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El cens és una mena de contracte, avui dia en desús, que es constitueix quan una persona (censatari) contreu l'obligació de pagar a una altra (anomenada censualista, censalista o censaler) una pensió (també anomenada cànon o renda) de caràcter anual (pagada en diners o espècie), com a contraprestació de la transmissió d'un capital (mobiliari o immobiliari) corresponent, i gravant una propietat seva amb la responsabilitat dels diners i del capital com a garantia del pagament. Normalment les legislacions exigeixen escriptura pública per a la seva constitució. El cens és alhora un contracte i un dret real.

Els censos van ser una institució utilitzada en temps medievals i moderns, a Europa i Amèrica. S'assemblava a l'actual préstec hipotecari, llevat que el deutor conservava plens drets sobre l'immoble gravat. Encara perviu la figura del cens al Codi Civil espanyol vigent promulgat el 1889. El legislador conserva les tres figures de cens: L'emfitèutic, el reservatiu i el consignatiu.

Història
Els censos es van generalitzar especialment en regions i temps on el capital efectiu era escàs, com a Iberoamèrica, regió que va patir durant l'època colonial una particular sagnia de recursos i escassetat de diner líquid.

Encara que hi havia diferents tipus de censos, consignatius, reservatius o vitalicis, els més utilitzats van ser especialment els de tipus "consignatiu" redimible, que eren l'adquisició d'un capital sota la garantia d'una finca o un immoble, subjectant-la al gravamen d'una pensió anual. El censatari (aquell que sol·licitava el préstec) conservava el ple dret sobre el bé immoble i podia vendre-ho, alienar-lo, si el comprador acceptava el cens i les obligacions que es derivaven del mateix, i el censalista (qui atorgava el cens) donava l'autorització. Les propietats gravades no podien ser dividides.

El percentatge que es pagava sobre la terra posada en cens era baix. Al  era de poc més del 7% Al  es va reduir al 5%. Al començament del  només era del 3% d'acord amb les xifres ordenades per les pragmàtiques reials espanyoles.

Generalment els censos imposats es mantenien durant un llarg període. En efecte, no hi havia interès en la redempció del cens, ja que en quedar lliure el capital, calia buscar una nova inversió econòmica, el que no presentava cap benefici econòmic i podia significar pèrdues, ja que no existia la possibilitat d'augmentar els guanys amb inversions que donessin rendibilitat sense perdre l'estabilitat. D'altra banda, l'economia camperola freqüentment tenia dificultats i no podia fer les liquidacions del cas.

Encara que els diners atorgats en cens era generalment molt inferior al cost real de la propietat, si el censalista deixava de percebre els rèdits, podia exigir al censatari el principal, o davant la insolvència d'aquest, el bé gravat passava a pertànyer al censalista. Va ser d'aquesta manera com moltes propietats urbanes i rurals van passar a mans eclesiàstiques, ja que l'Església catòlica i les seves organitzacions (comunitat religiosa, parròquia, diòcesi) van recórrer amb freqüència als censos redimibles com a formes d'inversió de capital.

La reglamentació dels censos seguia els lineaments i recomanacions del dret canònic i donats els baixos interessos, mai es van considerar com usura, pràctica prohibida pel catolicisme.

Cens emfitèutic

El cens és en primer lloc una renda feudal en decadència i desús en l'Edat Moderna, pagada en espècie o en metàl·lic que es va convertir pràcticament en element simbòlic en certes regions espanyoles. Es constitueix sempre sobre un bé immoble sobre la qual el seu propietari en cedeix el domini útil a l'emfiteuta o censatari, i sobre el qual en reté el domini directe. Podia establir-se de forma perpètua, però gradualment aquesta fórmula s'abandona per la gravositat, propera a la usura, que suposa. És usual que aquesta perpetuïtat sigui substituïda pel cens vitalici, és a dir que durés durant la vida del censatari o del censualista, o bé per temps de dues vides (la de l'hereu o persona designada). L'incompliment del pagament del cens recollit en el Recognoverunt Proceres suposava el pagament de dos cops el cens per cada any que s'ha quedat a deure, amb el risc de caure en comís en cas de no satisfer-lo.

Cens reservatiu
Una altra forma de cens utilitzada era l'anomenat "cens reservatiu" que podia ser perpetu o redimible. Es diferencia de l'emfitèutic, ja que la propietat es transferida completament, incloent tant el domini útil com el domini directe, al contrari que en l'emfiteusi en que el censualista conserva el domini directe sobre la cosa venuda. També existeix una altra diferència d'acord amb les Lleis de Toro entre els contractes de cens emfitèutic i reservatiu, derivat d'aquest darrer punt, que en cas d'impagament del cens al cap de dos o tres anys consecutius el censatari o emfiteuta perd el domini útil retornant al propietari. A més també existia diferència entre l'emfitèutic i el reservatiu en que el censatari del primer no podia vendre el domini a un tercer sense el consentiment del censualista, mentre que en l'altre tipus no es necessari el consentiment del censualista o creditor. Així doncs el cens reservatiu adopta la forma d'una venta plena sota condició (o reserva, d'aquí el nom) i pendent del pagament de la suma al que s'havia valorat la propietat venuda. Així, el contraent transferia a un altre una propietat fructífera amb el domini directe en ella, reservant només per a si el dret a percebre certs rèdits anuals o pensió anual, mentre el comprador acabava de pagar el valor íntegre en què s'havia taxat la propietat.

D'acord amb la Llei 68 de Toro la duració del cens podia ser a perpetuïtat (podent ser redimible o irredimible) o temporal (de durada concreta [p. ex. vint anys] o incerta [p. ex. una vida]).

Cens consignatiu
Finalment el cens és una forma de crèdit, per la qual es presta una quantitat de diners - principal - a un determinat tipus d'interès (7%, 5% o 3%, segons l'època), per a la seguretat s'hipotequen un o diversos béns mobles o immobles. Aquesta fórmula rep el nom de cens consignatiu (sovint anomenat "al quitar" a Castella), ja que el fet de pagar la pensió quedava consignat a un únic immoble, i no a la persona del censatari o en altres propietats del mateix. En aquesta figura el censatari consigna una propietat a canvi d'una transferència de diners per part del censualista. Tanmateix no es transfereix cap mena de domini sobre la finca. El censatari s'obliga a pagar el cens com a contraprestació a aquesta transferència de capital. Així no es rar, que a vegades s'utilitzés com a forma de préstec hipotecari encobert, fet prohibit pel dret canònic vigent durant les edats medievals i modernes, jugant amb la picaresca dels actors de l'edat moderna, necessitats de crèdit en l'època dels descobriments. A Castella aquesta consignació sovint fou desvirtuada estenent-la a diversos o tots els béns del censatari.

Vegeu també
 Violari
 Capbreu
 Censal

Notes

Bibliografia

Contractes
Dret dels béns

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Wins the DSCI Cyber Champions Excellence Award 2021 set up by NASSCOM
Sham Rathi Jan 7, 2022 0
The key winning factor that contributed in favor of Amrita conducting a unique program to promote women (www.shakticon.com) in cybersecurity through various initiatives The…
Sham Rathi Sep 16, 2021 0
Amrita is ranked in the top 10 universities list five times in a row, from 2017 Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (ranked 12) is among the only two private universities to find a place…
upGrad strengthens its foray into the Online Bachelor's Degree space; appoints Jeetender Singh as…
Sham Rathi Jul 21, 2021 0
Mumbai, 20th July 2021: upGrad, Asia's higher edtech major, today announced the appointment of Jeetender Singh as the Head of Business for its Degrees' vertical, which comprises 3-years…
"Adoption of AI Inevitable to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals": Experts
Sham Rathi Jul 7, 2021 0
July 05, 2021: "Connecting Artificial Intelligence (AI), the single biggest technological breakthrough of our times, with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is the only way to ensure…
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham to conduct Phase 3 of Amrita Entrance Examination 2021 from 11-14 July
Sham Rathi Jun 18, 2021 0
The Amrita Entrance Examination will be fully online with remote proctoring The varsity would conduct a Foundation Program in Engineering & Career Counselling for Future…
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Only Indian University to Figure in World's Top 100 Universities in Times…
Sham Rathi Apr 26, 2021 0
Amrita secures 81st position in the prestigious Rankings, the only Indian university to emerge in the Top 100 universities of the world THE's Impact Rankings rate universities…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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More 2008 Hockey Book Previews
Here's a look at some new hockey books to hit the pre-order listings online:
Now You Know Hockey: The Book of Answers - From The Publisher - As Canadians, we all think we know hockey inside and out, but Doug Lennox, the head referee of Q&A, delivers the score on everything from All-Stars to Zambonis and stickhandles the skinny on who wore the first mask in hockey, how the term hat trick originated, and just where hockey was invented. Along the way, you''ll discover all sorts of fascinating things about the giants of the game, from Jean Beliveau and Sidney Crosby to Gordie Howe and Alexander Ovechkin.
Hockey Player For Life - From The Publisher - "The point is, and I learned this a long time ago before I could let other things into my life.to have the opportunity and the chance to play hockey, anywhere at anytime meant the world to me. To be playing the game with my friends on the ice, in a parking lot or in someone's backyard or basement whether it was in the dead of winter or on a warm summer's night, it made me feel alive and it gave me the idea that I could do anything if I put my my mind to it and worked hard enough. It nourished my soul and fed my brain. I am a hockey player for life." Excerpt from Hockey Player For Life
IIHF Top 100 Hockey Stories of All-Time: Official International Ice Hockey Federation Publication . In 2008 the IIHF celebrated it's centennial. As part of the celebrations they had an online countdown of the Top 100 hockey of all time. It looks like they simply took the online content and slipped it into book form. The countdown was really dragged out so perhaps this book will serve as a better collection of memories.
Legendary Stanley Cup Stories Brian McFarlane spent his professional career -- 25 years -- as the face of hockey, calling games for millions of viewers and interviewing its many greats. This book revisits those heady days with colorful, candid stories told with McFarlane's trademark enthusiasm. The author covers the highs and lows, the stunning stats and comic collisions. In the process, McFarlane gives readers a lively history of the last three decades of Canada's favorite sport.
The Ultimate Book of Hockey Lists Another new book from The Hockey News. This one is simply a collection of lists and top tens and all sorts of goodies designed to get you talking about the book!
The Hockey News had a top ten sneak peak from the book a few weeks back on their website.
Fighting for Gold: The Story of Canada's Sledge Hockey Paralympic Gold - Canada is internationally recognized as a leader in men''s and women''s hockey - but in 2006 Canada had yet to conquer the world of sledge hockey, the Paralympic version of ice hockey played by athletes with a physical disability in the lower part of the body. The Canadian Men''s Sledge Hockey team came into the 2006 games as underdogs. Yet, through determination, guts and guile, they overcame all obstacles to win gold.
The China Wall - As a youngster, Johnny Bowers father told him if he worked hard every day and put passion into his profession, it would pay off in the long run. It was good advice, especially the part about the long run. Bower toiled in hockeys minor leagues for more than a decade, waiting for his chance at the big leagues and it wasnt until he was 33, an age when most players are winding down their careers, that he finally debuted in the NHL.Expected to be a stop-gap measure for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Bower instead became an institution in the city, tending goal for the club for the next 12 seasons, backstopping the Leafs to four Stanley Cups, the last one coming when he was 42-years-old. Bower appeared in four NHL All-Star Games, won two Vezina Trophies, and earned enshrinement to the Hockey Hall of Fame.Bower was 45-years-old when he played his last NHL game on December 10th, 1969, becoming the first player in NHL history eligible to collect his pension while still on the active roster of a league club.Bowers story is more than just a tale of a man who defied Father Time and rated among the greatest puckstoppers of all time. Its about a boy who grew up in the small northern Saskatchewan town of Prince Albert, listening to Foster Hewitts call of Hockey Night in Canada on the radio, dreaming that someday he could emulate Frank Brimsek, the famous Boston Bruins goalie nicknamed Mr. Zero.


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Relativistic Quantum Dynamics
Home >> Science » Physics » Quantum Mechanics
Home >> Science » Physics » Particle Physics
by Eugene V. Stefanovich
This book is an attempt to build a consistent relativistic quantum theory of interacting particles. In the first part of the book "Quantum electrodynamics" we present traditional views on theoretical foundations of particle physics. In the second part of the book "The quantum theory of particles" the traditional approach is reexamined. We find that formulas of special relativity should be modified to take into account interparticle interactions.
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry
by Linus Pauling, E. Bright Wilson - McGraw-Hill Education
This undergraduate-level text applies quantum mechanics to some chemical and physical problems, covering wave functions for the hydrogen atom, perturbation theory, the Pauli exclusion principle, and the structure of simple and complex molecules.
Introduction to Quantum Noise, Measurement and Amplification
by A. A. Clerk, at al. - arXiv
The topic of quantum noise has become extremely timely due to the rise of quantum information physics. This review gives a pedagogical introduction to the physics of quantum noise and its connections to quantum measurement and quantum amplification.
Consistent Quantum Theory
by Robert B. Griffiths - Cambridge University Press
This volume elucidates the consistent quantum theory approach to quantum mechanics at a level accessible to university students in physics, chemistry, mathematics, and computer science, making this an ideal supplement to standard textbooks.
Principles of a 2nd Quantum Mechanics: Indeterminism, Non-locality, Unification
by Mioara Mugur-Schächter - arXiv.org
A qualitative representation of microstates is established quite independently of the quantum mechanical mathematical formalism. The foundations of an intelligible reconstruction of the Hilbert-Dirac formulation of Quantum Mechanics is developed.


text:
Q: JavaScript Error only with Chrome Anyone knows what is this message at Chrome?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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HomeRationsKeesler teams up to salvage, donate food
Keesler teams up to salvage, donate food
December 10, 2019 thorntoon Rations 0
MS, UNITED STATES
Story by Senior Airman Suzanna Plotnikov
81st Training Wing Public Affairs
On Nov. 14, Keesler came together to salvage food from a transit aircraft that had maintenance issues en route to Honduras to deliver approximately 15,000 pounds of food rations.
Their mission was delayed and eventually cancelled due to a safety concern.
"Our captain got a call from emergency management about an issue at the fire department where there wasn't a lot of information given initially," said Tech. Sgt. Erik Perthel, 81st Aerospace Medicine Squadron community health NCO in charge. "We initially thought it would be some kind of issue with their fridge or freezer within the fire department."
The public health clinic typically responds to freezer outages or salvage issues at the dining facilities or the commissary where food is being sold, so the team thought it was out of the ordinary when they were dispatched to the fire department.
"We got to the fire department and I was still thinking it had something to do with their personal fridge, but they led us straight past their kitchen and out to the flightline," said Staff. Sgt. Taylor Tipton, 81st AMDS food safety and entomology NCO in charge. "That's when the escort told us to go talk to the incident commander."
After receiving a briefing on the situation, the team sprang into action to try to salvage as much food as possible that was on the aircraft.
"We had to unload all of the pallets, deconstruct them and go through every single box to look at every single food item to ensure it is safe for consumption," said Tipton. "We were only able to salvage about a third of what they had on the aircraft due to the temperature and the types of food."
While the team was inspecting the food, they called in for reinforcements.
"We had the entire bioenvironmental flight out there and the extra hands helped," said Tipton. "The fire department helped us with any of our requests like equipment to cut the steel tabs on the boxes. The 41st Aerial Port Squadron was moving the boxes for us so we didn't have to and the environmental flight was also helpful."
Since they were working on a limited time frame, Perthel was scrambling to finding areas around base to store the food.
"I reached out to different areas like the commissary and the dining facilities to find a freezer or a refrigerated storage area," said Perthel. "I was able to get that from the dining facility in the hospital as well as the Azalea Dining Facility."
Perthel continued to call around only this time, to the local community food banks.
"I was able to coordinate half the food out on Friday to a local food bank in Ocean Springs and then yesterday [Nov. 18] Feeding the Gulf Coast was able to pick up the rest," said Perthel.
Through the swift action and coordination of the various units on base, Keesler was able to salvage approximately 3,000 pounds of food worth $10,000.
"I know the Airmen involved in salvaging the food feel phenomenal about what they did and it's unfortunate that it didn't go to its original destination, but knowing there are still people here that needed it and benefited from it feels good," said Tipton. "I'm just thankful for Keesler because we really wouldn't have been able to do half of this without the support of everyone who was out there."
USCENTCOM hosts 16th Coalition International Night
'Super Bowl of Meals'


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Swiss Financial Association Publishes Anti-Money Laundering Standards for Digital Assets
The Switzerland-based Capital Markets and Technology Association (CMTA) has published new anti-money-laundering (AML) standards for digital assets and distributed ledger technologies (DLT) Oct. 18.
CMTA is a non-profit, independent association established in Geneva earlier this year with the aim of promoting the adoption of DLT, such as blockchain, and digital assets in the financial markets.
Its creation was a joint initiative from online bank Swissquote, market software provider Temenos, and the country's largest law firm Lenz & Staehelin.
According to CMTA, the newly-published standards are designed to "clarify [...] measures to be taken in order to comply with the Swiss regulations against money laundering and the financing of terrorism." As per CMTA general secretary Fedor Poskriakov, the document is intended to "pav[e] the way for a compliant tokenization of financial assets."
The document is split into two parts, the first of which outlines compliance standards for digital asset issuers, whether or not they formally designate themselves as Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs); the second addresses Swiss banks, securities dealers, and other intermediaries who may wish to enter into business relationships with digital asset issuers or investors, or whose business practices involve "a material exposure" to digital assets and/or DLT.
Notably, the standards are not statutory and do not have formal regulatory status, yet CMTA states they "represent a consensus" among financial sector experts as to how good practice should be established and conducted in the emerging digital assets space.
CMTA outlines that the guidance has been developed on the basis of a range of legislative frameworks, including the Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA), the Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Ordinance (AMLO), FINMA's Anti-Money Laundering Ordinance (AMLO-FINMA) and other laws for Swiss banks' code of conduct and due diligence requirements.
As reported last week, France's intergovernmental organization, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), has recently updated its standards regarding digital currencies to ensure that virtual asset service providers are subject to AML and CFT regulations.
Earlier this week, Swissquote announced it had become "the first bank worldwide" to offer purchase and custodial services of ICO-issued tokens for clients.
Auditor KPMG Says Regulators Need 'Up-to-Date' Standards for Money Laundering in Crypto
Markus Kasanmascheff
Money or Assets? How World Governments Define Cryptocurrencies
Simon Chandler
Growth of Crypto Industry Could Threaten Banks, Financial Stability: Basel Committee
Swiss Crypto Finance App Gains Nationally Recognized AML License


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7 Theories About the Recent Manuscript Discoveries
Rachel Cordasco Feb 23, 2015
Let's review: during the past month, we've heard about some crazy manuscript discoveries (Harper Lee, Dr. Seuss, and Arthur Conan Doyle). And we here at Book Riot started wondering why all of these texts are suddenly coming to light around the same time. Aliens? Ghosts? An alternate universe made of books breaking through into our own? Here are some of our other theories:
The Ghost of Future Jonathan Franzen: we all know that this guy just needs to put a sock in it sometimes a lot of times pretty much all the time. Yes, Jonny can write, but has he ever wondered why he often make people's eyes roll back into their heads? But then it came to us: all of these magnificent discoveries? THEY'RE ALL THANKS TO FUTURE JONATHAN FRANZEN. He's, like, 95 years old and he's thinking back on how pompous he was and feeling kinda crappy about it. What better way to make amends than to give the world more Lee, Seuss, and Doyle?! How do we know this is Future Franzen's doing? Because on each manuscript, if you look closely, you can see the faintest watermark of his face.
Solar Flares: Every once in a while, scientists start yelling about solar flares and how they might mess up the electrical grid. Because the sun is no joke, you guys, it's hot and big and without it we'd be…well…not here reading this post. And really, how much do we actually know about the sun's effect on the Earth? Perhaps a little solar flare about a month ago was ignored by scientists, but wound up magnetically attracting undiscovered manuscripts? Suddenly, the Lee book leapt into the air from underneath a bunch of old grocery bills? Or the Dr. Seuss book burst out of its hiding place and landed on someone's face? I'm just sayin'.
The "Hey, I've Got Random Crap in My Attic!" Effect: People have SO. MUCH. CRAP in their attics/basements/sunrooms/garages/I could go on. I mean, have you ever watched Antiques Roadshow?! Exactly. So people hear about the new Lee novel and are all "hey maybe I have someone's manuscript in my attic because why not it happens to other people why not to meeee?" So the rummaging began and lo! more manuscripts. I can see the headline now: "American economy shuts down for a week while everyone runs to their storage lockers to see if an undiscovered Melville or Austen manuscript is hiding in the corner."
Book Deals Newsletter
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A Seance Held By Haruki Murakami, Toni Morrison, China Mieville, and Donna Tartt: So these four literary heavyweights decided one day that they'd hold a seance because seances are cool and maybe they'd get to talk to their favorite dead writers. How surprised were they when they joined hands and called upon their literary heroes, only to hear a faint whisper in the air- a whisper that told them where to find forgotten manuscripts? They were extremely surprised. When the seance was over, they each wrote the location of a hidden literary gem on a piece of paper and slipped them under the doors of newspaper offices.
Geraldo Has Been Secretly Searching Every Vault in America: That's right, folks. Geraldo is the champion of the book world, single-handedly crawling around rusty old vaults, dodging freakishly-large spiders, mice, and dust bunnies as big as your head to find manuscripts for us to gush over. We should give him a medal. Or something.
Nicholas Cage Found Them During Filming for National Treasure 3: But of course! Turns out the manuscripts were each hidden behind priceless paintings in three different prestigious museums around the country, covered in invisibility juice and folded into tiny origami animals. Only Nick Cage could've found them.
Aliens With X-Ray Vision Who've Been Living On Our Planet Secretly For Years Couldn't Wait Any More: Yes, so those aliens who live among us but look like us have known all along about the existence of these texts because they have super-powerful alien x-ray vision or something. They thought, "Well, these humans may be dumb, but they can't be that dumb. They'll find these manuscripts eventually." Well, that statement was made about 35 years ago. And then, early this year, the aliens couldn't wait any more. It was killing them. They just had to establish telepathic links with the appropriate people and tell them where to find the beauties. But now we know that aliens are here. Their cover is blown. Oops.
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15 August 2018 - Organised by the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (HKTDC), four fairs will open tomorrow (16 August) at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC): the 29th Food Expo, the 10th Hong Kong International Tea Fair, the third Beauty & Wellness Expo and the fifth Home Delights Expo. The International Conference of the Modernization of Chinese Medicine & Health Products (ICMCM), jointly organised by HKTDC and the Modernized Chinese Medicine International Association Ltd, will also be held on 16-17 August. The four fairs will welcome close to 2,100 exhibitors showcasing a wide variety of delicacies and products to provide an all-round shopping and sourcing experience for consumers and trade buyers. The events will also create cross-sector business opportunities and enhance cultural exchange between Hong Kong and other regions.
To promote environmental awareness and waste reduction, a pilot on-site tableware lending service will be launched at the Food Expo this year to reduce the use of disposable plastic utensils. Visitors can borrow a set comprising a reusable food container and wooden utensils with a HK$20 deposit in cash (at the entrance of Hall 1E), and return the used set and reclaim the deposit when leaving the fairground (at Hall 1A and 3E Concourses). Available while stocks last, the service is run jointly by the HKTDC, NWS Holdings Limited and social enterprise BottLess, with the wooden utensils provided by Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (Management) Limited.
This year, the HKTDC introduces the HK$10 Morning Admission Ticket for entry before noon on 16, 17 and 20 Aug. There will also be HK$10 Night Admission Tickets for entry after 6pm on 16-19 Aug, with a top-up fee of HK$15 for admission to the Gourmet Zone on the same day. For ticketing details, please visit the HKTDC Food Expo website.
* Tourists need to present valid travel documents at the fairground's ticketing counters.
# Persons with disabilities need to present "Registration Card for Persons with Disabilities" issued by the Labour and Welfare Bureau at the fairground's ticketing counters.
Free admission for children aged three and under, and senior citizens aged 65 or above.
Tickets are available at designated 7-Eleven and Circle K convenience stores, on-site ticketing counters, as well as Hong Kong Ticketing (www.hkticketing.com), while e-tickets are available on Tap & Go Mobile Wallet and Octopus App (Octopus card or O! ePay).
Night Admission Tickets are sold only at the ticketing counter located at the Harbour Road Entrance (16-19 Aug, after 6pm).
Morning Admission Tickets are sold only at the ticketing counter located at the Harbour Road Entrance (16, 17 and 20 Aug, before 12noon).


text:
/**
 * Extensions to the LibSynphony class to support Bloom.
 */
import XRegExp from "xregexp";
require("./bloom_xregexp_categories.js"); // reviewslog should add PEP to XRegExp, but it's not working
import { theOneLibSynphony, LanguageData, LibSynphony } from "./synphony_lib";
import * as _ from "underscore";

export function clearWordCache() {
    theOneWordCache = null;
}

var theOneWordCache;

/**
 * Grapheme data in LanguageData.GPCS
 * @param {String} optionalGrapheme Optional. The grapheme to initialize the class.
 * @returns {DataGPC}
 */
function DataGPC(optionalGrapheme) {
    var s = typeof optionalGrapheme === "undefined" ? "" : optionalGrapheme;

    this.GPC = s;
    this.GPCuc = s.toUpperCase();
    this.Grapheme = s;
    this.Phoneme = s;
    this.Category = "other";
    this.Combining = "false";
    this.Frequency = 1;
    this.TokenFreq = 1;
    this.IPA = "";
    this.Alt = [];
}

/**
 * Word data in LanguageData.geoup1
 * @param {String} optionalWord Optional. The word to initialize the class.
 * @returns {DataWord}
 */
export function DataWord(optionalWord) {
    var w = typeof optionalWord === "undefined" ? "" : optionalWord;

    this.Name = w;
    this.Count = 1;
    this.Group = 1;
    this.PartOfSpeech = "";
    this.GPCForm = [];
    this.WordShape = "";
    this.Syllables = 1;
    this.Reverse = [];
    this.html = "";
    this.isSightWord = false;
}

/**
 * Class that holds text fragment information
 * @param {String} str The text of the fragment
 * @param {Boolean} isSpace TRUE if this fragment is inter-sentence space, otherwise FALSE.
 * @returns {TextFragment}
 */
export function TextFragment(str, isSpace) {
    // constructor code
    this.text = str;
    this.isSentence = !isSpace;
    this.isSpace = isSpace;
    this.words = theOneLibSynphony
        .getWordsFromHtmlString(
            jQuery(
                "
" +
                    str.replace(/
<\/br>|
|
|
/gi, "\n") +
                    "
"
            ).text()
        )
        .filter(function(word) {
            return word != "";
        });

    this.wordCount = function() {
        return this.words.length;
    };
}

function WordCache() {
    this.desiredGPCs;
    this.knownGPCs;
    this.selectedWords;
}

export function addBloomSynphonyExtensions() {
    LibSynphony.prototype.setExtraSentencePunctuation = function(extra) {
        // Replace characters that are magic in regexp. As a special case, period is simply removed, since it's already
        // sentence-terminating. If they want to use backslash, they will just have to double it; we can't fix it
        // because we want to allow \u0020 etc. I don't know why <> need to be replaced but they don't work otherwise.
        var extraRe = extra
            .replace(/\\U/g, "\\u") // replace all
            .replace("^", "\\u005E")
            .replace("$", "\\u0024")
            .replace(".", "")
            .replace("*", "\\u002A")
            .replace("~", "\\u007E")
            .replace("[", "\\u005B")
            .replace("]", "\\u005D")
            .replace("<", "\\u003C")
            .replace(">", "\\u003E");
        LibSynphony.prototype.extraSentencePunct = extraRe;
        // Although the method name says "add", it actually resets the meaning of "SEP" in regular expressions to whatever we give it here.
        // The literal string is taken from bloom-xregexp_categories.js, copied because I can't figure out how a literal string there
        // can be accessed here.
        XRegExp.addUnicodeData([
            {
                name: "SEP",
                alias: "Sentence_Ending_Punctuation",
                bmp:
                    extraRe +
                    "\u0021\u002e\u003f\u055c\u055e\u0589\u061f\u06d4\u0700\u0701\u0702\u0964\u0965\u104b\u1362\u1367\u1368\u166e\u1803\u1809\u1944\u1945\u203c\u203d\u2047\u2048\u2049\u3002\ufe52\ufe56\ufe57\uff01\uff0e\uff1f\uff61\u00a7"
            }
        ]);
    };

    /**
     * Takes an HTML string and returns an array of fragments containing sentences and inter-sentence spaces
     * @param {String} textHTML The HTML text to split
     * @returns {Array} An array of TextFragment objects
     */
    LibSynphony.prototype.stringToSentences = function(textHTML) {
        // place holders
        var delimiter = String.fromCharCode(0);
        var htmlLineBreak = String.fromCharCode(1); // html break tags count as white space
        var windowsLineBreak = String.fromCharCode(2); // CR and LF count as white space
        var nonSentence = String.fromCharCode(3); // u0003 is used to indicate a segment that is not part of a sentence
        var tagHolderOpen = String.fromCharCode(4); // u0004 is a replacement character for all other opening html tags
        var tagHolderClose = String.fromCharCode(5); // u0005 is a replacement character for all other closing html tags
        var tagHolderSelf = String.fromCharCode(6); // u0006 is a replacement character for all other self-closing html tags
        var tagHolderEmpty = String.fromCharCode(7); // u0007 is a replacement character for empty html tags
        var nbsp = String.fromCharCode(8); // u0008 is a replacement character for
        if (textHTML === null) textHTML = "";
        // look for html break tags, replace them with the htmlLineBreak place holder
        var regex = /(
<\/br>|
|
|
)/g;
        textHTML = textHTML.replace(regex, htmlLineBreak);

        // look for Windows line breaks, replace them with the windowsLineBreak place holder
        regex = /(\r\n)/g;
        textHTML = textHTML.replace(regex, windowsLineBreak);

        // collect opening html tags and replace with tagHolderOpen place holder
        // Remember, tag names can be as short as a single character!  See BL-10119.
        // We want to match tags like  or  but not
        //
 or .  Self-closing tags are matched later.
        const regexOpenTag = /<[a-zA-Z]+([^<>]*[^\/<>])?>/g;
        const openTags = textHTML.match(regexOpenTag);
        textHTML = textHTML.replace(regexOpenTag, tagHolderOpen);

        // collect closing html tags and replace with tagHolderClose place holder
        // We want to match tags like  or .
        const regexCloseTag = /<[\/][a-zA-Z]+>/g;
        const closeTags = textHTML.match(regexCloseTag);
        textHTML = textHTML.replace(regexCloseTag, tagHolderClose);

        // collect self-closing html tags and replace with tagHolderSelf place holder
        // We want to match tags like
 or .
        const regexSelfTag = /<[a-zA-Z]+[^<>]*[\/]>/g;
        const selfTags = textHTML.match(regexSelfTag);
        textHTML = textHTML.replace(regexSelfTag, tagHolderSelf);

        // collect empty html tags and replace with tagHolderEmpty place holder
        const regexEmptyTag = /\u0004\u0005/g;
        const emptyTags = textHTML.match(regexEmptyTag);
        textHTML = textHTML.replace(regexEmptyTag, tagHolderEmpty);

        // replace   with nbsp place holder
        textHTML = textHTML.replace(/ /g, nbsp);

        // look for paragraph ending sequences
        regex = XRegExp(
            "[^\\p{PEP}]*[\\p{PEP}]+" + "|[^\\p{PEP}]+$", // break on all paragraph ending punctuation (PEP)
            "g"
        );

        // break the text into paragraphs
        var paragraphs = XRegExp.match(textHTML, regex);

        // We require at least one space between sentences, unless things have been configured so that
        // space IS a sentence-ending punctuation. In that case, zero or more.

        var intersentenceSpace =
            "([\\s\\p{PEP}\\u0006\\u0007\\u0008]" +
            (LibSynphony.prototype.extraSentencePunct &&
            LibSynphony.prototype.extraSentencePunct.indexOf("\\u0020") >= 0
                ? "*"
                : "+") +
            ")";
        // Note that categories Pf and Pi can both act as either Ps or Pe
        // (See https://issues.bloomlibrary.org/youtrack/issue/BL-5063.)
        // characters that can follow the SEP: single or double quotes,
        // Pe: close punctuation (closing brackets),
        // Pf: final punctuation (closing quotes)
        // Pi: Initial punctuation (opening quotes)
        // \\u0005: private shorthand for a closing HTML tag
        var trailingPunct = "['\"\\p{Pe}\\p{Pf}\\p{Pi}\\u0005]";
        // What can follow the separator and be considered part of the preceding sentence.
        // These kinds of spaces are allowed, but only before a trailingPunct; otherwise,
        // they are considered part of the inter-sentence white space.
        // \\u0008: private shorthand for NBSP
        // \\u202F: narrow non-breaking space that our long-press inserts for non-breaking space.
        // Using a non-capturing group here, because it's only to allow the space+trailing
        // sequence to repeat; we don't want to use it separately in the result.
        var afterSEP = "(?:[\\u0008\\u202F]*" + trailingPunct + ")*";

        // regex to find sentence ending sequences and inter-sentence space
        // \p{SEP} is defined as a list of sentence ending punctuation characters by a call to XRegExp.addUnicodeData
        // in LibSynphony.prototype.setExtraSentencePunctuation (or perhaps elsewhere in tests?)
        regex = XRegExp(
            "([\\p{SEP}]+" + // sentence ending punctuation (SEP)
            afterSEP + // what can follow SEP in same sentence,
            ")" + // then end group for the sentence
            "([\\u0004]*)" + // private shorthand for opening tag between sentences
            intersentenceSpace +
            "([\\u0005]*)" + // closing tag between sentences
            "(?![^\\p{L}]*" + // may be followed by non-letter chars
                "[\\p{Ll}\\p{SCP}]+)", // first letter following is not lower case. (This works by consuming all the lowercase letters/etc. up until the first uppercase letter/etc)
            "g"
        );

        var returnVal = new Array();
        for (var i = 0; i < paragraphs.length; i++) {
            // mark boundaries between sentences and inter-sentence space
            var paragraph = XRegExp.replace(
                paragraphs[i],
                regex,
                "$1" + delimiter + nonSentence + "$2" + "$3" + "$4" + delimiter
            );

            // Phrase Delimiting
            // It's possible to use a fancy regex-based approach too (akin to sentence splitting regex)
            // But that's not so intuitive nor easy to obtain/verify correctness
            // due to many corner cases... need to consider sentence continuing punctuation, etc
            // Instead, let's start with a simple, easy to understand approach:
            //    "|" character is a phrase delimiter. Context doesn't matter.
            //    (But collapse empty entries created from having multiple "|" character in a row)
            // It should be easier for us to implement, test, and communicate, and easier for the user to understand.
            paragraph = XRegExp.replace(paragraph, /(\|+)/g, "$1" + delimiter);

            // restore line breaks
            paragraph = paragraph.replace(/\u0001/g, "
");
            paragraph = paragraph.replace(/\u0002/g, "\r\n");

            // split the paragraph into sentences and
            var fragments = paragraph.split(delimiter);
            for (var j = 0; j < fragments.length; j++) {
                var fragment = fragments[j];

                // put the opening html tags back in
                while (fragment.indexOf("\u0007") > -1)
                    fragment = fragment.replace(/\u0007/, emptyTags.shift());

                // put the opening html tags back in
                while (fragment.indexOf("\u0004") > -1)
                    fragment = fragment.replace(/\u0004/, openTags.shift());

                // put the closing html tags back in
                while (fragment.indexOf("\u0005") > -1)
                    fragment = fragment.replace(/\u0005/, closeTags.shift());

                // put the self-closing html tags back in
                while (fragment.indexOf("\u0006") > -1)
                    fragment = fragment.replace(/\u0006/, selfTags.shift());

                // put nbsp back in
                fragment = fragment.replace(/\u0008/g, " ");

                // check to avoid empty segments at the end
                if (j < fragments.length - 1 || fragment.length > 0) {
                    // is this space between sentences?
                    if (fragment.substring(0, 1) === nonSentence) {
                        returnVal.push(
                            new TextFragment(fragment.substring(1), true)
                        );
                    } else if (
                        j > 0 &&
                        fragments[j - 1].endsWith("|") && // previous fragment ends with "|""
                        fragment.match(/^\s/) // current fragment starts with whitespace
                    ) {
                        // Check for a phrase marker at the end of the previous fragment followed by
                        // whitespace at the beginning of this fragment to maintain "interphrase" spacing.
                        // Users can place the phrase marker (|) before or after inter-word spacing (or
                        // even in the middle of a word I suppose).  The regex for splitting on a phrase
                        // marker is intentionally kept simple, but we need to make up for its simplicity
                        // here with this special check and fix.
                        // See https://issues.bloomlibrary.org/youtrack/issue/BL-10569.
                        const leadingSpaceCount = fragment.search(/\S|$/); // get location of first non-whitespace character or end of string
                        // Add the leading whitespace as a space TextFragment
                        returnVal.push(
                            new TextFragment(
                                fragment.substring(0, leadingSpaceCount),
                                true
                            )
                        );
                        // If there's anything left over, add the rest of the fragment as a regular sentence TextFragment
                        if (leadingSpaceCount < fragment.length)
                            returnVal.push(
                                new TextFragment(
                                    fragment.substring(leadingSpaceCount),
                                    false
                                )
                            );
                    } else {
                        returnVal.push(new TextFragment(fragment, false));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return returnVal;
    };

    /**
     * Reads the file passed in the fileInputElement and calls the callback function when finished
     * @param {Element} fileInputElement
     * @param {Function} callback Function with one parameter, which will be TRUE if successful.
     */
    LibSynphony.prototype.loadLanguageData = function(
        fileInputElement,
        callback
    ) {
        var file = fileInputElement.files[0];

        if (!file) return;

        var reader = new FileReader();
        reader.onload = function(e) {
            callback(theOneLibSynphony.langDataFromString(e.target.result));
        };
        reader.readAsText(file);
    };

    /**
     * Returns just the Name property (the actual word) of the selected DataWord objects.
     * @param {Array} aDesiredGPCs The list of graphemes targeted by this search
     * @param {Array} aKnownGPCs The list of graphemes known by the reader
     * @param {Boolean} restrictToKnownGPCs If TRUE then words will only contain graphemes in the aKnownGPCs list. If FALSE then words will contain at least one grapheme from the aDesiredGPCs list.
     * @param {Boolean} allowUpperCase
     * @param {Array} aSyllableLengths
     * @param {Array} aSelectedGroups
     * @param {Array} aPartsOfSpeech
     * @returns {Array} An array of strings
     */
    LibSynphony.prototype.selectGPCWordNamesWithArrayCompare = function(
        aDesiredGPCs,
        aKnownGPCs,
        restrictToKnownGPCs,
        allowUpperCase,
        aSyllableLengths,
        aSelectedGroups,
        aPartsOfSpeech
    ) {
        var gpcs = theOneLibSynphony.selectGPCWordsWithArrayCompare(
            aDesiredGPCs,
            aKnownGPCs,
            restrictToKnownGPCs,
            allowUpperCase,
            aSyllableLengths,
            aSelectedGroups,
            aPartsOfSpeech
        );
        return _.pluck(gpcs, "Name");
    };

    /**
     * Returns a list of words that meet the requested criteria.
     * @param {Array} aDesiredGPCs The list of graphemes targeted by this search
     * @param {Array} aKnownGPCs The list of graphemes known by the reader
     * @param {Boolean} restrictToKnownGPCs If TRUE then words will only contain graphemes in the aKnownGPCs list. If FALSE then words will contain at least one grapheme from the aDesiredGPCs list.
     * @param {Boolean} allowUpperCase
     * @param {Array} aSyllableLengths
     * @param {Array} aSelectedGroups
     * @param {Array} aPartsOfSpeech
     * @returns {Array} An array of WordObject objects
     */
    LibSynphony.prototype.selectGPCWordsFromCache = function(
        aDesiredGPCs,
        aKnownGPCs,
        restrictToKnownGPCs,
        allowUpperCase,
        aSyllableLengths,
        aSelectedGroups,
        aPartsOfSpeech
    ) {
        // check if the list of graphemes changed
        if (!theOneWordCache) {
            theOneWordCache = new WordCache();
        } else {
            if (
                theOneWordCache.desiredGPCs.length !== aDesiredGPCs.length ||
                theOneWordCache.knownGPCs.length !== aKnownGPCs.length ||
                _.intersection(theOneWordCache.desiredGPCs, aDesiredGPCs)
                    .length !== aDesiredGPCs.length ||
                _.intersection(theOneWordCache.knownGPCs, aKnownGPCs).length !==
                    aKnownGPCs.length
            ) {
                theOneWordCache = new WordCache();
            } else {
                // return the cached list
                return theOneWordCache.selectedWords;
            }
        }

        theOneWordCache.desiredGPCs = aDesiredGPCs;
        theOneWordCache.knownGPCs = aKnownGPCs;
        theOneWordCache.selectedWords = theOneLibSynphony.selectGPCWordsWithArrayCompare(
            aDesiredGPCs,
            aKnownGPCs,
            restrictToKnownGPCs,
            allowUpperCase,
            aSyllableLengths,
            aSelectedGroups,
            aPartsOfSpeech
        );

        return theOneWordCache.selectedWords;
    };

    /**
     * Adds a new DataGPC object to Vocabulary Group
     * @param grapheme Either a single grapheme (string) or an array of graphemes
     */
    LanguageData.prototype.addGrapheme = function(grapheme) {
        if (!Array.isArray(grapheme)) grapheme = [grapheme];

        for (var i = 0; i < grapheme.length; i++) {
            var g = grapheme[i].toLowerCase();

            // check if the grapheme already exists
            var exists = _.any(this.GPCS, function(item) {
                return item.GPC === g;
            });

            if (!exists) this.GPCS.push(new DataGPC(g));
        }
    };

    /**
     * Adds a new DataWord object to Vocabulary Group
     * @param word Either a single word (string) or an array of words
     * @param {int} [freq] The number of times this word occurs
     */
    LanguageData.prototype.addWord = function(word, freq) {
        var sortedGraphemes = _.sortBy(
            _.pluck(this.GPCS, "Grapheme"),
            "length"
        ).reverse();

        // if this is a single word...
        if (!Array.isArray(word)) word = [word];

        for (var i = 0; i < word.length; i++) {
            var w = word[i].toLowerCase();

            // check if the word already exists
            var dw = this.findWord(w);
            if (!dw) {
                dw = new DataWord(w);
                dw.GPCForm = this.getGpcForm(w, sortedGraphemes);
                if (freq) dw.Count = freq;
                this.group1.push(dw);
            } else {
                if (freq) dw.Count += freq;
                else dw.Count += 1;
            }
        }
    };

    /**
     * Searches existing list for a word
     * @param {String} word
     * @returns {DataWord} Returns undefined if not found.
     */
    LanguageData.prototype.findWord = function(word) {
        for (var i = 1; i <= this.VocabularyGroups; i++) {
            var found = _.find(this["group" + i], function(item) {
                return item.Name === word;
            });

            if (found) return found;
        }

        return null;
    };

    /**
     * Gets the GPCForm value of a word
     * @param {String} word
     * @param {Array} sortedGraphemes Array of all graphemes, sorted by descending length
     * @returns {Array}
     */
    LanguageData.prototype.getGpcForm = function(word, sortedGraphemes) {
        var gpcForm = [];
        var hit = 1; // used to prevent infinite loop if word contains letters not in the list

        while (word.length > 0) {
            hit = 0;

            for (var i = 0; i < sortedGraphemes.length; i++) {
                var g = sortedGraphemes[i];

                if (word.substr(g.length * -1) === g) {
                    gpcForm.unshift(g);
                    word = word.substr(0, word.length - g.length);
                    hit = 1;
                    break;
                }
            }

            // If hit = 0, the last character still in the word is not in the list of graphemes.
            // We are adding it now  so the gpcForm returned will be as accurate as possible, and
            // will contain all the characters in the word.
            if (hit === 0) {
                var lastChar = word.substr(-1);
                var lastCharCode = lastChar.charCodeAt(0);
                // JS isn't very good at handling Unicode values beyond \xFFFF
                // We don't want to split up surrogate pairs which JS counts as two separate characters
                if (this.isPartOfSurrogatePair(lastCharCode)) {
                    gpcForm.unshift(word.substr(-2));
                    word = word.substr(0, word.length - 2);
                } else {
                    gpcForm.unshift(lastChar);
                    word = word.substr(0, word.length - 1);
                }
            }
        }

        return gpcForm;
    };

    LanguageData.prototype.isPartOfSurrogatePair = function(charCode) {
        return 0xd800 <= charCode && charCode <= 0xdfff;
    };

    /**
     * Because of the way SynPhony attaches properties to the group array, the standard JSON.stringify() function
     * does not return a correct representation of the LanguageData object.
     * @param {String} langData
     * @returns {String}
     */
    LanguageData.toJSON = function(langData) {
        // get the group arrays
        var n = langData["VocabularyGroups"];

        for (var a = 1; a < n + 1; a++) {
            var group = langData["group" + a];
            var index = "groupIndex" + a;
            langData[index] = {};

            // for each group, get the properties (contain '__')
            var keys = _.filter(_.keys(group), function(k) {
                return k.indexOf("__") > -1;
            });
            for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
                langData[index][keys[i]] = group[keys[i]];
            }
        }

        return JSON.stringify(langData);
    };

    LanguageData.fromJSON = function(jsonString) {
        var langData = JSON.parse(jsonString);

        // convert the groupIndex objects back to properties of the group array
        var n = langData["VocabularyGroups"];

        for (var a = 1; a < n + 1; a++) {
            var group = langData["group" + a];
            var index = "groupIndex" + a;
            var keys = _.keys(langData[index]);

            for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
                group[keys[i]] = langData[index][keys[i]];
                langData[index][keys[i]] = null;
            }
        }

        return jQuery.extend(true, new LanguageData(), langData);
    };
}

// normally this just happens...immediately executed...but if that doesn't work for some
// mysterious reason (see spreadsheetBundleRoot.ts) we can call it explicitly.
addBloomSynphonyExtensions();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.acra.log;

import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.StringWriter;
import java.io.Writer;

/**
 * Responsible for delegating calls to the Android logging system.
 *

 * User: William
 * Date: 17/07/11
 * Time: 11:06 AM
 */
public final class NonAndroidLog implements ACRALog {

    // Not that it really matters but these levels match those used in Android.util.Log
    public static final int VERBOSE = 2;
    public static final int DEBUG = 3;
    public static final int INFO = 4;
    public static final int WARN = 5;
    public static final int ERROR = 6;
    //public static final int ASSERT = 7;

    private int logLevel = VERBOSE;
    private final PrintStream out = System.out;

    /**
     * Any log that is output at level less that the supplied logLevel will be ignored.
     *

     *     The deault log level is {@link NonAndroidLog#VERBOSE}
     *

     *
     * @param logLevel LogLevel to use to filter log output.
     */
    public void setLogLevel(int logLevel) {
        this.logLevel = logLevel;
    }

    public int v(String tag, String msg) {
        if (logLevel <= VERBOSE) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int v(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
        if (logLevel <= VERBOSE) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
            tr.printStackTrace(out);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int d(String tag, String msg) {
        if (logLevel <= DEBUG) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int d(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
        if (logLevel <= DEBUG) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
            tr.printStackTrace(out);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int i(String tag, String msg) {
        if (logLevel <= INFO) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int i(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
        if (logLevel <= INFO) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
            tr.printStackTrace(out);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int w(String tag, String msg) {
        if (logLevel <= WARN) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int w(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
        if (logLevel <= WARN) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
            tr.printStackTrace(out);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    //public native  boolean isLoggable(java.lang.String tag, int level);
    public int w(String tag, Throwable tr) {
        if (logLevel <= WARN) {
            out.println(tag + " : ");
            tr.printStackTrace(out);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int e(String tag, String msg) {
        if (logLevel <= ERROR) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public int e(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
        if (logLevel <= ERROR) {
            out.println(tag + " : " + msg);
            tr.printStackTrace(out);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    public String getStackTraceString(Throwable tr) {
        final Writer result = new StringWriter();
        final PrintWriter printWriter = new PrintWriter(result);

        // If the exception was thrown in a background thread inside
        // AsyncTask, then the actual exception can be found with getCause
        Throwable cause = tr;
        while (cause != null) {
            cause.printStackTrace(printWriter);
            cause = cause.getCause();
        }
        final String stacktraceAsString = result.toString();
        printWriter.close();

        return stacktraceAsString;
    }
    //public native  int println(int priority, java.lang.String tag, java.lang.String msg);
}


WHY CHOOSE US – A Infrastructure Ltd.
It is corrosion free, both chemically and electrolytically. Friction loss is low and high carrying capacity is permanently maintained, as the pipes are not subject to encrustation or tuberculation. C Value = 150. Hence, considerable savings in power and cost of pumping compared to most other pipes.
It can withstand chlorine treated drinking water and no tuberculation /erosion occur to the AC pipes. Hence, this product is an excellent choice for Intermittent Water Supply where corrosion, tuberculation & erosion problems are acute. They can also be used in tropical countries.
Its low coefficient of expansion helps to counter the expansion and contraction arising out of the variations in temperature of water it carries; also the unbalanced pressure produced due to bands, and closures including gates.
It has high flexural stress i.e. high crushing strength. Hence it can safely be used under heavy external loads and the heavy traffic. It can withstand backpressure even when the pipe is under vacuum.
Lower initial costs and longer life means cost/ year in 1/4th to 1/10th of its alternatives. Robust, thus least storage costs.


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CURWENSVILLE – The Curwensville Borough Police Department reported two more acts of arson.
According to police, on Friday two vehicles had been set fire in the Filbert Street area. Police said the fires caused damage to the vehicles, but consumed itself prior to destorying the vehicles.
On Feb. 13 the department issued a report about an act of arson at the Curwensville Feed Store.
Anyone with information is asked to contact police at 814-236-3858 or 814-765-1533.
Why was 2011 Such a Deadly Tornado Year?


Primed and born in 1948, the inspiration for this historic motor vehicle came from the iconic Jeep. Tellingly, the original Series I shared its wheelbase with the US legend.
This Land Rover Series I has an honesty anyone who's driven a modern Defender will recognise.
Complete with a small 1.6-litre petrol engine, three seats squeezed within the interior, canvas hood and single windscreen wiper, this national treasure of automotive pride shows its younger stable mates here at Kahn H.Q the way to go.
In case you missed it, this particular vehicle was featured on Channel 4's For The Love of Cars, starring Philip Glenister and Ant Anstead, a close friend of Afzal Kahn.
Philip and Ant found and restored this particular Land Rover Series I which had been sitting in a barn, un-driven, for over 41 years.
Tune into Channel 4- 4OD to see the vehicle featured in episode 2 and 7 of \'For the Love of Cars\'.


Less salt and more flavourful than many other versions. This classic Canadian blend is excellent for bringing out the flavour of beef, but can also be used for other meats and on potatoes (it's a favourite on baked potatoes). Try it as a dry rub on barbequed steaks and oven-roasted prime rib. Or make a quick marinade by mixing 2 tablespoons of St-Laurent Steak Spice with ¼ cup of red wine, ½ cup of olive oil and 3 tablespoons of balsamic vinegar. Marinate your meat for half an hour in the fridge before grilling.
Garlic, coriander, sea salt, dill weed, paprika, chiles, black pepper, onion, mustard seeds.


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It is one of the largest airline alliances in the world, ranked 2 after the Star Alliance. At 22 June 2000 airlines Aeroméxico, Air France, Delta Air Lines and Korean Air joined forces for a better flight. Currently the alliance counts 15 full rights airlines (Aeroflot, Aeromexico, Air Europa, Air France, Alitalia, China Airlines, China Eastern, China Southern, Czech Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Kenya Airways, KLM, Korean Air, TAROM, Vietnam Airlines, Saudi Arabia) and 5 waiting companies (Aerolíneas Argentinas - August 2012, Garuda Indonesia - March 2012, Middle East Airlines - June 2012, Xiamen Airlines - November 2012) on the 4 continents. The slogan of the alliance is "Caring more about you"
SkyTeam Alliance operates approximately 14.500 daily flights to 926 from destinations in 173 countries. The fleet numbers about 3,450 aircraft. Millions of passengers are transported annually over 480.
On 25 June 2010, TAROM became a full member of the alliance.
OneWorld was founded in 1999 by American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines, Cathay Pacific and Qantas. The slogan of the alliance is "Oneworld revolves around you". Head offices, Oneworld Management Company, are in New York. The alliance enjoys an average rating of 3.73 stars, on all the affiliated airlines, a chapter that SkyTeam and Star Alliance beat, which have an average 3.19 and 3.29 rating on the affiliated airlines.
Currently, Oneworld is made up of 12 full-fledged airlines: American Airlines, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, Japan Airlines, LAN, Qantas, Royal Jordanian, Air Berlin and S7 Airlines. To these are added 25 by affiliated members. As usual, there are 3 operators who were part of the alliance: Aer Lingus (voluntarily left the alliance in 2007, but wants to return), Canadian Airlines (bought by Air Canada - Star Alliance member) and Malev (bankruptcy) announced at the beginning of the year 2012). In the near future, there are chances for other 5 airlines to join Oneworld.
According to the latest updates, the OneWorld Alliance means approximately 2400 aircrafts operating to approximately 800 of airports across 145 countries. About 288 million passengers are transported annually.
Star Alliance is the first and largest alliance of airlines in the world, launched at 14 May 1997. It is headquartered near Frankfurt Airport. Star Alliance formation has triggered the formation of other airline alliances, such as Oneworld and SkyTeam.
The bases of the alliance were laid by 5 airline operators: Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International and United Airlines. But over time it has become the largest alliance, with 25 having full rights operators in attendance. In addition to the founding members, we also add: US Airways, Turkish Airlines, TAP Portugal, TAM Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, South African Airways, Singapore Airlines, LOT Polish Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, EgyptAir, Croatia Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Blue 1, Austrian Airlines, Asiana Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Air New Zealand, Air China, Aegean Airlines, Adria Airways.
7 members left the alliance for various reasons: Spanair went bankrupt at the beginning of 2012, Mexicana joined OneWorld in 2009, bmi merged with International Airlines Group - affiliated with British Airways and Iberia, OneWorld members. In the near future, other 5 operators are preparing to join.
Star Alliance joins a fleet of over 4000 aircraft operating to 1290 from airports in 189 countries. About 990 million passengers are transported annually.
AiRUnion
It is a Russian air alliance. It was founded in 2005 by the Abramovici brothers - Boris Abramovici (CEO) and Alexandru Abramovici (president), but without any ties to Roman Abramovici. The Alliance counts 5 Russian airlines: KrasAir, Domodedovo Airlines, Omskavia, Samara Airlines and Sibaviatrans. The fleet size is 100 aircraft. The Alliance provides flights to 13 countries and 134 destination airports in Russia, Asia and Europe.


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Elke Clijsters is "The Bachelorette".
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From the 2nd of April, every Tuesday evening at 20h35 on vtm, the second season of "This Is The Future".
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'Sorry About That' Brings in Rose d'Or!
Our program 'Sorry About That' has once again won a prestigious award. Thursday night we won the Rose d'Or in Berlin in the category 'game show'. The Rose d'Or crowns "originality, quality and creativity in entertainment programs in TV and new media".
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Trans Kids in Massachusetts Are Being Harassed Ahead of Question 3
By: Kate Sosin
The worst comments have been directed at six-year-old Olivia.
She beams into the camera. "I need your help to vote Yes on 3!" she says, holding up three fingers.
Olivia is a dancer and a gymnast. She likes to play tag. The best thing about being her is that she is transgender, she tells INTO.
Not everyone thinks so. In recent days, Massachusetts voters have taken to the internet to denigrate her, call her a boy and accuse her parents of abuse for supporting her transition.
She is one of many Massachusetts youth to be harassed as the Bay State prepares to vote on the first statewide transgender ballot referendum. The vote will determine if the state will uphold anti-discrimination protections in public accomodations that took effect in 2016. A "Yes" on Question 3 would uphold those protections.
Olivia is featured on the Stand Up, Speak Out "#WontBeErased" Photo Series, a project that highlights trans voices and images in the wake of new that the Trump administration is aiming to legally erase transgender identity.
On Saturday, Stand Up, Speak Out Founder Ryley Sage Copans put out an emergency call asking for help moderating the project's social media channels as anti-trans trolls overwhelmed its platforms with abusive comments directed at trans youth.
"We've had comments that range from 'No's which are trolls to more specific and getting toward violent comments like, 'You should use the right bathroom,'" Copans told INTO. "A lot of the comments on [our] 'Yes on 3' ad we know are coming from Massachusetts because people are saying, 'Fuck Yes on 3' and saying they are voting 'No.'"
The comments directed at Olivia were so extreme that Copans had to go through four months of posts and untag her parents for fear they would be targeted in person. Other trans youth featured throughout the project have also been hit with harassing language and threats, which have since been removed.
Over the weekend, Copans wrote the parents with resources on protecting themselves online and offers to remove their social media handles from the project.
"I am not expecting this to get dangerous but I need you to be aware that these are things that we're seeing," Copans told them.
The threats in Massachusetts have not been limited to social media platforms.
Mateo Cox, a 23-year-old disabled transgender immigrant, said a driver tried to crash into him on I-93 near Quincy after seeing his bumper stickers for trans rights, LGBTQ pride and Paraguay. The driver flashed a white supremacy sign at Cox, he said.
Cox says there has been a difference in transphobic behavior since Question 3 hit the ballot.
"I would hear transphobic comments online, but not on such a consistent basis," said Cox. "When you reduce transgender people to a dinnertime conversation, it erases our humanity."
A Trump supporter screamed transphobic slurs at Cox after he protested an address by Attorney General Jeff Sessions last month, he said.
"I'm disabled and in a wheelchair," said Cox. "I have less ability to defend myself so that makes me a lot more vulnerable. It's also important to acknowledge the intersectionality that I have of being Jewish, of being a Latino immigrant from Paraguay. In a lot of ways, I am a poster-child for what the alt-right despises."
High school senior Kai Livingstone said the uptick in hate speech has driven them away from a lot of comment sections online.
"The transphobia wasn't quite as obvious before this question got on the ballot or at least I didn't notice it as much," said 17-year-old Livingstone. "It hurts because until your very identity is on a ballot, you can't understand how that feels, how that affects people."
Livingstone's own family and friends have been supportive, they said. But seeing anti-trans comments on the Freedom for All Massachusetts Facebook page, the campaign in support of keeping trans rights in Mass., has taken a toll.
For Cox, he has had to go back on anti-anxiety medication, and he is weighing returning to therapy.
Parents of trans kids also worry about the lasting implications of such a vote, even if the results are favorable.
Carmen Paulino says her transgender 14-year-old, Ashton Mota, has been surrounded by supportive peers and positive adults at school. But she says despite her pleas, the school hasn't made space to process the fallout from Question 3 and its impact on Ashton and other students.
"To us, this is tragic, and could be very tragic after tomorrow," said Paulino."I don't know how to feel that this our reality on a daily basis."
Mota, who is Black and Latinx, has risen as a national voice on transgender rights with the upcoming vote. He is featured in a Human Rights Campaign video urging people to vote Yes on 3, and he gave the opening remarks for GLSEN's fall conference.
Paulino says that visibility has been therapeutic for Mota and has empowered his advocacy in new ways.
"It's not just about him, it's all the other children and families," she said.
Transgender adults in the state have noted that in some ways, the measure has been an opportunity for allies to step forward.
Miles Ott, a transgender man living in Northampton, says he has been more intentional about being out as trans, and his co-workers have supported him across the board.
"It has been heartening to see all the Yes on 3 signs in my neighbors' lawns," said Ott. "Every time I see a sign I'm reminded that there is a great deal of support for trans rights. At the same time, I'm reminded of how my basic rights are being voted on."
Alexia Nuñez, a transgender woman, put a "Yes on 3" banner around her Facebook profile photo and received no negative responses. Her community has been mostly supportive, she said. Part of that, she thinks, is that she has passing privilege, and people often don't read her as transgender.
"Most of the people I've spoken to have been overwhelmingly Yes on 3," she said. "I've also had people tell me that they're a little embarrassed that it made it onto the ballot."
Kate Sosin is a trans news and features reporter and former associate editor of Chicago's Windy City Times.


How to synchronize your PR-activity with information field around the EURO 2012?
News / trends / How to synchronize your PR-activity with information field around the EURO 2012?
In the autumn business season that precedes the 2012 year many Ukrainian companies wonder how to unite their own PR-activities and the European Football Championship?
Solution of this task for potential clients is priority for the coming period to the strategic communications company Publicity Creating. Qualified employees analyze the situation and provide appropriate programs for the integration of subject "Euro 2012" in client's communication strategy for 2012.
This problem's solution will allow Publicity Creating clients not only to get lost in the information noise around EURO 2012 but also synchronize their PR-activities with this global event and get a certain image and marketing dividends.
"It's obvious that the EURO 2012 theme will be key during the first half of next year. There is a sense to link your public relations activities with the European Championship to not get lost in the information noise around this event. For our current clients we've found opportunities to use the fact of the championship in our country to enhance their PR-activities, increase its efficiency. So we decided to offer this strategic service to a wide range of Ukrainian companies" said General Director of Publicity Creating Valeriy Kureiko.
Separately, it is worth to notice that practically all serious companies need to develop professional PR-strategies and information model on the year period independently of the EURO 2012 subject. Autumn business season is a good opportunity to prepare these documents and plan PR-activity using the services of specialists Publicity Creating in time.


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Home / Middle East and North Africa / Is an aversion to 'boots on the ground' limiting U.S. options in Syria?
Is an aversion to 'boots on the ground' limiting U.S. options in Syria?
Posted by: Guest Contributor
Guest Contributor: Paul Iddon
Read any proposed strategy on how the United States could defeat the Islamic State (IS) group and "stabilize" Syria and you will more likely than not find a solution which takes into account the lack of public support for any situation which requires the deployment of "boots on the ground". After over a decade embroiled in conflicts in both Afghanistan and Iraq it is become commonplace to readily acknowledge the salient fact that Americans presently don't have the stomach for another deployment of troops into another conflict zone. Frederick Kagan, who was one of those who strongly influenced the intellectual development of what became the troop surge in Iraq back in 2007, however has written a paper, along with Kimberly Kagan and Jessica D. Lewis, proposing a strategy which would involve a limited deployments on the ground in Syria and Iraq of 'quick reaction forces' which would decisively support U.S.-allied fighters against both IS and the regime of President Bashar al-Assad in Syria. [1]
The U.S. has been clear that it will not coordinate its operations against IS in Syria with the Assad regime. And most proponents of various strategies to address the Syrian situation stipulate that Assad must go. He isn't after all a highly imperfect force for stability, his actions in the last three-years have proven from the start to have very destructive and destabilizing effects. His pounding to rubble of Syria's cities has caused a giant refugee crisis in the region and burdened neighbouring Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. [2]
The Brookings Institute Kenneth Pollack has devised a different strategy. He estimates his solution will be cheaper overall when contrasted with past campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq and will not require any deployment of U.S. forces on the ground in Syria. That solution is the training of a new Syrian army outside of Syria. One which when ready will fight as a conventional army and with decisive U.S. assistance defeat the Syrian military, topple the Syrian regime and also uproot and combat groups like IS. He writes about how the training program he envisions will root out any fanatics attempting to infiltrate it over time, by its design, and how that new Syrian army will in time be able to re-enter Syria and take control of the country (probably from somewhere like Jordan where, as he points out, the U.S. already has advisors training local allied military forces), likely with U.S. assistance and coordination along the way. [3]
Taking just these two proposed strategies into account one wonders if widespread aversion to even a limited ground campaign involving U.S. forces is leading proponents of possible solutions to discount that option altogether. While one would certainly never advocate putting a single soldier in harms way unless one was quite certain that the risk was worth the predictable outcome, one does nevertheless wonder if that would be in the case of Syria.
I think in retrospect any policy advisor or analyst would tell you that one of the biggest blunders made during the Iraq War was the complete disbandment of the Iraqi Army. Which proved to have colossal repercussions since it essentially forced out of work tens-of-thousands of military professionals from the old army. Men who, we shouldn't forget, weren't necessarily hardened ideologues but were just getting by as one did during the days of the old order of the Saddam Hussein regime. One wonders in Syria if it would be necessary to build a new Syrian army from scratch from outside the country or if the current Syrian Army could simply be given a new command structure. [4]
Most of the strategies for the U.S. campaign in Syria advocate eventually toppling the Assad regime and outline and put forward plans of action for the United States to follow in Syria which invariably include that very eventuality. If this is indeed going to be the strategy of the United States in the long-run why not also consider temporarily deploying forces on the ground if they would be instrumental importance to reaching certain tactical goals (not unlike what the aforementioned Kagan proposes)?
Contingency plans are supposed to take into account all possibilities and all available options. They are also supposed to present feasible options available under a variety of scenarios, both actual and hypothetical. I'm sure by now there have been many devised for Syria that we won't know about until many years from now, if ever. One wonders if there is a feasible solution that would involve a limited deployment of U.S. ground troops. A series of operations which would decisively decapitate the regime (something which the U.S. would bound to need at least some ground incursions for) and enable an army along the lines Pollack described to take control of the country and over time bring into its ranks former employees of the present army in Syria and the police force who are not, as was the case in Iraq, for the most part hardened party or regime loyalists.
All of this will involve deciding how the new government of Syria will be formed. If it will, for instance, be a Syria whereby the constraints on the government which the Baath Party have had in place for decades now are simply lifted and some form of parliamentary democracy is established in its place, or if a military interim authority will be established which will be run by those forces the U.S. will have trained in exile and backed in their fight to take control of the country. These are all questions of fundamental importance that will have to be discussed and examined with thorough and diligent care and attention if any additional action is to be taken by the U.S. in Syria in the near future.
But whereby the military end of things is concerned it may turn out to be the case that a limited and decisive deployment of U.S. ground forces (probably special forces more in line with what Kagan proposes) may prove to be of immense tactical significance. U.S. officials have essentially stated that the Syrian forces it will be training to fight IS there will not be sufficiently trained (the planned training program is to last about 8-weeks and will likely be quite basic, furthermore the U.S. presently estimates it will train at most 5,000 such troops a year) or armed to the extent that they will even be able to retake IS-held towns without the assistance of U.S. combat troops. Something which the Obama administration has been adamant in its refusal to contemplate doing given the aforementioned lack of public support for it. [5]
Maybe it's time to at least consider it an option, a last resort if you will, since even limited ad hoc uses of such forces could potentially make a whole world of difference in favour of U.S. aims and goals in that war-ravaged country.
[1] "A Strategy To Defeat The Islamic State", Kimberly Kagan, Frederick W. Kagan, and Jessica D. Lewis, 'Institute For The Study Of War', http://www.understandingwar.org/report/strategy-defeat-islamic-state
[2] "Obama administration: 'No coordination' with Assad on bombing campaign", 'Washington Times', September 23 2014, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/sep/23/white-house-no-coordination-assad-bombing/
[3] "Building a Better Syrian Opposition Army: How and Why", Kenneth M. Pollack, 'Brookings Institution', October 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2014/10/building-syrian-opposition-army-pollack
[4] "Fateful Choice on Iraq Army Bypassed Debate", 'The New York Times', March 17 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/17/world/middleeast/17bremer.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
[5] "Syrians to be trained to defend territory, not take ground from jihadists, officials say", 'The Washington Post', October 22 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/syrians-to-be-trained-to-defend-territory-not-take-ground-from-jihadists-officials-say/2014/10/22/8ca13cf2-5a17-11e4-bd61-346aee66ba29_story.html
Paul Iddon is a freelance journalist and writer. His main areas of interest are Middle Eastern affairs, politics and history.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in the article are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Human Security Centre.
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Turkish Government driven by sense on "unfinished business" over Ottoman Empire – HSC Deputy Director
Opinion: The Russia Report warrants a stronger response from the UK Government
'Turkey's reckless foreign adventures are making the world less safe' – HSC Senior Fellow


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Arizona State leading rusher to miss Holiday Bowl
BY DON WILLIAMS
A-J MEDIA
SAN DIEGO- Texas Tech's task at the Holiday Bowl is at least a little bit easier. The Red Raiders won't have to deal with one ofArizonaState's most prominent players.
ASU coach Todd Graham said second-team all-Pac 12 running back Marion Grice probably won't play in Monday's game, because he's been unable to practice with the lower-leg injury that kept him out of the last two games.
"We thought it would be about a three- or four-week process," Graham said Saturday, "and it's been a little slow going. We had hoped that he'd be able to make it back and play. But it's pretty doubtful that he'll have an opportunity. He's not practiced."
Graham made the announcement during a joint press conference with Tech coach Kliff Kingsbury at the Omni Hotel. Their teams square off at 9:15 p.m. CST Monday at Qualcomm Stadium.
Grice, a senior from Aldine Nimitz, has rushed for 996 yards this season, caught 50 passes for 438 yards and scored 20 touchdowns. That's helped ASU average 41.0 points per game, eighth in the nation.
Grice's absence means an expanded role for sophomore D.J. Foster, which could be just as problematic for Tech. Grice got hurt in the Nov. 23 UCLA game, and Foster ran for 124 yards and two touchdowns the very next week against Arizona.
Foster, a former top-100 national recruit, is an all-purpose player who's rushed for 369 yards, caught 58 passes for 630 yards and scored nine touchdowns.
"Does that hurt us? It does," Graham said. "D.J. does so much for us as a versatile player at the receiver position. We're not going to lose that. We'll still utilize him in that role, but he'll be the primary tailback and it's just going to be more snaps for him."
Graham said the Sun Devils also will look to Deantre Lewis, who's rushed for 300 yards, and De'Marieya Nelson. Quarterback Taylor Kelly is a dual threat, having rushed for 685 before deducting 212 in sacks and other lost yardage.
"They do such a good job schematically that they get good matchups," Kingsbury said. "The quarterback gets them in the right play (so) that whoever's back there is going to have a pretty good shot of having success. And I think that Foster kid is very capable of having a great game."
ArizonaState(10-3) and Tech (7-5) are meeting for the first time since 1999 with the Red Raiders trying to snap a five-game losing streak. Even with the Sun Devils down one leading rusher, Tech has no easy assignment against the Pac-12 South Division champions. The Sun Devils were on a seven-game winning streak before losing the conference title game to Stanford three weeks ago.
"It's the most talented team I've seen on film this year on both sides of the ball," said Kingsbury, whose squad lost to three ranked teams.
Kingsbury declined again Saturday to reveal which of his two quarterbacks he'll start, but suggested that freshman Davis Webb and sophomore Michael Brewer both are likely to play.
"We'll see how the game goes," Kingsbury said, "but I feel like they both practiced at a high enough level that I feel comfortable putting them both in."
ASU has as many marquee players on defense as offense, led by two-time all-America defensive tackle Will Sutton and first-team all-conference defensive backs Alden Darby and Robert Nelson.
"It's the best defensive line I've seen since I've been coaching," Kingsbury said. "Sutton's probably the best defensive lineman I've seen since I've been coaching. We're going to have our hands full.
"We've got to find ways to try to slow them down a little bit. They do a great job with their safeties of reading the quarterback's eyes and attacking the football. It's a great scheme, and it'll be a huge challenge for those young quarterbacks."
The Sun Devils are among the top 20 in the nation in sacks, tackles for loss and interceptions. That might be due in part to all the attention blockers have to devote to Sutton, who was Pac-12 defensive player of the year for the second year in a row.
"He's my absolute favorite player in 28 years on game day," Graham said.
Graham added that he and Sutton had clashed in the past, but said Sutton has shown remarkable maturity this year, evidenced by teammates choosing him as a captain.
"When I first came, I don't know that that was even on the map," Graham said. "He really bought into how we were doing things."


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Dive Into An Underwater Winter Wonderland
By Axel Turcios
An aquarium in New Jersey features a diving Santa and an underwater Christmas tree.
Some places are going over the top to spread the joy of Christmas. One aquarium in New Jersey has built an experience like no other. At the Adventure Aquarium in Camden, New Jersey, a diving Santa is sharing the Christmas cheer and magic.
The aquarium features the world's tallest underwater Christmas tree — stretching 18 feet tall — and is decorated with more than 400 custom-sculpted corals.
Related Story Camel Keeps 200-Year-Old Christmas Tradition Alive
The aquarium is home to 15,000 animals, including the largest collection of sharks in the Northeast. It's the only one in the world to exhibit hippos, and one of only six in the U.S. to have little blue penguins.
The aquarium is also an interactive learning experience. There's an exhibit with jellyfish and plastic bags to raise awareness about the plastic footprint humans leave in the ocean. Every year, over 7 million tons of plastic end up in the world's oceans.
Sea turtles are one of the most affected by this. They eat jellyfish, and if they see plastic bags floating around, they eat them thinking they're food.
Melissa Patterson is the guest experience and events manager for the aquarium. She says the aquarium's mission is to bring families closer together and make memories worth repeating.
"A lot of people didn't have the normal holiday season last year," Patterson said. "So this is finally a chance for everyone to come out, come together and start redoing those traditions we've had in the past."
This holiday season, the Christmas underwater experience runs through Dec. 24.


During November 2017, the Rural Electrification Research Group of the NTUA along with the School of the Earth 'Nea Guinea' from Greece, joined the Nepalese organizations Kathmandu Alternative Power and Energy Group (KAPEG) and People, Energy & Environment Development Association (PEEDA) in order to realize a rural electrification project using locally manufactured small wind turbines and solar panels. The electrification project was part of a knowledge exchange activity founded by the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (WISIONS) under the title 'On-line Design Tools Locally Manufactured Small Wind Turbines'. The aim of the project was the use of the open source design tools developed by RurERG in order to strengthen the knowledge base of local practitioners working with PV/Wind hybrid systems in Nepal. This was achieved with theoretical and practical courses on the subject, along with an electrification project, specifically the electrification of the local health clinic and the offices of the Village Ward in Mityal, a rural community 25km away from the town of Rampur in the Palpa District of Southwest Nepal.
The project started with a two-day course on Hybrid System Design in Kathmandu, during which a small wind turbine was designed using locally available materials, such as Ferrite magnets for the generator, which then lead up to a five-day construction course in cooperation with Kathmandu University, during which the small wind turbine was constructed.
A total of 25 people participated in the construction course, including 15 students (graduates and undergraduates) from 3 different educational institutions of the country and 10 participants from different organizations, such as renewable energy companies and NGO's. The practical sessions were organized in three working groups, and lead up to the completion of a Ferrite magnet 2.4m rotor diameter wind turbine in five days. The woodworking group carved the three blades of the rotor out of wood, the metalworking group fabricated the steel frame of the generator and the furling tail system, and the generator manufacturing group winded the coils of the stator and fabricated the magnet rotor disks. Photos of the construction process can be seen here.
The following week the wind turbine was installed in Mityal on a 12m tower, as part of a hybrid off-grid system along with 600W of solar panels, a 700W inverter, a 24V 200Ah battery bank and a diversion load charge controller.
The hybrid system provided electricity for mobile phone charging, lighting and a laptop computer in the Ward offices and refrigeration of vaccines and lighting in the local health post. More photos of the installation can be seen here.
A maintenance workshop was carried out with the participation of local community members and students from the Kathmandu University that visited the site on a field trip to evaluate the performance of the wind turbine. All aspects of preemptive maintenance were explained such as painting of the blades, repair of the leading edge in case of erosion, untwisting of the transmission cables and greasing the yaw hub, tail hinge and bearing hub.
The system was handed over to the Ward Office who will be responsible for the system's maintenance requirements, along with the project partners' support, and also for its financial sustainability.


The deadline to enroll in a Florida Medicare plan is just four weeks away, on December 7. The Medicare annual enrollment period (which runs from October 15 – December 7 every year) is the one time of year when you can make changes to your Medicare coverage. Make sure you have reviewed your Medicare options before it's too late.
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This product has a unique formula with 5 essential vitamins that help nourish, moisturize and hydrate hair, leaving it looking and feeling thicker, fuller and simply beautiful. Long lasting fragrance. With soy milk protein. This product not tested on animals.
Directions: After shampooing, apply to wet hair. Leave on as desired. Rinse thoroughly. Avoid contact with eyes. In case of contact with eyes, flush thoroughly with water.


The National Railway of Mexico only had six "Santa Fe" type locomotives which it bought from the Texas & Pacific in 1941. These were T&P numbers 527, 529, 531, 534, 535 and 530.
There are no surviving NdeM 2-10-2 "Santa Fe" type locomotives.
SR-1 6 3100-3105 1919 ALCO Bought from the Texas & Pacific in 1941. Former T&P numbers 527, 529, 531, 534, 535, and 539. Numbers 3100-3105 scrapped between 1953 and 1959.


A36990.vip is 1 month old (current registration since 04 March 2019).
a36990.vip is known by our system for 1 month. His IP address is 47.52.135.116 and there's at least 100 websites associated with this ip, it's a shared host.


As a financial representative at Thrivent Financial, my passion is helping individuals and families on their Wise With Money Journey. This starts with an understanding that our earthly possessions are a gift from God, and that we are to be good stewards of the gifts he has blessed us with. I look forward to partnering with people to create strategies to create long-term wealth, develop a plan to mitigate the key risks in life that wipe away savings, grow assets and invest tax-efficiently, create emergency funds for unexpected costs, create a plan for retirement income, wealth transfer tactics, give to charity and church in the most efficient manner, and many other financial goals. Before we engage in creating a financial roadmap for you and your family, I believe strongly that the first step is to get to know one another so that we can develop confidence in this relationship. I look forward to walking with you on your Wise With Money Journey.