text:
AXIS Deal Cancelled, EXOR To Buy PartnerRe
Bermuda-based AXIS Capital Holdings Limited today [Aug 3] announced that it has accepted a request from PartnerRe Ltd. to terminate the amalgamation agreement with AXIS Capital, as PartnerRe Ltd. has reached a definitive agreement with EXOR buy PartnerRe for $6.9 billion.
PartnerRe will pay AXIS Capital a $315 million fee to immediately terminate the amalgamation agreement, which was originally entered into by both companies on January 25, 2015.
Michael A. Butt, Chairman of the AXIS Capital Board of Directors, said, "Prior to PartnerRe reaching out to us last December to discuss a combination of our companies, we were confident in continuing with our strategy as a stand-alone company, building our three strong businesses incrementally.
"We will now proceed with that strategy, with strengthened resolve. We have been very conscious of our responsibilities to our shareholders throughout these negotiations and believe we have demonstrated prudence and financial discipline in our approach."
Albert Benchimol, President and CEO of AXIS Capital, said, "Our proposed transaction with PartnerRe stood to create a powerful mix of two financially strong and independent companies with compelling insurance/reinsurance franchises.
"While I am disappointed that the merger will not proceed, I have no doubt that the best days for AXIS Capital, our employees, clients, brokers and shareholders lie ahead. We have built a powerful global platform on which to continue to advance our hybrid insurance model with three diversified businesses in specialty insurance, reinsurance, and accident and health."
Mr. Benchimol added, "We are prepared to move ahead with our fiscally disciplined growth strategy and a commitment to return excess capital to shareholders in the form of dividends and stock repurchases. Since becoming a public company, we have repurchased approximately 92.8 million shares of AXIS Capital stock for a total of $3.3 billion.
"As we go forward independently, I would like to thank our employees for their diligent efforts throughout the integration planning meetings that took place over the past several months, and for their ongoing focus on the business-of-the-business. We have learned a great deal from this process, and we intend to apply what we have learned to make AXIS Capital a better company in the months and years ahead."
EXOR will acquire all of the outstanding common shares of PartnerRe for an all-cash consideration of $140.50 per share, including a special pre-closing dividend of $3.00 per share, for a total transaction value of approximately $6.9 billion. The agreement is not subject to due diligence and is not conditioned on financing.
PartnerRe Chairman Jean-Paul Montupet stated, "We are pleased to reach this agreement with EXOR, which we believe is in the best interest of our shareholders. Since EXOR made its initial offer to acquire the Company in April, 2015, the PartnerRe Board has been focused on maximizing value for our shareholders while positioning PartnerRe for long-term success.
"We have carefully and thoroughly evaluated each development over the past several months, and believe that this thoughtful and deliberate approach was critical to delivering a transaction that represents a significant improvement in the price and terms of EXOR's original proposal.
"Importantly, EXOR is committed to ensuring that the unique culture, brand and business that our dedicated employees have successfully built over the past 20 years remain intact."
The agreement with EXOR includes a "go-shop" period, during which the PartnerRe Board will actively solicit and evaluate any competing offers and is permitted to enter into negotiations related to any proposals received prior to September 14, 2015, in each case subject to customary restrictions. There can be no assurance that this process will result in a superior proposal, the company added.
PartnerRe headquarters will continue to be located in Bermuda.
AXIS & PartnerRe "Exploring Enhancements"
"Enhanced" Merger Terms For PartnerRe & AXIS
EXOR Still "Committed" To Offer For PartnerRe
PartnerRe Reaffirms Commitment: AXIS Merger
EXOR: $6.4 Billion Proposal To Buy PartnerRe
PartnerRe & AXIS Reaffirm Merger Commitment
#AXISCapital #AXISPartnerReMerger #BermudaBusiness #BusinessMergers #PartnerRe
Category: All, Business, News
And I'm pleading with my boss for more hours so I can pay my rent.
Zevon says:
Maybe you should waste less time posting stupid comments.
not-the-umum-Chris-Famous-show says:
In terms of jobs, this has to be good news. However, as it stands it also leaves PartnerRe as a small fish as all around them buy or merge so I cannot see Exor leaving PartnerRe as it is now – more uncertainty for the staff?
Vote for Me says:
Whilst the outcome is a bit surprising given the initial definitive amalgamtion agreement between Axis and Partner Re, it probably bodes well since there is likely to be less job losses.
This process laso demonstrates that a deal is not a deal until the ink really dries. We are mindful of the $350 penaly that will now be paid to Axis from Partner Re. The penalty alose shows the strength of the original amalgamation.
Jeremy Deacon says:
Think it was $250m – small change to Exor
It says $315m in the article.
Not small change. Look at how AXIS stock price is affected by the break-up fee.
navin johnson says:
Say goodbye to the Partner Re directors who fought so hard to accept an inferior bid
Sanity pls... says:
IB being a major pillar of the Bermudian economy, I find it surprising the lack of discussion in Bermuda as to the significance and the impact of this "fight" for PartnerRe. The announcement made today makes me very happy as it means many here in Bermuda will NOT be losing their jobs. Let's hope Exor follows through on their plans to grow PartnerRe vs gut the company.
Bermuda123 says:
This is good news for the Bermuda job market and hopefully for Partner Re overall as they move forward into the future with an independent (.from the industry) owner. However a lesson in corporate governance I think.
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The fifteen stories in Mandarins are diverse in subject, length and structure, but share a sharp insight into human emotions and what Akutagawa himself referred to as "a useful melancholy". They are simply presented, in spare and precise but flowing language (at least in De Wolf's translations).
Some of the stories hinge on a central event or scene, but this is never the central focus, rather the catalyst for changing or revealing inner thoughts — sometimes only to the narrator or reader. In the title story "Mandarins", for example, a simple act by a fellow train passenger profoundly changes the mood of the first person narrator. And "O'er a Withered Moor" is set at the deathbed of the poet Bashō, but probes the wildly differing thoughts of those present, unexpressed and at variance with their outward demeanours.
Many of the stories are stories-within-stories, often with quite heavy frames: this allows for indirect commentary and the maintenance of an emotional distance. Several are historical or based on folk tales. In "Fortune", adapted from a folktale collection and set in the late Heian period, an old potter tells a passer-by a fable about Lady Kannon and a poor woman on a pilgrimage. Set in the same period, "Kesa and Morito" is a reworking of a later story about ill-fated lovers. And "Death of a Disciple" is set in the Christian community in Nagasaki in the late sixteenth century.
Other stories highlight the stresses of 1920s Japan. "An Enlightened Husband" and "Autumn" involve unhappy relationships and modern women. "Winter" describes a visit to a relative in prison. And in "The Villa of the Black Crane" a dying man's alienated family engage in psychological warfare with one another.
The Japanese feeling for places and landscapes also shows, most notably in "At the Seashore" and "The Garden", where the changes in an inn's garden parallel the changing fortunes of the family which owns it.
Several of the stories are autobiographical. "The Life of a Fool" is an autobiography in fifty one fragmentary vignettes, while "Cogwheels" is written from the perspective of a writer on the edge of madness.
At the end of Mandarins De Wolf provides a brief background for each story and notes which explain specific ideas and references.
Mandarins was my first introduction to Akutagawa, who died in 1927 at age thirty five and wrote some 150 short stories. Based on this sample, I definitely want to read more of these.


text:
Jackson Lears speaks in NY!!
Please make every effort to attend this brilliant and important talk by Jackson Lears,
tomorrow at 7:00 p.m. at NYU (details below).
Jackson Lears
Pre-lecture wine & cheese reception:
246 Greene St. (6:00 – 6:45 pm)
Silver building, room # 808 (7:00 – 8:30 pm)
RSVP today (only your name & email address is required):
www.nyu.edu/media.culture/events
Talk title: The Anti-Imperial Tradition
Description: Critics of the American empire have overlooked a crucial historical resource–a homegrown critique of imperial hubris that stretches from William James, William Jennings Bryan, and Randolph Bourne in the early 20th century to George Kennan and J. William Fulbright in the Vietnam Era. Those critics rejected the messianic abstractions and misplaced metaphors deployed by apologists for American interventions abroad. Anti-imperial language was concrete, specific, and grounded in fundamental American principles: a republican distrust of irresponsible power, a democratic commitment to popular sovereignty. This lecture will reconstruct the anti-imperial tradition and demonstrate its relevance to contemporary foreign policy.
Bio: Jackson Lears was educated at the University of Virginia, the University of North Carolina, and Yale University, where he received a Ph.D. in American Studies. He is the author of No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920, which was nominated for a National Book Critics Circle Award in 1981 and Fables of Abundance: a Cultural History of Advertising in America, which won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History in 1995. He has written on cultural hegemony in the American Historical Review, on modern art and advertising in American Quarterly, on memory and power in the Journal of American History, and on a variety of topics in cultural history in other scholarly journals. He has also co-edited two collections of essays, The Culture of Consumption and The Power of Culture. His new book, Something for Nothing: Luck in America, was published by Viking Penguin in January 2003.
He has held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Winterthur Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Shelby Cullom Davis Center at Princeton University. In October 2003 he received the Public Humanities Award from the New Jersey Council for the Humanities. He has been a regular contributor to The New Republic, The Nation, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, among other publications. He has taught at Yale University, the University of Missouri, New York University, and Rutgers University, where he is now Board of Governors Professor of History and editor of Raritan: a Quarterly Review.
Free and open to the public. Seating is first come, first served.
Sponsored by: NYU Department of Culture and Communication; Phyllis and Gerald LeBoff
Media blackout on Assange, and how to help him (and write to him)
Pardon Edward Snowden!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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How a Charity Connects Canadians to Essential Services: the Story of Hope Air
November 4, 2020 - In 1984, Jinnie Bradshaw was inspired after learning about the Corporate Angel Network in the United States, which transported cancer patients to their treatment using corporate planes.
Jinnie knew there was a need for a similar service in Canada. So, she decided to quit her job and follow her passion, creating a charity to help patients get to treatment. Soon after, Jinnie was introduced to Joan Rogers through mutual contacts. At the time, Joan was volunteering at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto and had witnessed firsthand the struggle of long-distance travel on cancer patients. In 1986, the two women decided to join forces and became the co-founders of Mission Air Transportation Network – now Hope Air.
In its first year, Hope Air arranged 56 flights to help patients get to treatment. Over the years, Hope Air has set up over 150,000 travel arrangements (including flights) for Canadians needing to travel long distances to reach important medical care.
The charity is founded on the idea that all Canadians should have the same access to healthcare regardless of where they live and their financial means. Also, it is important for people who are suffering to be able to focus on their health and not have the added stress of worrying about how/if they can get to treatment.
Imagine what it must be like to deal with the news of a devastating diagnosis and having to also worry about how you will be able to afford travelling back and forth for treatment. Some patients must drive or take a bus across the province to reach treatment and some cannot manage to make it to all their appointments. This is something that is experienced by many people throughout the Northern Ontario communities who have to travel to urban centres like Toronto, Ottawa or London for treatment.
This was the case for Lorena who was diagnosed with stage three high-grade serious carcinoma ovarian cancer and was referred to the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto. The news came as a shock to the mother of two boys. Her specialist wanted to start treatment immediately and would be administered every three weeks in Toronto, which is an 11-hour drive from her home in Hearst. Lorena would not make the drive back home after receiving chemotherapy treatment. Luckily, Lorena was introduced to Hope Air by a social worker. The charity flew her and her medical escort to her treatment. Lorena told Hope Air that without them she probably would have had to borrow money and skip some appointments.
Rob Trahan is another example of a patient that Hope Air was able to help reach their much-needed medical care. Rob was diagnosed with prostate cancer and had to travel regularly from Timmins to Toronto for treatment. Rob was sitting in the waiting room at Princess Margaret when he came across a Hope Air pamphlet. He had never heard of the charity and could not believe the service was available. Rob reached out to Hope Air and they arranged to fly him to Princess Margaret every Monday and back home to Timmins every Friday evening.
These are simply two stories among many others where Hope Air has succeeded in helping alleviate the additional burden of getting to and from treatment from far away - like from a community in Northern Ontario.
It is important to understand that people living in northern communities have very different experiences with healthcare than is typical for the rest of the province. There a lot of challenges associated with delivering care to people in northern regions of Ontario because it is a very large area with an extremely low population density. The biggest issue is access. People may need to travel long distances to access care which can pose a real challenge – especially for remote communities where there may not be a local physician or specialist.
With the help of volunteer pilots and fundraising, Hope Air is working to fill the accessibility gaps many northern and remote communities feel when attempting to access medical treatments and services. The charity gives those living in distant communities the hope and resources needed to continue with their treatments, no matter the distance.
Lindsey Champaigne is a Policy Analyst at NPI.
The content of Northern Policy Institute's blog is for general information and use. The views expressed in this blog are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Northern Policy Institute, its Board of Directors or its supporters. The authors take full responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of their respective blog posts. Northern Policy Institute will not be liable for any errors or omissions in this information, nor will Northern Policy Institute be liable for any detriment caused from the display or use of this information. Any links to other websites do not imply endorsement, nor is Northern Policy Institute responsible for the content of the linked websites.
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Analysis of data from the Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (MHCLG) shows that new home construction is now almost at levels seen prior to the crash of 2008.
The results show steady year-on-year increases since 2013, with the 2014-15 financial year showing an exceptional 25% increase on the previous year.
Whilst the rate of increase was more subdued last year due to Brexit uncertainties, the overall trend does show movement towards the Government's target of 300,000 per annum. For instance, in the financial year 2017-18 around 222,000 new homes were built, which represents 74% of the Government's annual target.
From November 2018 the Each Council now measures home delivery via the "Housing Delivery Test" which provides an annual indicator of a Council's housing performance. The Government now allocates Each Council a target number of new builds required to meet their estimated needs. Councils that fail the test must prepare an action plan detailing what they will do to increase new homes delivery. (Read more about the National Planning Policy Framework Revisions).
The BBC's Shared Data Unit has analysed new build housing data across the UK's local council areas to highlight regional variations in supply against these long-term targets.
Findings reveal that only one in five local authority areas are building enough new homes to meet the housing needs targets set by the Government. Nine of the local authorities that build the fewest new homes are in London. Setting London to one side, three of the remaining bottom ten are in the Greater Manchester area.
In contrast, Northumberland exceeded their target by 35%. Parts of Cumbria and North Yorkshire and three areas in Wales also exceeded their targets. In Northern Ireland almost half exceeded their targets. The Scottish Government do not set house-build targets for local authorities so were excluded from the research.
As specialists in development land and new build homes LSL Land & New Homes can help at all stages through the development cycle, from buying land with or without planning permission through to new build development sales and marketing.


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text:
Claude Denson Pepper (* 8. September 1900 bei Dudleyville, Alabama; † 30. Mai 1989 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Demokratischen Partei. Er repräsentierte den Bundesstaat Florida von 1936 bis 1951 im US-Senat und von 1963 bis 1989 im Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten.

Frühe Jahre
Claude Pepper wurde am 8. September 1900 auf einer Farm im Chambers County im Bundesstaat Alabama geboren. Seine beiden Großväter hatten im Bürgerkrieg als Soldaten der Konföderierten gekämpft. Seine Eltern – Joseph Wheeler Pepper († 8. Juli 1945) und Lena Corine Talbot (Pepper) – waren arme Pächter einer winzigen Farm im ländlichen Alabama. Im Jahre 1904 zog die Familie für kurze Zeit nach Texas, kehrte dann nach Alabama zurück und ließ sich in Camp Hill (wiederum im Chambers County) nieder, wo Claude Pepper – das älteste von vier Kindern des Ehepaares – mit seinen Geschwistern Joseph, Sarah und Frank aufwuchs. Dort arbeitete sein Vater später als Händler und Polizeichef, während Pepper in Camp Hill die High School besuchte und sich danach zum Lehrer ausbilden ließ. Im Alter von 14 Jahren sagte er einem Lehrer, dass er später Senator werden wolle. Von 1917 bis 1918 unterrichtete er an öffentlichen Schulen in Dothan (Alabama) und arbeitete in einem Stahlwerk in Ensley (Alabama), bis er 1918 in der Lage war, das Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an der University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa aufzunehmen, welches er 1921 mit dem Bachelor abschloss. In der Folge absolvierte er an der Law School der Harvard University ein Aufbaustudium, welches er 1924 erfolgreich abschloss. Für kurze Zeit lehrte er Jura an der University of Arkansas, bis er 1925 nach Perry (Florida), südöstlich von Tallahassee, zog, wo er zusammen mit William Barnett Davis eine Anwaltskanzlei für Zivil- und Strafrecht eröffnete. Die Kanzlei arbeitete erfolgreich, so dass er seine Eltern finanziell unterstützen und seinen Geschwistern den Collegebesuch ermöglichen konnte.

Politik
Schon während seiner Studentenzeit engagierte sich Pepper in der Demokratischen Partei. 1928 wurde er in den Parteivorstand (executive committee) im Bundesstaat Florida gewählt. Im Jahre 1929 wurde er als Abgeordneter für das Taylor County ins Repräsentantenhaus von Florida gewählt, schaffte dann im Jahre 1930 allerdings nicht seine Wiederwahl. Er verlegte Anwaltskanzlei und Wohnsitz nach Tallahassee, der Hauptstadt Floridas.

US-Senat
Im Jahre 1934 bewarb Pepper sich um einen Sitz im US-Senat, verlor aber die Primary (Vorwahl) der Demokratischen Partei knapp mit 4050 Stimmen gegenüber Amtsinhaber Park Trammell.
Als im Jahre 1936 die beiden Senatoren Floridas – Park Trammell († 8. Mai 1936) und Duncan U. Fletcher († 17. Juni 1936) – fast gleichzeitig verstarben, wurden die beiden Sitze kurzzeitig mit William Luther Hill und Scott Loftin besetzt und dann Neuwahlen für die vakanten Sitze angesetzt. Bei diesen Wahlen konnte Pepper einen der beiden Senatssitze für sich gewinnen; der zweite Senator Floridas wurde Charles O. Andrews. Am 4. November 1936 trat Pepper sein Amt an.

Pepper avancierte schnell zum Sprecher derjenigen Senatsmitglieder, die die New-Deal-Politik Präsident Franklin D. Roosevelts unterstützten und trugen, und wurde Roosevelts enger Vertrauter. Pepper arbeitete eng mit den Gewerkschaften zusammen, um die Lage der abhängig beschäftigten Bevölkerung und der Unterschichten zu verbessern, denn er sah es als eine seiner wichtigsten Aufgaben an, dafür zu sorgen, dass die Bürger eine Regierung bekämen "…which in its heart wants to be fair to every one of its citizens and which will see to it that every one of its citizens is fair to every one of his fellow citizens." (dt.: "…die sich nichts sehnlicher wünscht, als gerecht zu jedem ihrer Bürger zu sein, und die dafür Sorge trägt, daß jeder Bürger sich jedem seiner Mitbürger gegenüber fair verhält.") Als im Jahre 1938 wiederum Wahlen zum US-Senat durchgeführt wurden, konnte Pepper sich gegen den Kongressabgeordneten J. Mark Wilcox, der die New-Deal-Politik Roosevelts vehement ablehnte, und David Sholtz, einen ehemaligen Gouverneur von Florida, durchsetzen.

Nach Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkrieges zwangen die Neutralitätsgesetze (Neutrality Acts von 1935, 1936, 1937 und 1939), ein starker isolationistischer Flügel des Kongresses und die Stimmung in der Bevölkerung die amerikanische Regierung dazu, den bisherigen isolationistischen Kurs zunächst beizubehalten und – zumindest offiziell – Neutralität zu wahren. Erst die großen militärischen Erfolge Hitler-Deutschlands führten zu einem Umdenken. Pepper war maßgeblich am Zustandekommen des Lend-Lease-Act vom 11. März 1941 beteiligt. Das Gesetz ermächtigte den amerikanischen Präsidenten, "jeder Nation, deren Verteidigung er für die Vereinigten Staaten für lebenswichtig" halte, jede Art von Waffen zu verkaufen, zu schenken oder zu vermieten, sofern der Wert 1.300.000.000 US-Dollar nicht überschreite. Das Gesetz galt zunächst nur für das durch den Krieg mit Hitler-Deutschland materiell und finanziell erschöpfte Großbritannien (wurde nach dem deutschen Überfall auf die Sowjetunion aber auch auf dieses Land angewandt) und war der Versuch, gegen Hitler-Deutschland kämpfende Staaten mit Waffen zu unterstützen, eine direkte Beteiligung der USA am Kriegsgeschehen aber zu vermeiden.

Nachdem Pepper 1944 erneut im Amt des Senators bestätigt worden war, verlor er im Jahre 1950 bereits die Vorwahl der Demokratischen Partei für den Senatssitz gegen seinen rechtslastigen Mitbewerber George Smathers. Möglich wurde der Sieg Smathers' vor dem Hintergrund einer seit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges völlig gewandelten außen- wie auch innenpolitischen Situation. Das Kriegsbündnis der Alliierten (Anti-Hitler-Koalition) war endgültig zerbrochen und die neue "containment-policy" ("Eindämmungs-Politik") der USA, die mit der Truman-Doktrin und dem Marshallplan einsetzte, bedeutete verstärkte Konfrontation mit der UdSSR.

Damit einhergehend gewann innenpolitisch die Kommunisten-Hatz der so genannten McCarthy-Ära zunehmend an Gewicht, in der Lügen, Verleumdungen, haltlose Verdächtigungen völlig Unschuldiger zur Norm wurden. Wie viele Konservative setzte auch Smathers die New-Deal-Politik mit Sozialismus oder Kommunismus gleich und führte die unter Roosevelt verabschiedeten Wirtschafts- und Sozialgesetze auf die Unterwanderung des Regierungsapparates durch Kommunisten zurück. Diese Veränderungen der politischen Rahmenbedingungen brachten Smathers Rückenwind für seinen Wahlkampf. Im Gegensatz zu Pepper, der überzeugter Roosevelt-Anhänger, New-Dealer und Sprecher der liberalen Kräfte im Senat war, war Smathers überzeugter Anhänger Harry S. Trumans ("I always was a Truman man." / Smathers) und dessen außenpolitischer Linie (Truman-Doktrin).

Aber auch innenpolitisch gab Smathers sich als rabiater Antikommunist und überzog Pepper mit einer beispiellosen Schmutzkampagne. Für Smathers war Claude Pepper bereits deshalb ein "Red" ("Roter"),"Red Pepper", weil dieser den Einsatz und die ungeheuren menschlichen und materiellen Verluste der UdSSR während des Zweiten Weltkriegs anerkannte, in die UdSSR gereist, mit Stalin gesprochen hatte und die so genannte Truman-Doktrin ablehnte. Zeitungen, die Smathers unterstützten, brachten auf ihren Titelseiten Schlagzeilen, in denen Pepper als "Pinko" ("Rosaroter"), "Pinko Senator Pepper" u. a. verleumdet wurde.

Smathers brachte The Red Book of Senator Claude Pepper in Umlauf. Der Einsatz Peppers für eine umfassende, alle Bürger der USA einschließende, adäquate Gesundheitsversicherung und -versorgung wurde von Smathers diskriminiert als Plan, sämtliche Bereiche der USA zu verstaatlichen. "When they socialize the doctors, then they will socialize the lawyers. Then next they will socialize insurance men, and when they socialize the insurance men, the farmer will be next. They plan to socialize everybody." (dt.: "Erst verstaatlichen sie die Ärzte, dann die Rechtsanwälte. Als nächstes werden sie die Versicherungsvertreter verstaatlichen, und haben sie die Versicherungsvertreter verstaatlicht, sind als nächstes die Farmer dran. Sie planen alles und jeden zu verstaatlichen.")

Der Antikommunismus von Smathers wurde noch durch eine rassistische Komponente verschärft.
So "bediente" er seine konservative, weiße Wählerschaft, indem er Claude Pepper einen "Nigger-lover" nannte, allein aus dem Grund weil dieser schwarzen Amerikanern die Hand schüttelte und für die Abschaffung der Rassentrennung eintrat. Für Smather reichte bereits ein Foto, auf dem Pepper zusammen mit dem von McCarthys Komitee für unamerikanische Umtriebe als Kommunist gebrandmarkten schwarzen Künstler Paul Robeson abgebildet war, um ihn als "Nigger-Communist" zu beschimpfen. Der Journalist David Brinkley bezeichnete den Wahlkampf zwischen Claude Pepper und George Smathers als "the dirtiest in the history of American politics" (dt.: "den schmutzigsten Wahlkampf in der Geschichte der amerikanischen Politik"). Doch Smathers wurde gewählt und vermochte Claude Pepper mit einer hauchdünnen Mehrheit von 60.000 Stimmen zu verdrängen.

In einem Interview im Jahre 1974 versuchte Claude Pepper seine damalige Abwahl (und das Scheitern einer ganzen Reihe weiterer Senatoren der Demokratischen Partei) zu erklären:
"And by 1950, there were six … I'm speaking of the whole country now, there were six senior Senators defeated. I was one of them. And the basic issue was National Health Insurance, civil rights, liberal attitudes favoring labor, minimum wage and all that sort of thing.  Adequate hospital and medical care for the people, those things were basically the issues. And of course, the McCarthy stuff was simply the coloration of it. It was an excuse, it was simply a manifestation of that extreme right-wing conservative attitude that was beginning to grow stronger and stronger. And since that time, we have seen more Republicans elected." (dt.: "1950 wurden sechs...ich spreche jetzt von den gesamten USA...wurden sechs amtierende Senatoren abgewählt. Ich war einer von ihnen. Hauptsächlich ging es um eine alle Bürger umfassende Krankenversicherung, Bürgerrechte, um eine aufgeschlossenere Haltung gegenüber der Arbeiterschaft und deren Unterstützung, Mindestlöhne, all das. Ausreichende medizinische Versorgung für die Menschen. Darum ging  es im Grunde. Und dann natürlich der McCarthy-Kram, der noch eins draufsetzte. Es war vorgeschoben, es war einfach Ausdruck dieser extrem rechtslastigen konservativen Haltung, die (damals) begann stärker und stärker zu werden. Denn seit dieser Zeit wurden immer mehr Republikaner gewählt...").

Die Wahl Smathers' wurde von Peppers ehemaligem Freund und Förderer Ed Ball unterstützt, von dem er sich kurz vorher im Streit getrennt hatte. Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Senat eröffnete Claude Pepper in Miami und Washington D.C. erneut eine Anwaltspraxis und übernahm zudem noch einen leitenden Posten bei der Washington Federal Savings and Loan Association. Weiterhin in der Demokratischen Partei aktiv, unterstützte er auch noch die Wahlkampagnen von Adlai E. Stevenson 1952 und 1956. Im Jahre 1958 bemühte er sich in Florida erneut vergeblich um einen Sitz im Senat.

Repräsentantenhaus
Erst 1962 konnte Pepper als Abgeordneter nach Washington zurückkehren: Gewählt in einem Wahlbezirk in Miami Beach, wurde er Mitglied des amerikanischen Repräsentantenhauses. Er war einer der wenigen, die nach einer Karriere als Senator in das Repräsentantenhaus einzogen. Pepper wurde in diesem Amt regelmäßig wiedergewählt, zuletzt war er sogar das älteste Mitglied des Hauses, dem er bis zu seinem Tod 1989 angehörte. Als überzeugter Anhänger einer liberalen Sozialpolitik zählte er zu den führenden Kritikern des republikanischen Präsidenten Ronald Reagan. Die Einführung von Medicare und Medicaid bestimmte Pepper maßgeblich mit; 1977 übernahm er den Vorsitz im Ausschuss für Fragen der älteren Bevölkerung und wehrte mit Erfolg die Einführung einer Altersgrenze für Abgeordnete ab.

Privat
Claude Pepper heiratete am 29. Dezember 1936 Mildred Irene Webster. Sie war ebenfalls bekannt für ihr großes Engagement für soziale Zwecke. Das Paar blieb bis zum Tod von Mildred am 31. März 1979 eng liiert und Claude Pepper konnte den Tod seiner Partnerin nur schwer verwinden. Die Ehe blieb kinderlos.

Claude Pepper diente dem Kongress länger als jeder andere Politiker aus seinem Staat und wurde bekannt als der große alte Mann aus Florida. Sein Gesicht zierte zwischen 1950 und 1983 oft das Cover des Time-Magazins. Als er am 30. Mai 1989 in Washington D.C. starb, wurde sein Leichnam zwei Tage lang in der Rotunde des Kapitols aufgebahrt; er war erst der 26. Amerikaner, der auf diese Weise geehrt wurde.

Nach ihm sind zahlreiche Plätze in Florida benannt worden, darunter das Claude Pepper Center in der Florida State University und das Claude Pepper Federal Building in Miami. Große Teile der durch Florida führenden Teile der Autobahn U.S. Route 27 heißen Claude Pepper Memorial Highway; auch nach seiner Frau sind zahlreiche Plätze in Florida benannt worden.

Auszeichnungen
Er erhielt im Laufe seines langen Lebens zahlreiche Auszeichnungen, darunter den Eleanor-Roosevelt Humanities Award, den Humphrey-Statesmanship Award, er wurde zum Man of the Year von Florida gewählt; außerdem gehört er zu den 50 wichtigsten Menschen aus Florida.
Außerdem erhielt er 1985 den Four Freedoms Award.

Literatur

Weblinks/Quellen

 Who is Claude Pepper? By Tom Walls
 Webpage der Claude Pepper Bibliothek
 Webpage der Claude Pepper Foundation
 Interview mit Claude Pepper am 1. Februar 1974 (Oral History of the American South)
 Wahl der fünfzig wichtigsten Menschen aus Florida

Einzelnachweise

Senator der Vereinigten Staaten aus Florida
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Florida
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Florida
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Träger der Presidential Medal of Freedom
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1900
Gestorben 1989
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Urban Enterprises | Our People. Your Promotions.
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Please tell us a little bit about yourself and your situation. If we selected you to our Apprenticeship Program for Private mentoring by Bryan S. Harris, what are the goals you would like to achieve?
What is your #1 reason for wanting more than what you have right now? ie: kids, parents, dreams. Explain in detail.
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Still a few tantrums this week, although not nearly as bad as last week. But Bright Eyes has been bossy bossy bossy!
"Don't do that mum. Go to Bright Eyes' room Mum. Don't touch it. Leave it. Go away mum. It's Bright Eyes'."
On the upside, his preschool teacher came back from a few weeks Long service leave. She hadn't seen him for six weeks, and she was enthusiastic to tell me how much his language and understanding had improved in that time. I need to take the long term view!


text:
\section{Introduction}
The transport properties of nonlinear non-equilibrium dynamical
systems are far from well-understood\cite{dorfman}.
Consider in particular so-called ratchet systems which are asymmetric
periodic potentials where an ensemble of particles experience
directed transport\cite{revratchet1,revratchet2}. The origins of the
interest in this lie in considerations about extracting useful
work from unbiased noisy fluctuations as seems to happen in biological
systems\cite{feynman1966,bio-ratchet-review}. Recently attention has
been focused on the behavior of deterministic chaotic
ratchets\cite{chaotic-ratchet1,mateos,barbi,bandyo,chen,son} as well as
Hamiltonian ratchets\cite{roland,flach}.

Chaotic systems are defined as those which are sensitively dependent
on initial conditions. Whether chaotic or not, the behavior of nonlinear
systems -- including the transition from regular to chaotic behavior --
is in general sensitively dependent on the parameters of the system.
That is, the phase-space structure is usually relatively complicated,
consisting of stability islands embedded in chaotic seas, for examples,
or of simultaneously co-existing attractors. This can change
significantly as parameters change. For example, stability islands can
merge into each other, or break apart, and the chaotic sea itself may
get pinched off or otherwise changed, or attractors can change
symmetry or bifurcate. This means that the transport properties
can change dramatically as well.  A few years ago,
Mateos\cite{mateos} considered a specific ratchet model with a
periodically forced underdamped particle. He looked at an ensemble
of particles, specifically the velocity for the particles,
averaged over time and the entire ensemble. He showed that this
quantity, which is an intuitively reasonable definition of `the
current', could be either positive or negative depending on the
amplitude $a$ of the periodic forcing for the system.  At the
same time, there exist ranges in $a$ where the trajectory of an
individual particle displays chaotic dynamics. Mateos conjectured a
connection between these two phenomena, specifically that the
reversal of current direction was correlated with a bifurcation
from chaotic to periodic behavior in the trajectory dynamics.
Even though it is unlikely that such a result would be universally
valid across all chaotic deterministic ratchets, it would still be
extremely useful to have general heuristic rules such as this.
These organizing principles would allow some handle on characterizing
the many different kinds of behavior that are possible in such systems.

A later investigation\cite{barbi} of the Mateos conjecture by Barbi and
Salerno, however, argued that it was not a valid rule even in the
specific system considered by Mateos. They presented results showing
that it was possible to have current reversals in the absence of
bifurcations from periodic to chaotic behavior. They proposed an
alternative origin for the current reversal, suggesting it was related
to the different stability properties of the rotating periodic orbits
of the system. These latter results seem fundamentally sensible. However,
this paper based its arguments about currents on the behavior of a {\em
single} particle as opposed to an ensemble. This implicitly assumes
that the dynamics of the system are ergodic. This is not true in general
for chaotic systems of the type being considered. In particular, there
can be extreme dependence of the result on the statistics of the
ensemble being considered. This has been pointed out in earlier
studies~\cite{chaotic-ratchet1} which laid out a detailed methodology
for understanding transport properties in such a mixed regular and
chaotic system. Depending on specific parameter value, the particular
system under consideration has multiple coexisting periodic or
chaotic attractors or a mixture of both. It is hence
appropriate to understand how a probability ensemble might behave in
such a system.  The details of the dependence on the ensemble are
particularly relevant to the issue of the possible experimental
validation of these results, since experiments are always conducted, by
virtue of finite-precision, over finite time and finite ensembles.
It is therefore interesting to probe the results of Barbi and
Salerno with regard to the details of the ensemble used, and
more formally, to see how ergodicity alters our considerations
about the current, as we do in this paper.

We report here on studies on the properties of the current in a
chaotic deterministic ratchet, specifically the same system as
considered by Mateos\cite{mateos} and Barbi and Salerno\cite{barbi}.
We consider the impact of different kinds of ensembles of particles
on the current and show that the current depends significantly on
the details of the initial ensemble. We also show that it is
important to discard transients in quantifying the current.  This
is one of the central messages of this paper: Broad heuristics
are rare in chaotic systems, and hence it is critical to understand
the ensemble-dependence in any study of the transport properties of
chaotic ratchets. Having established this, we then proceed to discuss
the connection between the bifurcation diagram for individual
particles and the behavior of the current. We find that while we
disagree with many of the details of Barbi and Salerno's results,
the broader conclusion still holds. That is, it is indeed possible
to have current reversals in the absence of bifurcations from
chaos to periodic behavior as well as bifurcations without any
accompanying current reversals.

The result of our investigation is therefore that the transport
properties of a chaotic ratchet are not as simple as the initial
conjecture. However, we do find evidence for a generalized version
of Mateos's conjecture. That is, in general, bifurcations for
trajectory dynamics as a function of system parameter seem to be
associated with abrupt changes in the current. Depending on the
specific value of the current, these abrupt changes may lead the
net current to reverse direction, but not necessarily so.

We start below with a preparatory discussion necessary to understand
the details of the connection between bifurcations and current
reversal, where we discuss the potential and phase-space for single
trajectories for this system, where we also define a bifurcation
diagram for this system. In the next section, we discuss the subtleties
of establishing a connection between the behavior of individual
trajectories and of ensembles. After this, we are able to compare
details of specific trajectory bifurcation curves with current curves,
and thus justify our broader statements above, after which we conclude.

\section{Regularity and chaos in single-particle ratchet dynamics}

The goal of these studies is to understand the behavior of general
chaotic ratchets. The approach taken here is that to discover heuristic
rules we must consider specific systems in great detail before
generalizing. We choose the same $1$-dimensional ratchet considered
previously by  Mateos\cite{mateos}, as well as Barbi and
Salerno\cite{barbi}. We consider an ensemble of particles moving in an
asymmetric periodic potential, driven by a periodic time-dependent
external force, where the force has a zero time-average. There is no
noise in the system, so it is completely deterministic, although
there is damping.  The equations of motion for an individual trajectory
for such a system are given in dimensionless variables by
\begin{equation}
\label{Eq:dyn}
\ddot x + b\dot x +\frac{d V(x)}{d t} = a \cos (\omega t)
\end{equation}
where the periodic asymmetric potential can be written in the form
\begin{equation}
V(x) = C - \frac{1}{4 \pi^2\delta}\bigg [ \sin[2 \pi(x- x_0)] +
\frac{1}{4} \sin [ 4\pi (x -x_0)] \bigg ].
\end{equation}
In this equation $C,x_0$ have been introduced for convenience such that
one potential minimum exists at the origin with $V(0) =0$ and the term
$\delta = \sin(2\pi|x_0|) + \frac{1}{4} \sin(4 \pi|x_0|)$.

\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm,height=10.cm,clip]
{ksp_figure1.eps}}
\caption{\label{figure1}
(a) Classical phase space for the unperturbed
system. For $\omega=0.67$, $b=0.1$, two chaotic attractors emerge with
$a=0.11$ (b) $a=0.155$ (c) and a period four attractor consisting
of the four centers of the  circles with $a=0.08125$.}
\end{figure}

The phase-space of the undamped undriven ratchet -- the system
corresponding to the unperturbed potential $V(x)$ -- looks like a series
of asymmetric pendula. That is, individual trajectories have one of
following possible time-asymptotic behaviors: (i) Inside the potential
wells, trajectories and all their properties oscillate, leading to zero
net transport. Outside the wells, the trajectories either (ii) librate
to the right or (iii) to the left, with corresponding net transport
depending upon initial conditions. There are also (iv) trajectories
on the separatrices between the oscillating and librating orbits,
moving between unstable fixed points in infinite time, as well as the
unstable and stable fixed points themselves, all of which constitute a
set of negligible measure.

When damping is introduced via the $b$-dependent term in Eq.~\ref{Eq:dyn},
it makes the stable fixed points the only attractors for the system.
When the driving is turned on, the phase-space becomes chaotic with the
usual phenomena of intertwining separatrices and resulting homoclinic
tangles. The dynamics of individual trajectories in such a system are now
very complicated in general and depend sensitively on the choice of
parameters and initial conditions. We show snapshots of the development
of this kind of chaos in the set of Poincar\'e sections
Fig.~(\ref{figure1}b,c) together with a period-four orbit represented by
the center of the circles.

A broad characterization of the dynamics of the problem as a function of
a parameter ($a,b$ or $\omega$) emerges in a bifurcation diagram. This
can be constructed in several different and essentially equivalent ways.
The relatively standard form that we use proceeds as follows: First
choose the bifurcation parameter (let us say $a$) and correspondingly
choose fixed values of $b,\omega$, and start with a given value for
$a =a_{min}$. Now iterate an initial condition, recording the value of
the particle's position $x(T_P)$ at times $T_p$ from its integrated
trajectory (sometimes we record $\dot x(T_P)$. This is done
stroboscopically at discrete times $T_P = n_p*T_\omega$ where
$T_\omega= \frac{2\pi}{\omega}$ and $n_P$ is an integer $1 \le n_P < M$
with $M$ the maximum number of observations made. Of these, discard
observations at times less than some cut-off time $n_c*T_\omega$
and plot the remaining points against $a_{min}$. It must be noted
that discarding transient behavior is critical to get results which
are independent of initial condition, and we shall emphasize this
further below in the context of the net transport or current.

If the system has a fixed-point attractor then all of the data lie at one
particular location $x_c$. A periodic orbit with period $j*T_\omega$
(that is, with period commensurate with the driving) shows up with
$M-n_t$ points occupying only $j$ different locations of $x$
for $a_{min}$. All other orbits, including periodic orbits of
incommensurate period result in a simply-connected or multiply-connected
dense set of points. For the next value $a=a_{min}+da$, the last computed
value of $x,v$ at $a=a_{min}$ are used as initial conditions, and previously,
results are stored after cutoff and so on until $a=a_{min}+(j-1)*da=a_{max}$.
That is, the bifurcation diagram is generated by sweeping the
relevant parameter, in this case $a$, from $a_{min}$ through some
maximum value $a_{max}$. This procedure is intended to catch all
coexisting attractors of the system with the specified parameter range.
Note that several initial conditions are effectively used troughout the
process, and a bifurcation diagram is not the behavior of a single
trajectory. We have made several plots, as a test, with different initial
conditions and the diagrams obtained are identical. We show several
examples of this kind of bifurcation diagram below, where they are being
compared with the corresponding behavior of the current.

Having broadly understood the wide range of behavior for individual
trajectories in this system, we now turn in the next section to a
discussion of the non-equilibrium properties of a statistical ensemble
of these trajectories, specifically the current for an ensemble.

\section{Ensemble currents}

The current $J$ for an ensemble in the system is defined in an intuitive
manner by Mateos\cite{mateos} as the time-average of the average velocity
over an ensemble of initial conditions. That is, an average over several
initial conditions is performed at a given observation time $t_j$ to
yield the average velocity over the particles
\begin{equation}
v_j = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N \dot x_i(t_j).
\end{equation}
This average velocity is then further time-averaged; given the
discrete time $t_j$ for observation this leads to a second sum
\begin{equation}
J = \frac{1}{M} \sum_{j=1}^M v_j
\end{equation}
where $M$ is the number of time-observations made.

For this to be a relevant quantity to compare with bifurcation diagrams,
$J$ should be independent of the quantities $N,M$ but still strongly
dependent on $a,b,\omega$. A further parameter dependence that is being
suppressed in the definition above is the shape and location of the
ensemble being used. That is, the transport properties of an ensemble
in a chaotic system depend in general on the part of the phase-space
being sampled.  It is therefore important to consider many different
initial conditions to generate a current.
The first straightforward result we show in Fig.~(\ref{figure2}) is
that in the case of chaotic trajectories, a single trajectory easily
displays behavior very different from that of many trajectories.
However, it turns out that in the regular regime, it is possible to
use a single trajectory to get essentially the same result as obtained
from many trajectories.

Further consider the bifurcation diagram in Fig.~(\ref{figure3}) where
we superimpose the different curves resulting from varying the number
of points in the initial ensemble. First, the curve is significantly
smoother as a function of $a$ for larger $N$. Even more relevant is the
fact that the single trajectory data ($N=1$) may show current reversals
that do not exist in the large $N$ data.

\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm,height=6.cm,clip]
{ksp_figure2.eps}}

\caption{ \label{figure2}Current $J$ versus the number of trajectories $N$
for $\omega=0.67$; dashed lines  correspond to a regular motion with
$a=0.12$  while  solid lines correspond to a chaotic motion with $a=0.08$.
Note that a single trajectory is sufficient for a regular motion while the
convergence in the chaotic case is only obtained if the $N$ exceeds a
certain threshold,  $N\ge N_{thr}=100$.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8.0cm,height=6.cm,clip]
{ksp_figure3.eps}}
\caption{\label{figure3}
Current $J$ versus $a$ for different set of trajectories $N$; $N=1$
(circles), $N=10$ (square) and $N=100$ (dashed lines). Note that a
single trajectory suffices in the regular regime where all the curves
match. In the chaotic regime, as $N$ increases, the curves converge towards
the dashed one.}
\end{figure}

Also, note that single-trajectory current values are typically
significantly greater than ensemble averages. This arises from the fact
that an arbitrarily chosen ensemble has particles with idiosyncratic
behaviors which often average out. As our result, with these ensembles
we see typical $J\approx 0.01$ for example, while Barbi and Salerno report
currents about $10$ times greater. However, it is not true that only a
few trajectories dominate the dynamics completely, else there would not
be a saturation of the current as a function of $N$. All this is clear
in Fig.~(\ref{figure3}). We note that the {\bf net} drift of an ensemble
can be a lot closer to $0$ than the behavior of an individual trajectory.

It should also be clear that there is a dependence of the current on the
location of the initial ensemble, this being particularly true for
small $N$, of course. The location is defined by its centroid
$\langle x\rangle,\langle p\rangle$. For $N=1$, it is trivially true
that the initial location matters to the asymptotic value of the
time-averaged velocity, given that this is a non-ergodic and chaotic
system. Further, considering a Gaussian ensemble, say, the width of
the ensemble also affects the details of the current, and can show,
for instance, illusory current reversal, as seen in
Figs.~(\ref{Current-bifur1},\ref{Current-bifur2}) for example.
Notice also that in Fig.~(\ref{Current-bifur1}), at $a\approx 0.065$
and $a\approx 0.15$, the deviations between the different ensembles is
particularly pronounced. These points are close to bifurcation points
where some sort of symmetry breaking is clearly occuring, which underlines
our emphasis on the relevance of specifying ensemble
characteristics in the neighborhood of unstable behavior. However, why
these specific bifurcations should stand out among all the bifurcations
in the parameter range shown is not entirely clear.

To understand how to incorporate this knowledge into calculations of the
current, therefore, consider the fact that if we look at the classical
phase space for the Hamiltonian or underdamped $(b=0)$ motion, we see
the typical structure of stable islands embedded in a chaotic
sea which have quite complicated behavior\cite{roland}. In such a
situation, the dynamics always depends on the location of the initial
conditions. However, we are not in the Hamiltonian situation when the
damping is turned on -- in this case, the phase-space consists in
general of attractors. That is, if transient behavior is discarded,
the current is less likely to depend significantly on the location of
the initial conditions or on the spread of the initial conditions.

In particular, in the chaotic regime of a non-Hamiltonian system, the
initial ensemble needs to be chosen larger than a certain threshold to
ensure convergence. However, in the regular regime, it is not important
to take a large ensemble and a single trajectory can suffice, as long
as we take care to discard the transients. That is to say, in the
computation of currents, the definition of the current needs to
be modified to:
\begin{equation}
J = \frac{1}{M -n_c} \sum_{j=n_c}^M v_j
\end{equation}
where $n_c$ is some empirically obtained cut-off such that we get a
converged current (for instance, in our calculations, we obtained
converged results with $n_c=1000,M=20000$). When this modified form
is used, the convergence (ensemble-independence) is more rapid as a
function of $N, M$ and the width of the intial conditions.

Armed with this background, we are now finally in a position to compare
bifurcation diagrams with the current, as we do in the next section.

\section{The relationship between bifurcation diagrams and ensemble currents}

Our results are presented in the set of figures Fig.~(\ref{figure5}) --
Fig.~(\ref{rev-nobifur}), in each of which we plot both the ensemble
current and the bifurcation diagram as a function of the parameter $a$.
The main point of these numerical results can be distilled into a series
of heuristic statements which we state below; these are labelled with
Roman numerals.

\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]
{ksp_figure4.eps}}
\caption{\label{figure5}
For $\omega=0.67$ and $b=0.1$, we plot
current (upper) with $N=1000$ and bifurcation diagram (lower)
versus $a$.  Note that there is a {\bf single} current reversal
while there are many bifurcations visible in the same parameter range.}
\end{figure}
Consider Fig.~(\ref{figure5}), which shows the parameter range $a
=\{0.07,0.094\}$ chosen relatively arbitrarily. In this figure, we see
several period-doubling bifurcations leading to order-chaos transitions,
such as for example in the approximate ranges $a=\{0.075,0.076\},
\{0.08,0.082\},\{0.086,0.09\}$. However, there is only one instance of
current-reversal, at $a\approx 0.08$. Note, however, that the current
is not without structure -- it changes fairly dramatically as a function
of parameter.

This point is made even more clearly in Fig.~(\ref{figure6}) where the
current remains consistently below $0$, and hence there are in fact, no
current reversals at all. Note again, however, that the current has
considerable structure, even while remaining negative.
\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]
{ksp_figure5.eps}}
\caption{\label{figure6} For $\omega=0.603$ and $b=0.1$, plotted
are current (upper) and bifurcation diagram (lower) versus $a$ with
$N=1000$. Notice the current stays consistently below $0$.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]
{ksp_figure6.eps}}
\caption{\label{Current-bifur1} Current and bifurcations
versus $a$. In (a) and (b) we show ensemble dependence,
specifically in (a) the black curve is for an ensemble of trajectories
starting centered at the stable fixed point $(0,0)$ with a
root-mean-square Gaussian width of $0.25$, and the brown curve for
trajectories starting from the unstable fixed point $(-0.375,0)$ and of
width $0.25$. In (b), all ensembles are centered at the stable fixed
point, the black line for an ensemble of width $0.25$, brown a width of
$0.5$ and maroon with width $1.0$.
(c) is the comparison of the current $J$ without transients (black)
and with transients (brown) along with the single-trajectory results
in blue (after Barbi and Salerno). The initial conditions for the ensembles
are centered at $(0,0)$ with a mean root square gaussian of width
$0.25$.  (d) is the corresponding bifurcation diagram.}
\end{figure}
It is possible to find several examples of this at different parameters,
leading to the negative conclusion, therefore, that {\bf (i) not all
bifurcations lead to current reversal}.
However, we are searching for positive correlations, and at this point
we have not precluded the more restricted statement that all current
reversals are associated with bifurcations, which is in fact Mateos'
conjecture.

We therefore now move onto comparing our results against the specific
details of Barbi and Salerno's treatment of this conjecture.
In particular, we look at their Figs.~(2,3a,3b), where they scan the
parameter region $b=0.1,\omega=0,67,a=\in (0.0,0.24)$. The distinction
between their results and ours is that we are using {\em ensembles} of
particles, and are investigating the convergence of these results as a
function of number of particles $N$, the width of the ensemble in
phase-space, as well as transience parameters $n_c,M$.

Our data with larger $N$ yields different results in general, as we
show in the recomputed versions of these figures, presented here in
Figs.~(\ref{Current-bifur1},\ref{Current-bifur2}). Specifically,
(a) the single-trajectory results are, not surprisingly, cleaner
and can be more easily interpreted as part of transitions in the
behavior of the stability properties of the periodic orbits.
The ensemble results on the other hand, even when converged, show
statistical roughness. (b) The ensemble results are consistent with
Barbi and Salerno in general, although disagreeing in several details.
For instance, (c) the bifurcation at $(a\approx 0.07)$ has a much
gentler impact on the ensemble current, which has been growing for
a while, while the single-trajectory result changes abruptly.
Note, (d) the very interesting fact that the single-trajectory current
completely misses the bifurcation-associated spike at $(a\approx 0.11)$.
Further, (e) the Barbi and Salerno discussion of the behavior of the
current in the range $a \in (0.14,0.18)$ is seen to be flawed -- our
results are consistent with theirs, however, the current changes are
seen to be consistent with bifurcations despite their statements to the
contrary. On the other hand (f), the ensemble current shows a case
[in Fig.~(\ref{Current-bifur2}), at $a>0.2$] of current reversal that
does not seem to be associated with bifurcations.
In this spike, the current abruptly drops below $0$ and then rises
above it again. The single trajectory current completely ignores this
particular effect, as can be seen. The bifurcation diagram indicates
that in this case the important transitions happen either before or
after the spike.

All of this adds up to two statements: The first is a reiteration of the
fact that there is significant information in the ensemble current that
cannot be obtained from the single-trajectory current. The second is
that the heuristic that arises from this is again a negative conclusion,
that {\bf (ii) not all current reversals are associated with bifurcations.}
Where does this leave us in the search for `positive' results, that is,
useful heuristics? One possible way of retaining the Mateos conjecture
is to weaken it, i.e. make it into the statement that {\bf (iii) {\em most}
current reversals are associated with bifurcations.}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
{\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]
{ksp_figure7.eps}}
\caption{\label{Current-bifur2}
Same as Fig.~(\ref{Current-bifur1}) except for the range of $a$ considered.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]
{ksp_figure8.eps}}
\caption{\label{hidden-bifur}
For $\omega=0.6164$ and $b=0.1$, plotted are current (upper) and
bifurcation diagram (lower) versus $a$ with $N=1000$. Note in
particular in this figure that eyeball tests can be misleading.
We see reversals without bifurcations in (a) whereas the zoomed
version (c) shows that there are windows of periodic and chaotic
regimes. This is further evidence that jumps in the current
correspond in general to bifurcation.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[htb]
{\includegraphics[width=8cm,clip]
{ksp_figure9.eps}}
\caption{\label{rev-nobifur} For $\omega=0.67$ and $b=0.11$,
current (upper) and bifurcation diagram (lower) versus $a$.}
\end{figure}

However, a {\bf different} rule of thumb, previously not proposed, emerges
from our studies. This generalizes Mateos' conjecture to say that
{\bf (iv) bifurcations correspond to sudden current changes (spikes or
jumps)}. Note that this means these changes in current are not necessarily
reversals of direction.
If this current jump or spike goes through zero, this coincides with a
current reversal, making the Mateos conjecture a special case.
The physical basis of this argument is the fact that ensembles of
particles in chaotic systems {\em can} have net directed transport
but the details of this behavior depends relatively sensitively on
the system parameters. This parameter dependence is greatly exaggerated
at the bifurcation point, when the dynamics of the underlying
single-particle system undergoes a transition -- a period-doubling
transition, for example, or one from chaos to regular behavior.
Scanning the relevant figures, we see that this is a very useful rule
of thumb. For example, it completely captures the behaviour of
Fig.~(\ref{figure6}) which cannot be understood as either an example
of the Mateos conjecture, or even a failure thereof. As such, this
rule significantly enhances our ability to characterize changes
in the behavior of the current as a function of parameter.

A further example of where this modified conjecture helps us is in
looking at a seeming negation of the Mateos conjecture, that is, an
example where we seem to see current-reversal without bifurcation,
visible in Fig.~(\ref{hidden-bifur}).
The current-reversals in that scan of parameter space seem
to happen inside the chaotic regime and seemingly independent of
bifurcation.  However, this turns out to be a `hidden' bifurcation
-- when we zoom in on the chaotic regime, we see hidden periodic
windows. This is therefore consistent with our statement that
sudden current changes are associated with bifurcations. Each of the
transitions from periodic behavior to chaos and back provides
opportunities for the current to spike.

However, in not all such cases can these hidden bifurcations be
found.  We can see an example of this in Fig.~(\ref{rev-nobifur}).
The current is seen to move smoothly across $J = 0$ with seemingly
no corresponding bifurcations, even when we do a careful zoom on
the data, as in Fig.~(\ref{hidden-bifur}). However, arguably,
although subjective, this change is 'close' to the bifurcation
point. This result, that there are situations where the heuristics
simply do not seem to apply, are part of the open questions
associated with this problem, of course. We note, however, that we
have seen that these broad arguments hold when we vary other
parameters as well (figures not shown here).

In conclusion, in this paper we have taken the approach that it is
useful to find general rules of thumb (even if not universally valid) to
understand the complicated behavior of non-equilibrium nonlinear
statistical mechanical systems. In the case of chaotic deterministic
ratchets, we have shown that it is important to factor out
issues of size, location, spread, and transience in computing the
`current' due to an ensemble before we search for such rules, and that
the dependence on ensemble characteristics is most critical near certain
bifurcation points. We have then argued that the following heuristic
characteristics hold: Bifurcations in single-trajectory behavior often
corresponds to sudden spikes or jumps in the current for an ensemble in
the same system. Current reversals are a special case of this. However,
not all spikes or jumps correspond to a bifurcation, nor vice versa. The
open question is clearly to figure out if the reason for when these
rules are violated or are valid can be made more concrete.

\section{Acknowledgements}
A.K. gratefully acknowledges T. Barsch and Kamal P. Singh for stimulating
discussions, the Reimar L\"ust grant and financial support from
the Alexander von Humboldt foundation in Bonn. A.K.P. is grateful to
Carleton College for the `SIT, Wallin, and Class of 1949' sabbatical
Fellowships, and to the MPIPKS for hosting him for a sabbatical visit,
which led to this collaboration. Useful discussions with J.-M. Rost on
preliminary results are also acknowledged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


More than 100 employees at O2 call centres are facing redundancy or redeployment after Capita decided to relocate some back office roles to India.
As part of an "operational review announcement", Capita set out plans to outsource back office roles at its O2 call centres in Leeds, Bury, Preston Brook and Glasgow.
Capita says the review is about efficiencies and will help the firm respond to service level requirements set out in the 10 – year contract it signed with O2 parent company Telefonica in July last year.
The review was announced to staff on November 18, with Capita setting a deadline of December 2 for workers to decide if they wanted to be redeployed for unspecified roles, or take discretionary voluntary redundancy.
A Capita spokesperson said: "Improvements in service and changes in customer behaviour have shown a shift in the way customers want to engage with our business.
"In order to continue to enhance operational efficiency, we have made changes to the services delivered across our estate and the way we work on a day-to-day basis.
A spokesperson from the CWU said it had "deep concern" over the decision to outsource the roles could force workers to take redundancies.
In 2013, the CWU threatened to strike after news broke that Capita was planning to shut its O2 customer service sites in Bury, Greater Manchester and Glasgow by the end of 2015.
Capita eventually reached an agreement with both O2 and the CWU to remain in the UK securing all jobs until the end of 2015.


text:
OBG talks to Dominique Oyinamono, Director-General, National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC)
GabonTransport
Interview: Dominique Oyinamono
What steps can be taken, since Gabon Airlines has been banned from flying?
DOMINIQUE OYINAMONO: For Gabon Airlines to resume operations, it will have to go back to square one to begin the administrative and technical procedures necessary to obtain authorisation to fly. Any airline subject to a suspension for more than six months or withdrawal of its air transport certificate must begin all procedures anew, as if it were a new company, before resuming activity.
How do you assess the impact of the EU blacklist on the aviation sector overall?
OYINAMONO: The impact is significant and goes beyond the air transport sector, affecting the Gabonese economy as a whole. First, 80% of Gabon's territory is covered by forest and waterways. As a result, land routes are not well developed. Therefore, air transport has always been the best way to open up the hinterland, facilitating the movement of people and goods, and fostering socio-economic activity. Being blacklisted has had a tremendous impact on Gabon at all levels: our companies are prohibited from landing in Europe, so they do not have access to this market, and foreign airlines cannot make agreements with Gabonese firms. Furthermore, Westerners living in Gabon have been advised not to travel with local aviation firms. On the political level being blacklisted leaves a bad image of the country with international partners.
To what extent can Gabon's aviation regulatory framework be improved to match global standards?
OYINAMONO: In an effort to meet global aviation standards, Gabon has followed and strives to comply with the standards set by the International Convention Of Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, which was signed on December 7, 1944.
To get on back track, we are currently writing a new comprehensive set of regulations, some of which have already been partly adopted and published. A new civil aviation code is now in parliament, as the current one dates to 1965. Most new procedures are now in line with international regulations, and we have covered the most sensitive areas behind the blacklisting.
What steps were taken to address the blacklisting?
OYINAMONO: The EU blacklisted Gabon on the basis of the disastrous International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) audit results of May 2007. The EU requires that Gabon achieve a positive audit result, among other things, before the country can be removed from the blacklist. If the ICAO's audit results are positive, there is no reason for Gabon to remain on the list.
The first response from the government was to close the Secrétariat Général à l'Aviation Civile et Commerciale and then to create ANAC, which is operationally independent, as per a recommendation of the ICAO. The second improvement is that, today, civil aviation has a head office, is connected on a global level and has the means to communicate. We managed to restore the authority over civil aviation operators, and some steps taken recently were not possible a few years ago. For instance, some firms have had their air transport certificates revoked. Additionally, the ICAO criticised the 2008 law that created the ANAC, for not giving it enough autonomy, and this was rectified with a new law that took effect on February 24, 2012.
What is the timeframe for the new Libreville airport and modernising Port-Gentil's airport?
OYINAMONO: The timetable for Libreville's new airport at Andème depends upon the results of exploratory studies that are being undertaken by a variety of partners. Therefore, for the time being, we cannot say what the actual timeframe for the development is. The Port-Gentil airport modernisation project has been high on the agenda for some time, as there is a need to expand the facilities' capacity and because the city is Gabon's economic capital. Extending the runway is a priority and will enable the airport to receive bigger aircraft like Airbus 320 and Boeing 767, which will help stimulate trade.
The Report: Gabon 2012
Transport chapter from The Report: Gabon 2012
Accelerating growth: Road projects aim to unlock the country's economic potential Next article from this chapter and report
OBG talks to Grégory Quérel, Chairman of the Management Board, Necotrans
Getting moving: Investment in infrastructure will support economic diversification
Accelerating growth: Road projects aim to unlock the country's economic potential
Making room for growth: Infrastructure upgrades are meant to accommodate higher maritime trade flows
Investment in aviation taking off: Boosting competition with new actors and infrastructure projects
Opening up new avenues: Global partners are driving much of the transport network's expansion
Gabon 2012
This article is from the Transport chapter of The Report: Gabon 2012. Explore other chapters from this report.
Choose a chapter from The Report: Gabon 2012
Industry & Mining
Register for free Economic News Updates on Gabon
Featured Sectors in Gabon:
Gabon Energy
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Featured Countries in Transport:
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text:
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT License.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Microsoft.Identity.Client
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Component to be used with confidential client applications like web apps/API.
    /// </summary>
#if !SUPPORTS_CONFIDENTIAL_CLIENT
        [System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsable(System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableState.Never)]  // hide confidential client on mobile
#endif
    public partial interface IConfidentialClientApplication : IClientApplicationBase
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Application token cache. This case holds access tokens for the application. It's maintained
        /// and updated silently if needed when calling <see cref="AcquireTokenForClient(IEnumerable{string})"/>
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>On .NET Framework and .NET Core you can also customize the token cache serialization.
        /// See https://aka.ms/msal-net-token-cache-serialization. This is taken care of by MSAL.NET on other platforms.
        /// </remarks>
        ITokenCache AppTokenCache { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// [V3 API] Acquires a security token from the authority configured in the app using the authorization code
        /// previously received from the STS.
        /// It uses the OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow (See https://aka.ms/msal-net-authorization-code).
        /// It's usually used in web apps (for instance ASP.NET / ASP.NET Core web apps) which sign-in users,
        /// and can request an authorization code.
        /// This method does not lookup the token cache, but stores the result in it, so it can be looked up
        /// using other methods such as <see cref="IClientApplicationBase.AcquireTokenSilent(IEnumerable{string}, IAccount)"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="scopes">Scopes requested to access a protected API</param>
        /// <param name="authorizationCode">The authorization code received from the service authorization endpoint.</param>
        /// <returns>A builder enabling you to add optional parameters before executing the token request</returns>
        /// <remarks>You can set optional parameters by chaining the builder with, for example
        /// <see cref="AbstractAcquireTokenParameterBuilder{T}.WithExtraQueryParameters(Dictionary{string, string})"/>,
        /// </remarks>
        AcquireTokenByAuthorizationCodeParameterBuilder AcquireTokenByAuthorizationCode(
            IEnumerable<string> scopes,
            string authorizationCode);

        /// <summary>
        /// [V3 API] Acquires a token from the authority configured in the app, for the confidential client itself (in the name of no user)
        /// using the client credentials flow. See https://aka.ms/msal-net-client-credentials.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="scopes">scopes requested to access a protected API. For this flow (client credentials), the scopes
        /// should be of the form "{ResourceIdUri/.default}" for instance <c>https://management.azure.net/.default</c> or, for Microsoft
        /// Graph, <c>https://graph.microsoft.com/.default</c> as the requested scopes are really defined statically at application registration
        /// in the portal, and cannot be overridden in the application.</param>
        /// <returns>A builder enabling you to add optional parameters before executing the token request</returns>
        /// <remarks>You can also chain the following optional parameters:
        /// <see cref="AcquireTokenForClientParameterBuilder.WithForceRefresh(bool)"/>
        /// <see cref="AbstractAcquireTokenParameterBuilder{T}.WithExtraQueryParameters(Dictionary{string, string})"/>
        /// </remarks>
        AcquireTokenForClientParameterBuilder AcquireTokenForClient(IEnumerable<string> scopes);

        /// <summary>
        /// [V3 API] Acquires an access token for this application (usually a web API) from the authority configured in the application,
        /// in order to access another downstream protected web API on behalf of a user using the OAuth 2.0 On-Behalf-Of flow.
        /// See https://aka.ms/msal-net-on-behalf-of.
        /// This confidential client application was itself called with a token which will be provided in the
        /// <paramref name="userAssertion">userAssertion</paramref> parameter.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="scopes">Scopes requested to access a protected API</param>
        /// <param name="userAssertion">Instance of <see cref="UserAssertion"/> containing credential information about
        /// the user on behalf of whom to get a token.</param>
        /// <returns>A builder enabling you to add optional parameters before executing the token request</returns>
        /// <remarks>You can also chain the following optional parameters:
        /// <see cref="AbstractAcquireTokenParameterBuilder{T}.WithExtraQueryParameters(Dictionary{string, string})"/>
        /// </remarks>
        AcquireTokenOnBehalfOfParameterBuilder AcquireTokenOnBehalfOf(IEnumerable<string> scopes, UserAssertion userAssertion);

        /// <summary>
        /// [V3 API] Computes the URL of the authorization request letting the user sign-in and consent to the application accessing specific scopes in
        /// the user's name. The URL targets the /authorize endpoint of the authority configured in the application.
        /// This override enables you to specify a login hint and extra query parameter.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="scopes">Scopes requested to access a protected API</param>
        /// <returns>A builder enabling you to add optional parameters before executing the token request to get the
        /// URL of the STS authorization endpoint parameterized with the parameters</returns>
        /// <remarks>You can also chain the following optional parameters:
        /// <see cref="GetAuthorizationRequestUrlParameterBuilder.WithRedirectUri(string)"/>
        /// <see cref="GetAuthorizationRequestUrlParameterBuilder.WithLoginHint(string)"/>
        /// <see cref="AbstractAcquireTokenParameterBuilder{T}.WithExtraQueryParameters(Dictionary{string, string})"/>
        /// <see cref="GetAuthorizationRequestUrlParameterBuilder.WithExtraScopesToConsent(IEnumerable{string})"/>
        /// </remarks>
        GetAuthorizationRequestUrlParameterBuilder GetAuthorizationRequestUrl(IEnumerable<string> scopes);

        /// <summary>
        /// In confidential client apps use <see cref="IClientApplicationBase.AcquireTokenSilent(IEnumerable{string}, IAccount)"/> instead.
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("In confidential client apps use AcquireTokenSilent(scopes, account) instead.")]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        new AcquireTokenSilentParameterBuilder AcquireTokenSilent(IEnumerable<string> scopes, string loginHint);

        /// <summary>
        /// Use <see cref="IClientApplicationBase.GetAccountAsync(string)"/> in web apps and web APIs, and use a token cache serializer for better security and performance. See https://aka.ms/msal-net-cca-token-cache-serialization.
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("Use GetAccountAsync(identifier) in web apps and web APIs, and use a token cache serializer for better security and performance. See https://aka.ms/msal-net-cca-token-cache-serialization.")]
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        new Task<IEnumerable<IAccount>> GetAccountsAsync();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home » News » Vehicle Inspection Systems Updates VIS-Polish Software to New HR4.0 Version
Vehicle Inspection Systems Updates VIS-Polish Software to New HR4.0 Version
(Orlando, Fla.)– Vehicle Inspection Systems has launched the first major software update for the VIS-Polish machine titled "HR4.0" in nearly five years. Version HR4.0 is an upgrade from the standard Version 3.2 installed on all polish machines, released 5 years ago. Product Design Manager, Stephen Withington, charged with leading the software update says, "The latest update on the VIS-Polish software was necessary to account for hardware component changes and updates, the functionality and performance of the new HR4.0 software will not differ from the previous version."
While there have been no changes made to the design and usability of the software, the HR4.0 version features new parameter changes that have been added to reduce the time it takes to run the sand, cut, and color cycles on the VIS-Polish machine making the process more efficient. Vehicle Inspection Systems' Vice President, Mark Keegans says "The installation of the HR4.0 software and new parameter updates shows VIS' commitment to providing the best wheel polishing system possible in the industry and continuing to improve the efficiency of the process."
According to Withington and Keegans, current VIS-Polish machines using existing hardware components will not be affected. "If you are currently running the Version 3.2 software with your VIS-Polish equipment, you will not need to upgrade to the new software. An upgrade may only become necessary when replacement control system hardware is required. For more details, please contact your service manager," says Withington.
The HR4.0 software will be installed and available in all 2016 VIS-Polish machines and newer. For more information on the new software, contact your VIS Regional Support Manager.


Dr. Jumana Odeh is a passionate pediatrician and public health expert. She is the founder and the Director General of the Palestinian Happy Child Centre for children with disabilities. Currently, Dr. Odeh is Faculty Director, FXB Disability Rights Program, Harvard University – USA, and a senior advisor at Shafallah Center for Children with Disability in Doha – Qatar.
She is a founding member of the Union of Palestinian Medical Relief Committees, of the Palestinian Emergency Medical Service Council, of Juzoor Foundation for Health & Social Development and of the International Federation for Health and Human Rights Organization IFHHRO – The Netherlands.
Dr. Odeh has over 35 years of extensive experience in child's health and public health. She served as a senior health consultant with various national & international organizations and universities, a senior child's health advisor at the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health in UK, UNICEF, Palestinian Ministry of Health, a president of Physicians for Human Rights/Palestine, and a board member of Atta Services/Aid to the Aged.
She is an author and co-author of numerous "evidence based" studies of the psychological impact of military occupation on children and youth, and a frequent articles' writer for the International Herald Tribune.


text:
January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 April 2022 January 2022 December 2021
Dylan Riley Dec 1, 2022
Imagine, for a moment, that you're responsible for the carbon emissions of an entire company. Now, imagine you could reduce those emissions by implementing some simple changes. That's the power of carbon management. Carbon management is the…


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Notes: While United had to find a temporary backup goalkeeper to the backup-turned-starter, Colorado has a solid presence in U.S. national team goalkeeper Tim Howard. After several years with Manchester United and Everton in the English Premier League, Howard came back to MLS last season. He made seven saves in last week's 1-0 loss to the New York Red Bulls after an own goal and made the MLS Team of the Week. … After playing its home opener in 19 degrees, United will take the pitch in Colorado to a forecast 80 degrees.
Injuries: Goalkeepers John Alvbage (knee laceration) and Patrick McLain (concussion), defender Joe Greenspan (concussion) and midfielder Bernardo Anor (leg) are out for United.