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Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument; formerly Sewall-Belmont House and the Alva Belmont House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
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144 Constitution Avenue NE
38°53′31″N 77°0′13″W / 38.89194°N 77.00361°W / 38.89194; -77.00361Coordinates: 38°53′31″N 77°0′13″W / 38.89194°N 77.00361°W / 38.89194; -77.00361
Significant dates
June 16, 1972[1]
Designated NHL
May 30, 1974[2]
The Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument (formerly the Sewall House (1800–1929), Alva Belmont House (1929–1972), and the Sewall-Belmont House and Museum (1972–2016)) is a historic house and museum of the U.S. women's suffrage and equal rights movements located in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C.. The monument is named after suffragists and National Woman's Party leaders Alva Belmont and Alice Paul.
Since 1929 the house has served as headquarters of the National Woman's Party, a key political organization in the fight for women's suffrage, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974. From 1972 to 2016, the Sewall-Belmont National Historic Site was an affiliated unit of the National Park Service. In 2016, President Barack Obama designated it a National Monument.
1 Sewall House history
1.1 Construction of the house
1.2 History of the house in the 1800s
2 Alva Belmont House history
2.1 Becoming National Woman's Party headquarters
2.2 Renovations to the Belmont House
2.3 Demolition threat
2.4 Post-1970s renovations
3 Historic designations
4 About the Belmont-Paul House
5 Visiting the site
Sewall House history[edit]
Construction of the house[edit]
On June 20, 1632, Charles I, King of England, made a land grant in North America to Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore which became the Province of Maryland (later the state of Maryland).[3] Lord Baltimore established counties within the province, and provincial courts further subdivided counties into areas known as hundreds. One of these was New Scotland Hundred, its southern boundary was the Potomac River, extending from the mouth of Oxon Creek upstream to Little Falls Rapids (a point 10 miles (16 km) downstream from the Great Falls of the Potomac River). On February 12, 1663, the third Lord Baltimore granted a land patent of 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) in New Scotland Hundred to George Thompson. The property (which was now called Duddington Manor) changed hands, was subdivided, and inherited a number of times before it came into the possession of nine-year-old Daniel Carroll in 1773.[4]
On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River; the exact location was to be selected by President George Washington. About December 1790, Washington chose the site now known as the District of Columbia. Congress ratified his decision in 1791.[5] Congress subsequently purchased all land in the new district from its private owners (the "original patentees"), including Carroll; the district was divided into squares, and each square into lots. Daniel Carroll purchased lot 1 in square 725 on October 18, 1793, for $266.66, and the same day the federal government gave lot 32 in square 725 back to Carroll gratis. Robert Sewall purchased lot 2 in square 725 for $429.33 on October 18, and lots 1 and 32 from Carroll for $600.29 on January 29, 1799.[6][7]
The construction of the main house occurred in 1799 and 1800;[8][9] the architect of the new Sewall house is unknown, but research by the Historic American Buildings Survey indicates it was probably Leonard Harbaugh, an architect from Baltimore, Maryland, who was just beginning a notable career. (His design for the United States Capitol was the first chosen and later rejected by Congress, and he later designed Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown; Old North, the first building on the campus of Georgetown University; the original Treasury Building; and the War Office Building, which was later replaced by the Executive Office Building).[10] The main house was essentially an addition to the front of a one-room farmhouse[8] believed to date from 1750.[7][11] Although the Sewall family rarely occupied the home, its size, beauty, and location led many prominent government leaders to reside there; these included Albert Gallatin, who served as Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison,[8] and Reverdy Johnson, U.S. Senator from Maryland, United States Attorney General, and U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom.[9]
Tradition maintains that British troops set fire to the house during the War of 1812, and that gunfire from within or behind the Sewall residence provoked the attack.[12][13]
History of the house in the 1800s[edit]
The house has undergone several architectural changes and restorations.[14] After the house was partially burned by the British in 1814, Sewall sought reimbursement from the federal government for the damages. Congress declined to award them,[15] so Sewall himself paid to have the structure repaired in 1820. A stable was probably added to the property at this time.[9] Sewall died in the house on December 16, 1820, leaving the building to his wife, Polly, and his four surviving daughters,[16] it is unclear which of these continued to live in the house, but Susan definitely lived in it until her death in 1837. Her will left the house to her older brother, Robert Darnell Sewall. Robert Sewall died on March 18, 1853, and bequeathed the house to his nieces, Susan and Ellen Daingerfield (his sister Susan's daughters).[17] In 1879, the Daingerfields made a major alteration to the house by added a half mansard roof to the front.[9] In 1865, Susan Daingerfield married John S. Barbour, Jr., a railroad executive who later became a U.S. Senator from Virginia. After Susan's death in 1886, Barbour continued to live in the Sewall house with his sister-in-law, Ellen.[18]
Sewall House was empty from Ellen Daingerfield's death in 1912 until 1922,[18] when it was purchased by Senator Porter H. Dale of Vermont.[19] Dale extensively rehabilitated the house from 1922 to 1924, he renovated the porch at the rear of the house and enclosed it, added three bathrooms, laid new floors throughout the structure, added three windows on the first floor on the west side of the house, and renovated the kitchen.[9] Architect J.G. Herbert of Washington, D.C., oversaw these changes.[20]
Alva Belmont House history[edit]
Becoming National Woman's Party headquarters[edit]
Alva Vanderbilt Belmont
On May 8, 1921, the National Woman's Party (NWP) announced it had purchased the Old Brick Capitol, a historic red brick structure built in 1815 by Congress as a temporary site for the national legislature until the United States Capitol (burned during the War of 1812) could be rebuilt; the organization planned to offer a library, reading rooms, sleeping quarters, meeting rooms, and a dining facility at their new headquarters, which replaced temporary facilities on Lafayette Square.[21] The organization obtained the structure for $150,000, and spent another $50,000 repairing and upgrading it;[22][23] the headquarters were dedicated on May 21, 1922.[24]
However, in 1902, the U.S. Senate Park Commission issued its recommendations for the development of the national capital; this report, The Report of the Senate Park Commission. The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia (better known as the McMillan Plan after the commission's chairman, Senator James McMillan) had recommended clearing nearly all the area around the U.S. Capitol building and erecting a cluster of government office buildings here; this included a new United States Supreme Court Building.[25] In 1926, Congress enacted the Public Buildings Act, which provided for land purchase and construction of the Federal Triangle complex of government office buildings between the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. Half the funding in the act, however, provided for construction of a new Supreme Court building across 1st Street NE from the U.S. Capitol.[26]
The site for the new court structure was the site of the Old Capitol Building. Eminent domain proceedings began swiftly. In 1927, fearing the NWP might lose its headquarters, Alva Vanderbilt Belmont, the NWP's wealthy benefactor and co-founder, paid Senator Dale $100,000 in cash for an option to purchase the Sewall house.[20][27][28][a] The condemnation proceedings went against the party. Although they were initially offered only $100,000 for their property, the NWP protested.[30] In November 1928 the National Woman's Party accepted an award of $299,200 for their existing headquarters in the Old Capitol Prison.[22][30][31]
Belmont exercised her option, and obtained title to the Sewall house on May 21, 1929;[20] the party announced their purchase of the structure in early September 1929.[32]
Renovations to the Belmont House[edit]
The structure was renamed the Alva Belmont House during the NWP's national convention, which opened on December 6, 1929.[33] Renovations to the structure began in August 1929, it is unclear if Columbus, Ohio, architect Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector or local D.C. decorator Madeleine McCandless designed and implemented the changes, but the Historic American Buildings Survey concludes that McCandless probably oversaw the improvements. These included a new window and door in the first floor on the east side, double doors in the west side, a new window on the second floor on the east side, a new bathroom on the second floor, and a new window on the second floor on the west side;[20] these renovations cost about $30,000. Additionally, the NWP purchased two additions to the site at a total cost of about $19,000 to $20,000;[27] when the Old Capitol was demolished, women from the NWP showed up with wheelbarrows to rescue bricks from the structure, which they then used to pave the patio in the Belmont House garden.[34] A bronze plaque was affixed to the exterior of the house after the renovations were complete in December 1930, marking the official dedication of Alva Belmont House.[35] The renovations converted the private residence to a multipurpose living and working space where NWP's leader and main strategist, Alice Paul, and others lived and worked.
In 1955, the U.S. Senate considered legislation that would permit the condemnation of Belmont House so that underground security vaults could be constructed there as part of the construction of the Dirksen Senate Office Building, but the plan met stiff opposition from local residents and the Capitol Hill Restoration Society.[36] The battle over the legislation continued into 1958.[37]
In 1960, Congress enacted legislation exempting Sewall-Belmont House from property taxation.[38][39]
In 1965, by Senator Stephen M. Young introduced legislation in Congress to purchase the Sewall-Belmont House and turn it into a residence for the Vice President of the United States. Hearings were held on the bill in 1966, which provided $450,000 for purchase of the structure and property and $200,000 for renovations and additions, but opponents argued that the house was not large enough and not remote enough from the Capitol to provide privacy, and the bill died.[40]
Demolition threat[edit]
Sewall-Belmont House, with the Hart Senate Office Building behind it.
In 1966, the Senate began deliberations which led to construction of the Hart Senate Office Building; the Dirksen Senate Office Building occupied the western half of the block bounded by 1st Street NE, Constitution Avenue NE, 2nd Street NE, and C Street NE. The Architect of the Capitol and Senators sought to condemn the entire eastern half of the block; the Belmont-Paul House sat on the southeast corner of this area. The stand-alone legislation authorizing condemnation of the buildings on the site exempted the Belmont-Paul (then Sewall-Belmont) House from demolition, but not the two adjacent buildings which it used as apartments for its members when visiting Washington over many decades to organize and lobby on behalf of all aspects of Women's Equality.[41][42] Architects wanted this land for an entrance to a planned underground parking garage;[43] this legislation cleared the Senate Committee on Public Works in October 1967.[41] The full Senate approved the bill on April 30, 1968.[44]
The House Committee on Public Works approved the bill on May 22, 1968;[45] the full House of Representatives balked at passing the bill. Architectural historian L. Morris Leisenring had studied the Belmont-Paul House for the Architect of the Capitol, and concluded that the two adjacent structures had once been slave quarters and a tobacco barn, and warranted preservation. Leisenring had recently overseen the restoration of Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, and his opinion persuaded many House members that the entire NWP complex should be saved.[42] But other historians disputed Leisenring's conclusions.[39] Opponents of the bill were also angered by the cost of the Senate building and actions taken by the Senate previously that year; the House refused to act on the bill, and it died when the 90th Congress ended on January 3, 1969.[46]
Changes to the architectural design of the building moved the parking garage entrance to the northern side of the proposed structure, which left the government seeking to condemn the NWP's two outbuildings for use as greenspace. To overcome House resistance to its authorization legislation, the Senate attached language authorizing the land condemnation to a bill which had already passed the House. During conference committee meetings, House members were unable to have the offending amendment removed from the bill, it passed the House and Senate, and became law.[47]
Post-1970s renovations[edit]
In 1974, Congress voted to provide the National Woman's Party with $300,000 in historic preservation funds to help renovate and maintain the house; the legislation also authorized the National Park Service to conduct tours of the site.[48] But major budget cuts enacted the following year jeopardized these funds,[49] and the Historic American Building Survey has concluded that they never occurred.[50]
In 1984, Congress enacted legislation which once more gave the NWP historic preservation funding for the house.[51]
The Sewall-Belmont House continued to be used as the headquarters for the National Woman's Party into the 21st century.[52] Over time, the house also became a museum that housed an archive, memorabilia, documents, furniture, and artwork related to the women's suffrage and equal rights movement.[19] Maintaining the structure proved increasingly costly,[53] so the organization began renting the Sewall-Belmont House as a meeting center and wedding site.[citation needed] At their peak in 2007, weddings brought in more than $100,000 for the museum; the discovery of mold in the Florence Bayard Hilles Research Library in 2014 forced the museum to spend $75,000 to remove it. To pay for the repair, the museum placed two of its three staff people on half-time. In January and February 2016, heavy snowfall damaged copper gutters at the house, forcing the museum to cancel most of its Women's History Month programming to pay for repairs.[54]
Historic designations[edit]
President Obama Explores America's Newest National Monument, 2:03, White House
The Belmont-Paul House is the oldest house still standing in the Capitol Hill neighborhood.[55][7][52] Although formally dedicated as the Alva Belmont House by the NWP in 1931, the combined name Sewall-Belmont House came into usage by The Evening Star newspaper as early as 1942,[56] and by The Washington Post in 1974.[57]
The Sewall-Belmont House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.[2][58][59]
In August 2015, Senator Barbara Mikulski (D-Maryland) introduced legislation to authorize the National Park Service to accept ownership of the Sewall-Belmont House should the National Woman's Party agree to transfer it at no cost; the National Woman's Party found the building increasingly costly to maintain, and the transfer of title would allow for better conservation of the site.[60]
President Barack Obama designated the Sewall-Belmont House a National Monument on April 12, 2016;[53][54] the house, renamed Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument after Alva Belmont and Alice Paul, will continue to house the National Woman's Party collection, which includes an extensive library on women's suffrage and women's issues, the NWP archive, and museum holdings such as art, memorabilia, and exhibits. Financier David Rubenstein also announced he will make a $1 million donation to the National Park Foundation to help restore and conserve the house and support its ongoing mission.[53] Renting the site for weddings will now end, NWP officials said.[54] L. Page Harrington, executive director of the museum, said the museum and NWP archives will continue to use the name National Women's Party.[54]
About the Belmont-Paul House[edit]
Historic plaque at the Sewall-Belmont House.
When construction on the Sewall House was completed in 1800, the house was in the Adam Federal style of architecture;[61] the Historic American Buildings Survey has concluded that the structure has been so modified over the years that it no longer belongs to a single architectural style but, rather, reflects as many as seven different genres.[61] Other sources agree that the building no longer has a definable architectural style,[62] but most feel it has retained enough features to still be characterized as Federal,[63][64][65][66] while some feel it is more in the Georgian style.[67]
The rectangular home is 58 feet (18 m) long on the south side and 130 feet (40 m) long on the west side; the look-out basement is only about a third below-ground. The main building consists of two and a half stories;[61] the roof was gabled,[68] although this was changed to a partial mansard roof in 1879.[9] The house is made of brick laid primarily in Flemish bond, although some areas are laid in English bond and American bond and some have no particular pattern; the principal facade, which faces Constitution Avenue, is three bays wide. The front door features sidelights and an overhead fanlight in a "peacock" design. A molded semicircular arch with keystone surmounts the fanlight. Paired stairs lead to a landing before the main entrance, while the basement is accessed by a door below the landing. A round brick arch doorway provides access to the below-landing space.[61]
A 1 1⁄2-story kitchen addition is attached to the northeast corner of the house on the north side. A one-story stable (which now serves as a library) is attached to the north side of the kitchen addition; these are 19th century additions to the structure. A 20th century addition, on the west side of the kitchen, forms an enclosed terrace; this terrace addition reaches to the south wall of the stable/library, helping to create and enclose the hall between the two additions.[61]
The double-hung windows on the principal facade on the first and second floors consist of a main panel three by three rectangular panes wide, with sidelight panels two over two vertical rectangular pane wide. Mullions divide the three panels; each of these windows has a stone lintel with a circular bas-relief design in the corner, and false shutters. In the mansard roof at the front of the house are three gabled dormers; each dormer is surrounded by decorative millwork with two dentils below, square Tuscan pillars with indents on either side, a lintel with the circular bas-relief, and a plain triangular pediment.[68]
Original windows on the other facades are double-hung, with main panels three by three rectangular panes wide; each of these also has a stone lintel with circular bas-relief design. Windows added later lack the lintel.
The interior floor plan is typical of an Adam Federalist house, with a center hall and two symmetrical rooms on either side; the third (or attic) floor consisted of a secondary suite, with kitchenette and full bathroom.[68] Over the kitchen addition were two floors, each only three-quarters normal height. A narrow, spiral servants' stairs provides access to a bedroom and full bath on each floor above.
Visiting the site[edit]
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument is located at 144 Constitution Avenue NE,[8] it is open to the public Wednesday through Sunday from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm, with guided tours scheduled at 9:30 am, 11:00 am, 2:00 pm, and 3:30 pm. Visitors can also take a self-guided tour of the house during open hours. [69] Group tours of 10 or more can be scheduled in advance by visiting the website; the nearest Metro stop is Union Station.[70]
List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage
^ According to Nettie Podell Odenburg, who assisted Belmont in her suffrage activities, Belmont originally favored the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Alice Paul wanted more militant action, but Odenburg opposed this. At the Association's 1915 convention, Genevieve Davis Bennett Clark, wife of Speaker of the House Champ Clark, spoke so long that she used up all of Belmont's time. Belmont was enraged. At this point, Paul and others—intent on breaking from the Association to form the National Woman's Party—approached Belmont as she left the dais and asked her to fund their efforts. Angry at how she'd been treated, Belmont agreed to buy a home for the NWP and provide it with an endowment to fund its efforts.[29]
^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ a b "Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument formerly Sewall-Belmont House, Alva Belmont House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
^ Brugger 1996, pp. 4-5.
^ Shultz 1998, pp. 5-6.
^ Crew, Webb & Wooldridge 1892, pp. 89-92.
^ Shultz 1998, p. 6.
^ a b c Eberlein & Hubbard 1958, p. 425.
^ a b c d Fogle 2009, p. 37.
^ a b c d e f Shultz 1998, p. 4.
^ Fogle 2009, pp. 37-38.
^ McCavitt & George 2016, pp. 145-146, 151.
^ Caggiula & Brackett 2008, p. 16.
^ Shultz 1998, p. 10.
^ a b Shultz 1998, p. 11.
^ a b Fogle 2009, p. 38.
^ a b c d Shultz 1998, p. 12.
^ "Get 'Watch Tower' For Woman's Party". The Washington Post. May 9, 1921. p. 8.
^ a b Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds 1931, p. 17.
^ "Harding Is To Attend Dedication By Women". The Washington Post. December 28, 1921. p. 4.
^ "National Woman's Party Dedicates New Home Opposite the Capitol". The Washington Post. May 22, 1922. p. 2 ; "Make Old Capitol Shrine For Women". The Washington Post. May 22, 1922. p. 2.
^ Gournay 2004, p. 118.
^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, p. 182.
^ Evelyn, Dickson & Ackerman 2008, pp. 17-18.
^ Odenburg, Nettie Podell (May 28, 1972). "Alva Belmont's Place in Equal Rights". The Evening Star. p. D3.
^ a b "71 Accept Awards In Court Site Case". The Washington Post. December 6, 1928. p. 24.
^ "Site for New Court Priced at $1,768,741". The Washington Post. November 21, 1928. p. 22.
^ Usher, Marion E. (September 15, 1929). "The Feminists Capture a Landmark". The Washington Post. p. SM3.
^ "Women to Honor Mrs. Pankhurst". The Evening Star. October 1, 1929. p. 32.
^ Lide, Frances (April 13, 1960). "Alva Belmont House Toured". The Evening Star. p. 42.
^ "Senators to Aid at Belmont House". The Evening Star. December 28, 1930. p. 3.
^ "Senate Meets Opposition In Move to Raze Landmark". The Evening Star. May 29, 1955. p. 10.
^ Warren, Don S. (May 22, 1956). "Early Decision Due on Buying of Capital Land". The Evening Star. p. 13 ; "Capitol Seeks Additional Land". The Evening Star. June 7, 1956. p. 25 ; "Senate to Vote on Office Land". The Evening Star. January 1, 1958. p. C5.
^ Lindsay, John J. (January 20, 1960). "Usually Vocal Perle Shy Before Senators". The Washington Post. p. A2 ; Lindsay, John J. (April 12, 1960). "Battle Site, Car Finance Bills Passed". The Washington Post. p. B1.
^ a b "Belmont Plot Thickens". The Evening Star. September 19, 1968. p. D4.
^ "Belmont House on Tour". The Evening Star. May 12, 1972. p. D3 ; Shelton, Isabelle (February 20, 1966). "Bill Asks Home for Vice President on Grounds of Naval Observatory". The Sunday Star. pp. 1, 15 ; Shelton, Elizabeth (February 26, 1966). "VP House Far From Home". The Washington Post. p. B4.
^ a b "More Office Space For Senators Urged". The Washington Post. August 24, 1967. p. D23 ; "Senate Panel Backs Bill on Realty Purchase". The Evening Star. October 10, 1967. p. D4.
^ a b Shelton, Elizabeth (September 18, 1968). "Woman's Party Fights Congress to Save Home". The Washington Post. pp. D1, D6.
^ Shelton, Elizabeth (September 20, 1968). "Belmont House Backers Get Reprieve". The Washington Post. p. C1.
^ "City Life: Senate Votes to Buy Land on Hill". The Washington Post. May 1, 1968. p. B4 ; "Property Purchase Plan Approved". The Evening Star. May 1, 1968. p. A8.
^ "Senate Offices, Art Gallery Annex Bill Advances". The Evening Star. May 23, 1968. p. A23.
^ Elder, Shirley (September 27, 1968). "House Trips Up Senate on Office Building Plan". The Evening Star. p. D3 ; Kaiser, Robert G. (September 27, 1968). "House Spurns Tradition to Reject Senate's Bid to Buy Building Site". The Washington Post. p. A10 ; "Women Win Their Fight For Land". The Washington Post. September 27, 1968. p. C1.
^ "Senate Votes to Acquire Third Office Building Site". The Evening Star. October 9, 1969. p. B4 ; "Capitol Hill Preservation". The Washington Star-News. July 1, 1974. p. A10.
^ Kabaker, Harvey (June 20, 1974). "The Senate Sides With The Gals". The Washington Star-News. p. A21.
^ "LBJ Park May Face A Delay". The Washington Star-News. February 18, 1975. p. A9.
^ a b Evelyn, Dickson & Ackerman 2008, p. 18.
^ a b c Eilperin, Juliet (April 12, 2016). "A new memorial to tell 'the story of a century of courageous activism by American women'". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
^ a b c d Hirschfeld, Julie (April 12, 2016). "House With Long Activist History Is Now Monument to Equality". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Fogle 2009, p. 39.
^ "Where the British Met Resistance in 1812". The Evening Star. October 10, 1942. p. 14.
^ "This Week in Washington". The Washington Post. August 26, 1974. p. A4.
^ Carol Ann Poh (August 23, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Alva Belmont House / Sewall-Belmont House" (pdf). National Park Service. and Accompanying five photos, exterior, from 1961, 1969, and 1975 (32 KB)
^ "Landmarks". The Evening Star. September 19, 1974. p. C4.
^ Niedt, Bob (August 12, 2015). "Capitol Hill women's history site may become Park Service entity". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
^ a b c d e Shultz 1998, p. 14.
^ Ross 1986, p. 75.
^ Kaiser 2008, p. 448.
^ Moeller & Weeks 2006, p. 40.
^ Scott & Lee 1993, p. 251.
^ Grooms & Lednum 2005, p. 26.
^ Benedetto, Du Vall & Donovan 2001, p. 189.
^ a b c Shultz 1998, p. 15.
^ National Park Service official site: Operating Hours
^ Burke & Powers 2016, p. 51.
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont is the second-smallest by population and the sixth-smallest by area of the 50 U. S. states. The state capital is the least populous state capital in the United States; the most populous city, Burlington, is the least populous city to be the most populous city in a state. As of 2015, Vermont was the leading producer of maple syrup in the United States. In crime statistics, it was ranked as the safest state in the country in 2016. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples, including the Mohawk and the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki, occupied much of the territory, now Vermont and was claimed by France's colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War. Thereafter, the nearby colonies the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed the extent of the area called the New Hampshire Grants to the west of the Connecticut River, encompassing present-day Vermont.
The provincial government of New York sold land grants to settlers in the region, which conflicted with earlier grants from the government of New Hampshire. The Green Mountain Boys militia protected the interests of the established New Hampshire land grant settlers against the newly arrived settlers with land titles granted by New York. A group of settlers with New Hampshire land grant titles established the Vermont Republic in 1777 as an independent state during the American Revolutionary War; the Vermont Republic abolished slavery before any of the other states. Vermont was admitted to the newly established United States as the fourteenth state in 1791. Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were sovereign states, given that the original 13 states were former colonies. During the mid 19th century, Vermont was a strong source of abolitionist sentiment and sent a significant contingent of soldiers to participate in the American Civil War. Protestants and Catholics make up the majority of those reporting a religious preference with 37% reporting no religion.
Other religions individually contribute no more than 2% to the total. The geography of the state is marked by the Green Mountains, which run north–south up the middle of the state, separating Lake Champlain and other valley terrain on the west from the Connecticut River valley that defines much of its eastern border. A majority of its terrain is forested with conifers. A majority of its open land is in agriculture; the state's climate is characterized by cold, snowy winters. Vermont's economic activity of $26 billion in 2010 caused it to rank 34th in gross state product, it has been ranked 42nd as a state in. In 1960, Vermonters' politics started to shift from being reliably Republican towards favoring more liberal and progressive candidates. Starting in 1963, voters have alternated between choosing Democratic governors. Voters have chosen Democrats for president since 1992. In 2000, the state legislature was the first to recognize civil unions for same-sex couples; the origin of the name "Vermont" is uncertain, but comes from the French Les Monts Verts, meaning "the Green Mountains".
Thomas Young introduced it in 1777. In 1913, the Secretary of State of Vermont speculated that the archaic French term Mont Verd may have inspired Young. Another source points out the predominance of mica-quartz-chlorite schist, a green-hued metamorphosed shale, as a possible reason; the Green Mountains form a north–south spine running most of the length of the state west of its center. In the southwest portion of the state are located the Taconic Mountains. In the northwest, near Lake Champlain, is the fertile Champlain Valley. In the south of the valley is Lake Bomoseen. Vermont is located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state, it is the only state. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area and the 47th in water area. In total area, it is smaller than Haiti, it is the only landlocked state in New England, it is the easternmost and the smallest in area of all landlocked states.
The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the state's eastern border with New Hampshire, though much of the river is within New Hampshire's territory. 41% of Vermont's land area is part of the Connecticut River's watershed. Lake Champlain, the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States, separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long, its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border; the width averages 60.5 miles. The state's geographic center is three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Canada. Several mountains have timberlines with delicate year-round alpine ecosystems, including Mount Mansfield, the highest mountain in the state. Areas in Vermont a
George Washington was an American political leader, military general and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. He led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War of Independence, he presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which established the new federal government, he has been called the "Father of His Country" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the new nation. Washington received his initial military training and command with the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War, he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he was appointed Commanding General of the nation's Continental Army. Washington allied with France, in the defeat of the British at Yorktown. Once victory for the United States was in hand in 1783, Washington resigned his commission. Washington played a key role in the adoption and ratification of the Constitution and was elected president by the Electoral College in the first two elections.
He implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty, he set enduring precedents for the office of president, including the title "President of the United States", his Farewell Address is regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism. Washington utilized slave labor and trading African American slaves, but he became troubled with the institution of slavery and freed them in his 1799 will, he was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, he urged tolerance for all religions in his roles as general and president. Upon his death, he was eulogized as "first in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen." He has been memorialized by monuments, geographical locations and currency, many scholars and polls rank him among the top American presidents. Washington's great-grandfather John Washington immigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave, England to the British Colony of Virginia where he accumulated 5,000 acres of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River.
George Washington was born February 22, 1732 at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had three additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler; the family moved to Little Hunting Creek to Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia. When Augustine died in 1743, Washington inherited ten slaves. Washington did not have the formal education that his older brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England, but he did learn mathematics and surveying, he was talented in draftsmanship and map-making. By early adulthood, he was writing with "considerable force" and "precision."Washington visited Mount Vernon and Belvoir, the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax, which fueled ambition for the lifestyle of the planter aristocracy. Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate father, Washington spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property.
He received a surveyor's license the following year from the College of Mary. He resigned from the job in 1750 and had bought 1,500 acres in the Valley, he owned 2,315 acres by 1752. In 1751, Washington made his only trip abroad when he accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping that the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis. Washington contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him but left his face scarred. Lawrence died in 1752, Washington leased Mount Vernon from his widow. Lawrence's service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired Washington to seek a commission, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie appointed him as a major in December 1752 and as commander of one of the four militia districts; the British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley at the time, the British building forts along the Ohio River and the French doing between Lake Erie and the Ohio River. In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Washington as a special envoy to demand that the French vacate territory which the British had claimed.
Dinwiddie appointed him to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy and to gather intelligence about the French forces. Washington met with Half-King Tanacharison and other Iroquois chiefs at Logstown to secure their promise of support against the French, his party reached the Ohio River in November, they were intercepted by a French patrol and escorted to Fort Le Boeuf where Washington was received in a friendly manner. He delivered the British demand to vacate to French commander Saint-Pierre, but the French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official answer in a sealed envelope after a few days' delay, he gave Washington's party food and extra winter clothing for the trip back to Virginia. Washington completed the precarious mission in 77 days in difficult winter conditions and achieved a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and London. In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia R
James Madison Jr. was an American statesman, diplomat and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the United States Bill of Rights, he co-wrote The Federalist Papers, co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party, served as the fifth United States Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809. Born into a prominent Virginia planting family, Madison served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War, he became dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation and helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution to supplant the Articles of Confederation. Madison's Virginia Plan served as the basis for the Constitutional Convention's deliberations, he was one of the most influential individuals at the convention.
Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution, he joined with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers, a series of pro-ratification essays, considered to be one of the most influential works of political science in American history. After the ratification of the Constitution, Madison emerged as an important leader in the United States House of Representatives and served as a close adviser to President George Washington, he was the main force behind the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights, which enshrines guarantees of personal freedoms and rights within the Constitution. During the early 1790s, Madison came to oppose the economic program and accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Along with Thomas Jefferson, Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party, which was, alongside Hamilton's Federalist Party, one of the nation's first major political parties. After Jefferson won the 1800 presidential election, Madison served as Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809.
In that position, he supervised the Louisiana Purchase. Madison succeeded Jefferson with a victory in the 1808 presidential election. After diplomatic protests and a trade embargo failed to end British attacks against American shipping, he led the United States into the War of 1812; the war was an administrative morass and ended inconclusively, but many Americans saw it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government, he presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and the enactment of the protective Tariff of 1816, he retired from public office in 1817 and died in 1836. He is considered to be one of the most important Founding Fathers of the United States, historians have ranked Madison as an above-average president. James Madison Jr. was born on March 16, 1751, at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia, to James Madison Sr. and Nelly Conway Madison. He grew up as the oldest of twelve children, with seven brothers and four sisters, though only six of his siblings would live to adulthood.
His father was a tobacco planter who grew up on a plantation called Mount Pleasant, which he had inherited upon reaching adulthood. With numerous slaves and a 5,000 acres plantation, Madison's father was the largest landowner and a leading citizen in the Piedmont. Madison's maternal grandfather was a prominent tobacco merchant. In the early 1760s, the Madison family moved into a newly built house. From age 11 to 16, Madison was sent to study under Donald Robertson, a Scottish instructor who served as a tutor for a number of prominent planter families in the South. Madison learned mathematics and modern and classical languages—he became proficient in Latin. At age 16, Madison returned to Montpelier, where he began a two-year course of study under the Reverend Thomas Martin in preparation for college. Unlike most college-bound Virginians of his day, Madison did not attend the College of William and Mary, where the lowland Williamsburg climate - thought to be more to harbor infectious disease - might have strained his delicate health.
Instead, in 1769, he enrolled at the College of New Jersey. His studies at Princeton included Latin, Greek and the works of the Enlightenment. Great emphasis was placed on both debate. Along with another classmate, Madison undertook an intense program of study and completed Princeton's three-year bachelor of arts degree in just two years, graduating in 1771, he remained at Princeton to study Hebrew and political philosophy under President John Witherspoon before returning home to Montpelier in early 1772. His ideas on philosophy and morality were shaped by Witherspoon, who converted Madison to the philosophy and modes of thinking of the Age of Enlightenment. Biographer Terence Ball says that at Princeton: He was immersed in the liberalism of the Enlightenment, converted to eighteenth-century political radicalism. From on James Madison's theories would advance the rights of happiness of man, his most active efforts would serve devotedly the cause of civil and political liberty. After returning to Montpelier, who had not yet decided on a specific career, served as a tutor to his younger siblings.
In the early 1770s the relationship between the American colonies a
The United States Capitol called the Capitol Building, is the home of the United States Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D. C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the District's street-numbering system and the District's four quadrants; the original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded with the addition of the massive dome, expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature, the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing. Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries. Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.
C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781. After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York, the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia; as a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783, met in Annapolis and Trenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City.
The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital; the decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years, until the nation's capital in Washington, D. C. would be ready. Pierre Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city. L'Enfant chose Jenkin's Hill as the site for the "Congress House", with a "grand avenue" connecting it with the President's House, a public space containing a broader "grand avenue" stretching westward to the Potomac River.
In reviewing L'Enfant's plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the "Capitol" rather than "Congress House". The word "Capitol" comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome; the connection between the two is not, crystal clear. In addition to coming up with a city plan, L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President's House; the word "capitol" has since been adopted, following the example of the United States Capitol, in many jurisdictions for other government buildings, for instance the "capitols" in the individual capitals of the states of the United States. This, in turn, has led to frequent misspellings of "capitol" and "capital"; the former refers to a building. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the "President's House", set a four-month deadline; the prize for the competition was a lot in the Federal City.
At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol. The most promising of the submissions was by a trained French architect. However, Hallet's designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, were deemed too costly. A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31, 1793, to much praise for its "Grandeur and Beauty" by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design. Thornton's design was approved in a letter dated April 5, 1793, from Washington, Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol. In an effort to console Hallet, the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton's plans, develop cost estimates, serve as superintendent of construction. Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the late 1800s, women worked for broad-based economic and political equality and for social reforms, sought to change voting laws in order to allow them to vote. National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts to gain voting rights the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, worked for equal civil rights for women. Women who owned property gained the right to vote in the Isle of Man in 1881, in 1893, the British colony of New Zealand granted all women the right to vote. Most independent countries enacted women's suffrage in the interwar era, including Canada in 1917. Leslie Hume argues that the First World War changed the popular mood: The women's contribution to the war effort challenged the notion of women's physical and mental inferiority and made it more difficult to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth.
But the vote was much more than a reward for war work. Extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for women's suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men; the United Nations encouraged women's suffrage in the years following World War II, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women identifies it as a basic right with 189 countries being parties to this Convention. In ancient Athens cited as the birthplace of democracy, only adult, male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was ruled by monarchs, though various forms of parliament arose at different times; the high rank ascribed to abbesses within the Catholic Church permitted some women the right to sit and vote at national assemblies – as with various high-ranking abbesses in Medieval Germany, who were ranked among the independent princes of the empire.
Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege into modern times. Marie Guyart, a French nun who worked with the First Nations peoples of Canada during the seventeenth century, wrote in 1654 regarding the suffrage practices of Iroquois women, "These female chieftains are women of standing amongst the savages, they have a deciding vote in the councils, they make decisions there like the men, it is they who delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace." The Iroquois, like many First Nations peoples in North America, had a matrilineal kinship system. Property and descent were passed through the female line. Women elders could depose them; the emergence of modern democracy began with male citizens obtaining the right to vote in advance of female citizens, except in the Kingdom of Hawai'i, where universal manhood and women's suffrage was introduced in 1840. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was in effect during the Age of Liberty. Other possible contenders for first "country" to grant women suffrage include the Corsican Republic, the Pitcairn Islands, the Isle of Man, Franceville, but some of these operated only as independent states and others were not independent.
In 1756, Lydia Taft became the first legal woman voter in colonial America. This occurred under British rule in the Massachusetts Colony. In a New England town meeting in Uxbridge, she voted on at least three occasions. Unmarried white women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807. In the 1792 elections in Sierra Leone a new British colony, all heads of household could vote and one-third were ethnic African women; the female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838. This right was transferred; the seed for the first Woman's Rights Convention in the United States in Seneca Falls, New York was planted in 1840, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Lucretia Mott at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The conference refused to seat Mott and other women delegates from the U. S. because of their sex. In 1851, Stanton met temperance worker Susan B. Anthony, shortly the two would be joined in the long struggle to secure the vote for women in the U.
S. In 1868 Anthony encouraged working women from the printing and sewing trades in New York, who were excluded from men's trade unions, to form Working Women's Associations; as a delegate to the National Labor Congress in 1868, Anthony persuaded the committee on female labor to call for votes for women and equal pay for equal work. The men at the conference deleted the reference to the vote. In the U. S. women in the Wyoming Territory could vote as of 1869. Subsequent American suffrage groups disagreed on tactics, with the National American Woman Suffrage Association arguing for a state-by-state campaign and the National Woman's Party focusing on an amendment to the U. S. Constitution. In 1881 the Isle of Man, an internally self-governing dependent territory of the British Crown, enfranchised women property owners. With this it provide
The Potomac River is located within the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and flows from the Potomac Highlands into the Chesapeake Bay. The river is 405 miles long, with a drainage area of about 14,700 square miles. In terms of area, this makes the Potomac River the fourth largest river along the Atlantic coast of the United States and the 21st largest in the United States. Over 5 million people live within the Potomac watershed; the river forms part of the borders between Maryland and Washington, D. C. on the left descending bank and West Virginia and Virginia on the river's right descending bank. The majority of the lower Potomac River is part of Maryland. Exceptions include a small tidal portion within the District of Columbia, the border with Virginia being delineated from "point to point". Except for a small portion of its headwaters in West Virginia, the North Branch Potomac River is considered part of Maryland to the low water mark on the opposite bank; the South Branch Potomac River lies within the state of West Virginia except for its headwaters, which lie in Virginia.
The Potomac River runs 405 miles from Fairfax Stone Historical Monument State Park in West Virginia on the Allegheny Plateau to Point Lookout and drains 14,679 square miles. The length of the river from the junction of its North and South Branches to Point Lookout is 302 miles; the average daily flow during the water years 1931-2018 was 11,498 cubic feet /s. The highest average daily flow recorded on the Potomac at Little Falls, was in March 1936 when it reached 426,000 cubic feet /s; the lowest average daily flow recorded at the same location was 601.0 cubic feet /s in September 1966 The highest crest of the Potomac registered at Little Falls was 28.10 ft, on March 19, 1936. The river has two sources; the source of the North Branch is at the Fairfax Stone located at the junction of Grant and Preston counties in West Virginia. The source of the South Branch is located near Hightown in northern Highland Virginia; the river's two branches converge just east of Green Spring in Hampshire County, West Virginia, to form the Potomac.
As it flows from its headwaters down to the Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac traverses five geological provinces: the Appalachian Plateau, the Ridge and Valley, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont Plateau, the Atlantic coastal plain. Once the Potomac drops from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain at the Atlantic Seaboard fall line at Little Falls, tides further influence the river as it passes through Washington, D. C. and beyond. Salinity in the Potomac River Estuary increases thereafter with distance downstream; the estuary widens, reaching 11 statute miles wide at its mouth, between Point Lookout and Smith Point, before flowing into the Chesapeake Bay. "Potomac" is a European spelling of Patawomeck, the Algonquian name of a Native American village on its southern bank. Native Americans had different names for different parts of the river, calling the river above Great Falls Cohongarooton, meaning "honking geese" and "Patawomke" below the Falls, meaning "river of swans"; the spelling of the name has taken many forms over the years from "Patawomeck" to "Patomake", "Patowmack", numerous other variations in the 18th century and now "Potomac".
The river's name was decided upon as "Potomac" by the Board on Geographic Names in 1931. The river itself is at least 3.5 million years old extending back ten to twenty million years before present when the Atlantic Ocean lowered and exposed coastal sediments along the fall line. This included the area at Great Falls, which eroded into its present form during recent glaciation periods; the Potomac River brings together a variety of cultures throughout the watershed from the coal miners of upstream West Virginia to the urban residents of the nation's capital and, along the lower Potomac, the watermen of Virginia's Northern Neck. Being situated in an area rich in American history and American heritage has led to the Potomac being nicknamed "the Nation's River." George Washington, the first President of the United States, was born in, spent most of his life within, the Potomac basin. All of Washington, D. C. the nation's capital city lies within the watershed. The 1859 siege of Harper's Ferry at the river's confluence with the Shenandoah was a precursor to numerous epic battles of the American Civil War in and around the Potomac and its tributaries, such as the 1861 Battle of Ball's Bluff and the 1862 Battle of Shepherdstown.
General Robert E. Lee crossed the river, thereby invading the North and threatening Washington, D. C. twice in campaigns climaxing in the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg. Confederate General Jubal Early crossed the river in July 1864 on his attempted raid on the nation's capital; the river not only divided the Union from the Confederacy, but gave name to the Union's largest army, the Army of the Potomac. The Patowmack Canal was intended by George Washington to connect the Tidewater region near Georgetown with Cumberland, Maryland. Started in 1785 on the Virginia side of the river, it was not completed until 1802. Financial troubles led to the closure of the canal in 1830; the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal operated along the banks of the Potomac in Maryland from 1831 to 1924 and connected Cumberland to Washington, D. C; this allowed freight to be transported around the rapids known as the
National Register of Historic Places [videos]
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance. A property listed in the National Register, or located within a National …
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register, on November 13, 1966.
The tomb of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia is part of a National Historic Site and automatically listed on the National Register.
National Historic Landmark [videos]
A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 90,000 places listed on the country's National Register of Historic Places, only some 2,500 are …
The American Legation in Tangier, Morocco, was the first National Historic Landmark on foreign soil.
Navajo Nation Council Chamber, the seat of government for the Navajo Nation, Window Rock, Arizona.
Mohonk Mountain House, a resort hotel on Shawangunk Ridge; site of 1895–1916 conference that led to establishment of Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague
Washington, D.C. [videos]
Washington, D.C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C. is the capital of the United States. Founded after the American Revolution as the seat of government of the newly independent country, Washington was named after George Washington, first President of …
Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg, the British entered Washington, D.C., burning down buildings including the White House.
President Abraham Lincoln insisted that construction on the United States Capitol dome continue during the American Civil War; 1861.
The Washington Monument seen across the Tidal Basin during 2007's National Cherry Blossom Festival
Meridian Hill Park in Columbia Heights, Northwest, Washington, D.C.
Museum [videos]
A museum is an institution that cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these items available for public viewing through exhibits that may …
The Louvre in Paris.
The Uffizi Gallery, the most visited museum in Italy. View of the Palazzo Vecchio, in Florence.
The British Museum in London.
The State Historical Museum in Moscow.
Women's suffrage [videos]
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the late 1800s, women worked for broad-based economic and political equality and for social reforms, and sought to change voting laws in order to allow them to vote. National and international organizations formed to …
Poster of the German Women's Movement, 1914: "Heraus mit dem Frauenwahlrecht" (= "Get out with Women's Suffrage")
British suffragettes demonstrating for the right to vote in 1911
U.S. women suffragists demonstrating in February 1913
Louise Weiss (front) along with other suffragettes demonstrating in Paris in 1935
Capitol Hill [videos]
Capitol Hill, in addition to being a metonym for the United States Congress, is the largest historic residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C. stretching easterly in front of the United States Capitol along wide avenues. It is one of the oldest residential neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. and …
G Street SE
Aerial view of Capitol Hill looking east, showing the Capitol, Supreme Court Building, Library of Congress, and congressional office buildings.
Christ Church built 1806 on G Street SE
Image: USA Capitol Hill
National Woman's Party [videos]
The National Woman's Party is an American women's political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women's suffrage. After achieving this goal with the 1920 adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the NWP advocated for other issues including the Equal Rights …
March 8, 1913 front page of Woman's Journal
NWP members picket the White House during the Silent Sentinels protests in 1917; the banner reads, "Mr. President, How Long Must Women Wait For Liberty."
House Rules Committee clerk's record of markup session adding "sex" to bill.
Nina E. Allender, The Spirit of '76.' On to the Senate!, 1915
Alva Belmont [videos]
Alva Belmont, née Alva Erskine Smith — known as Alva Vanderbilt from 1875 to 1896 — was a prominent multi-millionaire American socialite and a major figure in the American women's suffrage movement. Known for having an aristocratic manner that antagonized some …
Alva E. Belmont in 1911.
Her birthplace, the Murray Forbes Smith House at 201 Government Street in Mobile, Alabama.
Alva Vanderbilt, costumed for her 1883 ball.
Belcourt Castle, the Belmont summerhouse in Newport, Rhode Island.
Barack Obama [videos]
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a …
Obama posing in the Green Room of the White House with wife Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia, 2009
Obama with Jonathan Toews and the Stanley Cup champion Chicago Blackhawks, 2010
Obama taking a left-handed jump shot during a pickup game on the White House basketball court, 2009
Obama and his wife Michelle at the Civil Rights Summit at the LBJ Presidential Library, 2014
National monument (United States) [videos]
In the United States, a national monument is a protected area that is similar to a national park, but can be created from any land owned or controlled by the federal government by proclamation of the President of the United States. — National monuments can be managed by one of several federal …
Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming
Navajo National Monument, Arizona
Statue of Liberty National Monument, New Jersey and New York
Fort Matanzas National Monument, Florida
Charles I of England [videos]
Charles I was the monarch over the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. — Charles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the …
Portrait from the studio of Anthony van Dyck, 1636
Engraving by Simon de Passe of Charles and his parents, King James and Queen Anne, c. 1612
Portrait by Robert Peake, c. 1610
Portrait of Charles as Prince of Wales after Daniel Mytens, c. 1623
Province of Maryland [videos]
The Province of Maryland was an English and later British colony in North America that existed from 1632 until 1776, when it joined the other twelve of the Thirteen Colonies in rebellion against Great Britain and became the U.S. state of Maryland. Its first settlement and capital was St. Mary's …
Henrietta Maria, the French Princess who gave her name to the young colony of "Maryland"
1975 reconstruction of Maryland Dove at St. Mary's City
George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore
Benedict Calvert
Maryland [videos]
Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is …
Great Falls on the Potomac River.
Typical freshwater river above the tidal zone. The Patapsco River includes the famous Thomas Viaduct and is part of the Patapsco Valley State Park. Later, the river forms the Inner Harbor as it empties into the Chesapeake Bay.
Typical brackish tidal river. Sunset over a marsh at Cardinal Cove on the Patuxent River
Tidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States and the largest water feature in Maryland.
Potomac River [videos]
The Potomac River is located within the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and flows from the Potomac Highlands into the Chesapeake Bay. The river is approximately 405 miles long, with a drainage area of about 14,700 square miles …
Great Falls of the Potomac River
The Potomac River in Washington, D.C., with Arlington Memorial Bridge in the foreground and Rosslyn, Arlington, Virginia in the background
Tundra swans were the predominant species of swan on the Potomac River when the Algonquins dwelled along its shores, and continue to be the most populous variety today.
Sunset over the Potomac River near Mount Vernon
Great Falls (Potomac River) [videos]
Great Falls is a series of rapids and waterfalls on the Potomac River, 14 miles upstream from Washington, D.C. on the border of Montgomery County, Maryland and Fairfax County, Virginia. Great Falls Park, operated by the National Park Service, is located on the southern banks in Virginia …
Great Falls in black and white (2003).
The falls in about 1897
Great Falls of the Potomac, oil on canvas, by George Beck, 1797
Remains of the feeder dam, for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, at Great Falls
George Washington [videos]
George Washington was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father who also served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. He led Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War of Independence, and he …
Washington the SoldierPainting of Lt. Col. Washington on horseback during the Battle of the Monongahela — Reǵnier, 1834
Martha Washington based on a 1757 portrait by John Wollaston
Heritage Documentation Programs [videos]
Heritage Documentation Programs is a division of the U.S. National Park Service responsible for administering the Historic American Buildings Survey, Historic American Engineering Record, and Historic American Landscapes Survey. These programs were established to …
HABS team in 1934 measuring the Kentucky School for the Blind.
Image: First national bank US with HABS border
Image: RF Control Panel 2
Image: VIEW OF CEMETERY SECTION NAWS (NEW ADDITION WEST SIDE) AMONG THE EUCALYPTUS TREES. VIEW TO SOUTH. San Francisco National Cemetery, 1 Lincoln Boulevard, San Francisco, San Francisco HALS CA 1 7
Baltimore [videos]
Baltimore is the largest city in the state of Maryland within the United States. Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland as an independent city in 1729. With a population of 611,648 in 2017, Baltimore is the largest such independent city in the United States. As of 2017, the …
Bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British. Engraved by John Bower
The Battle Monument is the official emblem of the City of Baltimore.
Sixth Regiment fighting railroad strikers, July 20, 1877
Sherwood Gardens, Guilford neighborhood, Baltimore
United States Capitol [videos]
The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building, is the home of the United States Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Though no longer at the geographic …
The east front of the United States Capitol (2013 view)
The east front at night (2013 view)
Design for the U.S. Capitol, "An Elevation for a Capitol", by James Diamond was one of many submitted in the 1792 contest, but not selected.
Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) [videos]
Georgetown is a historic neighborhood and a commercial and entertainment district located in northwest Washington, D.C. situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of …
The Old Stone House, built 1765, is one of the oldest buildings in Washington, D.C.
Georgetown around 1862. Overview of the C&O Canal, Aqueduct Bridge at right, and unfinished Capitol dome in the distant background.
Poor children playing on sidewalk in Georgetown during the Great Depression, Carl Mydans, 1935
The Washington Harbour complex located on the Potomac River. Healy Hall is visible in the background.
Georgetown University [videos]
Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded in 1789 as Georgetown College, the university has grown to comprise nine undergraduate and graduate schools, among which are the School of Foreign Service, School of Business, Medical …
John Carroll, the founder of Georgetown University.
The proposal for a school at Georgetown was conceived in 1787, after the American Revolution allowed for the free practice of religion.
Union soldiers on the Potomac River across from Georgetown University in 1861
Patrick Francis Healy helped transform the school into a modern university after the Civil War.
Eisenhower Executive Office Building [videos]
The Eisenhower Executive Office Building —formerly known as the Old Executive Office Building and even earlier as the State, War, and Navy Building—is a U.S. government building situated just west of the White House in the U.S. capital of Washington, D.C. Maintained by the General …
Construction of the State, War, and Navy Building (undated)
State, War, and Navy Building in 1917
Image: Old Executive Office Building 1981
Image: Navy Department Library Collection, State, War, and Navy Department Building, 1915 (26834521644)
Albert Gallatin [videos]
Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin, born de Gallatin was a Genevan-American politician, diplomat, ethnologist and linguist. He was an important leader of the Democratic-Republican Party, serving in various federal elective and appointed positions across four …
Albert Gallatin House; Friendship Hill National Historic Site
Portrait of Albert Gallatin by Gilbert Stuart (ca. 1803)
Albert Gallatin, signature
Daguerreotype of Albert Gallatin, only photograph taken of him. circa 1844–1849
United States Secretary of the Treasury [videos]
The Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury which is concerned with financial and monetary matters, and, until 2003, also included several federal law enforcement agencies. This position in the federal government of the United States is analogous to the …
Image: Steven Mnuchin official photo (cropped)
Image: Alexander Hamilton portrait by John Trumbull 1806
Image: Oliver Wolcott Jr by Gilbert Stuart circa 1820
Image: Samuel Dexter
Thomas Jefferson [videos]
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he had served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. The …
House of Burgesses in Williamsburg, Virginia, where Jefferson served 1769–1775
Jefferson's home Monticello
Jefferson's daughter Martha
U.S. Declaration of Independence – 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy
James Madison [videos]
James Madison Jr. was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting …
Madison at Princeton University, portrait by James Sharples
Page one of the original copy of the U.S. Constitution
Thomas Jefferson founded the Democratic-Republican Party with Madison.
Montpelier, Madison's tobacco plantation in Virginia
United States Attorney General [videos]
The United States Attorney General is the chief lawyer of the federal government of the United States and head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503, concerned with all legal affairs. — Under the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution, the officeholder …
Image: William Barr (cropped)
Image: Ed Rand
Image: Levi Lincoln, Sr
Image: Rodneycaesara 3
War of 1812 [videos]
The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theater of the Napoleonic Wars; in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right. — From …
A political caricature depicting American demands for respect, and seaman's rights from the British.
Americans believed British officers paid their Indian allies to scalp American soldiers, c. 1812
Loyalists landing in New Brunswick. Loyalists settlers to the Canadas were Revolution-era exiles, hostile to union with the U.S., whereas newer immigrants to the Canadas were neutral, or supportive of the British.
Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States (1801–1809) believed that the acquisition of the Canadas was a "mere matter of marching".
Mansard roof [videos]
A mansard or mansard roof is a four-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterized by two slopes on each of its sides with the lower slope, punctured by dormer windows, at a steeper angle than the upper. The steep roof with windows creates an additional floor of …
A mansard roof on the Château de Dampierre, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, great-nephew of François Mansart
The Landed Gentry House in Szczecin, Poland
Mansard rooftops along Boulevard Haussmann in Paris constructed during the Second French Empire.
The Germania Life Insurance Company Building in New York City, built in 1911, with a four-storey mansard roof
United States Senate [videos]
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C. — The …
A typical Senate desk
The Senate side of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
Committee Room 226 in the Dirksen Senate Office Building is used for hearings by the Senate Judiciary Committee.
The Senate has the power to try impeachments; shown above is Theodore R. Davis's drawing of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, 1868
Virginia [videos]
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" due to its status as the first English colonial …
The story of Pocahontas, an ancestress of many of the First Families of Virginia, was romanticized by later artists.
Williamsburg was Virginia's capital from 1699 to 1780.
1851 painting of Patrick Henry's speech before the House of Burgesses on the Virginia Resolves against the Stamp Act of 1765
Vermont [videos]
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the U.S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Vermont is the second-smallest by population and …
Vermont winter landscape
Sugarbush Resort
The hermit thrush, the state bird of Vermont
Lake Willoughby
McMillan Plan [videos]
The McMillan Plan is a comprehensive planning document for the development of the monumental core and the park system of Washington, D.C. the capital of the United States. It …
The National Mall was the centerpiece of the McMillan Plan.
The McMillan Plan successfully proposed eliminating National Mall's Victorian-era landscape design (shown here circa 1900).
Additions to the D.C. park system (dark green) proposed by the McMillan Plan.
Construction of the two wings of the Department of Agriculture building (shown nearing completion in 1908, lower right) was a major test of the McMillan Plan.
United States Supreme Court Building [videos]
The Supreme Court Building houses the Supreme Court of the United States. Completed in 1935, it is in Washington, D.C. at 1 First Street, NE, in the block immediately east of the United States Capitol. The building is under the jurisdiction of the Architect of the Capitol. On May 4, 1987, the …
West Façade
View of the Supreme Court Building in 1935
Modern view of the Supreme Court Building
View of Supreme Court Building from United States Capitol dome. At Cass Gilbert's request, A. Hall and Sons Terra Cotta of Perth Amboy, New Jersey created the terra cotta roof for the building housing the nation's highest court.
Federal Triangle [videos]
The Federal Triangle is a triangular area in Washington, D.C. formed by 15th Street NW, Constitution Avenue NW, Pennsylvania Avenue NW, and E Street NW. Federal Triangle is occupied by 10 large city and federal office buildings, all of which are part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic …
A diagram of Federal Triangle as of 2009, showing all 10 key buildings in the complex
The Palais du Louvre in Paris, France, an inspiration for the Federal Triangle complex.
Construction of the Apex Building in 1937
The Federal Triangle Metro station was opened at Federal Triangle on July 1, 1977.


text:
'Will the Liberal Left take the Great out of Britain?'
A veteran BBC local radio DJ has lost his job after playing a song on his golden oldies show containing a racist word. BBC Radio Devon DJ David Lowe, 68, said he was unaware that a 1932 version of The Sun Has Got His Hat On included the n-word. Mr Lowe, a broadcaster for 32 years, said it was an "innocent mistake". He said BBC bosses declined his idea of an on-air apology, and his offer to "fall on my sword" was accepted. The BBC said it accepted that the situation could have been handled better, and offered freelance Mr Lowe his job back but this was declined.
The BBC took action after a listener heard the song - part of Mr Lowe's private record collection, broadcast on his self-produced Sunday night programme - and complained. The second verse of the song, recorded by the UK dance band Ambrose and his Orchestra features the line: "He's been tanning [n-word] out in Timbuktu, now he's coming back to do the same to you." Later versions of the song omit the 'offensive' word.
In an analogous incident, Jeremy Clarkson was recently handed a 'final warning' from the BBC, after being filmed apparently mouthing the same word during one of his outbound escapades. Presumably, he was picked up by the BBC 'PC Gestapo' and after due interrogation and physical torture, he escaped with censure and a warning not to transgress from the BBC's strict Politically Correct policies ever again. One might suspect, that were he to again stray of the PC path, he might suffer having to be interviewed by Alan Titchmarsh or some such person, for hours and hours, purely for retribution and punishment purposes, or worse still made to present the utterly dreadful Eurovision Song Contest, itself a truly 'freakish' show which this year has been won by a real life 'freak'!
Mr Lowe, a broadcaster with Radio Devon for nearly 14 years, told BBC News he had written an "unreserved apology" for use on air which he submitted to BBC managers after the song was played on 27 April. "I offered to apologise or to fall on my sword," he said. "Unfortunately the BBC decided on the latter option. I don't have any quarrels with any of my colleagues. It's the system of political correctness which has turned this into a rather badly-handled affair. "I think we're all too ready to bow to political correctness. One feels one is following a verbal tightrope, even in casual conversation."
Political Correctness has like moss, as it slowly develops in a wooded coppice, slowly carpeted and enveloped British society and is choking the life out of self-expression and even freedom of speech. Of course, there is no excuse for overt offensiveness or social exclusion due to race, creed, colour or calling but this post-modern system of social engineering and control is getting out of hand. Add to this the lingua franca of 'office speak' today in 2014, which is basically a language all of its own, loosely based on euphemisms that is virtually unintelligible to those of us brought up speaking and working in the correct, non-Americanised English language. Society is not only being dumbed down in all respects now, with quite appalling written and spoken English, but we are now subject to continuous monitoring to ensure that no person, or body either animate or inanimate, might be possibly 'offended' either actually or remotely possibly. The BBC is one of the worst offenders in this regard and by their actions as set out above, these are clear examples.
This great nation of ours is being driven downwards by a number of factors, and not just the pro Federal European liberals who would surrender all of our sovereignty to the 'garlic sauerkraut' cabal that run the EU today. We have allowed these hand-wringing, cringing liberals to infiltrate our daily lives and our very way of existence, our culture and our being and it is past high time, that we fought back with British Bulldog teeth bared. Of course, the PC brigade would insist that the Bulldogs teeth are excised first !
www.besparmakmediaservices.co.uk
Abu Hamza al Masri Guilty What now for Abu Qatada...
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'The gearing for a Cyprus-Settlement is two-speed'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl