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German Army cryptographic systems of World War II were based on the use of three types of cryptographic machines that were used to encrypt communications between units at the division level. These were the Enigma machine, the teleprinter cipher attachment (Lorenz cipher), and the cipher teleprinter the Siemens and Halske T52, (Siemens T-43). All were considered insecure.

Introduction

Machine ciphers
The first cipher attachment, the () SZ-40 original mode was introduced into the Army, probably in 1940, although Erich Hüttenhain, a cryptographer assigned to the Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW/Chi), stated that the Army had been experimenting with this type of cryptographic apparatus from as early as 1937. It was replaced by the SZ-40 regular mode and this was succeeded by the SZ-42a and SZ-42b, both developed by Werner Liebknecht, Erich Hüttenhain and Fritz Menzer. The SZ-42c was also developed and 30 or 40 test sets built but the apparatus was evidently not used.

The (), the first cipher teleprinter, T-52a, was introduced in 1939. Newer models were versions T-52c, T-52d and T-52e were in use. The one-time tape cipher teleprinter designated the SFM T-43 was developed in 1943 and introduced in 1944. The machine was theoretically unbreakable, if the key tape was truly random. However, the key tape was pseudo random as it was generated by the T-52e, and therefore insecure.

Hand Ciphers
The German Army used hand ciphers below division level. The manually operated hand systems of the Army that were used between 1939 and 1942 were listed by Erich Hüttenhain as follows:

 A monoalphabetic type substitution using a keyword mixed alphabet in a 5 x 5 square
 A comb-transposition ()
 A book key ()
 A double Transposition cipher () 4-S-40 This system was used until 1926 or 1927
 The Playfair cipher in Single Playfair () (TS-42)
 The Double Playfair () Message Cypher 42 (NS-42)

In 1942, Walter Fricke of the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung, declared that all hand systems currently in use by the army were insecure.
  Since the Field Army had no reserve hand systems, OKH/Chi was ordered to cooperate with the Army Signal Security agency department (In 7/IV) responsible for producing new systems. The following hand systems were evolved and used by the German Army from 1932-1945:

 Three letter field codes () with or without enciphering table ().
 Single transposition using grille () usually called Raster.
 Double transposition ()

Under field conditions many makeshift systems were employed such as monoalphabetic substitution, transposition consisting only of reversing the order of the letters of the plaintext and whatever the particular radio operators might adopt by agreement among themselves.

Weather ciphers
For weather reporting, the army used two types of systems until 1945:

 The Barbara Code  () consisting of figure cards for encoding artillery meteorological reports, e.g. weather constants like wind velocity at various heights, 100m, 200m, for Army and anti-aircraft units. Walter Fricke considered this code, a terrible system. It employed an additive with as many as 100 messages in depth. General Erich Fellgiebel ordered it into use in 1939. OKW/Chi only became aware of its existence in 1944. The German Army considered the messages unimportant, even if broken, but after examining the code in detail, Fricke found that it was extremely valuable to the Allies, as it could be used by enemy bombers to perfectly calculate the trajectory of their bombs. The SG-41 was planned to replace this code.
 Weather substitution tables, for enciphering meteorological reports in the Reich Weather Service. Walter Fricke also considered this a poor code.

The Barbara Code was replaced in 1945 by the Rasterschlüssel 44 that was developed by Walter Fricke

Preparation and distribution of cryptographic keys
The history of the preparation, printing and distribution of cryptographic keys by the German Army was described by Walter Fricke and Erich Hüttenhain. According to Fricke, the keys for the Army were produced at the beginning of the war on In 7/IV's own press. The number of personnel required was small, about 20 people in all, since only Enigma, weather and book staple keys () were printed.

The number of personnel required for producing keys increased in 1940, when the Heftschlüssel was replaced by the double transposition and in 1942 when the double transposition was replaced by the TS-42a and the NS-42. A considerable increase in the personnel took place in the section as a result of the introduction of the key tables to the W/T tables. With the introduction of the SZ 40 and SZ 42 and other cryptographic systems which required keys, the amount of work entailed in the preparation of keys became too great for In 7/IV alone. In 1942, therefore, the production of key table manuscripts was transferred to the IBM section of the unit, and the printing to the Reich press in Berlin. In 7/VI was confined to reading proof and distributing the finished product.

At the time of the bombing attacks on Berlin on 22 and 23 November 1943, the printing press and all key material of In 7/IV at the Tirpitzufer 76 was destroyed. The key producing section was then moved from Berlin into emergency quarters prepared some weeks before in the  Army Signal Academy located in Halle () During this period, private printing firms were increasingly drawn on for the production of keys, first, because the Reich printing press could not meet the requirements, and secondly, decentralisation was becoming increasingly necessary to avoid bombing. About 20 firms in the central German area were given contracts. The high number was attributed to the introduction in 1944 of the Stencil System 44, the Rasterschlüssel 44.

In May 1944, the key production section was transferred to the Hindenburg barracks at Dresden owing to a lack of space. This situation remained until 1 November 1944, when all the tasks of producing, printing and distributing of keys were transferred to Section IIIa of the OKW/Chi. This section was established in Dresden in the HQ in which the key preparation section of In 7/IV had occupied. In March 1945, Section IIIa was transferred from Dresden to the Army Signal Academy located in Halle due to the approach of the Soviet Army. Work was never begun, and on 12 April, keys and material production machines were loaded onto three trucks to be sent to southern Germany by goods train. Keys left in Halle were destroyed by Germany at the approach of the United States Army.

German Army security studies
Before 1939, the Army High Command had no security organisation of its own. Questions of security concerning Army systems were transferred to the Codes and Ciphers section of the German Defense Ministry. Erich Hüttenhain stated that he and Fritz Menzer conducted a security study on the initial model of the SZ40 and found that it could be solved in two days. This led to its improved form.

In 1939, the Army High Command established its own Signal Security Agency (In 7/IV) which functioned as a unit until 1942. During the period of its operation, In 7/IV''' examined the plugboard Enigma and made security studies on two other cryptographic machines proposed for Army usage, the M-40, first proposed by Fritz Menzer and the SG-41. The initiation of the security study of the plugboard Enigma was occasioned by Der Fall Wicher or case Wicher, the suspicion that Polish cryptanalysts of the Biuro Szyfrów had already read Enigma machine traffic by 1939. It was known that several cryptanalysts including Friedrich Böhm made security studies of the machine, and found it to be secure, although it was insecure. The Army continued to use the system, until Walter Fricke informed the Army that the Armies manner of using the Indicators led to an easy solution. At his recommendation, the indicator system was changed.

The two machines proposed for Army use, the M-40 and SG-41 were invented by Fritz Menzer, who worked for OKW/Chi. Security studies on the M-40 were conducted by Wachtmeister Heinrich Döring and Otto Buggisch. Buggisch stated that the studies proved the device to be moderately secure, but that it was never used because it was as bulky as the plugboard Enigma but could not print letters. With regard to the SG-41, the studies made by OKH/Chi showed it to be superior to the M-40, but regarding its use, Buggisch stated:The Army hemmed and hawed and never did adopt itIn 1942, the security testing unit and most of the testing personnel of In 7/IV were transferred from their former unit to the Group IV of OKH/Chi Hans Pietsch, S Steinberg, Herbert von Denffer, Hilburg and Hans-Peter Luzius were named as those transferred.  Security work was the responsibility of Group IV, Referat I, Section Ib, Subsections 7 and 13. Subsection 7 worked on testing German hand systems, 13 on machine systems. The first studies of Subsection 7 on German hand systems proved that all systems currently in use by the Army were solvable. As a result, OKH/Chi was ordered to collaborate with OKW/Chi in the development of new systems for the Army. Although OKH/Chi would have preferred to establish this section within itself, where the preparation of systems would be done in close cooperation with cryptanalytic specialists, this point of view was not recognised by the Army and OKH/Chi was ordered to send mathematicians back to In 7/IV. The mathematicians sent were Fricke, Jesse and Kehren. From that time on, subsection 7 only developed hand ciphers handed to it by the Field Army. Mettig noted that the amateur systems with which the section dealt were very bad and betokened great ignorance on the part of the Field Army in regard to code and cipher security.

 Cipher teleprinter
Subsection 13, the section of Referat I of the General der Nachrichtenaufklärung was responsible for the security of German Army cryptographic machine systems. They conducted security studies of the T-52 Schlüsselfernschreibmaschine, teleprinter. Versions SFM T-52A, B, and C were built by Werner Liebknecht and tested by Heinrich Döring in the summer of 1942 and were discovered to be easily solvable.

By the autumn of 1942, despite the alterations of the individual encipherment, it was clear to the mathematicians that Version C could not be made secure. It was considered exceedingly awkward, as it was the latest available secret teleprinter and was used in communication from Germany to neutral countries.  This improvement, the SFM T-52d, was ready in early 1943 and was shown by Heinrich Döring to be probably insecure. Owing to the fact that there was a shortage of spare parts and industry could not deliver the new machines sufficiently quickly, the High Command, largely out of wishful thinking, began to consider the misgivings of OKH/Chi as unwarranted.

Despite warnings from the unit, the Field Army continued to use SFM T-52c. They were particularly sure of it because they thought the land lines that the system ran on, i.e. where the messages passed through, could not be tapped by the Allies. Not until a cellar equipped to tap land lines was found in Paris in late 1942, did the Army consent to the improvement of the machine. Further evidence of lines being tapped came from the military attache in Stockholm, who later did a very foolish thing when he asked Oslo to send him T-52 keys in the clear. Early in 1943, Heinrich Döring established by further investigations that T-52d was not secure and that single messages could be solved. He did it as follows:

Each letter was characterised by five electrical impulses (positive or negative). On the basis of these impulses, Döring differentiated between letters having positive and negative qualities. An enciphered positive letter preserved its positive quality. Having established the plus/minus relationship of the text, it was possible to feed a suspected clear word through the message until it fitted correctly. Thence the message could be broken. As a result, a new alteration was made in the T-52d from which the T-52e emerged, which was regarded until the end of the war as secure.

 Enigma
Some security research was conducted on the plugboard Enigma by subsection 13, although no definite conclusion was reached concerning its security. In 1943–44, case Wicher was confirmed when definite proof was obtained from the two Polish officers, who were being held prisoner at Neuengamme concentration camp, close to Hamburg. They confirmed the Poles had read the plugboard Enigma both before the Polish Campaign and after. This proof collaborated the suspicions around in 1940. Heinrich Döring and Hans Pietsch, were sent to interrogate the Polish prisoners, and had drawn a blank, it became evident that the Polish at Wicher had solved Enigma traffic, and moved to France. OKH/Chi never realised that the Polish cipher bureau had been researching the Enigma, in one form or another, from about 1920. The mathematicians of subsection 13 believed that solution had ceased when the Field Army followed Walter Fricke's indicator recommendations. The general result was that subsection 13 did not press the matter of Enigma security.

 Cipher Device 39
Subsection 13 had also assisted in the design of the Cipher Device 39 Schlüsselgerät 39, an improved Enigma which was intended to employ a plugboard, changeable turnover rotors, pluggable reflecting wheels, and additional Hagelin-type drive wheels. This machine was in all likelihood secure and unbreakable. Otto Buggisch stated that these machines were his speciality. They were constructed at the Technische und Normalzeit firm in Frankfurt at the time of the surrender.

The responsibility for the security of German Army cryptographic systems remained with subsections 7 and 13 until 1934, when it was turned over to OKW/Chi. The Army then retained only the responsibility for seeing the systems, approved by OKW/Chi, were properly used.

Attitude to security studies
Whenever the German Army was asked to change a system, there was always a storm of protest. It was not them but the staff of General Fellgiebel (Chef HNV) () (HNV) which made the decision on which methods to be used. The results depended on whether the officers at HNV at the time, happened to know anything about cryptography. He usually did not, as it was a specialised field. In 1942, all hand systems were solvable. When the HNV was told this, the reply was that Germany had won all her battles so far, using these systems, and there was no need to overload the troops with new methods. Only with the greatest difficulty was the Field Army persuaded to change its methods.

One of the specific ways in which the Field Army consciously hampered progress in security studies was to refuse to furnish OKH/Chi actual traffic. Fricke stated that OKH/Chi never knew how the Field Army actually used the systems which it approved. When OKH/Chi asked for studies, it was given specially prepared messages such as We are standing in Berlin and See the Polish infantry coming down the Frankfurt Allee. However, the Field Army made a brief attempt in 1941 to provide the unit analysts with actual traffic. For this purpose  a Signal Intelligence Regiment of the Replacement Army () was formed. While two companies of this unit were to act as administrative units for personnel of In 7/VI, the department of the Army Signal Security agency responsible for cryptanalysis of non-Russian traffic, the third company was an intercept unit in the field collecting material for the analysts.  Owing to personnel shortage, this unit was dissolved in February 1942, and no subsequent attempt was made by the German Field Army to procure actual traffic for OKH/Chi.

It was difficult to persuade the Field Army to accept as valid the security studies made by the analysts of In 7/VI. Not until a cellar that contained equipment for tapping land lines used by the T-52c teleprinter, was raided in Paris in early 1943, was the Army High Command persuaded that the security studies made by the OKH/Chi had been valid.

The attitude of the Field Army could be traced largely to the ignorance on all levels of matters pertaining to codes and cipher security. Traffic  handed to In 7/VI for scrutiny betrayed the lamentable ignorance of the Field Army. Signal tables set up by the troops revealed serious cryptographic errors such as the failure to change keywords for long periods. In an attempt to correct this ignorance, OKH/Chi gave lectures at the Army Signal Academy located in Halle () and issued instructions on code and cipher security. The situation, however, was never satisfactorily resolved. Buggisch stated, while  researching the C-36 device that the studies made on the device by B. et al. were used by Oberinspector Kühn and Major Mang to forestall the introduction of the device into the German Army:it was tragic-comic: When OKH/Chi detected an insecurity, it was not able to achieve effective remedies; if In 7/VI  wanted to install new devices, it had even more difficulties. The Army "hemmed and hawed" and never got around to acting.Summary
German signal intelligence did not take a creative, non-linear view of attacking Enigma security, or any other secure system. When reporting on the security of Enigma or even of other ciphers including enemy systems, they focused on the statistics of cryptology. Their security investigations and cryptanalytic reports examined either the problems of physical compromise or of possible statistical methods for breaking systems. Among the surviving wartime documents, no reports deal with the more subtle ways around and into cryptologic problems.

The Army had cryptanalysts attack their own Enigmas, and in these attacks Germany's experts seem to have stuck to statistical and straightforward approaches. They conducted statistical attacks on Enigma-enciphered traffic both with and without the help of captured documentation. Both the OKH/Chi'' and Pers Z S found methods to solve the original unsteckered versions of Enigma. However, it was known they never tackled live traffic, for reasons described above, and instead stuck to straightforward attacks conducted under artificial conditions. All these examinations concluded that the Enigma would defeat enemy cryptanalysts. Throughout these investigations, German cryptologists seem to have never realised the true reduction of Enigma's probability space under real conditions, particularly those reductions arising from operational procedures and human error.

German cryptanalysts had no luck solving Allied high-grade ciphers and this lack of success only reinforced their belief in Enigma strength and vice versa. As Enigma had proved unbreakable, the Typex would prove even more impervious to attack, and hence the Army did not expend much effort on attacking the device.

Relying too heavily on theoretical statistics made Germany vulnerable. They knew that Great Britain had captured Enigma machines and associated documentation by the middle of the war. They also knew that Britain had a history of successful cryptanalysis and appreciated the abilities of British intelligence, yet they relied on a statistical security that took neither operational reality into account nor their opponent's capability. They ignored simple factors which could have hindered, if not defeated the Allies. One example, was the complete replacement of the rotors, by the Army, which was never done for various reasons.

Germany did recognise many of these procedural problems and they frequently reprimanded Enigma operators for insecure habits. In additions, several agencies, conducted investigations into Enigma that hinted at the system's general compromise. However, only the examination of live traffic under real conditions could have suggested the true level of security for Enigma, or indeed any other system, and this was never done.

References

History of cryptography
History of telecommunications in Germany
Military history of Germany during World War II
Signals intelligence of World War II


An Taoiseach Leo Varadkar and Prime Minister, Theresa May spoke by phone this afternoon, following yesterday's votes in Westminster.
The Taoiseach set out once again the unchanged Irish and EU position on the Withdrawal Agreement and the backstop, noting that the latest developments had reinforced the need for a backstop which is legally robust and workable in practice.
The Prime Minister indicated that further consultations are taking place in London.
They agreed to stay in touch over the coming period.


dutch90 says to (04:29:16): So what is their next move do you think?
dutch90 says to (04:30:14) Do you think they can get this done this week?
show at ANYTIME.... Go rv!!!!
Bulldog75: THE IQD WILL SHOW THE FOLLOWING ALONGSIDE TO USA RATES WHEN POSTED: (ROUNDED OFF): 4.00USA=.25 IQD ;5.00USA=.20IQD ; 6.00USA= .166IQD ; 7.00USA=.142 ; 8.00USA=.125IQD ; 9.00USA=.111IQD ; 10.00USA=0.10 IQD.
Bulldog75: WE KNOW EVERYONE IS QUITE ASTUTE ABOUT THE CIRCUMSTANCES IN THIS EVENT. CHINA IS THE BANKER AT THE POKER TABLE. THEY HAVE THE POWER TO BREAK THE USA BUT THEY WILL NOT. THIS IS SET TO SAIL SOON. THE TRAIN SLOWED EVEN SLOWER BUT KEEP THE FAITH; THIS TRAIN IS PULLING IN SLOWLY BUT SURELY TO THE STATION.
Bulldog75: 11PM CST. ALL SOURCES, IMHO, CONTINUE TO POINT SOONER; NOT LATER. BEFORE WE DO q & A SHORTLY, WE ALL KNOW AND REALIZE THERE IS NO ONE WHO KNOWS THE RATE AND DATE. THIS IS A CURRENCY RE-ALIGNMENT AND THIS WILL HAPPEN. THERE IS JUST NO CERTAIN DATE OR RATE. THE CIRCUMSTANCES HAVE BEEN 'ENHANCED THE LAST 48 HOURS IMMENSELY'. CHINA'S VISIT HAS BEEN PARAMOUNT FOR THIS EVENT.
Feb 19 6:52 PM [drl] This afternoon johnnywg stated through Bell Grits that the Vp of China was in Iraq and was not there for brunch! Wouldn't you concur Mr. Bluewolf?
[Shark] bluwolf Can we noseume that where ever China's VP is, that its good for our situation?
:26 PM [..CAP1] FOR ALL THAT HAVE ASKED ME ARE WE THERE..............I SAY YES.
7:27 PM [..CAP1] THAT'S WHY I FELT WE NEEDED SOME TIME OFF. YOU CAN ONLY ASK AND ANSWER THE SAME QUESTIONS OVER AND OVER SO MANY TIMES.
[C H S] Sunday, February 19, 2012 20:08 [Baghdad - where] Hosts the parliamentary Economic Committee tomorrow 's central bank governor Sinan Shabibi to find out the reasons for the high price of the dollar in recent times.
Said committee member Abdul-Abbas Xiaa told all of Iraq [where] on Sunday that "the Commission will host tomorrow's central bank governor to find out the reasons for the high price of the dollar in recent times, "adding that" the Iraqi dinar sober is no need to fear the rise or decline of the dollar against the dinar especially since this increase which took place recently as a result of market fluctuations, something always gets in the case of supply and demand.
" He added that "there  billion dollars is within the budget and pulls him one dollar in order to maintain the price of the dollar in the Iraqi market", praising at the same time, " the role of the Iraqi Central Bank to maintain the value of Iraqi dinar and the control of inflation the amount of  % at the moment. "
Weathernut called today and he asked me to post his BANK STORY.
His home was scheduled to be put up for auction this week. He decided to contact his bank, which is BOA and see if he could use his Dinar as collateral against his home loan and prevent this auction.
it. He proposed this question to this banker who then referred him to a larger branch to assess his question regarding his auction.
would INDEED postpone the auction of his home until March 14th.
God the Glory and is hopeful that this RV will happen prior to that date.
papajack: If you will SAY to the mountain be thou removed, and shall not DOUBT in his heart, he shall have whatsoever he SAYETH!!!
papajack: The darkside of the force has been defeated, VICTORY is ours, it is written WE WIN!!!!!!
papajack: OH that's right I don't have a schedule I'm retired!!!
Refinedbyfire: If it hits during those hrs are we able to cash in immediately?
papajack: Refinedbyfire If you want to go stand outside the bank till they open I doubt if anybody will stop you.
goes there from now on and an open non-interest bearing bank account. That's the only two things you need to do now.
[MRP] We can't help you make decisions about your money, in any event. If you have children, grandchildren, a spouse, businesses, legacies that you want to protect will shape what you do.
[xyz] soonerfan62 should i be excited as well?
[soonerfan62] xyz I would, some people would ignore the suggestion.
Stand by folks for more updated intel - we are on an hour by hour watch per all the Intel gatherers - this is amazing that WE ARE IN THE HOURS BEFORE THIS BLESSING MANIFESTS - THANK YOU HEAVENLY FATHER - last night on that prayer call many prayed about the RV but it was mostly about encourageing the masses in the relationship ways of GOD and I do believe taking care of God's business, HE HAS TAKEN CARE OF THIS RV WHILE WE ARE REPRESENTING HIM LAST NIGHT - all of our prayers are being answered - wow I stand amazed we love You LORD!!!!
2:00 PM [bluwolf] Buenas tardes today is the 19th of feb.,it is 82 degrees and partly sunny here in puerto rico and the time is 2:15 pm ast. We were told that all was finished and released [ that is true], we were told that the global settlements and prosperity packages are in the air [we need to see a international release of currencies first and that is still to be seen].
We were told the rates will be high [that is true, it is the highest that all mankind will ever see] , we were told that it should show up today [ that maybe but we have been here before, do not get me wrong i know we already have money but i want my banker to call me in to cashout first before i make it official to all] , i have been inform of many bank stories letting people know to come into a bank to cashin at a certain rate even before it is available legally, be careful for in my opinion i think it is scam in progress and it is completely illegal.
Moderated chat at 1 pm cst for Q & A with Jonnywg, FreewayBill, BellaGrits and Guest.
[Jackie Blue] jonnywg...should we move our money we have now to a non-intrest bearing acct?
[BellaGrits] I CAN ONLY TELL YOU WHAT I WILL DO. YES, I WILL DO THAT.
[MIKE] For jonnywg I have signed up NIBA with WF last week. Once I cash IQD notes and deposit $$$ (over 10K). Will WF tattle IRS that I have a lot of $$$$$? Of course I will transfer to into Corp account and off shores. Or should I deposit under 10K to prevent IRS's knowledge?
[joyjoyjoyjoy] Hi who is our special guest?
[bobster1] Jonny === Do you have sources that have proven true thru all this mis info, and what are they saying as to when and where we are?


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Autor: Vários
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Editor: Podcast
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Podcast by Stephanie
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Welcome to the Season 3 of The Stephanie Show, a bilingual podcast created by international talents for international talents. Check out our Youtube Channel for more info : https://youtu.be/ToEvBvGcmUs Sign up on www.stephanielinme.com to receive exclusive tips for free and join the community!
Season 3 Ep 3 Joey Ye : International Education, Career Development and Life Long Learning
Welcome to Season 3 of the Stephanie Show, a bilingual podcast created by international talents for international talents. In this week's episode of The Stephanie Show, I interviewed Joey Ye, Senior Manager, Client Strategies at RBC (Royal Bank of Canada), and she had great advice on how to prepare for your international education journey and maximize your experience during & after the pandemic that you can find here: https://www.stephanielinme.com/post/how-to-prepare-for-your-international-education-journey-and-maximize-your-experience If you enjoyed this episode, please give a 5 star review and share it with a friend or 2 :) Be sure to subscribe at www.stephanielineme.com to receive exclusive tips and get instant access to our global community for free.
Season 3 ep 2, with Stephen Choi, Co-Founder of Hi Right Now
Welcome to Season 3 of the Stephanie Show, a bilingual podcast created by international talents for international talents. In this week's episode of The Stephanie Show, I interviewed Stephen Choi , Co-founder of Hi Right Now, and he also shared some great advice on how to to build your network and develop meaningful relationships in a new place that you can find at www.stephanielinme.com. If you enjoyed this episode, please give a 5 star review and share it with a friend or 2 :) Be sure to subscribe at www.stephanielineme.com to receive exclusive tips.
Seaon 3 Ep 1 with Kevin Pereira, Managing Director of Blu Ltd
Welcome to Season 3 of the Stephanie Show, a bilingual podcast created by international talents for international talents. In this week's episode of The Stephanie Show, I interviewed Kevin Pereira, Managing Director of Blu Ltd, and he also shared some great advice on how to use AI to free yourself from busyness during the economic downturn in the time of pandemic that you can find at www.stephanielinme.com. If you enjoyed this episode, please give a 5 star review and share it with a friend or 2 :) Be sure to subscribe at www.stephanielineme.com to receive exclusive tips.
Season 2 Ep6 Building good habits for successful business and career, with Julie Labrie
Sign up at www.stephanielinme.com to join the community and receive exclusive tips for FREE! Success is not a matter of luck. It requires consistent effort to cultivate certain habits that you will do daily. If you've ever wondered how to become an entrepreneur, how to build long-lasting business success, and how to find international career opportunities, you will love Julie's perspective. On this episode of The Stephanie Show, Julie shares the most important things she's learned from running her business and recruitment process. Julie is the president of BlueSky Personnel Solutions. Her company was recognized by Top Recruiter as the #1 recruitment agency in Toronto, and Julie was named the #3 recruiter in Canada. As an entrepreneur and recruiting veteran with over 20 years of experience, Julie is a trailblazer in her industry. She specializes in French/bilingual placements and works closely with business, HR executives, and job candidates. As such, she is able to offer unique insights into the strateg
Season 2 Ep 5 Glow from the inside out, with Sheila Partrat
Subscribe to the " Global Minds" Newsletter at www.stephanielinme.com ''Fifty or sixty years ago, the external boundaries were quite clear. But those all dissipated over time. The only anchor that you have is internal. And that comes down to discipline, for me it's spiritual, mental and physical discipline. '' -- Sheila Partrat Do you know that only grass-fed, cold-processed whey protein retain and provide all the powerful immune and health building benefits to your body? Do you know that adults need 1 gram of protein per kg of body weight? There's a direct connection between your health and the food you eat. In order to maintain balance and proper health, you have to get healthy from the inside out. By this I mean, paying attention to what you eat everyday. This is particularly important for busy working professionals, seniors and kids. On today's episode of The Stephanie Show, I talk about the importance of food and wellness with Sheila Partrat, founder of Protelicous( www.Protelicious.com) Sheila
Season 2 Ep4 3 keys to starting your own business in an unknown environment, with Josiane Blanc
For additional resources and info, click at www.stephanielinme.com. Why does having flexibility mean more work? How can you build your network in a new environment? How can you stay energized and healthy when working long hours? These are probably the common challenges for people who start a new life in another country or city. If you're going solo, you may try even harder to build relationships, find opportunities and maintain your work-life balance. On today's episode of The Stephanie Show, I talk about the strategies for starting your own business with a talented yet humble film director, Josiane Blanc. Josiane is a writer & director passionate about social issues and cultural interactions. Josiane's versatility allowed her to occupy a wide range of positions in Canada, Europe, South America and Africa. In 2016, she developed and directed for TFO Amazing Teenagers, a documentary webseries about exceptional teenagers who have distinguished themselves by their actions, inventions or community engage
Special Episode - best advice for career, productivity, decision making & entrepreneur
Happy Holidays! Joyeuses fêtes! 节日快乐! Courage is not an absence of fear. Courage is fear walking. For this special episode, I revisit conversations with Fadi Yaacoub, executive creative director of the Toronto Star, Roger Vandomme, Chief Data Scientist and Principal at SMC, and Elke Rubach, founder of Rubach Wealth. They all shared some very good advice for career, productivity, decision making & entrepreneurship as global leader. Learn how to face your fears and be a better leader in this episode. Sign up at www.stephanielinme.com to join the community of leaders for FREE :)
Season 2 Ep3, How to run a successful business when you don't have the expertise, with Viviane Salin
We all have ideas. If we don't put them into action, ideas are worthless. We all have dreams. If we don't give ourselves a chance to live your dreams, dreams are just illusions. What really separate top performers from ordinary people is the courage and consistency of execution. But where does the mentality of a successful entrepreneur come from? On today's episode of The Stephanie Show, I talk about growth mindset & learning through doing, with a multitalented entrepreneur, Viviane Salin. Viviane Salin is a French entrepreneur based in Singapore since 2006. After working in various industries, including events and music (she is also a violinist), she co-created La Petite Ecole with her husband. The Petite Ecole Group now provides French Bilingual Education for young children in Singapore, Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh. She also created an educational game for children, Dragon Whiz, that is available now in the Apple Store and Google Play worldwide. In this episode, you will learn: - Source of inspira
Season 2 Ep2 How I made a major career change in my 30s, with Elke Rubach
We spent our 20s working our way up, making a lot of efforts to gain that extra bit of responsibility, money or fancy-sounding title, but when 30 comes knocking, the chances are you've changed. Your goals and aspirations have moved in a different direction. Yes, it might feel a bit scary to switch things up but it's never too late to start something you truly want to be doing. Changing your career in your 30s takes grit and courage. Patience is key. You'll have to work hard, but more importantly work smart. Once you get where you want to be you will be thrilled with the pay off. On today's episode of The Stephanie Show, I talk about taking the long road and building a customer-centric business with a successful businesswoman : Elke Rubath. Elke is the founder of Rubath Wealth, a Toronto-based insurance and wealth management advisory firm. A lawyer by training, she is currently the Board Chair at Lycée Français de Toronto, a member of the Professional Advisory Council at SickKids Foundation, and a Co-Foun
Season 2 Ep1 Be a smart giver, with Angie Pincin
How do you define success? At its root, success is liking who you are, liking what you do and being happy with your life. What does it mean to be a leader? Great leaders not only master their emotions and actions but also help others to be successful. Coaching is actually one of the most effective leadership styles that help people to grow and learn. Whereas mentors give out words of wisdom, coaches roll up their sleeves and get their hands dirty. They hold up a mirror so we can see our blind spots and they hold us accountable for working through our sore spots. Just like learning, leadership building and development is an on-going process. Your title makes you a manager, your people make you a leader. Be a smart giver, give your time and apply your gifts to help others be 1% better every day. In today's episode of The Stephanie Show ( also episode 1 of Season 2), I talk about top qualities of leadership and how to develop an effective and balanced leader with a Master Coach : Angie Pincin. Angie is
Season 1 Ep6 The Power of starting with why, with Sebastien Gendron
We often define ourselves by what we do. I work in finance. I play piano. I create children's books. But there's a significant difference between a hobby, a job and a career. A hobby is something you enjoy doing. It keeps your life fun and interesting. A job is simply a task you do to pay the bill. It doesn't have to fulfill you. A career is a job that you're passionate about and that you love. Career is something where you're willing to make sacrifices and work extra hours. When we talk about career development, we should first try to find out what we're really good at and what we love doing. So how do we figure out what we're meant to do? It often starts with a process of self-discovery and it takes a lot of courage to make the first move. It's not easy. But it worth trying to figure out. On today's episode of The Stephanie Show, I talk about the power of passion and grit with an inspiring entrepreneur: Sebastien Gendron. Sebastien is the Co-founder and CEO of Transpod, a Canadian company dedicat
Season1 Ep5 Success =Belief + Determination +Open Mind+ Courage,with Fadi Yaacoub
Success = Belief + Determination + Open mind + Courage For additional info, please go to www.stephanielinme.com To be a great manager, you have to be a great coach. After all, the higher you climb, the more your success depends on making other people successful. That's why bring out the best in others and developing the teams is the fundamental building block of the organization. To succeed in the global economy today, we not only need to build a diverse workforce but also develop empathy and passion. On today's episode of The Stephanie Show, I talk about developing global leaders with Marketing and Media design expert : Fadi Yaacoub. Fadi is the executive creative director of the Toronto Star, the largest newspaper in Canada. He was born in Lebanon and went out of his way to build a successful international career. He has won and been shortlisted for multiple international awards. In this episode, you will learn : -Why a great leader is also a great conductor -Fadi's '' 3 seconds'' rule and other

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Maurice Lebon est un homme politique français, né le  à Paris et mort le  à Rouen en Seine-Maritime, avocat, maire de Rouen et homme politique français.

Biographie
Fils du juriste Félix Lebon qui a donné son nom au Recueil Lebon, Maurice Lebon est attaché au ministère de la justice en 1871, secrétaire particulier de Jules Dufaure en 1876, puis secrétaire général de préfecture de la Mayenne en 1877. Il est appelé au poste de secrétaire général de la préfecture de la Seine-Inférieure en 1877. Il se fait ensuite inscrire au barreau de Rouen comme avocat à la cour d'appel en 1881.
 Maire de Rouen de 1886 à 1888 ;
 Conseiller général du canton de Duclair de 1892 à 1898 ;
 Député de la Seine-Inférieure de 1891 à 1898 ;
 Sous-secrétaire d'État au Commerce à l'Industrie et aux Colonies du  au  dans le gouvernement Jean Casimir-Perier

Il demeure 87 rue Jeanne-d'Arc à Rouen dans les années 1880.

Il meurt à son domicile au 33 rue de Fontenelle à Rouen. Il est inhumé au cimetière monumental de Rouen.

Distinctions
 .

Publications
 Rapport aux souscripteurs au capital de garantie de l'Exposition nationale et régionale de Rouen 1884, Rouen, 1885.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

 Charles-Emmanuel Curinier, Dictionnaire national des contemporains, t. 5, Paris, Office général d'édition

Articles connexes
 Liste des maires de Rouen

Liens externes

Maire de Rouen
Député de la Seine-Inférieure (Troisième République)
Député de la cinquième législature de la Troisième République
Député de la sixième législature de la Troisième République
Ministre de la Troisième République
Sous-secrétaire d'État français
Avocat français du XIXe siècle
Naissance en novembre 1849
Naissance à Paris
Décès en février 1906
Décès à Rouen
Décès à 56 ans
Décès dans la Seine-Inférieure
Personnalité enterrée au cimetière Monumental de Rouen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home » Judge Orders Government to Fully Reinstate DACA Program
Judge Orders Government to Fully Reinstate DACA Program
by Lightlynews.com · On December 5, 2020 · In U.S.
A federal decide on Friday ordered the Trump administration to completely restore an Obama-era program designed to defend younger, undocumented immigrants from deportation, dealing what could possibly be a ultimate blow to President Trump's long-fought effort to finish the protections.
The program, referred to as Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, was created by President Barack Obama in 2012. Over the years, it has protected greater than 800,000 people, referred to as "dreamers," who met a collection of strict necessities for eligibility.
But these protections have been underneath authorized and political siege from Republicans for years, leaving the immigrants who have been enrolled in DACA unsure whether or not the specter of deportation from the United States might shortly return with a single courtroom order or presidential memorandum.
Judge Nicholas G. Garaufis of the U.S. District Court in Brooklyn directed the administration on Friday to permit newly eligible immigrants to file new functions for defense underneath this system, reversing a memorandum issued in the summertime by Chad Wolf, the appearing secretary of Homeland Security, which restricted this system to individuals who have been already enrolled. As many as 300,000 new candidates might now be eligible, based on the legal professionals who pushed for the reinstatement.
The memo from the Department of Homeland Security additionally restricted advantages underneath this system, together with permits to work, to at least one 12 months, however the decide ordered the federal government to revive them to a full two years. Judge Garaufis, who was appointed by President Bill Clinton, additionally mentioned the federal government should discover a option to contact all immigrants who're eligible for this system to tell them of the change.
The decide mentioned the federal government should announce the adjustments to this system on its web site by Monday.
Lawyers who had challenged the Trump administration within the case celebrated the choice, saying that amid a pandemic and world financial recession, it granted some stability to a weak group.
"This is a very huge day for DACA recipients and immigrant younger individuals," mentioned Karen Tumlin, director of the Justice Action Center, who litigated the class-action case. "It's a day that lots of them have been ready for for over three years." She mentioned it might open the door for tons of of 1000's of immigrant youths "who've been unfairly denied their probability" underneath the DACA program.
The program nonetheless faces different challenges, together with a case in federal courtroom in Texas, the place Republican attorneys common have requested a decide to declare it illegal. And Mr. Trump's administration might enchantment the ruling by Judge Garaufis within the days forward.
Immigration advocates mentioned they hoped the administration wouldn't proceed its authorized battle to finish this system given the arrival of a brand new, Democratic administration in lower than two months.
President-elect Joseph R. Biden Jr. has vowed to revive the DACA program when he takes workplace, however a legislative resolution that may completely enable the dreamers to stay and work legally within the United States stays elusive, leaving their fates to the shifting political winds in Washington.
If the decide's order nonetheless stands by the point Mr. Biden takes workplace in January, the brand new president would wish to do nothing to make good on his promise. But Mr. Biden is definite to face intense stress from immigrant teams to battle for a broad overhaul of the nation's immigration legal guidelines that may deal with the dreamers and thousands and thousands of different undocumented immigrants.
Comprehensive laws, together with one which would offer a path to citizenship for some immigrants, can be much less weak to authorized challenges than DACA, which Mr. Obama created utilizing the manager powers of his workplace after Congress repeatedly refused to behave.
But securing passage of a invoice that features citizenship for undocumented immigrants could possibly be tough for Mr. Biden, particularly if Republicans nonetheless management the Senate after two runoff elections in Georgia early in January.
Americans have traditionally thought of DACA beneficiaries to be among the many most sympathetic classes of immigrants. Having violated immigration legal guidelines via no fault of their very own by being delivered to the United States as minors, they're required to have a highschool diploma or G.E.D., until they've served within the army, they usually should preserve a clear legal document to carry on to their standing.
In a Pew survey performed in June, about three-quarters of respondents, together with majorities of each Democrats and Republicans, favored extending a pathway to everlasting authorized standing to dreamers.
The program has had generational affect. Researchers estimate that 250,000 U.S.-born kids have no less than one mum or dad who's enrolled in DACA, and that about 1.5 million individuals within the United States stay with a beneficiary of this system.
The decide's ruling on Friday is a major authorized setback to Mr. Trump's yearslong try to terminate this system.
As a candidate, Mr. Trump insisted that DACA was unconstitutional, and as president he moved to finish it in September 2017. That effort was placed on maintain by federal judges whereas the deserves of the president's actions have been evaluated. The authorized battle culminated in a Supreme Court ruling this summer season through which the justices mentioned the president had not adopted correct procedures to finish this system.
In the wake of that ruling, Mr. Wolf solely partially reinstated this system, refusing to permit new immigrants to use and slashing the size of renewals to at least one 12 months, as an alternative of the 2 years beforehand allowed.
In November, Judge Garaufis decided that the partial reinstatement was invalid as a result of it had been issued within the type of a memo by Mr. Wolf, who Judge Garaufis discovered had been unlawfully appointed to his place.
Officials on the Department of Homeland Security and the Justice Department didn't instantly reply to a request for touch upon Friday evening.
But the administration has disputed the decide's dedication that Mr. Wolf was not correctly appointed and has signaled up to now that it intends to battle challenges to the president's efforts to finish or reduce this system.
Adam Liptak contributed reporting.
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For those who are new to the crypto world, especially if they don't have a tech background, the entire blockchain ecosystem seems very overwhelming. It took me a few months to learn enough about blockchain to the point where I was comfortable investing in the space.
That's why I created this resources page to share with you the websites that I visit often. By having access to the right resources, those who are new can dramatically speed up their learning curve. I wish someone had given me this list when I got started - it would've saved me so much time!
Feel free to share this list to your friends who are new to the crypto world - they will thank you for it.
If you want to learn about Bitcoin or Ethereum, you can read the whitepaper written by their creators. Even if you are not tech savvy, you can get a good grasp about how blockchain functions from these papers.
The following two sites track all the transactions in the Ethereum and Bitcoin blockchain. After generating a transaction, I like to check whether it went through or not, just to make sure I didn't make any mistakes.
Bitfinex - out of all the exchanges, I like Bitfinex's layout the most. However, note that it was hacked in 2016.
Sign up for our newsletter so you can stay up to date with the cryptocurrency market!
Enter Your Email Address Below So I Can Send You The Most Up-To-Date Analysis And Updates On The Cryptocurrency Market!


text:
Chicago High School
Chicago High School, Central High School (1878)
Location: Monroe Street near Halsted
Architect: John M. Van Osdel and Frederick Baumann
Twenty Eighth Annual Report of the Board of Education for the Period Ending June 30, 1892
Chicago Central High School
Chicago High School (active 1856–1880; demolished 1950) was the first high school in Chicago, Illinois. After several abortive attempts, the Chicago City Council approved a high school in 1855. John M. Van Osdel and Frederick Baumann designed the building, which opened the next year. In 1860, the coursework was organized into two branches of study. where students could take the first-year workload, then apply to finish at the main building, which then became known as Central High School. (These branches evolved into full high schools in 1880 and the original Chicago High School was closed.) In September 1869, the high school developed branch schools and classes throughout the city.
High school classes were heard in the Franklin School in the north, the Haven school in the south, the Foster School building in the west, and the Hayes school building in the west; the two west schools were later combined. Students could take the first year of high school in these buildings, then attended the "central" high school for the rest of schooling. Thus, Chicago High School also became known as Central High School after this date. A school newspaper, The Lever, was founded in 1874. In 1880, the three branch schools became four-year schools and the Central High School was decommissioned. By the time, the high school building was too small for the number of students and the building was out of place in an otherwise commercial district.
Of the first students that were admitted, a total of 114 (57 boys, 57 girls) started course work after taking an entrance exam with math, history, geography, and grammar questions. Nine of the 114 were native Chicagoans, while the rest came from states from the Eastern U.S. or overseas.
The limestone building that housed Chicago Central was later used as the home for English High & Manual Training School, then as a warehouse by the Chicago Board of Education. It was torn down in 1950 to make way for the proposed Northwest (now Kennedy) Expressway.
Interesting Facts About Chicago Central High School
Year opened as a three-year school: 1856
Became a four-year school: 1870
Year enrollment was limited to juniors and seniors: 1875
Name change to Central High School: 1878
Year closed: 1880
School colors, nickname, & song: may not utilized these
According to IHSA historian Robert Pruter, Central began to offer baseball as an intramural sport beginning in 1870. It grew to schedule and play games against amateur clubs and private schools later on. Records were non-existant on what Chicago teams Central played from 1870-1880, but results for at least five games from this period, as follows:
May 5, 1871: Chicago University freshmen, L (not the current University of Chicago, but as earlier one);
June 19, 1873: McVicker's Theatre, W;
May 10, 1874: Eagles, L;
May 24, 1874: Leavitt Street Nine, W; and
June 14, 1874: Highlanders (Highland Park), W.
Foster Medal Fund.
The following is the communication from Dr. John H. Foster, accompanying his donation of One Thousand Dollars.
To the Mayor and Common Council of the City of Chicago:
For the encouragement of scholarship and good conduct, and to incite a laudable emulation and application among tbe scholars of tbe Public Schools of tbe City of Chicago, I herewith give to the said City One Thousand Dollars, in trust, to be deposited with the Agent of the School Fund, and his successors in office, should the City deem it expedient, and to constitute a part of said Fund, to be kept by said Agent in a separate and distinct account or fund, and to be loaned out by him at interest, forever. The interest arising from tbe same to be paid semi-annually, and to be subject to the order of the School Inspectors, or the Board baving control of the Public Free Schools of Chicago, to be used by them and the Superintendent of Public Scbools of said City in purchasing gold, silver or bronze medals, or diplomas, to be annually or oftener awarded by them to the most deserving scholars in the different departments of the Public Grammar Schools of said City.
JOHN H. FOSTER.
Chicago, February, 1857.
The awards consisted of silver medals to the graduates from the Grammar Schools to the High School, until within the last two years, when the number of Grammar Schools furnishing graduates to the High Schools became so large that the revenue from the Fund, $70 per annum, was far from adequate to supply even one medal to each school furnishing graduates, consequently there has been no other means of utilizing this Fund than by the use of diplomas,
1877 Foster Medal
Famous Alumni
Cyrus Hall McCormick (class of 1874) — head of International Harvester;
Albert G. Lane (class of 1859) — became principal of a school prior to turning 18, later was superintendent of both Cook County & Chicago Public Schools, and led the movement for manual education at the high school level. As a result, Lane Technical High School was opened in his honor in 1908;
Ella Young Flagg (class of 1860) — educator, was the first woman to be head of a large city school system in the U.S., serving as Chicago Public School superintendent from 1909-1915, studied under John Dewey at the University of Chicago, and was on the state board of education from 1888-1913
Robert Waller (year unknown) — involved in real estate, insurance, and served on the Columbian Exposition board along with Cyrus McCormick. Was comptroller of the city of Chicago from 1897 until his death two years later. North Division High School was renamed in his honor.
Monroe Street near Halsted
Robinson Fire Map 1886
Volume 1, Plate 2
Brian Kelly says
Edward Carson Waller and Daniel Burnham attended this school.
Waller was a year older
Burnham graducted in 1863. So Waller 1862?
In 1869-70, they staked claims in Nevada, White Pine County.
Waller was a real estate developer who collaborated with Burnham on a variety of notable projects: Home Insurance and Rookery in particular.
They were lifelong golfing partners and friends.
Waller among founders of Riverforest and a long term client of Frank Lloyd Wright.. The Francisco Apartments.
He managed the Rookery and brought FLW in for the remodeling of the ground floor of light court.


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How parents act on their religious beliefs linked to the onset of atheism in their children
By Eric W. Dolan August 26, 2018
(Photo credit: sewcream)
People tend to become atheists at a younger age when their religious parents talk the talk but don't walk the walk, according to new research published in the journal Religion, Brain & Behavior. The study provides evidence that exposure to religiously-motivated actions plays an important role in the onset of atheism.
"I was interested in this topic mainly because it is an extension of my overall research interest in how and why people become atheists," said study author Joseph Langston, a researcher at the Atheist Research Collaborative and a PhD student at Victoria University in New Zealand.
"Credibility-enhancing displays (CREDs) in particular have been shown as rather important for the acquisition of all aspects of (religious) culture. But the concept of CREDs is still relatively new, which means that much remains to be investigated and understood regarding its relationship to other variables which affect religious transmission processes and changes in religious beliefs."
"At the beginning of this project, the thought process was that, perhaps a growing number of people are becoming nonbelievers because belief was not modelled to them in any appreciable or robust way during their upbringing," Langston said. "But insofar as social learning processes and family dynamics are crucial for the transmission and acquisition of culture, religious or otherwise, there are other socialization agents that play into how effective such learning and dynamics are at producing religious continuity between parents and their offspring."
"Some examples would include whether or not a person's parents shared the same religion; whether a person mostly grew up in a conventional two-parent household; the quality of relationship between parents and children; and how much religious conflict one got into with one's parents while growing up, which would also touch upon just how much parents allowed their children to make their own choices about religion while growing up."
"And so we wondered how CREDs would fare against some of these other variables when it came to shaping atheistic outcomes, via the age at which a person became an atheist," Langston explained. "In other words, we know that they should be influential, but how influential, when compared to other variables that should also be important for (non)religious outcomes later in life?"
The researchers surveyed 5,153 atheists regarding the age when they no longer believed in god(s), religious credibility-enhancing displays among their parents, and other factors. They found that when parents engaged in more credibility-enhancing displays, such as acting fairly to others because their religion taught them so, their children tended to become atheists later in life.
"The average person can take away three main things from this study," Langston told PsyPost. "First, the extent to which parents faithfully model their own religious beliefs to their children (i.e. CREDs), works in tandem with other processes to produce unique trajectories of the timing at which one becomes an atheist: being allowed greater religious choice seems to drive the age of atheism down, but so do elevated levels of religious conflict."
"Second, although important, CREDs alone are not enough to provide us with the most complete explanation of how or why people do or don't believe in a god or gods. Third, CREDs still had a very robust impact on age of atheism; their (statistical) significance was not eliminated from our analyses even when comparing them to the influence of other agents of religious socialization, such as variables representing the influence of demographics, parental quality, family-religion aspects, 'relational' variables, and religious institutions."
The findings line up with previous research, which found that religious individuals who were exposed to high levels of CREDs by their parents were more likely to report believing in the existence of God with high certainty.
"There is one thing that probably could have been made more clear in our paper, and that is why we chose to use 'the age at which a person became an atheist' as our dependent variable," Langston said. "If we were to design a study that was superior to ours, then for that study we would have collected a large sample of nonbelievers and believers. Then we would be able to do direct comparisons between those two groups."
"But because our sample consisted only of nonbelievers, we had to have some kind of barometer for measuring the impact of CREDs and other variables on becoming an atheist. So in the paper we make the presumption that anything which affects the average age of atheism in our sample, is a variable that has a relation to how or why people become atheists.
"At the very least, such variables could be seen to exert some degree of influence on the timing of that outcome, and thus likely the outcome itself. Certainly, it isn't a perfect methodological assumption, but for our purposes we found it a defensible use of age of atheism," Langston noted.
"There are a handful of interesting questions that could follow this research. First, if nonreligious identifications are increasingly being deliberately transmitted by secular families, as some very recent research suggests, then what kind of CREDs, if any, exist in these families? Or are any CREDs needed at all to sustain whatever positive or substantive worldviews such parents might wish to instill?"
"Second, do (formerly believing) atheists have levels of religious choice and religious conflict that are different from their theistic counterparts? Relatedly, were most formerly believing atheists subject to authoritarian, as opposed to authoritative, parenting styles? Third, is it possible that even high-fidelity religious parents may unknowingly influence the turn to atheism, in the event that certain parental qualities and religious choice or religious conflict are associated?"
Langston and his colleagues are working towards publishing more studies on the subject.
"We have another study, which is currently under peer review, which is based upon this same data set, and there we pursue very similar questions regarding how social and family influences operate for atheists who were once believers," he said.
"Our most central finding shows two patterns of influence toward atheism, what we call religious 'over' and 'under' socialization. Interested readers might be on the lookout for that study later this year, should we be lucky enough to have it accepted for publication. Or, anyone interested in obtaining a (restricted) copy of it, or finding out the full results, can email [email protected]."
The study, "Predicting age of atheism: credibility enhancing displays and religious importance, choice, and conflict in family of upbringing", was authored by Joseph Langston, David Speed, and Thomas J. Coleman III.


Now, I cook more and enjoy eating decent food, and I still have the odd takeaway and chocolate - no more guilt - it's wonderful.
How do some people change easily while others can struggle for years, even decades?
Positive long-term change requires a more effective approach than just willpower or even motivation. You may be strongly motivated to change but without the right approach, desire without change just leads to frustration.
There are only 2 reasons why you haven't changed up until now. You haven't got strong enough reasons to change, and your mind is running old programs that keep you stuck rather than moving you towards what you want.
Your mind is incredibly powerful – let me help you make better use of it!


First Pacific Raceways of 2010 and when I rolled up I picked up a 1/2 number and a Masters number not knowing which I felt like jumping into. When Martin drove up with Dave H in the IJM bus it was off with black number 8 and on with blue number 11.
Right from the gun, 3 Starbucks launched off and I jumped on them thinking even though it was early, if something went and I was so close to the front if I didn't go Martin might box my ears a bit. Not gonna lie but 2 of 3 were super strong but were taking LONG pulls. They weren't even letting me pull through so I just sat back and watched. By the time we got past the drag strip they pooped out and the pack caught us. Still trying to figure out what the plan was on that.
Brought the pack around the wall for the first prime and Dave yells at me to watch right and a few guys scream past, one being Martin. I got swallowed up and pretty much just hung front to mid pack until the second sprint. Martin and Dave tried to get away after the second prime but it looked a bit jumbled so they were caught easily. 3 laps to go Martin tells me to find him on the last lap for game on. Last lap comes and while I was positioned well I was pinched on the west turn on to the strip and fell back quickly. By the time I made it up to Martin and Dave I was on the far left and they were on the far right.
Martin puts a HUGE push around the turn and the wall and Dave launches for the win. I came in a few bike lengths after Martin so it wasn't totally a complete loss for me… more of a confidence booster and a learning experience. I should have been more aggressive keeping my spot in the pack on the last lap. We got the result but I should have been there.
Side note- that was the bumpiest sprint I have ever been in (not that I'm in the final sprint that often) but it was crazy. STRAIGHT LINE PEOPLE! Look where the hell you are going too!
nice work b-snizzle! feel the power of the darkside!


Meadowview Middle School is a public elementary school located in Morristown, TN in the Hamblen County School District. It enrolls 561 students in grades 1st through 12th. It has 15.2 students to every teacher.
The form below lets you find Meadowview Middle School alumni info and Meadowview Middle School students.
The percentage of Meadowview Middle School students on free and reduced lunch assistance (81.6%) is higher than the state average of 61.6%. This may indicate that the area has a higher level of poverty than the state average.


text:
Q: Vue.js - How to pass down props to grandchildren I have the following App structure
RegistrationView (holds the data logic like get, post)
 - RegistrationForm (holds the form)
 -- Registration Radio Component (radio buttons rendered on delivered data from view)

and I would like to be able to pass down data from view to radios Component as props to be rendered and interact with parent form component. Is this  possible?

A: You need to use dependency injection in this case :
in view :
provide: function () {
  return {
    prop1: this.someData,
    someMethod:this.someMethod
  }
},
data(){
  return{
    someData:'some data'
  }
},
methods:{
    someMethod(){
       this.someData='another data'
    }
}

in radios component :
inject: ['someData','someMethod']

and use it like this.someData and you could trigger this.someMethod() and it will change the data in grandparent component.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Now for LGAxit
Local government will feature in the Queen's Speech, but is there hope of actual change? The messages are contradictory: more powers for councils, as long as they all obey central directives; more protection for the environment, but new towns must built on it.
A more fundamental change is needed: repeal the Local Government Act 1972.
Like many bands from the 1970s, the Act is a creaking parody of itself. It had an ill-starred birth, it was passed just after the Act that sent us into the European Communities. It was knocked together hurriedly when Ted Heath was facing an election: he had unexpectedly won the 1970 election on a promise not to abolish the counties but he went on effectively to do just that. The Act was both a reaction to the Redcliffe-Maud Report, and an implementation of it. The Report was itself a reaction to changes in the 1960s. What we have today as the governing structure of modern local government is a 1970s act that was old hat even then.
The scheme of the 1972 Act did not last; before it came into effect it had to be changed, then 10 years letter Margaret Thatcher threw out one of its key planks, and ten years after that, many of its assumptions were reversed. There have been amendments and corrections, exceptions and provisos every other year since it was passed, but the 1972 Act limped on as the foundation on which stands a structure bearing almost no relation to the assumptions built into that Act.
The scheme of the Local Government Act 1972 is based on a series of assumptions including: universal two-tier government (now rare); a committee system (again, a rarity); strictly defined competences (no longer applicable); discrete employed council staff; and all to be done with paper and face-to-face meetings. On top of this have been added changes which have to be looked up in a scattering of other Acts and Regulations, joint authorities, devolved powers, mayors (whose powers have to be conferred using legal fictions because the Act does not contemplate them) and other bits held together with chewing gum and string none of which did Ted Heath's text anticipate. It simply does not fit any more.
Even though the Act's assumptions are all abandoned, Parliament is still forced to follow the 1970s terminology in the Act, and treat every exception to its scheme as an exception, even though there are now more exceptions than conformity.
If there is to be a radical devolution agenda, it simply does not fit the rickety frame of the 1970s.
Maybe this leftover from the age of corduroy flairs and soft-rock has been kept just because it is too complicated to work out what goes where, afraid of 'ch-ch-changes', but if we cannot see where the rules are, they must go.
Ted Heath's legacy must go: the European Communities Act 1972 has been repealed by Boris, and now the Local Government Act 1972 should follow it into the bin.
A new Local Government Structure Act is needed quickly, to reflect the actual structure of local administration and to provide a framework for building anew.
Build Back Britain, Boris
Our plan for the new Prime Minister (July 2019)
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text:
NYC Issues First Intersex Birth Certificate in the US
By Isabelle Jones
New York City has issued the first known US birth certificate that reads "intersex" in the gender field, reports Fox8. The birth certificate was issued by the city's Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to 55-year-old Sara Kelly Keenan.
Keenan – who currently uses female pronouns – was born intersex, which means she has female genitalia and male genes. At the time of her birth, intersex people were referred to as "hermaphrodites".
Keenan said,
It was wonderful. It was the first time I saw 'intersex' in print related to my name. When I applied in court, I chose 'non-binary,' because that's an umbrella term that would also include gender variant people.
Julien A. Martinez, a spokesman for the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, said, "A person may amend their birth certificate to have 'intersex' reflected on their birth certificate with appropriate documentary evidence from a US-licensed doctor. The department will continue to work with community partners as we adopt changes to more accurately reflect a person's sex."
Keenan was marked as "male" on her birth certificate, but was issued a "female" birth certificate three weeks after her birth. At the time, doctors recommended surgery to intersex people so they could conform to either one of the two genders.
"The notion was that the main thing you had to do in cases of intersex was to get the gender assignment settled early, so kids would grow up to be good (believable and straight) girls and boys," explained the Intersex Society of North America.
Keenan said she grew up having gender issues. When she was in the ninth grade, she had to undergo a surgical operation to address the fact that she was not showing signs of puberty. Keenan was told that surgeons removed her ovaries, but what was actually removed was testicular tissue that had developed where ovaries in females should be. She started female hormone therapy after the operation.
Keenan's doctors and parents kept her being an intersex a secret, and she was constantly told she was a "girl who could not make hormones".
"That lie stood for 30 more years, until I was 49 or 50 years old and used the Internet and a visit to an endocrinologist to confirm the truth," Keenan said.
Related Items:Gender, Gender Identity


text:
» Spotlight
» Spotlight on Theological Education
Islamic Studies at North American Theological Seminaries
Ahmed, Mumatz, Zahid Mukhari, and Sulayman Nyang, eds. 2012. Observing the Observer: The State of Islamic Studies in American Universities. London and Washington: The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Alexander, Scott C. 2009. "Knowing and Loving People of Other Faiths." In On Our Way: Christian Practices for Living a Whole Life, edited by Dorothy Bass and Susan Briehl, 149–157. Nashville: Upper Room Books. Also see the companion video series published by The Work of the People at http://theworkofthepeople.com.
Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford University Press.
Asad, Talal, Judith Butler, Wendy Brown, and Saba Mahbood, eds. 2013. Is Critique Secular?: Blasphemy, Injury, and Free Speech. New York: Fordham University Press.
Bano, Masooda and Keiko Sakurai (eds). 2015. Shaping Global Islamic Discourses: The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press in association with the AGA Khan University, Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations.
Cornille, Catherine. 2008. The Im-Possibility of Interreligious Dialogue. New York: Crossroad.
Esack, Farid. 1996. The Qur'an, Liberation, and Pluralism: An Islamic Perspective of Interreligious Solidarity against Oppression. London: Oneworld.
Esposito, John and Dalia Mogahed. 2007. Who Speaks for Islam: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. New York: Gallup Press.
Hermansen, Marcia. 2004. "Islamic Concepts of Vocatio." In Revisiting the Idea of Vocation: Theological Explorations, edited by John C. Haughey, 77–96. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2004.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. 2014. Shariʿah Law: An Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld.
Karim, Karim H., and Mahmoud Eid, eds. 2014. Engaging the Other: Public Policy and Western-Muslim Intersections. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Knitter, Paul. 2009. Without Buddha I Could Not Be a Christian. London: Oneworld.
Lamptey, Jerusha Tanner. 2014. Never Wholly Other: A Muslima Theology of Religious Pluralism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lovat, Terence, and Robert Crotty. 2015. Reconciling Islam, Christianity and Judaism: Islam's Special Role in Restoring Convivencia. New York: Springer.
Noor, Farish A., Yoginder Sikand, and Martin van Bruinessen, eds. 2008. The Madrasa in Asia:Political Activism and Transnational Linkages. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Reda, Nevin. 2012."The Good Muslim/Bad Muslim Puzzle." In Debating Sharia: Islam, Gender Politics, and Family Law Arbitration, edited by Anna C. Korteweg and Jennifer A. Selby, 231–256. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Sacks, Jonathan. 2003. The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations, 3rd ed. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Shah-Kazemi, Reza. 2012. The Spirit of Tolerance in Islam. London: I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies.
 Download full-text PDF of this issue
Islamic Studies at North American Theological Seminaries: Editor's Introduction
Jeanne Stevenson-Moessner, Perkins School of Theology
International Institute of Islamic Thought and Its Role in Promoting Islamic Studies at Theological Seminaries
Ermin Sinanović, International Institute of Islamic Thought
Muslim Studies at Emmanuel College: Intercultural Pedagogies and Emerging Epistemologies
Nevin Reda, Emmanuel College, Toronto
Fulfilling the Need for Muslim Chaplains
Feryal Salem, Hartford Seminary
Catholic-Muslim Studies at Catholic Theological Union in Chicago
Scott C. Alexander, Catholic Theological Union
Challenges and Opportunities in Interreligious Seminary Studies
Munir Jiwa, Graduate Theological Union


Sip your favorite hot drinks in style with this classy mug-- now personalized for Mom! This Cougars mug is the perfect gift for Mother's Day, her birthday, or any time you want to show your love and appreciation!
This stylish ceramic mug is ergonomically shaped and holds a generous amount of liquid. It's sure to become her go-to coffee mug in the morning!


text:
President Cristle Collins Judd Joins Presidents' Alliance on Higher Education and Immigration
Cristle Collins Judd
Sarah Lawrence College is proud to announce that President Cristle Collins Judd has joined the Presidents' Alliance on Higher Education and Immigration. This collective effort by college and university presidents from around the country will support adoption of best practices on campuses and work to communicate the need for federal and state policies that create a welcoming environment for immigrant, undocumented, and international students.
About Sarah Lawrence College
Founded in 1926, Sarah Lawrence is a prestigious, coeducational liberal arts college that consistently ranks among the leading liberal arts colleges in the country. Sarah Lawrence is known for its pioneering approach to education, rich history of impassioned intellectual and civic engagement, and vibrant, successful alumni. In close proximity to the unparalleled offerings of New York City, the historic campus is home to an intellectually curious and diverse community.
Office of Marketing & Communications
Sarah Lawrence College Awarded $1.5 Million Mellon Foundation Grant to Address the Climate Crisis and Environmental Justice Through the Humanities
Noah Hawley '89, New Novel Featured in The New York Times
Literature Faculty Member Nicolaus Mills Draws Comparisons Between Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes and The Third Man in The Dispatch
From the President's Desk: January 2022


text:
Pakistan values its relations with EU countries: COAS
DevelopmentDiplomacyDiplomatic Corner
By Staff Reporter On Feb 24, 2022
Rawalpindi: Mr. Eamon Gilmore, European Union (EU) Special Representative for Human Rights called on General Qamar Javed Bajwa, Chief of Army Staff (COAS) at GHQ.
During the meeting, matters of mutual interest, overall regional security situation including Afghanistan humanitarian situation and bilateral diplomatic relations with the EU were discussed, COAS said that Pakistan values its relations with EU countries and we earnestly look forward to enhancing mutually beneficial multi-domain relations based on common interest.
The visiting dignitary appreciated Pakistan's sincere efforts for bringing peace and stability to the region and pledged to play his role for further improvements in diplomatic cooperation with Pakistan at all levels.
Pakistan desires peace with all its neighboring states: NA Speaker
Pakistan is committed to protect and promote human rights: Dr. Alvi


Add a unique, nature-inspired bird shelter to your yard with this Heath Oak Pattern Natural Living Wren House. This striking shelter perfectly mimics a section of an oak tree, thanks to its round body and deeply textured exterior. Handpainted gray, brown, and tan hues add extra dimension and realism to the item, and the UV resistant paint remains beautiful for many seasons. Each flat end of this home sports a softer brown tone and impressed lines, and a 1" diameter opening on one side allows small birds to enter the piece. The opposite end may be removed at the end of the season for nest checks or cleaning, and an eyehook on the top of the log makes it simple to hang. Its polyurethane construction forms a strong yet lightweight shelter, and allows for striking, realistic detail throughout the home. This unit will certainly withstand use for many seasons, while enhancing the rustic motif of your garden. Place a cleverly designed nesting box in your yard with this Oak Pattern Natural Living Wren House. Made in the USA.


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13 Indian actors including Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Alia Bhatt are the most influential celebrities in Asia-Pacific; Here is the complete list
by Prajakta December 9, 2020 December 9, 2020 011
The trade media house, Forbes Asia, on Tuesday debuted the list of the 100 most influential digital stars on social media, exposing 100 singers, bands, film and TV stars from across the Asia-Pacific region who took the digital world by storm.
From Bollywood, Forbes Asia has highlighted a total of 13 celebrities who according to them are the biggest superstars with the power to influence the country's largest population. Bollywood actors Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma, Shah Rukh Khan, Alia Bhatt, Hrithik Roshan, Akshay Kumar and Amitabh Bachchan are considered thought-leaders who have attracted millions of followers on popular platforms with their popular social media presence.
Let's take a quick look at the Indian stars who marked their place among the most influential celebrities of Forbes Asia-Pacific:
1. Amitabh Bachchan: – With a strong army of 105 million followers on social media, the 78-year-old actor raised $ 7 million for Covid-19relief in May.
2. Akshay Kumar: – Bollywood's highest-grossing actor with more than 131 million followers Kumar, Covid-19in India gets $ 4 million relief and fundraising concert for 'I for India' on Facebook in May 520 million rupees ($ 7 million) for GetIndia's Covid-19fund.
3. Alia Bhatt: – Bhatt appeared in 24 films on social media with a family of powerful loyal followers of 74 million and is one of the highest paid actresses in India. The actor supports at least 18 brands including Coca-Cola, Garnier and UberEats, and has launched Coexist, an eco- and animal-focused website.
4. Shah Rukh Khan: – Infamous as 'King Khan', the actor has more than 106 million fans on social media. Khan appeared in around 80 films. The World Economic Forum honored her for the rights of women and children in 2018.
5. Ranveer Singh: – With over 62 million social media followers, Singh starred in the 2018 drama Padmavat, the 10th highest-grossing film in Bollywood, the recipient of several Best Actor awards. He has launched his record label last year.
6. Hrithik Roshan: – With a strong fan base of over 33 million Instagram followers, the star appeared in the 'I for India' concert in May to raise funds for Covid-19workers; His Instagram post of the event was viewed more than 2 million times. Roshan was also nominated for Best Actor at the 2019 Star Screen Awards in India, the highest-grossing Indian film in the war.
7. Shahid Kapoor: – Kapoor's film 'Kabir Singh' became the second highest grossing film of 2019. That year he earned a nomination for Best Actor and won the Entertainer of the Year at India's Screen Awards 2020. 67 million social media followers and endorse brands such as Colgate and Fanta.
8. Jacqueline Fernandez: – Fernandez, a former Miss Universe Sri Lanka, is garnering praise all around for her latest role in the Netflix series Mrs Serial Killer. With more than 46 million Instagram followers, Pizza Hut's meal-in-box collaboration with Pepsi saw more than three million views in July.
9. Katrina Kaif: – The 37-year-old actor has over one million Instagram followers. She supports brands such as Reebok and her posts have more than 15 million likes. Kaif, whose real name is Katrina Turkutte, also launched her cosmetics brand KA Beauty and also starred in the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood film India in 2019.
10. Anushka Sharma: – With more than 84 million social media followers, Sharma recently turned to a filmmaker. Sharma being the brand ambassador of Google Duo and Standard Chartered Bank, he also advocates for women and environmental causes.
11. Madhuri Dixit: – z Tezaab 'actor, known for her gentle expressions and beauty, hosted an online dance class in April for her fans during lockdown, and is a membership-based dance app called She launched with her husband in 2013, Dixit was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at India's 2020 Filmfare Awards for her role in the film Kalank.
12. Neha Kakkar: – The 32-year-old actor received over four million likes from over 49 million Instagram followers as a thank you post for his wedding gown, a gift from the designer. Related posts for the Tissot endorsement were viewed more than 2.5 million times. He won the audience choice song at the Mirchi Music Awards 2020 in India.
13. Shreya Ghoshal: – Awarded as India's Female Singer of the Year in V 2020 at the Mirchi Music Awards of India, her song, Apna Maati 'has been viewed over 1.5 million times on YouTube since its August release. To support the Indian musicians facing the epidemic, Ghoshal attended a virtual concert in September that received 95,000 likes.
Forbes Asia highlights that this unlisted list came at an extraordinary time to pay special attention to celebrities who, despite canceled physical events and activities, interact with their fans, raise awareness and optimism Remained active and relevant on social media to inspire. Many used their influence to help with worthy causes, notably the Kovid-19's focus.
8GB RAM Infinix Zero 8i's first sale today, buy phone at cashback and discount
Australia vs India – Big shock to Australia, David Warner out of first Test
Akshay Kumar's 'Bell Bottom' teaser will be on October 4?
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Anurag Kashyap's lawyer released a statement on his statement; Says the allegations are completely false, malicious, dishonest!
Prajakta September 21, 2020 September 21, 2020
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