This week's interview comes from further afield than usual. Fionnuala Zinnecker is a mother of three, with a German husband, an M.A. from TCD, and a huge love of cookery. Originally from Ardcath in Co. Meath, she has been living in Germany since 2003. While on maternity leave I 2008, she started her first blog My Kitchen Notebook, and recently branched out with Three Sons Later, where she writes about family life, crafts and upcycling. You can find Fionnuala on Twitter @threesonslater.
Thank you for joining the series Fionnuala – could you tell me how many children you have and their ages, and a little bit about where you live?
I have three children, all boys. They are aged six , four and six months. We live just outside the German town of Karlsruhe. Our house is just a few metres from the Rhine. We are 10 km from our nearest French village and 40 minutes drive north of the Black Forest. It is a great location.
And now could you tell me a little about your job – what do you do and for how long have you been working at it?
I work as a project manager for an international telecommunications and engineering company. The job allows me to travel all over Europe to meet customers and colleagues, to use my language skills and to implement network deployment projects. I've been with the company for nine years now.
At present I am on parental leave but previously I worked a 30 hour week over four days, generally from 8am till shortly before 4pm. While we have flexi-time at the company, I am restricted largely by having to collect my children in the afternoon. On Fridays I am off, and I try to stick to that, switch off and do household and family stuff.
I count myself lucky to be able to work from home occasionally. It takes some of the pressure off. If a presentation needs finishing or there are conference calls with the US, I can log on for a while in the evenings. I prefer to be able to get out of the office on time to pick my children up myself rather than have an afternoon minder.
And you travel sometimes for work?
Yes, I do. To some extent I can arrange the frequency myself. The trips are never long. I don't like to be away from my family for more than a couple of nights if I can help it. Depending on the project I am working on, the travel may be within Germany meaning max one night away. More often though I have to travel to Spain, Hungary or the UK. On occasion I have to travel to Ireland and I enjoy the chance to pop to the supermarket for brown sauce, chocolate Buttons and Odlums wholewheat flour and maybe meet someone for a quick cuppa at the airport.
When my two older sons were under two years old, we used a childminder for them. She was 16 km in the opposite direction to my work and my husband's but she was amazing and very flexible. Once the boys hit two, they each in turn got a full-day place in our local kindergarten, just round the corner. The opening times are short compared to what you are used to in Ireland, 7:30 am to 4:30 pm, hence my 8 am to 4 pm work schedule.
Since last September my eldest son is at school. They begin school later here, at 6 years old. He is in what they call here full-day school, meaning 8 am to 4 pm. Regular school starts at 8 am too but ends at 12 pm and most children go home then. Approximately one third stay on for school dinner, supervised homework and activities like art, theatre, and so on.
How do you think childcare options in Germany compare to Ireland?
Childcare here in Rheinland-Pfalz, the state we live in, is excellent. But it is not as good throughout Germany. Anyone reading this will hate me when they hear that childminder costs are highly subsidised and kindergarten is free. We only have to pay for the dinners. The level of care is very good too. Becoming a kindergarten teacher involves completing a three-year course including internships. The course is followed by a year working in a kindergarten as recognition of the qualification. So all in all it takes four years.
I feel that our tax contributions, though high, are put to good use.
We heard a lot about extended parental leave in Germany, and very good state payments while on leave – is it as good as it sounds?
I have to say yes, it really is. Maternity leave is only 14 weeks and at that the first 6 weeks are to be taken prior to giving birth. Eight weeks after the date of birth of the baby maternity leave ends and parental leave begins.
The parents are entitled to part-paid leave up till the baby is 14 months old and it is to be shared between them. Should only one parent avail of the leave, it ends at the baby's first birthday. The leave can be taken simultaneously, e.g. 7 months with both parents on leave together or one parent taking the majority and the other having a few months off at the same time. It can also be taken consecutively.
The state pays you between 65% and 67% of your average basic net salary based on earnings for the 12 months prior to starting maternity leave. There is a huge amount of paperwork involved in submitting your application and getting it approved – tax returns, wage slips, doctors' certs, employers' letters – but it is worth the hassle to be able to spend that first year at home with a steady income.
In terms of unpaid parental leave, you can stay at home till your child is three years old. If you go back before your child is two, you can ask your employer to put a year of unpaid leave on hold for you to take before the child turns eight.
While the running around dropping off and picking up is time-consuming, what I find most difficult to balance is giving enough attention to work and to the kids. I like to do my job well, be that my paying job or motherhood. Spreading my time between three children is tricky. Each needs a certain amount of attention and with one in school, one at kindergarten and one (soon) with a childminder, it will be tough trying to find the balance again.
I don't know anyone who doesn't feel the guilt. Here in Germany I find that most mothers working work part-time and often mornings, due I suppose to school finishing at 12pm. There is a German term "Rabenmutter" which means a mother who does not look after her children properly. Unfortunately it is often applied to working mothers, which doesn't help relieve the guilt. Returning to work nine months after I having my first child I was asked "Why did you have a child if you are not going to look after him?" and "Isn't that a terribly long day for him?" when I mentioned that my son was with the childminder from 7:30 am to 4:30 pm. The German male is not generally known for his sensitivity.
Over the years I have got used to the mindset here. I know I do a good job in the office and I am pretty sure I am good at motherhood. My husband is behind me completely. He is the exception to the comment above concerning the German male!
I don't think there is one perfect solution. I suppose a lot depends on factors like how much you need the money, how much you enjoy your job, who is minding your kids when you are not there, and so on. For me , the option of working from home works well and I do need that one day a week off to concentrate on the household, the groceries, bills,..
That's a tricky one. The planning and creative aspects of my job are what I enjoy most. Outside of work, creativity is very important to me too and I am trying to pass that on to my children. Ideally a job where I could work a lot from home would be great – writing, research, that kind of thing.
As for childcare, school is a must so there is not guilt linked to that. Kindergarten is great for the kids from the age of three socially, so there would be no guilt linked to that either. It is the one to three age bracket that I am in two minds about.
I think I would. But I would get more involved in community-based work. I need an outside interest. As it is I am involved in a few local activities but if it wasn't for work, I would do more. Much as I hate to think of my children growing up and moving on, I wouldn't like to wake up one day and have no strings to my bow and not know what to do with myself.
My view is that mothers mostly put their children before their careers and, as you say, they go with whatever they can get in terms of part-time work and flexible hours. There is a lot to weigh up when approached with an offer of a promotion or a new job. We ask ourselves how it will affect the whole family, not just whether or not we aspire to that role, how much the extra income would benefit us or what career moves would follow from moving up the ladder.
I like to see women succeed in their jobs, but I don't think we are shooting ourselves in the foot if we opt to stay on a rung of the ladder that suits our family best. There is a time for everything and when children are young, they need family time.
I recommend making it clear from day one back on the job which days / times you work and which days /times you don't work. In my experience people will accept that you are not available all the time and if you do agree to an exception now and again, they will be pleased with your commitment.
Make sure you have a back up plan for when the kids are sick, school is suddenly off because the heating has broken down (these things happen), you are stuck in traffic and won't make it to crèche on time or whatever other mishap may occur. It is reassuring to know that a relative or neighbour is at hand to step in when neither you or your husband / partner can.
Tell you kids a bit about your job. Remind them that you are not leaving them for the sake of it but so that you can go on family holidays, buy birthday presents, nice clothes, etc. Help them to understand what is going on. If they don't adjust well to you working, make sure to make the most of the time you have at home. Leave the cooking and cleaning, eat beans on toast and play games till bedtime instead.
If I have learned anything over the last six years, it is that being a working mother can be a huge strain or a great compromise. To make the most of the situation, you need to re-assess your priorities every now and again. What worked when you had one child might not be viable with two or three. Before taking decisions, look at what you'll lose or gain as a family. And if it all gets to be too much, sit back, close your eyes, take a few deep breaths and think "Take it one thing at a time".
Fionnuala, I really loved this interview – it's so interesting to hear about life as a working mother in Germany, especially from the perspective of an Irish woman, who also has an idea of what it's like here.
I am definitely envious of your subsidised childcare – free kindergarten sounds incredible. As does the option to stay at home for three years. And the paid parental leave. It's all good, The system seems very much geared towards letting parents stay home while kids are small, encouraging dads to take parental leave, and then making it easy to go back to work, in terms of subsidised childcare – we could learn a lot from the Germans!
I do find the Rabensmutter topic very interesting – I read about it some years ago, and it caught my attention because we had a German office and I worked closely with a lot of German colleagues. I had noticed that most either didn't have children (and openly discussed that they had decided against having kids) or had children and tended to give up work, or work part-time. I only knew one person who had a child and worked full-time, across the whole office. I wonder if here in Ireland we had better parental leave, would the trade-off be an expectation that mothers avail of it no matter what?
And finally, I absolutely loved what you said about the glass ceiling and that we're not shooting ourselves in the foot if we decide to stay on a particular rung of the ladder. I see it the same way. Whether we want to lean in, or lean out, or stay put, or step off, it shouldn't matter – it's different for everyone, for a huge variety of factors. And when kids are small, I think mothers are very good, as you say, at weighing up everything, and looking at the bigger picture.
Fionnuala, thank you so much for this great interview, and I look forward to reading more about life in Germany www.threesonslater.blogspot.com.
I love these comparative interviews. It sounds like the state care is great, and the crèche hours are eye opening.
Hi Sinead, yes, we are relly lucky to live in the part of Germany we do. It is not the same everywhere, but on the whole it is a good system.
It's good to see how it is everywhere else. I always find when you talk to other people, no matter how good it is, there are downsides. I don't know that there's any perfect set up.
They also said that the three years off when kids are small can be very difficult to get past when job-hunting – one colleague told me she was told to hide it by a recruitment agency – that she shouldn't admit she was at home for three years.
Fantastic interview. I love Fionnuala's blog and am not surprised to read her level headed attitude to all things life, family and work related. The whole issue of State supports is very interesting and I think all working families here would generally be very envious of the set up.
Great interview Fionnuala and Andrea!
Oh thank you Helen. I'm really thrilled that you enjoy my blog, since I am a big fan of yours too.
Yes, we really do have it good here. The high deductions from wages are put to good use, at least from a family perspective anyway.
Thanks again for the opportunity to tell my story Andrea.
I thought that Germany was going to be working parent heaven until I read about the Rabenmutter. I suppose no country is perfect. I also thought that Fionnuala's glass ceiling comments were interesting: partly because it's as though women always have to prove themselves and then explain the choices that they make. I'm not sure that men feel the same pressure.
I know, I was the same until I chatted to my German colleagues about it. We ended up doing that thing of competing about who had it worse!!


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I Love Dino: Thank you, Little Kimba!
Surprise! Surprise! Look what arrived from Brazil! A Rag Doll for Ashley and a Smiley Stuffie for me!
Enclosed was a sweet note from Little Kimba and also an explanation about Emilia the rag doll.
Emilia is as big as Ashley.
"This is Emilia. She is a very famous rag doll from a collection of books for children. This collection is called "Sitio do Picapau Amarelo" and is written by Monteiro Lobato. Emilia is rag doll who moves and thinks like a smart, daring and irreverent human being. When you talk about a Brazilian rag doll, you're talking about Emilia."
Thank you so much Kimba and Family for your special gifts! We love them!!!
What a nice post! You made the little presents look more beautiful. ^^ Thank You!
Emilia is beautiful! It is nice to know her story!
ohh Dino! I used to whatch that show here in Portugal!
Augie and Ti rock their way to Taipei!!!


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Latino voters caught again on "wedge" issue
By Adrian Perez, Publisher
In 1994, California's Governor Pete Wilson used illegal immigration as a wedge issue to ensure his reelection and secure the election of Republicans across the state. His effort was successful, plus the voters passed a measure that would have denied public services to illegal immigrants, Proposition 187. Now, in 2010 gubernatorial race, the tables have turned and Democratic candidate Jerry Brown is using illegal immigration as a wedge issue to attain the support of Latino voters.
There is no question that Brown needed to pull a "rabbit out of the hat" to compete against Republican candidate and billionaire Meg Whitman. That rabbit was actually presented as a gift by media hound and sometimes attorney Gloria Allred, when she introduced to the world Nicky Diaz Santillan, an illegal immigrant who worked as Whitman's nanny for nine years.
Whitman immediately denied knowing that Nicky was illegal and says when she found out in 2009, she fired her for lying and because it was the legal thing to do. Now the big questions for California voters are: Is Whitman a hypocrite for hiring a person carrying false documents? Why didn't Nicky complain in 2009 when she was fired? How will this fix California's economic woes? Will this improve Latino retention in public schools? Why doesn't the state of California hire or contract more Latino employees and businesses? Oh wait those last three questions are too germane to the real issues affecting California.
Detractors during an election are a common ploy and seem to work for those seeking to represent the masses. But, if that's what campaigns are about, here are some suggested detractors for Whitman to use, especially after being accused by Brown of playing politics like a girl:
Brown uses sexist terms like "bread-winner" and promotes male dominated jobs like retrofit construction. He ignores the fastest growing small business owners in the state, women – especially Latinas.
Brown helped Latinos when he was Governor, not out of the goodness of his heart, but because he was pushed and lobbied by the powerful labor leader Cesar Chavez (view the videos on the UFW website.)
Brown wants to punish women with a capitol gains tax after their husbands die (men have a shorter life span.)
While Mayor of Oakland, Brown removed thousands of African Americans living along the Cypress freeway and replaced them with upper class, Silicon Valley employees.
Brown did nothing for Latinos as Mayor of Oakland and has done nothing for Latinos as the state's Attorney General (ask any Latino attorney in that agency.)
And the list can go on. But this election is not about the failed policies or mistakes the candidates have made in their past that are being exploited by campaign consultants and used as detractors. It is about getting California's economic engine back on track. The candidates need to see the real problems facing us…senior citizens and large Latino families losing their homes…more homeless people…a growing number of closed businesses in every shopping mall…farmers fallowing their land…Latino children's health issues on the rise…Latino children not being educated.
This column has spelled out before how Latinos comprise nearly 40 percent of the state's population. Immigration reform is an important topic, but not the sole topic. Jobs, economic development and education remain the top areas of concern for all voters and we are all waiting to learn how these two political candidates will tackle these problems. To date, neither has been specific enough, especially Jerry Brown, on how they will work with the Legislature in resolving our economic dilemma and helping Congress fix the undocumented worker issue.
And as for Nicky, "Que la hechen patras! Es lo que merece por andar de mentirosa (Send her back! That's what she gets for lying)," says Socorro Contreras a naturalized U.S. citizen who votes and earned only $20 per day to clean, cook and wash windows as the late Governor Pat Brown's (Jerry's dad) nanny.
Posted by POP-9 Communications at 11:57 AM
Labels: California Latino Voters
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Growth rates in new destination states such as Nebraska (77%), Nevada (82%), and North Carolina (111%) have emerged as battlegro...
Tom Flores: His last year to get in the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Flores is not the first Hispanic to play pro football, but he is the first Hispanic to play starting quarterback for an NFL team and w...
New York politics about to change in favor of Latinos
The Ethical Fall of Vito Lopez: Implications for the Future of Brooklyn Latino Politics By Angelo Falcón (August 25, 2012) ...
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It takes an integrated, multi-step strategy to keep flies under control. By using a combination of methods, you can target flies in the barn, on your property and on your horse. The earlier you implement fly control practices, the smaller of a fly population you will have to deal with later in the season.
Practice good horsekeeping—this is one of the most important things you can do to keep your barn fly-free. Flies breed in moist, organic material, so clean up their preferred breeding grounds to help minimize their numbers.
Remove manure and soiled bedding regularly from stalls and pens.
Keep the manure pile away from the barn, and then either compost or spread it. Covering the pile can also help.
Clean up spilled and leftover feed before it becomes a fly buffet.
Scrub buckets and troughs regularly.
Fix leaky faucets and waterers, and address drainage for low-lying and wet areas.
Mosquitoes breed in stagnant and standing water, so check your property for potential sources. Mosquito dunks can be used to treat standing water in order to keep mosquito larvae from developing into adults. There are different products for this purpose, with different active ingredients. If you plan to use these in water troughs or ponds that critters frequent, look for ones designed for use around humans, livestock, fish and vegetation.
Mow grass and keep shrubs around the barn trimmed so they don't become inviting areas for insects to breed in.
Consider letting parasitoid wasps (also known as fly parasites) do some of the dirty work for you in an environmentally friendly way. These tiny, non-stinging wasps from the Pteromalidae family are the good guys—beneficial insects that help keep fly populations down. The female wasps lay eggs in the pupae (immature stage) of several common types of manure-breeding flies. The wasp larvae feed on the developing fly that is encased in the pupae, killing the fly before it has a chance to hatch.
For best results start prior to or at the onset of fly season. When the ambient temperature is around 50 degrees Fahrenheit for the daily high, it's time to order your fly parasites. The sooner you get started, the better your fly control will be. It's never too late to get on a program, but additional fly parasites may be needed to make up for lost time.
Release sufficient numbers of fly parasites to account for your number of horses and other animals. Replenish as recommended during fly season, typically every three to four weeks. Make sure you release them directly in areas where flies are breeding; for example, urination and manure locations, along fence lines and corners, watering and feeding areas, composting piles, and other areas where there is moist, decomposing material.
If you have close neighboring properties with significant fly populations, the parasitoid wasps on your farm will take care of your flies, but you may need to use traps to take care of migrating flies in order to make your biological fly control program work its best.
Fly parasites primarily live in the ground near their host, developing fly pupae. If you use sprays, be sure not to use them at the same time you release your fly parasites. Once the adult parasites have had sufficient time to burrow into the soil and locate their host fly pupae, you can continue to use fly spray judiciously. Allow about 12 hours between the time your insects are released and the use of fly spray in the vicinity.
Automatic barn misting systems can provide freedom from flies, whether you have four stalls or 40. A motorized pump delivers a fine mist of insecticide at programmed intervals via a spray-nozzle system installed in the barn.
On a smaller scale, refillable battery-operated aerosol dispensers deliver continuous fly control for up to 30 days. You can also hang a solid repellent such as BugPellent, which emits vapors from natural essential oils for pesticide-free fly control.
Promote good airflow in the barn to discourage flies from landing. Well-placed fans can help.
Traps capture adult flies, luring them with attractants or bait and potentially killing off thousands of flies. There are different types of traps, and some may work better than others depending on the number and types of flies in your area. Proper placement is also key to success.
Use traps to draw flies away from horses and barn areas. Place them away from horses, and between the horses and the source of the flies. You can also place traps to catch flies migrating from one area to another. For example, to intercept flies going from your barn over to your neighbor's house, put traps along the border between the two properties.
Avoid placing insecticidal baits or traps where children, livestock or other animals might get into them.
Some traps rely on odors or pheromones to lure flies, while others provide a visual attractant. Be careful when mixing and handling attractant-type traps, as the scent can be strong and is not something you want to wear!
Hang sticky fly traps high enough that they are out of the way of horses and humans. It's also best to hang them away from areas frequented by birds.
Feed-through fly control products act as larvicides, passing through the horse's digestive system and preventing larvae in the manure from developing into adult flies. It's most effective if all horses on the property are on it.
Most feed-throughs kill flies before they pupate, so if you are using parasitoid wasps, there will be few pupae for wasps to find. The wasps don't feed on manure, so there's little chance for them to pick up the feed-through active ingredients.
Fly control supplements containing garlic and apple cider vinegar are also popular for a natural approach. When fed regularly, garlic gives the horse's sweat a slight aroma that seems to deter flies and biting insects. Apple cider vinegar is thought to alter the pH slightly, making the horse a less desirable target for flying insects. Diatomaceous earth is another ingredient often added to discourage flies from breeding in manure.
Fly sprays contain active ingredients that have killing (insecticide) and/or repellent properties. Repellents cause flies to avoid your horse either by scent or touch.
The mix of fly species varies by region and season. Check the label to see if a fly spray addresses the problem pests you are dealing with. Read the label claims to compare fly spray products.
The active ingredients in most fly sprays are derived from pyrethrum, a natural insecticide originating from the chrysanthemum flower family.
Two of the most common are pyrethrins and pyrethroids. Pyrethrins are a mixture of natural compounds extracted from pyrethrum flowers that is biodegradable and relatively low in toxicity. Pyrethroids—including permethrin, cypermethrin and others—are the synthetic versions, designed to be more active against insects and longer-lasting. Many products contain a blend of both types of ingredients.
Other chemicals listed on the label as active ingredients are synergists, which help enhance the effectiveness of the other active components. Some common ones include piperonyl butoxide, which boosts knockdown and kill action; and butoxypolypropylene glycol, which is another repellent.
If you prefer to go the natural route, many fly sprays incorporate essential oils to provide some repellency. Examples of natural ingredients include lavender, eucalyptus, lemongrass, citronella, tea tree, cedar, clove, geraniol (from geraniums), rosemary and thyme.
Sprays are typically water- or oil-based. Oil-based sprays have staying power and are less prone to washing off, but can attract dirt and be more irritating to skin. For light-skinned horses, oily products may increase the risk of sunburn. The newest generation of long-lasting sprays are water-based, designed with sweat- and water-resistant ingredients.
To get the most from your fly spray application, start with a clean horse. Always follow the product's label instructions.
Towelettes and roll-ons are handy for the ears and face. Some gel or cream formulations are labeled for use on susceptible areas where gnats like to gnaw on horses, such as under the jaw, in the ears and along the underbelly.
Concentrates that you mix yourself can be economical and earth-friendly, since you're not using as many plastic bottles. Follow directions to dilute properly, and don't mix different types.
Spot-on repellent treatments are concentrated and long-lasting. Apply to pastured horses for low-maintenance fly protection.
Mesh fly masks, fly sheets and leggings offer head-to-toe coverage to provide a physical barrier. Leg bands, collars and attachable bridle strips containing repellent also provide fly defense.
Under saddle, ear nets and lightweight fly masks designed for riding help keep your horse bug-free. FlyRider sheets and neck coverings from Horseware Ireland even offer full-body coverage.
Keep fly masks clean, and remove them daily to check underneath for irritation or eye problems. A good fit is important. The mask shouldn't touch the horse's eye area or create raw spots on his face. Check all flywear regularly to make sure it is staying in place and not causing rubs.
This article originally appeared in the July 2013 issue of Horse Illustrated. Click here to subscribe.
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Oh, so many flies this year!
Wish I could get rid of the huge horse flies.
I have discovered vinegar both Apple cider and white do wonders at discouraging flies and mosquitoes.


The resource is currently listed in dxzone.com in 2 categories. The main category is IOTA related that is about IOTA related resources. This link is listed in our web site directory since Sunday Dec 30 2007, and till today "GM3VLB Opertating Scottish Islands" has been followed for a total of 389 times. So far no one has rated yet, so be the first to rate this link !


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The Religious Covenant
What Religion Is Scientology
July 7, 2019 July 7, 2019 admin
Jason Lee revealed in a new interview that he's left the Church of Scientology. The My Name Is Earl alum, 46, began practicing the religion in the early '90s. Lee made the revelation while giving an.
"He's no doubt been putting Scientology thoughts in her head in the hopes that. "He believes Suri will want to explore the inner reaches of the religion once he frees her from her mother's apron.
Tom Cruise: Scientology is 'a beautiful religion' Actor makes rare public comment on controversial religion, saying it has helped him 'incredibly' for more than 30 years
Now she frequently talks about her time in the religion both in interviews and on television. Leah Remini's Scientology docuseries on A&E, premiering Tuesday, explores one controversial practice of.
11/13/2018 · Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath gives a voice to victims of the Church of Scientology despite public attempts to discredit them. Leah Remini, along with high level former Scientology executives and Church members, explores individual accounts from ex-Church members and their families through meetings and interviews with Leah. Each episode features stories from.
Celebs who have dabbled in Scientology – The world's most famous follower of one of the world's most controversial religions is turning 56. In celebration of Tom Cruise's birthday, take a look at some of the lesser-known adherents of the religion launched by American author L. Ron Hubbard in 1952.
The longing for religion is as old as civilization itself. We're all desperate for meaning and authenticity, for a frame. I grew up in a community that was a hotbed for that desire, Woodstock, N.Y.,
9/26/2012 · After Tom Cruise's divorce from Nicole Kidman, Scientology went all out to find its superstar a suitable mate. The exclusive, shocking story of how Katie Holmes was chosen and then dropped.
Nicole Kidman is reportedly heartbroken after her daughter Bella Cruise voiced her devotion to Scientology in an email sent to thousands. clothing line meant she wasn't so involved in the religion,
It said that the statements Remini and the other contributors to the show have made about Scientology are false and driven by a desire to profit or gain publicity from their time in the religion.
"The thing about me is, I don't care what religion you are. If someone is attacking your. to know I have hundreds of friends and people that I know that have come into Scientology and left.
5/10/2015 · More Scientology articles According to the official website of the Church of Scientology the word 'Scientology' literally means "the study of truth." It claims that "Scientology is the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself, others and all of life. The religion comprises a body of knowledge extending from certain fundamental truths."
4/21/2018 · I have extensively studied Scientology (more than most practicing Scientologists), most recently at McGill University. I by no means consider myself an expert on Scientology, but some people do. I am somewhat more objective than most in my approac.
Read about what is Scientology, the beliefs of Scientologists, and how the religion's spiritual purpose is to enable man to improve his life through a greater understanding of himself and attaining a higher state of spiritual awareness, healing and enlightenment.
The corollary to all these denials – and it's an extremely important corollary – is that Scientology is a genuine religion with a spiritual message meant for the betterment of all humanity and not,
A week later, on January 11, A&E Networks Group president Paul Buccieri received a letter from the Church of Scientology spokesperson Karin Pouw that alleged the teenaged assailant voiced "religious.
After finishing the Church's introductory communication courses, she joined the Church of Scientology staff in Los Angeles. Around that time she met who she describes as her "past-life husband,".
The actress has distanced herself from the writings of the late Scientology founder, who classed homosexuality as a perversion and illness that could be cured. Speaking to the Daily Beast on Monday,
THE SCIENTOLOGY HANDBOOK. The Scientology religion contains workable answers to the problems people face in their lives. The subject matter of Scientology is all life. It contains practical means through which predictable improvement can be obtained in any area to which it is applied.
Then there are the practices of its elite Sea Org, the individuals who have committed their lives to their "religion", and the idea of "Dianetics", created by Hubbard and practiced by followers of.
Sounds like Neil deGrasse Tyson is Team Scientology — or. Challenging the argument that Scientology shouldn't receive tax-exempt status as a religion, Tyson compared Scientology to the Jewish.
After the final episode of A&E's docu-series Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath aired Tuesday night, some may be thinking the discussion about the religious organization is going to stop. But.
"Scientology loves interfaith efforts in general because they believe it makes them look more like a 'mainstream religion' when they take part in them," offers Tony Ortega of The Underground Bunker,
Scientology is a religion. It holds in common many of the beliefs of other religions and philosophies. Scientology considers man to be a spiritual being, with more to him than flesh and blood. This, of course, is a very different view to that espoused by prevailing scientific thought which views man as only a material object, a complex combination of chemical compounds and stimulus-response.
"The only thing more interesting than what you've heard is what you haven't," claims the video produced by the controversial religion, which counts such high-profile celebrities as Tom Cruise and John.
Scientology synonyms, Scientology pronunciation, Scientology translation, English dictionary definition of Scientology. Scientology – a new religion founded by L. Ron Hubbard in 1955 and characterized by a belief in the power of a person's spirit to clear itself of past painful experiences through self-knowledge and spiritual fulfillment.
Scientology has been called the world's most significant new religion, and Scientologists themselves claim to draw on 50,000 years of wisdom. However apostates from Scientology claim it is a vicious, dangerous cult masquerading as a religion.
Midnight Prayer In The Bible I do the midnight prayer everyday and good things are begining to come my way, thank God for using you Elisha to teach us how to pray. pls keep on sending to me the prayer bullets for April and moving forward at the moment am still using the first prayer bullets you emailed in 2012.
Panic The Disco This Is Gospel The band is currently in the middle of its Midnight World Tour Part 3 with Emarosa, Broadside, and Selfish Things. It's the. Inspiration can strike at the strangest, most counterintuitive moments. For Tori Elliott, it was a panic episode in the. Inspiration can strike at the strangest, most counterintuitive moments. For Tori Elliott, it was
Scientology, or officially the "Church of Scientology," was founded by adherents of Lafayette Ron Hubbard (1911-86) in 1954, but the movement behind Scientology dates back to Hubbard's publication of the book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health in 1950. Dianetics was a therapeutic system which Hubbard claimed could cure psychosomatic illness.
A review copy of Hugh Urban's The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion, put out by the Princeton University Press, had arrived at our desk almost the same day as Janet Reitman's highly.
Gospel Messages In Telugu Telugu cinema is part of Indian cinema which is produced in the Telugu language. 'Ramoji Film City' holds the 'Guinness World Record' for the largest film production facility in the world. 'Savitri'. Opening Prayer For Worship Service With lilting music, prayers of thanks and a communal vegetarian feast. The festivities followed the conclusion of a
Guests watched videos from the new Scientology TV network which provided an overview of the religious services and beliefs of Scientology. Following the videos, guests were able to ask questions, get.
Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by L. Ron Hubbard (1911–1986), beginning in 1952 as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. Hubbard characterized.
Five Supreme Court Justices have redefined what a religion is legally, following a five-year legal battle by scientologists seeking the right to get married at the Church of Scientology chapel in.
9/14/2009 · Best Answer: I did reserch for a socology class on Scientology- basically, it is NOT a religion, only an addition onto any religion. You can be Christian and a scientologist, catholic and a scientologist etc. The study is based on the idea that people subconsciously act and think based on things they hear.
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Cast iron is a MUST HAVE on the homestead! And so many options! We've had so many curious followers ask about our collection and the cast iron wall hanging rack. Kevin takes a moment to show off our cast iron collection and gives a "how to" overview of our wall rack.
10 Cast Iron Products and Accessories That You NEED To Have In Your Kitchen!
I'm sure that most of us have read about the dangers of non-Stick cookware and about the chemicals that they are leaching into our foods! So what should you use instead? Cast iron! Here are 10 Cast Iron Products and Accessories That you NEED To Have in Your Kitchen!


text:
<?php
namespace inklabs\kommerce\EntityDTO;

use inklabs\kommerce\tests\Helper\TestCase\EntityDTOBuilderTestCase;

class ImageDTOBuilderTest extends EntityDTOBuilderTestCase
{
    public function testBuild()
    {
        $image = $this->dummyData->getImage();
        $image->setProduct($this->dummyData->getProduct());
        $image->setTag($this->dummyData->getTag());

        $imageDTO = $this->getDTOBuilderFactory()
            ->getImageDTOBuilder($image)
            ->withAllData()
            ->build();

        $this->assertTrue($imageDTO instanceof ImageDTO);
        $this->assertTrue($imageDTO->product instanceof ProductDTO);
        $this->assertTrue($imageDTO->tag instanceof TagDTO);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Concise and elegant but, as an autodidact mathematician and engineer, sometimes difficult to approach.
A beautifully-written book. Not a reference, but a rare scientific text to learn from.
Undergraduate text with lots and lots of really good examples.
This totally blew my mind when I was 16. And I'm sure I totally didn't understand it.
Totally didn't notice the christian stuff when I was a kid.
Pretty awesome. Huge personal plus as a direct consequence of bicycle references. I love the "light touch" of the imagery.
this is supposed to be fantastic. if you can find it.
i admit, this is as good as everything says it is.
Among the best mathematical texts I've ever read... really, fun to read.
great summary of classical analysis... not so wonderful to learn from.


text:
Q: Implementing Cascade Delete in a self referencing table in EF Core 2 How  can  I implement Cascade Delete in a self referencing table in EF Core 2 (code first)?
(For example there is a Comment Table and man can reply to a comment and this reply can reply by another.)
public class Comment
{
    public virtual int Id { get; set; }
    public virtual int? ParentId { get; set; }
    public Comment Parent { get; set; }
    public virtual IList<Comment> Replies { get; set; }
    public virtual string Description { get; set; }
    public virtual Article Article { get; set; }
}

A: The problem solved by recursive method:
[HttpPost]
public async Task<JsonResult> DeleteComment([FromBody] DeleteCommentViewModel obj)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
       var comment = await
      _commentRepository.GetAll().SingleOrDefaultAsync(m => m.Id == obj.CommentId);
      if (comment != null)
      {
          await RemoveChildren(comment.Id);
         _commentRepository.Delete(comment);
      }
      if (Request.IsAjaxRequest())
      {
          return Json(1);
      }
   }
   return Json(new { code = 0 });
}

async Task RemoveChildren(int i)
{
    var children = await _commentRepository.GetAll().Where(c => c.ParentId = i).ToListAsync();
        foreach (var child in children)
    {
       await RemoveChildren(child.Id);
       _commentRepository.Delete(child);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


At Brother, we strive to offer our customers superior value by providing them with high-quality, user-friendly, reliable and cost-effective products and services. We stand proudly behind the quality of our products because we believe in them. And according to the media and industry awards that our products have won, our views are shared by others. These accolades are a testament to Brother's innovation and industry leadership.
The PCMag Readers' Choice survey, combined with PCMag's printer reviews by our expert analyists provide you with a comprehensive picture of how satisfied you will be with the your next printer. Read on to see what your fellow readers are saying.
Brother has now earned seven Readers' Choice Awards in a row for its printers. Across every printing technology and on nearly every measure of satisfaction, Brother comes out on top. It can and should be the first brand anyone looks for in a printer, no matter where or what they're printing.
Since 1953, the iF Design Award has been one of the most prestigious and recognised international design competitions in the world. Judges base the award on the aesthetics, functionality and environmental performance of the subject.
PCMag.com annually surveys its readers to solicit their feedback on a variety of computer and electronic products, including printers and Multi-Function Centres. Brother has consistently performed well in these surveys.


text:
News and Newspapers
International Newspaper Resources
News and Newspapers: International Newspaper Resources
How to Find Newspaper Articles
Historical Newspaper Collections
Regional U.S. Historical Newspapers
International Newspaper Resources - General
Access World News Research Collection
Newspaper collections from NewsBank provide full-text articles from the electronic editions for over 600 U.S. and over 700 international newspapers. Includes the Chicago Tribune, and some Iowa newspapers.
Electronic Newspapers of Sub-Saharan Africa: African Newspapers Union List Project
Compiled by Columbia University Libraries, this list of online newspapers (available without subscription) is part of a larger, on-going effort, AFRINUL, "a union list" of African newspapers held by research libraries in North America.
Los Angeles Times and Chicago Tribune are not accessible from Factiva. Contains a wide variety of financial information including business and economic news, text-search services, stock market quotations, financial and investment services and general news and information.
ICON: International Coalition on Newspapers
The International Coalition on Newspapers (ICON) provides a freely accessible database of bibliographic information for more than 20,000 newspaper titles from participating institutions.
ICON provides a clearinghouse of information about international newspapers and preservation efforts. ICON collects and disseminates newspaper preservation policies from around the world and compiles preservation standards for microfilming, digitization, and retention of materials in their original formats. In addition, ICON seeks to augment the online presence of scholarly and professional information about international newspapers by digitizing bibliographic aids and reference works.
LexisNexis Academic (now called Nexis Uni)
TURN OFF POP-UP BLOCKER; Researchers can quickly and easily search full-text documents from over 17,000 credible sources of information and pinpoint relevant information for a wide range of academic research projects. Extensive legal sources for federal and state cases and statutes, including U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 1790
Newspaper Source Plus
Newspaper Source Plus provides selected full text for over 200 regional U.S. newspapers, international newspapers, newswires, newspaper columns and other sources as well as indexing and abstracts for national newspapers. This database is updated daily.
World News Connection
WNC is an online news service of non-U.S. media sources provided by the National Technical Information Service.
Historical Digital Newspaper Collections -World
17th-18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers
This database consists of the British Library's collection of the newspapers and news pamphlets gathered by Reverend Charles Burney. Although the majority is published in London, there are some English provincial, Irish and Scottish papers, as well as a handful of examples from the American colonies. It includes over 1,000 pamphlets, proclamations, newsbooks and newspapers from the 17th and 18th centuries
19th Century British Newspapers, (aka British Newspapers)
This database features British newspapers from the 19th century selected by the British Library's editorial board. Many of the newspapers are available in complete runs, and all are searchable full-text.
African Newspapers, 1800-1925
More than 40 nineteenth- and twentieth-century African newspapers. Featuring titles from Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe.
British Newspapers 1600-1950
A digital historic newspaper archive: Includes 17-18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers, 19th Century British Library Newspapers, 3 million pages of historic newspapers, newsbooks & ephemera, and National & Regional papers from the British Isles.
C19, The Nineteenth Century Index
Provides integrated bibliographic coverage of over over 1.3 million books and official publications, and 10 million articles published in over 2,000 journals, magazines and newspapers.
Caribbean Newspapers, 1718-1876
Contains 66 newspaper titles from 22 islands between 1718-1876.
Izvestiia Digital Archive
Among the longest-running Russian newspapers, Izvestiia was founded in March 1917 and during the Soviet period was the official organ of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Remarkable for its serious and balanced treatment of subject matter, Izvestiia has traditionally been a popular news source within intellectual and academic circles. This archive covers 1917-2010.
Jerusalem Post (1932-1988) (ProQuest Historical Newspapers)
The Jerusalem Post is an Israeli daily English-language broadsheet newspaper, founded on 1 December 1932 by Gershon Agron as The Palestine Post in the British Mandate of Palestine. During the Mandate period, the publication supported the struggle for a Jewish homeland in Palestine and openly opposed British policy restricting Jewish immigration. In 1950, two years after the State of Israel was declared, the paper was renamed The Jerusalem Post. While it was once regarded as left-wing, the paper underwent a noticeable shift to the right in the late 1980s.
Latin American Newspapers, 1805-1922
Searchable collection of historical newspapers from around the world. Begins with Latin American newspapers from the 19th and 20th centuries. Forthcoming are African, European, Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Southeast Asian newspapers. Can be cross-searched with collection: America's historical newspapers.
Naver News Library
Naver News Library is a full-text Korean newspaper article archive database containing four major newspapers: Tonga ilbo / Dong-A ilbo : 1920-1999, Kyonghyang sinmun / Kyunghyang Shinmun : 1946-1999, Maeil kyongje sinmun / Maeil Business Newspaper : 1966-1999, Han'gyore / The Hankyoreh : 1988-1999. This resource is free to academic institutions.
Official organ of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. In Russian, no English translation. Coverage 1912-2009
South Asian Newspapers
Published by Readex in partnership with the Center for Research Libraries.South Asian Newspapers is the third collection module of the World Newspaper Archive, created in partnership with Readex, a division of NewsBank. It will provide more than 400,000 fully searchable pages of newspapers published in South Asia between 1864 and 1922.
Times Digital Archive, 1785-2007
Researchers can search through the complete digital edition of The Times (London), using keyword searching and hit-term highlighting to retrieve full facsimile images of either a specific article or a complete page.The entire newspaper is captured, with all articles, advertisements and illustrations/photos divided into categories to facilitate searching.
World Newspaper Archive
Searchable collection of historical newspapers from around the world. Begins with Latin American newspapers from the 19th and 20th centuries. Forthcoming are African, European, Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Southeast Asian newspapers.
<< Previous: Databases
Next: Historical Newspaper Collections >>
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2019 2:37 PM
URL: https://guides.lib.uiowa.edu/newspapers
Tags: news, newspapers


Page F30: Marc Garneau to run for interim leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada!
Marc Garneau to run for interim leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada!
This news is from yesterday, and I was ready to write about it the moment it happened but as it turned out Blogger was completely down, an outage that lasted until the next afternoon and made quite a bit of news as well. Now that it's over, I'm happy to participate in sharing the news. Marc Garneau, Canada's first astronaut and former head of the Canadian Space Agency (and MP for Westmount Ville-Marie), is the first Liberal so far to announce a bid for interim leadership of the party. Yay!
Technically the interim leader is not supposed to be the permanent leader (due to getting an unfair advantage for the real convention or some silly reason like that), but the Liberal Party seems to bend its rules whenever it wants so who knows what will happen if Garneau becomes the leader and a year or two later there is a convention to determine the permanent one. In the meantime, there has been a bit of a stir over the announcement and plenty of space jokes on Twitter, that you can read about here. As soon as the announcement happened people began coming up with negative slogans to use on him like "Marc Garneau: he's looked down on everyone in the past", "Garneau didn't come back to Earth for you", "Garneau hates Canada so much he left the planet to get away from it" and so on. Great fun.
In addition to the extra PR for space and science, I do also think that he would make a great leader. He's an engineer, was in the military, perfectly bilingual, lacks melodrama and is big on consensus, has no negative baggage, and managed to win his seat in spite of the huge flood of NDP support in the election this time around - a political battle scar that now makes him more than just a star candidate in an easy riding.
After his announcement his Twitter followers jumped from about 600 to over 2000. He also mentioned that he was ready for all the space jokes, which was part of the reason why there were so many.


text:
With Tennessee Sports Betting In Doubt, Arkansas Poised For Sportsbook Outside Memphis
by Brian Pempus November 8, 2018
After a long fight, the state of Arkansas should finally have casinos.
On Tuesday, voters approved Arkansas Issue 4, which authorizes four casinos in the state, as well as sports betting at those properties. The state legislature will now be tasked with getting the industry on its feet through legislation in accordance with the amendment, and the Arkansas Racing Commission will be crafting regulations and issuing licenses.
Las Vegas-based Caesars Entertainment, which is one of the leading players in the emergent U.S. sports betting market, contributed funds in opposition to Arkansas sportsbooks.
With 98% of the precincts reporting in as of Thursday morning, 54% voted "yes" on amending the state constitution to allow casino-style gambling. More than 460,000 voted for the casinos. About 395,000 voted against the amendment.
Casino locations
Only four of the state's 75 counties can have casinos under the amendment.
The Oaklawn Racing and Gaming racino in Garland County and the Southland Gaming and Racing racino in Crittenden County (on the state border, right outside Memphis, Tennessee), can both become Las Vegas-style casinos.
Casinos were also approved for Jefferson and Pope counties.
However, the casino in Pope County (northwest Arkansas) already faces some hurdles.
According to the Arkansas Democrat, Pope County voters approved a proposed ordinance requiring a local vote on a casino. There's a good chance of litigation surrounding the issue in Pope County.
To potentially make matters even more complicated, the Western Cherokee Nation contributed to the pro-casino campaign so it could build on its tribal lands in Pope County. The Cherokees could circumvent a local vote under the federal Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.
Governor not thrilled
According to Ballotpedia, about $9.4 million was spent to pass the casino amendment, with about $154,000 spent to oppose it. Caesars, which has casinos in nearby Mississippi and Louisiana, spent $150,000 to oppose the constitutional amendment.
Despite the interest in Arkansas as a gaming market, the state's Republican governor is still hesitant.
"I did not support this initiative, and I continue to have great concern over the immediate and negative impact on the state's budget," Gov. Asa Hutchinson said in a statement. "But the people have spoken, and I respect their will. Time will tell as to what this means for our state, and it remains to be seen as to whether the communities affected will consent to the gambling initiative."
His comments indicate it might not be the smoothest of sailing for Arkansas sports betting.
State's potential market
A legal Arkansas sports betting market could see $1.9 billion in annual handle, generating $126 million in gaming revenue. That assumes mobile adoption and a 10% tax.
Under the constitutional amendment, casinos would pay a 13% percent tax on gross gaming revenue on their first $150 million, and 20% on revenues on top of that.
A high-tax scenario could shrink the Arkansas market to $1.5 billion in handle and $115 million in taxable revenue.
But something is much better than nothing, as the casinos should keep a hefty sum of entertainment dollars from flowing to neighboring states. Driving Arkansas Forward, the political action committee that spearheaded the gambling initiative, predicts an overall casino gambling market approaching $1 billion in annual revenue.
According to the group's website, 30% of Arkansans "regularly" travel out of state to gamble. About 1.1 million visits to Mississippi casinos by residents of Arkansas happened over the past year.
According to the amendment, it goes into effect on November 14.
Assuming there's no local setback for the casinos, as the governor alluded to, the Arkansas Racing Commission will begin accepting applications for the casinos, and their sportsbooks, no later than June 1, 2019.
A casino license would cost $250,000. The amendment doesn't stipulate that the properties would have to pay extra for sports wagering.
The amendment inscribes sports betting as no different than an offering like blackjack.
The two existing racinos will be first to the party, assuming no setbacks. Southland could capitalize on the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association. The NBA has greatly warmed to legal sports betting in recent years, especially post-PASPA. It wouldn't be surprising if there's a partnership between Southland and the Grizzlies.
Good news for Arkansas, especially Southland, is that newly elected Republican governor of Tennessee, Bill Lee, opposes sports betting legalization. His reason — that regulation leads to organized crime — is nonsensical. The Democratic candidate in the Tennessee governor's race said he would have approved sports betting.
Oaklawn, located near the center of the state, won't enjoy the same geographical advantage. However, with just two brick-and-mortar sportsbooks in Arkansas right out of the gate, a partnership with a sports team for Oaklawn doesn't seem unlikely.
The Dallas Cowboys, for example, recently partnered with the WinStar World Casino. The Oklahoma gambling facility is located about 85 miles away from AT&T Stadium.
Photo by Alexander Lukatskiy / Shutterstock.com
NYC Marathon's Biometric Data Could Be Sign Of Things To Come For Sports Betting
Gamble On Podcast #14: Florida Amendment 3, Bettman's Turnabout, Covering Sports Betting With ESPN's David Payne Purdum
Brian Pempus
Brian served as a senior reporter and online content manager for Card Player Magazine for nearly a decade before joining USBets in October 2018. He is currently focused on legal and regulated sports betting and online gaming. He's an avid jiu-jitsu practitioner in his free time.
Ohio Governor-Elect Warns Legislature: Sports Betting Is Coming No Matter What
Brian Pempus November 20, 2018
Minnesota Sports Betting Requires Stakeholder Consensus, Says Lawmaker Eyeing Bill
Election Day Could Decide Sports Betting's Future In Two States
Brian Pempus November 5, 2018


text:
About Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science
search filter All ContentAll JournalsASME J. of Nuclear Rad Sci.
Citation Year Citation Volume Citation Issue No Citation Page
Special Papers (1)
Special Section Papers (1)
Special Section: Selected Papers from the International Youth Nuclear Congress 2018 - 26th WiN Global Annual Conference (1)
Special Section: Selected Papers from the Ninth International Symposium on Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors (1)
Thermal Hydraulics and CFD (1)
Nozzles (10)
Computer simulation (3)
Condensation (3)
Turbulence (3)
Optimization of the PGV-1000MKO Steam Generator Using Computation Fluid Dynamics
Vasilii Volkov, Luka Golibrodo, Alexey Krutikov, Oleg Kudryavtsev, Yurii Nadinskii, Alexander Skibin, Vladimir Sotskov
Journal: Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci. July 2021, 7(3): 031403.
Paper No: NERS-19-1162
This paper presents the work carried out in Experimental and design organization OKB "GIDROPRESS" to justify the separation characteristics of VVER-TOI steam generator (SG) using the STAR-CCM+ CFD-code. In the VVER-TOI project, new layout solutions were applied in the reactor plant as part of which the steam removal system from the SG was changed. Namely, in contrast to the VVER-1000 and VVER-1200 where the steam removal was organized through ten nozzles combined into a steam collector, in the VVER-TOI SG the steam removal was arranged through one nozzle located on the cold collector side. This change leads to the formation of a nonuniform velocity field in the separation volume, between the evaporation surface and the distribution perforated plate (DPP), and can lead to the excessive increase of steam humidity. To ensure the steam separation characteristics of a horizontal SG with one steam nozzle, it was proposed to create a nonuniform resistance on the way of steam motion from the evaporation surface into steam nozzle applying a nonuniform degree of the DPP perforation. Two computer models of the SG steam volume with different steam removal schemes (through one and ten nozzles) were developed, a set of studies on verification and validation was carried out and a set of calculations were performed. According to the results of the calculations, the necessity of introducing a nonuniform degree of the DPP perforation was justified. Further, to determine the nonuniform degree of DPP perforation, a set of optimization calculations of the SG steam volume with one steam removal nozzle was performed. The nonuniform degree of DPP perforation of the VVER-TOI SG was selected, which provide steam velocity distribution as close as possible to the SG with ten steam nozzles. To justify the chosen design, sensitivity analysis was also carried out according to the hole diameters tolerance and steam load profile.
Topics: Flow (Dynamics), Nozzles, Steam, Evaporation, Boilers, Optimization
Analysis Methods for High Energy Line Break Jet Flows in Nuclear Power Plants
Marwan Charrouf, Storm Kauffman, Jin-Kyoo Yoon, Sang-Gyu Lee, Taejoon Kim
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci. October 2020, 6(4): 041112.
Published Online: September 4, 2020
The effects of postulated accidents, including dynamic effects of pipe ruptures, must be analyzed for licensing of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Applicants and licensees of NPPs have struggled to address U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) expectations to assess if high energy line break (HELB) jet impingement on structures and components can lead to dynamic amplification, and to accurately simulate blast wave-induced loadings. In this paper, evaluation of the potential for load amplification and occurrence of resonance conclusively demonstrates that the phenomenon does not occur. In a HELB, several physical parameters of jets issuing from a ruptured pipe—such as nonequilibrium condensation of steam, unsteady separation between the jet exit and target, nonorthogonal alignment of jet axis to impingement surface, uneven impingement surfaces, or mismatch of jet excitation frequency and target natural frequency—prevent occurrence of the phase lock conditions needed to initiate and maintain a resonance. The analytical approach to evaluate the blast wave-induced loading applied a pressure vessel burst (PVB) correlation instead of performing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis for all break locations. Three-dimensional (3D) CFD analysis of blast wave transient propagation provided the basis to develop benchmarking factors for use with the PVB correlation. The simplified methodology utilizes shockwave reflection, shape, and environment factors for application to impacted targets, which significantly reduces the amount of time to evaluate all break locations. The modified PVB method is also more appropriate than an explosion-type correlation to model the blast wave pressures from steam pipe breaks.
Topics: Computational fluid dynamics, Flow (Dynamics), Jets, Nozzles, Nuclear power stations, Pipes, Pressure, Reflection, Resonance, Waves
Numerical Simulation of a Steam Injector for Passive Residual Heat Removal
Thomas Schulenberg, David Heinze
Published Online: June 5, 2020
In the case of depressurization of a supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR), the steam pressure can be used to pump coolant back into the reactor, either by using a turbine driven pump or a steam injector. The latter option is cheaper, more robust, and requires less periodic inspections. The numerical simulation of a steam injector, however, has still been a challenge. In principle, a steam injector consists of a steam nozzle, a mixing chamber, and a diffuser. This paper describes a one-dimensional two-phase flow model simulating the flow and condensation phenomena occurring in the steam nozzle, the structure of shock fronts at the nozzle outlet, the direct contact condensation of steam with cold water in the mixing chamber, and the sudden pressure increase in the final condensation shock front. The model is based only on first principles and on the existing correlations. Correction factors adapting the model to experimental results have not been used yet. For validation, the model has been applied both to separate effect tests and to steam injector tests.
Topics: Ejectors, Flow (Dynamics), Nozzles, Pressure, Shock (Mechanics), Steam, Condensation, Computer simulation, Water, Two-phase flow
Research on a Transonic Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Centrifugal Turbine
Zehai Yang, Dan Luo, Diangui Huang
Published Online: July 19, 2019
Recently, the supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton (SCO 2 ) cycle gained a lot of attention for its application to next-generation nuclear reactors. Turbine is the key component of the energy conversion in the thermodynamic cycle. Transonic centrifugal turbine has advantages of compatibility of aerodynamic and geometric, low cost, high power density, and high efficiency; therefore, it has opportunity to become the main energy conversion equipment in the future. In this paper, a transonic nozzle and its corresponding rotor cascade of the single-stage centrifugal turbine were designed. In addition, the three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation and performance analysis were conducted. The numerical simulation results show that the predicted flow field is as expected and the aerodynamic parameters are in good agreement with one-dimensional (1D) design. Meanwhile, the off-design performance analysis shows that the transonic centrifugal turbine stage has wide stable operation range and strong load adaptability. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed turbine blade has good performance characteristics.
Topics: Blades, Computer simulation, Design, Flow (Dynamics), Pressure, Rotors, Turbines, Nozzles, Supercritical carbon dioxide
Use of Irradiated Fracture Toughness Values in Nuclear Vessel and Component Design Specifications for Fitness-For-Service Analysis Using the Unified Curve Method
Waleed Ishaque
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci. April 2019, 5(2): 020911.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components subsection NB-2331 Material for Vessels requires that the effects of irradiation shall be considered on material toughness properties in the core belt line region of the reactor vessel. The code also states that "the design specifications shall include additional requirements, as necessary, to ensure adequate fracture toughness for the service lifetime of the vessel." In a design report of nuclear pressure vessel, the design and service loads do not include loads that are affected by fracture toughness of the material. However, in the cases of fitness-for-service assessment for component flaws (prevalent with age of component), irradiated material properties become highly relevant. An example of a fitness-for-service is that of a beyond design basis reactor vessel head drop accident in a pressurized water reactor with a nozzle junction flaw. As a case study, the critical size of a postulated external surface semielliptical circumferential crack in the combustion engineering three-loop pressurized water reactor nozzle–vessel junction is calculated using ansys Workbench (Academic version) with the applied impact load from the vessel head drop accident. Failure assessment diagrams for numerous crack depths and lengths were developed considering the fracture toughness properties of the irradiated reactor vessel steel. The mode I stress intensity results used in the failure assessment diagram were compared with the available finite element and the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard API 579 analytical solutions for validation, showing good agreement. From this case study, it is demonstrated that the effects of irradiation on fracture toughness become prominent at the same postulated crack size in the nozzle–vessel junction dispositioned as "safe" becomes "unsafe" in the fracture assessment diagram. Using the unified curve method, the irradiated fracture toughness data in design specification can be supplied so that it may be used in fitness-for-service analysis to account for component aging.
Topics: American Petroleum Institute, Fracture (Materials), Fracture toughness, Junctions, Nozzles, Stress, Vessels, Design, Fitness-for-service, Steel
The Necessity to Reexamine Key Component Material With Spectrometry Analysis in the Nuclear Island
Chongzhi Wu, Jindong Zhang, Zongkui Wang, Zengkui Zhang, Shenqing Fu
Article Type: Discussions
In order to avoid the misuse of metal material in nuclear projects, typical cases happened in advanced passive pressurized water reactor (AP1000) nuclear power projects in China are analyzed. The analysis finding indicates that some cases were caused by defective procedures or undemanding processes performance, and all cases are found to be relevant to human error. It is considered that procedural management cannot completely avoid the misuse of metal material when it is caused by human error, and spectrometry analysis is suggested to reexamine the material of key components.
Topics: Metals, Nuclear power, Spectroscopy, Welding, Pumps, Nozzles, Construction, Pipes, Heat
Numerical Simulation of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Critical Flow in the Nozzle Tube
Zhou Yuan, Wang Yangle, Chen Jingtan, Xia Zhaoyang, Wang Junfeng
ASME J of Nuclear Rad Sci. January 2018, 4(1): 011018.
Published Online: December 4, 2017
The supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO 2 ) Brayton gas turbine cycle has been studied as an efficient and cost-effective option for advanced power systems. One major safety issue for any power cycle is a pipe break and the associated discharge of the working fluid and subsequent decrease in system pressure. In this paper, an S-CO 2 critical flow in the nozzle tube is analyzed numerically with fluent 15.0 . The Redlich–Kwong real gas equation is selected to calculate carbon dioxide density and the standard k-epsilon turbulence model is selected. Experimental data are used as a benchmark to examine the capability of the current approach. Compared with experimental data, the simulation results overestimate the critical mass flux; the error range is between 15% and 25%. The simulation results show that as L/D increases, critical mass flow decreases. As stagnation temperature increases, critical mass flow decreases. The complex thermal hydraulic behavior in the nozzle tubes is analyzed. Three flow patterns in the nozzle tube during transient critical flow are obtained and discussed. From inlet to outlet of the tube, CO 2 may undergo the following phases in turn: (1) supercritical phase; (2) supercritical phase—gas phase; (3) supercritical phase—gas phase—liquid phase. The simulation results are also helpful for further experimental and theoretical research.
Topics: Flow (Dynamics), Nozzles, Pressure, Simulation results, Temperature, Supercritical carbon dioxide, Errors, Computer simulation, Carbon dioxide
Nozzle Geometry Effect on Stratified Layer Erosion by Vertical Turbulent Jet
L. Ishay, U. Bieder, G. Ziskind, A. Rashkovan
Published Online: May 25, 2017
Knowledge of the nuclear power plants (NPPs) containment atmosphere composition in the course of a severe accident is crucial for the effective design and positioning of the hydrogen explosion countermeasures. This composition strongly depends on containment flows which may include turbulent jet mixing in the presence of buoyancy, jet impingement onto the stratified layer, stable stratification layer erosion, steam condensation on the walls of the containment, condensation by emergency spray systems and other processes. Thus, in modeling of containment flows, it is essential to correctly predict these effects. In particular, a proper prediction of the turbulent jet behavior before it reaches the stably stratified layer is critical for the correct prediction of its mixing and impingement. Accordingly, validation study is presented for free neutral and buoyancy-affected turbulent jets, based on well-known experimental results from the literature. This study allows for the choice of a proper turbulence model to be applied for containment flow simulations. Furthermore, the jet behavior strongly depends on the issuing geometry. A comparative study of erosion process for the conditions similar to the ones of international benchmark exercise (IBE-3) is presented for different jet nozzle shapes.
Topics: Geometry, Nozzles, Turbulence, Flow (Dynamics), Jets, Erosion, Buoyancy
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Direct-Contact Condensation Phenomenon of Vapor Jet in Subcooled Water Tank
Yu Ji, Hao-Chun Zhang, Yi-Ning Zhang, Xu-Wei Wang, Yan Quan
Article Type: Research Papers
Published Online: October 12, 2016
The direct-contact condensation (DCC) is a significant phenomenon in a nuclear reactor and its balance facilities, together with some chemical engineering systems. DCC occurs when the vapor is ejected from the nozzle, contacts with subcooled water, and condenses at the interface directly. The DCC phenomenon accompanied with the heat transfer and mass transfer will lead to the temperature and pressure fluctuations in the tank, even some accidents under certain conditions. This paper investigates the transport phenomena concerning the DCC in the subcooled water tank using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial code, ANSYS-FLUENT, in which the DCC process is simulated with the Euler–Euler framework for two-phase flow, and the simplified Hertz–Knudsen–Schrage relation is adopted to model mass transfer. In the simulation, the flow field and temperature profile are derived. Moreover, the shape and size of the plume jet are also investigated.
Topics: Computational fluid dynamics, Condensation, Mass transfer, Simulation, Subcooling, Temperature, Vapors, Water, Flow (Dynamics), Pressure
A Physically Based, One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Model for Direct Contact Condensation of Steam Jets Submerged in Subcooled Water
David Heinze, Thomas Schulenberg, Lars Behnke
A simulation model for the direct contact condensation of steam in subcooled water is presented that allows determination of major parameters of the process, such as the jet penetration length. Entrainment of water by the steam jet is modeled based on the Kelvin–Helmholtz and Rayleigh–Taylor instability theories. Primary atomization due to acceleration of interfacial waves and secondary atomization due to aerodynamic forces account for the initial size of entrained droplets. The resulting steam-water two-phase flow is simulated based on a one-dimensional two-fluid model. An interfacial area transport equation is used to track changes of the interfacial area density due to droplet entrainment and steam condensation. Interfacial heat and mass transfer rates during condensation are calculated using the two-resistance model. The resulting two-phase flow equations constitute a system of ordinary differential equations, which is solved by means of the explicit Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg algorithm. The simulation results are in good qualitative agreement with published experimental data over a wide range of pool temperatures and mass flow rates.
Topics: Condensation, Drops, Flow (Dynamics), Fluids, Jets, Steam, Water, Turbulence, Subcooling, Temperature