While away from home at an activity recently, my 15-yr-old son was playing ball with some of his friends when the ball they were playing with rolled under a wall heater. He reached back under it to retrieve it and stabbed his finger on something. It bled badly, but after the bleeding stopped, he didn't worry about it. Over the next couple of days, his finger began to swell and turn red and became very painful. We looked closely to see if he had any foreign objects in it, but could find nothing. I was sure there had to be something foreign in it that we couldn't see, and remembering how plantain can draw things out, I wrapped his finger in some guaze soaked with plantain before he went to bed. The next morning, we removed the guaze and saw a couple of large metal splinters sticking up out of his finger. They looked like bits of old steel wool. (I'm guessing someone had plugged a mouse hole under that heater with steel wool.) They were so deeply imbedded in his finger before that we couldn't see them, but the plantain drew them out. We easily removed them with tweezers, and the pain, inflammation, and redness were gone.
This is a great Plantain story, Tracey. Plantain is just amazing! I'm glad you son is OK.
Do you think plantain will work for glass that is stuck in a foot?
Thanks for telling us about your experience. Amazing what the plants we step on every day can do for us.


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Ancient Persian Art
History, Characteristics of Achaemenid, Sassanid Cultures.
Ruins of Persepolis Gateway
(c.520 BCE) created by Darius I
Influenced by monumental style
Mesopotamian Sculpture.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF ARTS
For definitions, meanings and
explanations of different arts,
see Types of Art.
Art of Ancient Persia (from 3,500 BCE)
• Persian Art: Introduction (3500 BCE - 1700 CE)
• Ancient Persian Art & Culture: Summary
• Ancient Art and Architecture During the Persian Empire (c.550-330 BCE)
What is Ancient Persian Art?
The art of ancient Persia includes architecture, painting, sculpture and goldsmithing from the early kingdom of Iran in southwest Asia. The term "Persia" derives from a region of southern Iran previously known as Persis, or Parsa, which itself was the name of an Indo-European nomadic people who migrated into the region about 1000 BCE. The ancient Greeks extended the use of the name to apply to the whole country. In 1935, the country officially changed its name to Iran. From its earliest beginnings, ancient art in Persia was a major influence on the visual arts and culture of the region.
Gold Chariot from the Oxus Treasure
(c.600-400 BCE)
A collection of some 180 pieces of
gold and silver metalwork from the
Achaemenid civilization of Ancient
Persia. The chariot comes from the
region of Takht-i Kuwad, Tadjikistan.
Horse Head in gilded silver (350 CE)
Example of Sassanid metalwork
from Kerman. Louvre, Paris.
Persian Art: Introduction (3500-1700 BCE)
Persia, one of the oldest countries in the world, and one of the earliest civilizations in the history of art, occupies the Persian plateau, bounded by the Elburz and Baluchistan mountains in the north and east. In ancient times, during the first Millenium BCE, Persian emperors like Cyrus II the Great, Xerxes and Darius I extended Persian rule into Central Asia and throughout Asia Minor as far as Greece and Egypt. For much of Antiquity, Persian culture intermingled continuously with that of its neighbours, especially Mesopotamia (see: Mesopotamian art), and influenced - and was influenced by Sumerian art and Greek art, as well as Chinese art via the "Silk Road". For more about this, see also: Traditional Chinese Art: Characteristics.
Luristan Pottery Vessel (c.1500 BCE)
Ancient pottery from Western Persia.
Hixenbaugh Gallery of Ancient Art.
New York. See Pottery Timeline.
Early Persian artworks include the intricate ceramics from Susa and Persepolis (c.3500 BCE), as well as a series of small bronze objects from mountainous Luristan (c.1200-750 BCE), and the treasure trove of gold, silver, and ivory objects from Ziwiye (c.700 BCE). Most of this portable art displays a wide variety of artistic styles and influences, including that of Greek pottery. Items of ancient Persian art are exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) and the British Museum, London.
Achaemenid Era (c.550-330 BCE)
The first upsurge of Persian art occurred during the Achaemenian Dynasty era of the Persian Empire, under the influence of both Greek and Egyptian art. Persian art was exemplified in a series of monumental palace complexes (particularly at Persepolis and Susa), decorated with sculpture, especially stone reliefs, and the famous "Frieze of Archers" (now in the Louvre Museum in Paris) created out of enameled brick. The city gate at Persepolis was flanked by a pair of huge bulls with human heads, while in 515 BCE, Darius I ordered a colossal relief and inscription to be carved out of rock at Behistun. The sculpture portrays shows him vanquishing his enemies watched by the Gods. Persian sculptors influenced and were influenced by Greek sculpture. Other artworks from this period include dazzling gold and silver swords, drinking horns, and intricate jewellery. See also the History of Architecture.
Parthian Era (c.250 BCE)
Persian art under the Parthians, after the death of Alexander the Great, was a different story. Parthian culture was an unexciting mixture of Greek and Iranian motifs, involving visible on monuments and in buildings decorated with sculpted heads and fresco wall painting.
Sassanid Era (226-650 CE)
The second outstanding period of Persian art coincided with the Sassanian Dynasty, which restored much of Persia's power and culture. Sassanid artists designed highly decorative stone mosaics, and a range of gold and silver dishes, typically decorated with animals and hunting scenes. The biggest collection of these eating and cooking vessels is displayed at the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.
As well as mosaic art and metalwork, frescoes and illuminated manuscripts were two other art forms which thrived during this period. In addition, crafts like carpet-making and silk-weaving were also strongly encouraged. Persian carpets and silks were exported as far as Byzantium (present-day Istanbul) to the west and Turkestan to the east.
However, the most striking relics of Sassanian art are rock sculptures carved out of steep limstone cliffs (eg. at Taq-i-Bustan, Shahpur, Naqsh-e Rostam and Naqsh-e Rajab) which depict the victories of the Sassanid leaders.
The influence of Sassanian artists extended to Afghanistan (a Persian colony of the time), where excavations at monasteries at Bamian have revealed frescoes and huge Buddhas. The Sassanian Empire collapsed after being defeated by the Byzantine Roman Emperor Heraclius.
Persia Under Islam
After being overrun by the Arabs in 641, Persia became part of Islam and its visual arts developed according to Islamic rules. One of these - the ban on three-dimensional portrayal of living things - led to an immediate decline in Persian sculpture and forced fine art painting to become more ornamental and adopt the flat traditions of Byzantine art. However, in decorative art, like ceramics, metalwork and weaving continued to flourish, especially from the time of the Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) in the eighth century. Ornamentation of Islamic temples like the Mosque of Baghdad (764), the Great Mosque at Samarra (847), the tenth-century mosque at Nayin, the Great Mosque at Veramin (1322), the Imam Riza Mosque at Meshad-i-Murghab (1418), and the Blue Mosque at Tabriz. Mosaics and other decorations were widely used in mosques and other buildings. Coloured roofs, using ceramic tiles in blues, reds and greens were also a popular part of Persian architecture.
Illumination and Calligraphy
With the decline in figure drawing and figure painting, one popular Islamic art form which developed in Persia was Illumination - the decoration of manuscripts and religious texts, especially the Koran. Iranian illuminators were active during the Mongol takeover of the country during the late Middle Ages, and the art of illumination reached its heyday during the Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722). The copying of religious works also stimulated the development of ornamental writing like calligraphy. This grew up during the eighth and ninth centuries, roughly concurrent with the era of Irish illuminated manuscripts and became an Iranian speciality.
Painting was regarded as an important art under Islam. Around 1150, several schools of religious art emerged which specialised in the illustration of manuscripts of various types, all illustrated with miniature paintings. This art form, in combination with illumination, grew into a significant artistic tradition in Iran. The most famous Persian miniature painter was Bihzad, who flourished at the end of the fifteenth century, becoming the head of the Herat Academy of Painting and Calligraphy. His landscape paintings were executed in a realistic style using a vivid colour palette. Among his pupils were several noted painters of the day, including Mirak and Sultan Mohammed. Bihzad's paintings are represented in the University Library at Princeton, and the Egyptian Library in Cairo.
Other painting styles, such as mountain-scapes and hunting scenes became popular during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries with Baghdad, Herat, Samarqand, Bukhara and Tabriz becoming the main art centres. Later, portrait art became fashionable. From the late 1600s, Persian artists imitated European painting and engraving, leading to a slight weakening of Iranian traditions.
Ancient Persian Art & Culture: Summary
Surviving remains of ancient Persia were first brought to notice by Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela in the 12th century, and subsequently by Sir John Chardin (l7th century), Karsten Niebuhr (18th century), Sir Henry Rawlinson and Sir Henry Layard (19th century) and by the many travellers to Persia. E. Flandin and P. Coste were commissioned to make drawings of these remains in 1839. Investigation began only in 1884-86, when M. and Mme M. Dieulafoy settled in Sus a (identified by W. K. Loftus) where J. de Morgan began systematic excavations in 1897; this work was carried on by R. de Mecquenem and later by R. Ghirshman, while the Oriental Institute in Chicago and the Department of Iranian Antiquities concentrated their efforts on Persepolis.
Persia assumed the name of "Iran" under the Sassanids. It is bounded by Armenia, the Caspian Sea and Russia to the north, Afghanistan to the east, the Persian Gulf to the south and Iraq to the west. The country is made up of a very high plateau with a central salt desert. To the west this plateau runs into the mountains of Armenia and, along the eastern side of Mesopotamia, matches the plateau of Asia Minor which borders Mesopotamia to the north-west. These two plateaux, cut by small valleys, form the extreme edges of the central Asian plateau known as the 'great steppes'. The empire of the Achaemenid Persians extended far beyond these boundaries, stretching from the Indus to the Aegean Sea and the Nile.
Civilisation grew up in this part of the world at a very early date. Its existence during the age of Neolithic art, possibly from the 5th millennium, is borne out by the excavated sites at Tepe Hissar, Tepe Sialk (pre-'Ubaid culture) and, a little later, at Tepe Giyan ('Ubaid culture). The excavation of Susa, the capital of the country of Elam bordering on lower Mesopotamia, has shown that the growth of this civilisation was to be closely dependent on the development of Mesopotamian civilisation.
For details of contemporary culture in Ancient Egypt, please see: Egyptian Architecture (c.3000 BCE - 200 CE), notably the eras of Early Egyptian Architecture (3100-2181); Egyptian Middle Kingdom Architecture, and the prolific Thebean temple-building period of Egyptian New Kingdom Architecture (1550-1069).
The great Indo-European migrations of the 3rd millennium brought Aryans, on their way to India by way of Turkestan and the Caucasus, to the Iranian plateau. Some of them intermarried with the people of the Zagros Mountains, where they took control; soon after, they swept down into Babylonia, and this was the beginning of the Kassite domination that was to last almost until the end of the 2nd millennium. (See also: Hittite art 1600-1180 BCE). The Assyrians, in a few centuries, were to reverse the situation. The Medes, a young Iranian warrior tribe like the Scythians and brought up in their tradition, had selected Ecbatana as their capital, while the Persians, members of the same race, descended the slopes of the Iranian plateau.
About the 9th century B.C. the Assyrians began to move southwards and came into conflict with the Medes and Persians in the Zagros Mountains; in the 8th century Sargon smashed the alliance of Median leaders. Phraorte then became the leader of the Medes, Mannaeans and Cimmerians, and conquered the Persians. The Scythians, who had taken control of Media, were governed by Cyaxares; he reorganised the army and, following his alliance with Nabopolassar, founder of the Chaldean dynasty in Babylon, and with the help of nomadic tribes, he destroyed Nineveh in 612, thereby avenging the Assyrian sack of Susa in 640.
Prior to the Scythian invasion the Persians had established a sovereign state under Achaemenes, which was to be reunited under Cambyses I; his marriage to the daughter of the Median king produced Cyrus, who conquered Media in 555, then Lydia in 546 and lastly, in 538, Babylon. He was succeeded by Cambyses in 529. Cambyses had his brother Smerdis put to death, conquered Egypt and proclaimed himself king and conquered Ethiopia, but because of the Phoenician sailors' lack of cooperation, he was unable to reach Carthage. On his death a pretender claiming to be Smerdis stirred up the people. Darius I deposed the usurper, crushed the rebellion and launched out to conquer India (512). Later, turning to the north and Europe, he marched as far as the Danube. The rest of the story belongs to Greek history: the Ionian rebellion, the burning of Sardis (499), the fall of Miletus (494) and finally the first Persian War and the battle of Marathon (490). Darius, who had recognised his son Xerxes as heir to the throne, died at the age of thirty-six. None of his successors came near to matching his greatness,with the exception of Artaxerxes II (Mnemon) who signed the peace of Antalcidas (387), a compensation for Marathon and Salamis. He was the last of the great kings; Artaxerxes III (Ochus) and Darius III (Codamannus), the ill-starred opponent of Alexander, were both unfit to rule.
For a comparison with the history and evolution of Asian art and culture, see: Chinese Art Timeline (c.18,000 BCE - present).
Early Art
Little has survived of the art of the Medes, and the most important remains come from the Sakkez treasure found to the south of Lake Urmia. It could just as well be the treasure of a Scythian king. The objects belonging to it can be divided into four groups which reveal the various influences affecting Median art: in the first group can be put a typically Assyrian bracelet adorned with lions carved in relief; the second group, identified as Assyro-Scythian, includes a breast-plate on which a procession of animals is making its way towards a cluster of stylised Sacred Trees. In actual fact, except for one or two animals in the Scythian style, this shows entirely Assyrian influence. The last two groups are Scythian (scabbard and dish decorated with Scythian motifs, notably the lynx) and native (which can be related to bronzes like those from Luristan).
There are two conflicting theories regarding the various features of this treasure. Godard dates this Assyrian art from the reign of Assurnasirpal (9th century) whereas Ghirshman attributes them to the time of Esarhaddon (7th century). According to the first theory the objects must be attributed to local Mannaean workshops, and it must be assumed that while the Scythians were in this area they adopted certain features out of which they developed their own style. If we follow Ghirshman's idea, these specimens can be properly attributed to 7th-century Scythians and would thus be the first known examples of their work.
Achaemenian art, the youngest art of the ancient Orient, covers two centuries (from the middle of the 6th to the middle of the 4th). Examples can be seen in the ruins of Pasargadae, Persepolis and Susa.
Ancient Persian City of Pasargadae
This was the first settlement on the plateau for which Cyrus was responsible. The palace and various other buildings were set among gardens, and the many columns, surmounted by bulls' heads, show that the ideas behind the apadana were already in full force. Pasargadae can be described as the forerunner of Achaemenian architecture, but the terrace near Masjid-i-Sulaiman, with its gigantic walls and the ten flights of stairs leading up to it, can be attributed to the Persians and to a period prior to the building of Pasargadae and Persepolis.
Fire Temples
At Pasargadae there is also a fire temple. These temples were square towers, built of well-bonded stone with mock loopholes and windows in dark materials; inside, the sacred fire was kept alight by the Magi, who belonged to a Median tribe specially trained in the study and practice of religious ritual. At one time these buildings were thought to be 'towers of silence'. Similar structures can be found near Persepolis and at Naksh-i-Rustam, along with four-sided monuments having ornamental bas-relief battlements, that have been identified as fire altars.
Tombs
Not far from Pasargadae, at Meshed-i-Murgad, stands the tomb of Cyrus, a rectangular building set on a base of seven stone-courses, with a gabled roof made of flat stone slabs. It can be compared with monuments in Asia Minor. At Naksh-i-Rustam, near Persepolis, are the royal rock-tombs standing one beside the other. The tomb of Darius Codamannus at Persepolis was never finished. The tombs are hollowed out of the rock on the pattern of the tomb of Da-u-Dokhtar in the province of Fars. The architects carved from the rock itself an imitation of a palace facade with four engaged columns, crowned by 'kneeling bull' capitals which support an entablature decorated with a Greek moulding; above this is carved a line of bulls and lions, on which rests a dais held up by Atlantes; the king, turning towards a fire altar, stands on steps beneath the emblem of Ahura Mazda whose face is inside the circle.
Private tombs have been discovered (like the one at Susa) in which a woman of high rank, adorned with jewels, was laid in a bronze receptacle.
Ancient Persian City of Persepolis
It was here that the Achaemenian genius developed to the full. The barracks and citadel were built on a mountain overlooking a wide plain in the direction of Shiraz. The lower slopes were levelled off for an esplanade on which a virtual city of palaces was built. Although excavations have now uncovered almost all the buildings, we still have no very clear idea of the purposes for which they were intended, although it would seem that the buildings in question are almost exclusively state or ceremonial edifices. From the walled esplanade a great stairway with a double ramp leads down into the plain; opposite the highest landing are the propylaea of Xerxes, a massive four-sided structure open at each end and along the sides and decorated with colossal human-headed winged bulls. Around the entrance, spaces left empty with regular hollows cut out of the rock were intended for terrace gardens.
What is left of the palace is a veritable skeleton structure of doors and windows hewn from great blocks of stone that served as supporting props for walls that have long since vanished. Here the Egyptian gorge was used, and the king was portrayed on the lateral blocks of stone inside the doorways. On the right side a stairway, decorated with bas-reliefs, led to the apadana of Darius and Xerxes. The apadana, used as an audience chamber, was a typically Achaemenian structure. Its roof was supported by columns about seventy feet high-fluted, slender shafts that were mostly set on a bell-shaped base and were crowned by typically Achaemenian capitals like the one from Susa which is now in the Louvre. The lower part of these eighteen-foot-high capitals was made up of volutes, like C's set back to back, which supported the main part of the capital - the forequarters of two kneeling bulls, joined together. Beams rested on the saddle and in turn supported the larger beams of the roof so that some weight was taken by the bulls' heads. The apadana at Susa had thirty-six columns and covered an area of almost two and a half acres. This chamber at Persepolis had the same number of columns and was surrounded by a single peristyle that had two rows of six columns on three sides.
Ancient Persian City of Susa
The old royal cities continued to be important alongside the new capitals. At the ancient Elamite capital of Susa, on a hill, Darius I built his winter residence, with its vast apadana which was restored by Artaxerxes II (Mnemon). It was explored by M. Dieulafoy, who retrieved some of its glazed ornamentation, and then by J. de Morgan in 1908, who uncovered the building's plan by tracing cuttings in the ground pavements (made of a sort of concrete composed of chalk and pounded baked clay) which corresponded to the baked-brick walls dating from 440. The palace was planned on similar lines to the one in Babylonia, with chambers arranged around a rectangular court.
Plastic Arts (Sculpture)
The plastic arts were primarily devoted to the ornamentation of the palaces. Bas-reliefs formed the main part of the Persepolis ornamentation: the double stairway which led on to the terrace and into the palace chambers was decorated with two kinds of bas-relief. The motif of the lion attacking a bull, a familar device since the earliest period of Mesopotamian art, appeared on the triangular panels of the balustrades; elsewhere, the king 'in majesty' was found. On a dais shaped like a throne, a colossal prototype of the royal Persian throne (the Peacock Throne), the king sits in a great chair. Beneath the dais, lines of figures are carved, whose dress indicates that they belong to the various satrapies. The second type of bas-relief depicts processions of guards, courtiers and tribute-bearers. The artist has taken immense trouble to differentiate the characteristic features of their dress. The Persians wear a single or embattled tiara and long robes whose wide sleeves are adorned with symmetrical folds in imitation of drapery (a concession to Greek influence) but of a completely uniform treatment. Over one shoulder they carry a quiver holding a bow and arrows. The Medes, wearing caps, have a short tunic, and trousers, entirely free of folds, caught in at the ankle. They carry daggers with scabbards of the same shape as those of Scythian origin. The tribute-bearers are distinguished more by the nature of their gifts than by their costume and are preceded by a chamberlain.
Along the great routes of the empire, even in the most outlying regions, artists carved bas-reliefs in the king's glory, like the one carved on the rock at Behistun, which accompanies Darius' proclamation and portrays him as a conqueror in an already familiar pose, with the defeated enemy beneath his foot.
Graeco-Persian reliefs from the end of the 5th century have been discovered in the region of Dascyleium in Bithynia, depicting a procession of men and women on horseback and a Persian sacrifice with two priests (Magi), the lower half of their faces veiled, carrying a mace in their hands, nearing an altar, with the heads of a ram and a bull on a brushwood stake at their feet.
At Susa, glazed bricks, copied from Babylonia, took the place of the marble ornamentation of Persepolis. The Achaemenians, howewer, used a different method from that of by their teachers. Instead of clay they used chalk and sand. The bricks were first baked in a moderate heat and then the outline of the figures was added in blue glaze and the bricks were returned to the oven; finally the areas outlined in blue were filled in with chosen colours and received one last baking to complete the process.
The ornamentation of the staircase balustrades at Susa drew its inspiration from the Theban tombs with their superimposed lotus flowers, and from Aegean art with its alternating volutes. The gates were adorned with lions, their coats dappled grey-green or blueish, set in a framework of zigzags and palmettes interspersed with scallops and rosettes. The palace walls were embellished with mythological beasts, whose origins can be traced back to Babylonia, with scallop-edged wings and breasts coloured alternately yellow and green. Elsewhere, as at Persepolis, there were robes of lavish embroideries on material of white or yellow ground, adorned with three-towered castles and eight-pointed stars, the folds indicated in dark colours; these garments had wide yellow or purplish-brown sleeves; the shoes of the guards were yellow, their quivers made of panther skin and their hair held back by a bandeau. Between the gateways sat sphinxes wearing the horned tiara head-dress, their heads turned to look behind them in an inscrutable attitude but one which adds a great decorative appeal to this motif which recurs on the seal of Darius' chancellery, where the sphinxes turn to face towards each other.
Minor Arts
Metal-work, of the utmost importance to an equestrian people, suffered no decline under the Achaemenids. Bronze was used for the facing of certain parts of buildings, such as doors. For work in gold and silver an especially elaborate technique was employed, with silver dishes in repousse (foreshadowing Sassanian plate with its rosette and boss-beading ornamentation), angled rhytons whose bases are formed by the head of a goat or an ibex, vases with handles ending in an animal's head or else made to represent an animal's body (like the two handles of the same vase, one of which is in Berlin and the other in the Louvre, depicting a winged silver ibex incrusted with gold), a triangular stand from Persepolis composed of three roaring lions, the realistic treatment of which contrasts with that of the bronze lion found at Susa, comparable in pose to the lion from Khorsabad but far more stylised and suggestive of the monsters of the Far East.
Jewellery shows a wide variety of influences. Some ornaments from the Oxus treasure in the British Museum - gold plaques, bracelets and rings - indicate the same Scythian influence that can be found in other treasures. Gems from the Susa sepulchre - crescent-shaped earrings decorated with coloured stones set in gold, and bracelets with no clasp but tipped with a lion's headand incrusted with turquoise and lapis lazuli, illustrate a technique which was to be adopted by the 'barbarians'. (See: Jewellery: History, Techniques.)
Achaemenian glyptics surpassed in refinement anything hitherto known: one of the finest intaglios shows the king in his chariot out hunting with bow and arrow, his horses at full gallop. A plaque used as a mould for inlaid gold leaf has been found, as well as a small head of extraordinary delicacy - all that remains of a statue, for after the looting by Alexander's soldiers statuary, like everything else, survived only in a mutilated condition. On the obverse side of the gold coins called darics, the Achaemenid kings, kneeling on one knee, are depicted as archers.
Ancient Persia: Art and Architecture
During the Persian Empire: Achaemenid Era (c.550-330 BCE)
Greek civilisation owed a great deal to that of Asia Minor; at a very early date, contact between the two was established along the shores of the Aegean. This lasting contact developed, little by little, into a formidable struggle against the Persian empire, whose history was closely linked with an Oriental civilisation that the West was for ever to be confronted with and that it was never able to escape.
The Medes and Persians were part of the tide of Aryans who, taking advantage of the upheaval produced by the Indo-Europeans throughout the entire ancient world, came to settle on the Iranian plateau. The Medes, like both the Cimmerians - who came from Thrace and Phrygia - and the Scythians, were a race of horsemen possessing no other riches beyond objects that could be carried with them, such as weapons, metal vessels and ornaments. Median art, of which the Sakkez treasure is the main example, combined the influence of the Medes' northerly neighbours the Scythians with that of their opponents the Assyrians.
The Persians, who settled farther south, spent some time, however, in northern Iran where they came under Median domination. Their art, consequently, from the time they were firmly established on the Persian plateau presents an everlasting dualism springing from this mixture of influences, from the north and from the south with its echoes of Mesopotamian traditions. The union of these two basic factors was strengthened by the marriage of the Persian king Cambyses to the daughter of the Median king. It also incorporated elements of foreign arts in the expansion of that vast empire that one day was to extend from the Indus to the Nile; thus a composite art was created which was typically Achaemenid but of which only a few works, created for the court, remain.
The Achaemenids - The Builder-Kings
When Cyrus captured Babylon in 538 and the Achaemenid Dynasty took the place of Babylonian rule, the capitals of the new empire were brought farther east to the Persian plateau and to Susa, bordering on the plains of lower Mesopotamia, thus reducing the great cities of the Tigris and Euphrates basin to the state of mere satellites. This kind of upheaval was inevitably bound to carry the art of this region in new directions.
We should always take into account the factors at work in the creation of every art: that is, on the one hand the world of reality, and on the other the world of suggestion. The first is influenced by physical environment and conditions: climate and materials; the second is bound up with society, religion and social customs. The nature of the country is of vital importance in its influence on an emerging art. The country of Sumer was entirely without stone or any wood really suitable for building, and it made up for this by the use of clay on a large scale, 'which gave its architecture a massiveness that had profound effects on every interdependent art. But the Persian plateau offered quite different opportunities: there was no shortage of stone (of a slightly softer variety than that used for the decoration of the Assyrian palaces). This completely changed architecture. Building in clay would have been as difficult in this area as building in stone in the Tigris-Euphrates basin. While they were in the north, in Urartu, the Persians learned how to build surrounding walls intended to protect the villages and the chiefs' residences against the raids of mountain peoples, who were notorious brigands; the man-made terrace backing on to the mountain near Masjid-i-Sulaiman represents an earlier stage in technical progress than that shown by the building of Pasargadae. Incidentally, there is still disagreement over the etymology of the word 'Pasargadae', read by some as 'Parsagadae', which would mean 'camp of the Persians' and would tie in very well with this type of town.
Achaemenid architects were to build 'royal cities', just as the Assyrian kings, like Sargon II at Khorsabad, had done before them; but the Achaemenian cities were to be on a grandiose scale worthy of a monarch who ruled from the Indus to the Nile, and the decorative artists, in their turn, were to try to provide him with fitting surroundings. Persepolis is the supreme example of a royal Achaemenian town. There we are really faced with a state art, created for the court. (Compare: Roman Architecture.)
There is a kind of disconcerting effrontery about this art where architects showed no hesitation in building a forest of colonnades against a mountain-side which was quite overwhelming in comparison. It is a bewildering sight, this architecture, with its columns with slender seventy-foot-high shafts topped with colossal capitals - an architecture so unrelated to human proportions that men were to wander like dwarfs at its feet. It was an art that was not on a human scale. Nowhere else had this ever found such complete expression. But by the early days of the empire architectural design had been settled once and for all and was to remain unchanged: the column, the chief feature in building and the one which inspired the audience chamber or apadana was to become an obsession. The Persian era was the time when the column, from Greece to Asia, reigned supreme, but the Achaemenids were particularly extreme in their use of it, which they carried even to Delos in the Thesmophorium which Charles Picard has compared in design to Darius' Tachara (composed of a central chamber with three rows of four columns and two matching rooms with two rows of four columns). At Persepolis all the halls and chambers had columns (like the audience chamber or apadana), and when we think of the staggering number of more than 550 columns erected in that limited space, we inevitably react against such an excess. We cannot assimilate this extreme profusion, but we must remember that to all Oriental minds it is entirely acceptable. Persian artists wanted to achieve a majestic grandeur and could only do this by impressing the mind with the repetition of a single motif, something that we shall find again in their ornamental sculpture.
Art and Symbolic Meaning
When we come to consider the number of columns generally used in buildings we find that it is always connected with the number 4 and its multiples: 4, 8, 12, 16, 36, 72,100. It could very well be that here as in Mesopotamia we are faced with a law that obeys the 'symbolism of numbers'. From the very earliest times, the Sumerian goddess Nisaba was thought to be versed in the meaning of numbers, and the Tower of Babel and the Great Temple provide us with typical examples of the architectural application of sacred numbers. The preponderance of the number 4 at Persepolis corresponds to some new conception; did it perhaps symbolise the four elements of fire, air, water and earth? The number 12, that was soon to be endowed with a quite special significance, was also used a great deal. In more ways than one the influence of Europe was already making itself felt among the Persians. This is borne out if we look at certain themes such as the king battling with a fantastic beast, where it is now no longer a question, as it was with the Assyrian king, of exalting his bravery in a hunting exploit: the king is at grips with a demon, plunging his dagger into its body. Now it has become a conflict between the spirit of good (Ahura Mazda) and the spirit of evil (Ahri-man). This theme came to symbolise the victory of the Aryan god of light, who was depicted in the act of killing a dragon. It seems likely, nevertheless, that the Persians were responsible for the introduction of a new type - the 'horseman-god' - who became an accepted iconographical figure; he recurs in Egypt in Coptic art with the god Horus on horseback (in Christian iconography identified with St George) crushing the crocodile. This conception of the conflict between good and evil was developed and spread by the Persians. Before this, it seems to have been touched on in Babylon with the victory of the god Marduk over Tiamat - the victory of order over chaos, an idea which might possibly stem from an earlier period.
Persian religious thought, governed by the idea of the polarity of good and evil, penetrated the entire ancient world of that time. Mostly artists drew upon local portrayals of gods and malevolent or guardian djinns. They dominated a people who went on seeing them as they had always been, and the Persian artist, using scenes that were already well known, elaborated them not only in the way they were depicted but also in the purpose for which they were intended. Their treatment is disturbingly cold and detached, and the protagonists seem totally unconcerned with whatever they are doing. On the other hand, if we look at these scenes from another point of view we shall see that the artist invariably produced set pieces that were extremely fine as architectural ornamentation, as, for example, the motif of the lion attacking a bull, which had possibly been chosen because it could symbolise one of the religious themes that was later to take root: Mithra the sun god slaying the bull.
It was at this time that the idea of survival after death, and the mediation of a spirit or a god that was the guide of souls, took a firm hold. Royal tombs, far from being concealed as they had been in Babylonia or in Egypt, stood proudly beneath the sky like the mausoleum thought to be the tomb of Cyrus. The royal rock-tombs at Naksh-i-Rustam and Persepolis were very well known, a fact which explains why they were plundered. On the tomb at Naksh-i-Rustam the king, standing on a dais, towers above a facade (carved out of the rock) in imitation of his earthly home; he is alone before a fire altar under the
protection of the god Ahura Mazda whose face, surrounded by a circle (symbol of eternity), hovers above. We have seen that the Persians readily took over the religious symbols of neighbouring peoples, but it appears that the Egyptian winged sun-disc (set in the uraeus), adopted in the Near East (with the exception of Babylonia) during the 2nd millennium, was altered in Persia and became a disc set in a circle. This emblem was already known to the Persians, as it was used in Assyria for the god Assur. It seems, then, very likely that the Persians did not think of portraying their god in image form before they had come into contact with the peoples around them, but we should remember that the ancient Mesopotamians, too, never made a figurative representation of their great god of heaven An or Anu.
The Splendour of Persian Art
The artist had also to create for the world some impression of that vast state which was the Persian empire and of the tens of thousands of subjects living under its sway. This he tried to do in the bas-reliefs which adorned the palaces, exploiting to the full all the splendour and magnificence of the court and the surroundings in which the king lived. The Assyrian kings had surrounded themselves with scenes of atrocious barbarity, like the banqueting scene where Assurbanipal and his queen feast before the head of a defeated enemy that hangs from a hook, the bas-reliefs showing heaps of enemy heads cut off at the neck and meticulously counted by the scribes, the impaled bodies standing out against the landscape (a universal reminder of the fate awaiting rebels), battle scenes with their horrifying confusion of mangled bodies and appalling atrocities, and, lastly, the hunting scenes which acclaimed the courage of the king. The Persians portrayed nothing like this on their palace walls. The stairway balustrades, like the palace halls, were decorated with great ornamental friezes whose chosen theme was a feast where a crowd of courtiers press round the king to pay him homage while a line of tribute-bearers approaches.
The artist was able to produce a series of the most vivid tableaux, fascinating in the variety of people and tributes depicted, that far and away surpassed King Shalmaneser's timid attempt on the Black Obelisk at Nimrud.
The figures grasp each other by the hand; some turn to talk to the person behind, or hold the shoulder of the man in front, just as in some fabulous procession which at night by the flickering light of torches could leap into life on the walls. But finally we are overcome by a feeling of weariness and monotony when faced with these scenes which recur in everyone of the palaces and sometimes even several times over in the same palace. We must set aside, then, our own opinions if we are to understand this art that does not fit in with Western attitudes, for a Persian artist, if he had not penetrated to their deeper significance, could make just the same complaint of our cathedrals with their Nativities and Crucifixions. What the Persian artist wanted to produce was a great, uniformly decorated, frieze. We watch a procession in stone where almost all the figures are shown strictly in profile, standing out from the wall.
It is when we come to Susa, the ancient Elamite capital which became a royal city, that we begin to realise the importance of the physical environment and the pervading influences shaping an art. The absence of stone, which had to be transported at great expense, and the closeness of Mesopotamia were both factors that gave Susa its unique and individual character.
At Susa we are no longer presented with sober processions as we were at Persepolis; here we are spectators in a fairyland of light and colour. The walls of the palace - on which we find episodes from the story of Esther - are decorated with iridescent and lavish colour; they are adorned with glazed brick, with archers and fantastic animals springing from the same root as the naturistic ideas that were fundamental to the Asian religions. Babylonian artists, some time earlier, had been unrivalled in the way they managed to produce harmonious forms from these heterogeneous creatures evolved from the combination of features from different species during the course of thousands of years.
The fantastic colours used by the artists for the bodies and wings of these djinns, possibly with some magical purpose, seem to have been inspired by a world of dreams where fancy rules supreme: such, for example are the glazed panels where we see two sphinxes turning their heads backwards towards the doorways (for they were set between the entrances so that no person coming in could pass unnoticed before their brown, inscrutable, mysterious faces. Similarly, the innumerable archers at the king's side had a magic significance, almost a security against any possible desertion on the part of the actual guard, who had, in fact, given the monarch such poor protection. At Susa, as at Persepolis, there are friezes wholly devoted to lines of guards, but in glazed bricks, vivid and glowing warmly in this light, with all the rich ochres and yellows and, as in Babylon, invariably standing out from a blue ground, the forerunner of the incomparable blues of the Ispahan mosques. The artist has paid 'attention to racial differences among the archers by distinguishing the swarthy complexioned southerners from the fair-skinned men of the north. The lavish magnificence of their embroidered silk robes appears to be exactly matched by the description of the immortals crossing the Dardanelles by a bridge of boats, crowned with flowers and with myrtle branches beneath their feet; and we can understand how these archers, though of unsurpassed skill as marksmen, should have been so hampered by their clothes when it came to a hand-to-hand tussle with the well-armed Greek infantry. It is not difficult to imagine the envy of the Greeks, a young and poor people then, as they gazed at the splendour and wealth of Asia.
The Cosmopolitan Empire
Persia then appeared to be the country that was potentially a centre for every kind of activity: in 512 Darius ordered Scylax of Caryonda, the Carian captain, to sail down the Indus. The Greek doctor Ctesias lived at the court of Darius II and Telephanes of Phocaea worked for the King of Kings for the greater part of his life. This in part explains the infiltration of Greek and other foreign influences, along with the use of foreign labour with which the foundation charter of the palace of Darius at Susa (translated by Father Scheil), is very much concerned; this charter is, in this respect, one of our most useful and instructive sources. There the king lists all the materials required, from. India to Greece, for the building of his palace: they came accompanied by craftsmen experienced in working with these materials.
Cedarwood was brought from Lebanon; brick walls were built by Babylonians. There was continual contact between all the different regions of the empire and the neighbouring countries; ambassadors, scholars and artists travelled from one country to another and the fame and reputation of the East, with the Persians as its representatives, spread far and wide. So the Greeks came to be acquainted with the sciences of ancient Babylonia (handed down by initiation ceremonies) and it has been pointed out that Pythagoras' headgear was, in fact, that worn by the initiated. But these interchanges often produced clashes. Trade was made considerably easier by the adoption of the daric (which can be traced back in origin to Croesus) and was backed up by the great banks established in Babylonia by Murashu and his sons. The ancient great highway - the old Semiramis road - was extended to Susa, and at intervals along it monuments were set up in honour of the King of Kings, like the Behistun rock where it was a feat of daring for sculptors to climb up (and this was repeated in modern times by archaeologists) and to carve bas-reliefs to the glory of Darius and engrave his address from the throne in three languages (Babylonian, Elamite and Persian). The fact that the Achaemenids were compelled to make use of other languages besides Persian in order to communicate with all the subject peoples of the empire has enabled scholars to decipher cuneiform script - with the help, too, of a successful reading of an Egyptian cartouche on an oil-bottle where the name of Xerxes appears.
When they came to power the renown of the Persians spread throughout the ancient world; before this, Nabonidus had been told by the god Marduk, who had appeared to him in a dream, of Astyages' downfall and the coming of Cyrus. We have a typical example of the infiltration of Medo-Persian influence in Babylon, where Nebuchadnezzar II had built the hanging gardens, to delight his wife Amytis, the grand-daughter of Astyages who remembered with longing the gardens or 'paradises' which were part of every Achaemenid palace, those
gardens that are still part of Iran's enchantment today. Even in Babylon buildings were to be found termed 'appa dana'. A palace in Sidon (then a Persian capital), burnt during the insurrection of the satrapies, illustrates well enough how the Persian style, both in dress and architecture, had everywhere taken root.
The Magnificence of the "King of Kings"
Many new characteristic features came into being under Persian rule. After the Sumerian patesis, the viceroys of the gods, after the rulers of Babylon and Assur, kings of 'everything that was', the Persian king appeared as something quite different; from now on, royal protocol conferred upon him the title of King of Kings. He was created by Ahura Mazda to govern that vast land, entrusted by him with that great kingdom with its fine warriors and 'excellent horses', in recognition of the fact that his forebears had
been a race of horsemen. Now this was no longer an art like that practised in Assyria, exclusively dedicated to the honour and praise of a military leader's courage, nor like that of Babylon put at the service of a devout king intent upon the worship of his god, but an art which celebrated the 'superman', a conception that is a very early foreshadowing of Nietzsche's ideas.
But even more than this, the ruler was not a monarch whom the gods had made an instrument of fear, as he had been in Assyria, but a righteous king, elected by all the gods. The prophet Isaiah was to be able to write: "Thus spake the Lord to his annointed, to Cyrus whose right hand I have holden ... to subdue the nations before him ... I will go before thee that thou mayest know that I am the Lord which calls thee by thy name; I have surnamed thee though thou hast not known me ... I am the Lord and there is none else ... I form the light and create darkness ... " (Isaiah 45, 1-7). We could imply, it seems, from this, that it was, in fact, precisely the God of Light whom Cyrus worshipped and it shows what links there were between beliefs at this time. This same king Cyrus speaking to the Babylonians tells them on his cylinder: "The god Marduk considered all the countries of the earth. He scanned them in search of a righteous king ... whom he would lead by the hand. He called his name "Cyrus, King of Anshan" ... The god Marduk looked with pleasure upon his pious acts and his righteous heart ... and like a friend and companion, he walked by his side." Cyrus concludes with these words: "The god Marduk inclined the great heart of the Babylonian people towards me ... and each day I remembered to pay it homage". (Cylinder of Cyrus V. R. 35, 11- 25).
The Achaemenid kings had filled their palaces full of treasures, and Plutarch tells how ten thousand mules and five hundred camels were employed by the Greeks in the sack of Persepolis. The Greeks carried off from Susa about forty-nine thousand gold and silver talents, which, considering the value of gold at this time, would nowadays represent an impressive sum of several millions.
Texts and monuments alike have nothing to say of the Persians' religion, which we can only begin to appreciate by its contribution to culture - so unlike anything that happened in Greece - as its light shone throughout the ancient world long after the collapse of the Achaemenid empire. Crystallised within the Persian civilisation was an Oriental civilisation many thousands of years old; but a new spirit had swept across the great plateau in the tracks of those audacious horsemen, and when Alexander embarked on his conquest of Asia he followed the routes taken before him by the King of Kings.
See also: Greek Architecture (900-27 BCE).
• For more about ancient civilizations, see: Homepage.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANCIENT ART

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Children with cancer are up to 15 times less likely to attend college than their own siblings. Although we've provided our campers with cherished childhood memories for over 37 years, we want to make sure our campers are set up for success in their adult lives. Therefore, we are proud to present College Prep Camp, a new program designed to prepare our campers for college and beyond.
College Prep Camp will take place during Session 1 of Summer Camp, July 7-11. The program will feature guest speakers and camp alumni covering a range of topics surrounding the college admission process. Participants will speak to college counselors, directors, and students. They will explore potential majors, search for colleges that fit their preferences, learn about financial aid, and will even fill out the Common Application, which is used by more than 750 colleges nationwide.
We are extremely excited to offer this new program. Registration for College Prep Camp will open soon. If you or anyone you know is involved in college admissions and would like to help out, please contact Ryan Campbell at ryan@www.happinessiscamping.org.


Update for new and previous clients from the Glendale office.
As some of you know, I began transitioning my Glendale counseling clients at the end 2017 in anticipation of relocating my practice to serve the North Valley and Anthem community.
Part of this change was driven by my desire to work closer to home, but also as an opportunity to offer several new services, such as Anthem Walk & Talk, In-Home Services as well as continuing to see clients in the office and online.
I am super excited to have found an office location in the North Valley near the I-17 and Carefree Highway. I look forward to providing services to the North Valley Area for many years to come, and hope you will spread the word to those who may benefit from counseling or coaching.
If you are a previous client and wish to return to services, you can log in here. If you new and inquiring about counseling or coaching services, please send me a message below.


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Student Team Takes Fifth in Region in International Programming Contest
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Students and Faculty Harness the Power of the Mind
A group of students and faculty is working to give some control back to those who have lost the ability to move. In research that brings together neuroscience…
Interdisciplinary Student Team Creates Light-Technology Product
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Photo Gallery: Race of the Robots
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Lafayette Honors Students for Academic Excellence
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By Kevin Gray Someone once said that Jeffrey Fry '81 is like the A-Team or Delta Force for entrepreneurs. It's an apt description for the Austin-based…
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Nineteen students have been invited to present their research at the 27th National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR) April 11-13 at University…
Grand Challenges: Students Take on Water Issues in Haiti, Uganda, and Pakistan
The challenges facing society in this century are large, but not insurmountable, as three teams of Lafayette students are learning firsthand this summer…
Scott Hummel Appointed Interim Jeffers Director of Engineering
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Paytm has introduced its new messaging service Paytm Inbox that not only allows you to chat with your friends and family, but you can also directly send & request money while chatting.
It must be noted that this Inbox feature is end-to-end encrypted, and you can initiate private conversations and create group chats as per your choice. You can also send photos and videos instantly, share live location, capture and share moments with the built-in camera.
Besides making payments on Paytm, you can chat with your dear ones / merchants, And send and receive money effortlessly and securely.
You can share your photos, videos and location, just like WhatsApp's new Live Location feature.
Even you can recall messages, which you have sent by mistake by using Delete for All feature. It works just like WhatsApp's new "Delete for Everyone" feature.
Notifications: In it, you can see cashback offers available across categories. This will ensure you never miss another opportunity to save while you shop.
Orders: Through this feature, you will be able to view your order and transaction updates and Games, which will be loaded with exciting Cricket and trivia-based games you'd love.
These new features are already live for Paytm Android app & will soon be available for iOS version.
How to use Paytm Inbox?
Download and install the latest version of the Paytm App on your Android smartphone.
Now, open the app; you will get the Inbox feature in the bottom navigation bar.
Tab on the icon and you will be able to chat with your family and friends.
You will have to use the phone number linked to your Paytm account.
Once, you click on the New Message tab, you will be able to check all the mobile numbers in your contact list who use the app. That's it!
We have realized that besides making payments, our users and merchants also like to communicate with each other. One step for us towards meeting this consumer need is Paytm Inbox where you can chat with friends/merchants and send/receive money effortlessly and securely.


Jetpack already provides you a module for After the Deadline proofreading service for improving your writing via artificial intelligence to find your errors and offer smart suggestions. It also provides a number of customization options which you can easily set from your profile (Dashboard -> Users -> Your Profile).
How To Enable Post Listening Feature In WordPress ?
You can very easily enable your website visitors to listen to any text present in your WordPress site. They can listen to your blog posts, pages, footer content or any manually selected text from your site.


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Why Being Nice at Work Can Backfire Badly, According to Psychology
If you've ever been the office sweetheart, you know exceptional kindness can be met with nastiness. Here's why.
By Jessica StillmanContributor, Inc.com@EntryLevelRebel
Ask anyone whom they prefer to work with, nice guys or bullies, and you'll get a fast and certain reply -- just about everyone says they prefer to share an office with kindhearted do-gooders.
That's what people say, anyway.
But if you've ever been the office sweetheart, you know that what people claim to want and how they actually behave can be completely at odds. While everyone praises kindness and cooperation, exceptionally nice people often find their good deeds met with nastiness, ridicule, exploitation, and backstabbing. Why is that?
You could conclude (not entirely without foundation) that humans are sometimes nasty, hypocritical creatures, but according to a recent Canadian study the reason our stated ideals and our real-life actions fail to match up is more complicated than that. Niceness, the research found, can actually come across as threatening.
The office superman makes everyone else look bad
We all flock to superhero movies to see good guys triumph and bad guys get what's coming to them. But when Superman saves the day onscreen, there's no reason for the average bystander to feel bad about not stopping that runaway train. Mere mortals aren't expected to have superstrengths, after all.
Things are different at work when a real-life person starts playing the role of superhero, psychology professor Pat Barclay and his collaborators discovered when they brought study subjects into the lab to play a series of economic games. Exceptionally generous and hard-working colleagues make those around them look bad in comparison. Their superkindness and productivity challenge other employees to perform at the same level, and that can stir up nasty reactions, the researchers found.
"Most of the time, we like the cooperators, the good guys," Barclay commented, but when people find themselves in competitive environments such as many offices have, the script flips. "People will hate on the really good guys. This pattern has been found in every culture in which it has been looked at." In particularly tough environments, people will attack an exceptional sweetie even if doing so harms the group as a whole.
How to fight back against the anti-do-gooder effect
While Barclay's research wasn't designed to suggest real-world strategies for those impacted by this nasty human tendency to punish the exceptionally nice, when I emailed him he was happy to offer advice.
"It might help to turn the tables on the criticizers: Point out that they're just attacking to prevent themselves from looking bad" was his first suggestion. But the best solution may be even more straightforward: Don't put yourself in situations where you have to work with terrible people.
"Perhaps the best solution is to just find better associates. If you're being criticized for being too nice or for working too hard, then go find others who are just as nice and hard working as you. When cooperative people work with one another, they end up much better off than their critics," Barclay sensibly advises.
Whatever your response to the haters, at least this study proves you're not going insane. There is a real, scientifically validated reason that being extra good can sometimes bring out the worst in people. That shouldn't stop you from being your sweetheart self, but it should make you more careful about whom you spend your kindness on.


Starting a new business in San Diego, California, is complex and requires many different tasks. You'll have to decide how to incorporate, follow legal requirements when hiring employees, and understand the legal regulations around raising money and/or working with a venture capital firm. Working with a startup lawyer can help reduce the stress on startup business owners.
Hiring a startup lawyer might seem like it's too expensive, but working with one can prevent a number of legal issues. Fighting against a lawsuit in court can cost thousands of dollars. You also need to make sure that your company is in compliance with governmental regulations, both on a federal and state level, and presents its services legally to the public.
Another major reason to hire a startup attorney is to work with other partners or members of the corporation. While you might get along well at the start, business can make it difficult to continue in a professional partnership. It's crucial to have legal agreements in place to protect the interests of the company as well as those involved when the business first starts.
Startups often rely on the services of an experienced lawyer when forming a business entity, deciding whether to incorporate, hiring staff members, negotiating contracts with suppliers and customers, obtaining patents and/or trademarks (if needed), and raising capital. The laws in California are different from those in other states, so choosing a lawyer who has experience with startups in the state is important.
Startup owners have options when it comes to hiring an attorney. The real value of legal counsel comes as you determine what your company needs and how to go about filing documents, completing paperwork, and obtaining any legal protection on products, designs, or other intellectual property. Startups must also make sure to follow all tax laws when obtaining capital from investors.
While there are a number of good lawyers in San Diego, not all of them have the experience and understanding of the unique needs of startup business owners. When seeking the top startup attorney, business owners should look for one that has strong knowledge of contracts, intellectual property, employment and tax laws, and corporate law.
Make sure that the attorney you choose is responsive and reachable. Many startups encounter urgent concerns and problems, and they will need help quickly. Waiting for several days to hear back from a lawyer defeats the purpose of hiring one. You can get an idea of how responsive the lawyer is when first scheduling a meeting. If you don't hear back with availability within the same day, you may want to consider working with someone else, unless he or she is out of the office for any reason.
A business owner will work closely with the startup attorney on a variety of tasks, so it's important to feel comfortable on a personal level. A personality fit is crucial to establishing that connection. If you don't feel comfortable, it's best to find a different attorney.
Finding the best startup attorney also comes down to your expectations and approach to risk. If you focus more on the benefits that come with taking more risks, it may not work well to have an extremely cautious lawyer. But having someone who understands those risks and can help you make informed business decisions that work for the company is important.
During your initial consultation, talk to the attorneys you meet about resources they have available. If they have a lot of experience in the industry in which your company operates, they may have good contacts to help grow your business and achieve success. Experienced lawyers tend to know a lot of people, which is helpful as your startup expands.
Do you have experience working with startups?
In what stages have the companies you've worked with been in?
How well do you understand the industry in which my company operates?
Will you be the attorney working with my startup, or will it be assigned to someone else in the firm?
What is the fee structure when providing legal assistance to startups?
How accessible are you in urgent situations?
What is the focus of your legal practice?
Can you describe your past experience working with startup companies?
How much have you dealt with technology in your practice?
Have you ever helped your clients secure funding?
Do you have any connections to investors who might be interested in investing in my company?
As you start your new business in San Diego, consider these benefits of hiring a startup attorney and finding the right team to help your company succeed.
Why use UpCounsel to hire a San Diego Startup Attorney?
On UpCounsel, you can find and connect with top-rated San Diego startup attorneys & lawyers that provide a range of startup law services for startups and entrepreneurs that are starting a business. Any of the top-rated San Diego startup lawyers you connect with will be available to help with a variety of your startup law related legal needs on-demand or on an ongoing basis in the city of San Diego, CA.
From primarily dealing with things like business formation, contracts, leases, equity financing, securities, and intellectual property protection, the San Diego startup lawyers on UpCounsel can help you with a variety of specialized and general startup law related legal matters. No matter what type of startup law needs you have, you can easily hire an experienced San Diego startup lawyer on UpCounsel to help you today.
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RELATING "QUADRIGA" AS A GROUP OF FOUR H...
RELATING "QUADRIGA" AS A GROUP OF FOUR HORSES TO "FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE" AND ARTISTIC REFLECTIONS
GÖĞEBAKAN Y.
ANADOLU UNIVERSITESI SANAT & TASARIM DERGISI-ANADOLU UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN, cilt.7, ss.104-126, 2017 (ESCI İndekslerine Giren Dergi)
Doi Numarası: 10.20488/sanattasarim.562960
Dergi Adı: ANADOLU UNIVERSITESI SANAT & TASARIM DERGISI-ANADOLU UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN
History of art may actually be considered the history of humanity. The work of arts has had a continuity in similar forms, which has led to a connection between the past and the future. One of the historical images within this continuity is the artistic compositions featuring a chariot drawn by four horses (Quadriga). In this phenomenon, which has been a subject of art for thousands of years, why horses were the animals used, why there were four of them, why the same characteristics were used in different belief systems, and whether these similarities were coincidence or out of inspiration have been considered questions to be answered.


Our department is designed to function as an advisory and assessment arm of the County Government, providing a multitude of administrative, training, and technical services to local government, assessing officials, and the general public. All responses are directed towards customer satisfaction with the objective of providing an understanding of how NYS Real Property Tax Law is to be applied equitably and uniformly.
You can now look up parcel information with our new Proserve database. Click on the Parcel Information box below, enter the municipality your parcel is in, or select ALL and hit "GO"
59 Park Avenue, Lockport, NY 14094.
For information regarding the REAL PROPERTY TAX CAP, see the NYS Comptrollers website for details.


Enjoy life in the Hamptons at the best time of the year ! This summer vacation home lies in the heart of Southampton village yet it is very quiet and private. It's central location allows you to walk to Main Street with all the shops & restaurants or bicycle to private village beaches within 15 mins. The village train station is in walking distance as well.
The well maintained 2 BR / 1 bath offers modern amenities including central air & heat, high speed internet , wifi, cable, Apple tv , plus 42" flat screen tv .
The eat in kitchen with a dining table for 6 people and a breakfast island includes a 4 burner gas stove with convection oven, microwave , Bosh dishwasher and is fully stocked with essential kitchen equipment . House sleeps up to 6 people. The MBR as well as guest bedroom have a queen size bed. One of the sofas in living room is a sleeper sofa with a comfortable pull out matress . Wooden flooring throughout the house. Washer & dryer on site.
A big terrace door leads to the outdoors.
The brick patio , with five burner gas grill , dining table and casual seating for up to eight people invites to entertaining outdoors or to simply relax at home, surrounded by beautiful gardens. A bbq grill station with a 5 burner gas grill completes this area. You can spend the entire day out there; lounging, relaxing, and entertaining. And there is always plenty of sunshine on the patio & in the garden from sunrise to sunset!
The pool area is an oasis of serenity , surrounded by nature. A heated pool with a brick patio all around and 6 reclining chaise lounge chairs awaiting you. Enjoy a swim in the 44 x16ft saltwater pool or simply sunbath and relax in this private oasis. An outdoor shower w/ changing cabana comes in handy when returning from the beach or after a swim in your pool. A glass of wine at the end of day, sitting in the garden & watching the star studded skies .... it will be one of your memorable moments for sure.
If you are looking for a quiet but central place , with modern amenities and private outdoor oasis, then this place is for you.
The property is available for rent for the month of July or for the month of August to Labor Day this summer. For additional questions or to schedule a viewing, pls contact the owner.
Property located in the heart of the village, in walking distance to shops and restaurants.
2 adult bicycles available. Bike rental shop in village.
14ft x 44ft saline pool, 4.5 ft depth. 6 lounging chairs in pool area.
Me and my wife stayed here in August and had a wonderful time. The place was very comfortable & well maintained. Great kitchen for cooking. The pool area was like a private oasis , in the back of the property , surrounded by lush gardens. Very quiet and a perfect place to relax for us. Location is very good as it is close to train station and we could walk into town.
50% payment of rental amount is required at the time of booking. Payment of 50% balance of rental amount plus a 15% security deposit is due one month before rental start date. The 15% security deposit will be a deposit for repairs / replacement in case of damages and/or covering utility & maintenance expenses above $ 1,500.- monthly . Utility & maintenance expenses include electricity, gas, water, cable, internet service, telephone, weekly garden & pool maintenance.


Ivanka Trump successfully pushed to get a family-focused tax credit included in the Republican tax overhaul proposal. She's got no time for a victory lap, though: Now comes the biggest political challenge of her time in Washington.
The White House adviser and first daughter is lobbying on Capitol Hill to make sure an expansion of the current $1,000 child tax credit stays in the tax plan and that it's big enough to matter. Then there's the added hurdle of getting the overall tax plan over the finish line - anything but a sure bet.
Trump has been wooing lawmakers and conservative advocacy groups behind closed doors and is expected to make her case in public as well, as part of a coordinated White House push for the tax overhaul. All this as she tries to steer clear of the West Wing histrionics involving her father that have threatened to engulf her at times. She's studiously sticking to her policy agenda, promoting issues such as STEM education and workforce development, while trying to tune out the noise.
'A significant expansion of the child tax credit will help parents have more money at a time in their lives when they need it the most and give them the flexibility to make the best choices regarding their families' care,' Trump said in a statement to The Associated Press.
Trump stepped away from her executive roles at The Trump Organization and running her own fashion brand to join the administration, alongside husband Jared Kushner.
She has won some praise for advocating for issues not often high on the Republican agenda, but has also faced criticism from liberals who expected her to do more to temper her father's conservative agenda.
A White House official who was not authorized to publicly discuss internal thinking said Ivanka Trump has welcomed the more disciplined West Wing structure put in place by chief of staff John Kelly, believing a more orderly decision-making process allows her to focus on her priorities.
Still, some negative headlines have continued, including reports that Kushner set up a private email account after the election to conduct work-related business.
Protective of his children, President Donald Trump has expressed concern over criticism of his family, according to the White House official.
Ivanka Trump told US Weekly in a recent interview that she tries to ignore the critics.
'If I engaged too deeply, I wouldn't be able to prioritize the things I came here to do,' she said.
As the tax negotiations get underway, Trump is stepping up her activity on Capitol Hill.
She met last week with Rep. Cathy McMorris Rogers of Washington, and spoke with South Dakota Rep. Kristi Noem and Florida Sen. Marco Rubio, who has worked with her on the proposal, said the White House official. Her past meetings have included Tennessee Sen. Lamar Alexander and Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah.
All of those lawmakers are Republicans, but Trump has also met with both Republicans and Democrats on the tax-writing House Ways and Means Committee.
Trump and Kushner have also been quietly hosting dinners for lawmakers at their home in Washington's Kalorama neighborhood in coordination with White House legislative officials.
A person familiar with the events, but not authorized to speak publicly about them, confirmed the bipartisan dinners, which have focused on a variety of topics and were first reported by the Axios news website.
Some key details remain unsettled. The tax blueprint does not specify what the child tax credit should increase to, nor has Trump offered a number. But she's made clear she wants the credit to be refundable, so people can still get money back even if they don't owe taxes.
Rubio and Sen. Utah Republican Sen. Mike Lee want to increase the tax credit to $2,000, but Rep. Kevin Brady, a Texas Republican who heads the House Ways and Means Committee, wouldn't commit to doubling it.
Just as the administration has been publicly vague on some of the fine print around taxes, Trump herself has not publicly offered a bottom line, deferring to Congress to work out the details.
While Republicans in Congress see the tax overhaul as a must-do item, the proposal promises to be a heavy lift for the GOP, which has struggled to enact major legislation.
Democrats and liberal family advocacy groups say the overall plan would provide limited benefits to low-income families while offering major cuts to the wealthy - and they say that any boost to the child tax credit must be viewed in that context.
'If you want to support families you would not support this tax plan,' said Helen Blank of the National Women's Law Center. She noted it does not include direct help for child-care expenses.
The White House counters that the plan would help middle-class families with substantial tax cuts and says the tax-writing committees are considering adding more middle-income tax relief.
Supporters of boosting the child tax credit say it provides flexibility, compared with other options, as it goes to families led both by working parents and stay-at-home parents.


An expertly tailored dress shirt for boys by one of our favourite labels, we simply adore this gingham checked design by Ralph Lauren. Preppy chic at it's best, this top would look smart with one of the label's chinos shorts. Made from a polyester nylon blend for added durability and minimal ironing, this shirt makes a practical addition to boys' everyday wardrobes.


text:
Home Entertainment Bigg boss malayalam season 3 who is Dimpal Bhal the second contestant
Bigg boss malayalam season 3 who is Dimpal Bhal the second contestant
Bigg Boss Season 3 strats with a colorful celebration. Mehanlal received the contestants by giving them red roses as the show started on Valentine's Day. Strangers with familiar faces have also arrived on the show this time.
The first contestant is film serial star Nobby Marcos. The discussion surrounding the contestant who came to the house after Nobi is being discussed on social media. Dimple Ball is the second contestant. Dimpal is not a familiar face to the Malayalee audience. Dimple has arrived at the show for his birthday.
Dimple is a psychologist. Half are Malayalees. Dimple was the first to share about himself and the ways in which he was unfamiliar to Malayalees. At a very young age, he was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer of the spine. It went on for three years. "So the grief of others can be understood very quickly," Dimple said on the show. He added that he wants to be real. Dimple's mother is from Idukki and his father is of Rajput descent.
bigg boss malayalam season 3
Bigg boss malayalam season 3 who is Dimpal Bhal
who is Dimpal Bhal
Bigg Boss 14 EXCUSIVE VIDEO: Nikki Tamboli Infuriates Devoleena Bhattacharjee By...
Bigg Boss Malayalam 3 Vote Results Today 6 May 2021 –...
Naagin 5 Today written update December 2020: Veer asks Bani to...


Well, with or without the crystal ball, I've done it…. I applied for the job and we'll see what happens! I consulted my tarot cards (which were absolutely no help, thank you very much) and all my family and friends and in the end I am just going to go with the flow and ride it out. I haven't committed to leaving my current employment, but I will interview (I hope!) and find out if what they have to offer is any more appealing and whether I would be a fit for them, etc. I figure that if they can't pay me what I am making already or the job doesn't sound like as much fun as what I'm doing now, then I won't take it. And of course, how arrogant of me to just assume that I will be offered the position anyway, right? Never mind that they are clamoring for my application via my former colleague who works there now. It should prove to be entertaining in the very least….
This entry was posted on Wednesday, July 9th, 2008 at 1:00 am	and posted in Everyday Life.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.
« When is it time for a new job?


text:
package org.jkiss.dbeaver.debug;

public interface DBGVariable<T> {

    T getVal();

    String getName();

    DBGVariableType getType();

    int getLineNumber();

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Das Rosenbad ist ein Bürgerhaus in der denkmalgeschützten Altstadt von Weißenburg in Bayern, einer Großen Kreisstadt im mittelfränkischen Landkreis Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen. Das Gebäude mit der postalischen Adresse Rosenbühl 2 ist unter der Denkmalnummer D-5-77-177-358 als Baudenkmal in die Bayerische Denkmalliste eingetragen.

Das Wohngebäude steht an der Ecke Rosenbühl/An der Wied gegenüber dem Rathaus und umgeben von weiteren denkmalgeschützten Gebäuden auf einer Höhe von 419 Metern über NHN. Das Gebäude ist zweigeschossig und wurde um das Jahr 1700 erbaut. Der Kern ist aus dem 15. Jahrhundert. Das Fachwerkhaus hat Giebel und ein Satteldach. Das Haus hat farbig angelegte Fachwerkschnitzereien mit K-Streben und Andreaskreuz.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Lage des Bauwerks im

Einzelnachweise

Wohngebäude in Weißenburg in Bayern
Fachwerkhaus in Weißenburg in Bayern
Baudenkmal in Weißenburg in Bayern
Erbaut in den 1700er Jahren

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Jatropha multifida, called coral plant, coralbush, and physic nut (a name it shares with other members of its genus), is a species of Jatropha native to Mexico and the Caribbean. A garden plant, it has been introduced to Florida, and to many places in South America, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, China and Southeast Asia. Mildly toxic, consumption causes gastrointestinal distress.

References

multifida
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


So You Want To #Knit?
7 Tips to start knitting.
The last time I picked up a couple of knitting needles was when I was 13 years old. I had to knit squares to make slippers in order to get community service hours for Ticktockers, a mother-daughter philanthropy organization of the National Charity League. I did not enjoy it. My stitches were always too tight. I was prone to dropping stitches. And the resulting squares were never really square. Ugh.
Fast forward 33 years. Knitting is now all the rage; everybody's doing it (or at least millions are exploring this popular craft). When I was given a press pass to learn about VogueknittingLIVE, I was also given the opportunity to take a beginning knitting class.
The class description said I would learn all about knitting and purling and how to make a scarf. All I had to do was bring some yarn of my choice and some knitting needles that worked with the yarn. Simple enough. I went to Hobby Lobby and bought a beautiful royal blue skein of yarn that said I needed size 7 needles. So I also purchased some plastic size 7 knitting needles and I was ready to go. Or so I thought….
My class was taught by a very patient, kind and very experienced knitter, Christine Bylsma. There were 4 other students in the class besides me, and we were all at different stages of beginner. I barely knew how to cast on and a couple had already made a project. By far, I was the most novice.
The first thing I learned was I had bought the wrong yarn. Apparently, acrylic yarn is frowned upon, beautiful color or not. And I quickly found out why: it separates and slips on the needle. What I should have bought was wool yarn from a reputable yarn source — not necessarily a craft store.
What other tips did I pick up that a beginner knitter should remember?
2) Knitting needles should be wood. Plastic is "OK" but never metal. Metal needles are cold, slippery, and shiny. Light is reflected off of shiny needles, and knitters complain of vision problems like getting a migraine.
3) There is only one stich in knitting. Some people will say there are two: knit and purl. But Chris pointed out that a knit stich and a purl stitch are actually the same thing— it just depends where you put your yarn and needle.
With a knit stitch, your needle and yarn go behind the casting. They are smooth and resemble a miniature V-neck sweater.
The needle and yarn goes in front of the casting needle for a purl stitch. Purl stitches are bumpy and look like a turtleneck.
When switching between a knit and purl, always move the working yarn between rather than over the kneedles.
4) Knitting goes right to left. It is the opposite of reading a book (well, reading a book in English, that is). This is important when looking at a pattern.
5) The tail tells you which side you are knitting on. When you cast on your original stitches, always have a 6-8 inch tail hanging. When the tail is on the right of your project, you are knitting on the front (an odd row of a pattern). When the tail is on the left, you are knitting the back or wrong side (even numbered row of a pattern).
6) Casting on does not count as a row. It just serves as the starting point to begin your stitches. There are different ways to cast on. I liked the two finger method that Chris showed me.
7) Don't pull on your yarn. Have confidence in your needles and let them do the work. I wish I would have known this in my teenage knitting days. Then maybe my squares wouldn't have kept on shrinking.
8) Resources are everywhere. I prefer reading instructions when I am learning something new. I asked what would be a good beginner reference book to have, and Chris suggested the Vogue Knitting Quick Reference. And because this is the 21st Century, there are lots of good online help out there. Ladies in my class recommended two knitting community web sites: Lion Brand (makers of wool yarn) and Ravelry.
9) Relax!! It's just knitting. Chris couldn't stress enough to have fun and so what if you goof up. Like any skill, it takes patience and practice.
What did I think about knitting at the end of my two hour class? I really liked it!! It is portable and relaxing and fun!! Chris was such a good teacher that I felt confident enough to venture out on my own. I can definitely see myself as a beginner knitter. After the class, I made my way to the Marketplace. I purchased 3 skeins of yarn and also got some wooden needles and the Vogue book.
Starting a new hobby can be so exhilarating.


Romania's official country brand is Land of choice, and tourism videos don't even have to mention the country's most known host and ambassador, count Dracula.
Romania is a relatively new state in Europe, composed of three major provinces with different historical trajectories and culture. The Southern principality of Wallachia was under Ottoman rule, while the North Eastern province of Moldavia took turns between independence, Ottoman, Polish, and Russian dominance. The two provinces merged in 1859, fueled by the romantic nationalistic discourse of the 1848 revolutions.
Ardeal, better known in the West as "Transylvania," was a multiethnic province inhabited by Germans, Hungarians, and Romanians. It was part of the Hungarian Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire later, with short periods of "servitude" to the Ottoman Empire. Contrary to the images created by the Dracula myth, Transylvania was urbanized more than a thousand years ago with large German-style cities or "burgs" and took part in Europe's industrialization and modernization . The province was added to Romania in 1918, in the aftermath of WWI.
Romania became one of Europe's poorest countries during communist rule, which was "sponsored" by the Soviet Union between 1948 and 1989. The last communist dictator, Nicolae Ceausescu was shot in December 1989 after a popular uprising that resulted in over a thousand deaths. Contrary to what one would expect, another Russian-friendly communist, Ion Iliescu, seized power after 1989. With the help of illiterate miners , he brutally squashed an occupy-style movement led by students and intelligentsia in 1990 who wanted to rid the country of neo-communism. Estimates of deaths range from 6 to 100.
Two years ago, in 2011, the government issued a public call for foreign managers (perceived as less corruptible) to run some of the public administration agencies. This is nothing new, Byzantine political practices have previously called for new blood (the plot thickens, Bram Stoker!). In 1866, exasperated by the corruption of the domestic political class, the Romanian intelligentsia invited a Western prince, Carol von Hohenzollern to rule the newly formed Romanian state (1859).
Corruption and Iliescu's squashing of the occupy movement caused an estimated 12 million Romanians out of 21 to leave the country after 1990. In a 2012 survey, the political class scored a ten percent public trust score.
The country joined the European Union in 2007 with virtually no inside opposition, the Romanian parliament voting 434 to zero in favor of European integration. All political parties supported the EU membership, differing only on the methods used to achieve that. Last minute concerns from the EU almost blocked the country's accession due to corruption concerns. A weak justice system and corruption are still worrisome for the European Commission. EU Energy Commissioner Guenther Oettinger said in May 2013, Romania "fundamentally, [is] almost impossible to govern" along with Bulgaria and Italy.
Byzantine Orthodox mysticism and Middle Eastern Ottoman elements combined with Western idioms (particularly German) to shape Romania's music, architecture, cuisine, and other cultural forms.
"High Art" musicians such as George Enescu and Paul Constantinescu got their inspiration from the country's folklore. Famed conductor of Berlin and München Philharmonics, Sergiu Celibidache, was influenced by Zen Buddhism. Sculptor Constantin Brancusi got his inspiration from Romanian folklore and mythology, as well as Taoism, Tibetan Buddhism, and African Art.
Popular music of the communist era included official San-Remo style muzica usoara (light music) sang by Dan Spataru, Mirabela Dauer and others, as well as banned ethno rock-and-roll bands such as Phoenix. Post-1990 popular music included the controversial Turkish derived manele genre sang by superstar Adrian Copilul Minune (Adrian, the wonder child), "Gipsy" folk bands such as Taraful de Haidouks and ethno-pop artists such as Loredana or Radio 21. Recently, Romanian house music has found new fame across the world with bands such as O-Zone, Edward Maya, and Inna.
Just like the rest of Europe, soccer is the king of sports with superstars such Gheorge Hagi and Adrian Mutu. Gymnastics is also popular; and Nadia Comeneci showed that perfection was possible in Olympic gymnastics.
Traditional cuisine includes a variety of ciorbe (soups) that are typically sour, with the tripe soup being among the favorites. Cold cuts are based on pork and include toba (thick sausage with pork jelly), slanina (smoked bacon), and other sausages, such as Salam de Sibiu (also known as Hungarian Salami). Mamaliga (corn meal) accompanies main courses such as ciulama (mushroom or other meats stew) or sarmale (stuffed pickled cabbage). Salata de vinete (eggplant spread), icre (caviar spread), salata de boeuff (diced vegetables with mayonnaise) and zacusca (vegetable spread) are popular aperitifs. Mititei (skinless sausages) accompany beer at barbecues and beer festivals. Desserts include papanasi (sweet cheese balls), cozonaci (sweet bread), and lapte de pasare (literally meaning "bird's milk") among others.
Romanian wines are on the sweet side, beer is very popular, and hard liquors include fruit made rachiu, tuica and palinka. Drinks such as afinata and zmeurata are delicious sweet liquors made with berries.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using NHibernate;
using NHibernate.Mapping;
using NHibernate.Mapping.ByCode;
using NHibernate.Mapping.ByCode.Conformist;
using NHibernate.Type;
using Remotion.Linq.Clauses;
using TradeHub.Common.Core.DomainModels;
using TradeHub.Common.Core.DomainModels.OrderDomain;

namespace TradeHub.Infrastructure.Nhibernate.NhibernateMappings
{
    /// <summary>
    /// TradeHub Order map for DB
    /// </summary>
    public class OrderMap:ClassMapping<Order>
    {
        public OrderMap()
        {
            Table("orders");
            Lazy(false);

            Id(x => x.OrderID, m => m.Generator(Generators.Assigned));
            //Id(x => x.Id, m => m.Generator(Generators.Native));
            //Property(x=>x.OrderID);
            Property(x=>x.OrderSide);
            Property(x => x.OrderDateTime);
            Property(x => x.OrderSize);
            Property(x => x.OrderCurrency);
            Property(x => x.OrderTif);
            Property(x => x.OrderExecutionProvider);
            Property(x => x.OrderStatus);
            Property(x => x.Exchange);
            Property(x => x.TriggerPrice);
            Property(x => x.Slippage);
            Property(x => x.Remarks);
            Property(x=>x.StrategyId);
            //ManyToOne(x=>x.Security, m =>
            //{
            //    m.Cascade(Cascade.All);
            //    m.NotNullable(true);
            //});
            Component(x => x.Security, m =>
            {
                //properties mapping
                m.Property(x => x.Symbol);

                //additional info
                m.Class<Security>();
                m.Insert(true);
                m.Update(true);
                m.OptimisticLock(true);
                m.Lazy(false);
            });

            Bag(x=>x.Fills, mapping =>
            {
                mapping.Inverse(true);
                mapping.Cascade(Cascade.All);
                mapping.Key(k=>k.Column("OrderId"));

            },rel=>rel.OneToMany());

           //To discriminate Different orders
            Discriminator(x =>
            {
                x.Force(true);
                x.Formula("arbitrary SQL expression");
                x.Insert(true);
                x.Length(12);
                x.NotNullable(true);
                x.Type(NHibernateUtil.String);

                x.Column("discriminator");
                // or...
                x.Column(c =>
                {
                    c.Name("discriminator");

                });
            });
        }
    }
}


text:
Agencies / Professions
Agency Specific Discussions
Fire, EMS & Medical
Deputy chief questions safety at schools
DANIPD
Published: September 16, 2008 05:45 am ShareThisPrintThis
By Patrick Anderson
An emergency, full-time reopening of Bay View fire station, intermittently closed because of budget cuts that have trimmed $239,000 from the Fire Department payroll so far this summer, is being considered in response to safety concerns emanating from some quarters of the department about Beeman Elementary School.
The concerns were first broached this summer before the opening of school by Deputy fire Chief Stephen Aiello despite the assurances of the fire chief, city building inspector, school superintendent and modular project building committee that the schools were safe and adhered to all city and state codes.
It will be discussed at a special meeting of City Council tonight at 6 at City Hall.
In a two-page single-spaced Aug. 10 message to the School Committee, city officials and members of the Fire Department, Aiello broached fire safety concerns about Beeman, Plum Cove and Veterans' elementary schools - where modular classrooms were added to existing buildings this summer - as well as inadequacies in a number of school buildings.
Included in Aiello's critique was the concern, since confirmed, that the alarm systems in the old elementary schools, Beeman and Plum Cove in particular, would not activate in the modulars.
The new classroom space added by the modulars subjected the entire schools buildings to state laws requiring sprinklers.
In March, Building Inspector William Sanborn, Fire Chief Barry McKay and the ad hoc modular building committee, reviewed the plan for the new classrooms and decided that they were safe and the schools would not be in violation if they didn't include sprinklers.
This August, McKay and Sanborn signed certificate of occupancies for the buildings, despite the objections of Aiello.
But Aiello was not convinced and, on the basis of a fire drill conducted one week into the school year, called for a two-firefighter detail, or "fire watch," hired and stationed at Beeman until the alarm and sprinkler issues at the school could be satisfied.
"While conducting a fire drill today at Beeman School it was determined that there are a few serious fire protection issues," Aiello said in an e-mail. "When testing a fire alarm in the device in the old section of the school, the fire alarms in the new section of the school did not activate, leaving occupants unaware of the alarm activation. In addition, when the testing a pull station in the breezeway of the old section, it did not activate the fire alarm system."
The e-mail went to Beeman Principal Ellen Sibley, Superintendent Christopher Farmer, Mayor Carolyn Kirk, the School Committee, several firefighters and the president of the firefighters union.
Responding to the call for the "fire watch" McKay met with school officials and worked out a temporary system to make up for the alarms activating in one section of the building but not the other. Under the plan, three paraprofessionals who work near the entrance to the modular wing are to make sure everyone in that area is aware of an alarm. The principal will also check to make sure the new wing is evacuated.
After meeting with McKay, Aiello later that night rescinded his order for a fire watch, but said he still felt the buildings presented fire hazards.
"Mrs. Sibley has established a plan to provide for alarm monitoring and occupant/fire department notification in the event of an alarm activation utilizing school resources," Aiello said. "However, I cannot emphasize enough the seriousness of the issues and the need for immediate corrective action of the noted building code violations and fire alarm deficiencies."
In light of Aiello's concerns, Ward 4 City Councilor Jackie Hardy requested a special City Council meeting to discuss the possibility of keeping Bay View open around the clock.
Yesterday, exasperated city officials said they were confident the schools are safe and - while they all wish Bay View could be open - did not think the modulars created an emergency.
"I have yet to see a violation, even though Aiello says there are," said Ward 3 Councilor Steve Curcuru. "As far as I am concerned, the modulars are safe. Where was he during the review process?"
"There are no code violations," Farmer said. "There have been issues; they have been tackled."
Sanborn said some mechanical problems at Beeman with alarms and fire doors had been fixed and that he stood by his original analysis that attaching modulars to Beeman did not require the rest of the old building to be outfitted with sprinklers.
At this point there were no problems at Plum Cove that needed to be addressed, he said.
Aiello was not on duty yesterday and attempts to reach him at home were unsuccessful.
Debate about re-opening Bay View or hiring a fire watch at Beeman comes after the fiscal 2009 budget, submitted by Mayor Carolyn Kirk and approved by City Council, closed the Magnolia fire station and cut back on overtime required to keep Bay View open full time during firefighter vacations and sick days.
According to the mayor's office, since July 1, the beginning of the fiscal year, the city has spent $41,949 in overtime, compared with $280,748 last year.
The summer months are typically the most reliant on overtime for staffing, due to the number of vacations taken during that period.
Kirk yesterday said she hoped frustration over the cut in overtime was not playing a part in the issue.
"Legitimate threats to public safety are taken seriously and in this instance, the fire chief, building inspector, architect, school administration and building committee are all in disagreement with the deputy chief's assessment of the safety of Beeman and Plum Cove schools," Kirk said. "I think it is totally unnecessary to get City Council and School Committee and community in an uproar and I seriously hope this is not about the cuts to the overtime budget."
Patrick Anderson can be reached at [email protected]com.
DANIPD Sep 17, 2008