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December 10, 2012 February 2, 2018 HKSEF Get Informed, Get Inspired, Resources for Social Innovators
Major Issues in Social Enterprise Development in the Mainland China
Written by Yuan GU, Founder and Director, AHA Social Innovation Center, Shanghai, for Social Entrepreneurship Newsletter Issue 139 (10 Dec 2012). Edited by Dr KK Tse.
Recent years have witnessed a boom in the field of social enterprise in the Mainland China, although there is no valid data available on its scope and scale. Among the indicators is the increasing number of social enterprise awards at national level and of the entries for them. Over the same period, many articles and books introducing the concept and practice of social enterprise have been translated and published. Conferences, forums and seminars in this field have been organized by parties from various sectors. Interest of the mass media in social enterprise has steadily grown. Stories of eminent social entrepreneurs around the world are well-known to their
counterparts in China.
The achievement of the field may be best illustrated by the Canyou Group (殘友集團), a Shenzhen-based software company. It was started back in 1997 by Mr. Zheng Weining, a man suffering from hemophilia, and is now the largest social enterprise in China with more than 3,700 staff, most of whom are people with disabilities. On 13th November 2012, the Canyou Group received an award by Social Enterprise UK at the International Social Enterprise Awards in London. As a local newspaper in Shenzhen wrote, "It is the biggest award a Chinese social enterprise has ever won."
The impressive development of Chinese social enterprise has been driven by several interconnecting forces. The concept of social enterprise was introduced into the Mainland China only about six years ago, and it was soon applauded and practiced by innovators and "early adopters" in the non-profit sector. Considering the shoestring operation of local NGOs, in particular against the backdrop of global financial crisis, it is not surprising to see in the Mainland China what Professor Dees termed "the rising tide of commercialization of non-profit organizations".
Additionally, the influence of the UK, as one of the leading countries in the field of social enterprise, is substantive. It remains the most popular destination for Chinese social entrepreneurs to visit. In 2009, the British Council developed the Social Entrepreneur Skills Training Program, the first of its kind in China. So far, the Program has spread to around 10 cities with over 400 participants. The annual round of trainings is followed by
the Social Enterprise Award jointly initiated by the British Council and two local foundations. The winners are awarded not just a handsome sum of money but a study tour to the UK as well.
Another driving force comes from the business community, where there are companies that are not satisfied with traditional philanthropy as fulfillment of their social responsibilities and have integrated into their CSR strategy facilitating the development of social innovation and social enterprise. In 2007 Lenovo (聯想) initiated the first venture philanthropy fund in the Mainland China, and has run an annual Social Enterprise Award ever since. In 2010 Intel started the Intel Innovation National Pitch in the hope of encouraging cross-sectoral collaboration and application of ICT in social innovation and social enterprise. DBS (星展銀行) is a Singaporean bank with branches in Shanghai. With its expertise in serving SMEs in its home country, it has developed in 2012 exclusive banking services for Chinese social enterprises, and sponsored capacity-building of four local social enterprises. Hopefully, these examples will start a trend.
With the dissemination of the concept of "strategic philanthropy" and "venture philanthropy", a few innovative foundations are shifting their focus from traditional philanthropy to nursing social entrepreneurship. Two outstanding examples are YouChange China Social Entrepreneur Foundation (友成基金會) and Narada Foundation (南都基金會), two flagship foundations in Mainland China, both founded in 2007 by private commercial companies. YouChange spearheaded social entrepreneurship education and Narada, following the practice of Ashoka, launched Gingko Program in 2010 to invest in the development of social entrepreneurs. Considering the rapid increase in number of foundations in charity sector, it is fair to expect many others will follow the two examples.
It is noticeable that many social startups are run by entrepreneurial individuals who are passionate about solving social problems by starting a business-like organization. Many of them have experience of studying or working overseas, successful track record in career, and strong belief in a better world. Ms Zhou Xian is typical of this kind of people. After obtaining her MBA in Germany, she came back to China and started a company of her own. Though successful in business, Ms Zhou determined to devote to social enterprise for a change of the world and herself, a decision apparently influenced by a powerful book How to Change the World. She sold her company and studied for her Master Diploma in Public Service Management in the UK, where she was fascinated by omnipresent charity shops and came up with the idea of combining e-commerce and charity shop. Now she is running the first online charity shop in the Mainland China named Buy42 (善淘網), providing a 3-in-1 solution for recycling of second-hand item, creating job opportunity for the disabled people, and fundraising for charity. Interestingly, some people who are running very successful social enterprises were alien to the concept of social enterprise until being told about it.
Last but not least, the dynamics of the Chinese social enterprise sector cannot be fully understood without examining the role of government, which is slow in adopting new idea while very influential in encouraging or discouraging it. To many local government officials, social enterprise is just a fashion name for "social welfare enterprise" which is a legal status referring to those enterprises that have more than 35% of its staff with disabilities and are hence entitled to benefits like tax deduction and government grants. Conscious of the widening gap between the social need and its limited capacity, the government has come to outsource some public services to NGOs in the form of procurement or bidding, which stimulates the transformation of many NGOs into social enterprise and encourages the birth of new social enterprises. Nevertheless, it is necessary to point out that the social enterprises which the Chinese government favors mainly fall into the categories of welfare services in limited areas. Put it in another way, the government would like social entrepreneurs to be "helpers" rather than "competitors", not to mention "challengers".
Buzzword, but…
Although there are good reasons to be excited about the development of Chinese social enterprise, the field is still in its infancy. The followings are some major challenges to address.
1. There is strong misunderstanding and skepticism of social enterprise.
In one of my articles, I listed 10 questions most commonly asked about social enterprise, based on which it is fair to say that many people still have a vague idea of what the concept of social enterprise connotes even after they have know about the name for quite a long time. Social enterprise suggests no more than a means of revenue generation to some practitioners, equivalence of social welfare enterprise to some government officials, and fulfillment of social responsibility to some commercial companies.
2. There are a large number of social enterprises that may be "social", but not "entrepreneurial".
My favorite definition of entrepreneurship is by Professor Gregory Dees, who purports "entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled." Judging by this definition, many Chinese social enterprises would appear to be not as entrepreneurial as they should and can be.
Some social enterprises depend heavily on grant or procurement from government and devote great efforts to satisfying the government at the expense of their independence and focus on those who they serve. The government, central and local, favors social enterprises of this kind and encourages their dependence.
Things are getting no better even for those social enterprises that depend less on government. They are normally nor resourceful enough to mobilize stakeholders for resources, and a common deficiency lies in the utilization of social capital which is usually considered an advantage a social enterprise must learn to explore.
3. Few business models have proven to be viable and scalable.
There has been no world-class social enterprise in the Mainland China so far. Even the Canyou Group barely counts. Fairly speaking, it takes time for a business model to prove viable and scalable, and since social enterprise needs to satisfy triple-bottom lines, it is usually more challenging than commercial enterprise to survive and thrive. It is for this very reason that a business model of social enterprise must contain elements of innovation and requires greater mastery of leadership and management to make it happen.
Unfortunately, not every social entrepreneur is capable of designing and running a viable business, and more often than not, they hardly have someone knowledgeable and experienced to turn to. Meanwhile, some social enterprise awards pay less attention to idea implementation than idea generation, which brings about entries of ideas that may be fancy enough while hard to realize.
4. Social enterprise is lack of attraction to talents, especially young people.
The name of social enterprise may sound charming. However, when taking a deeper look, one will find various reasons not to step inside the field: susceptible to national policy, less attractive salary, misunderstanding and skepticism of people around, enduring hectic work… just to name some. That's why there have been various researches showing one of the biggest challenges for social enterprise is to attract and retain talented people.
5. Education, training and research in this field lag far behind.
Compared to over 100 academic institutes in the USA that offer courses in the field of social entrepreneurship, there are only a handful of universities in the Mainland China providing elementary courses in this area. It doesn't get any better when it comes to training in the field. Besides the Social Entrepreneurs Skills Training Program led by the British Council, AHA Social Innovation Center (AHA社會創新中心) has developed CHANGES: Seven Steps to Social Innovation, the first systematic training course on social innovation in the Mainland China, and Social Entrepreneur Institute (社會創業家學院) initiated by Non-profit Incubator delivers serial trainings to social startups. But more diversified trainings are needed and the results must be appraised. In consistency with the level of development in this field, it is regrettable to say that academic research of social enterprise in the Mainland China remains nascent. Many papers and articles are merely introduction or compilation of existing literature, and the research subjects are often irrelevant.
6. Few social enterprises are working to tackle root causes of the social problems they are dealing with.
No one explains the value of social entrepreneurs better than Bill Drayton who proclaimed that "social entrepreneurs are not content just to give a fish or teach how to fish. They will not rest until they have revolutionized the fishing industry." It is understandable that most of Chinese social enterprises are in the stage of giving a fish or teach fishing, considering the nascence and weakness of the field. For those social entrepreneurs who intend to address the root causes, they have to be cautious of how far they can go before provoking the sensitivity of government. In addition, the inferior position of social entrepreneurs in partnership with government or business sector is another reason that hampers them in cross-sectoral collaboration and limit their ability of agenda-setting, both of which are essential to "revolutionizing the fishing industry".
Buzzword, and…
To have more people embrace the idea of social enterprise and to make the existing ones more sustainable, the followings are critical issues that need to be given priority.
1. Raise public awareness and clarify basic concepts
Social enterprise is yet to be well-known to the general public, and there needs to be effective ways to make people believe in social enterprise and themselves as change-makers. Good stories always go far and deep. Many people first heard of social enterprise and social innovation from the story of Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank while many Chinese social entrepreneurs claimed to be inspired to do what they are doing by a globally best-selling book How to Change the World. Just imagine how many people would be influenced if there was a Chinese version of How to Change the World, in which the stories of the unsung heroes in the field of Chinese social enterprise were explored.
2. Enable social entrepreneurs
To run a social enterprise is to make maximum use of both your "heart" and "head". There are two main streams of social entrepreneurs in China. One is from business background, while the other from charity. Many observers and researchers tend to believe, despite lack of conclusive empirical evidence, that it is easier for the former than the latter to run a successful social enterprise. Social entrepreneur skills training, which is effective, accessible and affordable, will benefit social entrepreneurs greatly, especially those from charity and young people.
There is no need for social entrepreneurs to be alone. A functional community of social entrepreneurs will satisfy their multiple needs from information sharing and peer learning to co-operation and collaboration. Some communities of this kind are in their early stage, including the Gingko Program fellows community, ESCEL (易社) fellow community and the Learning Network of participants of CHANGES: Seven Steps to Social Innovation. How to keep a community of social entrepreneurs dynamic and functioning remains a challenging issue.
3. Increase Social Investment / Impact Investing
Social investment is more like rhetoric than reality in the field of Chinese social enterprise. A handful of local foundations are practicing this new idea by means of investing in people training and organizational development, and sponsoring startup pitches and awards, rather than venture philanthropy, equity investment and loan. Grant with "deep engagement" may be a more proper name for their attempt. An even smaller number of social investors are testing the waters in the field, and there have been only a couple of social investment really made and known so far. Besides, the amount of social investment made is rather tiny compared to ordinary business investment.
4. Encourage certification of social enterprise
To a large extent, the field of social enterprise is still muddy, with no clear definition, identification or certification. As in most countries, there is no legal status for social enterprise, and the most relevant legal entities are social welfare enterprises which register with the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, and People-Run Non-Enterprise Units (民辦非企業) which register with the local bureau of civil affairs and can do trading and charge for services on the principle of non-distribution of profit. Social enterprise is a hybrid type of organization that can hardly fit in the existing laws and regulations. While the government is trying to understand the new idea and formulate policies towards it, it may be more effective and efficient for a non-profit organization like Social Enterprise UK to set up a set of widely-accepted criteria and conduct certification of social enterprise.
5. Foster intermediary organizations
A functioning ecological system of social enterprise consists of the resources providers, the social enterprises, the clients of social enterprises, and the intermediary organizations which act as infrastructure of the system to enable social entrepreneurs and assist them in creating collaborative partnerships with the resources providers on the one hand and providing better services to their clients on the other. Incubators are needed to provide hands-on experience, effective training, startup capital and network for social startups. Professional services like management consulting, mentoring and capacity-building are in huge demand. Social impact measurement and reporting is crucial to social investment. At present, there are foundations, incubators and international organizations working actively in bolstering intermediaries in the field of Chinese social enterprise, while their efforts, normally in the form of short-term projects, haven't given birth to a mechanism that can work effectively in a sustainable manner. There is therefore still a long way to go before an ecological system of social enterprise is in good shape.
The Mainland China is going through a critical transformation of social structure and culture. The amazing breakthroughs in the development of social enterprise reflect expectations to respond to the increasing unmet needs of people in a more effective way. Great efforts are required from various parties to address what is currently holding Chinese social enterprise back and advance the field before social enterprise can justify itself as a new breed of business that both do good and do well.
Yuan GU can be contacted at guyuan@ahaer.net.
Tagged 2012, business, entrepreneurship, goodreads, impactinvestment, KKTse, philanthropy, SE-in-China, socialenterprise, socialventure
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Q: How to convert number to date format? I want to convert the number to date format. how to convert in oracle?
Example: i have time key column(data type number) and want to create new columns as date
Time Key       Date
2018030100     01-Mar-2018

A: Do you just want to_date()?
Assuming that the last two digits are always 00:
select to_date(my number / 100, 'yyyymmdd') as mydate
from mytable

Or if they can have other values, but you always want to ignore them:
select to_date(round(my number / 100), 'yyyymmdd') as mydate
from mytable

A: You can make use of to_date and trim function.
select to_char(to_date(trim( trailing '0' from '2018030100'),'yyyymmdd'), 'dd-mon-yyyy') from dual;

If you have number field then you can:
select to_char(to_date(trim( trailing '0' from id),'yyyymmdd'), 'dd-mon-yyyy') from test_date;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Finally, A Demographic Contracting STDs Faster Than Homos
By JD June 24, 2010 at 11:06am
It sort of makes sense that if you have a lot of sexual partners, your risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases would increase, because they are sexually transmitted diseases, and there you are, participating in an activity that aides and abets their transmission. But a study confirm the common sense: Swingers get HIV and syphilis and gonorrhea a lot!
At least, a lot more than gay men. And even young people in their 20s.
Millions of people worldwide are estimated to be swingers, defined as straight couples who regularly swap partners at organised gatherings and clubs and indulge in group sex. However, experts say that their lifestyles represent a hidden but significant source of STIs.
The study, published in the journal Sexually Transmitted Infections, found swingers who attended three Dutch clinics had some of the highest rates of STIs, along with young heterosexuals and gay men. Those over the age of 45 were most likely to be infected, while women who attended swinging parties had higher infection rates than men.
"Potentially, they may act as an STI transmission bridge to the entire population," said Nicole Dukers-Muijrers, of the South Limburg public health service, in Geleen, who led the study.
So while the FDA requires blood donors to answer questions about whether they've ever had gay sex, given or received money for sex, or had sex with an intravenous drug user, there's nothing on there about whether you're a straight person who hits up swingers parties — even though THE DATA, which is all the FDA supposedly cares about, suggests this group of people is the highest risk.
But if the FDA and the Dept. of Health and Human Services ever lifts the ban on gay blood, what do we do about gay swingers? Or, as they're called in the trade, "club kids"?
[image via]
Blood Health HIV Sex
Subscribe to Queerty for a daily dose of #blood #health #hiv stories and more
Klarth
This raises a good point. If the gay ban is only about risk, they need to at least ask these questions of straight people, and that is not the case. We're being singled out as exceptional health risks, as if we corner the market on STDs.
July 4, 2010 at 2:07am

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


OIC Members State Stock Exchanges Forum .
Bursa Suq Al-Sila\' Transactional chart Broker A 1 Commodity Supplier Islamic Bank A 2 Broker B Commodity Purchaser/Buyer Islamic Bank B Trading & Clearing Engine 3 Commodity Payment (spot) Payment (conceded) Example : Islamic Bank An is financing corporate customer B Islamic Bank B Islamic bank A purchases ware from item advertise on spot. Islamic bank A pitches ware to Islamic Bank B on conceded premise (obligation made). Islamic Bank B pitches the ware to Bursa Malaysia Islamic Services (BMIS), and after that BMIS offers it back to the market.
Why provide for cycling? A presentation for council members. The national policy context.
Inside the brokerages and stock exchanges across China, the world's second-largest economy.


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Green Valley, NSW, 2168
principal@minarah.nsw.edu.au
minarah.nsw.edu.au
au.linkedin.com/company/minarahcollege
"With less focus on textbooks, students now engage more in experiential and inquiry-based learning and have ample opportunities to work in collegial groups using various thinking routines"
Jay Halai, Minarah College
MINARAH COLLEGE
Jay Halai
Davindar Singh
Deputy Principal, Secondary Operations
Saireen Hussain
Deputy Principal, Secondary Teaching and Learning
Jay Halai is an innovative principal focusing on engaging with students and educators to meet strategic objectives and drive students' progress. He is committed to providing and empowering a top-performing college to cultivate student rapport and promote successful education delivery. He has a background in educational leadership, curriculum development, and teaching and learning from various schools in Australia and the UK. His qualifications include a Master's in ICT Education, BSc in Pharmaceutical Science, and PGCE in Secondary Education. He is currently undertaking an Executive MBA at UNSW. As Minarah College's educational leader, Jay Halai has strategically built a strong team dedicated to delivering on the school's strategic plan 'Shaping Futures Together' to maximise students' competence, skills and capacity so that all students can ultimately achieve well educationally and personally. He ensures that every aspect of school life is aligned towards that goal.
Davindar Singh, an educator for 22 years, serves as the deputy principal and mathematics teacher at Minarah College. He previously served as the head of department for Mathematics, Welfare and Discipline. Davindar is a highly qualified educational leader who is committed to continuous improvement and innovative teaching. He models high-level organisational and administration skills that are aimed at improving community engagement and outcomes of all students at Minarah College. He received his Bachelor's degree in Education and Mathematics from The University of the South Pacific and has partially completed a second degree in Accounting/Financial Management and Information Systems.
Saireen Hussain holds a Bachelor of Arts degree, major in History, Politics and Philosophy and English Text and Writing. She also has a Master's in Secondary Teaching and has been teaching at Minarah College for the last 13 years. She started as an English and History teacher in 2009 and a few years later, became the head of the HSIE department. Currently, she is the deputy principal of teaching and learning in the secondary school.
"We will ensure students address meaningful real-world problems and use specific protocols [so that] all voices are heard. Project-based learning will be emphasised to develop key skills such as research, critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration"
Samina Ali
Deputy Principal, Primary
Samina Ali holds a Master's of Educational Leadership and Bachelor of Education from local universities. She has 30 years of teaching experience, with 10 years as deputy principal and overall 19 years of service at the College. She is a 2010 finalist for the ASG Inspirational Teaching Award from the NeiTA Foundation. Samina has an aptitude with primary operations, facilitating professional expectations and responsibilities and collaborating with staff for upward communication mechanisms. As deputy principal, she holds expertise as a lead professional and has a demonstrated history of collaboration with top-tier educational leadership teams. She facilitates a nurturing learning environment and educational pursuits of the College.
Steve Uscinski
Deputy Headmaster, Teaching and Learning
Steve Uscinski leads the team of the studies directorate. In his more than 20 years at BGS, he has served as a teacher of English, coach of rugby and cricket, director of the senior dramatic production, boarding housemaster, school administrator and curriculum innovator and leader.
"The high focus on traditional ways of delivery of lessons through textbooks and lecture-based teaching was to be enhanced by interactive and collaborative learning, resulting in development of students' creative and critical thinking and communication using a range of resources, including ICT." Additionally, the school's introduction of one-to-one devices enabled contemporary learning through the use of e-textbooks, e-resources and programs, that students are more receptive of, and are developing the skills that they would in future be using in their workforce. "As the key external exams are delivered online, the devices will further facilitate the process," Halai explains. "The introduction of a character wheel was seen as a strategy to develop students' global competencies and [to make them] active contributors to society, [while developing] their exemplary character and emotional intelligence." Halai says this approach provided a more structured sequence in comparison to the previous one-off charity-based activities. In tandem with this overhaul, Halai has motivated all staff at the College to seek deeper investment in promoting positive outcomes for students. He says the most outstanding outcome from this is the benefit to the students, which is evident through Minarah's Lesson Observations and Learning Walks.
Greg Thorne
Deputy Headmaster, Co-curricular
Jacqui Zervos
Executive Director, Educational Innovation
Inma Beaumont
Executive Director Advancement and Community Relations
Greg Thorne joined BGS in January 2019. He is an experienced educational leader with a broad range of proficiencies. He has expertise in student wellbeing roles, curriculum leadership and school administration. Greg was part of the senior leadership team at Nudgee College for eight years, most recently as the director of activities for sport and culture. He has also been chairperson of multiple GPS Association sub-committees.
Jacqui Zervos joined the School in 1995 as a teacher of geography and history, having completed her initial teacher qualification at The University of Queensland in 1987 and then spending seven years teaching with Education Queensland. She is well known as a passionate and exemplary teacher of geography and took on the position of head of year in 2001. During the following five years as head of year, Jacqui completed her Master of Education at UQ with a major study into boys' education. She was appointed head of middle school in 2006. In 2018, she was seconded to her current position and in 2020 was confirmed as executive director, educational innovation on a permanent basis from 2021.
Rebecca Campbell joined BGS in mid-2013 as the School's first head of Years 5 and 6. She has spent the past 15 years working in GPS boys' schools. A dedicated educator, she is committed to creating a positive learning culture that supports the holistic development of each student. Rebecca is a graduate of the University of Newcastle, where she completed a master's degree specialising in educating boys. In recent years, she has attained a Professional Certificate in Instructional Leadership through the University of Melbourne. Rebecca fulfilled the head of middle school role in Term 1 2017 and from 2018 to 2020. She was appointed to the position of head of middle school in 2021.
Inma Beaumont joined BGS at the beginning of 2020. She is an experienced advancement professional, having implemented fundraising and engagement operations for three different units over six years at The University of Queensland. Inma led the fundraising campaign to renovate the Forgan Smith Building, home to the TC Beirne School of Law at UQ. She subsequently spent three years as director of advancement at the UQ Faculty of Health, where she conceived and delivered a major gifts program. Her fundraising experience follows a 15-year career in finance, including as CFO of Citibank Australia. She is a non-executive director of UN Women Australia, Speech Pathology Australia and Women's College at UQ.
Diana Godfrey joined Fidelity in 1995, and is currently the senior vice-president, human resources and corporate affairs. She has 27 years of industry experience and has driven innovation and transformative changes to employee benefits, talent development, charitable and diversity and inclusion programs, which have strengthened Fidelity Canada's position as a top caring employer. She championed the implementation of Fidelity Canada's value proposition, committed to improving the employee experience to meet their individual needs and the community at large. Fidelity Canada has been recognized with multiple employer awards and designations, which celebrate its work culture and atmosphere, corporate philanthropic initiatives, and health and benefits, to name just a few.
Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Corporate Affairs
Diana Godfrey (she/her/hers)
Cameron Murray is the senior vice president, client services and CIO for Fidelity Investments Canada ULC. In this capacity, he oversees both technology and operations for the organization in Canada. He joined Fidelity in December 1999 as Vice President, Systems Operations. He currently serves as a member of the board of directors for FundSERV, where he has been an executive committee and board member since 2002. He is also on the board of directors for Fidelity Investments Canada ULC.
Senior Vice President, Client Services and Chief Information Officer
Cameron Murray
Sarah M Stewart has more than 15 years of strategic leasing and customer care experience in residential property management. She is responsible for overseeing all aspects of Centurion's national leasing platforms, residential lead generation, and overall customer experience excellence through operation of the company's internal customer service department.
Associate Vice President, Leasing and Call Centre Operations
Sarah M Stewart
Karen Bannister, CM
Dave Longbottom
Alex Ventura
Damian Palovick
Senior Vice President of Underwriting AXA XL – Delegated Authority Programs, North America
Dr. Mary Lavoie
Head of Risk Management and Senior Vice President AXA XL – Delegated Authority Programs, North America
Mark Bernacki
Chief Underwriting Officer
Ryan Armijo
Chief Operating Officer, Underwriting Division
Bob Petrilli
President, Underwriting Division
"The focus now is on differentiation and development of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). There is documented planning on differentiation to ensure the students who are struggling are being catered for and those who are above average are being challenged to do better," he says. "Furthermore, staff are now engaging in making data-driven decisions to make programs and learning sequences. Lessons are no longer based on 'one hat – fits all', each lesson now has differentiated tasks." Halai says the syllabus outcome is now achieved through differentiated tasks that are aligned to the student capabilities and learning needs. "Lessons are delivered through interactive flat panels; hence, teachers have the opportunity to cater for visual, auditory and kinaesthetic learners," he states. "With less focus on textbooks, students now engage more in experiential and inquiry-based learning and have ample opportunities to work in collegial groups using various thinking routines." Halai elaborates that staff development is highly focused on enhancement of ICT skills through regular professional learning with Microsoft Teams. "The success stories on Deep Learning from classrooms were shared by the staff as part of professional development, and these presentations were well received by the teachers, and seen as a learning opportunity, and peer appreciation." As for what's next for Minarah College, Halai emphasises the process is in place for changing the learning environment with collaborative learning places for all students. "The shift is from students just learning the knowledge to authentic application of this knowledge to the wider world. The focus at Minarah College is for teachers to equip students with the tools to navigate their learning process and improve their expertise in developing efficacy," he explains. "We will ensure students address meaningful real-world problems and use specific protocols [so that] all voices are heard. Project-based learning will be emphasised to develop key skills such as research, critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration." Halai affirms that Minarah will also be using appropriate data analysis and interpretation of data to make informed decisions that positively affect student outcomes. "The proactive stance will enable students to be committed to advocating essential values, reflect and develop critical thinking and communication skills to develop their characters and become valuable and active members of the global community."
IB Top Brokerages
Alexis Hill
Alexis Hill joined BGS in April 2022 as the School's first chief information officer to lead the Digital Transformation Program, which aims to use technology and data to enhance student outcomes. As a senior executive with over 14 years of experience in commercial and government industries, she has substantial experience in digital transformation leadership. Alexis has held CIO and director roles that focused on driving technological and organisational change in complex environments. She holds a Bachelor of Business degree and is a graduate of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.
Minarah College – an independent K-12 Islamic co-educational school located 7km from Liverpool – is at the forefront of transformational change in educational practices and pedagogies that will impact the lives of its students in Western Sydney, both now and in the future. Over the past 12 months, the school has undergone a massive overhaul in programming to fully align with the model of Deep Learning and futuristic learning. "The learning cycle and pedagogies were reviewed and the crucial need for a holistic approach to engage students of varying needs, and not only the academic oriented, was evident," principal Jay Halai says.
https://minarah.nsw.edu.au/


text:
Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells
Munkhuu Bayarsaikhan, Takahisa Takino, Davaakhuu Gantulga, Hiroshi Sato, Takashi Ito, Katsuji Yoshioka
Bioregulation
We previously reported that the level of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (JSAP1), a scaffold protein for JNK signaling, increases dramatically during nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of PC12h cells. In the present study, we investigated the function of JSAP1 during PC12h cell differentiation by knocking down the level of JSAP1. The depletion of JSAP1 caused NGF-treated PC12h cells to form aggregates and impaired their differentiation. The aggregation was not observed in JSAP1-depleted cells that were untreated or treated with epidermal growth factor. Immunocytochemical studies indicated that N-cadherin, but not E-cadherin, was localized to sites of cell-cell contact in the aggregated cells. Furthermore, an inhibitory anti-N-cadherin antibody completely blocked the aggregation. Taken together, these results suggest that JSAP1 regulates cell-cell interactions in PC12h cells specifically in the NGF-induced signaling pathway, and does so by modulating N-cadherin.
Cell Communication
Nerve Growth Factor
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Protein Kinases
Heat-Shock Proteins
Bayarsaikhan, M., Takino, T., Gantulga, D., Sato, H., Ito, T., & Yoshioka, K. (2007). Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 353(2), 357-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.029
Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells. / Bayarsaikhan, Munkhuu; Takino, Takahisa; Gantulga, Davaakhuu; Sato, Hiroshi; Ito, Takashi; Yoshioka, Katsuji.
Bayarsaikhan, M, Takino, T, Gantulga, D, Sato, H, Ito, T & Yoshioka, K 2007, 'Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells', Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 353, no. 2, pp. 357-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.029
Bayarsaikhan M, Takino T, Gantulga D, Sato H, Ito T, Yoshioka K. Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2007 Feb 9;353(2):357-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.029
Bayarsaikhan, Munkhuu ; Takino, Takahisa ; Gantulga, Davaakhuu ; Sato, Hiroshi ; Ito, Takashi ; Yoshioka, Katsuji. / Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells. In: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2007 ; Vol. 353, No. 2. pp. 357-362.
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title = "Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells",
abstract = "We previously reported that the level of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (JSAP1), a scaffold protein for JNK signaling, increases dramatically during nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of PC12h cells. In the present study, we investigated the function of JSAP1 during PC12h cell differentiation by knocking down the level of JSAP1. The depletion of JSAP1 caused NGF-treated PC12h cells to form aggregates and impaired their differentiation. The aggregation was not observed in JSAP1-depleted cells that were untreated or treated with epidermal growth factor. Immunocytochemical studies indicated that N-cadherin, but not E-cadherin, was localized to sites of cell-cell contact in the aggregated cells. Furthermore, an inhibitory anti-N-cadherin antibody completely blocked the aggregation. Taken together, these results suggest that JSAP1 regulates cell-cell interactions in PC12h cells specifically in the NGF-induced signaling pathway, and does so by modulating N-cadherin.",
author = "Munkhuu Bayarsaikhan and Takahisa Takino and Davaakhuu Gantulga and Hiroshi Sato and Takashi Ito and Katsuji Yoshioka",
T1 - Regulation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell interaction by JSAP1 scaffold in PC12h cells
AU - Bayarsaikhan, Munkhuu
AU - Takino, Takahisa
AU - Gantulga, Davaakhuu
AU - Sato, Hiroshi
AU - Ito, Takashi
AU - Yoshioka, Katsuji
N2 - We previously reported that the level of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (JSAP1), a scaffold protein for JNK signaling, increases dramatically during nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of PC12h cells. In the present study, we investigated the function of JSAP1 during PC12h cell differentiation by knocking down the level of JSAP1. The depletion of JSAP1 caused NGF-treated PC12h cells to form aggregates and impaired their differentiation. The aggregation was not observed in JSAP1-depleted cells that were untreated or treated with epidermal growth factor. Immunocytochemical studies indicated that N-cadherin, but not E-cadherin, was localized to sites of cell-cell contact in the aggregated cells. Furthermore, an inhibitory anti-N-cadherin antibody completely blocked the aggregation. Taken together, these results suggest that JSAP1 regulates cell-cell interactions in PC12h cells specifically in the NGF-induced signaling pathway, and does so by modulating N-cadherin.
AB - We previously reported that the level of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (JSAP1), a scaffold protein for JNK signaling, increases dramatically during nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation of PC12h cells. In the present study, we investigated the function of JSAP1 during PC12h cell differentiation by knocking down the level of JSAP1. The depletion of JSAP1 caused NGF-treated PC12h cells to form aggregates and impaired their differentiation. The aggregation was not observed in JSAP1-depleted cells that were untreated or treated with epidermal growth factor. Immunocytochemical studies indicated that N-cadherin, but not E-cadherin, was localized to sites of cell-cell contact in the aggregated cells. Furthermore, an inhibitory anti-N-cadherin antibody completely blocked the aggregation. Taken together, these results suggest that JSAP1 regulates cell-cell interactions in PC12h cells specifically in the NGF-induced signaling pathway, and does so by modulating N-cadherin.


text:
The Complete Meaning of On His Blindness by John Milton
"On His Blindness" is a sonnet by John Milton and if you are reading the works of Milton, you'd be taken aback by this poem. Known for his devotion to God and for creating poems in praise of the lord, "On His Blindness" shows Milton's faith getting shaken.
"On His Blindness" is also called "When I Consider How My Light is Spent" or Sonnet 19 or Sonnet 16. Milton never gave this sonnet any name. The sonnet is a heartfelt appeal to God watching from above.
Before we get started with the poem, here is something readers should know; John Milton had gone blind at the age of 48 after suffering from deteriorating vision for years. It is this event that led Milton to write this sonnet.
Let's take a look at the sonnet first and then get into the meaning and analysis, stanza by stanza.
On His Blindness (Sonnet 19)
When I consider how my light is spent
Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hide
Lodg'd with me useless, though my soul more bent
To serve therewith my Maker, and present
My true account, lest he returning chide,
"Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?"
I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies: "God doth not need
Either man's work or his own gifts: who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state
Is kingly; thousands at his bidding speed
And post o'er land and ocean without rest:
They also serve who only stand and wait."
-John Milton
About the Sonnet
Style: On His Blindness is written in the Petrarchan style
Rhyming Pattern: The rhyming pattern of this sonnet is a b b a/ a b b a/ c d e c d e
Meter: Iambic Pentameter (except line 4)
Details: Part of the Trinity Manuscript poem collection.
Analysis and Meaning of On His Blindness
While reading the entire sonnet in one go can lead to confusion often due to the archaic style of the sonnet, or the complexities of religious ideas presented by Milton. Let's break the sonnet down into four stanzas and analyze each one for a better understanding.
Stanza 1: The Situation
Lodg'd with me useless, though my soul more bent
The first stanza describes the situation Milton is with his blindness. He has turned blind, but he is also confused as to what shall he do now. He is a poet and a writer, but he cannot read and hardly write.
His "light" means his vision, or the ability to see light. It is spent before half of his days are left in this dark and wide world. "And that one talent is death to hide" is an allusion to the biblical story of the 'Parable of Talent'.
The Parable of Talent is about three servants in which one servant receives three talents, the second one receives two and the last one receives one. After some time, the servant that received one talent is punished as he did not use it but kept it buried and hidden.
Milton is saying that it would be death to hide this one talent (of being able to write and praise God) as it is lodged with him useless now since he cannot see. Here's the interesting part. If you continue reading the line, it goes "though my soul more bent…"
Milton has brilliantly used enjambment to create two meanings from a single line. If read till here, it implies that his soul has been bent or immoral lately because he is questioning his purpose, the Will of God.
Stanza 2: The Shaking of Faith
"Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?"
In the second stanza, Milton's faith is shaken, only a little, but it does shake when he asks "does God expect me to continue using my talent?" There is a sense of doubt, a loss of purpose and meaning.
Continuing from the first stanza, Milton says that even though the gift that he received from God is useless, his soul is still bent to serve the Maker and present what he sees and experiences in the form of poetry.
He asks if God wants him to continue his work even when the ability to work has been denied. Does God expect his "day-labor" even when the light has been denied (back in Milton's time, people used to work only in daylight.)
Stanza 3: Faith Restored
That murmur, soon replies: "God doth not need
Either man's work or his own gifts: who best
Milton says that after asking this, his patience replies. Notice here that Patience has been personified here. His patience replies to stop the 'murmurs' or the doubts Milton has after losing his sense of vision.
His patience says that God does not need someone's work or the very gifts he gave to the mortals. But the people who bear his mild yoke are the ones who serve him the best. 'Mild yoke' is another allusion to a Biblical element.
A yoke is a wooden bar that oxen, horses, and other animals of labor have to bear on their necks to pull a cart or plow the field. Jesus's 'mild yoke' is the two commandments He gave to love God and to love each other. It is what 'mild' means here.
There is no burden that God puts on people. God just wants people to love Him and love fellow humans. The people who bear this 'yoke' serve him the best.
Stanza 4: Milton's Purpose
And post o'er land and ocean without rest:
They also serve who only stand and wait."
In the final tercet, Milton finds his purpose, after losing the ability to use his talent. The realm of God is kingly, and there are thousands of people doing and offering their bit, serving God. But the people who just stand and wait are also serving the Lord.
Milton finds his purpose in just being patient and waiting for God to reveal his plan. He does not have to worry or question what's left for him to do, or what must he do now he cannot use his talent. He realizes that all he must do is wait, listen to his patience, and have faith in God.
Summary Capsule
"On His Blindness" is a term that suits this sonnet the best. The 'He' here is not God, but Milton himself (since this title was given by someone else.) Blindness here is not only the inability to see but also the inability to realize.
Any person would have their faith shaken if they lose the ability to do the one thing they are meant to do. But Milton regains his faith when he rests his racing heart and fretting mind. He understands that you do not need to work to be in God's embrace.
The theme of 'On His Blindness' is acceptance of oneself when losing the purpose of life. When someone loses the ability to be useful to the world, this sense of being useless can have a big toll. What is the purpose of existing? How should one believe that he can do what God has intended him to do?
Faith in the self and faith in God is one of the major themes of the poem. The true meaning of serving God, and having the strength to be calm, patient, and stop the thoughts that make you feel weak and useless.
The Literary Devices used in the Poem On His Blindness are:
Personification– The poet has personified "Patience" in the poem by giving it human qualities. For example:
Imagery– The poet has used imagery throughout the poem with the purpose of making the readers perceive with their five senses. For example:
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best
Enjambment– A few examples of Enjambment from the poem include:
Lodged with me useless, though my Soul more bent
That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need
Either man's work or his own gifts; who best
Alliteration– A few examples of alliteration are:
Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide,
Pun– A Pun is a literary device which involves words with similar or identical sounds but with different meanings. The poet uses this device in the first line of the poem " When I consider how my light is spent," where light refers to his eyesight and also his life before getting blind.
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A cosy and natural campsite, nestled in the middle of dunes under the protecting eye of the Phare des Baleines (the lighthouse) and leading to a little wild beach? No doubt: you are at the Camping Les Baleines!
In a natural, wooded and preserved environment of 4,6 hectares, the Camping Les Baleines offers different types of rentals to suit your wishes!
By yourself, as a twosome, with your family or with your friends; you will indeed find the type of accommodation with the mood that suits you.
You feel like being in total communion with nature but with a high level of comfort? Choose one of our 5 safari style lodges in canvas and wood or one of our 100% local ecologic cabins. Their natural decoration, without chemical products, with soft colours will soothe you and gently put you in a bubble of wellness.
You can also enjoy the comfort and the charm of our 18 mobile-homes. Functional and spacious, they can accommodate up to 6 persons.
All our rentals have a terrace and garden furniture to the long summer days and the sweetness of our gorgeous island to the fullest.
Travel light: bedding equipment (duvets, duvet covers, pillows, pillow cases, undersheets and bathmat) are fully provided for a minimum stay of 7 days for the rentals.
We also rent baby beds and baby chairs.
Please note that our animal friends are admitted only during the low season (April, May, June and September).


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Turn on a random nature documentary, and nine out of ten times it ends with the notion: save the planet because she's going down. Man is a monster that robs the seas from their fish, strips entire mountains from their forests and turns rainforests to barren deserts. We wreck ecosystems and are committing a mass genocide on all life on Earth. We are on the verge of a disaster and we need to stop it, but honestly we are already to late.
There we are, on the couch, staring crestfallen at the closing credits. Our wonder for nature and the animals we've just seen took a complete U-turn and left us with a paralyzing feeling of guilt. The Earth is going down and it is our fault.
The Earth is going down and it is our fault.
While there certainly is a truth in it, I wonder whether this the image we want to leave behind. Nature wasting away like a fragile sapling that needs our hands to 'save' it, and animals as pitiful victims of our greed.
Nature is so much more than our backyard, and animals are so much more than victims. Millions of years of evolution shaped the Earth to the breathtaking collection of ecosystems it currently is. With forests that are still packed with animals and plants, oceans fizzling with life, and mountainranges that own all beauty contests together. Nature is astonishing, complex, unpredictable, sublime, frightning, perfect and imperfect all at the same time. Thát is the image we should pass to our kids. So that they develop a passion for life on Earth, and are not conditioned to feel guilt whenever they see a forest or a deer.
Practice what you preach, is what they say. And since pictures say more than a thousand words, I thought, why not make a painting of it.
The message I want to convey with this piece is that nature and all animals on Earth have intrinsic value. Value of themselves. Just like you cannot replace a human being by another or catch is value in money, likewise you cannot replace an individual from a different species by lifeless dollars. The intrinsic value of nature and animals cannot be expressed by or replaced with capital or material.
It is time we focus on the intrinsic value of nature. That we build passion for all life on Earth. And let people be driven by that passion to act for the benefit of this indescribably beautiful world.
This work was auctioned at the Dinner Lecture of Sea The Future. The proceeds from the painting went to the cause that puts the mission you just read about in practice: Sea First. With the money, Sea First is able to print education material for schools, so that our children – the future of our Earth – learn how beautiful the oceans are, how important it is that we conserve them, and how they can do so.


text:
© 2017 WebRightServices.net
Thanks for your support of
Rhode Island Radio Website!
William Francis Goodreau was born September 14th, 1901 4 to Frank and Catharine. Frank was a Journeyman Bricklayer and Catharine was a homemaker. He had 6 siblings in 1910, 4 brothers and 2 sisters. His father was born in France and his mother in New York 5. William married Virginia Pearson on October 25th, 1923 7 when he was 40 years old, Virginia was a nurse. 18 They lived in her fathers boarding house at 68 Charles Field street in Providence with Virginia's father Harry, Mother Sophia, Virginia's sister Dorothay and 12 boarders 6. His occupation was listed as Radio Work 6. Williams radio work seems to have started when he as hospitalized in 1920 for an unknown illness that seems to have kept him bed ridden. It was there that he was introduced to radio by Troop 5 in Providence 8.
In 1928 William wins the $100 prize for his article in Radio News titled "An RF Short-Wave Broadcast Receiver" Also in 1928 9 Williams listed occupation changes to Publicity Man and continues in 1930 10, 1933 11, and 1935 12. In 1937 13 William is the owner of a Art Craft Studio and still lives at 68 Charles Field street in Providence with his in-laws.
William becomes a greeting card manufacturer as we see ads for this starting in 1931 and we see evidence of this through 1939 14. The location on Charles Field is owned by Goodreau and his wife.
Providence Journal
Mr Goodreau makes a major career change in 1940 according to the 1940 censue where his occupation is listed as a Propritor of used cars sales 15. Jumping careers again he is listed as a printer in 1941 and his home is now in North Attleboro, MA 16. In 1942 he is divorced19 and still listed as a printer but now living at 734 Westminster in Providence. In 1943 William marries again to Penelope Mastropietro20.
In 1948 Mr Goodreau is caught up in an investigation into voter fraud because his, and other signatures, on a primary ballot were questionable. William's claim supported the fraud, in that, he stated he had not signed the ballot due to being confined to a wheel chair21.
No new listing is found until his California death certificate on June 27th, 1966 17.
No matter what Mr Goodreau did his main interest was designing and building new receiving sets and seeing how many distant stations he could tune in. He did not own a radio company or sell his sets. He did write for magazines 1. In a letter to "Radio In The Home" in January of 1924 he wrote in a letter to the editor:
"I am a radio experimenter ; have been confined to bed for the last three years, having been ill seven years, but I design and construct radio sets, not for sale, but for my own pleasure. I drill all panels, etc., while flat on my back, and I sure do have a lot of fun. I build all kinds of sets, including the Grimes as described in one of your past issues. Also tried regeneration with Grimes, and my advice is DON'T DO IT. For a living I write for magazines. "If you are interested in this receiver please let me know and I will be glad to write an article on this set, or should you desire I will give you all the dope on it and you can build it and describe it to your readers. I have several sets now, including a reflex, but this one is my best for distance." 1
He wrote a lot of articles for the magazine "Radio In The Home". I have found a total of 8 articles which are included on this page. Although he did not ever sell his sets, other companies used his articles to sell the parts needed to build. You will notice the ads included on this page with parts called out that can be used for Mr Goodreau's sets.
In one article Mr Goodreau goes on a "Special Mission" for "Radio In The Home" to test a portable set he designed. The set is promoted as being for the vacationist. In his testing Mr Goodreau states:
"During tests of this receiver, I have heard on antenna alone or ground alone, Station KDKA, which is over 600 miles from Providence, R. I., where the set was tested. With antenna and ground together, have heard Station WTAM at Cleveland, Ohio, and Station WDAP at Chicago. The music was clear, but not as loud as it would be on a full-size receiver." 2
By September of 1924, "Radio In The Home" describes Mr Goodreau like this:
Troop 5 with their radio setup for patients
at Rhode Island Hospital
This is where an aling Mr Goodreau was introduced to radio.
Wireless Age November, 1922.
Providence Journal April 10, 1922
ONE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE MEN IN RADIO 3
This is W. Francis Goodreau. Contributing Editor "Radio In The Home." Mr. Goodreau as been bedridden for years. He does all of his studying, experimenting and set building flat on his back, and in spite of his physical handicap has worked himself up among the ranks of America's most popular and successful radio writers.
Radio in the home
Radio in the home,
An Ideal Circuit
For The Ducoit Plug
Goodreau Answers Questions
About His Famous Circuit
Goodreau's Spider
Web Portable Set
A Favorite Circuit,
Radio Frequency and
the Goodreau Split Variometer
Building Radio Sets
That Work
How Far Will This Set Receive?
Another Favorite Circuit Simplified
1 An Ideal Circuit For the Ducoit Plug, January, 1924
2 Goodreau's Spiderweb Portable Set, April, 1924
3 Building Radio Sets That Work, September, 1924
4 William Francis Goodreau 1935 Census Card
5 1910 US Census
7 Providence Marriage Records, 1921-1923
8 What Radio Means To Me, Radio Broadcast, January 1924
9 1928 Providence Street Directory
10 1930 Providence Street Directory
15 1940 US Censue
17 California Death Notice
18 Providence Journal October 6, 1923
19 Providence Journal July 10, 1942
20 Providence Journal January 23, 1943
21 Providence Journal September 14, 1948


text:
2 General terms and conditions of trading
3 Obligations of seller and transferor
3.1 Duty to obtain information
3.2 Obligation to provide information
3.3 Obligation to keep records
4 Storage of radioactive substances and waste management
5 The shipment, importation and exportation of radioactive substances
5.1 Prior declaration of consignee in a Member State of the European Union
5.2 Shipment notification to a Member State of the European Union
5.3 Imports from outside the European Union and exports outside the territory of the European Union
5.4 The shipment, importation and exportation of high-activity sealed sources
5.5 Securities deposited for high-activity sealed sources
5.6 Customs supervision and customs declaration
6 Transport of radioactive substances
6.1 Preparation and receipt of transportation
6.2 Transport by road
7.1 Preparing for abnormal events
7.2 Procedure in the case of an abnormal event
7.3 Reporting an abnormal event
Trade in radiation sources, 14 June 2016ST 5.4
It replaces Guide ST 5.4, Trade in radiation sources, issued on 19 December 2008.
The life cycles of radiation sources are monitored from manufacturing to decommissioning and the treatment of waste. Regulatory control of trade in radiation sources constitutes a material part of the life cycle monitoring.
This Guide concerns trade in radiation sources that generate ionising radiation and the obligations applicable to the associated practices. The Guide applies to trade in radioactive substances, appliances that contain such substances and X-ray equipment. It also applies, where relevant, to trade in accelerators.
The export of some radioactive substances (including tritium and certain alpha radiation sources) is furthermore subject to the regulations applicable to the dual-use items of the nuclear industry.
This Guide does not concern naturally occurring radioactive substances, nuclear material (plutonium, uranium and thorium) or nuclear waste.
Council Regulation (Euratom) No. 1493/93 specifies the requirements applicable to shipments of radioactive substances between Member States.
The requirements applicable to trade in X-ray equipment employed in healthcare are provided in the Medical Devices Act (629/2010) and in the statutes given pursuant to it. These statutes also contain requirements applicable to the radiopharmaceuticals used in healthcare. Compliance with the aforementioned requirements is supervised by the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira).
Dual-use items are provided for in Council Regulation (EC) No. 1334/2000 on setting up a Community regime for the control of exports of dual-use items and technology as well as in the Act on the Control of Exports of Dual-Use Goods (562/1996) and in the Government Decree on Export Control (924/2000) issued pursuant to it.
The regulations applicable to nuclear materials and nuclear waste can be found in the Nuclear Energy Act (990/1987) and the statutes and rules issued by virtue of it. Shipments of radioactive waste between States and the transit of waste are discussed in Guide ST 5.7.
Trade in radiation sources and associated practices, such as importing and exporting, are generally subject to a safety licence as referred to in section 16 of the Radiation Act (592/1991).
The safety licence is not required for shipping radioactive substances intended for own use from a Member State of the European Union to Finland or for shipping radioactive substances that have been in own use from Finland to another Member State of the European Union. However, in such cases, one must nevertheless have a safety licence for the use of radioactive substances. Shipments of radioactive substances and the related obligations are discussed in more detail in chapter 5 of this Guide.
The import and export of some products is prohibited when a radioactive substance has intentionally been added to the products. Such products include food, cosmetics, jewelry, toys and corresponding consumer goods.
Anyone who imports, trades in, transfers to another party or otherwise places on the market radiation appliances, radioactive substances or materials containing radioactive substances must be able to demonstrate that said products meet the safety requirements pertaining to them.
Section 17 of the Radiation Act provides for exemptions from the safety licence and on the grounds thereof. Activities exempt from the requirement of a safety licence are discussed in more detail in Guide ST 1.5. Section 27 of the Radiation Act provides for the usage restrictions of radioactive substances in consumer goods. Section 21 of the Radiation Act provides for demonstrating products' compliance with requirements.
When transferring radioactive substances the use of which is not exempt from the safety licence, the transferor is obligated to ensure that the consignee has a safety licence which entitles it to possess radioactive substances. This duty to obtain information does not apply if the radioactive substance's activity or activity concentration does not exceed the exemption value.
The following activities nevertheless always require a safety licence, and the transferor of the radioactive substance has a duty to obtain information regardless of the amount of the radioactive substance transferred:
the medical use of radiation as referred to in section 38 of the Radiation Act
the manufacturing or sale of radiopharmaceuticals
the manufacturing of consumer goods which contain radioactive substances
the administration of radioactive substances to animals for purposes of diagnosis, treatment or research.
Item 5.1 discusses the duty to obtain information relating to the shipment of sealed sources whose activity exceeds the exemption value or appliances that contain such sealed sources to a Member State of the European Union. When transferring radioactive substances to countries outside the European Union, the transferor must comply with the duty-to-obtain-information and other regulations of the destination country. The exportation of high-activity sealed sources may furthermore involve prior declarations, discussed in more detail under item 5.4.
Section 28 of the Radiation Act provides for the duty to obtain information when transferring radioactive substances.
The transferor of the radiation source is obligated to provide the consignee with information relevant with regard to safety. Such information includes:
restrictions pertaining to the radiation source's use and conditions of use
information on the radiation source and the dose rate of radiation in the vicinity of the appliance
an account of the safety equipment, maintenance, etc.
The information can be provided in, for instance, manuals, product specifications, test certificates and equivalent documents.
When transferring X-ray equipment the possession or use of which is not exempt from the safety licence, it is appropriate to inform the consignee of its obligation to apply for a safety licence pertaining to the equipment's possession and use in connection with the transfer.
Sealed sources or appliances containing sealed sources must be accompanied with detailed written information on their structure and the properties that have an impact on safety. A sealed source must be delivered together with a certificate that indicates the source's leak-tightness and compliance with standards. The source must furthermore be accompanied with a Special Form Certificate pursuant to transportation regulations, if such a certificate has been issued to the source.
The transferor must ensure that the radiation sources or their shields are furnished with the appropriate signs indicating ionising radiation or radiation hazard. Appliances which contain radioactive substances must be furnished with a marking which indicates the radionuclide, activity and the activity's detection date as well as the serial number and manufacturer of the source.
When transferring sealed sources, the importer or seller must provide the user of the sealed source with information on whether the decommissioned sealed source can be returned to the importer or seller.
Section 15 of the Radiation Act provides for the obligation to provides information when transferring radiation sources. The Medical Devices Act (629/2010) provide more detailed requirements on the markings of X-ray equipment used in healthcare. The requirements applicable to other X-ray equipment are specified in Guide ST 5.2.
The importer, seller or other transferor must keep records of the receptions and transfers of radiation sources.
The records must include at least the following information on radioactive substances and any appliances that contain them:
information on whether the source is sealed or unsealed
the radionuclide or radionuclides
the activity and its determination date
the consignee of the radiation source
the manufacturer of the radiation source and the type of the source
the unique serial number of the radiation source, if it is a sealed source.
The records must include at least the following information on X-ray equipment:
the consignee of the equipment
the manufacturer of the equipment and the name of the model (type)
the equipment's tube voltage and tube current
the equipment's unique serial number.
The information kept on radioactive substances and X-ray equipment must be submitted to the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority annually, by the end of January the following year. Regarding radioactive substances, the information to be submitted consists of import and export data, transfers and receipts as well as the storage situation at the end of the year. Regarding X-ray equipment, the information to be submitted consists of any X-ray equipment transferred and their new holders.
Section 14 b of the Radiation Act provides on the duty of accounting and notification.
Trade in radioactive substances can also entail storage and the treatment of waste. Radioactive substances and any appliances which contain such substances as well as radioactive waste must be stored in such a way that they do not pose a danger to the environment and do not fall into the hands of unauthorised parties.
Decommissioned sealed sources must primarily be returned to their manufacturer.
The holder of the safety licence is obligated to ensure that the radioactive waste generated in its operations is treated safely and rendered harmless. The license-holder is also responsible for any costs arising from cleaning up the environment.
If the radioactive waste generated by the operations is of the kind that cannot be rendered harmless without considerable expense, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority may request a financial security from the party running a radiation practice (hereinafter the responsible party).
The requirements concerning the storage of radioactive substances are specified in Guide ST 5.1 and Guide ST 6.1. A radiation source storage is also subject to the requirements applicable to security arrangements, specified in Guide ST 1.11.
The decommissioning of sealed sources is discussed in more detail in Guide ST 5.1. The requirements concerning the treatment of radioactive waste originating from the use of unsealed sources are specified in Guide ST 6.2. Shipments of radioactive waste between States and the transit of waste are discussed in more detail in Guide ST 5.7.
Section 19 of the Radiation Act and section 15 of the Radiation Decree provide for the deposit of a financial security.
The shipment of radioactive substances from one Member State of the European Union to another does not require a safety licence. Trade in radioactive substances, however, does require a safety licence.
When radioactive substances are shipped from one Member State of the European Union to another, the consignee must provide the holder of the radioactive substance with a prior declaration confirmed by a competent authority of the destination country on the consignee fulfilling the statutory requirements applicable in the European Union and the national legislation for the possession, use and waste management of radioactive substances.
The prior declaration is required when the shipment concerns a radiation source in which the radioactive substance is permanently attached to solid matter or enclosed in a durable shield that prevents the substance's dispersion (sealed source) and when the activity exceeds the exemption value specified in Guide ST 1.5.
The prior declaration must be completed on a standard form available, for instance, on the website of the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority. The prior declaration may be made to concern more than one shipment, in which case its maximum period of validity is three years. The prior declaration is not necessary when shipping unsealed sources, for which the shipment notification referred to below is sufficient.
Council Regulation (Euratom) No. 1493/93 provides for the shipment of radioactive substances.
If the activity and activity concentration of a shipped radioactive substance exceed the exemption value specified in Guide ST 1.5, the consignor must provide the destination country's authorities with the following information on the shipped radioactive substances (both sealed and unsealed sources) within 21 days of the end of each three-month period:
the names and addresses of the consignees
the radionuclides delivered to each consignee, their activity in total and the number of the consignments
the maximum radionuclide-specific activities delivered on any one occasion to each consignee
information on whether the source is sealed or unsealed.
The import of radioactive substances from outside the European Union and the export of them beyond the borders of the European Union requires a safety licence. Imports and exports such as this are not subject to the practice of a prior declaration or shipment notification as referred to in items 5.1 and 5.2, respectively. Export operations must comply with the regulations of the country of destination.
Shipments of high-activity sealed sources (HASS) are subject to the requirements specified under items 5.1 and 5.2.
The import and export of high-activity sealed sources is subject to the following special requirements:
The importer must ensure that the high-activity sealed source is furnished with a unique number code.
The importation of a source that has not been identified is forbidden.
Information on each export or import must be submitted for the prior approval of the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority.
A financial security must be deposited, prior to importation, for sealed sources whose activity exceeds the HASS limit by at least a hundredfold (see item 5.5).
In addition, the import and export of high-activity sources is subject to the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) "Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources" and "Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources", which Finland has undertaken to abide by. According to the code and guidance, the import and export of certain high-activity sources requires the approval of the authorities of the country of origin and country of destination, as well as prior declarations and notification between the countries.
When seeking approval for the import or export of a high-activity source, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority carries out the necessary enquiries and submits the declarations and notifications to the relevant foreign authorities. When necessary, the approval decision specifies requirements on any special notifications and other measures that the party seeking the approval must complete.
When applying for a safety licence for the use of a high-activity sealed source, the applicant must find out, among other things, the procedure for returning decommissioned sources to their manufacturer or supplier or for their conveyance to a recognised installation (a facility that manages radioactive waste). Therefore, the importer, seller or other transferor must find out, as early as during the procurement phase, whether a decommissioned source can be returned to the manufacturer or other supplier, and provide this information to the source's user.
Chapter 8 a of the Radiation Act and Chapter 5 a of the Radiation Decree provide for high-activity sealed sources. The radionuclide-specific activity levels (HASS limits) of these sources are specified in Guide ST 5.1.
The responsible party for whose use the radiation source is intended must deposit a financial security for the high-activity sealed source prior to its import or shipment to Finland when the sealed source's activity exceeds the HASS limit by a hundredfold or more. (HASS limit = the activity level as referred to in Annex I of Council Directive 2003/122/Euratom on the control of high-activity sealed radioactive sources and orphan sources) [4].
The amount of the security comprises a fixed standard charge and a source-specific surcharge. The amount of the surcharge is based on what are referred to as charge units, the number of which is arrived at by dividing the sealed source's activity with a figure that is equal to the HASS limit by a hundredfold. If the number of the charge units is more than a hundred, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority may evaluate and determine a lower surcharge.
The furnishing of a security is provided for in sections 19, 31 b and 31 f of the Radiation Act. The determination of the amount of the security is provided for in section 22 d of the Radiation Decree.
Customs authorities supervise, for their part, the import and export of radioactive substances as well as compliance with the prohibition concerning prohibited products provided in section 27 of the Radiation Act (see chapter 2).
When radioactive substances or appliances containing such substances are imported to Finland from outside the European Union or exported from Finland outside the European Union, their quality and quantity as well as the fact that they are subject to a licence must be clearly indicated on the customs declaration or an account appended thereto. Customs also requires the customs declaration to indicate the number of the safety licence entitling the relevant party to import or export and a code pursuant to Customs' instructions.
Section 31 a of the Radiation Decree contains provisions on the customs declaration.
The transportation of radioactive substances is exempt from a safety licence. However, the Radiation Act contains general obligations imposed on the holder of the safety licence if the holder transports radioactive substances or has them transported or imports radioactive substances. The transportation of radioactive substances is subject to legislation applicable to the transportation of dangerous goods.
The consignor of a radioactive substance is responsible for the appropriate preparation of the transportation. The consignor can be the holder of the safety licence or a party authorised by the holder. When consigning radioactive substances for transport, the consignor is responsible for ensuring, e.g. the following:
The radioactive substance is correctly classified (UN number and title).
The mode of transportation is appropriate with regard to safety.
The carrier has all the documents and instructions required by the regulations at its disposal (consignment note and any possible further instructions).
If radioactive substances are transported by air, the consignor and packer must always hold qualifications approved by the Finnish Transport Safety Agency (Trafi).
The responsible party must ensure that the employees receiving radioactive substances have adequate training and instructions for the job. Transport packaging containing radioactive substances may not be stored in reception premises unnecessarily.
The holder of the safety licence may transport radioactive substances in its possession (to be delivered to a customer, received from a customer or substances covered by its own safety licence) by road. In such cases, the licence holder must meet the obligations of the carrier and driver, including the following:
The vehicle has the markings for the transport of radioactive substances, if necessary.
The shipments have been loaded safely.
The damage, loss and unauthorized seizure of radioactive substances has been effectively prevented throughout the transport.
For more information about the transport of radioactive substances, see the guides Radioaktiivisten aineiden kuljetus (Transport of radioactive materials) [10] and Turvajärjestelyt radioaktiivisten aineiden tiekuljetuksissa (Security arrangements in the road transport of radioactive materials) [11], published by STUK.
The transport of dangerous substances is regulated by the Act on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (719/1994) and regulations issued by virtue of the Act. Detailed requirements for transport by road are specified in the Finnish Transport Safety Agency's regulation TRAFI/4541/03.04.03.00/2015. By virtue of Section 11 of the Radiation Act, the transport of radioactive substances constitutes use of radiation. The transport of radioactive substances has been exempted from the need for a safety licence by virtue of Section 17 of the Radiation Act. The safety licence holder's liability for transport and damage in transport are regulated by Sections 29–30 of the Radiation Act. The ADR certificate is regulated by the Government Decree on the Driving Authorization of the Drivers of Dangerous Goods (401/2011). Awareness training is regulated by a Finnish Transport Safety Agency's order, Annex A, Special regulation S12.
The responsible party must identify, in advance, any possible abnormal events related to trade in radiation sources that may compromise safety. Such events include the disappearance of the radiation source or the suspected or confirmed exposure of an employee. The abnormal event may also be malicious damage to or the theft of the radiation source.
The responsible party must plan and implement operations in such a way that the probability of an abnormal event remains as low as possible. It must furthermore ensure that information about an abnormal event is passed on within its organisation and reaches the responsible party and those responsible.
Any possible abnormal events must also be prepared for by, among other things, providing employees who deal with radiation sources with written instructions on how to operate in the event of abnormal events and reserving sufficient resources for the containment of an area.
When an abnormal event occurs, the responsible party must carry out the measures necessary to contain the radiation exposure and bring the situation under conditions that are safe in terms of radiation. The reasons for the abnormal event must be investigated, and measures to prevent a reoccurrence must be undertaken.
If a close call involves a significant potential risk, the reasons for the event must be investigated and any possible corrective measures must be taken under consideration.
Any abnormal events must be reported to the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority immediately. The report must include the following details:
the name and contact details of the person who submits the report
a description of the event
information on the people whose safety may have been at risk and an estimate on any exposure to radiation
an assessment of any possible radioactive substances released to the environment
any immediate measures undertaken because of the event.
If necessary, the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority must be provided with a written report of the event. In addition to the aforementioned information, the report must detail the reasons for and consequences of the event (particularly any possible radiation exposure) and the measures aiming to prevent the occurrence of similar events.
Section 17 of the Radiation Decree (1512/1991) provides for the reporting of any abnormal events that result in radiation exposure. Guide ST 1.6 discusses operations in abnormal events and the reports to be submitted to the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority on abnormal events in more detail. Furthermore, Guide ST 1.11 discusses malicious damage to and the theft of a radiation source and the report to be submitted thereof.
Council Regulation (Euratom) No. 1493/93 of 8 June 1993 on shipments of radioactive waste between Member States. Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 148/1, 19.6.1993.
International Atomic Energy Agency. Code of conduct on the safety and security of radioactive sources. Vienna: IAEA; 2004.
International Atomic Energy Agency. Guidance on the import and export of radioactive sources, 2012 Edition. Vienna: IAEA; 2012.
Council Directive 2003/122/Euratom of 22 December 2003 on the control of high-activity sealed radioactive sources and orphan sources. Official Journal of the European Union No. J 346/57, 31.12.2003.
Act on the transport of dangerous goods (719/1994).
Government Decree on the transport of dangerous goods by road (194/2002).
Trafin määräys: Vaarallisten aineiden kuljetus tiellä (Finnish Transport Safety Agency's regulation on the transport of dangerous goods by road) (TRAFI/4541/03.04.03.00/2015).
Government Decree on the safety adviser for the transport of dangerous goods by road and rail (274/2002).
International Atomic Energy Agency. Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material: Specific safety requirements, 2012 Edition. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6. Vienna: IAEA; 2012.
Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland. Turvajärjestelyt radioaktiivistenaineiden tiekuljetuksissa. STUK opastaa/Kesäkuu 2015. (Security arrangements forroad transport of radioactive materials.) Helsinki: STUK; 2015.
Trade in radiation sources
The sale of radiation sources and associated practices, such as possession, import, export, transportation and storage. Trade-associated practices may also include installing and testing radiation sources and rendering radioactive waste harmless.
The physical importation or arrival of a radiation source into Finland from a place outside of the territory of the European Union.
The physical removal or departure of a radiation source from Finland to a place outside of the territory of the European Union.
Shipment of a radioactive substance
The transit of a radioactive substance between Member States of the European Union from a point of departure to a destination, including loading and unloading.
A radiation appliance or a radioactive substance.
An appliance that generates radiation electrically or contains any radioactive substance.
Unsealed source
A radioactive substance that is not a sealed source.
High-activity sealed source (HASS)
A sealed source containing a radionuclide of activity that was equal to or exceeded the activity level set per nuclide when the source was manufactured or, if the activity at this time is not known, at the time when the source was first placed on the market. Activity levels for different radionuclides are presented in the Appendix of Guide ST 5.1.
Special Form Certificate
A certificate granted by a competent authority to the manufacturer of a radioactive substance which entitles the manufacturer to transport radioactive substances in a special form in an A type package in larger quantities than a substance that is not in a special form. A radioactive substance in special form refers to either a solid radioactive substance, which cannot disperse, or a sealed capsule which contains the radioactive substance.


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Q: MD046/code-block-style: Code block style [Expected: indented; Actual: fenced] I am trying some documentation for my workspace but this error is bugging me more than expected.

*

*if i need to define my code block style then where?

*Or this is something I need to enable or update settings in my VS Code? as i am using VS Code to create this markup file.

A: The simple solution is to just leave the default setting and edit your Markdown to always use the same style of code blocks consistently throughout. After all, that is the point of a linter. To encourage consistent, well-formed Markdown.
But, of course, you may want to change the default. I'm assuming your are using the markdownlint plugin for VSCode. As stated in the documentation:

Rules can be enabled, disabled, and customized by creating a JSON file named .markdownlint.jsonc/.markdownlint.json or a YAML file named .markdownlint.yaml/.markdownlint.yml or a JavaScript file named .markdownlint.js in any directory of a project.

You can create one of the above files at the root of your project, and customize the behavior as you desire. As you don't state what behavior you desire, I will note that there are multiple options for Rule MD046.

*

*consistent (default): Whichever style is found first is enforced for every code block. In other words, all code block must be either indented or fenced. You can't mix them.

*fenced: All code blocks must be fenced. Any indented code blocks will raise an error.

*indented: All code blocks must be indented. Any fenced code blocks will raise an error.

*false: Disable the rule and allow either or both styles of code blocks. Mix or match at will.

If you are using a YAML file, it might look like this:
MD046: fenced

Just swap out fenced for the option you prefer.


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