Mazda MX5 Published: 16th Jul 2018 - 0 Comments - Be the first, contribute now!
It's 60 years since the Austin-Healey Frogeye Sprite burst onto the scene and it revolutionised the affordable sports car market. But just a quarter of a century later it seemed that cheap fun was off the menu with the MGB and Midget along with the Triumph Spitfire and TR7 out of production, and no replacements in sight. Fiat's X1/9 was on its way out and while Toyota had introduced the MR2, it wasn't a full convertible, simply a Targa roof.
Was the affordable rear-wheel drive roadster consigned to history? Thankfully not, because in 1989 Mazda showed the MX-5, which would go on to become the world's best-selling sports car and almost 30 years on it's still going strong, largely because there's so little competition. Rivals have come and gone but only the Mazda remains – and it's likely to do so for many years to come.
1989 Mazda unveils the Mk1 MX-5,forst thought of back in 1983.
1990 The MX-5 goes on sale in 114bhp 1.6-litre form. There are just six exterior colours and two optional extras; metallic silver paint and a hard top.
1991 An officially approved Brodie Britain Racing (BBR) turbocharger conversion becomes available, pushing power up to 150bhp and torque to 154lb ft. ABS is also standard on the BBR, while the mammoth wave of limited editions also start being released. Also this year came the Racing Green and Le Mans specials.
1992 The Special Edition goes on sale complete with a classy tan interior and black paintwork.
1993 Yet annother Special Edition arrives, the SEII, with the same colour scheme as before but with knobs on.
1994 A 1.8-litre engine replaces the previous 1.6-litre unit, with 130bhp on tap. There's a standard car or a higherspec 1.8iS edition. Side impact bars are also fitted from this point on.
1995 A 1.6-litre car is available again, but now with just 88bhp. There are also a couple of special editions released; the California and Gleneagles.
1996 There are more special editions this year, starting in the form of the Monaco and Merlot.
1997 This year's limited editions are the Monza, Dakar and Harvard.
1998 A facelifted MX-5 goes on sale, dispensing with the pop-up headlamps of the original. The final Mk1 limited edition is the Berkeley. The new model has an all-new bodyshell, a glass rear window, revised cabin and more power. There are 1.8i and higher-spec 1.8i S versions available, the latter featuring electric windows and mirrors plus alloy wheels.
1999 The Special Edition makes a return, with a 1.8-litre engine, green paint and a tan leather interior. There's also a 10th Anniversary edition with blue paint and roof. The UK gets 600 copies.
2000 This year's specials include the Isola and California, both with a 1.6-litre engine. The Icon and Jasper Conran meanwhile have a 1.8-litre powerplant.
2001 A facelift brings standard ABS, electric windows, central locking and a more prominent front bumper. The 1.8i S is replaced by the 1.8 Sport. These cars are known as the Mk2.5.
2002 The limited editions return with a vengeance. This year there are the Phoenix and Arizona with either a 1.6-litre engine or a 1.8-litre unit. There are also the Montana and Trilogy with the bigger powerplant only.
2003 The Angels and Nevada are this year's specials in 1.6 or 1.8-litre forms; the Indiana gets a 1.8 engine only.
2004 There are yet more specials; the Euphonic and Arctic. Both come in 1.6 or 1.8-litre forms.
2005 The MX-5 Mk3 is launched in August, but there's still time for yet another special edition. This time it's the Icon (again), and once again there's a choice of 1.6 or 1.8-litre versions. The Mk3 is available with 1.8 or 2.0 engines.
2006 An MX-5 coupé-cabriolet becomes available for the first time ever. The plastic roof cuts weight; the car is mechanically identical to the regular convertible, aside from revised suspension settings.
2008 A facelifted MX-5 is unveiled, with a tweaked interior and nose, minor engine revisions together with an optional six-speed paddle-shift transmission.
2012 Another facelift largely amounts to optional sat-nav, a restyled nose and recalibrated brakes.
2014 The fourth-generation MX-5 is unveiled at the Paris motor show.
When Autocar first drove the MX-5 early in 1989 it was already patently obvious that this was a classic in the making. "Mazda's new MX-5 is what sports car driving is all about. It's face-in-the-air fresh, in an immensely appealing two-seat roadster. The car is light, agile and quick, with a seat that supports, a wheel that commands, a gearchange that snaps, and an exhaust note of sheer exuberance".
Noting that the new arrival drew heavily on the Lotus Elan for its inspiration, the British car was 10 inches shorter – although the Mazda was hardly generously proportioned. With independent double wishbone suspension at each corner, fourwheel disc brakes plus rack-and-pinion steering the MX-5 served up the perfect recipe for a great driver's car.
But Mazda didn't stop there; it honed the exhaust note, the gear change, the weight distribution and even the length of the pedal travel (2.6 inches if you're wondering) to ensure a brilliant drive.
When the same magazine put the MX-5 Mk2 through its paces in 1998 the verdict came: "Mazda has done it: replaced the irreplaceable. And with a car that is even better to drive than its forebear. That's some achievement", it said.
The new car was heavier than before but the bodyshell was also much stiffer with every single aspect of the car revisited and redesigned. Most importantly though, the original basic formula wasn't messed with; no wonder it continued to sell like hot cakes.
When Top Gear's Chris Harris revisted the Mk2 to pitch it against the all-new Mk3 in 2005, the older car was clearly well past its sell-by date. The seat was set too high and the steering wheel wasn't adjustable. The bodyshell suffered from a lack of rigidity but the weighting and feel of the controls were still superb – just as they were in the new model, which had a bodyshell that was clearly far stiffer. Harris wrote: "The [new] car rolls less and engenders a feeling of surefootedness absent in the previous model".
But the new car's suspension was too stiff and the kerbweight too high; 1122kg for a two-seater roadster with an all-alloy engine seemed unnecessarily heavy. It didn't stop the Mk3 from getting the thumbs-up over the Mk2 though, for being objectively better in every meaningful way.
Our view? Any MX-5 makes a great usable sports classic with ample reserves of performance and handling to satisfy the majority of owners who probably appreciate more the design's smoothness and ease of driving that in no ways dilutes that sports car feel although the newer the car the more palatial they became if that's what you want.
Working full time for the MX-5 Owners' Club means Iain MacPherson has a pretty good idea of what's going on with the MX-5 market; these cars are far more than just a job to him. He comments: "There's been a big decline in the number of earlier MX-5s left; in 2014 there were 23,000 Mk1s but that number has dwindled to 16,000 now. With values still low it's likely that many more will bite the dust over the next few years. With demand as strong as ever but supply starting to become more restricted, it's no surprise that some of the rarer models have started to go up in value.
"If you can find a good one the Mk1 is still the MX-5 to buy as a collector's piece, because it's the earliest of the breed and it's the purest take on the formula. While the rate of decline is pretty steady, owners are getting better at keeping on top of their cars as they know how to lengthen the lifespan," Iain says.
As it's so affordable and relatively practical, there are plenty of people who use their MX-5s on an everyday basis. There are also a lot of modified examples out there – some have been done better (or more tastefully) than others. Good modifications don't affect an MX-5's value either way; stick-on cosmetic bits tend to be an acquired taste though.
Iain MacPherson comments: "Buy something just to use for the summer and it'll cost at least £1000 – and it might not be worth keeping for next season. Spend twice as much and you can pick up a Mk1 that's worth keeping for the longer term; if you can stretch to £3000 or £4000 you'll get something really quite nice. The ceiling for these cars is generally around £5000; exceptional cars can fetch more but by definition those come up only very rarely. Buying at auction is hit and miss as it can throw up some bargains – or you can pay well over the odds".
All of these values are for the Mk1, although Mk2 values are the same at the bottom end. MacPherson continues: "The Mk2 is harder to recommend as they're even more rust-prone than the Mk1, so good ones are even harder to pin down. If you're intent on buying a Mk2 buy on condition alone and spend plenty of time looking for something decent. There's no difference in values between the Mk2 and Mk2.5 and if you can find a nice low-mileage car you can pay up to £4000 for it; the ceiling for superb Mk2s is £6000 but for this much you might as well buy a Mk3 instead as it's a better car.
"Early Mk3s have kept their value with prices starting at £5000-£6000. The most valuable cars are mint 25th Anniversary editions which can still fetch £15,000. It was this generation that introduced us to the MX-5 coupé-cabriolet; four out of five buyers opted for a hard top rather than a soft top. As a result there are lots of coupé-cabriolets to choose from with more than 47,000 Mk3 MX-5s still registered on UK roads.
"If you're not sure which generation to go for, choose between a Mk1 and Mk3 – only opt for a Mk2 if you know of a genuinely superb car at the right price, and still invest in a professional inspection as big bills may well be looming even if it's not obvious. The Mk1 isn't that comfy to drive; it's fine for occasional use but not so well suited to long-distance touring. The Mk3 however, excels at long-distance drives and once the Mk3.5 arrived in 2008 it was even better as it was more sporty. Mazda refined the Mk3.5 again towards the end of its life with optimum wheel, suspension and interior specifications. The one to go for is the 25th Anniversary model but whatever you buy, try to acquire an MX-5 that's been a one-owner example that's been a second car all its life; there are plenty of these".
UK cars are more attractive to collectors but Japanese imports are a better bet, both Mk1 and Mk2, as it's easier to find a really good example. That's as long as it's a recent import; if it's been in the UK for years it could still be very rusty. Whatever you buy make sure it's got a decent service history, especially with the later cars.
Regular rustproofing is essential for any MX-5, but in terms of modifications it's really down to personal choice as there are no weak spots as such. The suspension and brakes are superb and if you mess with these you could end up making things worse rather than better.
The Mk1 has adjustable timing which can be set to 14 degrees instead of 10. This allows the engine to become more free-revving so it feels slightly quicker. Also, while the Mk1 1.6-litre engine revs nicely, the 1.8 can feel as though it's struggling to breathe. By changing the exhaust manifold, downpipe, middle and rear box the exhaust gases can exit more quickly. To get the best results, remove the standard induction system and fit an aftermarket kit which will improve the Mk1 1.8, but less so the 1.6.
If you want big power gains, the way to go is to fit a supercharger. Turbocharging is also possible but it's the former that's more common – although you'll need deep pockets to do it properly. There's no shortage of conventional turning gear either while 250bhp Jag V6 engines can be fitted, as specialist rocketeerltd.com has done, without hurting the weight distribution!
Upgrading the suspension? Then Gaz Gold Pro coil-overs are your best bet as once set up the ride is completely transformed, inspiring much more confidence in the handling of the car.
Another one that's highly thought of is the MeisterR set-up; it's not for the purist but it's a brilliant conversion. You can also beef up a Mk3's anti-roll bars with RX-8 items (it uses the same platform) while Eibach offers a kit that lowers this generation of MX-5 by 30mm; it's best suited to soft-top cars.
However, as Mk1s become increasing thin on the ground originality will become more important and it has to be said that many are out of sorts and a good service and particularly a full geometry readjustment plus good tyres will reap the most gains.
If you needed proof of the MX-5's popularity – or that it's a bona fide classic – just look at the MX-5 Owners' Club which just goes from strength to strength. Membership has soared past the 7000 mark, with enthusiasts joining for an array of reasons.
The club's Iain MacPherson comments: "We've got almost 40 regional groups which are very active – we're also a very active club nationally. Many of our members are long-term owners who have run several MX-5s over the years; they join because they want to boost their social life, take advantage of the insurance scheme or take part in track days. They might also want to exchange information or ideas on our busy forums, which contain a vast amount of knowledge.
"At our biggest events we attract over 2500 cars and more than 5000 people, so the networking opportunities are immense; the club has links with every major supplier or company within the MX-5 support network. Next year the club celebrates 25 years while the MX-5 will be 30, so expect some really big celebrations".
Although interiors are generally durable, check the driver's seat, which wears down the side as you get in and out. Aftermarket seats and decent standard used items aren't hard to find, but still a useful bargaining point.
Hoods last reasonably well but can suffer if the car has been cleaned badly (especially in a car wash) or not at all – but what really kills the factory roof is long-term exposure to the sun. See what state the rear screen's zip is in; they often get broken by ham-fisted owners. Replacement hoods aren't that expensive at £160 for a vinyl one; you can even get a mohair replacement complete with a glass rear screen for just £349.
The electrics are generally reliable. If you're looking at a Eunos ask if it has air conditioning; if it has, make sure it's working properly. Also check that the electric windows work properly, as the motors can burn out; lubricating the mechanism can make all the difference. They're easy to replace; expect to pay £40 per side for replacement units.
All Mk1 parts are readily available new or used so no real problems here or unlikely to become one.
The MX-5's engine will rack up 200,000+ miles if looked after but because the cylinder head is alloy, the anti-freeze level should have been maintained to prevent internal corrosion. The cam belt should also have been renewed within the last five years or 60,000 miles; factor in a new belt if at all uncertain, although if the belt does break, the pistons and valves won't collide, so all is not lost.
The earliest engines are also the ones most likely to give problems. The water pump wears, so lift the bonnet and with the engine idling, listen for knocking. A new pump is £40; if it needs replacing renew the cam belt at the same time. A specialist will typically charge £120 to replace the pump, with a new belt usually £200.
An oil weep is normal, but there shouldn't be lubricant all over the engine bay. The culprit is the cam sensor's O-ring, at the rear of the engine.
Any car with a BBR turbo conversion tends to get through exhausts more quickly than a standard car, because of the increased exhaust temperatures; again, the fitment of a stainless steel system is the ideal solution.
Even if a replacement engine is needed it's no problem as there are lots of used units to buy because so many cars are still being broken.
The Mk3 is fitted with a timing chain which lasts 200,000 miles or more. The Mk3 engine is very reliable so just check that it has had regular oil changes and that the oil is up to the mark. Most failures are down to lack of oil as these engines burn lubricant.
Earlier cars tend to survive better than later ones; according to Chris, the least rusty MX-5s tend to be Eunos editions on a G- or H-plate. Major (or at least significant) corrosion tends to be a common problem.
The key areas to check include the sills, wheelarches, sill end plates, front and rear jacking points, floor rails and the chassis rails too (the latter especially on the Mk2), with repair costs typically more than the car's value. Also look for low-quality patching; putting this right can be more costly than just doing the job correctly in the first place. On the Mk1 and Mk2, mud flaps can retain debris and mud which leads to rotten wheelarches.
Early cars can suffer from corroded door jambs, because the kick plates originally fitted allow water to collect underneath. Mazda sorted most claims under warranty, but it's worth removing the trim to check, as it's held in place by just two screws.
The boot is shallow, and some owners overfill it then slam the bootlid down, damaging it in the process. The bulge that results is obvious and not easy to remove.
The factory fit Panasonic gel batteries to the Mk1 and Mk2; they're often replaced with lead-acid items. Fitted in the boot, the lead acid fumes have nowhere to go and this corrodes the inside of the boot. Correct batteries are available for £100.
Part of the MX-5's charm is its ultra-sweet and beautifully direct gearchange. However, over time it can get sticky if the linkages aren't lubricated, so go up and down through the box on a test drive and make sure all's well – pay particular attention to the change between second and third gears..
All UK-supplied cars were fitted with a five-speed manual, but those built for the Japanese market (badged Eunos) were offered with a four-speed auto.
For a rear-wheel drive sports car, the MX-5's suspension components are surprisingly durable. Shock absorbers and springs should easily last 100,000 miles, although many owners will have fitted aftermarket recalibrated parts well before that mileage has been racked up.
Bushes aren't so long-lived, but they should still last at least 60,000 miles. Any car that's needed fresh bushes well before this has probably been thrashed to within an inch of its life at every opportunity – so ask the seller how many sets of bushes the car has had.
Because there isn't much power and the kerb weight is low, MX-5s don't tend to get through tyres very quickly, although the Mk3 goes through tyres quicker as it's heavier. These cars are very sensitive to tyre pressure changes and incorrect wheel alignment; setting things up properly often transforms the dynamics.
Most (but not all) of these early MX-5s were fitted with alloy wheels; many of those that were initially supplied with steel wheels have had alloy replacements by now.
Whatever is fitted, check the state of the finish – especially if the original Mazda items are fitted. Over time these tend to suffer from pitting after the wheels have got caked in brake dust then just left. It's just cosmetic; reviving tired alloys is a straightforward job at around £35 per wheel.
Brakes bind through corrosion on cars used only sparingly, especially where the Mk3 is concerned, so check for seized callipers.
In period there were some who felt the Z3 wasn't as dynamically accomplished as a BMW should be, but unless you drive the car on its door handles you're not likely to notice any shortcomings. Choose from efficient four-cylinder engines and glorious straightsixes, including the rare and ultra-quick M Roadster. All are well screwed together but the four-pot cars are the most reliable of the lot.
It's amazing how much MG you can buy for under £1,000, but while these cars are great fun, you have to tread carefully. Corrosion tends not to be too much of an issue, but tired Hydragas suspension on the F along with failed head gaskets on the F and TF are both a common spectre. Best buy is a non-VVC manual car, as the CVT is nasty and the VVC engine goes out of tune too easily.
With three generations to choose between – all eminently affordable – you're spoiled for choice. All are mid-engined but it's only the third-generation car which is a true convertible – and it's also the most compromised of the lot in terms of practicality as there's no boot space at all. But if you want a sports car that'll just keep working and which is a blast to drive, then look no further.
It might not be much good at carrying wardrobes or carrying more than two people, but if you're looking for a car that's delicious to drive, plenty practical enough for European touring and dirt cheap to buy, the MX-5 will tick every box going. Don't be afraid to buy something imported from Japan, especially if you want something a bit special, but do your homework to pin down exactly what you're buying, because there are so many variations on the theme that it can be hard to keep up. If you can find a mint Mk1 for the right money snap it up as those are already starting to become collectible, while the Mk3 is the most usable. That leaves the Mk2 as the budget buy – not so easy to recommend but still a heap of fun if you can find a good one – which can be easier said than done.


text:
Q: Convert ASCII characters to binary (7-bit) I need to convert  ASCII characters  to  (7-bit) binary.
I have seen this, but it gives me the binary value in 8 bits, meanwhile i want it to be in 7 bits. For instance:
C  should be 1000011
CC should be 10000111000011
%   should be 0100101
So, I changed the code to:
String s = "%";
byte[] bytes = s.getBytes();
StringBuilder binary = new StringBuilder();
for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
    int val =  bytes[j];
    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        binary.append((val & 128) == 0 ? 0 : 1);
        val <<= 1;
    }
    binary.append("");
}

System.out.println("'" + s + "' to binary: " + binary);

and it complains with:
java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 1

in the line:
int val =  bytes[j];

To highlight:
I used
 for(int j=0;j<7;j++)
    int val =  bytes[j];

instead of
for (byte b : bytes)
          int val = b;

A: Change your first for loop from:
for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {

To:
for (int j = 0; j < bytes.length; j++) {

You want this outer loop to loop over all of the elements of bytes.

A: There are 2 changes in your code below :
        String s = "%";
        byte[] bytes = s.getBytes();
        StringBuilder binary = new StringBuilder();
        for (int j = 0; j < bytes.length; j++) {
            int val = bytes[j];
            for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
                val <<= 1;
                binary.append((val & 128) == 0 ? 0 : 1);
            }
        }

        System.out.println("'" + s + "' to binary: " + binary);

A: Here is some code which should give you a hint; it takes each character as a byte, then walks along each of the least significant 7 bits, using a bitmask. Just add your string builder code;
public static void main(String[] args) {
    String s = "A";
    byte[] bytes = s.getBytes();

    for (int bytePos = 0; bytePos < bytes.length; ++bytePos) {
        byte b = bytes[bytePos];
        byte mask = 0b1000000;
        while (mask > 0) {
            System.out.println(b & mask);
            mask /= 2;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The development of robust quality management systems and the provisions for accreditation are essential for laboratories around the world. Laboratories performing official diagnostics for regulated pests (insects, diseases etc.) need to achieve high quality standards because of the impact of their diagnosis on international trade, on the agricultural sector, and on the environment.
With the growing need for harmonized practice in that field, EA and EPPO decided to enhance cooperation between their two organizations.
Françoise Petter, EPPO Assistant Director: "Since the start of our collaboration with EA, we have benefited from direct input from accreditation bodies in our work. The first version of our Standard 'Specific requirements for laboratories preparing accreditation for a plant pest diagnostic activity' was prepared with the assistance of EA Laboratory Committee members who participated in a meeting where the content of our Standard was discussed. More recently exchanges with EA on the implementation of flexible scope in plant pest diagnostics laboratories have allowed us to prepare the third revision of the Standard based on a common understanding. We are looking forward to further collaboration for the preparation of the alignment of this Standard with the new ISO/IEC 17025:2017 for the benefit of both EA members and EPPO members".


Assistive technology (AT) is a term that describes the tools that people with disabilities use to access websites and applications. To ensure compatibility between the assistive technology and your product, Interactive Accessibility will confirm that assistive technology can work with the product and that the product is usable for people with disabilities.
Interactive Accessibility will test your product using the tools and browser combinations that are used by people with disabilities. Assistive technology compatibility testing is carried out by our expert accessibility consultants and by people with disabilities who use these assistive technology products daily.
The focus of the compatibility testing will be on the features that are used most frequently by users with disabilities and the main functions within the product.
Screen readers are software programs that users who are blind or who have low vision use to produce an auditory version of what is on the screen. These programs transform the code behind the visual user interface into synthesized speech.
The screen reader programs run on desktop computers, laptops, tablets and on mobile phones.
Screen magnifiers are those tools that enlarge the screen resolution to make it easier to see for those users with low vision. These tools also offer the end user the option to change the mouse cursor and adjusting the color and contrast settings. There are a number of tools available - some are built into the PC, MAC or mobile phone operating system and some are paid programs.
Speech input programs are speech recognition programs that allow users with mobility impairments to control the PC or mobile device with speech command and dictate text. These tools also help users with dsylexia and learning disabilities by allowing text dictation eliminating the frustration of typing and spelling mistakes.
Text to speech learning tools provide a suite of tools to help users with learning disabilities and English language learners (ELL) who struggle with reading comprehension.


During the most recent 12 month period for which data are available, a total of 460 detainees housed at the Irwin County Detention Center left that facility because they were deported, were released under supervision while their cases were being decided, or left ICE detention for one of a variety of other reasons. The use of this facility for the temporary housing of federal immigration detainees was arranged through an intergovernmental service agreement (IGSA) under which payments by ICE to another governmental agency are made for housing federal detainees. While the facility is government owned, it is operated by the LaSalle Corrections that was in the business of providing detention services for housing federal detainees.
Those individuals who departed from this facility because they were leaving ICE detention made up 10 percent of the 4,680 detainees housed at this facility during the last 12 months. This report focuses on the reasons these individuals left ICE detention. Sometimes this report speaks of these individuals as those "exiting" ICE detention, or simply as "exits." The others remained in ICE detention but were transferred from the Irwin County Detention Center to other facilities.
This report covers those who left ICE custody. It excludes individuals transferred to other ICE facilities. For more information on this facility, including individuals that were transferred, see additional TRAC reports in this series.
This report series is based upon analyses conducted by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC) at Syracuse University of 1.7 million government records tracking each individual who passed through an ICE detention facility during fiscal year 2015. This most recent 12 month period for which comprehensive data are available covers October 2014 through September 2015. See About the Data.
Rankings on the number leaving ICE detention. The Irwin County Detention Center was one of 637 facilities nationwide that housed ICE detainees during the most recent 12 month period. Of these 637, there were 358 that had at least 10 individuals who were deported or released. Excluding those facilities with fewer than 10 exits, the Irwin County Detention Center last year ranked in the top 26 percent nationwide in the number of individuals leaving ICE detention. This means that 26 percent of the locations contributed the same or a larger numbers of exits, while 74 percent had a smaller number. See Table 1.
Deportations. Nationally, the most common reason that a detainee left ICE detention was that they were deported from the United States. During the most recent 12 month period for which comprehensive data are available, nationwide 56.3 percent of those leaving ICE detention were deported or "voluntarily" departed. By way of comparison, a lower percentage of detainees (53 percent) left the country from the Irwin County Detention Center because they were formally deported, or left under the so-called "voluntary departure" procedure.
Were Detained Individuals from the Local Area?
Information on the place of arrest was not included in the available data ICE released. However, we can examine whether the Irwin County Detention Center was the first ICE facility in which these detainees were held. According to ICE records, for some (11 percent) of these detainees, the Irwin County Detention Center was the first place they were sent when they were detained by ICE. The remaining 89 percent had been transferred in from another ICE detention facility.
We can also look at how quickly they arrived at this facility after they were first detained. A total of 60 percent arrived at the Irwin County Detention Center at some point during the very first day they were detained by ICE. There was considerable variability among detainees in the number of detention facilities they had been held in before they were finally deported or released from this facility. The number of facilities ranged as high as 7 separate locations for some detainees. These figures again are based on an analysis of the most recent 12 months for which data are available.
For the United States as a whole, last year the average number of ICE facilities detainees moved through was 1.8. Detainees at the Irwin County Detention Center on average had stayed at somewhat more (2.2) ICE facilities.
Why Did Detainees Leave ICE Detention?
ICE records one of 29 reasons a detainee left ICE detention. As shown in Table 3, these reasons fall into 13 general categories -- from leaving because one is deported or removed, to leaving because one escaped or the individual died while in custody.
Bonded out. A group of individuals (101 or 22 percent) were also "bonded out." This generally covers situations where the individual posts a bond and is released while awaiting a decision on their deportation (removal) case. The amount of the bond is set by ICE, or by an Immigration Judge. Many individuals are not eligible to be released because their continued detention is considered mandatory under provisions in the immigration laws.
Transferred to criminal custody. A total of 61 individuals (13 percent) left this facility last year because they were turned over to U.S. Marshals or to some other government agency. This typically occurs because there is an outstanding criminal case against the individual, or the individual is needed as a material witness in a criminal case.
No legitimate grounds to deport. Sometimes individuals left ICE detention because they "won" their case. Typically this occurs when an Immigration Judge orders the deportation proceedings ICE has filed against them "terminated" (dismissed) and the judge's order after any appeals becomes final. Analysis of the latest 12 months of data show that a total of 35 individuals, or 8 percent were released from detention by the Irwin County Detention Center because a determination was made that there were no grounds to deport the individuals and thus ICE had to release them from custody.
Orders. Orders are additional mechanisms that are sometimes used to release a person while their case is pending, or awaiting removal. Under an "order of recognizance" an individual is released with reporting conditions while in deportation proceedings and awaiting a final decision. A second type of order ("order of supervision") releases an individual after a final order of removal. Here an individual is released because ICE has not met the time limits the law imposes for deporting the individual. There were 13 (3 percent) who left the Irwin County Detention Center detention for these reasons: 2 with orders of recognizance, and 11 with orders of supervision.
Prosecutorial discretion. The Department of Homeland Security sets immigration enforcement priorities and guidance on the exercise of prosecutorial discretion (PD), including special programs on deferred action for childhood arrivals. To focus its limited resources on higher priority targets, individuals that don't fall into these high priority categories may -- through the exercise of prosecutorial discretion -- be released from custody and any proposed deportation actions deferred. A total of 5 individuals (1 percent) were released under these PD programs.
Escape and death. Nationally, there were 65 individuals who escaped ICE detention during the latest 12 month period for which data are available, and 6 individuals were recorded as having died in detention. No one was recorded by the Irwin County Detention Center as either escaping or dying last year.
As shown in Table 3, no one was recorded as leaving the Irwin County Detention Center during the past 12 months for the following reasons: Release to ORR, Paroled and Withdrawal. See "Reasons for Leaving ICE Detention" for a description of these categories.
In many respects release reasons for the Irwin County Detention Center departed from the national picture. It was the case that differences were seen for individuals released on bond (22 versus 11 percent), those released to the U.S. Marshal or other agency (13 versus 5 percent), persons whose proceedings were terminated (8 versus 1 percent), detainees released on orders of recognizance or supervision (3 versus 20 percent), and for those paroled (none versus 5 percent).
The facility's percentages fell within 3 percentage points of the national figures for all other categories.
Which nationalities predominate? Last year in the United States, individuals from Mexico comprised the largest number of those leaving ICE detention. Some 43.4 percent of all detainees recorded Mexico as their country of origin. The Irwin County Detention Center had a smaller proportion of detainees from Mexico - 49 percent among their exits. Detainees from Mexico were also the largest single nationality group among those leaving detention from the facility.
In descending order, the other top nationalities after Mexico that made up those leaving ICE detention from the Irwin County Detention Center last year were: Guatemala (19%), Honduras (10%), El Salvador (5%) and Nigeria (3%).
This compared to the United States as a whole where the other top five nationalities after Mexico were Guatemala (19%), El Salvador (15%), Honduras (12%) and Ecuador (1%).
For the frequency for each of the other nationalities within the top 10 among those leaving ICE detention from the Irwin County Detention Center last year see Table 4.
Deportations and voluntary departures by nationality. Within the nationalities that made up those listed in Table 4 with more than one individual, the proportion deported or voluntarily departing varied from 0 percent to 80 percent. As mentioned above, this compares with 53 percent for all detainees.
With the highest rate of 80 percent were detainees from Guatemala where 86 individuals were deported or took voluntary departure. More than one country was tied with the lowest rate, where detainees were deported or took voluntary departure.
Copyright 2016, TRAC Reports, Inc.


text:
After the release of the 2017 film Wonder Woman, many bloggers noted what they felt made Wonder Woman a feminist icon in the film. Zoe Williams for The Guardian said, "Yes, she is sort of naked a lot of the time, but this isn't objectification so much as a cultural reset: having thighs, actual thighs you can kick things with, not thighs that look like arms, is a feminist act. The whole Diana myth, women safeguarding the world from male violence not with nurture but with better violence, is a feminist act. Casting Robin Wright as Wonder Woman's aunt, re-imagining the battle-axe as a battler with an axe, is a feminist act. A female German chemist trying to destroy humans (in the shape of Dr Poison, a proto-Mengele before Nazism existed) might be the most feminist act of all."[234] Alyssa Rosenberg for The Washington Post said, "... None of these experiences crushed me, of course, but I do wonder what it might have been like if they hadn't happened.The power of Wonder Woman, and one of the things that gives Jenkins's adaptation of the character such a lift, is in the answer to that question. Diana Prince (Gal Gadot) doesn't have any idea what women and men are — or aren't — supposed to do. Even when she does encounter other people's ideas about gender roles, she doesn't automatically accept them, and she never lets anyone stop her. And the movie goes a step further and argues that it's not merely little girls all over the world who stand to gain if they can grow up free of the distorting influence of misogyny: a world like that would be liberating and wonderful for men in lots of ways, too."[235] Emma Gray for HuffPost said, "When it comes to pop culture, we speak often about representation; the simple yet often unfulfilled idea that it matters to see someone like you fill a variety of imagined roles on screen. After awhile, these conversations almost begin to feel obvious. We know that it's good to see women and people of color and disabled people and trans people and queer people in the same numbers and variety of roles that white, cisgender, straight men have long been afforded. But what these discussions often lose is the emotional impact of finally seeing something you may have never even realized you were missing. For many women viewers, "Wonder Woman" filled a hole they didn't know they had." [236]
Wonder Woman was minorly associated with the series 52, and in the One Year Later universe following Infinite Crisis she becomes a member of the Department of Metahuman Affairs. The most memorable story arc from this era was the much maligned Amazons Attack story arc, which many fans felt was not engaging nor did it do enough service to the well-established characters. After Gail Simone took over the series, a number of memorable story arcs took place, foremost among them Rise of the Olympian and Warkiller. Following the departure of Gail Simone the character was relaunched into the storyline Odyssey, where she must discover who she is and what has happened to her life. During this period she also took part in the events of Blackest Night where she was first a Black Lantern and later a Star Sapphire.
In May 2017, early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65–75 million, and possibly as high as $105 million.[177][178][179][180][174] The film opened Friday, June 2, 2017, across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day, including $3.7 million in IMAX. It was the biggest single-day gross for a woman-directed film, ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman-led comic book superhero film, ahead of Ghost in the Shell ($7 million).[181] This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews, also the best start for a film directed by a woman, surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor-Johnson, and the third-biggest of the year, behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Of that, $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings.[182][183]
To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira, the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself, the film's producers searched all over the world, finally settling on the Cilentan Coast: a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea, located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy.[134] It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day. Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for. Bonetto explained that, "Italy had beautiful weather, a beautiful blue-green sea, not too much tide, not too much wave. Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production, and it was the perfect way to go".[135] The estuary at Lower Halstow in Kent is featured in the scene in which Diana arrives at a Belgian creek to make her way to the warfront.[136] Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film[137] and Martin Walsh served as editor.[127]
Upon arriving, Diana and Hermes found themselves under attack by Hades' minions. Though they fought them off, they were surprised to find that time for Zola had passed much more quickly than for them. Her pregnancy was nearly at the end of its term. When they attempted to leave with her, Hades appeared, warning that one of them must stay behind - and if Diana was unprepared to make Hera his wife as promised - she would do. However, upon Eros' pistols, he instead agreed to let them all go in exchange for them. When Diana's back was turned, he fired them at her, and she fell under love's spell to him.[21]
^ Mozzocco, J. Caleb. "The Many Loves of Wonder Woman: A Brief History Of The Amazing Amazon's Love Life". ComicsAlliance. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2012. When the next volume of Wonder Woman would start, Trevor was sidelined as Diana's love interest. He still appeared in the series, but as an older man, one who would ultimately marry the post-Crisis version of Wondy's Golden Age sidekick, Etta Candy.
"Gas was intended to win the war. On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right." said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics.[223] Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a "hydrogen-based" chemical weapon as a plot device, the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history. "First off, mustard gas is such a horrible, terrifying weapon, it doesn't need to be made more potent. But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces, you wouldn't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom. You'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule."[224]
During his greeting speech, Lex made a reference to how Zeus cruelly punished the Titan Prometheus for enlightening humankind, much to the visible dismay of Diana. Shortly thereafter, she covertly stole a hacking device of Bruce Wayne's, who is likewise investigating Lex Luthor. She exited the party with Bruce pursuing her, but manages to make it to her car and drive off just in time for Bruce to see her depart.[5]
The modern age of the character can be tied to the reboot of the character following Crisis on Infinite Earths. In this the character became defined by the vision of George Perez in a way which the entire concept of the character was defined by his direction. As opposed to the past where the character would get retold origins which would try to make her more contemporary, now she got one which tied her much more strongly to the stories of the ancient gods. For the first time Diana enters Man's World not knowing how to speak English already, and is forced to master the language on her own. In this period she also became much more closely related with modern female issues, and this was usually through her circle of friends – Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis and Mindi Mayer. Such issues as the cultural need for women to be attractive and thin, suicide and the sensationalization of the media as it pertains to women were all addressed. This version of the character also reimagined Steve Trevor as a father figure for Diana as opposed to a romantic counterpart. After Perez's run on the character, she was taken over for a time by William Messner Loebs, who recast her again in somewhat more traditional superhero stories, though in this case she still explored a different aspect of humanity. After a long space voyage, when she returned home she was forced to work at a fast food restaurant to pay her bills and made friends with a number of people in her "civilian identity." This built up to the revelation of betrayal of her mother, and of Artemis taking over as Wonder Woman for a short time, but this was soon reversed. The following writer was John Byrne, who when he was writing Superman in the post-Crisis on Infinite Earths DC universe, had hinted at a relationship between Diana and Superman. This was explored occasionally under his run, but it is probably best known for the death of Diana, and the assumption of her duties by Hippolyta. She was soon returned to life (as she had never really died, instead having been deified). This period also introduced Cassandra Sandsmark, who would go on to become Wonder Girl at a later point. The remainder of this second series is best remembered for by the writing of Jimenez and Rucka, both of whom helped define the character. The latter during the lead-in of events to Infinite Crisis had Diana fighting Superman who was being controlled by Maxwell Lord. Battered after their battle, Diana has managed to stop Superman by using her lasso of truth on Lord, and the only option which she is given to stopping him is to kill him, and realizing this is the case, she does so. This created a controversy both within comics and in the real world, as both fans and characters alike debated the morality of this decision. In comics this also led to strained relations between her and Superman and her and Batman and with the addition of the events of Identity Crisis, helped to lead to the breakup of the Justice League of America at a crucial point right before the main events of Infinite Crisis were about to begin.
Superman begged his fellow heroes to arrest him, and while he was taken to the A.R.G.U.S. facilities, Diana expressed disapproval at Steve's secret Justice League. Wonder Woman travelled to the Temple of Hephaestus and demanded Hephaestus tell her about what the box really was. Hephaestus answered that the box was not created by the Gods of Olympus and the truth was a mystery even to them. Wonder Woman decided to seek help from the Justice League Dark.[66] Suddenly, the three Justice Leagues converged at the House of Mystery, where the heroes were divided, one side led by Wonder Woman, the other by Batman. Zatanna, having taken Wonder Woman's side, teleported the group away.[67] Wonder Woman's group tracked Pandora's box to Lex Luthor's prison cell, where Pandora was offering the box to Luthor. Wonder Woman grabbed the box but was overwhelmed by its power.[68]
Another major outfit change for Wonder Woman came about as part of DC Comics' 2011 relaunch of its entire line of publications, The New 52. The character's original one-piece outfit was restored, although the color combination of red and blue was changed to dark red and blue-black. Her chest-plate, belt and tiara were also changed from gold to a platinum or sterling silver color. Along with her sword, she now also utilizes a shield. She wears many accessories such as arm and neck jewelry styled as the "WW" motif. Her outfit is no longer made of fabric, as it now resembles a type of light, flexible body armor. Her boots are now a very dark blue rather than red. The design previously included black trousers, but they were removed and the one-piece look was restored during the time of publication.[196]
As they walked, Trevor noticed that they were being followed. He tried to lose them by taking a turn down a back alley, but instead walked straight into a German spy's gun. The man ordered Trevor to give the notebook back; he refused, instead headbutting the man. He told Diana to stay back at the man took aim and shot at them. Diana reached out her arm, blocking the bullet off her gauntlet and saving Trevor's life. Diana then fought the German spies single-handedly; her spectacles were crushed in the fight.
Comic books were more or less invented in 1933 by Maxwell Charles Gaines, a former elementary school principal who went on to found All-American Comics. Superman first bounded over tall buildings in 1938. Batman began lurking in the shadows in 1939. Kids read them by the piles. But at a time when war was ravaging Europe, comic books celebrated violence, even sexual violence. In 1940, the Chicago Daily News called comics a "national disgrace." "Ten million copies of these sex-horror serials are sold every month," wrote the newspaper's literary editor, calling for parents and teachers to ban the comics, "unless we want a coming generation even more ferocious than the present one."
The Crisis on Infinite Earths crossover of 1986 was designed and written with the purpose of streamlining most of DC's characters into one more-focused continuity and reinventing them for a new era, thus Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor were declared to come from the Earth-Two dimension, and along with all of their exploits, were erased from history, so that a new Wonder Woman character, story and timeline could take priority.
The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad. Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman, whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad.[157] Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017, according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters, the biggest survey in company history.[158] Separately, Fandango also found that 92% of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero, and 87% wished Hollywood would make more women-led superhero films.[159] In May 2017, NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte.[160]
While a visibly shell-shocked and saddened Batman promptly retrieves Superman's lifeless body (enveloping him in his own cape), Wonder Woman takes the body from Batman, gently placing it on the ground before them. Lois proceeds to cradle and weep over her fallen beloved, as Wonder Woman and Batman stand next to her in respectful lamenting silence. Wonder Woman equally saddened at his death, due to now not having the chance to get to know Superman.[5]
As the men helped the Amazons prepare for battle against the First Born's army, Diana received news that the First Born had been attacking other gods' realms. With Eros and Artemis, Wonder Woman ambushed the Minotaur at Demeter's home. Unfortunately, the First Born had already defeated Demeter, so Wonder Woman sent her companions to safety while she confronted him by herself.[45]
A few weeks later in September, Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter. He compared Gal Gadot's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s,[261] and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton's portrayal of Sarah Connor. He argued that Connor was "if not ahead of its time, at least a breakthrough in its time" because though she "looked great", she "wasn't treated as a sex object".[261] He also stated that he while he "applaud[s] Patty directing the film and Hollywood, uh, 'letting' a woman direct a major action franchise, I didn't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman. I thought it was a good film. Period."[261] Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron's The Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to "Stop dissing WW." Like Jenkins, she suggests that while Cameron does "not understand the character", she does. She also refers to Cameron's critiques as "thuggish jabs at a brilliant director" that are as "ill advised" as the "movie was spot on." Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has "embodied this character for more than 40 years".[262][263][264] A month later, Jenkins responded to Cameron's comments once again in an interview with Variety, stating that she "was not upset at all", as "everybody is entitled to their own opinion. But if you're going to debate something in a public way, I have to reply that I think it's incorrect."[265] Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron's statements, arguing that "while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women, [he] is not very good at it" as being an ally means using his position of privilege "without silencing the voices of those you're trying to help". She also states that it "is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist. It's not even enough to create a strong female character ... You have to bring women to the table. You have to let them speak. You cannot speak for them. But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments ... Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women."[266]
The character has been featured in direct-to-DVD animated films and CGI theatrical releases, such as The Lego Movie (2014). Within the live-action DC Extended Universe films, Wonder Woman debuted in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and was featured as the main character in Wonder Woman (2017). In November 2017, she appeared in the DCEU release Justice League.
Straczynski's run focused on an alternate timeline created by the Gods where Paradise Island was destroyed leading to many Amazons being raised in the outside world. It revolves around Wonder Woman's attempts to restore the normal timeline despite the fact that she does not remember it properly. Wonder Woman in this alternative timeline has been raised in New York City as an orphan and is coming into her powers. She is aware of the presence of Amazons, but does not remember her childhood on Paradise Island.[54][55] Wonder Woman wore a new costume designed by DC Comics co-publisher Jim Lee.[56] Writer Phil Hester continued the storyline.[57]
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Generating mammalian sirtuin tools for protein-interaction analysis.
Low levels of DNA polymerase alpha induce mitotic and meiotic instability in the ribosomal DNA gene cluster of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of the Human Sirtuin 5 Deacylase: Structure-Activity Relationship, Biostructural, and Kinetic Insight.
Metabolic Regulation by Lysine Malonylation, Succinylation, and Glutarylation.
Nonenzymatic protein acylation as a carbon stress regulated by sirtuin deacylases.
Oxygen flux analysis to understand the biological function of sirtuins.
SIRT4 Is a Lysine Deacylase that Controls Leucine Metabolism and Insulin Secretion.
Sirtuin regulation of mitochondria: energy production, apoptosis, and signaling.
Variability of the SIRT3 gene, human silent information regulator Sir2 homologue, and survivorship in the elderly.


15/09/2017 · Not with the built-in Maps app nor google maps, but you might find other mapping/navigation apps in your country's app store that have maps downloaded as part of the app. But a wifi-only iPad doesn't have a built-in GPS chip (only cellular models do), so if you want to be able to use it to locate yourself when away from a wifi network then you will need a GPS unit - there are a number …... Further, launch Google Maps, tap Settings > About, Terms & privacy > Terms & privacy > Location Data Collection and toggle it to the off position. Have backup battery solutions. Using Location Services will drain your battery quickly.
14/05/2018 · How to Delete a Google Maps Pin on iPhone or iPad. This wikiHow teaches you how to delete a pin you've dropped onto a Google Map when you're using an iPhone or iPad. Open Google Maps on your iPhone or iPad. It's a map icon with a "G" and...... Yesterday, I reported about the new Google Maps search interface but I didn't notice one feature. There is now a way to collapse and hide the search box so you can see more of the map on the screen.
12/06/2013 · Tap and hold the Maps app (or any other app you want to close) until it starts jiggling. Press the red icon to quit app(s). Press Home button again to … how to connect laptop to smart tv wirelessly windows 10 4 Drop a Pin in Google Maps The iPad's built-in Maps application provides a simple navigation system that allows you to find geographical locations and plan routes between any two points on the map.
19/08/2011 · How to use the Maps App for the iPad. Video tutorial by Scott Ligon, coordinator for digital foundation classes at the Cleveland Institute of Art.
4 Drop a Pin in Google Maps The iPad's built-in Maps application provides a simple navigation system that allows you to find geographical locations and plan routes between any two points on the map.


text:
Prognostication in Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy for Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma: A New Simplified Model Incorporating Histological Variants
Authors: Ku, Ja Hyeona; b | Yuk, Hyeong Donga | Godoy, Guihermeb | Amiel, Gilard E.b; c | Lerner, Seth P.b; *
Affiliations: [a] Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea | [b] Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA | [c] Michael E. Debakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
Correspondence: [*] Correspondence to: Seth P. Lerner, MD, FACS, Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel.: +1 713 798 6841; Fax: +1 713 798 7900; E-mail: [email protected].
Keywords: Bladder cancer, urothelial carcinoma, variant histology, outcomes, cystectomy
DOI: 10.3233/BLC-170156
Journal: Bladder Cancer, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 195-203, 2018
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of histological variants (HV) and to develop a new and simple prediction model incorporating variant forms in patients who underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma (UC).
We analyzed the data of 365 patients. We evaluated whether HV were independent predictors of survival. A new scoring model was developed using the regression coefficients from the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the score: low-, intermediate- and high-risk. To evaluate the performance of the model, we assessed models in terms of discrimination and calibration.
Patients(median age; 68.5 years) with pure form and squamous differentiation did not differ significantly but statistical analysis of the survival curves of patients with pure form and other variants revealed a statistically significant difference in terms of cancer-specific survival (CSS) (p = 0.005) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.010). According to the new scoring model HV, the 5-yr CSS rate in each group was 93.3%, 82.9% and 50.5%, respectively. The 5-yr OS rate in each group was 90.0%, 66.3% and 33.2%, respectively. Model discrimination was good for all year models. Calibration was also adequate for the model in all year models.
HV were found to be important independent prognostic factors in urothelial bladder cancer. This paper presents a new prognostic model incorporating variant forms for predicting CSS and OS in these patients.
Bladder cancer is the 9th most common cancer and ranks 13th as a cause of death from cancer in worldwide [1]. It is estimated that bladder cancer accounts for 70,530 new cases of cancer and 14,680 cancer-related deaths in the United States during 2010 [1]. In the United States, 90% to 95% of bladder cancers are composed of pure urothelial carcinoma (UC) and UC with variant, and the rest consists of non- UC. HV are based primarily on morphologic features. And the frequency of UC with variants ranges from 10% to 40–53% [2]. Histological variants(HV) of UC include squamous differentiation, glandular differentiation, micropapillary, sarcomatoid, lymphoepithelioma-like, and plasmacytoid components [3]. Pure forms of non- UC present with a high stage and grade at presentation and are associated with more aggressive behavior and diminished patient survival [3]. It is unclear whether this result extends to UC with HV. Because each differentiation pattern is characterized by its distinct biological behavior, the overall significance of UC with HV remains unclear [4].
Predicting the prognosis for patients with bladder cancer remains a challenge. To date, five prediction models have recently been published to predict cancer-specific (CSS) [5–8] or overall survival (OS) [5, 9] after radical cystectomy. These models accounts for patient age [5, 7], pT stage [5–9], lymphovascular invasion [5, 7, 9], resection margin status [8], pN stage [5–7], the number of removed lymph node [7], the number of positive lymph node [7], lymph node density [8], neoadjuvant chemotherapy [5], adjuvant chemotherapy [5], adjuvant radiotherapy [5], serum c-reactive protein [8], and molecular biomarkers [7, 9].
However, there is still a need to improve the predictive accuracy for the individual patient. Because there is little evidence in the literature concerning the prognostic value of variant forms in cystectomy patients, we aimed to determine its clinical significance as a potential predictor for poor oncological outcome. We confirmed the significance of variant forms as a prognostic factor, and developed a new and simple prediction model incorporating variant forms in patients who underwent radical cystectomy.
We retrospectively reviewed the data of 402 patients who underwent radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy at our institution between 1998 and 2011. Exclusion criteria were non- UC (squamous cell carcinoma, n = 7; adenocarcinoma, n = 6; small cell carcinoma, n = 7; and others, n = 5), cystectomy for other cancers (prostate cancer, n = 2), nononcologic reasons (radiation cystitis, n = 1), and perioperative mortality (n = 9). And patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Thus, this study was comprised of 365 patients (305 men and 60 women). The tumor stage and grade were examined according to the TNM classification [10] and World Health Organization system [11]. The subtypes of UC were defined as the 2004 World Health Organization publication Tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs [12], with some modifications. Pathological reviews were performed in all cases. There was no cut off value for HV, and the variant was applied as it was.
Follow-up was done according to institutional protocol. Patients were generally seen postoperatively at least every 3 to 4 months for the first year, semiannually for the second year, and annually thereafter. Follow-up examinations consisted of physical examination, lab tests, urine cytology, chest x-rays, and renal ultrasound. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis was carried out on a yearly basis. Clinical outcomes were measured from the date of cystectomy to the date of death or the date of last follow-up. When patients died, the cause of death was determined by the treating physicians by chart review corroborated by death certificates, or by death certificates alone. Patients who were identified as having died from bladder cancer had progressive and often highly symptomatic metastases at the time of death. The median duration of follow-up was 29.6 months (Interquartile range (IQR), 0.3 to 148.0 months).
We evaluated whether or not HV were independent predictors of CSS and OS. The CSS and OS rates based on HV were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences among groups were compared using the log-rank test. HV were divided as squamous differentiation and other variants.
Ten variables were evaluated in univariate analysis. The factors consisted of patient age (<65 vs. ≥65), gender (male vs. female), previous intravesical therapy (no vs. yes), pT stage (≤pT1 vs. pT2 vs. ≥pT3), pN stage (pN0 vs. ≥pN1), tumor grade (≤G2 vs. G3), lymphovascular invasion (no vs. yes), co-existing carcinoma in situ (no vs. yes), margin status (negative vs. positive), and histology (pure carcinoma vs. squamous differentiation vs. other variants). As a second step, significant parameters of univariate analysis were investigated in multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. Reduced model selection was done using a backward step-down selection process, which used as stopping rule the Akaike's information criterion [13]. A new scoring model to predict CSS and OS after radical cystectomy was developed using the regression coefficients from the final multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. The coefficient for each factor was divided by the highest coefficient, multiplied by 4 and rounded to the nearest integer [14]. Precision of the reported coefficients was assessed by creating 1,000 bootstrap samples from the entire data set and replicating the estimation process. 95% confidence intervals were formed using this bootstrap estimate of the corresponding samplingdistributions. To calculate a prognostic score, we assigned each of independent prognostic variables a number of points. A score was calculated for each patient by adding together the points corresponding to his or her factors, and the patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the score: low-, intermediate- and high-risk for death.
To evaluate the performance of the model, we assessed models in terms of discrimination (resolution) and calibration (reliability). The discriminative ability of the model was measured internally using the Harrell's c statistic (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve) [15, 16]. Interpretation of the c statistic is similar to the interpretation of the area under a receiver operating characteristics curve. A value of 1.0 indicates that the score assigned by the model perfectly discriminates patients with different outcomes, while a value of 0.5 indicates that the scoring model contains no predictive information. Calibration was assessed by group patients and then comparing the mean of the group with the observed Kaplan-Meier estimated of CSS and OS. Kaplan-Meier curves for patients in the three groups were generated to illustrate the partitioning of the risk of death. We also assessed the calibration of our model by calculating the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic [17]. The Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic compares the observed and predicted risk within risk categories. A lower Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic and a higher p value (p > 0.05) indicate better calibration.
Overall model performance was evaluated with the R2 statistic (Nagelkerke's peudo-R2). Nagelkerke's peudo-R2 represents the proportion of variation explained by covariates in regression models. Nagelkerke's peudo-R2 is a modification of the Cox and Snell coefficient to assure that it can vary from 0 to 1. A larger R2 indicates better predictive performance. The likelihood ratio chi-square test was used to measure homogeneity [15, 16]. The Akaike information criteria within a Cox proportional hazard regression model were used to evaluate the discriminatory ability and complexity of model [16, 18]; the smaller the Akaike information criteria value, the more informative and simpler the model. The Akaike information criteria statistic was defined by Akaike information criteria = –2 log maximum likelihood + 2 x the number of parameters in the model. Finally, values for the prognostic separation index were provided. We determined the difference between the prognostic groups in the probability of death, calculated as (Phigh-Plow)/100, where Phigh is the predicted probability of death for a patient in the group with the worst prognosis, and Plow is the corresponding value for a patient in the group with the best prognosis [16]. The greater the difference or separation between these two values, the better the prognostic separation index and the more useful the test or score for discriminating between individuals with good and poor prognoses [19].
The median age at the time of radical cystectomy was 68.5 years (IQR, 33.2 to 88.4 years).
Table 1 lists the characteristics of the 365 patients based on the histological type. HV were noted in 47 patients. After squamous differentiation (n = 28), micropapillary (n = 9), sarcomatoid (n = 4), and small cell variants (n = 4) were the most common HV. Others consisted of lymphoepithelioma-like (n = 1) and plasmacytoid variants (n = 1). The variant forms were found more frequently in female than in male patients (p = 0.026). Patients with variant forms had higher pT stage (p = 0.005) and higher tumor grade (p < 0.005) than those with pure form.
Patient characteristics
Pure carcinoma Carcinoma with variants P value†
No. 318 47
Age (years)* 68.7 (33.2 to 87.1) 68.0 (42.2 to 88.4) 0.420
Sex 0.026
Male 271 (85.2%) 34 (72.3%)
Female 47 (14.8%) 13 (27.7%)
Previous intravesical therapy 0.267
No 233 (73.3%) 38 (80.9%)
Yes 85 (26.7%) 9 (19.1%)
pT stage 0.005
pT0/pTa/pTis/pT1 151 (47.5%) 11 (23.4%)
pT2 55 (17.3%) 9 (19.1%)
pT3-4 112 (35.2%) 27 (57.4%)
pN stage 0.284
pN0 249 (78.3%) 40 (85.1%)
pN1-3 69 (21.7%) 7 (14.9%)
Tumor grade 0.005
≤G2 79 (24.8%) 3 (6.4%)
G3 239 (75.2%) 44 (93.6%)
Lymphovascular invasion 0.351
Yes 113 (35.5%) 20 (42.6%)
Co-existing carcinoma in situ 0.236
Margin status 0.253
Negative 298 (93.7%) 46 (97.9%)
Positive 20 (6.3%) 1 (2.1%)
Squamous differentiation 28 (59.6%)
Micropapillary 9 (19.1%)
Sarcomatoid 4 (8.4%)
Small cell 4 (8.4%)
Lymphoepithelioma-like 1 (2.1%)
Plasmacytoid 1 (2.1%)
*Values are medians (IQR). †P values are for the comparison between the groups and were calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test for median age and by the Pearson's chi-square test for the other variables.
Patients with pure form and squamous differentiation did not differ significantly in terms of CSS and OS. However, statistical analysis of the survival curves of patients with pure form and other variants revealed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.005 for CSS survival and p = 0.010 for OS; Fig. 1).
Survival curves according to the histology. A. Cancer-specific survival (log-rank test for trend, p = 0.005). B. Overall survival (log-rank test for trend, p = 0.010).
In the univariate analyses, patient age, pT stage (≤pT1 vs. ≥pT3), pN stage, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, margin status and histology (pure carcinoma vs. other variants) represented statistically significant predictors of both CSS and OS (data not shown). Table 2 lists the multivariable Cox survival models and bootstrap confidence intervals for all the estimates fitted in the cohort. In the multivariate model, age, pT stage, pN stage, margin status and histology achieved independent predictor status of CSS. The score for CSS was calculated as 2 (if≥65 years) + 4 (if≥pT3) + 3 (if≥pN1) + 2 (if positive margin) + 4 (if variant form except squamous differentiation) and 0 (otherwise). The c statistic of this model was 0.756 (95% confidence interval, 0.689 to 0.822; p < 0.001) (data not shown). Another multivariable analysis revealed that age, pT stage, pN stage, and histology were independent predictors of OS. The score for OS was calculated as 4 (if≥65 years) + 4 (if≥pT3) + 3 (if≥pN1) + 3 (if variant form except squamous differentiation) and0 (otherwise). The c statistic of this model was 0.705 (95% confidence interval, 0.647 to 0.763; p < 0.001) (data not shown).
Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and scoring system
HR (95% CI) P value Coefficient (95% CI)* Prognostic score†
Age (years): <65 vs. ≥65 2.107 (1.170 to 3.797) 0.013 0.745 (0.189 to 1.580) 2
pT stage: ≤pT1 vs. ≥pT3 3.791 (1.525 to 9.421) 0.004 1.333 (0.519 to 2.425) 4
pN stage: pN0 vs. ≥pN1 2.937 (1.575 to 5.476) 0.001 1.077 (0.377 to 1.818) 3
Margin status: negative vs. positive 2.509 (1.101 to 5.716) 0.029 0.920 (–0.670 to 1.755) 2
Histology: pure vs. variants except squamous differentiation 4.577 (1.835 to 11.413) 0.001 1.521 (0.118 to 2.832) 4
Age (years): <65 vs. ≥65 2.856 (1.819 to 4.485) <0.001 1.050 (0.611 to 1.620) 4
pT stage: ≤pT1 vs. ≥pT3 3.310 (1.738 to 6.301) <0.001 1.197 (0.615 to 1.930) 4
pN stage: pN0 vs. ≥pN1 2.660 (1.645 to 4.303) <0.001 0.978 (0.419 to 1.524) 3
Histology: pure vs. variants except squamous differentiation 2.717 (1.209 to 6.109) 1.000 1.000 (0.048 to 2.046) 3
HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, CSS: cancer-specific survival, OS: overall survival. *Bootstrap results are based on 1,000 bootstrap samples. †Assignment of points to risk factors was based on a linear transformation of the corresponding ß regression coefficient. The coefficient of each variable was divided by the highest coefficient, multiplied by 4, and rounded to the nearest integer.
The prognostic index was categorized in three groups: low- (0 to 1 point), intermediate- (2 to 5 points), and high-risk (6 or higher points) for CSS and low- (0 to 2 points), intermediate- (3 to 7 points), and high-risk (8 or higher points) for OS, respectively. We selected a 1, 3, 5, and 7 yr time point for the test. Table 3 shows a look-up table defined using the regression coefficients of the variables included in the final model. CSS and OS rates were clearly discriminated by the scoring model. According to the new scoring model, the 5-year CSS rate in each group was 93.3%, 82.9% and 50.5%, respectively (Table 3, Fig. 2A). The 5-year OS rate in each group was 90.0%, 66.3% and 33.2%, respectively (Table 3, Fig. 2B).
Estimated cancer-specific and overall survival at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years according to risk category
No. patients (%) Mean ± SE % survival (No. at risk/No. events)
1 yr 3 yr 5 yr 7 yr
Entire cohort 365 95.3 ± 1.2 (267/15) 82.5 ± 2.4 (152/46) 76.3 ± 3.0 (85/55) 74.0 ± 3.3 (43/57)
Low-risk 93 (25.5) – 95.4 ± 2.6 (53/3) 93.3 ± 3.3 (35/4) 93.3 ± 3.3 (21/4)
Intermediate-risk 149 (40.8) 98.4 ± 1.1 (119/2) 92.8 ± 2.5 (68/8) 82.9 ± 4.8 (33/13) 80.3 ± 5.3 (14/14)
High-risk 123 (33.7) 87.6 ± 3.2 (74/13) 56.3 ± 5.8 (30/35) 50.5 ± 6.1 (16/38) 45.4 ± 7.3 (8/39)
Intermediate-risk 173 (47.4) 94.8 ± 1.8 (135/8) 80.7 ± 3.5 (78/26) 66.3 ± 5.0 (40/36) 56.1 ± 6.0 (18/41)
High-risk 98 (26.8) 78.1 ± 4.6 (57/18) 43.4 ± 6.2 (20/40) 33.2 ± 6.6 (9/44) 27.7 ± 7.5 (4/45)
CSS: cancer-specific survival, OS: overall survival. *Risk categories for cancer-specific survival were determined by adding up the points for each of the following risk factors: ≥65 years (2 points), ≥pT3 (4 points), ≥pN1 (3 points), positive margin (2 pints), and variant form except squamous differentiation (4 points). The prognostic index was categorized in three groups: low- (0 to 1 point), intermediate- (2 to 5 points), and high-risk (6 or higher points). †Risk categories for OS were determined by adding up the points for each of the following risk factors: ≥65 years (4 points), ≥pT3 (4 points), ≥pN1 (3 points), and variant form except squamous differentiation (3 points). The prognostic index was categorized in three groups: low- (0 to 2 points), intermediate- (3 to 7 points), and high-risk (8 or higher points).
Kaplan-Meier survival curves in three risk group in patients who underwent radical cystectomy according to the prognostic classification. A. Cancer-specific survival (log-rank test for trend, p = 0.0010). Risk categories were determined by adding up the points for each of the following risk factors: ≥65 years (2 points), ≥pT3 (4 points), ≥pN1 (3 points), positive margin (2 pints), and variant forms except squamous differentiation (4 points). The prognostic index was categorized in three groups: low- (0 to 1 point), intermediate- (2 to 5 points), and high-risk (6 or higher points). B. Overall survival (log-rank test for trend, p = 0.0100). Risk categories were determined by adding up the points for each of the following risk factors: ≥65 years (4 points), ≥pT3 (4 points), ≥pN1 (3 points), and variant forms except squamous differentiation (3 points). The prognostic index was categorized in three groups: low- (0 to 2 points), intermediate- (3 to 7 points), and high-risk (8 or higher points).
Model discrimination of CSS and OS was good for all year models. The c statistic CSS was 0.794 at 1 yr, 0.753 at 3 yr, 0.726 at 5 yr, and 0.729 at 7 yr. The c statistic for OS was 0.771 at 1yr, 0.730 at 3 yr, 0.708 at 5yr, and 0.682 at 7 yr. Calibration was also adequate for the model in all year models. In terms of calibration, results of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were favorable, all p values (at least p > 0.333) suggesting no evidence for rejecting the null hypothesis that the model is of adequate fit. Nagelkerke's peudo-R2 demonstrated good predictive efficacy. However, these models for all years were able to explain less than 20% of the "variance" in outcomes. In CSS models, maximum estimate of Nagelkerke's peudo-R2 was 0.199 and the minimum was 0.165. In OS models, maximum estimate was 0.185 and the minimum was 0.148. All models had high chi-square score. As the year increased, chi-square score increased in the multivariate likelihood ratio chi square test, which represented better homogeneity. The models for all years had low Akaike information criteria. Compared with the higher year model, lower year model had a smaller Akaike information criteria value, which represented the optimum prognostic stratification. Although prognostic separation indexes were low at 1 yr (0.124 in CSS model and 0.219 in OS model), as the year increased, index increased. The prognostic separation index values show that the greatest separations are provided at 7 yr (0.479 in CSS model and 0.596 in OS model) (Table 4).
Performance of survival prognostic model
C statistic (95% CI) 0.794 (0.709 to 0.879) 0.753 (0.680 to 0.825) 0.726 (0.656 to 0.797) 0.726 (0.657 to 0.795)
Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic (p value) 0.000 (1.000) 0.000 (1.000) 0.000 (1.000) 0.000 (1.000)
Nagelkerke's peudo-R2 0.192 0.199 0.165 0.165
Likelihood-ratio χ2 (p value) 21.444 (<0.001) 59.877 (<0.001) 57.686 (<0.001) 59.137 (<0.001)
Akaike information criteria* 156.734 460.983 548.448 563.643
Prognostic separation index† 0.124 0.391 0.428 0.479
CI: confidence interval, CSS: cancer-specific survival, OS: overall survival. *The Akaike information criteria were calculated by the formula: –2 log maximum likelihood + 2 x the number of parameters. †The difference in probability of death between the high- and the low-risk groups was calculated by the formula: (Phigh –Plow)/100.
Data regarding the incidence or frequency of the different HV are not available in large series reported in the urinary bladder [2]. The current evidence suggests that UC with variant forms has a worse prognosis when compared with pure UC. For example, micropapillary variant has been shown to have worse disease-specific survival compared with patients with pure UC [20]. The 5-year and 10-year survival in the largest study was 51% and 24%, respectively [21]. Sarcomatoid carcinomas present at high stage and grade, frequently with lymph node metastases and have a very poor prognosis, with 70% of death at 2 years [22]. The mean survival of small cell carcinoma is 6 to 34.9 months and the reported 5-year survival rate ranges from 8 to 40% [2]. The prognosis of plasmacytoid variant is uniformly poor, with most patients having advanced stage at presentation and metastatic disease progression [2]. On the contrary, one recent series of 30 lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas of urinary tract found that cases treated with cystectomy had a similar prognosis to pure UC a [23]. However, when admixed with pure UC, their outcome depends on the stage of the associated pure UC [2]. The prognostic value of squamous differentiation in patients with UC is also controversial. Recent series of 113 cases treated by cystectomy found that squamous differentiation was an adverse predictor of CSS [24]. This difference in prognosis may not be apparent when corrected for stage of the disease [2]. In summary, owing to the limited number of cases reported, it is difficult to infer if the poor prognosis is related to this particular histological pattern or because of the frequently present concurrent high grade and high stage UC. In this study, we divided variant forms into squamous differentiation and other variant forms because survival differences were statistically distinct in multivariate as well as univariate model.
An important goal of a prognostic model is to classify patients into risk groups. The main reasons of prognostic models are to inform individuals about the future course of their illness, to guide doctors and patients in joints decisions on further treatment, and to select relevant patients for therapeutic research [25]. Although treatment outcomes after radical cystectomy have been based on TNM staging, for a biologically heterogeneous disease like bladder cancer, purely anatomical staging systems have limited ability to predict patient survival due to the heterogeneity of the tumor biology and patient characteristics. To circumvent these limitations, several mathematically based prognostic models were developed which appear to outperform clinical judgement in estimating outcome probabilities. However, the major pitfall in the development of these tools including nomograms and artificial neural networks is the potential lack of generalizability of the model in clinical practice. In addition, although theoretically, an artificial neural network and other machine learning techniques should have considerable advantages, these techniques do not often provide an improvement in predictive accuracy over a traditional statistical technique such as logistic or Cox regression [26, 27].
Recently, prognostic models for CSS and OS after radical cystectomy have been shown to be valuable tools [4–8]. To better assess an individual patient's outcome following radical cystectomy for bladder, investigators have developed highly accurate tools including nomograms [5, 7, 9], an artificial neural network [6], and a model based on regression coefficient [8]. However, all these models had study limitations including retrospective data collection and/or analysis, and relatively short-term or variations in follow-up. In addition, some models had additional limitations such as a small sample size [6–9], lack of central pathology [5], use of non-specific biomarker [8], unreliability of immunohistochemical techniques [7, 9], and no external validation [6–9]. In fact, few prognostic models are routinely used in clinical practice, probably because most have not been externally validated. To date, only one model [5] of five models has been validated externally [28, 29]. The level of complexicity of a predictive or prognostic model represents another important practical consideration. Excessively complex models are clearly impracticable in clinical practice. Similarly, models that rely on variables that are not routinely available are impractical. These include models that rely on novel biomarkers, which in turn require non-commercially available and/or non-standardized assays, making the instrument unsuitable for the great majority of the clinicians.
The development of an accurate scoring system for the prediction of outcome after surgery is a major challenge. Simplicity of models and reliability of measurements are important criteria in developing clinically useful prognostic models [25]. It is straightforward to scale the weights of a logistic model to whole numbers to make the arithmetic in calculating the risk score easy [30]. An ideal system would be simple to construct, rely on readily availableobjective data, and perform consistently across low- and high-risk patient subgroups [31]. Recent work by others to develop simple rules for estimating typical, best-case and worse-case scenarios in cancers provide an important advance in personalizing discussion between patients and physicians regarding prognosis [32]. This paper reports on the development of a new prognostic model for predicting CSS and OS after radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer. This study demonstrates that prognostic stratification may be achieved by reconsidering HV. It is clear that adding more variables would improve the accuracy of any prognostic model. Our model fulfils many of these criteria and may have several important clinical applications. To identify the least informative variables, we applied backward variable selection, with the intent of maximizing accuracy and promoting parsimony [13, 15, 16]. This method yielded highly accurate and informative tools, which included only the key predictors without sacrificing accuracy or performance. A simple table can provide data to convert the risk score into a probability of dying. Furthermore, the cohort in this study underwent radical cystectomy by a single surgeon (SPL).
We acknowledge our study's limitations. First, it is retrospective and is subject to inherent biases in patient and treatment selection. Second, data were obtained from a single institution and the number of patients was relatively small. Especially, small number of patients with other HV rather than squamous differentiation was included in the analysis. And because of the small sample size, HVs such as glandular differentiation and nested were not included in the study. This limitation is probably inherent to rarely occurring variant form. Further studies, incorporating larger number of the rare variant forms are still warranted to evaluate the role of these forms. Third, in the present study, although any amount of small cell histology warrants the classification of primary small cell bladder cancer, small cell carcinoma with predominantly urothelial elements was included in variant forms, since component of small cell carcinoma might determine the aggressive biological behavior of the tumor [33]. Fourth, it remains to be seen whether the characteristics of the tested cohort are representative of those of other cohorts. Although the model was validated among patients from the United States, its applicability requires further external validation at institutions different from those where this model was developed since the external validation of a prognostic model on a new series of patients is crucial [34]. Fifth, we used dichotomized variables for patient age. Although this strategy simplified the creation of a risk score, the use of continuous variables has the potential to provide more refined information [3]. Sixth, our model is only for use in patients with UC of the bladder and not suitable for other subtypes like squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Seventh, this model did not include molecular or genetic biomarkers that have been reported to have independent prognostic value [7, 9]. The incremental value of these biomarkers, in addition to the factors used in our model, in predicting outcome remains unknown and warrants further research. Eighth, the proportion of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is high in the cohort. Finally, the accuracy of our model is not perfect, a shortcoming shared with all prognostic models.
UC with variant forms presents a higher stage and grade, compared with pure UC. In the present study, HV were found to be important independent prognostic factors in bladder cancer. Prognosis is variable; when compared to pure UC, it does not seem worse in squamous differentiation after radical cystectomy while it seems worse in other variants. This paper presents a new prognostic model incorporating variant forms for predicting CSS and OS in these patients. The model has been shown to perform well and may be useful for predicting individual survival probabilities and directing therapy. We hope that this scoring model may help stratify the risk of prognosis in patients treated with radical cystectomy.
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This season in the Ligue 1 (France), Paris Saint-Germain FC stats show they are performing Excellent overall, currently placing them at 1/20 in the Ligue 1 Table, winning 82% of matches.
On average PSG score 2.88 goals and concede 0.82 goals per match. 52% of this PSG's matches end with both teams scoring and their average total goals per match is 3.7.
• PSG has scored a total of 95 goals this season.
• PSG has conceded a total of 27 goals this season.
Today Reims host PSG in the Ligue 1 from France.
Today Angers SCO host PSG in the Ligue 1 from France.
Today Montpellier host PSG in the Ligue 1 from France.
Over 7.5 ~ 13.5 Corners are calculated from total corners in a match that Paris Saint-Germain FC has participated in the 2018/19 season of Ligue 1.
Paris Saint-Germain FC's stats indicate that ?% of their matches accumulated over 9.5 total corners. While 2018/19 season of Ligue 1 has an average of ?% for over 9.5.
?% of Paris Saint-Germain FC's matches had over 3.5 cards. Compared to this, Ligue 1 has an average of ?% for over 3.5 cards.
Over 2.5 ~ 8.5 Corners For are calculated from corners that Paris Saint-Germain FC has won during a match.
Paris Saint-Germain FC has won over 4.5 corners in ?% of their matches.
Over 0.5 ~ 6.5 Cards Received are calculated from cards that Paris Saint-Germain FC has received during a match.
Paris Saint-Germain FC received over 2.5 cards in ?% of their matches.
Over 2.5 ~ 8.5 Corners Against are calculated from corners that Paris Saint-Germain FC's opponent has won during a match.
Over 0.5 ~ 6.5 Cards Opponent are calculated from cards that Paris Saint-Germain FC's opponent has received during a match.


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