Copyright © 2016 Vaishali Sohoni et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Power curve of a wind turbine depicts the relationship between output power and hub height wind speed and is an important characteristic of the turbine. Power curve aids in energy assessment, warranty formulations, and performance monitoring of the turbines. With the growth of wind industry, turbines are being installed in diverse climatic conditions, onshore and offshore, and in complex terrains causing significant departure of these curves from the warranted values. Accurate models of power curves can play an important role in improving the performance of wind energy based systems. This paper presents a detailed review of different approaches for modelling of the wind turbine power curve. The methodology of modelling depends upon the purpose of modelling, availability of data, and the desired accuracy. The objectives of modelling, various issues involved therein, and the standard procedure for power performance measurement with its limitations have therefore been discussed here. Modelling methods described here use data from manufacturers' specifications and actual data from the wind farms. Classification of modelling methods, various modelling techniques available in the literature, model evaluation criteria, and application of soft computing methods for modelling are then reviewed in detail. The drawbacks of the existing methods and future scope of research are also identified.
The power production of a wind turbine (WT) thus depends upon many parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, air density (a function of temperature, pressure, and humidity) and turbine parameters . Much complexity is involved in considering the effects of all the influencing parameters properly. It is therefore difficult to evaluate the output power using the theoretical equation given above. Power curve of a wind turbine, which gives the output power of turbine at a specific wind speed, provides a convenient way to model the performance of wind turbines. A typical power curve for a pitch regulated wind turbine is shown in Figure 1. In the first region when the wind speed is less than a threshold minimum, known as the cut-in speed, the power output is zero. In the second region between the cut-in and the rated speed, there is a rapid growth of power produced. In the third region, a constant output (rated) is produced until the cut-off speed is attained. Beyond this speed (region 4) the turbine is taken out of operation to protect its components from high winds; hence it produces zero power in this region.
Figure 1: Typical power curve of a pitch regulated wind turbine.
The power curve of a WT indicates its performance. Accurate models of power curves are important tools for forecasting of power and online monitoring of the turbines. A number of methods have been proposed in various works to model the wind turbine power curve. These methods which use data from manufacturers' specifications and actual data from the wind farms have been utilized by many researchers in various wind power applications [3, 4]. The literature reviewed reveals that appropriate selection of power curve models can help in improved performance of wind energy based systems. This paper presents current status of research and future directions of different wind turbine power curve modelling approaches. The need of modelling, modelling methodology, classification of models, and methods of evaluation have been discussed. The impact of various parameters on these curves, the standard procedure for power performance measurement of wind turbines, and the need for developing site specific curves is also discussed. Various models proposed and used in various studies have been compared critically and finally inferences are drawn.
The power curve reflects the power response of a WT to various wind speeds. Accurate models of the curves are useful in a number of wind power applications. The objectives of modelling the wind turbine power curve have been discussed here.
The WT power curve can be used for wind power assessment. Wind resource assessment of a region in terms of wind speed, wind power density, and wind energy potential is done to identify areas suitable for wind power development . In this process, estimation of energy is done by using the available wind data and wind turbine power curve. Predicting the output power of the turbine at a candidate site is also required in sizing and cost optimization studies during the design stage of a wind energy based system. The accuracy in power prediction is important as an overestimation can result in poor reliability and an underestimation can lead to oversizing of the wind energy conversion system. Wind turbine operators who trade energy directly to the electricity market also need to forecast the power output of their turbines accurately, so that they will be able to deliver the traded amount of power .
Power curves are supplied by the manufacturers in a tabular or graphical form. However, a generic equation which represents this curve accurately is required in various problems of wind power systems. Derivation of an appropriate function to describe the actual shape of the curve is a very important task. However, the manufacturer's curves are created under standard conditions therefore they may not represent the realistic conditions of the site under consideration. The turbine performance at the wind farms is also not ideal due to wear and tear and aging of turbines. Another method to model the power curves is to derive them using the actual data of wind speed and power measured from the turbines . The data of wind turbines collected by the SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system can be utilized for this purpose. This method can incorporate the actual conditions at the wind farms, thus providing better accuracy in power prediction.
The capacity factor of a WT is defined as the ratio of the average power output to the rated output power of the generator and is an indicator of its efficiency . It is used to estimate the average energy production of a WT required for the sizing and cost optimization studies, optimum turbine-site matching, and ranking of potential sites [5, 6]. The wind turbine power curve models are used to estimate the capacity factor of a WT. A comparative analysis of four power curve modelling methods in estimation of capacity factor of wind turbine generator is presented in .
The power curve can be used to make generic comparison between models and can aid in the choice of turbine from the available options. The selection of the turbine characteristics which match with the wind regime of the site helps in optimizing the efficiency of wind energy system .
Power curves can be used for monitoring the performance of turbines. For this, a benchmark curve which represents the performance of a normally operating turbine is required. This reference curve can be extracted from measured power output and wind speed data of wind turbines. The actual curve of the turbine to be monitored can be compared with this benchmark curve. The deviations of the actual values from the expected output can indicate underperformance or faults . The wind power output of a turbine can be affected by underperformance or various faults/anomalies of the turbine such as blade faults and yaw and pitch system faults [4, 9]. Different types of faults affect the turbine system differently and will cause the power curve to depart from the expected value in a different way. Tools which can characterize and quantify these departures can aid in early identification of faults. Statistical analysis of the outlier data can give indications of the specific reason of anomaly. Wind turbine condition monitoring by use of power curve copula modelling is suggested in [10, 11] and is a topic of further research. Early recognition of the emerging faults and timely repair and maintenance of the equipment can help in improving the performance of wind turbines.
A number of aspects require consideration while modelling the power curves of wind turbines. The selection of model and methodology adopted depends upon the purpose of modelling, available data, impact of various parameters on these curves, and other related issues.
The following important issues should be taken into consideration while modelling of the power curve.
The power curves vary with different manufacturers and models. Therefore the model used to describe them should also be different . Also, there is difference between pitch regulated and stall regulated turbines. Pitch regulated turbines maintain constant output from the rated to cut-off speed, whereas the stall regulated turbines have a decreased power output above the rated wind speeds (stall region).
The turbine behaviour near cut-in and cut-off wind speeds can be difficult to model . These limits are different for different turbine models. When the power curve is derived using the measured data, some nonzero and negative values of power outputs below cut-in speed can be obtained. The cut-off hysteresis which occurs during the period between shut down and restart of turbine affects the productivity of turbine . Hysteresis effects can be more significant with certain wind patterns and terrains such as unsteady and gusty winds requiring frequent starting and shutting down, resulting in considerable loss of energy production. Power curve correction which takes into account this behaviour of turbine at cut-off can reduce the power prediction errors.
The manufacturers' curves are suitable for predicting the power output of a single turbine of a specific type. In a big wind farm a number of turbines are spread over a wide area. Wind energy production involves uncertainties due to stochastic nature of the wind and variation of the power curve . The speed and direction of wind encountered by the turbines of a wind farm may not be the same due to variation of wind. Hence, in a wind farm, power produced by turbines with identical specifications can also differ, even if the wind speed is the same. The shadowing effect of turbines causes this difference as the turbines which operate in wake of other turbines may get reduced wind speeds . This difference can also happen due to factors such as wear and tear, aging, and dirt or ice deposition on blades. With the growth of wind energy projects it has become essential to develop methods to monitor the performance of not only a single turbine but also the wind farm as a whole. Therefore building appropriate models to obtain the relationship between wind speed and output power when a group of turbines are deployed on a wind farm is required.
A number of factors can cause the power curve to deviate from the theoretical value [1, 2]. The important influencing factors are given here and need due attention during modelling.
(i) Wind Conditions at the Site. Wind is highly stochastic in nature. The wind speed and direction change continuously. The wind at a particular site is affected by weather phenomena and topology of the site. The turbulence of wind at a given location affects the power production . Obstacles like trees, buildings, and other high structures influence the wind.
(ii) Air Density. The pressure, temperature, and humidity of site affect the air density , hence affecting the power produced. Effect of varying air density has been considered for developing site specific curves . It is shown in  that temperature has the highest influence on air density and considering its effect along with the wind direction resulted in improved performance of models.
(iii) Extrapolation of Wind Speed. The wind speed changes with height. This wind shear effect is affected by the roughness of terrain. The power curve uses the wind speed measured at the hub height of turbine, but this height varies with different models and manufacturers, and it is not always possible to measure the wind speed at this height. A number of methods have been used in the literature to express the variation of wind speed with height . Also the wind speed measured at the masts is different from the speed at the turbine location and sometimes when the wind speed values at the particular site are not available the wind speed measurements from a nearby location are used to determine the wind profile of this site. The accuracy of conversion of the measured wind speed to wind speed at hub height and at the turbine location depends on factors such as the vertical wind profile at the site, position of masts relative to the turbine, and the method used for extrapolation.
(iv) Turbine Condition. The power curve is affected by the condition of turbine and associated equipment. Aging and wear and tear of turbine, anomalies and faults, blade condition, yaw and pitch misalignments, controller settings, and so forth cause the power curve to depart from actual values [1, 11].
IEC 61400-12-1, the commonly adopted international standard for power performance measurement, is found to be of relevance. The procedure for measuring the power performance characteristics of single wind turbines is specified in this standard. It is the most accepted standard for power curve measurement of single wind turbines. The standard describes the measurement methodology for the measured power curve which is determined by simultaneous measurement of wind speed and power output at the test site. A previous site calibration is required for certain terrain conditions. The annual energy production is calculated by applying the measured power curve to reference wind speed frequency distributions supplemented by sources of uncertainty and their effects. The standard prescribes derivation of power curve using the hub height wind speed measured with a cup anemometer in the suitable measurement sector, but if the wind speed has a large variation over the rotor swept area then there can be a significant difference between the hub height wind speed and wind speed averaged over the whole rotor swept area. The measurement methods and accuracy of measuring instruments can cause variance in measurements and can lead to large prediction errors. The impact of other measurement options such as consideration of rotor equivalent wind speed in which speed is measured at heights over the full rotor plane with the use of remote sensing technology (LIDAR and SONAR) and nacelle based anemometry is a topic of further research .
The IEC standard uses ten-minute averaged data grouped into wind speed intervals of 0.5 m/s (method of bins). This 10-minute averaging of data introduces systematic averaging errors and short wind fluctuations are killed off. Wind at a specific site can be affected by a number of factors such as topology of the site and obstacles and weather phenomena. Although the IEC power curve considers the wind condition of the current site it may not always be appropriate to apply to the wind conditions of other sites. Research efforts are therefore required to develop site specific power curves. These curves can incorporate the wind conditions of the particular site, thus giving better results [18, 19].
Appropriate selection of modelling method is an important requirement for during planning and operation stage of wind based system and helps in improving the performance of the system. The methods which consider only wind speed as input may not take into account the variance caused by various influencing parameters. Methods which consider the influence of these parameters on the power curve can result in more accurate models. Wind at a specific site can be affected by a number of factors such as topology of the site and obstacles and weather phenomena. It is shown in  that the use of developed site power curves, which used the knowledge of site and turbine parameters for modelling, resulted in more accurate energy assessment than the turbine power curve. The issues discussed above if addressed properly can result in efficient models of power curves.
Wind power generated is highly correlated with the wind speed distribution across the region where the wind farm is situated and depends upon the type of WT deployed in the wind farm. The accuracy in prediction of wind energy can be achieved by modelling the wind speed and power simultaneously. The wind speed at a site varies randomly and its variation in a certain region over a period of time can be represented by different probability distribution functions (PDF). Selection of appropriate PDF to describe the actual wind speed distribution of the site is crucial for accuracy in power prediction.
Another widely used distribution is Rayleigh PDF  in which the shape parameter of (2) is taken as . It is a simple PDF and can describe the wind regime with sufficient accuracy when little detail is available about the wind characteristics of a site. The wind speed distribution has also been described in the literature using several other PDFs which include lognormal, beta, and gamma distributions . A detailed review of different PDFs for wind speed modelling and techniques for estimation of their parameters is given in . Appropriate PDF and parameter estimation technique should be selected for modelling the wind speed for a particular site.
The power curve modelling methods can be classified into discrete, deterministic/probabilistic, parametric/nonparametric, and stochastic methods or they can be classified on the basis of data used for modelling.
In this method as described in IEC 61400-12 all the wind speeds are discretized into 0.5 m/s bins . The power output for each bin is then modelled. This is a simple method as it does not require mathematical functions for describing the curve. Also it takes into account the nonlinear wind speed-power output relation. However a large number of data are required in this method to develop a reliable model.
A deterministic power curve model assumes a fixed relation between the output power and wind speed. But when a fleet of wind turbines are deployed on a wind farm, turbines of the same type may produce different amount of power even if the wind speed is the same (Figure 2). A probabilistic power curve model incorporates these power variations to characterize the relationship between wind speed and actual output powers. Most of the models available in the literature are of deterministic nature and are constructed by using the manufacturers' power curve data. A probabilistic model proposed in  characterizes the dynamics of output power by a normal distribution with varying mean and constant standard deviation. The method given in the paper accommodates the uncertainty of output power. The probabilistic nature of wind power output can also be modelled by deriving curves using actual data of power output and wind speed of turbines deployed in a wind farm. This method requires a large number of historical data but results in accurate models [4, 24].
Figure 2: Power curve using actual data for a group of wind turbines at a wind farm (NREL) .
A parametric model defines the relationship between input and output by a set of mathematical equations with a finite number of parameters. In a nonparametric model, no assumption is made about the functional form of the phenomenon under observation. Parametric models of WT power curve can be built by utilizing a set of mathematical expressions having a fixed number of parameters, which are usually collected together to form a single parameter vector . Nonparametric models are used when it is difficult to define the underlying theory upon which the parametric model can be constructed .
The models of power curves can be classified according to the data being used for modelling. Models of power curve based on presumed shape of curve utilize only the cut-in, cut-off, and rated speeds and the rated power of the selected turbine for calculating the parameters of expressions used in the model [12, 25, 26]. These ratings are available from the specifications of the turbines. When the manufacturer's power curve data is available, models can be developed by fitting one or more appropriate expressions to the actual curve. The parameters of the expression being fitted to the actual curve are generally calculated by using the least squares method . The models derived from actual data of wind farm need the actual wind speed and power output data from an operational wind farm. If the effect of the influencing parameters is also included in the model, then the data of the included parameters is also required. This data can be obtained from the wind farm's SCADA system.
The stochastic method consists of characterizing the power performance of wind turbine by evaluating dynamic response against the fluctuating wind speed inputs [27, 28]. The dynamic power output is separated into a deterministic stochastic part in this model. In  the Markov chain theory is used to describe the power output of WT. The resulting model is independent of turbulence intensity; however, the effect of other influencing parameters is not taken into account in this method.
Various approaches have been used in the literature for modelling of WT power curve. These methods, their merits, limitations, and application areas are discussed here.
The relationship between power output and wind speed of a WT between cut-in and rated speed is nonlinear (region 2 of Figure 1). The relation can be approximated by various functions using polynomial and other than polynomial expressions. The pitch regulated turbines maintain a constant power output in region 3 of Figure 1, whereas the stall regulated turbines have decreased power output in this region; thus the power in this region for a stall regulated turbine should not be modelled as a constant. The governing equations for different approximations of power curve are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Expressions of parametric models.
The nonlinear wind speed-power relationship, , can be approximated by various polynomial expressions. Different models using linear, quadratic, cubic, and higher powers of speed or their combinations have been used in the literature.(i)The most simplified model based on a linear curve, which describes region 2 of power curve by a straight line, is used in many applications [12, 39–42].(ii)A quadratic model represents the nonlinear portion of the curve by an equation of degree 2. has been approximated by a quadratic equation in  to describe the relation between output power and wind speed of a WT. A binomial expression discussed in  has been adopted by many researchers [43, 44] to determine output power of wind turbines. Regions 2 and 3 of Figure 1 for a stall regulated WT can be described by using two different binomial expressions as in .(iii)Model based on cubic law approximates region 2 of power curve by cubic law. A model which describes the nonlinear power-wind speed relationship by a cubic law is discussed in . This model is used for power output calculations in [26, 31, 47]. A cubic expression for region 2 and a linear expression for region 3 are chosen to describe the power curve in .
The models given above use the WT specifications of rated power and cut-in, cut-off, and rated wind speed only to determine the equations for power curve.(i)A methodology based on Weibull's parameter is proposed in . This model based on Weibull shape parameter is used by many researchers [49, 50] for calculating the power output of WT.(ii)A linearized segmented model discussed in [24, 51] carries out a piecewise linear approximation of the curve by using the equation of a straight line. The resulting curve follows the actual curve more accurately.(iii)The power curve of wind turbine has also been modelled by other than polynomial functions. The power curve that is modelled in  uses a exponential equation whereas a double exponential equation is used in .(iv)A polynomial regression parametric model is developed from real data as a benchmark method in . Three nonparametric methods are also proposed in this study.
All the polynomial expressions given above do not take into account the inflection point on the power curves. In most real power curves there is an inflection point on the curve at which its curvature changes sign. Models which consider this inflection point can describe the actual shape of the curve more accurately than the above models. A new formula for power curve interpolation which considers inflection point on the curve is proposed in . A double exponential model is proposed in  to fit the data in two inflection zones using a single equation. Functions based on four- and five-parameter logistic approximations also consider this inflection point on the curve and are promising approaches for modelling of power curve.(i)The shape of a wind power curve can be approximated by a four-parameter logistics (4PL) function [1, 34]. A procedure to obtain the parameters of the 4PL function model modelled from manufactures power curve data has been proposed in . The four parameters of the function are obtained directly from the power curve instead of using an optimization process in this work. The paper also proposes manufacturer's power curve approximation using a three-parameter model. The power curve is derived from the SCADA data of wind farms using a 4PL approximation in [1, 4, 24]. It is shown in  that this model can be used for online monitoring of power curves. Another form of four PL expression is used for extracting power curve from actual wind speed and power curve data of a wind farm in . The method is applied for wind energy estimation of the selected wind farm site. Literature reviewed reveals that the four-PL model produces less errors in representing the power curve than the methods based on polynomial approximation. However a 4PL curve is symmetric about the inflection point whereas the power curves are asymmetric. Models which can incorporate this asymmetry can therefore produce even better results. Cubic splines can be used for asymmetric data. A cubic spline is the smoothest curve that passes through the exact data points. As the power curves are quite smooth their asymmetry can be approximated by a cubic spline interpolation technique [55–57], but the disadvantage with a spline fit is that it does not represent the random variation of data.(ii)A five-parameter logistic (5PL) approximation includes a fifth parameter ( in Table 1) to control the degree of asymmetry . This method can model the asymmetry effectively and can be used for modelling the WT power curve . A 5PL model however has the possibility of becoming ill-conditioned; thus evaluation of parameter vector becomes difficult. A 5PL model derived from the SCADA data of wind farm is applied for energy estimation of the farm in  and it is shown that it produces less error in the estimated energy compared to the 4PL model.
The power curve models obtained by means of curve fitting of the manufacturer's curve are used in several applications. The characteristic equation of wind generator is fitted with three binomial expressions for in  to get the accuracy in fitting. A ninth-order polynomial for power curve fitting has been used in  and it has been found that it gives accurate correlation with the real data, producing exclusively positive values for the generated power between cut-in to cut-off range. High-order polynomials may produce better fitting results for a particular set of data; however they may not represent the variance of data and should be used carefully. The power curve models by curve fitting of the manufacturer's curve are analyzed in [55–57].
The parametric models of WT power curve express the shape of the curve by a set of mathematical equations. Determination of the coefficients of these equations requires fitting the data to the selected model. The techniques and algorithms used in various works for parameter estimation of power curve models are discussed here.
(i) Least Squares Method. The least squares method minimizes the summed square of residuals to obtain the parameters of the model and is the most commonly used and accepted method [4, 24].
(ii) Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM). Another approach used in the literature is to determine the parameters of power curve model by maximum likelihood method. In this method the parameters of a statistical model are estimated by maximizing the likelihood function. It was found in  that this method did not perform well in comparison to the least squares method.
The parameters of the parametric models especially those using the 4PL and 5PL approximations are difficult to evaluate. The parameter estimation becomes more difficult when the models are derived from the actual data of wind turbines. Developing accurate models of wind turbines and optimization for huge data sets are a very complicated process. Modern nontraditional solution techniques for parameter estimation enhance the accuracy, reduce the computational time, and are easy to implement. Various evolutionary techniques have been applied for determining the parameter vector of logistic function based power curve models [4, 24].
The power curve derived from actual wind speed and power output data of wind turbines uses SCADA data from the wind turbines. This data is prone to errors due to measurement, sensor, and communications system errors. The data is also affected by nonproduction of turbines when it is shut down by the control system for some reason other than anomalous operation. SCADA system can have null entries or erroneous data which can result in inaccurate models. Hence it is necessary to remove these misleading entries before using this data for further analyses. The most common method is to remove the data manually. These outliers can be identified by visual inspection  of wind speed power output plot and can be removed before proceeding for development of model. However the method can lead to inaccurate results as the data from SCADA system is voluminous and it is difficult to differentiate between correct and erroneous data. These outliers have been removed by different statistical methods in various works before development of models. In  the analysis of residuals together with control charts is used to filter potential outliers. The outliers can be detected by classical least mean square (LMS) method which minimizes the sum of the squares over all the measurements and if a measurement is found to be far away from the correct value it prevails in the resulting fitting; however, in this method a single outlier point can destroy the fitting. In  least median of squares method is used for data preprocessing in which instead of the sum as in LMS method sum of medians is minimized to identify the outliers. It is shown that this method is very robust; however it requires iterative solution. The wind data preprocessing is done in four steps in  which include validity check, data scaling, missing data processing, and lag removal. In  a probabilistic method developed around a copula-based joint probability model for power curve outlier rejection is proposed. A data mining approach to process the raw data has been proposed in . Appropriate method for data preprocessing is important requirement for development of an efficient model.
After developing the model from the data, it is important to determine whether this model appropriately represents the behaviour of the actual data for the power curve. The evaluation of the developed models in various applications is done on the basis of a number of performance metrics. The root mean square error (RMSE), goodness of fit statistics used by a wide number of researchers, estimates of the standard deviation of random component in the data, and a value closer to zero indicate a better fit. The -squared statistic is the square of the correlation between the actual and the predicted values that measures how closely the fit explains variation in the data. An -squared value closer to one indicates a good fit . Other criteria used in the literature include the mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), the sum of squares error (SSE), SD (standard deviation), and chi-square [2, 4, 8, 11, 17]. The most commonly used criteria are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Model evaluation indices.
Selection of appropriate model analyzed on the basis of suitable criteria is a very important task for improving the performance of wind power plants. Many models used in the literature have not been evaluated for goodness of fit with actual curve data or their suitability for specific applications. The polynomial models of [54, 57] are compared by observing the visual fit. Models in [2, 11] are compared by MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and SD performance metrics; however, suitability of these models for wind power applications is not evaluated. Also as these models will ultimately be used in wind energy applications it is not appropriate to judge their suitability on the basis of goodness of fit parameters alone, but it should also be examined how successfully they can be employed for the particular applications.
Various nonparametric methods can be used for modelling of WT power curves. The SCADA data collected from the wind farms is voluminous and usually contains errors. It may be difficult to obtain the relation between input and output using a functional form. Nonparametric methods can be suitable for deriving power curves from this data. After preprocessing of data, model extraction can be done using different methods. Nonparametric models can also incorporate the effect of parameters other than wind speed on the power curves more easily than the parametric models. The models can be trained by taking these other parameters as inputs to the models [17, 18]. Developments in soft computing techniques offer promising approaches for power curve modelling. Various advanced algorithms can be utilized to generate accurate nonparametric power curves for various applications. Table 3 summarises details of some nonparametric models from the literature.
Table 3: Details of some nonparametric models from various studies.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) inspired by biological nervous system emulate the natural intelligence of human brain  and can learn the nonlinear relationship between input and output data sets by use of activation function within the hidden neurons. Neural networks are used to estimate power generation of turbines at a wind farm in . A separate multilayer perception (MLP) network for each turbine uses ten-minute averages of wind speed and direction from two meteorological towers as inputs and power generated by the turbine as the output. A comparative analysis of regression and ANN models for WT power curve estimation is done in  and it is shown that neural network models perform better than the regression models. However ANN has a black box approach and it is difficult to develop an insight about meaning associated with each neuron and weight . ANN based multistage modelling has been used in  to model the wind turbine power curve. The wind speed and air density are used as inputs in the first stage and the normalized power output obtained from this stage, wind speed data turbulence intensity, is used to train the second ANN stage. It is claimed that this method has produced better results compared to the parametric, nonparametric, and discrete models.
Clustering is grouping of similar data into classes or clusters. A wind farm having many wind turbine generators has variable power outputs due to variation of wind speed. Efficient power curve can be found by applying clustering methods. Power curve characterization by cluster centre, fuzzy C-means, and subtractive clustering methods is done in . Fuzzy clustering applies the concept of fuzzy sets to cluster analysis and belongingness of each point of data set to a group is given by a membership function. The method has the advantage of adapting noisy data. Fuzzy C-means clustering uses fuzzy partitioning to partition a collection of vectors into fuzzy groups and finds a cluster centre in each group. The performance of FCM depends upon the initial cluster centres. The method proposed in  to decide the number of clusters and their initial values for initializing iterative optimization based clustering algorithms is used in  to set up cluster centre fuzzy logic (CCFL) model of power curve. This cluster estimation method is used as a basis for identifying fuzzy models and the effect of number of cluster centres and cluster neighbourhood distance on RMSE is calculated. On comparison of CCFL model with polynomial model fitted by least square method it is concluded that the RMSE obtained with the fuzzy logic method is much lower than that obtained with the least square polynomial model.
Data mining refers to extracting or mining knowledge from large amounts of data . Developments in data mining offer promising approaches for modelling power curves of wind turbines. Selection of appropriate data mining method and algorithm is important to get accurate, stable, and robust power curve. Data driven nonparametric models using multilayer perception (MLP), random forest, M5P, boosting tree, and -nearest neighbour (-NN) algorithms are developed in  along with the 4PL parametric models. Performance of these models for online monitoring of the power curves was analyzed and the least square 4PL parametric and -NN models were found to be of high fidelity to be used as reference curves for monitoring of power curves. Control chart approach is used for detecting the outliers and indicating the abnormal conditions of the turbine. However in another study  the performance of -NN was found to be poor. Different data mining algorithms, namely, MLP, REP tree, M5P tree, bagging tree, and -nearest neighbour algorithms, are used to build models for power prediction and online monitoring in . Principle component analysis and -NN algorithm are used for data reduction and filtering of outliers is done by residual and control chart approach. In  four data mining techniques, namely, bagging, M5P algorithm, REP tree algorithm, and M5 rules, were used for constructing the nonparametric power curve models. Model trees are type of decision trees with linear regression functions at the leaves and are applied for modelling the power curves in a few applications [2, 24]. Much detail of these models is not given in these studies. More information on model trees can be found in [72, 73].
Adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a fuzzy inference system implemented in the framework of adaptive networks and thus integrates the best features of fuzzy systems and neural networks . A fuzzy inference system using fuzzy if-then rules is based on human knowledge and reasoning processes. In ANFIS, tuning of nonlinear signal relations can be done by constructing a set of fuzzy rules with appropriate membership function parameters tuned in a training phase . Application of ANFIS for wind turbine power curve monitoring is proposed in . This method of modelling is compared with earlier best performing methods, namely, ANN, CCFL, and -NN methods, found in the literature. Effect of including direction of wind and ambient temperature on the prediction error is evaluated. Data for pitch regulated turbines is used for the modelling.
Another approach of modelling is to consider the joint probability distribution of power and wind speed instead of considering the implied function of the two variables. Considering joint probability of the two variables instead of their individual probabilities can incorporate measures of uncertainty into performance estimates . SCADA wind speed and power measurement data from wind turbines are used to estimate bivariate probability distribution functions and construct power curve using copula modelling technique in . The application of empirical copulas is proposed to approximate the complex form of dependency between active power and wind speed. Usefulness of copula analysis for turbine condition monitoring and early recognition of faults is suggested in this paper. It is shown that different fault modes produce different signatures in , , and chi2 statistics and can be used to identify the type of turbine fault.
Wavelet analysis is a technique to analyze the nature of signals and is a promising tool for nonstationary signals. In support vector machines the data is mapped into higher-dimensional feature space via nonlinear mapping. The power curve of WT is used for wind power prediction in . A novel wavelet support vector machine based model for wind speed prediction is proposed in this paper and its performance is found to be effective for short time prediction.
A number of works in literature also include comparative analyses of various parametric and nonparametric methods [2, 8, 57, 74]. Seven different functions have been compared in  for modelling the power curves of six different turbines. In  four models are developed from available operational power output data. The polynomial regression based parametric model is used as a benchmark model. Three nonparametric methods in addition to the above methods, namely, locally weighted polynomial regression, cubic spline regression, and a penalized spline regression model, are proposed in this study.
A number of models and modelling methodologies have been proposed in various works for modelling of WT power curve. The choice of appropriate model and methodology adopted for a specific application is important and is a difficult task. The model selection for a particular application is done on the basis of availability of data, complexity of model, desired accuracy, and type of turbine and its power curve. On the basis of reviewed literature the following points are identified for selection of modelling methodology.(i)Wind power curve models required for initial wind resource assessment need handy methods for estimation of energy. Wind power output calculation and energy estimation which are done during designing of wind based systems need a power curve model with fair degree of accuracy. When only specification values (cut-in, cut-off, and rated speeds and the rated power) for a wind turbine are available, the polynomial models based on presumed shape can be used. These models can also be used as a handy tool for calculation of wind turbine output during design stage of wind farms because of the simplicity of calculations. When the manufacturers' curve data is available it is preferable to fit a polynomial function to the data as it results in better accuracy. These models are thus suitable for modelling of single turbines for predicting power for small systems where fairly accurate accuracy is desired.(ii)For power prediction and selection of turbines for designing of large wind based systems a very good accuracy is required as oversizing can result in loss of revenue and undersizing can hamper the reliability of the system. Accurate prediction is also required for wind farm operators for energy trading. The 4PL and 5PL functions may therefore be used for these applications to develop models from the manufacturers' curve data.(iii)When the SCADA data from a nearby wind farm is available and it is desired to assess the power output of a prospective wind farm with good accuracy having a group of turbines or when the models is to be used for online monitoring of curves, it is appropriate to extract model from SCADA data of the wind farm with appropriate extrapolations. These models can be derived using the 4PL and 5PL parametric methods or one of the nonparametric methods such as ANN or ANFIS. The models can also incorporate the effect of other influencing parameters in the models. Choice of parameters depends upon terrain, wind conditions, obstacles, correlation of parameters, and so forth. The copula method of defining the power curve using a joint probability distribution function of wind speed and power can be used for condition monitoring applications.
Various methods of modelling of WT power curve have been reviewed. Several methods of modelling have been proposed and used in various studies (Figure 3). A summary of noteworthy contributions is given in Table 4. The salient features of these models are summarised in Table 5. The inferences drawn, the deficiencies, and the suggestions proposed are given below.(i)Most of the parametric models used in the literature use polynomial approximations to model wind power curve models. These models are mostly used for predicting power output of turbines for sizing and cost optimization applications. These models do not consider the inflection point on the power curve accurately and can result in large prediction errors. However they are simple to use and can be utilized for predicting power during initial resource assessment and designing of small systems if very good accuracy is not desired. 4PL and 5PL parametric models can follow the actual shape of the power curve more accurately. These novel methods can result in reduced power prediction errors and can be applied for power and energy assessment during design of large systems and forecasting of power for energy trading where good accuracy is a crucial requirement.(ii)The deterministic methods which use manufacturer's data for modelling are suitable for single turbines and not appropriate for modelling a group of turbines. The probabilistic methods which consider the variation of both power and wind speed are suitable for modelling power curve for a fleet of turbines.(iii)Power curve models extracted from actual data of wind farms can incorporate actual conditions at a site and are suitable for modelling a group of turbines. These curves can be derived from the available data by parametric and nonparametric methods.(iv)The parametric models derived from actual wind farm data used in the literature include linear segmented and 4PL and 5PL models. Nonparametric methods used are neural networks, clustering methods, data mining, ANFIS, and copula models. Data mining techniques can offer good results as the data available from the wind farms is voluminous and frequent updating of data is easier. ANN and ANFIS models perform well for power prediction and online monitoring applications. These curves derived from actual data can help in minimizing power prediction errors.(v)The 4PL and data mining technique based models extracted from actual data of wind farms have been analyzed in the literature for their application in online monitoring. It is indicated that the monitoring of the power curves can be used to detect anomalies and statistical analysis of the outlier data can give indications of the specific reason of anomaly. Application of 5PL model for online monitoring of curve is not yet researched.(vi)The wind power output of a turbine can be affected by various faults/anomalies or underperformance of the turbine, such as blade faults and yaw and pitch system faults. Different types of faults affect the turbine system differently and cause the power curve to depart from the expected value in a different way. Tools which can characterize and quantify these departures can aid in early identification of faults. Likely link between copula statistics and WT faults/anomalies is indicated in the literature should be investigated. Further research should also focus on considering the joint probability distribution of these variables.(vii)Applications of advanced algorithms for developing improved parametric and nonparametric methods need to be explored.(viii)Appropriate evaluation of the developed models is a very important requirement in modelling. The right choice of an evaluation metric is important and depends on the data and analysis requirements. Models developed in the literature have used different performance metrics. The reviewed articles do not highlight the reason of preferring a particular criterion for evaluation. Different statistical measures can have different interpretations and appropriate selection of error metrics is crucial for analysis of the models. Moreover these models will ultimately be used in wind energy applications; therefore it is not appropriate to judge their suitability on the basis of goodness of fit parameters alone, but it should also be examined how successfully these models can be employed for the particular applications.(ix)Power curves of wind turbines provided by the manufacturers are used for power prediction in most of the wind energy applications. These curves are developed under standard test conditions. The IEC 61400-12-1 is the most accepted standard for power curve measurement of single wind turbines. The wind conditions at the practical sites can be different from those at the test site. IEC curve may not always represent the wind conditions of other sites. Further research should focus on development of site specific power curves.(x)The discrete model prescribed in IEC 61400-12 is simple, but a large amount of data is required to develop a reliable model.(xi)The stochastic model that is proposed in some works is independent of turbulence intensity but does not include the effect of other influencing parameters.(xii)Future works should also include the effect of various influencing parameters on the power curves.
Table 4: Summary of noteworthy contributions.
Table 5: Comparison of modelling methods.
Figure 3: Wind turbine power curve models.
Accurate modelling of WT power curves is crucial for successful design and operation of any wind energy conversion system. This paper presented an overview of different approaches used for modelling of wind turbine power curve. There are several methods of modelling which have their own advantages and disadvantages. Polynomial approximation based power curve models which have been used widely are simple to use and can be utilized for predicting power during initial resource assessment and designing of small systems. The four- and five-parameter logistic function based power curve models which consider the inflection point on these curves are promising methods which can help in reduction of power prediction errors and improved performance in online monitoring of these curves. Also most of the models in earlier works are developed from manufacturers curves of wind turbines. However, the manufacturer supplied curves are turbine specific and represent their behaviour under standard test conditions. They can be applied for power prediction of single turbines and for sites with steady winds. Improved models are required which can represent the conditions at large wind farms with a group of turbines installed and sites having complex terrains. Power curves derived from actual wind speed and output power data from wind farms can take into account various site specific factors resulting in better models. A wind farm's SCADA data is a valuable resource which can be exploited for this purpose. Nonparametric methods of power curve modelling used in the literature include neural networks, clustering, data mining, ANFIS, and copula models. The nonparametric methods are suitable for extracting models from large data. Moreover, these models can incorporate the effect of parameters other than wind speed on the power curves more easily than the parametric models. Literature survey reveals that ANN and ANFIS nonparametric methods perform well among other models for power prediction and online monitoring applications. Further research should focus on development of site specific power curves. Future models should be able to minimize the prediction errors and should be suitable for online monitoring of turbines. Methods which can quantify the power curve departures from expected values for identification of turbine faults should be explored. As the power output of wind turbines is strongly dependent on wind speed of a potential wind farm site, selection of appropriate wind speed model along with the power curve model is an important requirement for accurate prediction of wind farm output. Different wind speed modelling techniques have also been reviewed briefly in this paper. It can be concluded that selection of appropriate model, solution technique, and proper algorithms for a particular application is important for efficient modelling and can contribute significantly to developing reliable and efficient wind energy based power system.
: Vector parameter of parametric models.
S. Mathew, Wind Energy-Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2006.
International standard IEC 61400-12-1, Wind turbines- Power performance measurement of electricity producing wind turbines, 2005.
H. Mellinghoff, Development of Power Curve Measurement Standards, DEWEK 2012: 11, Deutsche Windenergie-Konferenz, Bremen, Germany, 2012.
E. Anahua, F. Böttcher, S. Barth, J. Peinke, and M. Lange, "Stochastic analysis of the power output for a wind turbine," in Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC '04), London, UK, November 2004.
Curve fitting toolbox, for use with MATLAB, User's Guide, Version 1.The Mathworks, 2002.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) western data set, station ID 2 dataset year 2006, http://wind.nrel.gov/Web_nrel/.
S. R. Jang, C.-T. Sun, and E. Mizutani, Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing-a Computational Approach to Learning and Machine Intelligence, PHI ltd, New Delhi, India, 2003.
M. S. Mohan Raj, M. Alexander, and M. Lydia, "Modeling of wind turbine power curve," in Proceedings of the IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies—India, Kollam, India, December 2011.
J. Han and M. Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, Calif, USA, 2006.


text:
Ekvidistantní válcová projekce (také Marinovo zobrazení) je jednoduchá kartografická projekce, jejímž výsledkem je zobrazení Země (mapa), na kterém jsou poledníky od sebe stejně vzdáleny stejně jako rovnoběžky, které jsou rozvinuty do úseček. Původní myšlenka tohoto velmi jednoduchého zobrazení je přisuzována Marinovi z Týra okolo roku 100 n.l.

Zobrazení není ani plochojevná projekce ani konformní zobrazení. Z důvodu zkreslení válcové projekce se zobrazení využívá spíše
v tematických mapách než v navigačních nebo katastrálních. Ekvidistantní válcová projekce našla své uplatnění jako standard pro počítačové zpracování globálních mapových systémů v software jako je Celestia a NASA World Wind, protože lze jednoduše vyjádřit vztah mezi pozicí mapované oblasti Země a obrazovým bodem mapy.

Definice

kde
 je zeměpisná délka od centrálního poledníku v daném zobrazení,
 je zeměpisná šířka,
 je parametr rovnoběžek (severních i jižních od rovníku), který určuje skutečný rozsah správné projekce.

Je nutné upozornit, že pravá strana rovnice, tedy souřadnice  and  jsou lineární, nikoliv úhlové rozměry. Bod (0,0) je ve středu výsledného zobrazení je-li vstupní interval [-π,π].

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Kartografie
 Mercatorovo zobrazení

Externí odkazy

  Global MODIS based satellite map
  Table of examples and properties of all common projections
  Panoramic Equirectangular Projection

Kartografická zobrazení

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Eating curry may boost the brain and stave off Alzheimer's disease. Scientists looked at the curry consumption of 1010 Asian people aged between 60 and 93 who were currently unaffected by Alzheimer's. Their thinking ability was compared using a standard test called the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE).


text:
Q: how to join 2 tables with lambda expression c# I have a query turns out that I have to do a filter joining two tables with lambda, is the expression with only one but how do I do it with two?
this is my SQL Query
    declare @Cod_Empresa int
set @Cod_Empresa = 9
select
Margen.Codigo_Medidor, Margen.Fecha, Margen.Codigo_barra, Margen.Total_Balance
from tb_margen_operativo_cierre Margen, tb_medidor Medi
where Margen.Codigo_medidor = Medi.Codigo_Medidor
and Medi.Codigo_empresa  = @Cod_Empresa

This is my C# Code
 int codigoempresa = 9
 var margen = cm.tb_margen_operativo_cierre. //I need 2 tables tb_margen_operativo_cierre and tb_medidor
             Where(x => x.Fecha <= fin && x.Fecha >= inicio).
            GroupBy(r => r.Fecha).
            Select(v => new
            {

                Total_Balance = v.Sum(x => x.Total_Balance),

            }).AsEnumerable().Select(x => new tb_margen_operativo_cierre
            {

                Total_Balance = x.Total_Balance,

            }).ToArray();
            for (int i = 0; i < margen.Length; i++)
            {

                valormes = valormes + margen[i].Total_Balance;
                valorgraficodiario[i] = margen[i].Total_Balance;
            }

How do it?
thanks

A: Well, first one, you have to improve your query, to something like this:
SELECT
    Margen.Codigo_Medidor, Margen.Fecha, Margen.Codigo_barra, Margen.Total_Balance
FROM
    tb_margen_operativo_cierre Margen INNER JOIN tb_medidor Medi
ON
    Margen.Codigo_medidor = Medi.Codigo_Medidor
WHERE
    Medi.Codigo_empresa  = 9;

Now, if you have relations between your tables, you can do this in LINQ:
Asuming: One Margen could have Many Medi. In LinQ you might use:
from Margen tb_margen_operativo_cierre
join Medi in tb_medidor on Margen.Codigo_medidor equals Medi.Codigo_Medidor
where Medi.Codigo_empresa == 9;

And the result should be the same of your query.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Preventing corruption everyone's responsibility: NLC CMD
CUDDALORE, October 29, 2015 00:00 IST
Updated: October 29, 2015 05:40 IST
: Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd (NLC) commenced Vigilance Awareness Week observance on Monday.
Launching the programme, S.K.Acharya, CMD, NLC said that while well laid down rules already existed for preventing corruption, it was everyone's responsibility to adopt them and follow them, to reduce corruption. "The student community should be taught of ethical values which would pave way for corrupt free India," he said.
Mr. Acharya administered an anti-corruption pledge to employees. The Hindi version was read out by Rakesh Kumar, Director (Finance) and the Tamil version by V.Thangapandian, Director, Power. For observing Vigilance Awareness Week-2015, the Central Vigilance Commission has given the theme" Preventive Vigilance as a tool of Good Governance" and NLC seeks to propagate this in a big way by taking the message to schools and colleges, through various competitions, debates, lectures by eminent personalities and interaction with students.
S.K.Acharya administered an anti-corruption pledge to employees
Related Topics Tamil Nadu
Printable version | Jan 20, 2020 5:33:51 AM | https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/preventing-corruption-everyones-responsibility-nlc-cmd/article7816920.ece
Treating patients with mental health issues is seldom about managing just the disease; a whole host of other factors, including stigma, discrimination, lack of awareness and long-term rehabilitation need to be tackled by health care professionals.
Serena Josephine M
A 'Jallikattu' for women
Blindfolded participants have to catch a hen tied to their leg
Vignesh Vijayakumar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
respondents said they got bored during their CV workout, with 10 per cent saying they felt bored every time. Many of them complained about the in-house music and found "pop videos featuring near naked women gyrating irritating". Only 14 per cent said they never
used any kind of entertainment while exercising, while 51 per cent said they would spend more time on the CV equipment if it provided entertainment and motivated them. "It's vital that the fi tness industry provides equipment that meets with
n a survey conducted in December 2009 by Precor – in conjunction with Leisure-net Solutions – 66 per cent of
member expectations and enhances their enjoyment," says Miles Rimell, Precor's head of marketing. "We're continually updating our offering and aim to provide operators with a variety of entertainment options which they can make available to their members." Precor has a number of established
entertainment products. ChannelCast TV offers a range of channels, while the Personal Entertainment Player (PEP) allows members to upload content from an iPod to the Personal Viewing Screens on the equipment, as well as to upload workouts to the Nike+ website. The latest innovation, launched in
August, is a dual tuner for the Personal Viewing Screens, which allows clubs to
utilise their in-house analogue system as well as introducing freeview channels. Pulse also launched a new CV range
at LIW last month, with self-powered screens offering 50 freeview channels.
media access Currently only available in the US, but set for a UK launch in 2011, Netpulse has an exciting new platform – the Netpulse Media Network – that allows members to bring up their own playlist, plug in their iPod or iPhone, connect to social media and choose from a massive library of TV programmes and videos, as well as save their workout results for further analysis. The company predicts that this
workout data will be useful as proof of october 2010 © cybertrek 2010
Pounding the treadmill can get a bit, dare we say it, boring for some members. Kath Hudson looks at some of the latest products designed to put the spring back into their step


text:
John E. Cornelison Podcasts
John E. Cornelison public [search 0]
Entertainment Cinema Feed Moviereviews John E. Cornelison, Jr
Classic Movie Rev
Join the host archaeologist John for classic movies reviews with his own special spin. Using his archaeological background, he connects historic, cinematic, genealogical, and current facts to add a dimension to his reviews that will increase your enjoyment of these classic movies. John tells all for movies over 25 years old. He also presents his world-famous short summaries of each classic movies reviewed. ClassicMovieRev.com
The Great Waldo Pepper (1975) 34:31
A good movie about the end of barnstorming: The Great Waldo Pepper (1975) has fantastic aerial stunts and a great cast. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leav…
WKRP in Cincinnati - Bah, Humbug 9:43
Television's "WKRP in Cincinnati" spoofed A Christmas Carol in the S37, called Bah, Humbug. 1980. Almost as good as the turkey episode. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes…
A Christmas Carol (1938) 18:46
Based on the 1843 Charles Dickens novella, A Christmas Carol (1938) is a great version of the story. The Lockhart family is heavily featured. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to …
Home for the Holidays (1995) 23:52
A funny and sad Thanksgiving homecoming shows family cracks and the offer of new love. Home for the Holidays (1995) has an amazing cast. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTune…
Notorious (1946) 27:11
A masterpiece Film Noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, and Claude Rains in Notorious (1946) The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kin…
Night Editor (1946) 23:35
This is a short Film Noir with a Femme Fatale to die for! Janis Carter is amazing as a woman thriller by murder in Night Editor (1946) The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes …
Illegal (1955) 27:01
This average trial-centric Film Noir, Illegal (1955), stars, including Edward G. Robinson, Hugh Marlow, Nina Foch, and Jayne Mansfield. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes…
Angel Heart (1987) 36:35
Mickey Rourke, Lisa Bonet, and Robert De Niro are outstanding in the demonic and voodoo themed Neo-Noir Angel Heart (1987) The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly l…
Love at First Bite (1979) 26:23
A comedy spoof of Dracula starring Geroge Hamilton and Susan Saint James. The comedy bits make Love at First Bite (1979) a great watch. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes…
The Body Snatcher (1945) 24:26
A great horror film based on a true story, directed by Robert Wise, and starring Boris Karloff and Bela Lugosi in The Body Snatcher (1945) The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is availabl…
Frankenstein 1970 (1958) 25:12
Boris Karloff appears in his 5th Frankenstein movie. In Frankenstein 1970 (1958) he played a member of the famous family for the 1st time The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available…
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948) 30:35
This is a great comedy that has Universal monsters as well. In Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948), the comic duo are at their best. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and on Kindle Support the show with a purchase from Merch The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is avail…
The Vampire Bat (1933) 20:03
A terrific set and a good cast make The Vampire Bat (1933) better than average horror fare. With Lionel Atwill, Fay Wray, and Melvyn Douglas. Support the show with a purchase from Merch The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and Kindle SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTu…
Gargoyles (1972) 24:31
A made for TV movie, featuring a great cast including Cornel Wilde and Bernie Casey, Gargoyles (1972), is a cult classic horror film. The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and Kindle SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subs…
High Sierra (1941) 30:09
One of the last movie featuring the classic gangster of the 1930s. Humphrey Bogart brings Roy "Mad Dog" Earle to life in High Sierra (1941) The Coyote's Tale, a noir mystery by John Cornelison is available on Amazon in paperback and Kindle SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, an…
Local Hero (1983) 27:34
A hopeless stargazer, a businessman, a scheming hermit, a mermaid, and a magic rabbit. Local Hero (1983) is a quirky good time. My latest book is available on Amazon. See if detective Coyote can finding the killer of Bunny before he is taken down by his enemies or his own personal demons. SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to…
The Story of Molly X (1949) 24:33
An average prison-based Film Noir with Joan Havoc turning in a good performance in The Story of Molly X (1949). Also featuring Charles McGraw. SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! We would love to get your feedback! Email jec@classicmovierev.com Click here to subs…
Black Angel (1946) 21:05
A decent Film Noir compared favorably to The Lost Weekend (1945). Black Angel (1946) features Dan Duryea, Peter Lorre, and June Vincent SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! We would love to get your feedback! Email jec@classicmovierev.com Click here to subscribe v…
The Man from Snowy River (1982) 23:52
An exciting Australian western with Kirk Douglas in a dual role as brother feud in The Man from Snowy River (1982) with Jack Thompson. SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! We would love to get your feedback! Email jec@classicmovierev.com Click here to subscribe vi…
Body Heat (1981) 23:07
A great Neo-Noir based on Double Indeminty (1944), starring super sexy Kathleen Turner and William Hurt in Body Heat (1981). SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! We would love to get your feedback! Email jec@classicmovierev.com Click here to subscribe via iTunes R…
The File on Thelma Jordon (1949) 23:16
Barbara Stanwyck is an excellent Femme Fatale in The File on Thelma Jordon (1949) with great acting by Wendell Corey and Paul Kelly. Directed by R. Siodmak SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! We would love to get your feedback! Email jec@classicmovierev.com Click…
Ride the Pink Horse (1947) 30:25
From a novel by Dorothy B. Hughes, Ride the Pink Horse (1947) is a gritty, violent, non-urban Film Noir, set in the southwest that should not be missed. SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! We would love to get your feedback! Email jec@classicmovierev.com Click he…
Boom Town (1940) with John and Rick 49:49
Today Rick and I discuss the classic film Boom Town (1940). This optimistic film has an amazing cast featuring Clark Gable, Spencer Tracy, Claudette Colbert, Hedy Lamarr, Frank Morgan, Lionel Atwill, and Chill Wills. imdb.com states that the movie is "Two buddies who rise from fly-by-night wildcatters to oil tycoons over a twenty-year period both l…
Born to Kill (1947) 29:46
A very violent Film Noir with a vicious Femme Fatale and a matching Homme Fatale. Watch as the brutally tear each other apart in Born to Kill (1947). SPREAD THE WORD! If you enjoyed this episode head on over to iTunes and kindly leave us a rating, a review, and subscribe! We would love to get your feedback! Email jec@classicmovierev.com Click here …
Alan K. Rode Interview 1:02:38
Alan K. Rode Interview Alan K. Rode talks about his 2 books, one on Charles McGraw and one on Michael Curtiz, Film Noir, the mob in classic Hollywood, and the Film Noir Foundation. Links Alan K. Rode Film Noir Foundation Charles McGraw: Biography of a Film Noir Tough Guy - Softcover, Autographed Michael Curtiz: A Life In Film - Hard Cover, Autograp…


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Home » Nintendo » The Wait is Over, Pokémon Go to be Released this July
The Wait is Over, Pokémon Go to be Released this July
By Unknown • June 16, 2016 • Android Android Apps Apple iOS Apps games iOS Nintendo • Comments : 0
Pokémon fans all over the world are probably echoing the same thought I'm having right now: "Finally!"
Nintendo has confirmed at E3 2016 that they'll be releasing Pokémon Go sometime next month. While the smartphone version will be free on iOS and Android devices, the device that will enable players to play the game without taking out their phone will sell at USD 34.99—a price to pay if you want to be a Pokémon Master.
The game works using AR technology—something that already existed a few years ago (this author vividly remembers it because of the iButterfly App sometime back)—and will allow you to search for Pokémon wherever you are, provided you're connected to data. Pokémon Go's mechanics aren't that clear yet, but Nintendo has hinted that it may probably have connectivity to upcoming Pokémon games, though it's yet to be established.


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Among the Spanish folk songs recorded here are some of the famous writer Federico Garcia Lorca. Among the collected from him, he wrote the melodies always maintained respect for the folk art a simple accompaniment. The same applies to the pieces of the other two composers, de Falla and Rodrigo, with their Spanish idiom never degenerates into a postcard kitsch. However, the positive impression arises a not least by the artless presentation of the two performers.


Contact: Peter Horvath, Quality Chekd Dairies, Inc.
LISLE, Illinois (May 2, 2016) — Quality Chekd Dairies announced that Umpqua Dairy Products Company of Roseburg, Oregon was the recipient of the 2016 Production Excellence Award in BOTH the Cultured Products and Ice Cream Categories as the "Best Single Production Plant" for Cultured and Ice Cream Products within the Quality Chekd membership. The awards were presented at the 2016 QCS Leadership Conference held April 24-26 at the JW Marriott Indianapolis in Indianapolis, IN.
The selection criteria for Production Excellence Award finalists includes a plant audit and evaluation of all plant processes and systems for assuring product quality, as well as monthly laboratory test scores. Umpqua's facility earned the highest scores among all other Quality Chekd facilities for best overall production results and total quality at a single plant location.
Founded in 1944, Quality Chekd Dairies, Inc. is a member-owned organization of 26 independent dairy processors with 59 manufacturing facilities located throughout the United States and Colombia. Quality Chekd member companies provide consumers with world-class dairy products endorsed by the familiar Blue Q, Red Chek trademark, a symbol of Quality and Food Safety.
This entry was posted in Press Releases, Blog and tagged ice cream, Quality Chekd, awards, Production Excellence Awards. Bookmark the permalink.


An all new packed edition of NECW SONIC BOOM is now online and available for listening.
On this edition, hosts Al Basler and Chris Norman welcome NECW star Johnny Thunder who gives some insight into his career, as well as his goals since joining New England Championship Wrestling. From there, it's the NECW Tag Team Champions, All Money I$ Legal, who make a major announcement.
In addtion, Al and Chis discuss more in the aftermath of NECW's STRONGER THAN HURT and the Best of Seven, Seven Levels of Hate series between NWA World's Heavyweight Champion, Colt "Boom Boom' Cabana and "Scrap Iron" Adam Pearce, as well as previewing NECW's next live event, RED, WHITE & BRUISED, taking place on Saturday night, July 14 in Bridgewater, MA.
Next ArticleWATCH: NECW ONLINE UPDATE 27: Special Edition: Cabana vs. Pearce in a Boston Street Fight!
LISTEN: NECW SONIC BOOM 34: UNWRAPPED Analysis, NEW YEAR'S EVOLUTION Preview & More!


so really everyone's input is most welcomed.
hub for sectorial activity for years and years, nearly two decades or more.
Here are a few of Baba's dharmic guidelines about master units.
gradually terminate in the maxiature form and cover the whole universe.
mu's are meant to carry the flag of our AM way of life in all respects.
always be preserved and one clear-cut avenue of this is proper dress.
instead embraced the crude, pseudo-culture fashion of the USA.
pseudo-culture in the land of the USA.
perhaps even worse is that they made a terrible example for our youths.
attention of many young girls.
be a living representation of the dignity of women.
under normal circumstances, our master units would be such a place.
dogmatic and undignified way that females are represented in pop-culture.
The scene at Ananda Kanan was THAT bad.
impressionable youths at an Ananda Marga function.
degenerating message by highlighting the ideals & aims of Ananda Marga.
cosmetics industry. So hers is a long and storied spectacle in this regard.
teens have nowhere to look for a proper way.
embraced, not overlooked in favour of pseudo-culture.
Kanan master unit fell from our ideal during retreat.
esteemed Didis are doing the same thing.
teenage children while at Ananda Kanan.
aspirations who need guidance and support from our AM leaders.
example nor guidance they so desperately need.
the breeding ground for the dating game.
only asking for a hormonal brush fire. There are sure to be sparks.
youths who are wearing typical – yet revealing – American swim suits.
years. These are not isolated incidents.
And the root cause is defective leadership.
pseudo-culture. This of course does not help things at all.
pseudo-culture take root on our MU properties like Ananda Kanan.
are meant to be a nerve center of AM thought and conduct.
Here Baba warns us of the dangers & horrors of pseudo-culture.
antics on our MU land.
But here is a wake-up call to such persons.
spiritual life, they have the courage to follow.
That is what we see happening at Ananda Kanan summer retreat programs.
Here is one story that is highly related with our current problems.
in public or at any AM function etc. That will set the proper tone.
the negative affect is felt, seen and heard at our retreat gatherings.
our retreats, or at the very least in Ananda Kanan.


The number of jobs being advertised has gone up, after a big decline at the start of the year.
ANZ's job ads index rose a seasonally adjusted 0.9 percent in February, after a 3 percent fall the month before.
Hawke's Bay continued to pick-up pace, followed by Auckland, but Canterbury's labour market had softened.
Demand in the capital was steady.
ANZ senior economist Sharon Zollner said the data for the first two months of the year suggested employers were more cautious.
"The New Zealand economy has considerable momentum.
"However, headwinds are strengthening - the cooling evident in job ads growth so far in 2016 suggests employers are paying attention to emerging risks," she said.
Job ads lifted 0.9 percent in February (seasonally adjusted). Advertising was up 0.4 percent versus a year ago, on a three month average.
Internet job ads also lifted 0.9 percent (seasonally adjusted) in the month; annual growth eased to 3.4 percent.
Newspaper job advertising lifted 1.0 percent, after dropping almost 20 percent in January. Year-on-year, newspaper ads are down 23.8 percent.
On a three-month average, Auckland job ads are up 7.0 percent on a year ago (up 2.5 percent month-on-month); Canterbury adverts are down 16.5 percent (down 5.0 percent month-on-month); and Wellington down 1.9 percent (down 1.5 percent month-on-month).
In the smaller centres, job ads are up 17.7 percent year-on-year in Hawke's Bay; down 3.5 percent in Waikato; down 2.4 percent in Manawatu; and up 3.5 percent in Otago.


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Amy Leach (born 14 April 1981) is a British theatre director.

Early life and career
Amy Leach grew up in Darwen, Lancashire and attended the youth theatre at the Bolton Octagon Theatre. On graduating from Durham University, she co-founded the award winning theatre company for young people, en masse, with playwright and composer Oliver Birch. en masse toured nationally and internationally between 2003 & 2011. For en masse, she directed and produced UK tours of Spaceship '87, The Echo Chamber (Fringe First Winner 2003), The Ignatius Trail (Fringe First Winner 2004), The Shelter, The Iceberg and We All Fall Down, as well as directing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in co-production with the Dukes Theatre, Lancaster.

Career

Leach is Associate Director of the Leeds Playhouse, where she led on the programming and ensemble company for the Pop-Up Season 2018–19.

In early 2020, Amy will direct a brand new adaptation of Oliver Twist by Bryony Lavery for Leeds Playhouse and Ramps on the Moon. This production will feature and integrated company of D/deaf and disabled artists, feature integrated creative sign language, audio description and captioning at all performances, and tour to five venues across the UK.

Work
Selected theatre productions
 The Night Before Christmas By Robert Alan Evans. The production returned to the Leeds Playhouse after a sell-out run in 2015. All performances where D/deaf friendly and featured the creative use of sign language.
 There Are No Beginnings by Charley Miles at Leeds Playhouse with Julie Hesmondhalgh, Natalie Gavin, Jesse Jones and Tessa Parr. Integrated audio description featured as part of every performance and the production was the venues first ever Parent & Baby Performance , allowing parents to enjoy a relaxed version of the play alongside their infants (under a year old).
 Hamlet by William Shakespeare at Leeds Playhouse with Tessa Parr, Simona Bitmate, Crystal Condie, Dan Parr, Darren Kuppan, Rob Pickavance, Susan Twist, Joeseph Alessi, Jo Mousley and 14 members of the Leeds Playhouse Youth Programme (2019).
 Kes Written by Barry Hines, adapted by Robert Alan Evans at Leeds Playhouse. This production was remounted by Associate Director Martin Leonard and performed by Jack Lord and Lucas Button (2019) This production was first created in Spring 2016 at Leeds Playhouse (formerly West Yorkshire Playhouse) performed by Jack Lord and Dan Parr. It was followed by a tour of community venues across Leeds.
 A Christmas Carol (November 2018–January 2019) Adapted by Deborah McAndrew From the novel by Charles Dickens at Leeds Playhouse - Pop-Up Theatre in association with Hull Truck Theatre. This production originally played at the Hull Truck Theatre in association with Hull City of Culture in Christmas 2017.
 Road by Jim Cartwright at Leeds Playhouse - Pop-Up Theatre. This production featured live audio description at every show, performed in character by the cast (2018).
 Talking Heads by Alan Bennett ( A Cream Cracker Under the Settee & A Woman of No Importance ) Two of Alan Bennett's iconic monologues, performed at the West Yorkshire Playhouse as well as in homes across Leeds. These Talking Heads were presented alongside four others directed by James Brining and John R Wilkinson (2018).
 Queen of Chapeltown by Colin Grant at the West Yorkshire Playhouse with Elexi Walker, Emily Butterfield, Gabriel Paul, Benjamin Cawley & Raphael Bushay (2017).
 Romeo & Juliet by William Shakespeare at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Quarry Theatre with Tessa Parr, Dan Parr, Elexi Walker, Lawrence Walker, Tachia Newall, Jack Lord, Natalie Anderson, Ciaran Kellgren, Keiran Flynn, Jeff Alexander, Olwen May, Susan Cookson and 31 members of Playhouse Youth (2017) .
 The Borrowers for the Sherman Theatre, Cardiff with Kezrena James, Cait Davis, Kieron Self, Harvey Virdi, Joseph Tweedale and Huw Blainey (Christmas 2016).
 Wonderman for NTW, WMC & Gagglebabble. Wonderman is a unique gig-theatre take on Roald Dahl's short stories for adults. It ran at the Edinburgh Fringe, Underbelly Potterrow in August 2016. It then played at the Tramshed, Cardiff as part of the City of the Unexpected to celebrate the centenary of Dahl's birth in September 2016. Finally, it played at WMC during Christmas 2016.
 Little Sure Shot, Written and Composed by Lucy Rivers for the West Yorkshire Playhouse, The Egg Bath, Theatre Iolo and Mac Belfast. As part of this tour, it was also performed at nine community venues across Leeds as part of the WYP Community Tour Initiative (2015).
 The Caucasian Chalk Circle for The Unicorn, London (2015).

Other previous works include: The Life and Times of Mitchell and Kenyon for Dukes Theatre, Lancaster and Oldham Coliseum; Wanted! Robin Hood and Arabian Nights (MTA Winner for Best Ensemble 2012) for the Library Theatre Company at The Lowry; Sabbat, The Rise and Fall of Little Voice, Peter Pan and My Mother Said I Never Should for The Dukes; Dracula, Peter Pan, Wilde Tales, Oliver Twist, The Animated Tales of Shakespeare and The Grimm Brothers' Circus for Theatre Royal Bath/the egg; and Dr Korczak's Example for the Royal Exchange in Manchester (MEN Award Winner for Best Studio Production 2008).

References
 "Amy Leach Appointed as New Associate Director of West Yorkshire Playhouse", Leeds Playhouse, March 2017.
 "Romeo and Juliet review – hot, hormonal inner-city tragedy". The Guardian, March 2017.
 https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2017/christmas-carol-review-hull-truck-theatre/ December 2017, the Stage.
 https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/2019/hamlet-review-at-leeds-playhouse/ March 2019 , the Stage.
 "Leeds Playhouse And Ramps On The Moon To Stage New Adaptation Of Oliver Twist", Ramps on the Moon, June 2019.

External links
En Masse Theatre Company

1981 births
English theatre directors
Living people
People from Darwen
British theatre directors
Women theatre directors
Alumni of Durham University


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Home » SCA » Peek in the Stacks
Les Surréalistes
The surrealist movement began in Europe in the years immediately following World War I. Surrealist artists and writers strove to create works that were illogical, or that expressed the unconscious mind, often through use of surprising elements and unexpected juxtapositions. While some of its most famed members are artists like Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and Max Ernst, one of the movement's co-founders was André Breton, a French writer and poet. Breton wrote the "Surrealist Manifesto" in 1924, and was editor of two surrealist magazines produced in Paris in the late 1920s and early 1930s: La Révolution Surréaliste (The Surrealist Revolution) and Le Surréalisme au Service de la Révolution (Surrealism in Service of the Revolution).
In print from 1924-1929, the format and layout of La Révolution Surréaliste was modeled on a conservative scientific magazine, though the content was intended to be both revolutionary and shocking to readers. It primarily featured essays, poems, and other literary works, but also included original and reproduced surrealist artwork. The subject matter of each issue ranged from the rise of atheism, violence, socialism, suicide, sexual perversion, international politics, and more. The twelfth and final issue of La Révolution Surréaliste was issued in December 1929. It includes the full script of Luis Buñuel's "Un Chien Andalou," a silent film Buñuel released that same year with Salvador Dalí.
In 1930, Breton became director of a new magazine, Le Surréalisme au Service de la Révolution. The first issue begins with an essay outlining how the surrealist movement would respond if "imperialism" declared war on Soviet Russia. While the contents of this new publication took stronger and more obvious political stands on the far left, it continued to deal with topics such as the end of religion, suicide, sexual perversion, and more in articles titled "Athéism et Révolution" (Atheism and Revolution), "Actualité de Sade" (de Sade's News), and "Des Moyens et Des Fins" (Of Means and Ends). The final pages of each issue consisted of reproduced works of art by Dalí, Ernst, Magritte, Man Ray, Buñuel, and others.
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Bonding is a way to restore chipped, discolored, and poorly shaped teeth in a single visit. The results are very natural but bonding does take more maintenance than porcelain veneers and does not tend to last as long. However, less tooth structure needs to be removed, which makes it a more conservative choice for some cases.
This is an old tooth-colored filling that has been in service for many years and needs to be replaced because of the color and because bacteria can enter the tooth due to the filling wearing out.
Composite, which is tooth colored material, was bonded to both of the teeth. This procedure took one office visit. The result was a more esthetic appearance and it gave the patient confidence to smile again.
The patient chose to go with the composite veneers, which are hand sculpted and bonded in place, because they were the least expensive treatment option. They do have the shortest life expectancy and need periodic polishing but if they are taken care of and you are careful, they can last for many years.
This patient was unhappy with two issues; the space between her upper front teeth and the different heights of the gum tissue above her teeth, which made one tooth look shorter than the other.
Step one of her treatment was to even out the height of the gum tissue. After that healed, which took a several weeks, the space, which dentists call a diastema, was closed using composites bonded to her teeth. The total number of treatments was two; one for the gum tissue and one for the bonding and the result was exactly what the patient had in mind.
In one office visit, the old filling was removed and replaced with new composite bonding material. The result makes it appear as if the tooth is very natural.
Composite bonding was placed and this was the result that was achieved after one office visit. Bonding does take periodic touch-ups to keep it looking like new.
This is an example of severe decay caused by neglect. The dark areas signify tooth decay. All of the decay must be removed before any restoration of the teeth can begin.
After all the decay was removed, the teeth were restored with composite bonding in one appointment. The ideal treatment plan would have been to place porcelain crowns but it was not an option due to finances. The patient was very happy with the results.
This patient was not happy with the color of her teeth and the worn edges of her top teeth, which was due to her grinding habits.
First, her teeth were lightened with an at home whitening process. When she was happy with the color, composite bonding was added to the edges to restore the natural tooth structure that she lost from grinding.


@i[NP]-complete to find the optimal locking strategy for the transaction.
increase the efficienty of multiprogrammed virtual memory systems.
resulting in a highly efficient communication system.
be bound and the phases of binding are enumerated.
and an exploration of the properties of acyclic database schemes.
used to determine protocol security in these models will be given.


Criminal Justice defines a society.
The field of criminal justice offers some very exciting and rewarding career opportunities. With new breakthroughs in forensic technology and an ever-evolving domestic and international Criminal Justice landscape, it's almost guaranteed that a career as a law enforcement or criminal justice professional will be anything but boring. There is an ever-expanding list of criminal justice and law enforcement career opportunities that welcome individuals with diverse educational and professional backgrounds.
Are you interested in serving and protecting as a uniformed officer on the street, solving crimes with clues at the scene, or defending the innocent in a courtroom? You will learn how to apply your talents to these various specialties in the Criminal Justice program.
Criminal Justice is challenging and rigorous. A strong academic background is recommended for students interested in applying for this program.
Participate in debates over legal and ethical issues, Learn and practice proper arrest procedures, operate a police car and conduct traffic stops, become a member of a CSI team and investigate staged crime scenes, participate in mock trials and intern in a criminal justice related field.
Tactical communication, proper arrest procedures, crowd control, traffic scenarios, situational responses, crime scene investigations, and court proceedings.
Duty belt with handcuffs, training firearm, flashlight, radio, a police patrol car with radio, sirens, and lights; uniform, crime scene kit with camera, evidence collection containers, sketching materials, measuring devices, and computers; mock courtroom.


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Published March 12
Bipartisan lawmakers unveil plan to extend Paycheck Protection Program as deadline looms
Bill would delay program's deadline to May 31
A bipartisan group of lawmakers unveiled a plan this week to extend the Paycheck Protection Program for two months amid concerns that the March 31 expiration of the small-business rescue fund could leave struggling employers without a key economic lifeline.
The bill, introduced Thursday by House Small Business Chair Nydia Velázquez, D-N.Y., and Rep. Blaine Luetkemeyer, R-Mo., would delay the program's deadline to May 31 and give the SBA the authority to continue processing pending applications for an additional 30 days after that.
SOME FAMILIES COULD RECEIVE UP TO $14,000 FROM BIDEN'S RELIEF BILL
The measure also has bipartisan support in the Senate, where Small Business Chair Ben Cardin, D-Md., introduced companion legislation to the House proposal with fellow committee members Sens. Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Jeanne Shaheen, D-N.H.
"It's clear that the most vulnerable small businesses will need help beyond March 31, so we must pass this extension as quickly as possible," Cardin said in a statement. "This commonsense, bipartisan bill will meet the continued demand for PPP loans by giving small businesses two more months to apply."
Congress established the rescue fund, which provides government-backed forgivable loans to small businesses if they maintain their payroll, one year ago with the passage of the $2.2 trillion CARES Act. In total, lawmakers have approved about $806 billion in funding for the program.
This year through March 7, the PPP has approved 2.4 million loans worth about $165 billion, just over half of the $284 billion allocated to the program when it reopened in January. By comparison, the program distributed about $525 billion in forgivable loans to 5.2 million companies over the course of roughly four months in 2020, saving an estimated 50 million jobs, according to the SBA.
YOUR 2020 TAX RETURN COULD AFFECT THE SIZE OF YOUR STIMULUS CHECK - HERE'S HOW
With the program's recent changes to eligibility, however, some experts worried there wasn't enough time to help small businesses that still need to access the fund. In a statement on Friday, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants called the March 31 deadline "unrealistic" and urged Congress to extend it by at least 60 days.
Others, including the Chamber of Commerce, have suggested the program should be extended through the entire year. A group of more than 100 trade organizations called on Congress to extend the program until at least June 30.
Under the new rules announced by the Biden administration at the end of February, businesses with fewer than 20 employees received an exclusive two-week period to apply for loans. Bigger companies will be shut out of the program during that time frame, part of an effort to ensure the hardest-hit businesses can receive the aid they need.
The original eligibility criteria resumed once the 14 days ended on Tuesday: Any business with fewer than 500 employees can apply for a first-time loan, and any business that already received a PPP loan can apply for a second if it employs fewer than 300 workers
Businesses can choose to spend the funds over any period of time between eight and 24 weeks. At least 60% of the money must be spent on maintaining payroll in order to receive full forgiveness.
The interest rate is still 1%.
American Airlines narrows loss, COVID still wild card
Newt Gingrich slams Dems for 'living in a fantasy land'
Market expert warns government response to COVID triggering 'Cobra Effect' in US
10-year fixed student loan refinance rates dip as 5-year variable rates edge up


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PM: Belarus helps out Russia to replace imported components
Roman Golovchenko. File photo
MINSK, 3 November (BelTA) - Belarusian enterprises are helping out Russian producers to replace imported components, Belarusian Prime Minister Roman Golovchenko said as he met with Governor of Rostov Oblast of Russia Vasily Golubev, BelTA has learned.
One of the most important areas of cooperation is industrial cooperation. "We are discussing it with all regions of Russia and with the federal government. We are implementing joint programs to replace imports. it is very important to combine the efforts of enterprises on both sides to keep the production cycles going. We were able to help out many Russian manufacturers who urgently needed replacements for certain units, components, spare parts. A lot of Belarusian enterprises now supply a whole range of various equipment for Rostselmash, an iconic company for your region," Roman Golovchenko drew attention.
Belarusian machine-tool enterprises also supply a variety of products to the Russian Federation. "We have decided to fast-track the development of the machine tool industry. If there is a need for a comprehensive modernization of some enterprises, then Belarusian machine tool builders are able to meet most of the needs for re-equipment," the prime minister emphasized.
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