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Annapolis portrait of Marshall to show youthful side of civil rights icon
By: Bryan P. Sears Daily Record Government Reporter December 2, 2022
Thurgood Marshall, right, chief legal counsel of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and attorney John W. Davis, left, representing the state of South Carolina, talk before a public hearing in Washington, December 9, 1952. The two advocates were opposing counsels in the battle for racial integration in public schools. (AP Photo)
The area outside the room where the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee meets in Annapolis is getting a small facelift that Chairman Will Smith calls symbolic but important.
In January, the antechamber outside the committee room will be home to a newly commissioned portrait of a young Thurgood Marshall. The portrait will take the place of a portrait of a member of the family who founded the state.
"Symbols really do matter," said Smith, a Democrat who was the first African American elected to the Senate from Montgomery County and the first Black to chair the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee.
"We're now at a moment where we have the first woman comptroller, first African American governor, first African American attorney general," said Smith. "You've got a lot of first that are coming late in time in Maryland."
Smith said he wanted visitors, particularly persons of color who have been disproportionately impacted by some state laws, "to feel more connected to government and to the change we are implementing in that committee."
Staff at the Maryland State Archives, which oversees the state's art collection, credited Smith with the idea of increasing the diversity of its collection by adding a portrait of Marshall, a civil rights attorney from Baltimore who later became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.
Smith wanted something particular — a portrait of Marshall as a young civil rights attorney.
"So many of the portraits that we know of Marshall show him in his elder statesman role," said Catherine Rogers Arthur, senior curator and director of the state Commission on Artistic Property, speaking Thursday during a meeting of the Maryland Commission on Artistic Property.
"It's really an important direction for the artistic property commission to diversify and broaden our collections," she said. "This, I think, is a huge step, and it's just been such an exciting project for all of us to be part of."
Smith, Arthur and a team comprised of staff from the archives as well as Leslie King-Hammond, founding director of the Center for Race and Culture at the Maryland Institute College of Art, and attorney Larry Gibson set out to commission an artist to bring the vision to life.
In January, Smith and others hope to unveil the portrait by Ernest Shaw Jr. Shaw, 53. It will replace a portrait of Cecil Calvert, the second Baron of Baltimore and proprietor of the Maryland colony.
Shaw is a Baltimore-born artist. In addition to portraits, he is known for his murals, including roughly a dozen in Baltimore.
The portrait cost about $33,000 — all paid for by private donations from lawmakers, law firms and other entities, according to a list provided by Arthur. Official portraits of Gov. Larry Hogan and his wife Yumi cost about $100,000 combined. Former Gov. Parris Glendening's official portrait cost $35,000.
Shaw, who was not immediately available for comment, likely drew inspiration from pictures provided by the archives.
Smith, Arthur and others have yet to see the completed work but have seen early renderings. Smith said those early images show a younger Marshall as he prepared to argue Murray v. Pearson, the case that desegregated the University of Maryland School of Law. Smith said Marshall is shown practicing his oral arguments on the second floor of the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper.
Donald Gaines Murray himself would go on to become a civil rights attorney and argue cases that desegregated the rest of the University of Maryland.
"There are so many cool intersections of history," said Smith. "I think it's a fantastic way to project a more welcoming and open environment for the committee."
1:44 pm Fri, December 2, 2022 Maryland Daily Record
Bryan P. Sears


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distinguished from the sea, we call the Land. Now,
in the prophetic writers, 'H [m, the land, as opposed
to the sea, is found frequently to signify the Holy
Land, the people of Israel, so long as they con-
tinued the people of God *. And between these and
the Gentile converts, who are represented by the sea t,
there was, in the early times of Christianity, a marked
line of distinction; the circumcised being bound to
the observance of the ceremonial law, while the un-
circumcised were free from such obligation. They are
separated in the New Testament also, under the diffe-
rent appellations of 1201 and Elvos I, and on account y
of this division, there was a corresponding distribution
of offices to the Apostles and teachers; some among
whom being sent to the circumcision, others to the
Gentiles . This distinction has occurred before in.',,,,
ch. vii. of this prophecy; and will recur in the pro-
gress of the book.
The descendants of the twelve Patriarchs, preserved miraculously as a separate peo- +, ple, may probably make a separate part of Christ's heritage after their conversion to his name ||
Ib. And the third part of the land was burned up, and the third part of the trees was burned up, and all green grass.] Trees, and other vegetables, represent the converts of Religion; some of whom are
* See Is. xxiv, throughout, and the Prophets generally,
+ See note below, v. 8.
1 Acts iv. 27. xxi. 28. xxvi. 17. 23. Rom. xv. 10.
$ Gal. ii. 7, 9.
ll See notes, ch. ii. 9. vii. 4. xi. 1..We have reason to believe,
that the Church, even in its glorious and triumphant state, shall still
be conformed to its primitive division : for, Christ assured his Apos.
tles, that when the Son of Man should sit upon the throne of bis
glory, they also should sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes;
of Israel. Jones's Lectures on the Epistle to the Hebrews, p. 381.
"rooted and grounded in the faith ;" others, having no root, cannot stand against the storm. The third part of these is destroyed. To aplov, the third part, is an expression not uncommon with the prophetic : writers: compare Ezek. v. 12. and Zech. xiii. 8, 9,
&c.; where the third part represents the remnant of the
people who are to be saved, — few in number, when
compared with those who are to perisha: but here the
greater part of the Christian plants are to survive
the attack. But no grass is left; all green grass
"Het was burned up." Grass, in Scriptural language,
represents the gaily flourishing; those who exhibit a
promising appearance, yet, like herbage in hot burnting climates, are soon withered and gone f. Such
persons, our Lord foretold, would "spring up quickly; " with joy receive the word, but, in time of perse"cution, fall away." The first persecution which attacked the Church, arose from the Jewish zealots, and fell upon the converted Jews. Saint Stephen and Saint James the Elder, and James the Just, suffered martyrdom under such. Saint Paul was an instrument of this rage, and afterwards a sufferer by it. It continued to molest the Church grievously at the time when this prophecy was uttered, as may be seen in ch. ii. 9 - 12. m. 9 : and the few ancient records which we now possess of those early times, shew that it was continued afterwards #.
• Psalms i. 3. lxxx. 8, 9. &c. Isaiah v. 7. 24. Ixi, 3. xliv. 4. Jer. 1. 21. 2 Kings xix. 30. Matt. iii. 10. xii. 6. 21. xv. 13. Eph. iii. 17. Jude 12.
+ See Psalms 1xxii. 16. xc. 7. Matt. vi. 30. James i. 10. And by comparing Exod. x. 15; Is. xv. 6. xxxvii. 27 ; Ezek. xvii, 24. XX. 47 ; in the Septuagint; it will be evident, that tawgos xoplos is the green, flourishing grass, opposed to the Enços, withered,
See Justin Martyr's Dialogue with 'Trypho, in various passages. See also the martyrdom of Ignatius, where the unconverted Jews are
represented
Ver. 8. A great mountain, burning with fire, was 's cast into the sea; &c.] At the sound of the second
non Trumpet, the hostile invasion of the antichristian powers die falls upon the sea. Under this name, or that of the Isles of the sea, or Isles of the Gentiles, the nations de . beyond the pale of the Jewish Church, the Gentiles, are frequently represented *. These, by the original
'S: counsel and appointment of God, were, in process of time, to partake the benefits of Christianity, and to be exposed to its warfare. Upon these the attack descends,
ide lis, under the symbol of "a great mountain burning with " fire." A mountain, in prophetic language, signifies (lvirsi. an eminent seat of power, civil or religious. From the mountain of Sinaï, the Law was proclaimed; it was the seat of the God and King of the chosen peo- . ple. On Mount Sion afterwards stood His temple and Lace the place of His local residence: and the increasing kingdom of Christ is described under the emblem of a mountain, which shall fill the whole earth t. And
ainsi the powers, who opposed God and his people, had their fastnesses, and local worship, on the tops of increase mountains,
" on every high hill ." Under such figu- te te for rative language, the Christian Religion is called Mount Sion, and is contrasted with the Jewish Law, called Mount Sinaï, in the Epistle to the Hebrews §. the box In this sense, Babylon, that eminent seat of power and árv of idolatry, hostile to true Religion, is by the pro-we-Lun
represented as the most active instigators of that persecution. See likewise Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, cent. i. ch. v.
• Gen. x. 5. Psalm lxv. 5. Isaiah xxiii, 2, 11. xxiv. 14. xvi. 12, niti 13. lx. 5. 9. xlii. 4.; compared with Matt. xii. 21. Ezek, xxvi, 15, &c. Eccl'us xxiv. 56. + Is. xxv. 6. Dan. ix. 16. ii. 35, 44, Mic, xiii. 12. Zech. viii. 3.". Ezek, xviii. 14. Mic. i. 45.
Heb. xii. 18, &c. ช่ 4.
phets 16:19 alia
phets called a mountain, although it stood in a low situation by the river, and upon an extended plain. " Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain; "I will stretch out iny hand upon thee, and roll thee " down from the rocks." To which is added, "I will "make thee a burnt mountain." And these words appear to be spoken prophetically of the utter destruction of Babylon, frequently foretold in other passages. The mountain before us is still burning, and as such, is to become a formidable neighbour and enemy to the sea,-to the Gentile Christians, as the hail and fire had been to the land, -to the Jewish converts. The effect is similar in both," Blood;" — and the third part perishes. A large proportion of " those who had life," (that is, as I conceive, spiritual life in Christ) *, and who were distinguished among the Gentiles for their eminence, like ships which lift their heads above the plain of waters, perishes. " Howl, ye ships of Tarshish t," is an address to the inhabitants of Tarshish, and not literally to their ships And to die, in the figurative language of Scripture, is to lose the spiritual life which is in Christ I. Our Lord had foretold under the same figure, (" Fire,") that his Religion should not descend upon the world without producing persecution, divisions, contentions, bloodshed, for the trial of faith, under which, many should fall away ģ. The Gentile converts were mingled with the heathen idolaters, whose power and corrupt religion were in due time, like Babylon, to become " a burnt mountain." But the period of its extinction was not yet arrived: it was now burning, and, as such, became terrible to all around. During
• See note, ch. iii. i.
See note, ch. iii. 2.
+ Is. xxiii. 1.
& Luke xii. 49. 1 Pet. i. 7.
the three first centuries, the idolatrous power was consuming away from the fire inflicted upon it from above, and which had been cast upon the earth from the altar of the True Religion (v. 5). But so long as it continued burning, the persecution of the idolaters raged grievously against the Gentile Churches, and great was the number of the lapsed *.
Ver. 10, 11. A great star, burning like a meteor ; &c.] Upon the sound of the third Trumpet, there is seen to fall from heaven a great star, burning like a aceptas: which Greek word will be found to express any bright effulgence, a lamp, a torch, &c.; but having in this passage the semblance of a star, it may be deemed what in our language we call a meteor; thus therefore have I translated it. The Elder Pliny, describing, from the Greek Philosopher Hipparchus, various kinds of meteors, calls them by this very name lampades t. Such a meteor passing through the nocturnal air, is by Homer called a star ;
Οίον δ'αστερα ήκι Κρονα ταϊς αγκυλομήλεω. .
ILIAD. iv. 75.
which Virgil imitating, says,
de cælo lapsa per umbras, Stella, facem ducens, multâ cum luce cucurrit.
Æneid. ii. 1
* Under this name, those Christians are represented in ecclesiastical bistory, who denied their faith in the times of persecution; and it was only by very severe penitence, that they could be restored to the bosom of the Church. Euseb. Hist. Eccl. lib. vi. c. 44. Cypriani Epistolæ ix. x. xi. et seq. Mosheim, cent. iii. part i. ch 2. + Nat. Hist. lib. ii. c. 26. See also Aristot. Meteorol. lib. i. c. 4.
Sæpè etiam stellas, vento impendente, videbis
Præcipites cælo labi,
GEORG. i. 365.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


TOTTENHAM have named a strong team to face Burnley this afternoon.
Tottenham have made just two changes from the side that thumped Hull 3-0 in midweek.
Mauricio Pochettino has shuffled his formation with Harry Winks in for the injured Toby Alderweireld.
And Moussa Dembele is in for Moussa Sissoko.
Harry Kane starts up front alongside Dele Alli and Christian Eriksen in attack.
Burnley have made just one change.
Ashley Barnes replaces Sam Vokes, who drops to the bench.
Barnes will start alongside Andre Gray in attack as the Clarets aim to continue their impressive start to the season.


I need you to provides Google Ads accounts to run campaigns as following details I as employe...those 10 accounts I will provide suitable websites for each campaigns, accounts and/or ads copy I will provide Keyword and ads copy text I will provide fund for campaign expense in advance. And if I failed to do that, you may stop all campaigns immediately.
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text:
Teams and Squads
Get cricket series, tournaments, and tours fixtures, time tables and cricket stats on line. Latest cricket news
World Cup 2019: India's bossing of league stage a stern warning for New Zealand Cricket Blog
September 9, 2019 by cricket-admin Leave a Comment
Virat Kohli's India finished World Cup's league stage with the best record. (AFP Image)
MANCHESTER: "We wanted to play good cricket. To be honest, we didn't expect this kind of scoreline heading into the semis. But that's what consistent performances and hard work get you." ALSO READ: India crush Sri Lanka to end as league stage toppers
These words from Virat Kohli after the Sri Lanka game sum up India's dominance this World Cup. Played 9, Won 7, Lost 1 and 1 no-result. If that doesn't highlight just what a romp it has been for India in the round-robin stage of the World Cup, we wonder what will. The rollicking run allowed India to emerge as the most successful team of the tournament and finish top in the points-table. Compare this to the unbeaten run Australia had in 2003 and 2007, and yet India's achievement overshadows the formidable record of the five-time World Champions. ALSO READ: New Zealand hope to press reset button
Why, you ask? The format of the 2019 World Cup may be uncomplicated but it surely is testing. Unlike the group format, India have played every opponent and beaten them, barring England. India entered the tournament as one of the teams to beat and till the end of the league stage, lived up to the moniker. Australia, South Africa, Pakistan and West Indies – all were beaten. The only bump they endured was against the home side, where chasing down 339, India still ended up with 306. They overcame the disappointment with a nervy win against Bangladesh and followed it with a resounding thrashing of Sri Lanka. If the term juggernaut has to be entitled to someone, India more than any other team, deserves it.
Two more wins and India will achieve their cricketing heaven, but a lot can happen between the semi-final and the final. Until a couple of days ago, India didn't even know who they were facing – England in Birmingham on New Zealand in Manchester. On the day India beat Sri Lanka, the Indian media contingent was more hooked to the Australia-South Africa game. People were scrambling for reservations alright, though what painted a bigger picture was their eagerness to see India head to Old Trafford than Edgbaston.
And when Nathan Lyon found Aiden Markram at deep-midwicket to give South Africa a win, there was a sense of relief. India vs New Zealand was final. It simply had to come to this. The match that did not take place in the league phase was going to happen eventually. But while World Cup semi-finals carry weightage around them, strangely enough, it seems as if this one in particular has already delivered a result.
Jasprit Bumrah has taken taken 17 wickets already in the 2019 World Cup. (AFP Image)
They may have been the fourth team to qualify for the semis, many have already written them off. Once unbeaten after six games in the tournament, New Zealand have slipped dramatically to lose their last three league games. They've mostly been bogged down by the collective failures of their batsmen and although ruling out a team like New Zealand in a winner-take all contest is never a good idea, India do seem to be better placed.
And this despite, to think that around the mid-way mark, India were struggling to get their middle order combinations sorted. They can still do with a little more balance and the emergence of Rishabh Pant as India's new No. 4 offers hope en route to establishing the perfect batting order. Yet, their overall performance has been extremely clinical. A cursory glance at the numbers will prove just how effective India, both as a batting and bowling unit have been.
There's nothing new to be added about Rohit Sharma that already hasn't been said. Batting like a dream, the hottest opener going around in world cricket, also probably the best batsman in the world are terms that have already been associated with Rohit. With five World Cup centuries this this edition itself, this is probably the best he's ever batted. Three of them have been on the trot. Such has been Rohit's consistency that he is even bossing the law of averages.
And he's done this when early on in the tournament, he lost his opening partner Shikhar Dhawan to a fractured thumb. In comes KL Rahul, with whom Rohit had never opened before. But hey, no problem. Rahul and Rohit have gone on to establish themselves as the newest opening sensation, putting together 634 runs with three century stands. Rohit has obviously burned up the charts, but Rahul has managed to succeed expectations as well, scoring 323 runs in six innings. From almost set to take over the No. 4 position, Rahul the opener has re-emerged to the fore.
The success of Rohit and Rahul at the top of the order has been a pleasant surprise for India, but the one little odd letdown has been Kohli's pending World Cup 2019 century. It's been termed a letdown only because of Kohli's appetite to score big runs and convert his starts into hundreds. Somehow, it hasn't happened yet but his five consecutive half-centuries ensured India's new top three lived up to its billing. This World Cup alone, they have struck a mind-blowing average of 93.94.
The No 4, 5 and 6 might continue to pose questions. But the truth is that India's middle order hasn't fared too bad. The perception may seem otherwise because let's face it, like always, Rahul, Rohit and Kohli have done the bulk of the scoring. But whenever the middle-order has received the chance, it's not as if it's left India high and dry.
Kedar Jadhav's fighting half-century against Afghanistan, MS Dhoni's unbeaten half-century against West Indies and the mighty crucial 35 against Bangladesh, Hardik Pandya's 48 vs Australia and 46 against West Indies have given India a lift. Once these stop coming is when India need to hit the panic button. Besides, which team hasn't stuttered between overs 35 and 50 on England's slow, sluggish wickets?
Henry Nicholls pinned in front of the wicket for a duck against England. (AFP Image)
If Rohit has led India's supremacy with the bat, Jasprit Bumrah and Mohammed Shami have excelled with the same effectiveness with the ball. And to think that Shami wasn't even in India's starting XI during the first three games. Like KL Rahul got his chance at the expense of Dhawan's injury, Bhuvneshwar Kumar's pulled hamstring gave Shami his break in World Cup. The result was an emphatic 14 wickets in four matches at an excellent average of 13.78 and strike rate of just 15 – both the best in the tournament.
With 17 wickets in eight matches at a strike rate of 26.1, Bumrah has been economical conceding just 4.48 runs per over. Couple these numbers with his yorkers in the death and Bumrah has proven why he's the No. 1 bowler in the world. Time and again, he has emerged as Kohli's go-to man. Wristspinners Yuzvendra Chahal and Kuldeep Yadav have applied the squeeze even though the last couple of games have been slightly off for both.
This however, doesn't mean India have concerns. Barring Bhuvneshwar's struggle against Sri Lanka, India have their boxes ticked, and will be eyeing their third fourth World Cup final. In the last three World Cups, India have lost just three matches, which is quite something. But New Zealand are in the final four for a reason too. Trent Boult has troubled India's top order with his left-arm pace. His figures in the last three outings against them read 5/21, 3/39 and 4/33. Lockie Ferguson will be back and Mitchell Santner, as per Kohli, adds a variety to their attack.
Having said that, except Kane Williamson and Ross Taylor firing in bits and pieces, the rest of the New Zealand bats have gone cold. Except Afghanistan, New Zealand is the only team in the tournament who don't have a 300 in the tournament and between their No. 4 and No. 7, the highest score is 95. They have an opener conundrum to address. Martin Guptill has hot just one fifty and Colin Munro and Henry Nicholls have combined to score 133 runs from eight innings. Against a bowling attack like India, New Zealand's batsmen face a daunting task.
Ferguson and his coach Gary Stead were content with people the perception of New Zealand not having a chance against India, as it allows the team to go about their preparations silently while India continue to deal with massive expectations. Such words make for great headlines but ploy is to keep focus off you and the team. After their game against England, New Zealand have had a good couple of days to regroup before they assembled in Manchester.
It would indeed be foolish to already envision India in the final, although its chances are high.
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FedEx Expands Same Day Delivery
October 26, 2017 • by Staff
Photo courtesy of FedEx.
FedEx has expanded its SameDay City delivery service to 1,800 cities in 30 regional U.S. markets, the company has announced.
With SameDay City, FedEx offers residential and business delivery of time-sensitive parcels within hours using FedEx-branded vehicles. An accompanying mobile app allows users to track the status of the package.
The move comes as competition with Amazon for faster deliveries is heating up. On Nov. 8, Amazon is launching Amazon Key, which will allow drivers to deliver a package inside the home of a Prime member. The service includes a security camera and smart lock.
Amazon has also launched Business Prime Shipping that offers free two-day shipping for business supplies.
FedEx SameDay City is now available in regions including Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville, Los Angeles, Memphis, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Orange County, Orlando, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Riverside, Sacramento, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Louis, Tampa, and Washington, D.C.
Related: FedEx Boosts Fleet Fuel Efficiency
Read more about Amazon.com FedEx Delivery Fleets
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There are many concerns that must be addressed when creating a policy, as concerns can be different for every company. This includes effectively communicating policies and reviewing them on an annual basis.


The horizon (layer) of the Earth below the A and B horizons. Called the substratum, it is usually not affected by rain, change of temperature, or other surface conditions.
An assessor who, through the completion of required courses, experience, and examination, has earned this designation by the International Association of Assessing Officers.
Any interior carpentry which will be seen and must be finished with skill and care. One who does this work is called a cabinet maker or, more commonly, a finish carpenter.
Inventory of real property in a community for tax and assessment purposes.
A watertight chamber in which men work underwater, or in an open excavation where loose soil or sand cave in on the workers. It may also be filled with concrete after it is used, and become a support.
Real estate loans available to armed forces veterans from California, at low interest rates.
A sprawling, one story, ranch-style building, lending itself to interior flexibility in floor plan design.
In metes and bounds description, the angle and distance of a given line or arc. Each call is usually preceeded by the word "then" or "thence". Example:N 22% E 100' (1st call), thence N 80% E 100' (2nd call). (2) To demand payment due to default. Also used when a loan payment is not large enough to amortize the loan. Example: A mortgage payment requiring 20 years to pay in full but for a term of 5 years would be referred to as a 20-year amortization with a 5- year call.
Originally a term used when a bond is redeemed prior to maturity, it is now also used in describing mortgages. [See Call(2)].
A loan payable upon demand.
A clause in a note and mortgage allowing the lender to demand full payment of the loan before the full term.
A slight bending or arching to a convex angle. Used to prevent beams, girders, flooring, ship decks, timbers, and similar load- bearing members, from taking a concave shape.
A Spanish word meaning highway.
A free standing bell tower.
(1) A man made waterway used to connect bodies of water for navigation. (2) An irrigation waterway.
A measure of light, being the luminous intensity of a 7/8 inch sperm candle burning at 120 grains per hour. An international candle is based on the burning of platinum.
A measure of light, equal to one candle burning for one hour.
The intensity of a light, expressed in candles.
A structural support which itself is supported at one end only and bears its load through its material strength and rigidity.
A bridge formed by two cantilevered members extending toward each other and connecting each other or a suspended span.
(1) A maximum amount of charge. Example: An Adjustable Rate Mortgage with a 5% rate cap could not adjust the interest rate by more than 5%. (2) A fitting used to seal, such as by a plumber to seal (cap) a pipe end. (3) A cornice, lintel, or top of a structure member such as a column.
One's ability to carry on normal business transactions. Lack of capacity may be natural (unsound mind) or simply by law (a minor). Restrictions may be full or partial.
An adaption of the New England cottage. May be one or two stories with sloping roof, usually with dormer windows, cornices, and of frame painted white.
Literally, heads. Commonly, persons individually. See also: Per Capita.
Assets of a permanent nature used to produce income, such as machinery, buildings, equipment, land, etc. Must be distinguished from inventory. A machine which makes pencils, for example, would be a capital asset to pencil manufacturer, but inventory to the company whose business is to sell such machines.
Money spent on improvements such as land, buildings, machinery, and similar major expenditures which are not inventory.
Gain realized from the sale of a capital asset. The difference between the purchase and sale price less allowable deductions, plus depreciation.
Loss from the sale of a capital asset. The difference between the purchase and sale price plus allowable deductions, less depreciation.
A general term referring to the stock a corporation may issue, the amount actually subscribed by shareholders, the value of the company, liability to the shareholders, etc.
Determining a present value of income property by taking the annual net income (either known or estimated) and discounting by using a rate of return commonly acceptable to buyers of similar properties. For example: Net income of a property is $10,000 per year. Capitalizing at a rate of 10%, the property would be worth $100,000.
To determine the present money value of future income, whether estimated or fixed.
The value of the property after use of the capitalization approach of appraisal.
In appraisal, a value based on whim or emotion and not reflective of the fair market value.
The comparison of the rate of sales or leases of real estate developments in a given market area.
The connection (bridge) used to transfer railroad cars to or from land and a barge. The bridge must be vertically mobil to adjust to changing water levels.
A roof supported by pillars or cantilevered which shelters a car. May either extend from a structure (usually a house) or be constructed separately (often to accommodate several cars).
The tax basis in a tax deferred exchange which is transferred (carried over) from the property given up to the property acquired.
(1) An external framework of a structure. (2) A court action.
A window hinged at its sides, allowing it to swing open vertically.
(1) Money or (2) its equivalent (checks, bank notes, etc.). Ready money.
Money which is available to meet the requirements of operating a business.
A discount from a billed amount if paid within a certain period.
In investment property, the actual cash the investor will receive after deduction of operation expenses and debt service (loan payment) from his gross income.
A statement of cash on hand which the buyer intends to apply to closing costs, impounds, and down payment. Also shows the source of the money (savings, gift, etc.).
A term used in farm rental to distinguish between money rent and rent paid by giving a portion of the crop to the owner (share crop).
An amount of money sometimes required by a lender to be held in reserve in addition to the down payment and closing costs.
A sale for full payment in cash, as opposed to a credit sale. A payment by check is considered cash. May be qualified, as "cash to new loan", "cash to existing loan", etc.
The amount of cash received compared to the amount of cash invested. Also called the Equity Dividend Rate, Cash Flow Rate or Equity Capitalization Rate.
A new mortgage loan that pays off any existing debts on the property and still gives the borrower cash.
The exterior surface or covering of a building such as aluminum siding, a roof, etc.
A grill or grating placed in the ground over which cattle will not cross.
A narrow, elevated walkway along a wall, girders, or over a stage or other area where it may be necessary for a person to go for operation or repair.
A raised roadbed over lowlands. See also: Levee.
"Let Him Beware" - A formal notice to a court or officer, given by an interested party, asking that the court suspend proceedings until deciding on the merits of the caveat.
"Let the buyer beware". Legal maxim stating that the buyer takes the risk regarding quality or condition of the item purchased, unless protected by warranty or there is misrepresentation. Modernly, consumer protection laws have placed more responsibility for disclosure on the seller and broker.
Refers to a brick or stone wall which is actually built as two separate walls, joined only at the top and ends, and so "hollow". Also called a hollow wall.
A term used in some areas to describe the restrictive limitations which may be placed on property. In other areas, simply called restrictions.
(1) The overhead interior lining of a room, building, etc. (2) A maximum amount.
A storage room or group of rooms, usually under a building, which are used for storage.
A mineral powder which, when mixed with water and allowed to set will dry hard and can be used in construction as floors, walls, etc.
A building block, composed of cement, and usually hollow. See also: Cinder Block.
An assessment of property under one ownership but located in more than one assessment district. Used for railroads and public utilities to stabilize the assessment value.
An area of a city where most of the major businesses are located. The "downtown" area.
(1) The downtown area of a major city. (2) A city which is central to a metropolitan area containing many cities. The name of the central city is used for the whole area. For example: Los Angeles metropolitan area.
A variation of the buydown. The seller purchases a savings certificate (usually with the proceeds of the sale) from the lender. The lender sets the buyer's interest rate below market (generally 2 percent above the certificate rate). Should the seller withdraw the certificate funds, the buyer's rate goes to market rate.
One of the many indices that may be used for interest rate changes in an adjustable rate mortgage.
A certificate obtained by a veteran from a Veteran's Administration office which states that the veteran is eligible for a V.A. insured loan. There is a list of requirements (when and how long the veteran served, type of discharge, etc.) which also may be obtained from the V.A. office.
A certificate giving the estimate of value on which to base a loan guaranteed by the Veterans Administration.
Evidence of redeeming (buying back) a property by the owner after losing it through a judicial sale. The time limit for redemption is set by statute.
Certificate issued to the buyer at a judicial sale (such as a tax sale), which will entitle the buyer to a deed upon confirmation of the sale by the court or if the land is not redeemed within a specified time.
The evidence of eligibility given to a veteran by the VA. The certificate gives the veteran status to obtain certain loans with less money down.
A designation conferred by the Commercial Investment Real Estate Institute, an affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. The designation recognizes expertise in many different areas including commercial real estate sales, leasing, property management, appraisal, development, lending and investment counseling.
A designation conferred by the Mortgage Bankers Association of America (MBA) to employees of its member companies after experience, educational and testing requirements have been met.
A designation awarded to accountants by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) after completing the required education and passing a national exam. Only CPA's may audit HUD programs unless registered before 1970.
A designation conferred by the Real Estate Brokerage Managers Council upon a brokerage owner or manager who is an expert in the field.
A designation conferred by The Council of Residential Specialists upon those who have successfully completed the required courses and are experts in residential real estate transactions.
An appellate review of the complete record of a lower court action, rather then simply a review of an appeal for judicial error.
A pit or pool which holds raw sewage.
One having an equitable interest in property, legal title being vested in a trustee.
The person whose life is used to determine the length of an estate based on a life in being.
See: Chain Of Title; Chains And Links.
A store belonging to a series of similar stores under central ownership and management, and striving for uniformity in design, inventory, and service.
Measurements. In real estate measurements (surveying) a chain is 66' long or 100 links, each link being 7.92". The measurement may change when used in fields other than surveying.
The principle that no physical or economic condition remains the same.
The time between adjustments of interest and payment on a adjustable rate mortgage.
When there is a name change of a party appearing on a document (deed, etc.), it may be reflected in several ways, such as (1) Mary Smith, a married woman, W.A.T.A. (who acquired title as) Mary Jones, an unmarried woman. (2) Mary Smith AKA (also known as) Mary Jones. (3) Mary Smith, formerly Mary Jones. (4) Mary Smith, alias Mary Jones. Each may be applicable in different circumstances (how and why the name was changed).
In construction, a written instruction to alter the original construction plan.
(1) An open or closed duct or conduit. (2) A gutter, furrow, or groove. (3) The deepest part of a natural waterway through which the main current flows, and which affords the best passageway for ships.
The term used to describe traffic direction. Traffic is "channeled" by use of one way streets, signs directing turns, island barriers, etc.
(1) A place of worship apart from a church, such as a hospital chapel, college chapel, etc. Generally for a small group. (2) A portion of a church secondary and subordinate to the main alter.
The unpaid balance of a loan that a lender writes off as a bad debt.
A lien on personal property. Also called a security interest or financing statement.
All estates in real property less than fee estates, such as a lease.
A method of planting rows of plants on intersecting lines, forming a "checkerboard" effect. Used for corn, tomatoes, and other vegetables.
A valve to prevent backup of material being carried through a pipe or other conduit.
A statement by a working husband and wife showing the amount paid for child care and to whom paid.
Any passage through which smoke from a fire passes. Most commonly the passage, constructed of brick, from a fireplace to above the roof of a building.
An earthenware or metal pipe or deflector, projecting from the top of the chimney to increase draft and reduce and disperse smoke.
A right to an action for recovery of a debt or to possession of anything held by another. The right to possession rather than possession.
Something in possession, rather than the right to possession.
A public place of worship, usually Christian worship. See also: Synagogue; Temple.
A Spanish word meaning a swamp or marsh, formed by hillside springs.
A building block composed of cinders (ashes) and cement, which does not have the weight or strength of a cement block.
A semicircular window, usually above a door, which has no moving parts and is used as a decoration as well as to admit light.
An electrical device which has taken the place of the fuse in most buildings. The circuit is broken (electricity shut-off) when there is an overload. The circuit breaker can be reset rather than replaced as a fuse must be.
The regular traffic pattern, as from a residential area to a business district and back.
A highway which arcs around the central business district of a city. Also called a belt highway or by-pass.
A tank used for storing rain water for use in areas where there is no water brought to the property by plumbing.
Technically, a municipal corporation having voting by represen-tatives to operate its functions, rather than direct voting, as in a town. Commonly, any large incorporated town is called a city.
Any action which is not a criminal action.
(1) Roman Law. The legal system derived from the Romans which is prevalent in most of the non-English speaking countries, and, to some degree, in Louisiana. Differs from Common Law of England, from which United States Law is derived. (2) Any laws which are not criminal laws.
An act passed to strengthen the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The act, among other things, prohibits discrimination in housing.
Narrow boards used as siding for frame houses, and having one edge thicker than the other. The boards run horizontally with the thicker edge overlapping the thinner edge.
Underground system of tanks with filters or chemical agents designed to remove or neutralize harmful wastes from water before emptying said water into a sewer or septic tank.
An action brought on behalf of a group of people having a similar claim. Has become increasingly popular in the consumer movement, and is a strong weapon against unfair pricing when the price of overcharging in one instance would be too minor to bring suit.
A substandard loan which a bank should not have made.
A room specially designed to have a controlled atmosphere, for health reasons or experimentation accuracy, such as a germ free room or a dust free room.
A federal act, first adopted in 1977, to stop pollution of waterways and protect wildlife and recreational areas.
The height of the lowest overhead framing member (usually the top of the door frame) as measured from the floor.
High quality lumber "clear" of most defects, particularly knots.
An interior area which does not use columns or posts to hold up the roof, thereby creating a large, open area with maximum visibility and use of the floor space.
(1) The removal of structures from an area for urban renewal. (2) The maximum height of a vehicle which may safely pass under a bridge or through a tunnel.
A wall or portion of a wall to which the roof attaches at a higher level than the other walls or portions of a wall of a building. Generally found in church construction and contains windows.
Traditionally one who employs an attorney. Has loosely been used to refer to the principal of a real estate agent, insurance agent, stock broker, etc.
(1) A corporation not allowing its shareholders to vote for directors or officers. (2) A corporation owned by a small group of shareholders and not having publicly traded stock. Commonly, and incorrectly, called a closed corporation.
A fund (sometimes dealing in real estate or mortgages) which is not accepting new investors. The shares in the fund are bought and sold, either at a premium, par, or a discount, based on the success of the fund. The shares are not sold and redeemed through the fund but on the open market. The same technique is used with closed end trusts.
An intersection using loop shaped ramps and grade separation to accomplish the intersecting of traffic without signal lights or stop signs. When viewed from above, the shape of the intersection resembles a cloverleaf.
A method of real estate canvassing by looping around a specific property (one listed or sold) in the shape of a cloverleaf, in order to obtain listings or buyers.
Building houses close together with little yard space and a large common area, rather than each house having a large yard. The density is usually greater in the cluster project.
Zoning allowing the construction of buildings closer together than normal (clustered) and then requiring the balance of the property to be kept as open space.
One who shares the duties of administrator with one or more other administrators.
One who shares the duties of executor with one or more other executors.
One who signs a mortgage with another as borrower. The term is often applied to one who intends to guaranty the loan even though co-mortgagors have equal liability.
A general term encompassing a number of methods to determine the position of intersecting lines, planes, points, etc.
The seashore or land near it.
A commission set up to control construction in coastal areas.
An addition to a will, which modifies the will by adding to it, subtracting from it, or clarifying it.
One of the many indexes used to determine rate changes for an adjustable rate mortgage. COFI is considered a good index for the borrower.
A note in which a debtor confesses judgement in the event of nonpayment and waives all defenses.
A cornerstone, usually differing in size (and sometimes material) from the rest of the wall, also spelled quoin.
A sharing of the risk of an insurance policy by more than one insurer. Usually one insurer is liable up to a certain amount; the other liable over that amount.
Soliciting door to door or by phone without any previous contact. A good method for a salesperson to begin to establish a farm area. See: Farm (3).
A corporation which is sold instead of its product, in order to create a capital gain rather than ordinary income for tax purposes. For example: A and B (persons) are real estate developers who want to build an office building to sell. They form a corporation which builds the building. Then, rather than selling the building, A and B sell the corporation, claiming capital gain on the stock profit. Federal tax laws regulate such transactions.
An assignment of property as collateral security, and not with the intent to transfer ownership from assignor to assignee.
One not in a direct line of descent of inheritance. Example: A nephew, not a son.
A promissory note secured by specific property.
A mortgage-backed security. CMOs are similar to mortgage-backed securities except that CMOs offer the option of short or long maturity. The future cash flows from a group of mortgages are split into varying length classes to satisfy the needs of investors who seek different maturity lengths. (See: Mortgage-Backed Securities).
An agreement of two or more people to do something unlawful. Generally, an agreement between people who represent different interests and "sell out" these interests for personal gain.
Two story houses with windows divided into small panes, usually with shutters. The main facade is detailed and symmetrical, generally with a center entrance. Architecture following the style of New England colonial houses.
Columns, regularly spaced, which support an architrave. See also: Peristyle; Portico.
That which gives the appearance of good title, but actually contains some defect. For example: A conveyance given without the grantor having good title.
A large vertical support member of a structure. A pillar, usually cylindrical.
The support bases for load-bearing columns. Generally composed of reinforced concrete.
Small lots for the placement of columns to support a structure, such as a billboard or other structure which has its largest parts not touching the ground.
Steel used inside a column for reinforcement.
An interior paneling, grooved as if by a comb.
Under this arrangement, the borrower receives a lump sum. This is most commonly used to pay off an existing mortgage, make repairs on the property, or pay consumer debt. The balance of the loan is made in periodic (monthly) payments. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
An outer door using interchangeable panels of glass and screen, depending on the weather.
A sewer that is both a sanitary and storm sewer.
A window using interchangeable panels of glass and screen, depending on the weather.
A licensed real estate broker specializing in improved commercial property or offices.
An affiliate of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS which strives to improve the level of competency of those engaged in Commercial-Investment real estate, and which confers the designation of Certified Commercial Investment Member (CCIM).
To mix funds held in trust with other funds. For example: A broker or builder mixes deposits (should be in a trust account) with his funds by putting the deposits in his general account. Although commingling is in itself a violation for which a broker may lose his license, it does not mean that, by commingling, the broker or builder intended to misappropriate the funds. See also: Conversion (2).
(1) Title insurance term for the preliminary report issued before the actual policy. Said report shows the condition of title and the steps necessary to complete the transfer of title as contemplated by the buyer and seller. (2) A written promise to make or insure a loan for a specified amount and on specified terms.
A fee paid for a loan commitment. See: Commit-ment (2).
The levies (assessments) charged to owners of condominiums or planned unit developments for the cost of common area maintenance and home owner association costs.
A brick having no special surface treatment, making each brick different in color. Used to describe a surface of bricks which are artificially treated so that each is different in color.
A general term used to describe any type of clustered buildings with shared land ownership, such as condominiums and planned developments. CID's, as they are called, must have individual ownership or exclusive right to occupy, combined with shared ownership.
The body of laws, originated and developed in England, which was adopted by most states and still prevails if not superseded by statute. Also referred to as case law.
Any mortgage which contains the elements of a mortgage according to the Common Law.
A form of common interest development under which title to the entire development is shared, with an exclusive right to occupy each unit given to the various title holders.
A loan for low to moderate income buyers to borrow more than the usual 80% loan to value when a portion of the funds will be used to improve or make repairs on the property. The theory is that improvement of individual properties will benefit the whole community.
Property owned in common by a husband and wife, which is not separate property. A classification of property peculiar to certain states.
An intermediate size shopping center. May contain a small department store and coordinated small shops. Larger than a neighborhood center and smaller than a regional center.
The pressing together and joining of sedimentary layers of ground by the pressure of the weight of overlying layers. A report showing the density of the soil and its make-up is required in some areas before permits for construction will be issued.
Properties used as comparisons to determine the value of a specific property.
A method of estimating replacement construction cost by comparing the property to be built with the cost per square foot or cost per cubic foot of a similar building.
Funds deposited into a bank, savings and loan association, or other lending institution, to induce the lender to make a specific loan or establish a line of credit. The deposit may be made by the party desiring the loan, or a third party.
A payment to make amends for the abridgement of rights or an injury. In condemnation, the payment for the taking of a person's property without the owner's consent.
Damages to cover a loss or injury and nothing more. See also: Exemplary Damages.
Legally fit. Having the necessary age, ability, and authority to accomplish any given acts or duties.
A bond protecting against failure to complete construction.
Also called modular construction or prefabrication. See also: Prefabrication.
Allocating separate effective lives to components of a building and depreciating each separately.
A modular (prefabricated) wall, fully finished, which is installed as a part of a building.
A rate reflecting both the income flow of a building (or other depreciating asset) and the recapture of invested capital.
(1) A mixture of gravel and stones embedded in a heavy tar roof shingle, and called a "composition" roof. (2) A creditor's composition, (see which).
The total amount at the end of a given period, including investment and reinvestment of the annuity payments.
The total amount at the end of a given period, including the reinvestment of all interest plus the original amount invested.
A slope composed of two or more separate slopes with different grade angles.
The federal legislation which established the Superfund to hasten the cleanup of contaminated property. The strength of the act is that there is strict liability, joint and several liability, and liability is retroactive. See also: Joint and Several Liability; Strict Liability; Superfund.
A system of processing listings through a computer so that anyone belonging to the service may learn of the listing through a telephone call directly into the computer. The listings are coded by area, number of bedrooms, and other features of the property.
Having an angle or curvature less than 180 degrees.
A granting of a right, by government or privately, usually for use of land or area in a building to carry on a business.
A cement mixture containing sand and gravel which is combined by mixing with water, poured to a desired shape, and hardens as it dries. See also: Poststressed Concrete; Prestressed Concrete; Reinforced Concrete.
A concrete which has not been prestressed, poststressed, or reinforced in any way except possibly to hinder shrinkage or expansion caused by temperature changes.
See: Architectural Concrete Construc-tion; Reinforced Concrete Construction.
A poured foundation consisting of concrete beams at the perimeter and center of a reinforced slab, which gives the slab support. See: Floating Slab; Monolithic Slab; Rebar.
An inexpensive method of constructing walls by pouring concrete into forms flat on the ground, allowing to harden, then raising the forms by a crane or block and tackle to a vertical position, thereby forming the wall.
A mineral mixture which forms, generally in rock of a different composition, various size grains or modules.
An exchange of properties under section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Service Code that close (transfer) simultaneously.
(1) The taking of private property for public use. Consent of the owner is not required but fair compensation must be paid. See also: Eminent Domain. (2) Declaring property unfit, usually for violations of health and/or safety codes.
Market value paid upon condemnation.
The owner of property taken by condemnation (eminent domain).
The party taking property by condemnation (eminent domain).
The forming of water on a barrier from warm air meeting cooler air, as in air conditioning units.
A duct which carries away the water given off by condensation from an air conditioning unit.
In real property law, some limiting restriction to a grant or conveyance of property, stating that upon the happening or not happening of a stated event, the estate shall be changed in some manner.
A condition to be performed before an agreement becomes effective or some right vests or accrues.
A condition following an agreement, the happening of which changes the estate.
A sale in which the title to property or goods remains with the seller until the purchaser has fulfilled the terms of the contract, usually payment in full. See also: Land Contract.
Approval by the government body that controls zoning of a use not permitted by the zoning. The procedure is less complicated than applying for a change of zoning.
A structure of two or more units, the interior space of which are individually owned; the balance of the property (both land and building) is owned in common by the owners of the individual units. The size of each unit is measured from the interior surfaces (exclusive of paint or other finishes) of the exterior walls, floors, and ceiling. The balance of the property is called the common area.
Transmission of electricity or heat through a conductor.
A material (usually metal) which can transmit electrical current or heat.
A natural channel for the flow of water, or artificial channel, such as a pipe, used for conveying and protecting water, wires, or other materials.See Which: Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit.
A system of metal casings (conduits) containing wiring and conductors.
A metal pipe, usually flexible, through which electrical wiring is installed.
The written, voluntary, submission of a debtor to a judgment by a creditor for a specified amount.
A mortgage loan that follows the requirements for sale in the secondary market to FHLMC or FNMA.
An appraisal term stating that general uniformity of structures in an area produces highest value.
Suitable or appropriate. In appraisal, a property which conforms to the area.
Blood relationship, rather than legal relationship (through marriage).See also: Affinity.
A written agreement between plaintiff and defendant to have a judgment entered and recorded. Although the court does no actual finding for one party or the other, the judgment, once approved by the court, is binding on both parties.
Damages created by a change in other property. An owner's right to compensation varies with state statutes. See also: Lateral Support: Inverse Condemnation.
(1) Care and preservation of natural resources. (2) Preservation, though zoning, of improved areas to maintain the quality of the area.
Short term financing of real estate construction. Generally followed by long term financing called a "take out" loan, issued upon completion of improvements.
(1) Regarding a landlord and tenant relationship, constructive eviction is any act by the landlord which substantially interferes with the tenant's use and enjoyment of the leased property, but is not actual eviction. (2) The inability of the buyer to obtain possession because of a superior title of a third party. This constitutes a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment warranted by the seller.
Notice given by publishing in a newspaper, recording, or other method which legally notifies the parties involved, but may not actually notify them.
The controlling by the taxpayer of funds from the sale of the relinquished property under a 1031 exchange rather than direct reinvestment into the replacement property. This will cause the taxpayer to lose the tax free status.
A trust created by operation of law to change an inequitable situation. If one acquires title to property through fraud, the court will hold that the legal owner holds in trust for those who really should have ownership. Also called an involuntary trust.
Loans made for personal property, such as automobiles, appliances, etc.
See: Cost of Living Index.
A general term encompassing any number of modern designs which do not conform to any traditional architectural styles.
Commonly, the dependence upon a stated event which must occur before a contract is binding. For example: The sale of a house, contingent upon the buyer obtaining financing.
One who, under the terms of a will or trust, may or may not share in the estate upon the happening of an uncertain event. Example: A leaves property to B when B reaches 30, stipulating that if B dies before 30, property goes to C. C is the contingent beneficiary.
An interest subject to the occurrence of a specified but uncertain event.
A remainder interest uncertain as to the persons in interest or the occurrence of an event. Example: A grants to B for life, then to the children of C. At the time of the grant C has no children but may have when B dies.
Furrows plowed laterally across a slope to control water running down the slope.
(1) A line showing the shape (outline) of a parcel of land or body of water. (2) A line on a topographical map connecting all portions of the property which have the same elevation.
A map which uses lines (most always curved) to outline the configuration and elevation of surface areas.
A legally enforceable promise or agreement consisting of offer, acceptance and consideration or a legally acceptable consideration substitute.
The interest rate on a specific note as opposed to the market rate.
Rent paid under a lease. The actual rent as opposed to the market rental value of the property.
Price at which property is sold, less costs of land, labor and materials, and overhead.
A voluntary lien such as a mortgage or deed of trust.
(1) The right of one who pays a common liability to recover from the others who share the liability. Example: A, B and C own property. A pays the property tax. A may recover from B and C that portion which B and C should have paid. (2) Decreasing the gifts in a will to pay creditors of the estate or those entitled to a portion of the estate who have been omitted. See also: Abatement.
Referring to traffic, the term is used to indicate a traffic light or stop sign at an intersection, which slows (controls) traffic. A retail site, such as a gas station or fast food restaurant, prefers a corner location with control.
In government projects such as urban renewal, the limits on use, density, and other limits which would be contained in zoning laws in a private venture.
In heating, the motion created by the gravitational pull on air or water at different temperatures, and therefore, different densities.
(1) A legal term referring to the "legal" changing from real to personal property (or vice versa), although there is no actual change in the property. (2) A taking of something for one's own use which was originally in his possession only to hold for the owner. (3) The changing of an apartment to a condominium.
An adjustable rate mortgage that gives the borrower the option to change to a fixed rate at specified times during the term of the loan.
A mortgage which enables the lender to take (convert to) an equity (ownership) position in the collateral security (real estate) as opposed to that of a lienholder.
Having an angle or curvature greater than 180 degrees.
To transfer title to property. See also: Conveyance.
Transfer of title to land. Includes most instruments by which an interest in real estate is created, mortgaged, or assigned.
A structure to shelter chickens.
A clause in the purchase agreements of both the relinquished and replacement properties in a 1031 exchange stating that the parties agree to do what is required (cooperate) by the IRS rules.
Also called a stock cooperative or a co-op. A structure of two or more units in which the right to occupy a unit is obtained by the purchase of stock in the corporation which owns the building. Difficult to obtain financing because there is not individual ownership of each unit. A forerunner of the condominium.
The top or "cap" of a wall, usually convex to permit the runoff of water.
A small wooded area. A thicket of trees or bushes.
A timber or stone, set in and projecting from a wall, and used to support a load.
A measure, usually associated with cut wood. 128 cubic feet of cut wood, or a pile 4' high, 4' wide, and 8' long.
Most commonly, the acute angle formed by intersecting streets or walls.
A reinforcement placed in corners before plastering. Commonly a strip of iron with metal lath.
The boards (trim) covering the outside corners of a frame building.
Braces nailed diagonally to the studs as a reinforcement at corners.
In appraisal, the effect on the value of a property because it is on a corner or near a corner.
The "crowning" member of a wall. The top molding or facade, generally of a decorative nature.
Concerning material objects or property, rather than non-material things, such as ideas. A machine would be corporeal; the patent for it would be incorporeal.
That property which can be touched. For example: A window (glass) is corporeal. The view through the window is incorporeal.
A body; of people, laws, etc.
(1) A hallway or passageway. (2) A strip of land used as a passageway, such as an inland country's outlet to the sea, or between heavily populated areas.
Technically, the original amount paid for anything. The term is generally used as a synonym for value or the total amount invested, including expenses after the original purchase.
An appraisal method, estimating the replacement cost of a structure, less depreciation, plus land value.
(1) In construction, the expenditure of building based on a detailed cost of materials to be used. (2) In appraisal the term is general, referring to replacement cost, but not limited to a specific method of arriving at said cost.
A government indicator of the increase or decrease of living costs for the average person on a monthly basis. See also: Escalation Clause (2).
Cost (usually monthly) of a business to occupy its property exclusive of any costs of doing business.
Expense of alterations to raise the value of a property, rather than to make repairs.
Expenses to maintain the value of a property by restoring the worn- out or broken parts of the structure.
Originally, a house with no surrounding land belonging to it. Modernly, a small house, perhaps used as a summer home.
A measure of electricity equal to a one second electrical charge in a current having a constant flow of one ampere.
(1) A lawyer. (2) One designated as a real estate counselor by the American Society of Real Estate Counselors. The designation indicates an extremely high standard of knowledge and experience on the part of the conferee.
A designation conferred by the Counselors of Real Estate, an affiliated association of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. The designation is not just for those in the real estate business but includes lawyers, accountants, financial firms, government employees and educators.
An association affiliated with the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF REALTORS. Its members provide counseling in various aspects of real estate. The association offers publications and courses in counseling and confers the designation of Counselor of Real Estate.
Flashing (tar substance) used on chimneys at the roofline to prevent entry of moisture, and cover the metal sheet flashing.
An offer (instead of acceptance) in response to an offer. For example: A offers to buy B's house for X dollars. B, in response, offers to sell to A at a higher price. B's offer to A is a counter offer.
In civil law (Louisiana), when a deed is given to a lender as security, an agreement to reconvey (counter-letter) upon payment of a certain amount is given by the lender.
A mortgage placed on property by the county to secure aid given to indigent persons. Generally paid upon sale of the property. Also called an indigent mortgage.
(1) A road lying entirely in one county. (2) Any road or portion of a road under the jurisdiction and maintenance of the county. (3) Loosely, any road not a federal or state road.
(1) The path or direction of a river. (2) Something designed so that it must be used by following a certain direction, such as a golf course or race course. (3) A continuous row or layer of wood, bricks, masonry, etc.
Terminology used in surveying, meaning metes and bounds. See also: Metes and Bounds.
(1) A totally uncovered space, wholly or partly surrounded by walls or buildings. (2) A blind alley, short street, or short cul de sac. (3) A courtroom.
Willingness of a seller to pay a commission to any broker supplying a suitable buyer; or the willingness of a listing broker to share the commission with any broker supplying a suitable buyer.
(1) An arched, rather than square angle, meeting of a ceiling and wall. (2) An inlet or small bay.
A small, concave faced molding, used to cover a narrow gap or angle.
Generally, almost any written agreement. Most commonly in real estate, assurances set forth (expressed) in a deed by the grantor or implied by law. Example: Covenant against encumbrances, covenant of right to convey, etc.
A promise (covenant) usually by a seller of a business, not to operate a competitive business after the sale. The more specific the restriction (time limit, distance, etc.), the more easily it is enforceable.
Usually inserted in leases or conveyances whereby lessor or grantor promises that the tenant or grantee shall enjoy possession of the premises in peace and without disturbance caused by defective title.
See: Running With The Land.
(1) A framework or support, built to shield or protect its contents. (2) The path prepared to catch a falling tree to prevent damage to the tree.
A term used in chapter 13 (wage earner restructuring debt) bankruptcy. A secured loan is reduced when the loan balance exceeds the reasonable value of the collateral security. The amount above that value becomes unsecured. Used mainly for personal property loans but now starting to be used for mortgage loans. A portion of the mortgage, if it exceeds the value of the property, can become an unsecured loan.
A space between the ground and the first floor of a structure (usually a house). Repair of utilities under the house may be made by a person crawling through the shallow space.
See: Certified Real Estate Brokerage Manager.
(1) The financial worthiness of a borrower. The history of whether this borrower has met financial obligations on time in the past. (2) An accounting term designating money received or receivable, as opposed to debit which is money payed or payable.
A company that compiles information on a person's credit history. Also called a Consumer Reporting Bureau.
A number representing the credit worthiness of a potential borrower.
The requirement of additional collateral security, such as mortgage insurance, to protect a lender against loss.
The past and present debts of a potential borrower. It is used to see if the person pays obligations as agreed and whether any past defaults have led to judgments or bankruptcy.
A maximum amount is established as a line of credit. The borrower can write checks up to this amount. This loan allows repayment and reborrowing during the life of the loan, but does not require repayment until the loan ends. This occurs either at the borrower's sale of the property or the borrower's death. See also: Reverse Mortgage.
An agreement by creditors to take a portion of a debt as satisfaction for the total due. Generally done to avoid a debtor having to declare bankruptcy.
(1) The portion of the value of property which is mortgaged, rather than the equity. (2) The portion of the value of property upon which a first mortgage could be obtained.
(1) An inlet, going deeper into land than a cove. (2) A stream which empties into a river or bay.
A small, convex roof, placed on a larger roof or surface, to promote drainage in areas of the surface which have barriers to said drainage.
An obsolete term referring to a small farm or area to be farmed.
A specific harvest in a single growing season, such as the corn crop, apple crop, etc.
The planting of crops such as peas and beans (leguminous plants), which add nitrogen to the soil, on an alternating basis with crops such as corn, wheat, etc., which take nitrogen from the soil.
(1) Any land suited for farming (the growing of crops). (2) Land upon which crops are actually grown or growing.
A road connecting two parallel roads, usually at a right angle.
The surface exposed by cutting at a right angle to an axis (usually the longer axis) of an object.
Strengthening a structure by bracing cross members between the joists, thereby spreading the weight over a larger area.
A large molding used on a cornice or to cover a wide gap or angle.
A surveying report showing the amount and type of timber in a given area or stand.
The number of cubic feet in a building, measured from the exterior surfaces of the exterior walls and roof, and the interior surface of an unfinished floor or six inches below the finished surface of the floor.
An air flow measure used to grade the efficiency of ventilating fans.
The cost of construction of a structure, divided by the number of cubic feet of the structure. See: Cubic Content.
A flow of water of one cubic foot per second. Used as a measurement term in determining the flow of a river or stream.
A system of measuring volume or space by using cubic units. One cubic inch is 1 inch long by 1 inch wide by 1 inch high; 1728 cubic inches equals 1 cubic foot; 27 cubic feet equals 1 cubic yard.
A street or ally open at one end only. Modernly, a street in a subdivision, open at one end, and having a large, rounded, closed end to facilitate U turns.
A parcel of land which can be cultivated.
A term denoting man made changes to land.
A waterway or drainage ditch which crosses under a road.
(1) A structure, usually domelike, atop a roof. (2) A type of foundry furnace for melting iron.
Repairs which an owner of real estate should make to retain a high value, but which have not been made.
The line between the right of way for automobiles (road) and the right of way for pedestrians (sidewalk).
The schedule of partial principal payments (both amounts and due dates) to reduce and retire an indebtedness.
An outside wall which lends no structural support to a building, but acts merely to enclose.
A common law interest of a husband in the property of his deceased wife. Abolished in most states.
The grounds and secondary buildings surrounding a house which are commonly used in connection with the everyday use of the house.
Having boundaries of curved lines; may refer to architecture, streets, etc.
(1) One who is entrusted with the care and keeping of real or personal property. See also: Custody. (2) A janitor.
A buyer of goods or services.
Land from which the original growth has been cut away by logging.
In construction, the excavation of land into a terrace or terraces, to control flooding, locate a highway, building, or affect the grade for some other purpose.
As nearly as possible. A doctrine used to carry out the intent of the donor when a specific charitable gift fails. Example: Land is left in a will to the X Blood Bank. When the will is probated, X Blood Bank no longer exists. The land is given to the Red Cross.
A term in economics describing the business cycle of the national economy, from good to bad to good again.


text:
Italian-English
Diploma in teoria e solfeggio
Thread starter ExFalsoQuodlibet
ExFalsoQuodlibet
Italian - Italy
Could someone help me out explaining if there is a diploma corresponding to the Italian `diploma in teoria e solfeggio' in the UK and the US and how it is called.
Maybe `music theory and solfeggio diploma'?
TimLA
Member Emeritus
I have found a reference to "degree in music theory and solfeggio", but I can't find any reference to an AE source.
So I might be inclinded to say "degree in music theory" and then add parenthetically "(including solfeggio)".
Exfalso, when you say "diploma", I assume you're referring to a diploma awarded by the Italian "Conservatorio"?
Tim, if he means that, it's not a degree: the "Conservatorio" is a music school, not a university and it doesn't award degrees, but very high level qualifications in music.
The Royal College of Music in London is a conservatoire, but its courses go from undergraduate to PhD, just like a University.
I'd be tempted to leave the word "Diploma" in this case! I suppose you could also add something like "advanced musical education at University level".
hi TimLa and london calling,
Indeed, it is a a diploma awarded by the Italian Conservatoire after passing an exam. Each student has to go through it before going on with the study of their instrument and obtaining a degree.
I'll be sticking to Diploma in Music Theory, then.
ExFalso
p.s. I'm a lady.
English- British
Happened to come across this link years later! If anyone is interested, solfeggio can also be used in English or alternatively it is possible to use solfège (from the French) or sol-fa. In Britain we don't usually study music in this way, so I think it is best to leave the term in Italian - hence "Diploma in (music) theory and solfeggio"


Wow! that was a great article my thoughts on it were that she made her song to make people feel happy feel happy. She did not commit any violent acts going to her cause, her song was created and sung to let people know that some day things will change and that you will go on to live a happy life.
To me it seems like Hamer used her own life experience to bring a different kind of energy and positivity to the Civil Rights Movement. Instead of protesting in the same manor that other activists do, she decided to do it through song, and put out a message that equality will come, while at the same time she is boosting the morale of other activists.
It is very inspirational to know that even though African Americans went throughout so much discrimination and oppression, they were willing to persevere through it all in order to make a difference in our society.
This is a very good article! So many things you can learn when you have an open heart toward God. I pray for that we could be the change in our society, not only others.
The experience of reading the above article and listening to music by Sam Cooke that was correlated to the era was inspiring, encouraging and a gentle reminder of the importance of becoming involved in changing things for the better!
Fannie Lou Hamer was the twentieth child born to a sharecropping family on a Mississippi plantation. She grew up picking cotton – by the time she was thirteen, she picked two to three hundred pounds of cotton every day – and endured the degradation and violence of Jim Crow society.
By the time she was in her thirties, Fannie Lou Hamer had had enough. She became involved in the growing Civil Rights Movement led by Martin Luther King, volunteering for the voter registration campaign, a dangerous project that cost many activists their lives. Riding in 1962 in a rented bus with people who wanted to register, she led her companions in songs like "Go Tell it on the Mountain" and "This Little Light of Mine." Singing not only brought courage, but was a reminder that the cause of justice is the cause of the God of righteousness – like King, Hamer fought injustice based on a deep grounding in the Bible and in Christian faith.
We want people, we want people over us that's concerned about the people because we are human beings. Regardless of how they have abused us for all these years, we always cared what was going on. We have prayed and we have hoped for God to bring about a change. And now the time have come for people to stand up.
Because God care. God care and we care. And we can no longer ignore the fact that we can't sit down and wait for things to change because as long as they can keep their feet on our neck, they will always do it. But it's time for us to stand up and be women and men.
Reflecting on the events of 1964, musician Sam Cooke, known as the "King of Soul," wrote "A Change Is Gonna Come." It is now fifty years since Freedom Summer, and time to reflect again on what has happened since then and the changes that still must be made to make Martin Luther King's "beloved community" a reality.


The Chonyi Gyatso incarnation line originated in the late seventeenth century with the First Chonyi Gyatso, Chopa Lugu, a minor but colorful figure associated with Katok Monastery and the treasures of Longsel Nyingpo. As his name indicates, he was a master of Chod. It appears that most of the Chonyi Gyatso incarnations studied or spent time at Katok but it is unclear if that was their seat.
b.late 17th cent. - d.mid 18th cent.
The First Chonyi Gyatso, Chopa Lugu was a minor but colorful figure in the early eighteenth century history of Katok Monastery and the tradition of the treasures of Longsel Nyingpo. As his name indicates, he was a master of Chod. He studied under two important lineage holders and trained another.
b.mid 18th cent. - d.late 18th cent.
The Second Chonyi Gyatso, Orgyen Jamyang, the reincarnation of Chopa Lugu, was a nephew to Sonam Namgyel of Dzaka Monastery, located relatively close to Katok itself. Nothing else is known about this lama.
b.late 18th cent. - d.early 19th cent.
The Third Chonyi Gyatso, Pelden Dorje, was a lineage holder in the terma teachings of Dudul Dorje and Longsel Nyingpo. Later in life he revealed various treasures such as the Life-force Empowerment of Madarava and so forth.
b.mid 19th cent. - d.early 20th cent.
The Fourth Chonyi Gyatso, Jampel Dorje was a student of Second Katok Situ Chokyi Lodro and the Third Drime Zhingkyong, Jigme Yonten Gonpo. He spent the majority of his life at Katok furthering Katok's distinctive traditions of initiations, instructions, and rituals of the Kama and Terma. It is said he had visions of many tutelary deities and was able to dispatch certain deities to do his bidding.
b.early 20th cent. - d.early 20th cent.
The Fifth Chonyi Gyatso, Pema Trinle, was born as a nephew to Getse Gyurme Namgyel. Unfortunately he passed away at a young age.


text:
Q: Is every compact subset of $\Bbb{R}$ the support of some Borel measure? I have tried to prove the exercise 2.12 in Rudin's RCA:

12 Show that every compact subset of $\Bbb{R}$ is the support of a Borel measure.

For perfect (i.e. no isolated point) compact $K$ with non-zero Lebesgue measure, we just take the Lebesgue measure. However I struck on the general case.
My attempt is as follows: For every compact $K$, we can find a decreasing sequence of open set $\langle W_n\rangle_n$ s.t. $\bigcap_n W_n =K$ and $m(W_n-K)<1/n$. Find a continuous function $h_n$ s.t.

*

*$h_n(x) = 1$ for $x\in K$ and

*$h_n(x) = 0$ outside of $V_n$.
(such function exists by Urysohn's lemma.) For continuous function $f$ with compact support define
$$\Lambda f = \lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\int_\Bbb{R} fh_ndm}{\int_\Bbb{R} h_ndm}.$$
I can not certain that the $\Lambda$ is well-defined. But if it is well-defined, then it gives an regular Borel measure (by Riesz representation theorem) $\mu$ s.t. $\mu(K)=1$. I guess that the $\mu$ has a support $K$ but I don't know how to get it. Thanks for any help!

A: Hint: try a sum of point masses for a countable dense subset.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dambuster of the Day No. 77: Harvey Weeks
August 25, 2014 June 3, 2020 charlesfoster
Pic: Weeks/Douglas family
Flt Sgt H A Weeks
Rear gunner
Lancaster serial number: ED921/G
Call sign: AJ-W
Second wave. Aircraft badly damaged by flak on outward flight. Returned to base with mine intact.
Harvey Alexander Weeks was born on 10 December 1919 in Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada. Chilliwack is a large town some 60 miles from Vancouver.
After joining the RCAF and qualifying as an air gunner, he crewed up with Canadian pilot Marcel Cuelenaere during training, along with his future Dams raid colleague Jimmy Clay. This crew joined 97 Squadron at Woodhall Spa in October 1942. The Cuelenaere crew had completed almost 30 operations together in March 1943 when their pilot reached the end of his tour. This coincided with the call for volunteers for the new 617 Squadron, which Les Munro and most of his crew had decided to accept. Because Munro's rear gunner was one of those who declined the invitation, Weeks volunteered to take his place, even though Munro told him and Clay that operations with the new squadron would be 'probably special, probably dangerous'.
Weeks settled in with his new crew, although he suffered from being jammed into his turret when it was damaged by a plume of water when Les Munro flew too low on a trial drop on 12 May 1943. On the raid itself he was isolated from the rest of the crew when the intercom was severed by flak over Vlieland, and it was only when Percy Pigeon clambered through to the rear of the aircraft that everyone knew he was all right.
The Munro crew's next operation was some two months later, an attack on an Italian power station. Over the next 11 months, Weeks went on to complete more operations than anyone else in the crew – a total of 60, made up of 33 under Munro's captaincy and 27 done previously in 97 Squadron.
He was commissioned in November 1943, and received the DFC in June 1944. After being taken off operations, Weeks went to 1690 Bomber Defence Training Flight where Munro had been posted as CO. He returned to Canada after the war.
Harvey Weeks died in Chilliwack, BC on 22 March 1992.
Survived war.
Rank and decorations as of 16 May 1943.
Richard Morris, Guy Gibson, Penguin 1995
John Sweetman, The Dambusters Raid, Cassell 2002
John Sweetman, David Coward and Gary Johnstone, The Dambusters, Time Warner 2003
James Holland, Dam Busters: The Race to Smash the German Dams 1943, Bantam 2012
The information above has been taken from the books and online sources listed above, and other online material. Apologies for any errors or omissions. Please add any corrections or links to further information in the comments section below.
Further information about Harvey Weeks and the other 132 men who flew on the Dams Raid can be found in my book The Complete Dambusters, published by History Press in 2018.
Harvey Weeks
Previous Article Dambuster mothers identified
Next Article Bill Kerr, 1922-2014
3 thoughts on "Dambuster of the Day No. 77: Harvey Weeks"
Mrs. Maureen Gray. August 26, 2014 / 12:40 pm
He was just another brave selfless man to accomplish SO much for us who are deeply in debt for our freedom.
John McKenna July 30, 2016 / 6:05 am
My wife and I spent many good times in Harveys' company having a beer or two in the Chilliwack legion…..His recollections were vivid (like my fathers') and eagerly shared….He appreciated our genuine interest in his life…..He was an explosives expert and built many roads in B.C. for the logging industry …..Years before meeting Harvey, we lived in Sault Ste. Marie ( Ont.) and had a good friend named Kurt Mueller….Kurt had lived in Nanaimo and worked along the B.C. coast……He often told us a story about finding a grizzly bear kill just as the bear showed up…This bear attacked Kurt and two co-workers and they all jumped off a steep embankment into a river to escape…..One was too slow and was badly clawed before jumping………Now, years passed and I'm in Chilliwack talking to Harvey and damned if he doesn't tell me the same story ! ….I asked if one of the other fellows was German…..he said yes, that he was guiding them up the river because (Kurt) was doing salmon research for the Federal Gov. …. What a thing to find out ! what a very small world ! ….. When Kurt moved back to Nanaimo I told him I knew Harvey and related the story ….He was amazed…….They're both gone now, but my wife and I really miss both those guys……They had a fleeting encounter but we knew each of them as family……………
John Fletcher November 12, 2016 / 3:22 am
I knew Harvey when I worked at the Royal Bank in Chilliwack. He was a customer friend and always came in to see me when he came back to town. He worked as a logger and was out in camp for most of the time. I'll always remember his handshake, like a vice!
Harvey was a tail gunner on the raid, and funnily enough, the commissionaire that we used at the Bank to organise our parking lot and drive through teller , Al Ford, was also a WW2 tail gunner, but on Sunderlands. It was a privilege to know both these men
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A Soyuz rocket carrying the unmanned freighter Progress 19 launches toward the International Space Station (ISS) from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
An unmannedspacecraft docked at the International Space Station (ISS) with ease Saturday,delivering a fresh batch of food, oxygen and other vital supplies to the twoastronauts working onboard the orbital laboratory.
Theautomated Russian-built cargo ship Progress 19 appeared to perform flawlesslyas it docked at the aft end of the space station's Zvezda service module at10:42 a.m. EDT (1442 GMT), a full eight minutes earlier than expected.
ISSExpedition 11 commander Sergei Krikalev and flight engineer John Phillips - thestation's current crew - watched over the supply ship's arrival and wereprepared to take over control of the spacecraft remotely if necessary. Afailure in the automated guidance system of the last cargo ship to visit theISS - Progress 18 - forced Krikalev to take command.
But thatwas not the case today and Progress 19 reached its berth with no need forintervention by the ISS crew.
"Congratulationson the docking and also a belated happy birthday to you," Nikolai Sevastianov, chiefof the Russian aerospace contractor RSC Energia, told Krikalev after docking.
Krikalevcelebrated his 47th birthday on Aug. 27, and has spent more days inspace during his lifetime than any other astronaut.
Progress 19'sdocking ended a two-day flight for the supply craft, which began with a Sept. 8launchfrom Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakstan.
Stowed aboardthe cargo ship is more than 5,175 pounds (2,347 kilograms) of material, amongwhich are 1,760 pounds (798 kilograms) of propellant, 242 pounds (109kilograms), more than 459 pounds (208 kilograms) of water and about 2,700pounds (1,224 kilograms) of dry cargo.
Russianflight controllers went over plans for opening Progress 19, which called forhatch opening at about 1:45 p.m. EDT (1745 GMT) today and the first unloading operationsto begin Sunday.
"Thatsounds good to me," Krikalev responded.
One of thekey items aboard Progress 19 is a replacement liquids unit for the spacestation's Russian-built Elektron oxygen generator.
Thegenerator, the primary source of oxygen aboard the ISS, failedearlier this year. Krikalev and Phillips have relied on oxygen stored in tanksaboard past Progress ships and solid fuel oxygen generators (SFOGs), known as"candles."
NASAofficials said the new liquids unit should help Krikalev and Phillips repairthe Elektron unit, an activity scheduled to begin Sept. 15.
RussianProgress cargo ships make regular resupply flights to the ISS and were a vitalasset to maintaining the space station when NASA grounded its space shuttlefleet following the loss of the Columbia orbiter and its crew in 2003. Whilethe space shuttle Discovery recently visited the ISS this yearduring its July-August flight, the need to reduce external tank foam shedding -which also doomed Columbia - and damage to key NASA facilities by HurricaneKatrina have left the next shuttle launch date in limbo.
NASAofficials said that Progress 19 was fitted with 14 extra tanks for its supplyrun, which allowed it to deliver an additional 132 pounds (59 kilograms) ofoxygen to the ISS.
Thespacecraft also delivered supplies for the ISS Expedition 12crew, commanded by Bill McArthur of NASA with cosmonaut Valery Tokarev servingas flight engineer. The two astronauts are set to launch spaceward late Sept.30 (though it will be Oct. 1 at their Baikonur Cosmodrome launch site) withspace tourist Greg Olsen.
Krikalevand Phillips will return to Earth with Olsen on Oct. 11, NASA officials said.


text:
Correspondence| July 2008
The Role of Smoking History in the Development of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Joseph Werner, M.D.;
Joseph Werner, M.D.
Soledad Fernandez, Ph.D.;
Soledad Fernandez, Ph.D.
Hamdy Awad, M.D.
*The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. hamdy.elsayed-awad@osumc.edu
Anesthesiology July 2008, Vol. 109, 156–157.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31817b5afd
Joseph Werner, Soledad Fernandez, Hamdy Awad; The Role of Smoking History in the Development of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Anesthesiology 2008; 109:156–157 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31817b5afd
We congratulate Dr. Arnberger et al. 1on their recent work using nerve stimulation at the P6 acupuncture site to reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This is obviously an important clinical work that could influence the management and multimodal approach to PONV. However, we are concerned about the validity of the conclusions secondary to the disproportionately higher number of smokers in the treatment group. The reasons for this concern are as follows.
According to the recently published guidelines from the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia, the risk factors for PONV fall into four criteria. These include patient risk factors, anesthesia risk factors, surgical risk factors, and type of surgery.2The three most important patient risk factors are female gender, prior history of PONV or motion sickness, and nonsmoking status. In Arnberger et al. ,1they controlled very well for the gender (all patients female, as mentioned in the editorial) and the history of motion sickness risk factors (P = 0.37). Of particular concern is the higher percentage of smokers in the treatment P6 group. Any descriptive statistics with a P value less than 0.15 should be accounted for as a potential confounder, especially if the variable is known to influence the dependent variable. It has been demonstrated in multiple randomized controlled studies that smoking decreases the incidence of PONV and having a higher percentage in the treatment group has a strong possibility of affecting the conclusion. A stratified random sample procedure would have been a much better option to achieve equal numbers of smokers in each group. Given that this was not the case, to account for this potential confounder, a logistic regression analysis should have been used to ensure that the higher percentage of smokers didn't affect the clinical outcome in this study.
Several studies have shown that smoking is an important risk factor in the development of PONV. A Canadian study retrospectively reviewed the charts for 16,000 patients postoperatively for over 2 yr in four teaching hospitals using a multiple logistic regression analysis to show that nonsmokers were 1.79 times more likely to develop PONV.3Stadler et al. 4had a sample size three times higher than Arnberger et al. ,1and showed that nonsmoking status was highly significant for both nausea and vomiting (P = 0.0070 and 0.0074). In a Korean model derived from more than 5,000 patients, a multiple regression analysis showed that smoking status reduced PONV with an odds ratio of 2.0.5
The exact mechanism of smoking reducing the incidence of PONV is not fully explained; however, there are several potential explanations. Chronic exposure to one of the chemicals in tobacco may desensitize the patient to anesthetic gas or may a have direct antiemetic effect.6Another explanation is that the cytochrome p450 may be up-regulated in chronic smokers, which may increase metabolism of anesthetic agents and result in less PONV.7
In conclusion, we believe that the results of this study may be hampered by the uneven distribution of smokers in the treatment group. Our intent is to encourage further studies in the area and/or further statistical analysis performed to truly elucidate if this amazing effect is caused by this seemingly simple maneuver.
Arnberger M, Stadelmann K, Alischer P, Ponert R, Melber A, Greif R: Monitoring of neuromuscular blockade at the P6 acupuncture point reduces the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 2007; 107:903–8
Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, Hooper VD, Kovac AL, Kranke P, Myles P, Philip BK, Samsa G, Sessler DI, Temo J, Tramèr MR, Vander Kolk C, Watcha M: Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia: Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:1615–28.
Cohen MM, Duncan PG, DeBoer DP, Tweed WA: The postoperative interview: Assessing risk factors for nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:7–16
Stadler M, Bardiau F, Seidel L, Albert A, Boogaerts JG: Difference in risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:46–52
Choi DH, Ko JS, Ahn HJ, Kim JA: A Korean predictive model for postoperative nausea and vomiting. J Korean Med Sci 2005; 20:811–5
Hough M, Sweeney B: The influence of smoking on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia 1998; 53:932–3
Chimbira W, Sweeney BP: The effect of smoking on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia 2000; 55:540–4
Can Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Be Predicted?
Who Is at Risk for Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting after Ambulatory Surgery?
Anesthesiology (September 2012)
Difference in Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
A Simplified Risk Score for Predicting Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting : Conclusions from Cross-validations between Two Centers


For two consecutive years, we were briefed develop fresh thought leadership content to support media activity for Financial Planning Week.
The Live the Dream research explores perceptions on success and living the dream. The study discovered there are four distinct personality types based on a person's ability to dream and act on their plans – the Daydreamer (32%), Go-Getter (33%), Cruiser (19%), and Builder (16%). 2,635 Australians of working age participated in the study, which gathered statistically robust samples for each state/territory to resource financial planners operating locally.
The campaign assets – a visualised report, digital infographic, and shareable web quiz – were supported by commentary from McCrindle spokesperson Sophie Renton and assisted in generating national news headlines. Filtered Media won the 2017 CommsCon Awards for the best use of research/insights using the media assets delivered by McCrindle for the Dare to Dream campaign.