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The Municipality of Hoče–Slivnica (; ) is a municipality south of Maribor in northeastern Slovenia. Its administrative seat is Spodnje Hoče.

Geography
The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The municipality extends from the flatlands on the right bank of the Drava River into the Pohorje Hills. The motorway and railway line from Ljubljana to Maribor run through the municipality.

Settlements
In addition to the municipal seat of Spodnje Hoče, the municipality also includes the following settlements:

 Bohova
 Čreta
 Hočko Pohorje
 Hotinja Vas
 Orehova Vas
 Pivola
 Polana
 Radizel
 Rogoza
 Slivnica pri Mariboru
 Slivniško Pohorje
 Zgornje Hoče

References

External links

 Municipality of Hoče–Slivnica on Geopedia
 Municipality of Hoče–Slivnica website

1998 establishments in Slovenia
Hoce-Slivnica


This Spring has been, and will continue to be, a good season for beer here in Asheville. This past weekend, Burial Beer Co hosted the Third Annual Sharpen The Blades Saison Festival. Breweries from all over WNC contributed more than 30 saisons and farmhouse ales. Salt & Smoke cooked up a delicious Belgian inspired menu and local Asheville group East Coast Dirt provided some soulful southern jams to groove to all afternoon.
This event coincided with the release of their latest 750ml bottle, Terrestrial Paradise, a Brett saison brewed with mango nectar. There MIGHT be a few of these bottles lingering at the brewpub, and if they're not gone already, they won't last long. You can surely get your hands on their freshest cans of Scythe Rye IPA and Ceremonial Session IPA that were both canned last week.
Hi-Wire Brewing is hoping to bring new attention to what they are calling a "misunderstood" style of beer, the Lager. How Do You Lager Fest? will showcase lagers from a dozen breweries from around NC and SC, as well as Smuttynose Brewing Co and Brooklyn Brewery on the guest list. There will also be 10 of Hi-Wire Brewing's own specialty lagers as well as releasing the first batch of their Spring Maibock. This event takes place from Noon – 8PM on Saturday, May 14 at Hi-Wire's "Big Top" location.
As for this weekend, you can stop by the brand new Funkatorium bottle shop and pick up a bottle of their sour offering, Myrtille, a barrel aged sour with 2lbs of blueberries per gallon. If sour isn't your style, they also have 4-packs of their freshest IPA, Hop Buglar, which is brewed with blood orange and grapefruit. I would imagine we can expect a few sour related announcements from them in the coming weeks, as it's almost Golden Angel season.
Mike Karnowski out at Zebulon Artisan Ales in Weaverville is rolling out quite a variety in his latest batches. Batch #5 (for Yoko Ono), a "Tokyo Style Gose" brewed with local white miso and pickled ginger was released last week and can now be found in the finest bottle shops in town. This very tart and tangy style is as unique as it sounds, and is perfect for the incoming warm weather. This batch is bottled conditioned for you collectors.
Two great historical recreations are being released this weekend at Zebulon, Batch #6 (for Krishnamurti) and Batch #7 (for Lemmy) will both be available at the brewery, which is only open on Friday and Saturday from 1:00-6:00pm. Batch #6 is an East India Pale Ale brewed the way it would have been around 1840, hopped up to about 140 IBUs and brewed with Brettanomyces wild yeast. If you're expecting a fresh and crisp IPA you may be a bit surprised to find that this beer is extremely funky, so if you're into that, this beer is for you! Batch #7 is an East India Porter that is historically accurate to the same era. Expect this to be much more hoppy than what you can expect from most of today's porters. Both of these batches are also bottle conditioned.
If you somehow think you've run out of beer to try in Asheville, stop in to Asheville's latest venture in fermentation at Ben's Tune-Up. Since bringing on their new brewer, they have started offering their own ales, including Ben's Pale Ale, Amber Ale, Candy Stout, and other small batch brews and collaborations with their neighbors on the South Slope. Stay tuned for more info from our meet-up with Ben's Tune-Up's new brewer, Jason Riggs. We'll also have an update on what refreshing beers will be rolling out for summertime.


In my former life as a Director of Instructional Technology I worked with school leaders to make the best choices when it came to technology. We would spend great deals of time looking at funds and how they could best be used to make an impact on student learning.
I believe many districts do that. However, often, when the hardware is installed and the software has been trained on that is where conversations end and responsibilities shift. The problem with that approach is that how do we know that what we purchase is actually being used appropriately or even being used for that matter?
I began looking at technology after the purchase. How could we help school leaders better understand the technology they purchased and could they determine how effective it was really being used in the classroom.
With that in mind I development 5 questions that school leaders should be able to answer on a walkthrough. Now keep in mind, it takes time to develop an understanding of all these. And while you should be able to see some, you may not see all. And that doesn't automatically mean the technology is useless or is being used ineffectively. It just means that more time may need to be spent on understanding the purpose.
Who is using the technology? Is the technology being used exclusively by the teacher? By the students? Is there a mix of both? While this will be dependent on the type used, there are situations to be mindful of. Take, for example, the Interactive Whiteboard or any front-of-classroom display. Is the teacher the only one engaging with and interacting with the technology? If so, than we might need to look at pedagogy. We would install $10,000 teaching stations that would only ever be touched by the teacher. There's something fundamentally wrong with that. So look at the lesson and look at who is using the technology. Could something better be happening?
If you took the technology away, how different would the lesson be? This observation aims to get at the pedagogy and how the technology is being used. Ultimately technology should enable students to do something they couldn't do without it. I can communicate with students around the globe by having a pen-pal but by using Skype or Google Hangouts I can do it much quicker and reach a greater audience and potentially have a greater impact. Take a long, hard look. Could you do the same lesson and it have the same impact without the technology? If in English class students are using their laptops to just write a paper, that technology isn't very transformational. But if those students are creating podcasts or book trailers or something else entirely, than the technology might really be necessary and transformational. Think critically about how it's being used and would the learning be the same without it.
How much variety with the technology is there? When you see students using the technology are they always doing the same things. Are they just using Wikipedia or the calculator? Are they always on some type of self-diagnosing software or are they doing something different, using different sites, apps and programs? Variety is the spice of life and the spice of learning. We shouldn't pigeon hole kids into using PowerPoint because that is the only technology we know. Kids need to have opportunities to use several different types of apps and sites and demonstrate knowledge in a variety of ways as well whether the teacher knows them or not.
What opportunities do students have to collaborate with or through the technology? Students need the chance to learn with and from each other. And, again, technology enables us to do that much, much easier. Are there opportunities for students to share and reflect with each other and their teacher? Are they using a social network like Edmodo or Schoology? Are they maintaining blogs? Or are you just seeing one student using the technology individually. If so, depending on the purpose it may be time to evaluate how students work together through or with technology.
What opportunities do students have to create new knowledge or products with the technology? Learning really happens when students can take some piece of understanding and actually do something with. Either create a meaningful product or some new knowledge with that understanding. And, again, technology makes that creation much easier and in some cases more meaningful. When you see students using technology are just merely doing recall and low-level learning. Or are they truly creating something meaningful?
These questions should lead to deeper reflections with school leaders, teachers and students on how technology is being used in the course of learning. They meant to provide a starting point for conversations. They aren't the end all, be all when it comes to technology use in the classroom.
Interested in an infographic for this post? Download one here!
What do you think? What do you look for when evaluating how technology is used in the classroom? Is it these? Is it something else? Leave a comment below.


What do people want in their Real Estate partners?
Why work with Team Leesman CARES?
We know people want communication and to know that we are on their side. TLC is committed to our clients and will ensure we communicate all of the information you need to help you in your real estate needs. We may not always tell you what you want to hear, but we will tell you the truth so you can make the best decisions.
TLC brings you two full-time, active agents. We focus our energies on our clients and what is happening in the real estate market around them. Whether selling or buying a home, our team is available to help you on a flexible schedule and we can double the opportunity to work with clients.
The market can change quickly and when you need to respond, TLC can move with you. As well, being in Calgary for over 25 years, we bring reliability, consistency and area knowledge to you.
Our team continues to increase our education in the real estate market by committing to new learning on a regular basis. With specialized certifications, we can extend that knowledge base to our clients and earn your trust that we are both capable and working for you.
Negotiation is a key in successful transactions. With experienced contract negotiators, we work on your behalf to bring you closer to your goals. Combine that skill with an on-going service and support system, and you have what you need to wind your way through the complexities of buying and selling the biggest investments most people have.
Who is Team Leesman CARES?
TLC is Bill and Jacki Leesman, a husband and wife team who have been together more than 27 years, and who bring a complete scope of needed experience and skills to help you sell your home.
Bill Leesman has been part of successful sales and marketing teams in Calgary for over 30 years. Working with customer-centric companies has brought a history of serving a unique scope of client needs. As well, Bill's negotiation and sales experience is critical to our team's success in balancing the needs of our clients with potential buyers and their agents.
Jacki Leesman has experience in developing customer and administration systems that are essential to a complete and successful customer care program. Her reputation for honesty and following through on her commitments, ensure our clients receive sincere results to their expectations.
Because of who we are and what we bring to the table and because we bring TLC to your home buying and selling.
Bill has has earned the Seniors Real Estate Specialist and Accredited Buyer's Representative designations. As well, Bill is one of very few individuals in Calgary who has been awarded the National Association of REALTORS®' [NAR's] Green Designation. This is the only green real estate professional designation recognized by NAR.
Jacki has earned the Certified Condominium Specialist, Certified Negotiation Expert, Seller Representative Specialist and Accredited Buyer Representative designations.
Bill has worked with a number of organizations over the years in a volunteer capacity, including the Variety Club of Calgary and the Board of Directors for Heritage Christian Academy. He also volunteers at his kids' Special Olympics games.
As well, Bill speaks to large and small groups on the importance of understanding personalities to further their goals. He has spoken to The Electrical Engineers of Alberta, Egg Farmers of Alberta and other corporations across Alberta, to help them understand how they can work together as a team and increase their potential.
He has worked on the Human Resources Sub-committee of the Calgary Chamber of Commerce.
Jacki has worked on a number of fundraising initiatives with various charities and schools.
CalgaryShinny.ca - a place for shinny enthusiasts to connect!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Q: AlwaysOn SQL Server setup questions I have a few questions regarding the setup of Always On HA, and Clusters.
When you setup an AG, and it gets to setting up your IP address for the cluster how can I switch from using DHCP to a static IP address? I have it working with DHCP right now but in the future I would like to change that for my existing AG and also for future groups I setup. It does not seem like I'm being given the option in my setup though.
The second question is when setting up the group to use full sync it works just fine. However what I am trying to figure out is where that sync data is stored. I am using Synchronous-commit mode. From what it looks like the initial sync, and the data that is mirrored is stored and applied in a basic log I just cannot seem to find where that log is stored.
Any information or links would be greatly appreciated.

A: If you right click on the availability group listener and click properties you can change the IP address from dhcp to a static ip.
As for where the data is stored prior to transfer, it is stored in the transaction log.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Amazon basic domain/service architecture Can someone explain what is happening in this URL?  (I pulled it off a basic Amazon search and shortened the url= portion)
http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=whatever
My mains questions are, where is the file extension of the requested page ? Is the requested page indeed nb_sb_noss ?  What sort of server architecture allows this?  Can I do this with PHP?  What's the vocabulary I need to deal with this? Aaaah!  :) Thanks!
P.S. Please retag, not sure what is applicable here

A: The URL is rewritten on the server. There is no file extension for the url (although there will obviously be scripts on the server in some language) and the parts of the url fit in to Amazon's business process somewhere, so may not be meaningful to the visitor.
You'd achieve this with mod_rewrite on apache, helicontech isapi_rewrite on iis6 or IIS Rewriting on iis7


One can replace in Costa's surface the planar end by an Enneper end, keeping the symmetries of the Costa surface and the Enneper surface.
Of course one loses embeddedness, but gains a parameter. In one limit, the catenoidal necks pinch off and one obtains the Chen-Gackstatter surface, in the other limit, the Enneper end becomes planar, and one has the Costa surface.
I don't know whether these surfaces have been described in the literature.


I work at Silver Street Clinic in Maldon and at Rawstorn Road Centre for Counselling and Psychotherapy in Colchester. I also work in schools and other places by arrangement.
Some things, such as parenting issues, may be resolved in one or two sessions. With young people I usually suggest six sessions and then review to see how things are going.
Adults may prefer longer term work.
Copyright © 2019 Essex Child and Teenage Counselling - All Rights Reserved.


Both men and women are created with some biological and morphological differences to maintain balance between nature and ensure family structure. Females are more likely to carry extra fat to provide nutrients and nourish new life (fetus) during pregnancies and then newborn lactation from her reserved fat. On the other hand, males need more muscular strength to be a protective shelter for his family. An adult healthy female carry fat nearly 18 percent to 20 percent of her body weight, whereas males carry only 10 percent to 15 percent fat of their body weight.
For various reasons fitness gym in Dubai is so important for females. As female's body is designed to store extra fat, the chances of poor shaping is higher in females. This phenomenon is more rapid in those ladies who have less activity routines or those who live in diversified climate. In hot areas, fat distribution occurs in lower abdomen, butts and thighs which make females appearance very saggy and uncomfortable.
Though people should carry healthy fat reserves but additional fat is not appropriate for proper body functioning and healthy living. Low or high level of fat creates hormonal imbalances, amenorrhea, or heavy menses among females which leads to infertility, hair loss, rapid weight gain and acne issues.
With the help of exercise females can nourish and revitalize their skin cells. Increase in heart beat and blood circulation improves oxygenated blood quality and increases detoxification process. It is also helpful in cell renewal, vibrant and healthy skin.
Our body deposits fat in the form of cellulites which reduce lymph circulation in many parts of the human body especially on thighs. Yoga is helpful in flushing toxins, relaxing muscles and reducing cellulite.
Mood swings are very common in females who are facing some hormonal imbalances which make their family life more tensed or lack of emotions. Fitness routine helps this problem by improving physiological and psychological effect of your body, please your mood, improve stamina, and body image.
Brain chemicals like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are very important for younger appearance. Increase blood circulation helps to reduce stress and improve brain functioning which reverse the ageing process.
Exercise in afternoon is very helpful for quality sleeping which leads to better and healthy growth of hormone, rejuvenation of body tissues, and improve collagen. It is also very helpful to maintain flawless, spotless, and acne free skin.
Girls and women are very fond of spa and salons to get A beautiful appearance with the help of massage and steams. Exercise improves your inner glow and save your lots of hours and money. Researchers say that if inner you is working perfectly then you are less likely to have rough skin, dray and brittle hairs and acne.
So ladies it`s time to hit the gym and appoint a fitness trainer to get a beautiful and a healthy body. Female personal trainer in Dubai can be easily available in different fitness centers to provide guidelines about appropriate workout for your body.


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Become All-In
All-In Cities Policy Toolkit
An apprenticeship is an "earn and learn" employment training model that combines classroom training with paid hands-on work experience and a clear career pathway after completion. Many successful apprenticeship programs are organized through collaborations between schools and training providers, employers, and community-based organizations, with support from the public sector. Apprenticeship programs are designed to support specific occupations, or categories of occupations, and have been broadly used in construction and other skilled trades. Today, the apprenticeship model has been successfully adopted in a range of other industries including health care, professional and financial services, and information technology. As the nation's workforce grows more diverse in the face of an uncertain future of work, policymakers and community leaders across the country are partnering with the private sector to develop new and more equitable apprenticeship pathways to middle-skills, living-wage jobs.
In addition to delivering tailored training to meet the workforce needs of employers and expanding access to stable, family-supporting careers for workers without a college degree, apprenticeships can be an effective tool for advancing racial economic inclusion. Historically, many apprenticeships were administered through labor unions, effectively serving as legacy programs for friends and family of union members and largely excluding people of color, women, and other disconnected job seekers. But advocates, educators, workers, and program designers can implement key strategies to embed equity throughout the apprenticeship process, from recruitment to job placement and beyond. By working with employers to identify apprenticeable opportunities, establishing pre-apprenticeship training in partnership with community-based organizations, aligning apprenticeships with existing job training and other services targeting disadvantaged workers, and adopting specific equity metrics for program delivery — apprenticeship programs can increase access to high-quality training and good jobs for people of color and low-income workers while also meeting industry needs.
In addition to the PolicyLink resources listed on the right, see COWS, Jobs for the Future Center for Apprenticeship & Work-Based Learning, and New America for more resources related to apprenticeships.
Who implements it?
Elected and appointed city officials can support the use of apprenticeship and pre-apprenticeship programs in public sector jobs and support the use of public workforce dollars, including state and federal funding streams, for apprentice programs in the private sector. For non-traditional apprenticeable occupations, the public sector can provide start-up investment and anchor apprenticeship programs in collaboration with private sector employers.
Business leaders can participate in apprenticeship programs by working with training providers to offer paid apprentice employment and partnering with public agencies, unions, and community-based organizations to establish and secure resources for apprenticeship programs.
Community colleges can play a key role in providing classroom-based instruction, building relationships with employers, tracking the progress and skills of program participants, and issuing credentials.
Community-based organizations and other advocates can help recruit apprentices, organize pre-apprenticeship programs for those recruits, and partner with employers and training providers to offer wraparound supportive services for program participants.
Apprenticeship programs will have successful equity outcomes where there are entry points that intentionally include outreach to people of color, women, and low-income job seekers, including but not restricted to pre-apprenticeship training. Employers — including frontline workers who can serve as trainers and mentors — and industry groups should be continuously engaged in program design and improvements. Local leaders seeking to implement or support the use of apprenticeships must consider a range of key issues to advance successful and equitable programs.
Registered vs. unregistered: There are two types of apprenticeships: non-registered, employer-based programs and registered apprenticeships certified by either the U.S. Department of Labor or a state apprenticeship agency that must adhere to regulated standards. Registered apprenticeships typically run from one to three years and provide a portable, industry-recognized credential. Others are employer-based to serve the internal needs of a particular company and may or may not provide the same level of training and support as registered apprenticeships. The registered apprenticeship system is designed to encourage partnerships that ensure participants learn skills that are applicable to and transferable within the labor market, rather than tied to the needs of a single employer. Registered apprenticeships must include paid, on-the-job training under the supervision of skilled employees, ongoing assessment against established skills standards, and the attainment of an industry-recognized credential. They are also automatically placed on the Eligible Training Provider (ETP) list, which makes them eligible for federal and state workforce funds.
Employer engagement: The participation of employers is essential for apprenticeship programs to work. Both public and private employers can offer apprenticeship positions and contribute to program planning and design. Large development projects can be leveraged to create apprenticeships through community benefits agreements, local hiring provisions, and project labor agreements.
Pre-apprenticeships: Educators, service providers, and community-based organizations can offer pre-apprenticeship training to provide a bridge to apprenticeship programs, helping candidates build the skills necessary to qualify and succeed. Pre-apprenticeship providers should establish formal relationships with apprenticeship programs to create clear processes and expectations for transitioning into an apprenticeship position.
Costs: Registered apprenticeships are eligible for federal funding through the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA), but usually still require investment on the part of employers. Through these investments and employer participation in designing classroom and hands-on training, apprenticeship programs can benefit businesses by providing high quality training that can help increase productivity and reduce turnover in the workforce.
Participant recruitment and support: Public agencies and community-based organizations can be helpful in ensuring that racial equity is embedded in the process of recruiting, selecting, and supporting apprentices by serving as outreach partners within the communities they serve. They can also provide wraparound supports to help apprentices overcome practical, logistical, and cultural barriers to success.
Job quality: In general, apprenticeships are covered by the same labor protections and benefits as other workers. While participants may be subject to a probationary employment period and a special pay range for the apprentice position, equitable apprenticeships should provide decent wages and support program graduates in securing stable, living-wage jobs.
Where is it working?
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, there are over 150,000 employers using registered apprenticeship programs employing over half of a million employees in over 1,000 occupations. There are no records on the number of informal apprenticeship programs. The educational components of apprenticeship programs can be scaled up to regional and even state scales, but apprentices are employed with specific participating employers. The credentials earned through registered apprenticeship programs are recognized among many employers and federal and state governments. Apprenticeship programs can be especially effective where there are participating labor unions that represent the workers and have master contracts or informal agreements with multiple employers in a region.
In 1995, firms in Charlotte launched Apprenticeship 2000, an innovative 4-year training program that puts high school juniors and seniors on career pathways in skilled technical trades such as electricians and machinists. After four years of paid training and work, apprentices earn a journeyman's certificate from the State of North Carolina as well as an associate's degree, and are guaranteed a job after graduation. Based on this successful model, Central Piedmont Community College launched Apprenticeship Charlotte to reach a broader pool of applicants (including military veterans and college students, connect with more employers, and to expand the training program beyond traditional skilled trades. Business leaders and policymakers can partner with diverse workforce intermediaries to scale or multiply such programs, integrating an explicit focus on racial equity and mitigating occupational segregation, to create a win-win proposition for regional employers (both large and small) and economically insecure families of color.
In San Francisco, City College of San Francisco offers the Information Security Apprenticeship Program, a registered apprenticeship program with a pre-apprenticeship component initially funded by the California Community College Chancellor's Office. The program helps train, employ, and retain the next generation of cybersecurity professionals, addressing the need for qualified information security analysts by preparing a diverse pool of highly qualified new cybersecurity workers. Upon completion of the program, apprentices are qualified as CISSP Associates, on the way to one of the most highly regarded cybersecurity certifications in the industry. The State of California is an important participating employer in this program; San Francisco Unified School District and San Francisco International Airport have also committed to offer a few apprentice slots.
Careers, Not Jobs: How Boston's Workforce Development Initiatives Are Pushing the Economy Toward Equity
December 8, 2016: It Takes a City: How Detroit Is Making a Homegrown Comeback
May 17, 2018: Leveraging California's Transportation Investments to Achieve Triple Bottom Line Return
All-In Cities, an initiative of PolicyLink, accelerates the work of government leaders and community advocates to advance racial economic inclusion and equitable growth.
Connect with PolicyLink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Annotations of Auschwitz / David Lumsdaine.
Instrumentation: Soprano, flute/bass flute, trumpet, horn, violin, violoncello, piano.
Score: Annotations of Auschwitz / David Lumsdaine.
- Article: David Lumsdaine / Richard Cooke.


The Anime Expo in Los Angeles unveiled a new original anime with the relase of a teaser video and key visual. Cygames, in collaboration with MAPPA and Avex Pictures announced the green-lit of ZOMBIE LAND SAGA, an all new anime series. According to the details, the series will get a fall 2018 premiere.
Cygames is a video game development studio which has previoulsy brought out titles such as Granblue Fantasy and Shadowverse. This seems to the be the latest anime project for the anime production company MAPPA and it has previoulsybrought out anime titles such as In This Corner of The World and Yuri!!! on ICE.
The teaser video has barely any animation and that surely is dissapointing.
The poorly made video points to a possiblility that this announcment was made in a hurry. Barely any real work must have taken place yet. One cannot help but notice the similarity of the video with that of The Walking Dead TV series. How original this anime is going to be is something that we need to wait and watch. The teaser has no visuals for even a single character. We can only wonder how the character desgins are going to be.
And the plot? If the images are going to be of any hint, the series will be set in the U.S. The producers seem to launch this with a clear focus to win the U.S. audience. The imagery used in the teaser video also strongly supports this view.
Fans of Zombie genre would serioulsy lookforwad to this series. And if you are one, do let us know if you are excited about this announcement.


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Grist home
Climate. Justice. Solutions.
A nonprofit, independent media organization dedicated to telling stories of climate solutions and a just future.
A common person's guide to the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009
On May 21, following months of work, the House Energy and Commerce Committee passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, a 946-page piece of climate legislation. There have been mixed reactions from environmental and climate groups, but most groups are in agreement that it needs to be strengthened going forward. For some […]
Ted Glick
Climate + Politics
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On May 21, following months of work, the House Energy and Commerce Committee passed the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, a 946-page piece of climate legislation. There have been mixed reactions from environmental and climate groups, but most groups are in agreement that it needs to be strengthened going forward. For some groups the problems they see with the bill have led to their public withdrawal of support. These groups include Greenpeace USA and Friends of the Earth. The Chesapeake Climate Action Network also does not support the bill in current form.
Below is a summary analysis of the main features of the bill.
–Cap and Trade System: The bill would establish a "cap-and-trade" system which sets mandatory and declining limits on greenhouse gas emissions over the next 40 years. By 2050 it projects reductions of 83% from 2005 levels for the United States. It does this primarily through the establishment of 1) a "cap" on emissions and the annual issuance by the government of permits to emit greenhouse gases, both of which — the cap and the emissions permits — come down steadily year after year, and 2) a tradable market to buy and sell those permits to emit global warming pollution. That's why it's called a "cap-and-trade" system.
–Wide-Open Buying and Selling: Significantly, this market is open to anyone, not just those entities which emit greenhouse gases. For example, Wall Street firms whose primary purpose is to make money for their investors can buy and sell pollution permits. Anyone, whether Goldman Sachs or John Q. Public, can get into this newly created market. From page 430 of the bill: "The privilege of purchasing, holding, selling, exchanging, transferring, and requesting retirement of emission allowances, compensatory allowances, or offset credits shall not be restricted to the owners and operators of covered entities, except as otherwise provided in this title." Especially following the sub-prime mortgage/credit/banking crisis, there is concern among many people, including some on Capitol Hill, about the potential for this system to be abused by those out to make quick and big profits.
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–Goals and Targets: The document states that one of its prime objectives is to help the world "avoid atmosphere greenhouse gas concentrations above 450 parts per million carbon dioxide equivalent; and global surface temperature 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above the pre-industrial average." However, a growing number of scientists, journalists and climate activists believe that we need to reduce emissions more deeply if we are to have a good chance of avoiding climate catastrophe.
–2020 Targets: It projects a 17 percent reduction in greenhouse gases (GHGs) from 2005 levels by 2020. This is about 3 percent below U.S. GHG levels in 1990; 1990 is the baseline year used by the nations of the world. There is an additional 10 percent reduction of GHGs projected via investments in the prevention of deforestation outside the United States, and there could be a few percent more reductions through other means. This could add up to about a 20 percent reduction by 2020 compared to 1990 levels. The world's international climate negotiators have called for industrialized countries to reduce their emissions by 25 to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2020.
–Upstream, Downstream: It appears that the cap is a mix of "upstream" and "downstream." "Upstream" means the earliest point at which carbon fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) or other global warming pollutants enter the economy; "downstream" means at a point further along. An "upstream" cap reduces the number of covered entities and makes it easier to reduce or eliminate leakages from the system. A summary of the document says that it "establishes a market-based program for reducing global warming pollution from electric utilities, oil companies, large industrial sources and other covered entities that collectively are responsible for 85% of U.S. global warming emissions." It describes a "covered entity" as one which emits at least 25,000 tons of GHG emissions annually.
–Offsets: There is a very large provision made for "offsets." An "offset" is when a company contributes money for a renewable-energy, energy-efficiency or other "clean energy" project somewhere else instead of reducing its own greenhouse gas emissions. This piece of legislation allows for up to 2 billion tons worth each year, which is more than 27 percent of the U.S.'s total annual GHG emissions. The offsets would happen in both the U.S. and in other countries; up to three-quarters of them could be in other countries. There is much controversy over offsets; a recent study, for example, reported that between one-third and two-thirds of them under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty, were for projects that likely would have happened anyway. If fossil fuel companies used all of the offsets, there would likely be no, or very little, actual reductions of carbon emissions by these companies until the middle of the '20s. This would be the case even if GHG emissions permits were auctioned.
–Free Pollution Permits: A huge percentage of the permits to emit GHGs will be given away rather than sold via an auction. Only 15 percent of the permits will be auctioned for roughly the first 15 years or so of the program, despite President Obama's strong support for a 100 percent auction during his campaign and for the first couple of months of his presidency. Coal companies are the big winners; "local distribution companies," which are overwhelmingly coal-related, and "merchant coal" companies receive 35 percent of the permits, also known as "allowances" (as in an allowance to emit global warming pollution). The 30 percent to "local distribution companies" represents 90 percent of total electric utility emissions. This system will remain in place until 2030, with a five-year phase out between 2026 and 2030. Other global warming polluters who receive free allowances are local natural-gas distribution companies (9 percent of the permits), "energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries" like steel, paper, aluminum and cement (15 percent), oil refiners (2 percent), and coal companies to "cover the costs of installing and operating carbon capture and sequestration technologies" (2 percent from 2014-2017 and 5 percent after that). This adds up to about 65% of the allowances being given for free to carbon polluters, 50% to the fossil fuel industry directly.
–Consumer Protection?: Interestingly, most of these free allowances to carbon polluters are described as "consumer protection" even though no consumer organizations were advocating for this plan. The advocates for it were representatives like Congressman Rick Boucher of Virginia who received over $176,000 from the coal industry for the 2007-2008 congressional election cycle. Since the passage of this bill out of committee, Boucher has said publicly that that the legislation will "create the opportunity for increasing coal production." The legislation assumes that coal companies and other large corporations can be trusted, or regulated, to pass along to consumers the savings they will gain from the free permits they will be given. And remember that they can sell these emissions permits, or allowances, on the cap-and-trade, carbon/GHG market that is being set up.
–More on Consumer Protection: A statement by Public Citizen on this bill contained this sentence: "The committee's plan to distribute allowances to coal utilities will set up a legal fight in all 50 state utility regulatory commissions over how exactly the money will be returned to families and how much utilities can skim off the top — a fight that anti-poverty and consumer groups lack adequate resources to wage, given the army of lawyers utilities hire and the millions in campaign contributions that they make."
–Coal Wins: Coal companies are big winners under this legislation. They receive 35 percent of emissions permits for free via local distribution companies and merchant coal. They also receive 5 percent of the funds raised by the overall legislation by 2018, following a 2 percent allocation from 2014-2017, which will cover the costs of installing and operating carbon capture and sequestration technologies. CCS is a technology that 1) barely exists, 2) is roughly a decade from perhaps being commercially viable on a large scale, 3) is surrounded by serious safety questions as far as leakage into underground drinking water, earthquake-caused massive releases, etc. It involves the pumping of billions of tons of liquefied carbon dioxide into the earth, or under the sea. New coal plants built from 2009-2020 would be required to capture 50 percent of their carbon emissions but not until 2025. Plants built after 2020 must capture 65 percent. It is certain that, a dozen or so years from now, if these provisions are not changed, the coal industry will be expending tens of millions of dollar in advertisements, campaign contributions and lobbying to extend those deadlines if it turns out that extensive carbon capture and sequestration is not possible.
–Other Free Allowances: In addition to the free emissions permits (allowances) given to polluting industries, others will receive free allowances that can then be sold on the cap-and-trade market: 1.5 percent will go to states for programs to benefit users of home heating oil and propane; approximately 7 to 8 percent per year through the '20s will go to states for renewables and energy efficiency programs; approximately 2 percent per year through 2025 will go to the automobile industry for electric vehicles and other advanced technology and deployment; 1 percent for "Clean Energy Innovation Centers"; 5 percent for preventing tropical deforestation; 2 percent for domestic adaptation and 2 percent for international adaptation to the negative impacts of a changing climate; and half of a percent for worker assistance and job training. These figures are generally for the first 10 years of the program; most are increased after that first 10 year period.
–Penalties: There is a penalty established for any covered entity that does not have sufficient emissions credits to cover its actual emissions. The penalty is "twice the fair market value of emissions allowances established for emissions occurring in the calendar year for which emission allowances were due." It is possible, given the ups and downs of markets and product prices, that there could be years when fossil fuel companies can make more money by using more carbon-based fuels than they have permits for and then paying the penalty.
–National Academy of Sciences Review: Provision is made for an overall review of the entire program and how well it is working by the National Academy of Sciences. This is a good thing, but not so good is that this is projected as happening every four years. Given the accelerating pace of climate change, as indicated most dramatically by what is happening with Arctic sea ice, a more frequent assessment by NAS seems called for. After the NAS assessment, the president is charged with submitting legislation to Congress based on NAS recommendations as far as any acceleration or adjustments to the overall program.
–Renewables and Efficiency: There is a renewable electricity/energy efficiency requirement for states of 20 percent by 2020, a minimum of 12 percent renewables and 8 percent efficiency. This is a reduction from a roughly 40-percent-by-2025 proposed renewables/efficiency standard in the initial draft discussion document put out by Henry Waxman, chair of the committee, on March 31. The Energy Information Administration, a government agency, has estimated that as a result of existing state laws and other factors, there could be more renewable energy generated without this federal renewable energy provision than with it. If this provision is passed, it would supercede existing renewable energy and efficiency laws which exist in about half the states. Concerns have also been expressed about the exemption of nuclear power and coal with carbon capture and storage from the baseline against which renewable energy increases are measured. A more positive feature is that the bill does call for the development by several federal departments of plans for the siting of offshore renewable energy facilities, a potentially huge source of clean energy.
–Hybrids and Electric Cars: The document calls for various kinds of infrastructure support for the development of plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid charging stations, retooling factories to manufacture electric vehicles, and purchase of batteries.
–Energy Efficiency: There is a broad program of support for energy efficiency standards and investments across the economy and society. This seems to be one of the strongest aspects of the overall piece of legislation. Building codes are improved 30% by 2010 and 50% by 2016. $500-$3000 per household is provided for families which weatherize their homes to reduce energy use at least 20%. Similar financial support is also provided for weatherization of commercial buildings. Up to $10,000 per house is provided for installation of renewable energy technology. Natural gas utilities must use 1/3 of the value of their free permits for energy efficiency programs.
–EPA Restrictions: There are serious restrictions on the power of the Environmental Protection Agency to do its job. According to an analysis by the Sierra Club, the bill "eliminates EPA authority under the Clean Air Act to set performance standards for CO2 from sources covered under the cap, including coal-fired power plants. The bill does set modest standards for new coal plants. Additionally, the bill eliminates the existing requirement that new and modified sources of GHGs undergo a case-by-case review process that requires stringent GHG limits." The bill prohibits any greenhouse gas from being listed as a "criteria pollutant" or a "hazardous air pollutant." These are all very problematic provisions.
–Green Jobs and Worker Assistance: There is little in the bill that is directly about green jobs or worker assistance. There is an increase in funding for the Green Jobs Act from $125 million to $150 million. A half a percent of the funds from the program for the first 10 years will go to help workers displaced as a result of the transition away from fossil fuels.
–Smart Grid: The bill enacts various measures to strengthen the development of a "smart grid," which means the modernization of our electricity and transmission system so that it can better use digital information and technology, better integrate small-scale renewable energy, incorporate "demand response" and energy efficiency mechanisms, and in other ways strengthen the capacity of the electrical grid to be more energy efficient, consumer-friendly and effective.
–Mass Transportation: There is very little in this legislation that is directly supportive of mass transportation. It does require states and localities with more than 200,000 people to establish goals for reducing GHGs in the transportation area, with little clarity about the financing available for this work or accountability mechanisms.
–State Powers: The bill bars states that have already passed such legislation to implement or enforce a cap on greenhouse gas emissions between 2012 to 2017, but it does allow regulation of emissions by other means during this period.
–Adaptation: Funding for both domestic and international adaptation to the negative impacts of a changing climate is provided for. For the first 10 years, 2 percent of the funds raised from the program will go for international adaptation and the transfer of clean energy technology to developing countries. Another 2 percent for the first 10 years will go to domestic adaptation, including in the areas of public health, state programs, safeguarding wildlife habitats, protecting endangered species and preserving freshwater and coastal ecosystems. A number of environmental groups believe these percentages are too weak, particularly for international adaptation and technology transfer.
There is no question but that there are positive things in this piece of legislation. There are also many negative things, some of which environmental, climate, labor and other groups will attempt to correct as this bill moves through various House committees and onto the House floor.
There are alternative approaches to the cap-and-trade model. One of them which the Chesapeake Climate Action Network supports is what is known as cap-and-dividend. The other main one is a carbon tax-and-dividend approach.
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Hawaii Department of Education > Connect with Us > Media Room > Press Releases > Hawai'i science teachers named Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellows
Hawai'i science teachers named Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellows
Two accomplished Hawai'i Department of Education science teachers have been awarded prestigious fellowships that include one-year federal research appointments in Washington, D.C.
2018-19 Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship awardees Pascale Creek Pinner of Hilo Intermediate and Bryan Silver of Kalani High.
Photo Credit: Department of Education
Hilo Intermediate science teacher Pascale Creek Pinner will spend her one-year fellowship at the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science.
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HONOLULU — Two Hawai'i State Department of Education science teachers have been named awardees of the prestigious Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship Program, an honor that comes with a one-year federal research appointment in Washington, D.C.
Among the 14 educators nationwide who were granted fellowships for 2018-19 are:
Hilo Intermediate science teacher Pascale Creek Pinner, who will serve at the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. The office is the lead federal agency supporting fundamental scientific research for energy and the nation's largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences.
Kalani High science teacher Bryan Silver, who will serve at the National Science Foundation's Directorate for Engineering. The branch is charged with supporting and investing in engineering research and education critical to the nation's future.
"Pascale and Bryan are both highly motivated and innovative teachers, who will make excellent contributions to the federal agencies where they will be working," said Lauren Kaupp, educational specialist for science in the state Office of Curriculum and Instructional Design. "Their achievements reflect positively on the community of science teachers in HIDOE and they will be excellent representatives of our Hawai'i science 'ohana."
The Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship Program provides a unique opportunity for accomplished K-12 educators in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) in public and private schools to serve in the national education arena. Fellows spend 11 months working in federal agencies, applying their extensive knowledge and classroom experiences to national education programs and education policy.
"At the end of the fellowship, educators are prepared to return home, equipped with access to a national network of education leaders and programs, a better understanding of the challenges and possibilities in STEM education, and a renewed passion for teaching, ready to make significant contributions to their schools and school districts," according to the program.
Contributions of past Einstein program fellows include:
Designing new elements of national STEM education programs;
Implementing major components of national STEM education programs;
Drafting legislation and advising on policies that seek to improve K-12 education in the U.S.;
Creating web-based science education tools; and
Establishing and evaluating national and regional programs centered on school reform and teacher preparation in STEM.
Pinner, who has been a science teacher at Hilo Intermediate for the past 31 years, said she is honored and excited for the fellowship experience. She's looking forward to having the opportunity to see the kinds of research happening at the 17 Department of Energy National Laboratories across the country.
"What I'm really hoping for is to work with the education directors at the National Labs to see if they would be willing to possibly provide internships for high school students," said Pinner, who mentors intermediate and high school students competing in science fairs. "Finding pathways for our local kids is really important."
Both teachers previously were recognized as winners of the Presidential Awards for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching (PAEMST), Pinner in 2003 and Silver in 2015.
The 2018-19 Albert Einstein Fellows were selected from a nationwide pool of applicants through a rigorous application and interview process and will begin their appointments Sept. 4, 2018.
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Kalani High's Michael Ida named 2023 Hawaiʻi State Teacher of the Year Kalani High's Michael Ida named 2023 Hawaiʻi State Teacher of the Year
Department announces 2022-23 enrollment figures for public and charter schools Department announces 2022-23 enrollment figures for public and charter schools
Kalani High School teacher named Milken Educators of Hawaii's 2022 Teacher of Promise Kalani High School teacher named Milken Educators of Hawaii's 2022 Teacher of Promise
Kalihi Kai Elementary's Michelle Iwasaki receives prestigious Milken Educator Award and $25,000 Prize Kalihi Kai Elementary's Michelle Iwasaki receives prestigious Milken Educator Award and $25,000 Prize
HIDOE receives donation of 50,000 N95 masks from Hawaiʻi Pacific Health HIDOE receives donation of 50,000 N95 masks from Hawaiʻi Pacific Health
Maʻemaʻe Elementary, Mānoa Elementary, Wheeler Middle schools named 2021 National Blue Ribbon Schools Maʻemaʻe Elementary, Mānoa Elementary, Wheeler Middle schools named 2021 National Blue Ribbon Schools
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USA Climbing to Host Back-to-Back IFSC World Cups
USA Climbing is excited to share that we will be hosting two IFSC World Cups in 2021. The International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) announced on December 15th, 2020 that Salt Lake City, Utah will host a Boulder World Cup on May 21-22, 2021. The Boulder and Speed World Cup originally scheduled for June 11-13 has been rescheduled for May 28 to 30.
USA Climbing will also partner with the IFSC to conduct judges and routesetter training between the two competitions.
The announcement also comes three weeks after USA Climbing announced that it will be hosting an IFSC Paraclimbing World Cup in 2021.
"We are honored to host back to back IFSC World Cups in 2021," said John Muse, VP of Sport. "With reduced travel, this serves our international community of climbers well and we are excited to host the world in our beautiful home of Salt Lake City."
Read the full announcement.


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December 29, 2021 December 29, 2021 medwaypropertynews
What Does 2022 Bring For Property Investors?
We all made it through another year and what a year it was! We have had ongoing lockdowns, extensions to the stamp duty holiday, mandatory EICR regulations coming into force, extensions to the evictions ban, the axing of the Green Homes Grant, record property sales, record house price increases, increased interest rates and now the challenges brought about by the omicron variant.
About a year ago, when writing about my 2021 predictions, considered whether there would be a housing market crash and that's been far from what's happened! Looking back, I'm quite optimistic about how 2021 has panned out and think that 2022 will undoubtedly continue to bring with it some great opportunities. Here's a couple of things to look out for.
3% – 5% House Price Growth
Ok, so house prices are not expected to increase at the same eye-watering rate that they have during the past 12 months, however, predictions are that they will rise anywhere between 3% (London) and 5% (outside London).
It will be interesting to look back at this when we get to the end of 2022 as according to the current data, the average terraced house in Medway costs £253,169 and this could rise by £12,658 to £265,827 if the 5% prediction rings true.
If we look back over the past 12 months with the latest data from the Land Registry for terraced houses (reflecting October 2020 – October 2021), national house prices have increased by just over 8% (£17,484) and, for Medway, this has hit a whopping 12% (£27,467). This is a fantastic return for Medway property investors!
2.5% Rent Growth
Strong rental demand is expected to drive continued rental growth, with an average of 2.5% growth expected over the coming year. This means that, for example, a single let rented at £950 pcm would increase to just over £973.
For a single room, I anticipate that this increase would be similar, making a room that currently lets for say, £550 pcm achieving potentially just under £565 pcm.
For single lets, if we look back over the past 12 months, rents in the south east have risen by 6% from £1,065 in November 2020 to £1,129 in November 2021. Compared to the rest of the UK, this is slightly down on the national average increase of 8.6% from £974 in November 2020 to £1,058 in November 2021.
It is, however, important to remember that different areas such as the north have seen unprecedented increases and, for example, Northern Ireland has seen a rent increase of 14% this year!
Continued Strong Demand
Personally, I thought that there may be a downward trend as the stamp duty holiday ended, however, whilst this has happened to some degree it has not been quite as stark as I had expected.
There is, currently, still extremely high demand from buyers and it seems that properties are receiving record levels of interest, meaning they are selling (and letting) at record speeds.
Renters Reform Bill
This is one to watch! We have seen how the Renters Reform Bill white paper was delayed from the autumn to 2022, however, there is no set date by which it will be released. This paper may (or may not) be published this year, however, if it does, it will certainly be a significant one for property investors to look out for. Things it is expected to address include:
Lifetime Deposits
Scrapping section 21 evictions
A national landlord database
A right to redress
EPC Grade C Decision
I personally know that this is a significant concern by property investors and the delay to publishing a decision on any changes to EPC regulations is causing people to hold back from investing.
With time running out on the proposed date to mandate for all new tenancies to be an EPC Grade C or above by 2025 and the costs of achieving this being significant, I am significantly concerned about this policy.
I don't know why the Government seems to think every property investor has gold-plated pockets. The risk of not providing adequate funding or support for this policy is that investors will begin to look elsewhere, further adding to the lack of rental housing available!
Hopefully 2022 will shed some more light on the proposals (and possibly even include a review of the EPC system which, in my opinion, is currently floored!).
Interest Rate Rises
We've seen the Bank of England increase the base rate by 0.15% to 0.25% already and I fully anticipate that there will be another rise when they next meet. The knock-on effect of this will be an increase to mortgage interest rates for those purchasing outside of a limited company.
In addition to this, it is likely to mean that, coupled with the current rate of inflation, EVERYTHING will begin to get even more expensive meaning margins will be squeezed, rents will need to increase and home ownership will just get further away for many.
Regulation Of Property Agents & Landlords
Whilst not yet finalised, Government proposals recommend that property agents be regulated with a requirement for professional qualifications in much the same way as a lawyer.
Following on from this being a requirement for property agents is likely to be the requirement for all individual landlords to meet similar requirements. Personally, I think it's a good thing that standards are being raised.
I will be keeping my eye on this and let you know if there are any significant changes to be aware of!
Final Stage Of Mortgage Rate Relief Phased In
The 2021/22 tax year is the final year that landlords who own property outside of a limited company can claim tax relief when it comes to mortgage interest payments.
This change has driven a significant shift to investors purchasing through a limited company and, for example, led to there the period beginning 2016 and ending 2020 having more companies set up to hold buy-to-let properties than in the preceding 50 years combined!
Whilst it may be more tax-efficient to build up a portfolio within a limited company structure, this is not always the case, and I will be outlining this more in a subsequent article.
A Landscape Of Optimism
Us property investors tend to be a hardy, flexible bunch and very used to the winds of regulatory change. Whilst I think that 2022 will see property investors needing to stump up a significant amount more cash than even two years ago, there are a lot of reasons to be optimistic.
Property will continue to be a stable, reliable, long-term asset class and I fully anticipate that there will continue to be some great deals for the savvy investor. Yes, it may be harder to find decent investment properties, but they still exist.
Here's to a profitable and positive 2022!
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Enhancing privacy and security in the smart meter lifecycle
June 19, 2019 Mohit Kedia
The Internet of Things (IoT) is growing at a spectacular rate. The ability to control devices remotely and gain valuable data insights is driving us towards what is expected to be a trillion connected devices by 2035, delivering orders of magnitude more data than we see today. One area where we're seeing a heavy growth in the number of connected devices is around smart meters. According to iHS Markit, spend on Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is expected to rise to $13 billion in 2023, compared to $9 billion in 2018. The companies providing our heat, light, and water are benefitting from automated meter readings, precise billing, plus remote connection and disconnection capabilities – all with less resource than was previously possible.
But this unprecedented growth creates an ever-expanding attack surface for cybercriminals to prey on essential infrastructure, or infiltrate and steal information from individuals and enterprises. For example, malware hackers utilized 'Crash Override' malware to gain control of Ukraine's power grid in December 2016 and shut down 30 substations, blacking out the city of Kiev and reducing the city to one-fifth of its power capacity.
Security threats can take many different forms throughout a smart meter's operational life. Utilities must consider various factors and be prepared for different attack vectors to ensure their customers are protected. For example, a side channel attack involves snooping and analyzing data consumption via Correlation Power Analysis (CPA) to gain credentials and access to infrastructure. Energy suppliers and the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) need to enforce security from device to cloud. They also need to be able to update their firmware over-the-air (OTA) to ensure resiliency for a device's lifecycle. So how can utility companies ensure their smart metering deployments maintain security and privacy for all stakeholders?
Important customer usage data, some of which may be Personally Identifiable Information (PII), resides inside the meters, meaning that smart meter security has direct implications on privacy. The data may be used by utilities to forecast energy demand, configure demand response, and offer recommendations on energy consumption. That data needs to be accessed in a responsible manner and managed in accordance with a range of regulations like the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Such policy enforcement requires a foundation for trusted data with security infused into data collection, data analytics, and the device itself. This requires root of trust in the devices, authentication-based access, plus encryption of data at rest and in transit.
Six ways an IoT platform enables secure and private smart meters
Ensuring smart meter security and data privacy requires a lifecycle approach extending from manufacturing through on-boarding and regular use (Figure 1). With an IoT platform such as the Arm Pelion IoT platform, the necessary lifecycle support is integrated in the platform's device management and access control capabilities. The following sections describe six ways an IoT platform addresses lifecycle security requirements so critical for ensuring privacy.
Figure 1: An example of a secure device lifecycle. (Source: Arm Pelion IoT platform)
1. Ensuring a Root of Trust for the Large Volume of Smart Meter Deployment at Scale During Factory Provisioning
The production facilities tasked with manufacturing smart meters need to balance scalability with resilience that will ensure a device is trusted, offering a secure foundation for the meter's life in the field. A root of trust (ROT) constitutes a series of functions within a secure enclave that is trusted by the smart meter's operating system. Injecting credentials onto a single device can mitigate this risk, but the ability to scale this process to the millions of devices is key in maintaining the balance between efficiency and security. The matter of trusting a factory becomes more of a concern when you consider that utility companies are not manufacturers themselves and often outsource production and trust to OEMs. So how do we make a third-party factory 'trusted'?
Trust is instilled by administering certificating authorities that cross-reference the IoT platform, bootstrap, and lightweight M2M (LwM2M) servers. A range of tools provided by the IoT platform provider offers a linear process for the configuration of the certificate authority (CA) that ensures only meters that possess a certificate signed by a CA and a public key can establish a connection between the device and its device manager.
Figure 2: An example of secure factory provisioning (Source: Arm Pelion IoT platform)
Once the CA is configured and linked to the manufacturer's individual account the factory line is ready to mass-provision devices. This five-stage process involves:
Injecting the software image
Generating device keys (above diagram), certificates and configuration parameters for the device
Using a factory tool to inject the generated keys, certificates and configuration parameters to the device on the manufacturing line
Using a key configuration manager and factory configurator client (FCC) APIs in the device to validate the information
Finalizing the provisioning process and blocking the FCC code in the production image to ensure that it cannot be accessed following provisioning
2. Trusted Connections with the Grid During On-boarding
As mentioned previously, OEMs producing smart meters can often be one step removed from the end user, meaning flexibility in the provisioning process is often required to meet their existing processes. For instance, some choose to create their keys and certificates in-house before bundling them into a factory configurator utility (FCU). The FCU sits within the factory line and works alongside the manufacturer's factory tool to configure and inject a device with the credentials, which in turn validates the smart meter's operational parameters. Alternatively, some choose to inject directly onto the device. While the former is a more efficient method, both are equally secure.
Because the OEM has no idea at the point of manufacturing where the smart meter will be deployed or the account it will be associated with, it is essential that the eventual connection with the grid is a trusted action. Therefore, manufacturers and utility companies utilize pre-shared keys (PSK) involving an enrollment list. This process verifies the unique ID to match the credentials to the enrollment information in a specific Device Management account, the device is then assigned to that account. This only happens if the device ID matches the ID uploaded in the utility provider's IoT portal.
PSKs provide both devices and the IoT platform with a common key that has been securely provisioned into a device and constitutes the most basic level of security. It's deemed basic because there is a risk that the credential passed to the smart meter during manufacturing and the confidential list of credentials stored on the servers could be compromised, leaving millions of meters and users' data exposed. However, a public key infrastructure (PKI) is a more secure approach.
PKI makes the introduction between a device and the IoT platform and adds a layer of asymmetric cryptography that tethers the cryptographic signature to the third party that authenticates the meter. Using this third party is a far more secure way to authenticate, as credentials are only generated on the device itself and exist nowhere else.
Whilst providing this level of flexibility for an OEM, any IoT partner worth their salt will maintain security and ensure a unique identity during the bootstrap stage. The interaction takes place as part of the data transfer with the Bootstrap Server over encrypted transport layer security (TLS) communications, which is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering or message forgery.
3. Secure Communications
The introduction of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) assists utility companies with the automation of monitoring, billing, connection, and disconnection. It's the culmination of smart meters, communications networks, and data management systems that enable two-way communication between providers and customers. This additional layer of communication facilitated by the low power, long-range functionality of low bandwidth connectivity exposes utility providers to additional risk. Therefore, communication between the device and the IoT platform, then onwards to the utilities provider's web application, is secured by using standard TLS.
Figure 3: An example of chip to cloud TLS encryption. (Source: Arm Pelion IoT platform)
TLS is a cryptographic protocol that provides end-to-end communications security over possibly untrusted networks and is widely used for IoT device communication to the cloud. The basic steps to communicate over a secure communication channel using TLS include initialize an SSL/TLS context, perform an SSL/TLS handshake and establish a secure connection between smart meter and cloud, send/receive data between smart meter and cloud, and notify a peer that a connection is being closed.
This industry-standard method not only acts as a cryptographic protocol, but it also removes the need for cumbersome and insecure passwords. This is because the act of presenting a signed certificate presents the utility provider's account with a validated unique device ID, removing the need for other forms of identification. With the use of Device Language Message Specification (DLMS), communication to meter goes over DLMS using Security Suite 1 which is PKI based for authentication and key agreement, and uses AES-GCM-128 for authenticated encryption.
4. Trusting update sources
Updating devices in the field is key to a successful smart meter deployment, some of which could last for more than 20 years. During this time, OTA updates can offer additional functionality for both end user and utility provider post-deployment including fixing bugs, extending the serviceable life, and thus the overall lifecycle cost of a unit. Remote updates are also an effective means of protection from the latest threats or newly discovered vulnerabilities without the rigmarole and cost of manually updating in the field.
Yet, conversely, the very act of updating a device to administer protection from the latest threat could pose its own risks if the update itself is unverified.
Devices need to make important decisions about firmware in a suggested update. For example, is the update trustworthy and applicable to the device? A way to verify if the firmware update image is trusted is using metadata (known as the manifest). The manifest is digitally signed to authenticate the integrity of the update itself before any action is taken. The author of the firmware owns the keys to provide end-to-end verification of the update. The authoring and signing of a firmware manifest ensure that only trusted updates (those with a verifiable chain of trust) are applied to the correct devices.
The easiest way to create manifests is to use a manifest tool, which runs on your PC to create, sign and upload manifests and test the entire end-to-end update flow.
5. Secure, Confidential Update Campaigns
Just as OTA is key to a secure device lifecycle, security itself is key to a successful OTA update. Firmware security updates deployed by an IoT platform are segregated from transfer protocol, which means the delivery network is treated as untrustworthy. This facilitates a secure update at scale by taking a packaged update, creating a campaign and then deploying that campaign securely to the connected device.
The Device Management Client waits for update notifications, then verifies the package, applies the update and reverts to the device's original state if the update fails, before reporting any issues. What's more, individual devices can be monitored for suspicious behavior during the campaign.
Rollback protection prevents meters from being maliciously rolled back to an older, more vulnerable firmware version and updates can only proceed if the associated firmware manifest is a later version. Downgrades to previous meter versions are available, but they require authenticated service operator authorization.
6. In-field Certificate Management
There are several scenarios where the utilities companies may want to prevent a deployed smart meter from connecting to the cloud. For example, If the integrity of in-field smart meter is breached and the certificates are compromised, suspension of the compromised devices by the utility company is key to ensure overall security of the broader AMI ecosystem. Utility providers also want to make sure that they can renew the certificate for the smart meters deployed in-field. Certificate renewal is necessary if the existing certificate of a smart meter is about to expire, and once expired, the smart meter will not be able to connect to services online.
The process of renewing device certificates involves an IoT device management platform such as the Pelion Device Management platform and its Device Management Client. This five-stage process typically involves:
Calling the Device Management API from the Device Management Portal, or from a smart meter.
The smart meter generates a new key, creates a certificate signing request (CSR) based on the existing certificate, and sends the CSR to Device Management.
The device management platform sends the CSR tothird-party certificate authority (CA) for signing of certificate.
The internal Device Management CA signs LwM2M certificates and sends it back to device management platform.
The device management platform then sends the signed certificate back to the smart meter in the field.
Utility companies are capitalizing upon the efficiencies and additional revenue opportunities presented by smart meters made possible by the IoT. Yet the speed and scale of this growth presents significant opportunities for cyber criminals as the attack surface increases with each device deployed and every update administered. An effective IoT device management platform can help establish a secure foundation that permeates through the meter's operational life to foster streamlined, scalable deployments and ensure both utility companies and their customers remain protected.
Mohit Kedia is a staff product manager at Arm's IoT Services group. Based in Austin, Mohit is focused on making IoT products a reality using Pelion Device Management, industry leading IoT SaaS product and Mbed OS, the most advanced open source IoT operating system platform in the world. Mohit previously held variety of roles in product management and solutions architecture at AMD and NXP leading hardware, software and silicon products for Internet of Things and emerging embedded markets. Mohit holds MBA from University of Texas at Austin and Graduate degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Texas A&M University.
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WEST JORDAN — Several state lawmakers are weighing the option of giving doctors the ability to dispense the medications they prescribe right from their office.
Typically, when Utahns are sick, they have to go in for a doctor's appointment after he writes a prescription, they go to the pharmacy to pick up the medications. The new option would streamline the process for patients to only visit one location, but several doctors and patients said there would be other potential problems involved in the process.
"I would be concerned as to whether they were up on the prescriptions, whether they really knew the interactions (of the medications,)" said patient Sharon Poulsen.
Pediatrician, Keith Ramsey, said he would be concerned about a variety of problems involved with dispensing medications including counseling, privacy, labeling, collecting insurance and having the adequate space.
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However, Utah is one of only six states that don't already give doctors the right to dispense medications.
Lawmaker Evan Vickers works as a pharmacist in Cedar City when the legislature isn't in session. He is one of the lawmakers hoping to bring Utah in line and up to date with other states by allowing doctors dispensing authority. Vickers said he sees a lot of value in allowing doctors to dispense medications, particularly in emergencies.
"Even if it's opened up, there's not going to be an awful lot of physicians that do it," he said. "There'll be some and hopefully that they will do it, not to try and make money, but to benefit their patients."
Vickers said he still wants to meet with other specialists about the potential law and further investigate the issues, and if there is a consensus, he may introduce the bill in the upcoming legislative session.


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>Journals
>Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society
>Volume 88 Issue 3
>THE SKITOVICH–DARMOIS THEOREM FOR LOCALLY COMPACT ABELIAN...
Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society
THE SKITOVICH–DARMOIS THEOREM FOR LOCALLY COMPACT ABELIAN GROUPS
Part of: Probability theory on algebraic and topological structures Abstract harmonic analysis
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 June 2010
GENNADIY FELDMAN and
PIOTR GRACZYK
GENNADIY FELDMAN*
Mathematical Division, B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 47 Lenin Ave, Kharkov 61103, Ukraine LAREMA Laboratoire de Mathématiques, Université d'Angers, 2 bd. Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France (email: feldman@ilt.kharkov.ua)
LAREMA Laboratoire de Mathématiques, Université d'Angers, 2 bd. Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France (email: piotr.graczyk@univ-angers.fr)
✉For correspondence; e-mail: feldman@ilt.kharkov.ua
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According to the Skitovich–Darmois theorem, the independence of two linear forms of n independent random variables implies that the random variables are Gaussian. We consider the case where independent random variables take values in a second countable locally compact abelian group X, and coefficients of the forms are topological automorphisms of X. We describe a wide class of groups X for which a group-theoretic analogue of the Skitovich–Darmois theorem holds true when n=2.
locally compact abelian groupSkitovich–Darmois theorem
MSC classification
Secondary: 60B15: Probability measures on groups or semigroups, Fourier transforms, factorization 43A25: Fourier and Fourier-Stieltjes transforms on locally compact and other abelian groups
Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society , Volume 88 , Issue 3 , June 2010 , pp. 339 - 352
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1446788710000224[Opens in a new window]
Copyright © Australian Mathematical Publishing Association Inc. 2010
This research was supported in part by the Ukrainian–French grant PICS No 4769 (2009–2011).
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This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref.
Mazur, I. P. 2012. Skitovich–Darmois theorem for finite Abelian groups. Ukrainian Mathematical Journal, Vol. 63, Issue. 11, p. 1719.
Mazur, I. P. 2013. Skitovich–Darmois Theorem for Discrete and Compact Totally Disconnected Abelian Groups. Ukrainian Mathematical Journal, Vol. 65, Issue. 7, p. 1054.
Mazur, I.P. 2014. On a Characterization of the Haar Distribution on Compact Abelian Groups. Zurnal matematiceskoj fiziki, analiza, geometrii, Vol. 10, Issue. 1, p. 126.
Миронюк, Маргарита Вячеславовна Mironyuk, Margarita Vyacheslavovna Фельдман, Геннадий Михайлович and Feldman, Gennadiy Mikhailovich 2014. Независимые линейные статистики на цилиндрах. Теория вероятностей и ее применения, Vol. 59, Issue. 2, p. 252.
Myronyuk, M. V. and Feldman, G. M. 2015. Independent Linear Statistics on the Cylinders. Theory of Probability & Its Applications, Vol. 59, Issue. 2, p. 260.
Feldman, Gennadiy and Myronyuk, Margaryta 2018. On the Skitovich–Darmois theorem for some locally compact Abelian groups. Aequationes mathematicae, Vol. 92, Issue. 6, p. 1129.
Myronyuk, Margaryta 2020. Independent Linear Forms on the Group $$\varOmega _p$$Ωp. Journal of Theoretical Probability, Vol. 33, Issue. 1, p. 1.
Myronyuk, Margaryta 2020. On a group analogue of the Heyde theorem. Forum Mathematicum, Vol. 32, Issue. 2, p. 307.
Feldman, Gennadiy 2020. On a generalisation of the Skitovich–Darmois theorem for several linear forms on Abelian groups. Aequationes mathematicae, Vol. 94, Issue. 2, p. 369.
Feldman, Gennadiy 2021. A characterization theorem on compact Abelian groups. Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications, Vol. 27, Issue. 5,
Feldman, Gennadiy 2021. On the Skitovich–Darmois theorem for complex and quaternion random variables. Georgian Mathematical Journal, Vol. 28, Issue. 5, p. 717.
Feldman, Gennadiy 2021. Generalized Pólya's Theorem on a-adic Solenoids. Results in Mathematics, Vol. 76, Issue. 3,
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GENNADIY FELDMAN (a1) (a2) and PIOTR GRACZYK (a3)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1446788710000224
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