 3,000 late flights by midafternoon.
Negotiations to end the shutdown had been gaining speed Thursday night. The air-traffic mess added urgency to the talks - by emphasizing how, for the first time, millions of ordinary Americans were affected.
On Friday afternoon, President Donald Trump went to a lectern in the Rose Garden and announced a deal to end - at least for three weeks - the partial government shutdown that had forced air traffic controllers and airport screeners to work without pay.
Union leaders representing pilots and flight attendants - who had warned two days earlier that the shutdown could put safety in doubt - praised the end of the shutdown.
They will be paid - soon, Trump promised - but in the meantime, many are describing financial hardships, relying on food banks, and worrying whether they can pay the rent or mortgage.


Helga Hengge is an inspiring keynote speaker, author and mountaineer. She was the first German woman to successfully climb Mount Everest and the Seven Summits – the highest mountain on each of the seven continents.
Mount Everest is at 8850 meters (29,029 feet) literally the world's "highest" challenge and the two-month long ascent—step by step and camp by camp—a stunning metaphor for tackling great challenges.
In her inspiring keynote presentations Helga takes her corporate audiences to the summit of the highest mountain in the world and gives an emotional and authentic insight into the dynamics of tackling the ultimate challenge. Accompanied by spectacular images of her two-month long ascent she shares her story of pushing physical and emotional boundaries and the secrets of success—inspiring leadership, team work and trust, dealing with setbacks, and the courage to step out and up to the summit.
The management team was excited and inspired by your presentation and the workshop. The impressions guided us through the whole meeting. A great success. Thank you very much!
Your presentation and the images were fascinating. And the feedback from our participants has been without exception positive. Thanks for making our Leadership Day something special.
Thank you for a very inspiring and motivating speech. You have a true gift in story telling and besides your Mount Everest accomplishment, it is a true feat to bring it alive the way you are able to do and to inspire others with your experience.
Your presentation was pure inspiration. Thank you very much!


We have ArcServer 10.1 Enterprise set up on a test machine in order to test our applications before we go live with production. One of our application is a Web ADF site. We used the the ArcGIS Server manager in 10.0 to manager the site.
Can we use the 10.1 Server Manager to manager the Web ADF application??
The installation of the Web ADF in 10.1 includes the "Web Application Manager" feature. Do we need this? Can this feature co-exist on the same machine that the 10.1 Server Manager is installed on???
Can anyone who went thru this type of migration chime in.
No, you cannot use the ArcGIS server manager 10.1 to manager web ADF applications.
Also worth noting, ArcGIS 10.1 for Server is the last release to offer the Web ADF.
The ADF right now is available through a separate installation called ArcGIS Web Applications.
Thanks for the input. We are planning to migrate the Web ADF to Silverlight in the near future, but when we go live with 10.1 the Web ADF will still be with us. Can we still deploy the Web ADF app on the same machine the the 10.1 ArcServer manager & IIS is install on? Should the "Web Application Manager" feature be installed on a Dev machine, along with VS2010, and then we can deploy/publish to our server(with 10.1 ArcGIS server manager & IIS). The documentation is not clear as to how to deploy a Wed ADF app with 10.1 server. Also if we need to stop the service how do we go about it in 10.1?
What issue are you encountering exactly?
then the question is that our code where ADF connect to Server was Wrong.
This GetFeatureClass method was used Frequently in our program,we want to search a simple method to solve the question.
They should have all the details you need on this matter.


text:
Assessor - Recorder
The Assessor-Recorder and staff strive to give quality service, provide accurate information, maintain and preserve Lake County's public records, and make fair and equitable assessments of property through our personal commitment to integrity, mutual respect, and teamwork.
How Property Values are Assessed
Notice: Restrictive Covenant Modification Form
A "Restrictive Covenant Modification" form was added to the recorder forms.
If a document contains any restriction based on age, race, color, religion, sex, gender, gender identity, gender expression, sexual orientation, familial status, marital status, disability, veteran or military status, genetic information, national origin, source of income as defined in subdivision (p) of Section 12955, or ancestry, that restriction violates state and federal fair housing laws and is void, and may be removed pursuant to Section 12956.2 of the Government Code by submitting a "Restrictive Covenant Modification" form, together with a copy of the attached document with the unlawful provision redacted to the county recorder's office. The "Restrictive Covenant Modification" form can be obtained from the county recorder's office and may be available on its internet website. The form may also be available from the party that provided you with this document. Lawful restrictions under state and federal law on the age of occupants in senior housing or housing for older persons shall not be construed as restrictions based on familial status.
Proposition 19 (2020)
On November 3, 2020, California Residents passed Proposition 19 (2020), the Home Protection for Seniors, Severely Disabled, Families, and Victims of Wildfire or Natural Disasters Act. Proposition 19 will change how several programs are administered. The affected programs will be:
Parent-Child Exclusion
Grandparent-Grandchild Exclusion
Senior Base Value Transfer
Disabled Base Value Transfer
Disaster Relief Base Value Transfer
For information on how Proposition 19 will affect these programs, visit the California Board of Equalization website.
Richard A. Ford
Assessor-Recorder
Email the Assessor
255 N Forbes Street
255 N Forbes Street Room 223 Lakeport CA 95453
Note: If you would like to record or need a vital record you must be here by 4:30 pm.
California Property Tax Information
Calamity Information
Fees - January 1, 2022 (PDF)
Recorder Information
Assessor Forms
Parcel Viewer
Recorder Forms
Recorder's Search Index

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Gabriela Matisová (* 28. června 1945) byla slovenská a československá politička a bezpartijní poslankyně Sněmovny lidu Federálního shromáždění za normalizace.

Biografie
K roku 1976 se profesně uvádí jako soustružnice. Ve volbách roku 1976 zasedla do Sněmovny lidu (volební obvod č. 137 - Staré Mesto, Bratislava). Ve Federálním shromáždění setrvala do konce funkčního období, tedy do voleb roku 1981.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy
  Gabriela Matisová v parlamentu

Narození v roce 1945
Českoslovenští politici slovenské národnosti
Poslanci československého Federálního shromáždění
Ženy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}

Relations between different words or phrases are important for the semantic understanding of text. Popular knowledge graphs (KGs) such as Yago~\cite{mahdisoltani2014yago3}, NELL~\cite{mitchell2018never} and DBpedia~\cite{dbpedia} are formulated in terms of relational databases where the entities are linked to each other with different relations or predicates. In real-world textual data, the relations are often polysemous by nature, i.e., they exhibit distinct meanings in different contexts. Similar to the task of word sense disambiguation, that is required to understand different contextual meanings of words, relation disambiguation is needed to interpret the specific, contextual semantics of relations. Relation polysemy occurs frequently in open texts and has been studied and discussed by previous works on automatic relation extraction from texts~\cite{min2012ensemble,galarraga2014canonicalizing,han2016global}.
Relation semantics are particularly important in the context of knowledge graphs which are widely used for systematic representation of data in the form of $\langle subject, predicate, object \rangle$ triples. Here, \textit{subject} and \textit{object} are chosen from a set of entities, while the \textit{predicate} that links the entities to each other belongs to a set of relations. As the triples in KGs are derived from real-world facts, ambiguity from texts often makes it way into the KG triples as well.
Specifically, the relations may represent multiple meanings depending on the context, which in the case of KG triples, is defined by the types of the entities being connected by the relations.
The underlying idea of defining the role of words by their context is quite old in Linguistics, advocated by Firth in 1957 as `a word is characterized by the company it keeps'~\cite{firth1957synopsis}. In the context of KGs, one could say \textit{`a relation is characterized by the entity types it connects'}.

In order to gauge the issue of multiple relation semantics in popular KGs, we analysed the relations in the Yago3 dataset in terms of the number of unique entity types pairs that were found in the associated triples. The results are plotted in Figure~\ref{fig:YagoRelationClassTypes}.
It can be seen that the majority of the relations have multiple entity types associated with them, with generic relations such as $owns$ and $created$ exhibiting very high plurality. Similar insights were also derived from the NELL knowledge graph. Some examples of the actual entity types associated with polysemous relations from these KGs
are shown in Table~\ref{tbl:sampletypes}.

\input{figures/relations_plots}

In this work we advocate that for such relations that are associated with a number of different entity type pairs,
it would be prudent to instead split them and create new sub-relations that have a more concise meaning according to the context. The meanings of the sub-relations could be identified based on the distinct types of the associated entities and therefore, be clearly defined.
However, this approach can be tricky since entity types can vary widely.
While some types such as \textit{television} and \textit{movie} for the \textit{created} relation in Yago are semantically similar to one another, other types are quite different, for instance \textit{company} and \textit{writer}, or \textit{airport} and \textit{club} in the case of \textit{owns} relation.
Due to the complex hierarchy of classes (entity types)\footnote{the terms \textit{class} and \textit{entity type} will be used interchangeably in the paper from this point on} in the underlying schema (or ontology), entity types belong to different granularity levels~\cite{jain2021embeddings} %
leading to a wide range of semantic similarity between them.
It is, therefore, a non-trivial task to decide how a relation should be split into sub-relations based on the semantics of the entity types associated with it, both in terms of the number of sub-relations as well the subset of entity types that the sub-relations should encompass. %

In this work, we define the problem statement of \textit{fine-gained relation refinement} which concerns with the disambiguation of polysemous relations in relational datasets and
propose a data-driven and scalable method named \textit{\textbf{FineGReS}} \textit{(\textbf{F}ine-\textbf{G}rained \textbf{R}elation \textbf{S}emantics)} as a first solution towards the same.
The fine-grained semantics for the relations are derived by relying on the multiple semantics of the relations evident from the types of the associated entities.
The proposed approach leverages knowledge graph embeddings, that provide representations of the KG entities and relations in a continuous vector space. We find optimal clusters in the latent space to identify the underlying semantic features such that polysemous relations can be represented in terms of multiple sub-relations with well-defined semantics. This approach is able to automatically determine not only the optimal number of sub-relations (corresponding to the number of clusters), but also the entity types that should be associated with each of them so as to have the best semantic representation.
Experimental evaluation performed on popular relational datasets reveals the benefits of defining fine-grained semantics and brings forth the efficacy of the proposed approach in the face of the challenging nature of this task.

\input{tables/examplesemantics}

\paragraph{Contributions.}
\begin{enumerate*}
\item We formally define the task of \textit{fine-grained relation refinement} in relational datasets and motivate its importance and benefits.
\item We propose a data-driven and scalable method  \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} to identify multiple sub-relations that capture the different semantics of the relations via clustering in the latent space and empirically evaluate their quality.
\item Additionally, we illustrate the benefits achieved by substituting a polysemous relation with multiple fine-grained sub-relations as obtained from the proposed approach on downstream applications, such as entity classification.
\end{enumerate*}
The code and data will be made publicly available.

\section{Fine-Grained Relation Semantics}

Relation polysemy is quite common in knowledge graphs due to two primary reasons.
Firstly, the schema for most large scale KGs that are in use today have been constructed through manual or semi-automated efforts, where the relations between the entities are curated from text.
Relations are often abstracted in such KGs for simplification and avoidance of redundancies. This may result in cases where a single relation serves as a general notion between various different types of KG entities and has more than one semantic meaning associated with it. %
In addition to this, the fact that these KGs represent real-world facts that are expressed in natural language having inherent ambiguities, contributes further to the relation polysemy in KGs. For instance, the relation phrase `\textit{part of}' represents varied semantics based on its context of biology (\textit{finger part of hand}), organizations (\textit{Google part of Alphabet}), geography (\textit{Amazon part of South America}) and many others. Even in KGs that have a large number of different relations can suffer from ambiguous relations, for instance DBpedia has around 300 relations that are relatively well-defined in terms of their entity types, however there exist relations such as \textit{award} and \textit{partOf} that still convey ambiguity.
The determination of fine-grained relation semantics in relational data is an important task which can bring substantial benefits to a wide range of NLP and semantic use cases as discussed further in this section.

The task of \textbf{relation extraction} is essential for information extraction from texts and it continues to be challenging due to the varied semantics of the evolving language.
For identifying patterns and extracting relation mentions from text, unsupervised techniques typically rely on the predefined types of relation arguments~\cite{hasegawa2004discovering,shinyama2006preemptive,chen2005unsupervised}.
Given an existing KG and schema, with the goal to extract facts for a particular relation from a new corpus of text, a distant supervision approach will leverage relation patterns based on the types of entities over the text. As an example, if the relation \textit{created} has been established between a \textit{painter} and \textit{artwork}, then the identification of this relation can be aided by specific patterns in text. However, if the relation \textit{created} is generically defined between any \textit{person} entity and any \textit{work} entity, then the resulting text patterns for this relation will be noisy and varied, therefore may fail to identify the correct fact triples from text. Identifying the different meanings of a relation in different contexts can help with defining concrete patterns for extraction of relation phrases.

This is also useful for identification and \textbf{classification of entities} by their types in a knowledge graph. E.g. the target entity of the relation \textit{directed} is likely to be of type \textit{movie} or \textit{play}. If the relations have a wider semantic range, the type of entities cannot be identified at a fine-grained level. For instance, it might be only possible to identify the entity type as \textit{work} and not specifically \textit{movie}, which could adversely affect the performance of further applications such as \textbf{entity linking} and \textbf{question answering}. Numerous question answering systems that use knowledge graphs as back-end data repositories (KBQA)~\cite{cui2019kbqa} rely on the type information of the entities to narrow down the search space for the correct answers. Thus, distinct relation semantics in terms of the types of connected entities are essential for supporting QA applications over KGs.

We would like to emphasize that task of defining fine-grained relation semantics is important in the context of \textbf{KG refinement}, not being merely limited to already existing datasets but in general.
KGs usually evolve over time and often in a fragmented fashion, where new facts might be added to a KG that do not strictly conform or can be correctly encapsulated by the existing ontology. Addition of such new facts might easily lead to noisy and abstracted semantics in previously well-defined KG relations.
Relation disambiguation would therefore play a important role in identifying new fine-grained sub-relations with precise semantics.
The proposed \textit{FineGReS} method is generally applicable and could prove to be incredibly useful in all the above scenarios.

From these examples,
it is therefore evident that fine-grained relation semantics can be beneficial to a wide variety of use cases and is indeed an important problem that has not been fully explored yet. In the next section, we provide the necessary background and present the problem statement.

\section{Preliminaries}
\label{sec:prelimimaries}

\paragraph{Knowledge Graph.}
For a knowledge graph $\mathcal{G}$, the set of unique relations %
is denoted as $\mathcal{R}$. A KG fact (or triple) $F$ = $\langle e_h, r, e_t \rangle$ consists of the head entity $e_h$, the tail entity $e_t$ and the relation $r$ that connects them, where $e_h$ and $e_t$ belong to the set of entities $\mathcal{E}$. Any given relation $r$ $\in$ $\mathcal{R}$ appears in several triples, forming a subset $\mathcal{G'}$ of $\mathcal{G}$.

\paragraph{Entity Types.}
The semantic types or classes of the entities are defined in an ontology associated with a KG that defines its schema. The entities $e$ $\in$ $\mathcal{E}$ are connected with their types by ontological triples such as $\langle e, typeOf, t \rangle$, where $t \in \Tau$, the set of entity types in the ontology.

We define a type pair as the tuple $\langle t_{h}, t_{t} \rangle$ where $\langle e_h, typeOf, t_{h}\rangle$ and $\langle e_t,typeOf, t_{t}\rangle$.
A set of unique type pairs (for a given relation $r$ and corresponding $\mathcal{G'}$ is denoted as $P_r$.
Thus we have,
$P_r = \{\langle t_{h}, t_{t} \rangle | \langle e_h, typeOf, t_{h} \rangle, \langle e_t, typeOf, t_{t} \rangle, \langle e_h,r,e_t \rangle \in \mathcal{G'} \}$.  The total number of such unique type pairs for relation $r$, i.e. $|P_r|$ is denoted by $\mathcal{L}_{r}$.

\paragraph{KG Embeddings.}
\label{par:embeddings}

Knowledge graph embeddings have gained immense popularity and success for representation learning of relational data. They provide an efficient way to capture latent semantics of the entities and relations in KGs.
The main advantage of these techniques is that they enable easy manipulation of KG components when represented as vectors in low dimensional space.
For example in TransE~\cite{bordes2013translating}, for a triple $\langle h, r, t \rangle$ the vectors \textbf{h}, \textbf{r} and \textbf{t} satisfy the relation \textbf{h} + \textbf{r} = \textbf{t} or \textbf{r} = \textbf{t} - \textbf{h}.
In this work, we leverage the representational abilities of the embeddings to obtain the semantic vectors for relations expressed in terms of the entities associated with them. For vectors \textbf{h}, \textbf{r} and \textbf{t} as obtained from an embedding corresponding to a KG triple $\langle e_h, r, e_t \rangle$, we define a vector \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r_{i}}$} which is a function of \mbox{\boldmath$t_{i}$} and \mbox{\boldmath$h_{i}$}.
Every \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r_{i}}$} vector is mapped to a type pair $P_{r_{i}}$ as per the entities $e_h$, $e_t$ that they are both derived from.

\paragraph{Problem Definition.}
Given a relation $r$ $\in$ $\mathcal{R}$ in $\mathcal{G}$, the set of \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors and the corresponding set of type pairs $P_r$, the goal is to find for this relation an optimal configuration of clusters $\mathcal{C}_{opt}$ = $\{\mathcal{C}_1, \mathcal{C}_2 ... \mathcal{C}_N\}$,
where the \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r_{i}}$} vectors are uniquely distributed among the clusters i.e. each \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r_i}$} $\in$ $\mathcal C_j$, $i = 1...|\mathcal{G'}|$, $j = 1...N$, s.t. an objective function $\mathcal{F}(\mathcal{C}_{opt})$ is maximized.

Further, each cluster $\mathcal C_j$ represents the semantic union of the subset of type pairs $P'_r$ where \mbox{$\exists$ \boldmath{$\Delta_{r_{i}}$}} $\in$ $\mathcal C_j$ s.t. \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r_{i}}$} is mapped to one of the type pairs in $P'_r$.
Thus, the optimal configuration of clusters corresponds to the optimal number of sub-relations and their fine-grained semantics as defined by the type pairs that they represent.
The proposed \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} method can derive this optimal configuration for the relations of a KG.

\section{Method}
\label{sec:method}
In this section, we describe in detail the design and implementation details of the proposed \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} method for a relation that can easily scaled to any number of relations in the dataset.

\subsection{Semantic Mapping for Facts}
\label{sec:datapoints}

For every unique relation $r$ in $\mathcal{G}$, we firstly find the subset of facts $\mathcal{G'}$ where $r$ appears.
To understand the semantics of the entities associated with $r$,
the entities are mapped to their corresponding classes as defined in the underlying ontology.
By doing so, we obtain a list of entity type pairs $\langle t_{h}, t_{t} \rangle$ for the relation.
Note that several entities in $\mathcal{G'}$ might map to the same type and therefore, a single type pair tuple would be obtained several times.
Therefore in the next step, we identify the unique type pairs for a relation $r$ as the set $P$. At this stage, every fact in $\mathcal{G'}$ is associated with a type pair $\langle t_{h}, t_{t} \rangle \in P$ that represents the semantics of this fact.
For example, for the $created$ relation, a triple $\langle DaVinci, created, Mona Lisa \rangle$ would be mapped to $\langle artist, painting\rangle$ as per the types of the head and tail entities.

\subsection{Vector Representations for Relations}
For representing the semantics of $r$ in terms of the associated entities, we leverage pre-trained KG embeddings. As proposed in previous work~\cite{jiang2020learning}, we obtain a representation for $r$ from \textbf{h} and \textbf{t} corresponding to every fact in $\mathcal{G'}$ and denote this vector as \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$}.
In this way, for every relation $r$, a set of \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors is obtained from the KG embeddings, in addition to the actual \textbf{r} vector that the embedding already provides.
These \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors are already mapped to the unique type pairs $P_i$
$\in$ $P$ for the relation $r$ (according to the fact triples they were calculated from)\footnote{we denote $P_r$ as $P$ when the relation $r$ is clear from the context}, such that each unique type pair is represented by a set of \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors.
These \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors encode the information conveyed by both the head and tail entity types together and represent the relationship between the entities, they therefore represent the latent semantics of the relations in different facts.
The \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors become our data points (with the associated type pairs ${P_i}$ serving as their labels).

\input{figures/vector_plots}

\paragraph{Relation Semantics.}
While it is believed that KG embeddings are able to capture relation similarity in the embedding space, i.e., relations having similar semantics occur close together in the vector space~\cite{transF2018knowledge,kalo2019knowledge}, %
we found that relations having multiple semantics
(based on the context of their entities)
are, in fact, not represented well in the vector space.
In fact, for polysemous relations, the vectors obtained for a
single relation (from the different facts that it appears in) form separate clusters in the vector space that do not overlap with the actual relation vector \textbf{r} obtained from the embeddings.
This happens due to the fact that multiple entity pairs connected by the same relation are semantically different from one another.
Figures~\ref{fig:nell-vectors} illustrates an example from the NELL dataset where this behaviour of the embedding vectors for relations is clearly visible.
We leverage this semantically-aware behaviour of the embedding vectors
to determine meaningful clusters of \mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors that represent the distinct latent semantics exhibited by different entity type pairs connected by the same relation, as described next.

\subsection{Clustering for Fine-grained Semantics}

For each relation $r$, the total number of unique type pairs $\mathcal{L}$ = $|P_r|$ is theoretically the maximum number of possible semantic sub-relations or clusters that could be obtained for $r$. This is the \textit{maximal} splitting that will assign a different sub-relation for every different type pair.
However, in practice, it is rare that all the type pairs would have completely different semantics.
For example, the $created$ relation in Yago has type pairs $\langle artist, painting\rangle$ and $\langle artist, music\rangle$ that have the same head entity type, while the type pair $\langle organization, software\rangle$ conveys quite a different meaning.
While a single relation is not sufficient to be representative of the semantics of all facts which is it appears in, at the same time, a naive \textit{maximal} splitting of the relation as per the unique type pairs would also be inefficient and lead to a large number of unnecessary sub-relations.

The \textit{FineGReS} method aims to find an optimal number and composition of clusters $\mathcal{C}_{opt}$ for the type pairs that can convey distinct semantics of the relations based on the data, by combining similar type pairs while separating the dissimilar ones. Each of the clusters having one or more than one semantically similar type pairs represents a potential sub-relation.
In order to obtain this configuration, various compositions of the clusters need to be analysed for optimality. Clustering is performed in an iterative manner with a predefined number of clusters and combinations of type pairs within each cluster.
Since it is not feasible or practical to consider all possible clusters of the type pairs, \textit{FineGReS} leverages the semantic similarity of type pairs to narrow down the search space for obtaining the optimal clusters. For this, the similarity scores between all combinations of the unique type pairs $(t_{h_{i}}, t_{t_{i}})$, $(t_{h_{j}}, t_{t_{j}})$ are calculated.
First, the vector representations for the types are obtained. Subsequently, the similarity scores are obtained by calculating the similarity scores between the vectors corresponding to $t_{h_{i}}$ and $t_{h_{j}}$ as well as $t_{t_{i}}$ and $t_{t_{j}}$ and then taking their mean value.

\paragraph{Iterative Clustering.}
The clustering begins with $\mathcal{L}$ clusters, with each cluster corresponding to one type pair for the relation.
The cluster labels are regarded as type pairs themselves.
Following this, the similarity scores of the type pairs are calculated, and the ones with the highest similarity are considered as candidate pairs to be merged together and placed in a single cluster.
To generate the `ground truth', the data points (\mbox{\boldmath$\Delta_{r}$} vectors) corresponding to both type pairs are assigned the same distinct label.
The number of clusters is given as $\mathcal{L}$ - 1 during the next iteration of clustering, and the cluster labels consist of  $\mathcal{L}$ - 2 original type pairs and one merged type pair.
If two combinations of type pairs have the same similarity score in any iteration, ties are broken arbitrarily.
This process of selecting the most similar pair of class combinations for lowering the number of clusters and obtaining cluster labels as ground truth is repeated until all type pairs have been gradually merged back together in a single cluster.
For each iteration, the quality of the clusters is evaluated and compared to the engineered ground truth, and the best performing cluster configuration is chosen as the optimal set of clusters $\mathcal{C}_{opt}$ that best represent the sub-relations with fine-grained semantics\footnote{It is to be noted that the labeling of newly proposed sub-relations is a separate task on its own. In this work, we merely utilize names of entity types to derive basic labels, however a proper naming scheme for these relations is a complex task in the context of ontology design and out of the scope of the current work.}.

\section{Experimental Analysis}
\label{sec:evaluation}
\input{tables/cluster_scores}

To evaluate the performance of the \textit{FineGReS}, we performed intrinsic empirical analysis in terms of the quality of the optimal clusters as obtained from the method. Further, to show the performance gains from \textit{FineGReS} for a relevant use case, we performed extrinsic evaluation for the task of entity classification.

\paragraph{Datasets.}
We prepared datasets derived from Yago3 and NELL-995 knowledge graphs for relation analysis and disambiguation in this work.
The Yago dataset consists of 1,492,078 triples, with 31 relations and 917,325 unique entities. The NELL dataset includes 154,213 triples, with 200 relations and 75,492 unique entities. For both, the entities were augmented with their types as derived from the respective ontologies of the KGs.

\paragraph{Vectors for Entity Types.}
In order to obtain word vector representations of the class types, we use the pre-trained ConVec embeddings~\cite{NLDBSherkat2017}.
We also leveraged the pre-trained \textit{Sentence-BERT}~\cite{reimers2019sentence} models from the HuggingFace library~\cite{wolf2019huggingface}.
Cosine similarity measure was used for calculating the vector similarities (Euclidean similarity measure provided very similar results).

\paragraph{Knowledge Graph Embeddings.}
We perform our experiments on the following widely used KG embedding models : TransE~\cite{bordes2013translating} and DistMult~\cite{yang2014embedding}. These models are chosen to serve as prominent examples of embeddings using translation distance and semantic matching techniques respectively. We use the model implementations from the LibKGE library~\cite{libkge} for the Yago3-10 dataset and from OpenKE library~\cite{han2018openke} for the NELL-995 dataset. It is important to note that in this work, we have purposefully chosen those embedding techniques that showed the promise of being able to differentiate the multiple semantics of a relation. Indeed there have been some embedding models~\cite{xiao2016transg} that instead aim to encapsulate the different semantics of the relation in a single representative vector, however such techniques are not fruitful towards our goal of fine-grained relation refinement.

\input{tables/example_results}

\paragraph{Baselines.}
We establish several baselines to evaluate and compare the performance of the optimal clusters (hence the corresponding sub-relations) derived from \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} to naive approaches in each experimental setting. \\
\noindent\textit{\textbf{max}} - Sub-relations are obtained on the basis of every different type pair that is found associated with a relation, this naive setting corresponds to the maximum number of clusters.\\
\noindent\textit{\textbf{head}} - Sub-relations
represent all type pairs associated with a common head entity and different tail entities. It is equivalent to grouping the type pairs in the \textit{max} setting by head entity types.\\
\noindent\textit{\textbf{tail}} - Similar to \textit{head}, just replacing head entity with tail entity instead so that sub-relations represent all type pairs associated with a common tail entity and different head entities.

\paragraph{Clustering Techniques.}
To explore the affect of different techniques during the clustering step of \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} method, we employed several algorithms : KMeans clustering(KMC), Spectral (SPC), Optics (OPC) and Hierarchical Agglomerative clustering(HAC).
\subsection{Cluster Quality Evaluation}

The quality of the clusters, and thereby, the resultant sub-relations is measured in terms of homogeneity score~\cite{jain2018type}, this metric favors a clustering scheme where every cluster represents a unique dominant label that corresponds to one or more unique type pairs in our case. Thus, this metric best represents the distinct semantics of the clusters. We measure and report the weighted (as per the number of data points) homogeneity scores for the clusters of all relations in the different settings of KG embeddings and clustering techniques in Table~\ref{tab:cluster-scores}.
It can be seen that in most cases the $\mathcal{C}_{FGReS}$ clusters obtained by the proposed \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} method obtain higher scores than all the other baselines that were considered for defining the cluster configurations for sub-relations. This indicates the efficacy of the method for finding optimal fine-grained sub-relations.%

\paragraph{Discussion.}

Table~\ref{tbl:samplessplits} shows a few representative examples of the sub-relations obtained by \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} in different settings for Yago and NELL. It can be seen that semantically different entity type pairs have been clearly separated out as distinct sub-relations, e.g. the $\langle sovereign, building \rangle$ pair for \textit{owns} relation where \textit{sovereign} is semantically distant from other types or \textit{agentCompetesWith} where $\langle bank, bank \rangle$ is a separate sub-relation. Other sub-relations have multiple type pairs associated with them based on their semantic proximity. Note that in a few cases, the optimal configuration could indeed be the \textit{max} or \textit{head}/\textit{tail} setting for the relation depending on the associated type pairs. The \textit{FineGReS} method is able to automatically determine this optimal configurations of the sub-relations for each relation relying solely on the facts in the dataset and the associated type information.

\subsection{Entity Classification Use Case}

\input{tables/entity_typing}

In order to empirically evaluate the \textit{FineGReS} method in terms of the usefulness of the derived sub-relations, we consider the popular use case of entity classification which is an important task for KG completion~\cite{neelakantan2015inferring}.
It is modeled as a supervised multi-label classification task, where the entities are assigned to their respective types.
Previous works have performed type prediction for entities in KGs based on statistical features~\cite{paulheim2013type}, textual information~\cite{kliegr2016lhd} as well as embeddings~\cite{biswas2020entity}. Taking cue from the same, we built a CNN classifier~\cite{zhang2017sensitivity} for the multi-label classification task which can jointly classify both the entities in a given triple to their respective types.

The dataset for the classification task was obtained by replacing the original polysemous relations in the KG dataset with their corresponding fine-grained sub-relations in the affected triples, obtained from the best performing setting of the \mbox{\textit{FineGReS}} method as well as from the baseline techniques described in Section~\ref{sec:evaluation}. The performance of entity classification measured in terms of weighted precision, recall and F1 scores (averaged over 10 runs) is shown in Table~\ref{tab:entity-typing}.
It can be seen that with well-defined relation semantics, the performance of the entity classification task improved considerably.
In particular, the gains seen over the \textit{max} setting are indicative of the superiority of the \textit{FineGReS} method in terms of not merely finding \textit{any} set of sub-relations but finding the \textit{optimal} configuration of the sub-relations that best represent fine-grained semantics for all relations. (Similar results were also obtained for the NELL dataset).

\section{Related Work}

There is a large body of work in linguistics that deals with multiple semantics of words~\cite{erk2008structured,reisinger2010multi, neelakantan2014efficient}.
Early work on the semantic connections between the relations and their associated entities in texts was introduced in 1963~\cite{katz1963structure} with the concept of \textit{selectional preference} for performing predicate or verb sense disambiguation~\cite{resnik1997selectional}. The idea advocates that verbs can semantically restrict the types of the arguments that occur around them, thus having a preference for certain classes of entities. %
In contrast, our work in this paper focuses on the predicates that are generic and have
insufficient constraints for their entity types. In such cases, the diverse entity types were, in fact, leveraged to identify and define the fine-grained semantics of these predicates by dividing them into multiple predicates.

In other work related to relation semantics, ~\cite{jiang2020learning} explores the entailment between relations, e.g. the relation \textit{creator} entails \textit{author} or \textit{developer} in the sense that \textit{creator} subsumes the other relations. Similar to our work, the authors leverage the entity type information to solve the multi-classification problem of assigning the child relations to the parent ones. Our problem statement of fine-grained relation refinement is significantly more challenging and impactful in the sense that it involves the identification of novel sub-relations in an unsupervised manner.

While the idea of learning better embeddings for \textit{words} by considering their multiple contextual semantics is not new~\cite{vu2016k}, the semantics of \textit{relations} have also been recently studied in regards to learning knowledge graph embeddings.
In ~\cite{lin2015learning} the authors
advocated the need for learning multiple relation vectors to capture the fine-grained semantics, however this study was limited in scope and lacked any consideration for complex entity type hierarchies in KGs.
In~\cite{zhang2018knowledge}, the authors create a 3-level relation hierarchy which combines similar relations as well splits relations into sub-relations, in order to improve the embeddings for relations. The proposed approach is quite rigid and opaque in terms of the actual semantics of the relations obtained from it.
In fact, the number of clusters was predefined for all relations across a dataset, in contrast to the \textit{FineGReS} method that can determine an optimal number of clusters separately for each relation based on the associated entity types.

The diverse semantics of relations was also considered by~\cite{ji2015knowledge} where the authors proposed two different vectors for the relations as well as entities, to capture their meanings and connections with each other. Similarly, in ~\cite{xiao2016transg} the authors discussed the generation of multiple translation components of relations based on their semantics with the help of a bayesian non-parametric infinite mixture model. However, they do not perform a systematic analysis of the relations semantics and a qualitative evaluation of their approach is missing.  %

In general, the above discussed works have leveraged relation polysemy for designing better embedding models and improving their link prediction performance on knowledge graphs.
In this work, we instead approach the problem of relation polysemy and discovery of the latent relation semantics with the goal of knowledge graph refinement and improvement of the quality of the relations in underlying ontology.
More importantly, none of the previous works have explored the challenges of deriving fine-grained relations from an existing polysemous relation in the presence of complex semantic relationships between the associated entity types, which is quite common for real-world datasets. Our proposed \textit{FineGReS} method performs this task in a systematic and data-driven fashion and shows promising benefits for downstream applications.

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we have studied the need for relation disambiguation for knowledge
graphs due to the inherent relation polysemy in these datasets. We have proposed
a scalable, data-driven method \textit{FineGReS} that automatically determines an opti-
mal configuration for deriving sub-relations with concrete semantics. Empirical evaluation has demonstrated the efficacy of the method for learning fine-grained relation semantics for real-world data. The performance improvement achieved for downstream application of entity classification strongly indicates the promise of this approach.
Since the method relies on the type information of the entities, \textit{FineGReS} can currently be applied only to the KGs accompanied by their ontologies, it would be interesting to extend the proposed approach to derive entity semantics from other sources, such as text.
As future work, we also plan to perform a systematic analysis of the utility and impact of this method on further NLP tasks, such as relation extraction and question answering over KGs.

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