text:
EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN)
CERN-PH-EP-2013-130 LHCb-PAPER-2013-008 24 July 2013
Measurement of J/ψ polarization
in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV
The LHCb collaboration111Authors are listed on the following pages.
An angular analysis of the decay J/ψ→μ+μ− is performed to measure the polarization of prompt J/ψ mesons produced in pp collisions at √s=7TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 0.37 \,fb−1 collected with the LHCb detector. The measurement is presented as a function of transverse momentum, pT, and rapidity, y, of the J/ψ meson, in the kinematic region 2<pT<15 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5.
Published in Eur. Phys. J. C
© CERN on behalf of the LHCb collaboration, license CC-BY-3.0.
LHCb collaboration
R. Aaij40, C. Abellan Beteta35,n, B. Adeva36, M. Adinolfi45, C. Adrover6, A. Affolder51, Z. Ajaltouni5, J. Albrecht9, F. Alessio37, M. Alexander50, S. Ali40, G. Alkhazov29, P. Alvarez Cartelle36, A.A. Alves Jr24,37, S. Amato2, S. Amerio21, Y. Amhis7, L. Anderlini17,f, J. Anderson39, R. Andreassen56, R.B. Appleby53, O. Aquines Gutierrez10, F. Archilli18, A. Artamonov34, M. Artuso57, E. Aslanides6, G. Auriemma24,m, S. Bachmann11, J.J. Back47, C. Baesso58, V. Balagura30, W. Baldini16, R.J. Barlow53, C. Barschel37, S. Barsuk7, W. Barter46, Th. Bauer40, A. Bay38, J. Beddow50, F. Bedeschi22, I. Bediaga1, S. Belogurov30, K. Belous34, I. Belyaev30, E. Ben-Haim8, M. Benayoun8, G. Bencivenni18, S. Benson49, J. Benton45, A. Berezhnoy31, R. Bernet39, M.-O. Bettler46, M. van Beuzekom40, A. Bien11, S. Bifani44, T. Bird53, A. Bizzeti17,h, P.M. Bjørnstad53, T. Blake37, F. Blanc38, J. Blouw11, S. Blusk57, V. Bocci24, A. Bondar33, N. Bondar29, W. Bonivento15, S. Borghi53, A. Borgia57, T.J.V. Bowcock51, E. Bowen39, C. Bozzi16, T. Brambach9, J. van den Brand41, J. Bressieux38, D. Brett53, M. Britsch10, T. Britton57, N.H. Brook45, H. Brown51, I. Burducea28, A. Bursche39, G. Busetto21,p, J. Buytaert37, S. Cadeddu15, O. Callot7, M. Calvi20,j, M. Calvo Gomez35,n, A. Camboni35, P. Campana18,37, D. Campora Perez37, A. Carbone14,c, G. Carboni23,k, R. Cardinale19,i, A. Cardini15, H. Carranza-Mejia49, L. Carson52, K. Carvalho Akiba2, G. Casse51, L. Castillo Garcia37, M. Cattaneo37, Ch. Cauet9, M. Charles54, Ph. Charpentier37, P. Chen3,38, N. Chiapolini39, M. Chrzaszcz25, K. Ciba37, X. Cid Vidal37, G. Ciezarek52, P.E.L. Clarke49, M. Clemencic37, H.V. Cliff46, J. Closier37, C. Coca28, V. Coco40, J. Cogan6, E. Cogneras5, P. Collins37, A. Comerma-Montells35, A. Contu15, A. Cook45, M. Coombes45, S. Coquereau8, G. Corti37, B. Couturier37, G.A. Cowan49, D.C. Craik47, S. Cunliffe52, R. Currie49, C. D'Ambrosio37, P. David8, P.N.Y. David40, A. Davis56, I. De Bonis4, K. De Bruyn40, S. De Capua53, M. De Cian39, J.M. De Miranda1, L. De Paula2, W. De Silva56, P. De Simone18, D. Decamp4, M. Deckenhoff9, L. Del Buono8, D. Derkach14, O. Deschamps5, F. Dettori41, A. Di Canto11, H. Dijkstra37, M. Dogaru28, S. Donleavy51, F. Dordei11, A. Dosil Suárez36, D. Dossett47, A. Dovbnya42, F. Dupertuis38, R. Dzhelyadin34, A. Dziurda25, A. Dzyuba29, S. Easo48,37, U. Egede52, V. Egorychev30, S. Eidelman33, D. van Eijk40, S. Eisenhardt49, U. Eitschberger9, R. Ekelhof9, L. Eklund50,37, I. El Rifai5, Ch. Elsasser39, D. Elsby44, A. Falabella14,e, C. Färber11, G. Fardell49, C. Farinelli40, S. Farry12, V. Fave38, D. Ferguson49, V. Fernandez Albor36, F. Ferreira Rodrigues1, M. Ferro-Luzzi37, S. Filippov32, M. Fiore16, C. Fitzpatrick37, M. Fontana10, F. Fontanelli19,i, R. Forty37, O. Francisco2, M. Frank37, C. Frei37, M. Frosini17,f, S. Furcas20, E. Furfaro23,k, A. Gallas Torreira36, D. Galli14,c, M. Gandelman2, P. Gandini57, Y. Gao3, J. Garofoli57, P. Garosi53, J. Garra Tico46, L. Garrido35, C. Gaspar37, R. Gauld54, E. Gersabeck11, M. Gersabeck53, T. Gershon47,37, Ph. Ghez4, V. Gibson46, V.V. Gligorov37, C. Göbel58, D. Golubkov30, A. Golutvin52,30,37, A. Gomes2, H. Gordon54, C. Gotti20, M. Grabalosa Gándara5, R. Graciani Diaz35, L.A. Granado Cardoso37, E. Graugés35, G. Graziani17, A. Grecu28, E. Greening54, S. Gregson46, O. Grünberg59, B. Gui57, E. Gushchin32, Yu. Guz34,37, T. Gys37, C. Hadjivasiliou57, G. Haefeli38, C. Haen37, S.C. Haines46, S. Hall52, T. Hampson45, S. Hansmann-Menzemer11, N. Harnew54, S.T. Harnew45, J. Harrison53, T. Hartmann59, J. He37, V. Heijne40, K. Hennessy51, P. Henrard5, J.A. Hernando Morata36, E. van Herwijnen37, A. Hicheur1, E. Hicks51, D. Hill54, M. Hoballah5, C. Hombach53, P. Hopchev4, W. Hulsbergen40, P. Hunt54, T. Huse51, N. Hussain54, D. Hutchcroft51, D. Hynds50, V. Iakovenko43, M. Idzik26, P. Ilten12, R. Jacobsson37, A. Jaeger11, E. Jans40, P. Jaton38, F. Jing3, M. John54, D. Johnson54, C.R. Jones46, C. Joram37, B. Jost37, M. Kaballo9, S. Kandybei42, M. Karacson37, T.M. Karbach37, I.R. Kenyon44, U. Kerzel37, T. Ketel41, A. Keune38, B. Khanji20, O. Kochebina7, I. Komarov38, R.F. Koopman41, P. Koppenburg40, M. Korolev31, A. Kozlinskiy40, L. Kravchuk32, K. Kreplin11, M. Kreps47, G. Krocker11, P. Krokovny33, F. Kruse9, M. Kucharczyk20,25,j, V. Kudryavtsev33, T. Kvaratskheliya30,37, V.N. La Thi38, D. Lacarrere37, G. Lafferty53, A. Lai15, D. Lambert49, R.W. Lambert41, E. Lanciotti37, G. Lanfranchi18,37, C. Langenbruch37, T. Latham47, C. Lazzeroni44, R. Le Gac6, J. van Leerdam40, J.-P. Lees4, R. Lefèvre5, A. Leflat31, J. Lefrançois7, S. Leo22, O. Leroy6, T. Lesiak25, B. Leverington11, Y. Li3, L. Li Gioi5, M. Liles51, R. Lindner37, C. Linn11, B. Liu3, G. Liu37, S. Lohn37, I. Longstaff50, J.H. Lopes2, E. Lopez Asamar35, N. Lopez-March38, H. Lu3, D. Lucchesi21,p, J. Luisier38, H. Luo49, F. Machefert7, I.V. Machikhiliyan4,30, F. Maciuc28, O. Maev29,37, S. Malde54, G. Manca15,d, G. Mancinelli6, U. Marconi14, R. Märki38, J. Marks11, G. Martellotti24, A. Martens8, A. Martín Sánchez7, M. Martinelli40, D. Martinez Santos41, D. Martins Tostes2, A. Martynov31, A. Massafferri1, R. Matev37, Z. Mathe37, C. Matteuzzi20, E. Maurice6, A. Mazurov16,32,37,e, J. McCarthy44, A. McNab53, R. McNulty12, B. Meadows56,54, F. Meier9, M. Meissner11, M. Merk40, D.A. Milanes8, M.-N. Minard4, J. Molina Rodriguez58, S. Monteil5, D. Moran53, P. Morawski25, M.J. Morello22,r, R. Mountain57, I. Mous40, F. Muheim49, K. Müller39, R. Muresan28, B. Muryn26, B. Muster38, P. Naik45, T. Nakada38, R. Nandakumar48, I. Nasteva1, M. Needham49, N. Neufeld37, A.D. Nguyen38, T.D. Nguyen38, C. Nguyen-Mau38,o, M. Nicol7, V. Niess5, R. Niet9, N. Nikitin31, T. Nikodem11, A. Nomerotski54, A. Novoselov34, A. Oblakowska-Mucha26, V. Obraztsov34, S. Oggero40, S. Ogilvy50, O. Okhrimenko43, R. Oldeman15,d, M. Orlandea28, J.M. Otalora Goicochea2, P. Owen52, A. Oyanguren35, B.K. Pal57, A. Palano13,b, M. Palutan18, J. Panman37, A. Papanestis48, M. Pappagallo50, C. Parkes53, C.J. Parkinson52, G. Passaleva17, G.D. Patel51, M. Patel52, G.N. Patrick48, C. Patrignani19,i, C. Pavel-Nicorescu28, A. Pazos Alvarez36, A. Pellegrino40, G. Penso24,l, M. Pepe Altarelli37, S. Perazzini14,c, D.L. Perego20,j, E. Perez Trigo36, A. Pérez-Calero Yzquierdo35, P. Perret5, M. Perrin-Terrin6, K. Petridis52, A. Petrolini19,i, A. Phan57, E. Picatoste Olloqui35, B. Pietrzyk4, T. Pilař47, D. Pinci24, S. Playfer49, M. Plo Casasus36, F. Polci8, G. Polok25, A. Poluektov47,33, E. Polycarpo2, D. Popov10, B. Popovici28, C. Potterat35, A. Powell54, J. Prisciandaro38, A. Pritchard51, C. Prouve7, V. Pugatch43, A. Puig Navarro38, G. Punzi22,q, W. Qian4, J.H. Rademacker45, B. Rakotomiaramanana38, M.S. Rangel2, I. Raniuk42, N. Rauschmayr37, G. Raven41, S. Redford54, M.M. Reid47, A.C. dos Reis1, S. Ricciardi48, A. Richards52, K. Rinnert51, V. Rives Molina35, D.A. Roa Romero5, P. Robbe7, E. Rodrigues53, P. Rodriguez Perez36, S. Roiser37, V. Romanovsky34, A. Romero Vidal36, J. Rouvinet38, T. Ruf37, F. Ruffini22, H. Ruiz35, P. Ruiz Valls35, G. Sabatino24,k, J.J. Saborido Silva36, N. Sagidova29, P. Sail50, B. Saitta15,d, C. Salzmann39, B. Sanmartin Sedes36, M. Sannino19,i, R. Santacesaria24, C. Santamarina Rios36, E. Santovetti23,k, M. Sapunov6, A. Sarti18,l, C. Satriano24,m, A. Satta23, M. Savrie16,e, D. Savrina30,31, P. Schaack52, M. Schiller41, H. Schindler37, M. Schlupp9, M. Schmelling10, B. Schmidt37, O. Schneider38, A. Schopper37, M.-H. Schune7, R. Schwemmer37, B. Sciascia18, A. Sciubba24, M. Seco36, A. Semennikov30, K. Senderowska26, I. Sepp52, N. Serra39, J. Serrano6, P. Seyfert11, M. Shapkin34, I. Shapoval16,42, P. Shatalov30, Y. Shcheglov29, T. Shears51,37, L. Shekhtman33, O. Shevchenko42, V. Shevchenko30, A. Shires52, R. Silva Coutinho47, T. Skwarnicki57, N.A. Smith51, E. Smith54,48, M. Smith53, M.D. Sokoloff56, F.J.P. Soler50, F. Soomro18, D. Souza45, B. Souza De Paula2, B. Spaan9, A. Sparkes49, P. Spradlin50, F. Stagni37, S. Stahl11, O. Steinkamp39, S. Stoica28, S. Stone57, B. Storaci39, M. Straticiuc28, U. Straumann39, V.K. Subbiah37, S. Swientek9, V. Syropoulos41, M. Szczekowski27, P. Szczypka38,37, T. Szumlak26, S. T'Jampens4, M. Teklishyn7, E. Teodorescu28, F. Teubert37, C. Thomas54, E. Thomas37, J. van Tilburg11, V. Tisserand4, M. Tobin38, S. Tolk41, D. Tonelli37, S. Topp-Joergensen54, N. Torr54, E. Tournefier4,52, S. Tourneur38, M.T. Tran38, M. Tresch39, A. Tsaregorodtsev6, P. Tsopelas40, N. Tuning40, M. Ubeda Garcia37, A. Ukleja27, D. Urner53, U. Uwer11, V. Vagnoni14, G. Valenti14, R. Vazquez Gomez35, P. Vazquez Regueiro36, S. Vecchi16, J.J. Velthuis45, M. Veltri17,g, G. Veneziano38, M. Vesterinen37, B. Viaud7, D. Vieira2, X. Vilasis-Cardona35,n, A. Vollhardt39, D. Volyanskyy10, D. Voong45, A. Vorobyev29, V. Vorobyev33, C. Voß59, H. Voss10, R. Waldi59, R. Wallace12, S. Wandernoth11, J. Wang57, D.R. Ward46, N.K. Watson44, A.D. Webber53, D. Websdale52, M. Whitehead47, J. Wicht37, J. Wiechczynski25, D. Wiedner11, L. Wiggers40, G. Wilkinson54, M.P. Williams47,48, M. Williams55, F.F. Wilson48, J. Wishahi9, M. Witek25, S.A. Wotton46, S. Wright46, S. Wu3, K. Wyllie37, Y. Xie49,37, Z. Xing57, Z. Yang3, R. Young49, X. Yuan3, O. Yushchenko34, M. Zangoli14, M. Zavertyaev10,a, F. Zhang3, L. Zhang57, W.C. Zhang12, Y. Zhang3, A. Zhelezov11, A. Zhokhov30, L. Zhong3, A. Zvyagin37.
1Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
3Center for High Energy Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
4LAPP, Université de Savoie, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy-Le-Vieux, France
5Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
6CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France
7LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
8LPNHE, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
9Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
10Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Heidelberg, Germany
11Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
12School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
13Sezione INFN di Bari, Bari, Italy
14Sezione INFN di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
15Sezione INFN di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
16Sezione INFN di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
17Sezione INFN di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
18Laboratori Nazionali dell'INFN di Frascati, Frascati, Italy
19Sezione INFN di Genova, Genova, Italy
20Sezione INFN di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
21Sezione INFN di Padova, Padova, Italy
22Sezione INFN di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
23Sezione INFN di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
24Sezione INFN di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
25Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
26AGH - University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland
27National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Warsaw, Poland
28Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
29Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia
30Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia
31Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University (SINP MSU), Moscow, Russia
32Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INR RAN), Moscow, Russia
33Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (SB RAS) and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
34Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP), Protvino, Russia
35Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
36Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
37European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
38Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
39Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
40Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
41Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
42NSC Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (NSC KIPT), Kharkiv, Ukraine
43Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences (KINR), Kyiv, Ukraine
44University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
45H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
46Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
47Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
48STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
49School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
50School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
51Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
52Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
53School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
54Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
55Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
56University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
57Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
58Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, associated to 2
59Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany, associated to 11
aP.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Science (LPI RAS), Moscow, Russia
bUniversità di Bari, Bari, Italy
cUniversità di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
dUniversità di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
eUniversità di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
fUniversità di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
gUniversità di Urbino, Urbino, Italy
hUniversità di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
iUniversità di Genova, Genova, Italy
jUniversità di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
kUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
lUniversità di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
mUniversità della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
nLIFAELS, La Salle, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
oHanoi University of Science, Hanoi, Viet Nam
pUniversità di Padova, Padova, Italy
qUniversità di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
rScuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
Studies of J/ψ production in hadronic collisions provide powerful tests of QCD. In pp collisions, quarkonium resonances can be produced directly, through feed-down from higher quarkonium states (such as the ψ(2S) or χc resonances [1] ), or via the decay of b hadrons. The first two production mechanisms are generically referred to as prompt production. The mechanism for prompt production is not yet fully understood and none of the available models adequately predicts the observed dependence of the J/ψ production cross-section and polarization on its transverse momentum pT [1] . This paper describes the measurement of the polarization of the prompt J/ψ component in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV, using the dimuon decay mode. The measured polarization is subsequently used to update the LHCb measurement of the cross-section given in Ref. [2] . This improves the precision of the cross-section measurement significantly as the polarization and overall reconstruction efficiency are highly correlated.
The three polarization states of a J/ψ vector meson are specified in terms of a chosen coordinate system in the rest frame of the meson. This coordinate system is called the polarization frame and is defined with respect to a particular polarization axis. Defining the polarization axis to be the Z-axis, the Y-axis is chosen to be orthogonal to the production plane (the plane containing the J/ψ momentum and the beam axis) and the X-axis is oriented to create a right-handed coordinate system.
Several polarization frame definitions can be found in the literature. In the helicity frame [3] the polarization axis coincides with the flight direction of the J/ψ in the centre-of-mass frame of the colliding hadrons. In the Collins-Soper frame [4] the polarization axis is the direction of the relative velocity of the colliding beams in the J/ψ rest frame.
The angular decay distribution, apart from a normalization factor, is described by
d2Ndcosθdϕ∝1+λθcos2θ+λθϕsin2θcosϕ+λϕsin2θcos2ϕ, (1)
where θ is the polar angle between the direction of the positive lepton and the chosen polarization axis, and ϕ is the azimuthal angle, measured with respect to the production plane. In this formalism, the polarization is completely longitudinal if the set of polarization parameters (λθ, λθϕ, λϕ) takes the values (−1,0,0) and it is completely transverse if it takes the values (1,0,0). In the zero polarization scenario the parameters are (0,0,0). In the general case, the values of (λθ, λθϕ, λϕ) depend on the choice of the spin quantization frame and different values can be consistent with the same underlying polarization states. However, the combination of parameters
λinv=λθ+3λϕ1−λϕ (2)
is invariant under the choice of polarization frame [5, 6] . The natural polarization axis for the measurement is that where the lepton azimuthal angle distribution is symmetric (λϕ=λθϕ=0) and λθ is maximal [7] .
Several theoretical models are used to describe quarkonium production, predicting the values and the kinematic dependence of the cross-section and polarization. The colour-singlet model (CSM) at leading order [8, 9] underestimates the J/ψ production cross-section by two orders of magnitude [2, 10] and predicts significant transverse polarization. Subsequent calculations at next-to-leading order and at next-to-next-to-leading order change these predictions dramatically. The cross-section prediction comes close to the observed values and the polarization is expected to be large and longitudinal [11, 12, 13, 14] . Calculations performed in the framework of non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD), where the c¯c pair can be produced in colour-octet states (color-octet model, COM [15, 16, 17] ), can explain the shape and magnitude of the measured cross-section as a function of pT. COM predicts a dependence of the J/ψ polarization on the pT of the J/ψ meson. In the low pT region (pT <M(J/ψ)/c with M(J/ψ) the mass of the J/ψ meson), where the gluon fusion process dominates, a small longitudinal polarization is expected [18] . For pT ≫M(J/ψ), where gluon fragmentation dominates, the leading order predictions [19, 20] and next-to-leading order calculations [21] suggest a large transverse component of the J/ψ polarization.
The polarization for inclusive J/ψ production (including the feed-down from higher charmonium states) in hadronic interactions has been measured by several experiments at Fermilab [22] , Brookhaven [23] and DESY [24] . The CDF experiment, in p¯¯¯p collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, measured a small longitudinal J/ψ polarization, going to zero at small pT. This measurement is in disagreement with the COM calculations and does not support the conclusion that the colour-octet terms dominate the J/ψ production in the high pT region. The PHENIX experiment measured the J/ψ polarization in pp collisions at √s=200GeV, for pT <3 GeV/c. The HERA-B experiment studied J/ψ polarization in 920 GeV/c fixed target proton-nucleus (p-C and p-W) collisions. The explored kinematic region is defined for pT <5.4 GeV/c and Feynman variable xF between −0.34 and 0.14. Also in these cases a small longitudinal polarization is observed. Recently, at the LHC, ALICE [25] and CMS [26] have measured the J/ψ polarization in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV, in the kinematic ranges of 2<pT<8GeV/c, 2.5<y<4.0, and 14<pT<70 GeV/c, |y|<1.2, respectively. The ALICE collaboration finds a small longitudinal polarization vanishing at high values of pT 111In the ALICE measurement the J/ψ from b decays are also included., while the CMS results do not show evidence of large transverse or longitudinal polarizations.
The analysis presented here is performed by fitting the efficiency-corrected angular distribution of the data. Given the forward geometry of the LHCb experiment, the polarization results are presented in the helicity frame and, as a cross-check, in the Collins-Soper frame. The polarization is measured by performing a two-dimensional angular analysis considering the distribution given in Eq. (1) and using an unbinned maximum likelihood fit. To evaluate the detector acceptance, reconstruction and trigger efficiency, fully simulated events are used. The measurement is performed in six bins of J/ψ transverse momentum and five rapidity bins. The edges of the bins in J/ψ pT and y are defined respectively as [2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15] GeV/c in J/ψ pT and [2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5] in J/ψ y.
The remainder of the paper is organized as following. In Sec. 2 a brief description of the LHCb detector and the data sample used for the analysis is given. In Sec. 3 the signal selection is defined. In Sec. 4 and Sec. 5 respectively, the fit procedure to the angular distribution and the contributions to the systematic uncertainties on the measurement are described. The results are presented in Sec. 6 and in Sec. 7 the update of the J/ψ cross-section, including the polarization effect, is described. Finally in Sec. 8 conclusions are drawn.
2 LHCb detector and data sample
The LHCb detector [27] is a single-arm forward spectrometer covering the pseudorapidity range 2<η<5, designed for the study of hadrons containing b or c quarks. A right-handed Cartesian coordinate system is used, centred on the nominal pp collision point with z pointing downstream along the nominal beam axis and y pointing upwards. The detector includes a high precision tracking system consisting of a silicon-strip vertex detector surrounding the pp interaction region, a large-area silicon-strip detector located upstream of a dipole magnet with a bending power of about 4 Tm, and three stations of silicon-strip detectors and straw drift tubes placed downstream. The combined tracking system provides momentum measurement with relative uncertainty that varies from 0.4% at 5GeV/c to 0.6% at 100GeV/c, and impact parameter resolution of 20\upmum for tracks with high pT. Charged hadrons are identified using two ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors. Photon, electron and hadron candidates are identified by a calorimeter system consisting of scintillating-pad and pre-shower detectors, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a hadronic calorimeter. Muons are identified by a system composed of alternating layers of iron and multiwire proportional chambers [28] .
The trigger [29] consists of a hardware stage, based on information from the calorimeter and muon systems, followed by a software stage, which applies a full event reconstruction. Candidate events are selected by the hardware trigger requiring the pT of one muon to be larger than 1.48 GeV/c, or the products of the pT of the two muons to be larger than 1.68 (GeV/c)2. In the subsequent software trigger [29] , two tracks with pT>0.5 GeV/c and momentum p>6 GeV/c are required to be identified as muons and the invariant mass of the two muon tracks is required to be within ±120MeV/c2 of the nominal mass of the J/ψ meson [30] . The data used for this analysis correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.37 \,fb−1 of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √s=7 TeV, collected by the LHCb experiment in the first half of 2011. The period of data taking has been chosen to have uniform trigger conditions.
In the simulation, pp collisions are generated using Pythia 6.4 [31] with a specific LHCb configuration [32] . Decays of hadronic particles are described by EvtGen [33] , in which final state radiation is generated using Photos [34] . The interaction of the generated particles with the detector and its response are implemented using the Geant4 toolkit [35, *Agostinelli:2002hh] as described in Ref. [37] . The prompt charmonium production is simulated in Pythia according to the leading order colour-singlet and colour-octet mechanisms.
3 Signal selection
The selection requires that at least one primary vertex is reconstructed in the event. Candidate J/ψ mesons are formed from pairs of opposite-sign tracks reconstructed in the tracking system. Each track is required to have pT>0.75 GeV/c and to be identified as a muon. The two muons must originate from a common vertex and the χ2 probability of the vertex fit must be greater than 0.5%.
Figure 1: (Left) Invariant mass distribution of muon pairs passing the selection criteria. In the plot, J/ψ candidates are required to have 5 < pT < 7 GeV/c and 3.0<y<3.5. The solid (dashed) vertical lines indicate the signal (sideband) regions. (Right) Pseudo decay-time significance (Sτ) distribution for background subtracted J/ψ candidates in the same kinematic bin. The solid vertical lines indicate the Sτ selection region. The right tail of the distribution is due to J/ψ production through the decay of b hadrons.
In Fig. 1 (left), the invariant mass distribution of J/ψ candidates for 5 < pT < 7 GeV/c and 3.0<y<3.5 is shown as an example. A fit to the mass distribution has been performed using a Crystal Ball function [38] for the signal and a linear function for the background, whose origin is combinatorial. The Crystal Ball parameter describing the threshold of the radiative tail is fixed to the value obtained in the simulation. The Crystal Ball peak position and resolution determined in the fit shown in Fig. 1 (left) are respectively μ=3090.5 MeV/c2 and σ=14.6 MeV/c2. The signal region is defined as [μ−3σ,μ+3σ] and the two sideband regions as [μ−7σ,μ−4σ] and [μ+4σ,μ+7σ] in the mass distribution.
Prompt J/ψ mesons and J/ψ mesons from b-hadron decays can be discriminated by the pseudo-decay-time τ, which is defined as:
τ=(zJ/ψ−zPV)M(J/ψ)pz, (3)
where zJ/ψ and zPV are the positions of the J/ψ decay vertex and the associated primary vertex along the z-axis, M(J/ψ) is the nominal J/ψ mass and pz is the measured z component of the J/ψ momentum in the center-of-mass frame of the pp collision. For events with several primary vertices, the one which is closest to the J/ψ vertex is used. The uncertainty στ is calculated for each candidate using the measured covariance matrix of zJ/ψ and pz and the uncertainty of zPV. The bias induced by not refitting the primary vertex removing the two tracks from the reconstructed J/ψ meson is found to be negligible [2] . The pseudo decay-time significance Sτ is defined as Sτ=τ/στ. In order to suppress the component of J/ψ mesons from b-hadron decays, it is required that |Sτ|<4. With this requirement, the fraction of J/ψ from b-hadron decays reduces from about 15% to about 3%. The distribution of the pseudo-decay-time significance in one kinematic bin is shown in Fig. 1 (right).
4 Polarization fit
The polarization parameters are determined from a fit to the angular distribution (cosθ,ϕ) of the J/ψ→μ+μ− decay. The knowledge of the efficiency as a function of the angular variables (cosθ,ϕ) is crucial for the analysis. The detection efficiency ϵ includes geometrical, detection and trigger efficiencies and is obtained from a sample of simulated unpolarized J/ψ mesons decaying in the J/ψ→μ+μ− channel, where the events are divided in bins of pT and y of the J/ψ meson. The efficiency is studied as a function of four kinematic variables: pT and y of the J/ψ meson, and cosθ and ϕ of the positive muon. As an example, Fig. 2 shows the efficiency as a function of cosθ (integrated over ϕ) and ϕ (integrated over cosθ) respectively, for two different bins of pT and all five bins of y. The efficiency is lower for cosθ≈±1, as one of the two muons in this case has a small momentum in the center-of-mass frame of the pp collision and is often bent out of the detector acceptance by the dipole field of the magnet. The efficiency is also lower for |ϕ|≈0 or π, because one of the two muons often escapes the LHCb detector acceptance.
Figure 2: Global efficiency (area normalized to unity) as a function of (top) cosθ and (bottom) ϕ for (left) 3 < pT < 4 GeV/c and for (right) 7 < pT < 10 GeV/c of J/ψ mesons in the helicity frame. The efficiency is determined from simulation.
To fit the angular distribution in Eq. (1), a maximum likelihood (ML) approach is used. The logarithm of the likelihood function, for data in each pT and y bin, is defined as
logL = Ntot∑i=1wi×log[P(cosθi,ϕi|λθ,λθϕ,λϕ)ϵ(cosθi,ϕi)N(λθ,λθϕ,λϕ)] (4)
= (5)
where P(cosθi,ϕi|λθ,λθϕ,λϕ)=1+λθcos2θi+λθϕsin2θicosϕi+λϕsin2θicos2ϕi, wi are weighting factors and the index i runs over the number of the candidates, Ntot. The second sum in Eq. (5) can be ignored in the fit as it has no dependence on the polarization parameters. N(λθ,λθϕ,λϕ) is a normalization integral, defined as
N(λθ,λθϕ,λϕ)=∫dΩP(cosθ,ϕ|λθ,λθϕ,λϕ)×ϵ(cosθ,ϕ). (6)
In the simulation where J/ψ mesons are generated unpolarized, the (cosθ, ϕ) two-dimensional distribution of selected candidates is the same as the efficiency ϵ(cosθ,ϕ), so Eq. (6) can be evaluated by summing P(cosθi,ϕi|λθ,λθϕ,λϕ) over the J/ψ candidates in the simulated sample. The normalization N(λθ,λθϕ,λϕ) depends on all three polarization parameters. The weighting factor wi is chosen to be +1 (−1) if a candidate falls in the signal region (sideband regions) shown in Fig. 1. In this way the background component in the signal window is subtracted on a statistical basis.222The signal window and the sum of the sideband regions have the same width. For this procedure it is assumed that the angular distribution (cosθ,ϕ) of background events in the signal region is similar to that of the events in sideband regions, and that the mass distribution of the background is approximately linear.
The method used for the measurement of the polarization is tested by measuring the J/ψ polarization in two simulated samples with a fully transverse and fully longitudinal polarization, respectively. In both cases the results reproduce the simulation input within the statistical sensitivity.
To evaluate the normalization function N(λθ,λθϕ,λϕ) on the simulated sample of unpolarized J/ψ mesons, we rely on the correct simulation of the efficiency. In order to cross check the reliability of the efficiency obtained from the simulation, the control-channel B+→J/ψK+ is studied. The choice of this channel is motivated by the fact that, due to angular momentum conservation, the J/ψ must be longitudinally polarized and any difference between the angular distributions measured in data and in the simulation must be due to inaccuracies in the simulation.
To compare the kinematic variables of the muons in data and simulation, a first weighting procedure is applied to the simulated sample to reproduce the B+ and J/ψ kinematics in the data. In Fig. 3, cosθ distributions for B+→J/ψK+ candidates for data and simulation are shown, as well as their ratio. A small difference between the distributions for data and simulation is observed, which is attributed to an overestimation of the efficiency in the simulation for candidates with values of |cosθ|≈1. To correct for the acceptance difference, an additional event weighting is applied where the weighting factors are obtained by comparing the two-dimensional muon pT and y distribution in the center-of-mass frame of pp collisions in data and simulation. This weighting corrects for the observed disagreement in the cosθ distribution. The weights as a function of muon pT and y obtained from the B+→J/ψK+ sample are subsequently applied in the same way to the simulated prompt J/ψ sample, which is used to determine the efficiency for the polarization measurement.
Figure 3: (Left) Distributions of cosθ in the helicity frame for J/ψ mesons from B+→J/ψK+ decays in data (open circles) and simulated sample (open squares) after the weighting based on the B+ and J/ψ kinematics and (right) their ratio.
5 Systematic uncertainties
The largest systematic uncertainty is related to the determination of the efficiency and to the weighting procedure used to correct the simulation, using the B+→J/ψK+ control channel. The weighting procedure is performed in bins of pT and y of the two muons and, due to the limited number of candidates in the control channel, the statistical uncertainties of the correction factors are sizeable (from 1.3% up to 25%, depending on the bin). To propagate these uncertainties to the polarization results, the following procedure is used. For each muon (pT,y) bin, the weight is changed by one standard deviation, leaving all other weights at their nominal values. This new set of weights is used to redetermine the detector efficiency and then perform a new fit of the polarization parameters. The difference of the obtained parameters with respect to the nominal polarization result is considered as the contribution of this muon (pT,y) bin to the uncertainty. The total systematic uncertainty is obtained by summing all these independent contributions in quadrature. In the helicity frame, the average absolute uncertainty over all the J/ψ (pT,y) bins due to this effect is 0.067 on λθ.
Concerning the background subtraction, the choice of the sidebands and the background model are checked. A systematic uncertainty is evaluated by comparing the nominal results for the polarization parameters, and those obtained using only the left or the right sideband, or changing the background fit function (as alternatives to the linear function, exponential and polynomial functions are used). In both cases the maximum variation with respect to the nominal result is assigned as systematic uncertainty. Typically, the absolute size of this effect is 0.012 on λθ for pT>5GeV/c.
The effect of the (pT,y) binning for the J/ψ meson could also introduce an uncertainty, due to the difference of the J/ψ kinematic distributions between data and simulation within the bins. To investigate this effect, each bin is divided in four sub-bins (2×2) and the polarization parameters are calculated in each sub-bin. The weighted average of the results in the four sub-bins is compared with the nominal result and the difference is quoted as the systematic uncertainty. As expected, this effect is particularly important in the rapidity range near the LHCb acceptance boundaries, where the efficiency has a strong dependence on the kinematic properties of the J/ψ meson. It however depends on pT only weakly and the average effect on λθ is 0.018 (absolute).
Two systematic uncertainties related to the cut on the J/ψ decay time significance are evaluated. The first is due to the residual J/ψ candidates from b-hadron decays, 3% on average and up to 5% in the highest pT bins, that potentially have different polarization. The second is due to the efficiency difference in the Sτ requirement in data and simulation. The average size of these effects, over the J/ψ (pT,y), is 0.012.
The limited number of events in the simulation sample, used to evaluate the normalization integrals of Eq. (6), is a source of uncertainty. This effect is evaluated by simulating a large number of pseudo-experiments and the average absolute size is 0.015.
Finally, the procedure used to statistically subtract the background introduces a statistical uncertainty, not included in the standard likelihood maximization uncertainty. A detailed investigation shows that it represents a tiny correction to the nominal statistical uncertainty, reported in Tables 2 and 3.
The main contributions to the systematic uncertainties on λθ are summarized in Table 1 for the helicity and the Collins-Soper frames. While all uncertainties are evaluated for every pT and y bin separately, we quote for the individual contributions only the average, minimum and maximum values. The systematic uncertainties on λθϕ and λϕ are similar to each other and a factor two lower than those for λθ. Apart from the binning and the simulation sample size effects, the uncertainties of adjacent kinematic bins are strongly correlated.
To quote the global systematic uncertainty (Tables 2 and 3) in each kinematic bin of the J/ψ meson, the different contributions for each bin are considered to be uncorrelated and are added in quadrature.
helicity frame
Collins-Soper frame
average (min. – max.)
0.067 (0.045 – 0.173) 0.044 (0.025 – 0.185)
Binning effect
Simulation sample size
Sideband subtraction
b-hadron contamination
Table 1: Main contributions to the absolute systematic uncertainty on the parameter λθ in the helicity and Collins-Soper frames. While the systematic uncertainties are evaluated separately for all pT and y bins, we give here only the average, the minimum and the maximum values of all bins.
The fit results for the three parameters λθ, λθϕ and λϕ, with their uncertainties, are reported in Tables 2 and 3 for the helicity frame and the Collins-Soper frame, respectively. The parameter λθ is also shown in Fig. 4 as a function of the pT of the J/ψ meson, for different y bins.
Figure 4: Measurements of λθ in bins of pT for five rapidity bins in (left) the helicity frame and (right) the Collins-Soper frame. The error bars represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature. The data points are shifted slightly horizontally for different rapidities to improve visibility.
The polarization parameters λϕ and λθϕ in the helicity frame are consistent with zero within the uncertainties. Following the discussion in Sec.1, the helicity frame represents the natural frame for the polarization measurement in our experiment and the measured λθ parameter is an indicator of the J/ψ polarization, since it is equal to the invariant parameter defined in Eq. (2).
The measured value of λθ shows a small longitudinal polarization. A weighted average is calculated over all the (pT,y) bins, where the weights are chosen according to the number of events in each bin in the data sample. The average is λθ=−0.145±0.027. The uncertainty is statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature. Since the correlations of the systematic uncertainties are observed to be relevant only between adjacent kinematic bins, when quoting the average uncertainty, we assume the different kinematic bins are uncorrelated, apart from the adjacent ones, which we treat fully correlated.
A cross-check of the results is performed by repeating the measurement in the Collins-Soper reference frame (see Sec. 1). As LHCb is a forward detector, the Collins-Soper and helicity frames are kinematically quite similar, especially in the low pT and y regions. Therefore, the polarization parameters obtained in Collins-Soper frame are expected to be similar to those obtained in the helicity frame, except at high pT and low y bins. Calculating the frame-invariant variable, according to Eq. (2), the measurements performed in the two frames are in agreement within the uncertainty.
The results can be compared to those obtained by other experiments at different valuses of √s. Measurements by CDF [22] , PHENIX [23] and HERA-B [24] , also favour a negative value for λθ. The HERA-B experiment has also published results on λϕ and λθϕ, which are consistent with zero. At the LHC, the ALICE [25] and the CMS [26] collaboration studied the J/ψ polarization in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV. The CMS results, determined in a different kinematic range, disfavour large transverse or longitudinal polarizations. The analysis by ALICE is based on the cosθ and ϕ projections and thus only determines λθ and λϕ. Furthermore it also includes J/ψ mesons from b-hadron decays. The measurement has been performed in bins of J/ψ transverse momentum integrating over the rapidity in a range very similar to that of LHCb, being 2<pT<8 GeV/c and 2.5<y<4.0. To compare our results with the ALICE measurements, averages over the y region are used for the different pT bins and good agreement is found for λθ and λϕ. The comparison for λθ is shown in Fig. 5 for the helicity and Collins-Soper frames, respectively.
Figure 5: Comparison of LHCb and ALICE results for λθ in different pT bins integrating over the rapidity range 2.5<y<4.0 in (left) the helicity frame and (right) the Collins-Soper frame. Error bars represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature.
In Fig. 6 our measurements of λθ are compared with the NLO CSM [39] and NRQCD predictions of Refs. [39] , [40] and [41, *Shao2012fs] . The comparison is done in the helicity frame and as a function of the pT of the J/ψ meson (integrating over 2.5<y<4.0). The theoretical calculations in Refs. [39] , [40] and [41, *Shao2012fs] use different selections of experimental data to evaluate the non-perturbative matrix elements. Our results are not in agreement with the CSM predictions and the best agreement is found between the measured values and the NRQCD predictions of Ref. [41, *Shao2012fs] . It should be noted that our analysis includes a contribution from feed-down, while the theoretical computations from CSM and NRQCD [39] do not include feed-down from excited states. It is known that, among all the feed-down contributions to prompt J/ψ production from higher charmonium states, the contribution from χc mesons can be quite important (up to 30%) and that ψ(2S) mesons also can give a sizable contribution [43, 40, 41, *Shao2012fs] , depending on the yields and their polarizations. The NLO NRQCD calculations [40, 41, *Shao2012fs] include the feed-down from χc and ψ(2S) mesons.
Figure 6: Comparison of LHCb prompt J/ψ polarization measurements of λθ with direct NLO color singlet (magenta diagonal lines [39] ) and three different NLO NRQCD (blue diagonal lines (1) [39] , red vertical lines (2) [40] and green hatched (3) [41, *Shao2012fs] ) predictions as a function of the pT of the J/ψ meson in the rapidity range 2.5<y<4.0 in the helicity frame.
7 Update of the J/ψ cross-section measurement
The J/ψ cross-section in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV was previously measured by LHCb in 14 bins of pT and five bins of y of the J/ψ meson [2] . The uncertainty on the prompt cross-section measurement is dominated by the unknown J/ψ polarization, resulting in uncertainties of up to 20%:
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic and the third one is due to the unknown polarization.
The previous measurement of the prompt J/ψ cross-section can be updated in the range of the polarization analysis, 2<pT<14 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5, by applying the measured polarization and its uncertainty to the efficiency calculation in the cross-section measurement. To re-evaluate the J/ψ production cross-section, the same data sample, trigger and selection requirements as in Ref. [2] are used. Technically the polarization correction is done by reweighting the muon angular distribution of a simulated sample of unpolarized J/ψ→μ+μ− events to reproduce the expected distribution, according to Eq. (1), for polarized J/ψ mesons. The polarization parameters λθ, λθϕ and λϕ are set to the measured values, quoted in Table 2 for each bin of pT and y of the J/ψ meson.
In addition to the polarization update, the uncertainties on the luminosity determination and on the track reconstruction efficiency are updated to take into account the improvements described in Refs. [44, 45] . For the tracking efficiency it is possible to reduce the systematic uncertainty to 3%, compared to an 8% uncertainty assigned in the original measurement [2] . Taking advantage of the improvements described in [44] the uncertainty due to the luminosity measurement has been reduced from the 10%, quoted in [2] to the 3.5%. The results obtained for the double-differential cross-section are shown in Fig. 7 and reported in Table 4. The integrated cross-section in the kinematic range of the polarization analysis, 2 <pT<14 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5, is
and for the range pT<14 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5, it is
For the two given cross-section measurements, the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic, while the third arises from the remaining uncertainty due to the polarization measurement and is evaluated using simulated event samples. For the pT range pT<2 GeV/c, where no polarization measurement exists, we assume zero polarization and assign as systematic uncertainty the difference between the zero polarization hypothesis and fully transverse (upper values) or fully longitudinal (lower values) polarization. For pT>2GeV/c the uncertainties on the polarization measurement coming from the various sources are propagated to the cross-section measurement fluctuating the values of the polarization parameters in Eq. 1 with a Gaussian width equal to one standard deviation. The relative uncertainty due to the polarization effect on the integrated cross-section in 2<pT<14 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5 is 2.4%. The relative uncertainty on the integrated cross-section in the range of Ref. [2] , pT<14 GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5, is reduced to 12% (lower polarization uncertainty) and to 9% (upper polarization uncertainty) with respect to the value published in Ref. [2] .
Figure 7: Differential cross-section of prompt J/ψ production as a function of pT and in bins of y. The vertical error bars show the quadratic sum of the statistical and systematic uncertainties.
A measurement of the prompt J/ψ polarization obtained with pp collisions at √s=7 TeV, performed using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.37 \,fb−1, is presented. The data have been collected by the LHCb experiment in the early 2011. The polarization parameters (λθ,λθϕ,λϕ) are determined by studying the angular distribution of the two muons from the decay J/ψ→μ+μ− with respect to the polar and azimuthal angle defined in the helicity frame. The measurement is performed in five bins of J/ψ rapidity y and six bins of J/ψ transverse momentum pT in the kinematic range 2<pT<15GeV/c and 2.0<y<4.5.
The results for λθ indicate a small longitudinal polarization while the results for λθϕ and λϕ are consistent with zero. Although a direct comparison is not possible due to the different collision energies and analysis ranges, the measurements performed by CDF [22] , PHENIX [23] , HERA-B [24] and CMS [26] show no significant transverse or longitudinal polarization. Good agreement has also been found with ALICE measurements [25] , performed in a pT and rapidity range very similar to that explored by LHCb.
Our results, that are obtained for prompt


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By Dawn Garcia #TravelTuesdays, Arts | Culture, ENTERTAINMENT, Film Festival, Sundance February 15, 2020
Lyft Lounge at Sundance Film Festival 2020
PARK CITY, UTAH - JANUARY 24: The cast Of "Dinner In America" rides with Lyft VIP on January 24, 2020 in Park City, Utah. (Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images for Lyft)
Lyfting off
At Sundance Film Fest
The third annual Lyft Lounge kicks off the prominent Sundance indie film festival on January 24, 2020 in Park City, Utah.
Every year the world watches as independent films and new and notable filmmakers on the rise make their film debuts at the world renown Sundance Film Festival. This year, Sundance partnered with Lyft for the third year to bring visitors a unique escape amid the snowy weather. Featuring multiple panel discussions with filmmakers including the cast of Dinner in America, Time, and Promising Young Woman came together to experience community and inspiration in the designated Lyft Lounge.
In the throes of the festival, the lounge kicked off by welcoming The Atlantic Filmmaker Chat moderated by Adrienne LaFrance and up-and-coming documentarian of the film Time, Garrett Bradley, as well as Mike Masserman who is Head of Social Impact at Lyft. The film looks at the problematic rise of over incarceration. Later that day Dinner In America director Pat Healy and cast members Kyle Gallner, Emily Skeggs, Griffin Gluck, Lea Thompson, Adam Rehmeier, and Mary Lynn Rajskub rode VIP to the festival with Lyft. Dinner In America tells the story of on-the-lam punk-rocker Simon and obsessed-with-his-band misfit Patty and their unexpected love story as journey through decaying Midwestern suburbs. Celebrating their after party in the Lyft Lounge was Promising Young Woman writer, director Emerald and cast members Carey Mulligan and Bo Burnham, producers Tom Ackerley, Sophia Kerr and Josey McNamara, and composer Anthony Willis. Cyn performed during the party, and other notables included Fletcher and Keto.The film tells the story of a young woman who is traumatized by a tragic event in her past, seeking vengeance against the men who cross her.
$5 OFF LyftRide | Promo Code: DAWN517411
Lyft is the Official Rideshare Partner for the Sundance Film Festival. #lyftlounge
A few unknown facts about Park City, Utah and the Sundance Film Festival.
Each night an electric siren rings at 10 p.m. The alarm was originally used in 1905 as a way to warn young residents of curfew and can still be heard in old town.
A total of 40 U.S. athletes in the 2014 Sochi Olympic have ties to Park City. In fact, seven of the 230 competitors were from Park City, while another 33 either live, train, or went to school here. Of the 28 medals earned in Sochi, 14 came from the Park City area.
The city is home to 400-plus trails used for hiking, biking, snow sports, and more. The city has more than 150 hiking trails open to the public as well as 8,000 acres of preserved open space.
In 2009, David Perkins and his family opened the first legal distillery in Utah since 1870, High West Distillery. The facility is located in Wanship, and tours and tastings are available. The saloon is located in Old Town Park City and serves as a popular place for Western fare and culture, as well as locally made spirits.
It's never been easier to get around Park City. Visitors enjoy free access to the free transit system that stops at recreational attractions, the historic district and Kimball Junction. The Main Street Trolley also offers free rides every day from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m., with hop-on and hop-off locations throughout the area.
In 1969, Redford purchases 5,000 acres in the same area and names the land Sundance, after his role in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. That same year, he opens Sundance Mountain Resort to the public and designates a vast majority of the land as a wilderness preserve.
Sundance began in Salt Lake City in August 1978 as the Utah/US Film Festival in an effort to attract more filmmakers to Utah.
Sundance was founded by Sterling Van Wagenen, head of Robert Redford's company Wildwood, and John Earle of the Utah Film Commission.
In 1980, Redford establishes Sundance Institute to bolster the field of independent storytelling and help emerging artists hone their craft.
In 1983, Gregory Nava's El Norte becomes the first Lab-supported film to be produced. Critically acclaimed, El Norte tells of the plight of undocumented immigrants from Guatemala and their journey to the United States. The film earns Gregory Nava and Anna Thomas a nomination for the Academy Award for best writing.
By 1985, Sundance Film Festival became the first of its kind. To date, the festival gives national and global storytellers, indie films and new, diverse filmmakers a platform to be seen, appreciated, and hired for longer-term studio driven projects. It remains one of the more prominent platforms for emerging and existing filmmakers.
Sources: itrip.net, sundance.org, visitparkcity.org | Photo by Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images for Lyft
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Archive for the 'Earth Changes' Category
Massive earthquake sets back NZ economic recovery
Posted by Admin on September 6, 2010
By ROB GRIFFITH, Associated Press Writer – 39 mins ago
CHRISTCHURCH, New Zealand – New Zealand's prime minister warned Monday that the country's economic recovery will be hurt by the weekend's powerful 7.1-magnitude earthquake that smashed buildings and wrecked roads and rail lines in the city of Christchurch.
The aftereffects of the temblor are still coming to light. Residents in a new subdivision in a southern suburb were evacuated Monday from their houses, which became mired in deep layers of silt that spewed from the soft ground as it turned to liquid under pressure from the quake.
"We thought we were having a tsunami," said homeowner Lalita Sharma. "We stepped outside into knee-high liquid. We thought the house would sink."
Mounds of sand covered front lawns and driveways, and some houses had been ripped from their foundations. A driveway that had sloped upward from the road was now flat, the rose garden buried in sand.
Army troops have taken control of central Christchurch to help police secure streets and badly damaged businesses in the worst-hit center of the city. The area remained cordoned off and under nighttime curfew, with only building and business owners allowed access.
"There will be considerable disruption to the (regional) and national economy in the short term," but activity should pick up as reconstruction gains momentum, Prime Minister John Key said. The country's economy has now recorded two quarters of minor growth after struggling to escape 18 months of recession.
The quake struck at 4:35 a.m. Saturday near the South Island city of 400,000 people, ripping open a new fault line in the earth's surface, destroying hundreds of buildings and cutting power to the region. No one was killed, and only two serious injuries were reported.
Key, who toured the city's damaged areas over the weekend, said 430 houses and another 70 buildings, many of them older structures, were already earmarked for demolition because of damage caused by the quake. Around 100,000 of the region's 160,000 homes had sustained some damage, he said.
"I was awe-struck by the power of the earthquake and the damage it has caused in the city," he told reporters. "It was miraculous that nobody was killed."
A quake-damaged building partially collapsed into a suburban street Monday and officials took urgent steps to bulldoze and remove it. There were no injuries reported.
"Police had a unit going past just as it happened and they managed to stop and block (off) the road," Inspector John Price said.
Key said the earthquake would have a short-term negative impact on economic growth, but that loss "would be more than made up by the stimulus impact that takes place with the rebuilding program."
The government plans to pay at least 90 percent of the hundreds of millions of dollars needed to rebuild thecity's water, waste water and road infrastructure, Key said.
Economists agreed the immediate economic outlook for quake-ravaged Christchurch is bleak, but noted reconstruction would provide a boost to a struggling construction sector next year.
"I think people are going to be pretty conservative over the next three months. What we are seeing is … negative growth in the near term," ANZ Bank chief economist Cameron Bagrie said.
More than 80 aftershocks, ranging from magnitude 3.2 to 5.4, have rocked the region since the major quake Saturday.
Rain was falling Monday in the nearby Southern Alps and foothills, increasing the risk of flooding. Civil defenseofficials warned that stop banks, or flood protectors, weakened by the quake may fail to hold rising waters. Engineers were inspecting the banks Monday.
Around 150 people have been evacuated from a trailer park near the Waimakariri River as a precaution.
New Zealand sits above an area where two tectonic plates collide. The country records more than 14,000 earthquakes a year — but only about 150 are felt by residents. Fewer than 10 a year do any damage.
New Zealand's last major earthquake registered magnitude 7.8 and hit South Island's Fiordland region on July 16, 2009, moving the southern tip of the country 12 inches (30 centimeters) closer to Australia.
Associated Press Writer Ray Lilley in Wellington contributed to this report.
New Zealand stocks shrug off earthquake (telegraph.co.uk)
"New Zealand earthquake rips a new fault line across the world… moving one side of the earth 11ft to the right" and related posts (asianenergy.blogspot.com)
NZ Quake Zone Hit By Aftershocks And Winds (news.sky.com)
New Zealand quake tore new fault line, geologist says (theglobeandmail.com)
New Zealand Faces $1.4 Billion Bill After Earthquake (businessweek.com)
Posted in Earth Changes | Tagged: Christchurch, Earthquake, Fault (geology), New Zealand, Oceania, South Island | Leave a Comment »
Emergency declared after 7.1 quake hits New Zealand
By Gyles Beckford
WELLINGTON | Sat Sep 4, 2010 1:36pm IST
WELLINGTON (Reuters) – Authorities declared an overnight curfew for Saturday after a major earthquake hit New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch, bringing down power lines and bridges and wrecking roads and building facades.
"The damages are incredibly frightening. The only thing you can say it's a miracle that no one lost their life," Prime Minister John Key told Television NZ after the quake struck with a magnitude of 7.1 from a depth of 10 kms (6 miles) at around 4.35 a.m. local time (1635 GMT Friday).
He said early estimates for the cost of repairs were around NZ$2 billion ($1.4 billion).
A curfew was slapped on the central business district of Christchurch between 1900 and 0700 (0700 GMT and 1900 GMT). Earlier, a formal civil defence state of emergency was imposed in the city of around 350,000 to coordinate recovery operations.
The last time authorities declared a local emergency was in late December 2007 when a 6.8 magnitude earthquake hit Gisborne on New Zealand's North Island. The earthquake caused damage to some buildings but also caused no casualties.
Christchurch city and the neighbouring small towns bore the full force of the quake, which did considerable damage to infrastructure.
"The damage is immense, it's something that has affected every family, every household…the hit on our infrastructure, the pipes that deliver the water, the waste water, the bridges, the power supplies…has been very significant," Christchurch mayor Bob Parker told reporters.
The city's hospital said two men had been admitted with serious injuries, one hit by a falling chimney and the other cut by glass.
Police said there were minor instances of looting, which had been quickly contained. In the suburbs many houses had broken windows, toppled chimneys, cracked walls and items thrown off shelves, with some streets and footpaths subsiding.
In late afternoon, power has been restored to 90 percent of the Christchurch urban area and 80 percent of the rural network.
Authorities were preparing to bring in water in large tankers because pumping stations were out of action and pipes broken.
RURAL EPICENTRE
The small farming community of Darfield, around 20 kms (12 miles) west of Christchurch, was near the quake's epicentre.
The principal of the primary school there said the quake, which threw him out of bed, was terrifying.
"Our china cabinet has crashed, pictures are off the wall, anything high up has come down and the cat has gone. He is probably still heading south," Markham McCullen told the NZ Press Association.
GNS Science, the New Zealand government seismological agency, revised the quake's magnitude to 7.1 from an original 7.4. The U.S. Geological Survey initially reported it at 7.4 but later revised its figure to 7.0.
Christchurch airport, which was shut earlier, has been reopened and is operational, while the railway network and bridges throughout the region were also being checked for damage.
Canterbury University, which has about 22,000 students, said there has been no material structural damage on its campus, but the university will be closed until Sept 13 for health and safety assessment.
The quake was felt as a long rolling motion lasting up to 40 seconds. The area was continuing to feel aftershocks as strong as magnitude 5.3.
The quake was among the 10 strongest recorded in New Zealand, which sits between the Pacific and Indo-Australian tectonic plates, and records around 14,000 earthquakes a year, of which around 20 top magnitude 5.0.
The last fatal quake was in 1968 when an earthquake measuring 7.1 killed three people on the South Island's West Coast.
($1 = NZ$1.39)
(Additional reporting by Mantik Kusjanto; Editing by David Fox)
(For more news, visit Reuters India)
Curfew declared after 7.1 quake hits New Zealand (reuters.com)
Curfew declared after 7.1 quake hits New Zealand (independent.co.uk)
Emergency declared as quake hits New Zealand (independent.co.uk)
You: Powerful quake hits New Zealand (latimes.com)
UPDATE 4-Quake of 7.4 hits New Zealand near Christchurch (scientificamerican.com)
Police curfew after NZ earthquake (bbc.co.uk)
Quake rocks N Zealand South Island (mirror.co.uk)
New Zealand's Christchurch, Rocked by Quake, Declares Emergency (businessweek.com)
New Zealand struck by major quake (seattletimes.nwsource.com)
New Zealand quake sparks state of emergency (msnbc.msn.com)
New Zealand's South Island under state of emergency after earthquake (mirror.co.uk)
Posted in Earth Changes | Tagged: Christchurch, earthquakes, New Zealand, Plate tectonics, richter scale, ring of fire, seismic activities, South Island, tectonic shifts | Leave a Comment »


The meeting will take place in the Kongresshaus Zürich, Gotthardstrasse 5, 8002 Zürich.
Kongresshaus Zürich is a local institution of national and international renown, which boasts a spectacular panoramic view of Lake Zurich and offers an incomparable array of events and services. We offer diversity by design: conventions, trade fairs, and exhibitions as well as all kinds of business, social, and cultural events, including world-class highlights.
The combination of a city center location against the backdrop of a natural lakeside panorama offers an attractive setting for events and fringe programs.
The city center, hotels and restaurants are within walking distance or easily reachable by local tram or bus.


text:
Nakhchivan mausoleums submitted to ISESCO Islamic World Heritage List
Keywords:AzerbaijanLand of Fire
Azerbaijan has submitted mausoleums in Nakhchivan to be considered for inclusion in ISESCO (Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Islamic World Heritage list, AzerTag reports.
Vasif Eyvazzade, the Secretary General of Azerbaijan National Commission for ISESCO, head of the International Cooperation Department of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism presented a collection of relevant documents and a letter of the Minister of Culture and Tourism Abulfas Garayev to ISESCO Director General Abdulaziz Othman Altwaijri as they met on the sidelines of the 38th session of the Executive Council of ISESCO in Rabat, Morocco.
Eyvazzade highlighted the exceptional role of President Ilham Aliyev and First Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva in the development of relations between Azerbaijan and ISESCO.
He gave detailed information about the monuments destroyed by the Armenians in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan, saying that a special working group was created for this purpose. Eyvazzade said that the next year Azerbaijan will mark the 10th anniversary of the "Baku Process", noting the importance of ISESCO's active involvement in promotion of this event on the international arena.
The Director-General of ISESCO underlined that the organization stands by Azerbaijan in all issues.
Source news.az
Putin: "Talks in Baku will focus on the North–South Corridor"
Minister: Azerbaijan turning into regional transit center
Azerbaijan elected as vice-president of UNESCO WHC
Azerbaijan liberates another village from Armenian occupation in Nakhchivan
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Composer:	"Karl Leister, clarinet Koji Toyoda, conductor / Gunma Symphony Orchestra The Vienna String Quartet Ferenc Bogn�«¡r, piano Philharmonia Quartet, Berlin Anthony Spiri, piano "
Included:	"[DISC-1] Saverio Mercadante (1795–1870): from Clarinet Concerto in B-Flat Major Op.101  Allegro maestoso Johannes Brahms (1833–1897): from Clarinet Quintet in B Minor Op.115  Adagio  Luciano Berio (1925–2003): Lied per Clarinet Solo  Charles-Marie Widor (1844–1937): Inrtoduction and Rondo for Clarinet and Piano Op.72 Franz Schubert (1797–1828): from Sechs Lieder (arr.: Carl Baermann)  Der Neugierige (¡ÈDie sch�«Óne M�«ällerin¡É D.795 Op.25)  Ave Maria D.839 Op.52 No.6  St�«£ndchen D.889 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791): from Clarinet Concerto in A Major K.622  Adagio Robert Schumann (1810–1856): from Fantasiest�«äcke Op.73  Zart und mit Ausdruck  Carl Nielsen (1865–1931): Fantasy Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826): from Clarinet Quintet in B-Flat Major Op.34  Rondo (Allegro)  Niccol�«Ò Paganini (1782–1840): Capriccio No.12 in A-Flat Major Op.1 No.12 from 24 Capricci Op.1  Jean Fran�«®aix (1912–1997): Thema and Variations for Clarinet and Piano [DISC-2] Witold Lutos�©Èawski (1913–1994): from Dance Preludes for Clarinet and Piano  I. Allegro molto  IV. Andante  V. Allegro molto "


text:
Баркоди́рование ДНК (ДНК-штрихкодирование, генетический баркодинг, ДНК-баркодинг, ) — метод молекулярной идентификации, который позволяет по коротким генетическим маркерам в ДНК определять принадлежность организма к определённому таксону. В отличие от методов молекулярной филогенетики, ДНК-баркодирование используется для определения места данного организма в уже существующей классификации, а не для построения филогенетических деревьев и дополнения уже существующей классификации, поэтому вопрос об использовании баркодирования ДНК для идентификации видовой принадлежности нового организма является спорным. Наиболее часто используемым локусом генетического баркодинга для животных является участок митохондриального гена цитохромоксидазы I из примерно 600 пар нуклеотидов.

Применение ДНК-баркодирования распространяется на такие задачи, как, например, идентификация растения только по его листьям (к примеру, если недоступны цветки или плоды), идентификация личинок насекомых (которые могут иметь меньше диагностических признаков, чем взрослые особи, и часто менее изучены), определение рациона питания животных по содержанию желудка или фекалиям и другое.

Выбор локуса
Локусы для ДНК-баркодинга должны:
 представлять собой не очень длинные участки ДНК;
 присутствовать у большинства представителей рассматриваемых таксонов и при этом содержать небольшое количество вариаций у представителей одного вида;
 достаточно легко секвенироваться с помощью современных технологий секвенирования без использования специфических праймеров.

Предлагаются различные локусы для разных таксонов, отбор таких локусов проводится специальными комитетами. На сегодняшний день официально используют:
 Для животных и многих других эукариот — митохондриальный ген цитохромоксидазы;
 Для растений — конкатенация генов хлоропластов rbcL и matK (но эти локусы обеспечивают низкое разрешение при идентификации наземных растений, поэтому им пытаются найти замену);
 Для грибов — внутренний транскрибируемый спейсер (internal transcribed spacer, ITS).

Митохондриальная ДНК
Последовательности митохондриальной ДНК (мтДНК) привлекают внимание людей как мишень для ДНК-баркодирования по ряду причин:
 Практически все эукариотические клетки содержат митохондрии, несущие митохондриальный геном. Исключения составляет ряд одноклеточных паразитических форм, такие как Trachipleistophora, , Giardia, в которых произошла вторичная деградация митохондрий. Тем не менее в клетках этих организмов обнаруживаются рудиментарные органеллы, являющиеся остатками некогда функциональных митохондрий.
 Митохондриальная ДНК животных характеризуется сравнительно высокой скоростью накопления мутаций, что приводит к формированию различий по последовательности митохондриальных генов между популяциями и внутри популяций за сравнительно короткие (в эволюционном плане) временные отрезки, порядка тысяч поколений.
 Митохондрии наследуются по материнской линии, поэтому эффективный размер популяции в данном случае пропорционален числу размножающихся самок, в то время как для ядерного генома этот показатель равен удвоенному числу всех размножающихся особей в популяции (поскольку каждая особь содержит две копии ядерного генома). Уменьшенный эффективный размер популяции приводит к более быстрому отбору линий генов мтДНК внутри популяций и между ними в связи с различиями в плодовитости отдельных особей (принцип ).

Комбинация быстрого накопления мутаций и быстрого отбора приводит к тому, что внутри вида последовательности митохондриальной ДНК различаются сравнительно слабо, а между видами — сравнительно сильно, что и требуется для эффективного баркодирования. Наиболее часто используемым для баркодирования локусом мтДНК является участок гена субъединицы I митохондриальной цитохром с- оксидазы (COI) длиной в 658 пар оснований (т. н. Фолмеровский участок).

Различия в последовательностях мтДНК не могут быть объективной мерой принадлежности организмов к одному или к разным видам в ряде ситуаций, приводящих к повышению разнообразия последовательностей внутри вида:
 В случае наличия актов рекомбинации (напрямую рекомбинация мтДНК показана для ряда двустворчатых моллюсков, например, рода Mytilus);
 В случае гибридизации (показано для зайцев рода Lepus);
 При наличии внутри вида нескольких линий мтДНК, выделяющихся в пределах одной популяции;
 При наличии эндосимбионтов, селективно убивающих особей мужского пола;
 При наличии внутриклеточных симбионтов, приводящих к несовместимости цитоплазмы при оплодотворении, что очень характерно, например, для насекомых (считается, что от 15 до 75 % всех видов насекомых заражены бактериями рода Wolbachia).

Выбор локуса для баркодинга наземных растений
Ряд исследователей считает, что использование локуса СОI для идентификации большинства видов у растений неприменимо, поскольку для высших растений скорость эволюции гена цитохром с-оксидазы значительно ниже, чем у животных. В целях поиска более подходящего для использования при баркодировании ДНК локуса в геноме покрытосеменных растений, являющихся наиболее многочисленной группой высших (наземных) растений, было проведено несколько исследований. В качестве кандидатов были предложены последовательности ядерного  (ITS) пластидного спейсера между генами trnH и psbA, а также пластидного гена , кодирующего фермент сплайсинга интронов в хлоропластах.

В 2009 году большой группой специалистов по ДНК-баркодингу растений было предложено использовать комбинацию rbcL и matK — двух генов, кодируемых в геноме хлоропластов. Для лучшего разрешения видов к этим локусам предлагается добавлять в рассмотрение ядерный спейсер ITS2. По состоянию на 2015 год поиск подходящих локусов продолжается, в частности, локус хлоропластного гена ycf1 был выдвинут в качестве многообещающей кандидатуры для использования в определении растений при помощи баркодирования.

Использование метода

Определение птиц
В попытке найти соответствие между границами видов, определёнными при помощи традиционной систематики, и границами, выявляемыми при использовании ДНК-баркодирования, Пауль Геберт с коллегами произвели баркодирование 260 видов птиц (более трети всех гнездящихся в Северной Америке видов). В результате было обнаружено, что все последовательности гена COI между видами были различны, внутри же видов (130 видов были представлены двумя и более образцами) различия в последовательности COI отсутствовали, либо были незначительны. В среднем последовательности между видами различались на 7,93 %, а внутри вида на 0,43 %.

В четырёх случаях внутри вида наблюдалась необычно высокая разница между последовательностями локусов, что дало повод предположить наличие новых видов. Интересно, что в трёх из четырёх случаев некоторые систематики уже разбивали такой политипичный вид на два. Данные Геберта с коллегами поддерживают такое разделение, а также в целом демонстрируют эффективность использования ДНК-баркодинга для определения видовой принадлежности птиц. Авторами кроме того предложен универсальный порог, который они предлагают использовать при выделении новых видов: предлагается считать разными видами такие группы индивидов, средняя разница между последовательностями баркодинговых локусов которых десятикратно превышает среднюю внутривидовую разницу для исследуемой группы.

Другими примерами использования ДНК-баркодирования в систематике птиц могут служить исследования видов с широким ареалом и высокой внутривидовой морфологической изменчивостью, что было проделано на примере обыкновенной сипухи, а также реорганизация групп с неясными внутренними связями, как, например, семейства Тимелиевые.

Определение рыб
Fish Barcode of Life Initiative (FISH-BOL) является проектом по сбору, стандартизации и систематизации данных ДНК-баркодирования образцов рыб, для которых определена достоверная таксономическая принадлежность. Будучи запущена в 2005 году, по состоянию на 2016 год база данных содержит информацию о последовательностях локусов более чем 11000 видов рыб, что составляет около 35 % всего биологического разнообразия группы. Кроме последовательностей, в FISH-BOL содержатся фотографии и географические координаты исследованных образцов, информация о распространении видов, номенклатуре и ссылки на литературу. Таким образом, FISH-BOL дублирует и значительно дополняет информацию, имеющуюся в других источниках, таких как, например, Catalog of Fishes и FishBase.

ДНК-баркодирование всех видов рыб может быть полезно по целому ряду причин: это позволит проводить определение вида широкому кругу лиц, выявлять ранее неизвестные виды, проводить определение вида в ситуациях, когда традиционные методы неприменимы. Примером такой ситуации может филогенетический анализ груперов при помощи баркодирования, который может быть применён при определении вида рыбы, вызвавшей заболевание сигаутеру, по пищевым остаткам. ДНК-баркодинг удобен для идентификации чужеродных для данного водоёма видов рыб, в том числе по плохо сохранившимся фрагментам и личиночным стадиям.

Скрытые виды
Одной из задач, в решении которой баркодирование ДНК может играть большую роль, является определение границ между так называемыми криптическими, или скрытыми, видами. Как правило, это комплекс морфологически неразличимых видов, разделение таких комплексов на отдельные таксоны часто представляет трудности.

ДНК баркодирование неоднократно использовалось при исследовании криптических видов в заповеднике Гуанакасте на северо-западе Коста-Рики.

Одним из первых скрытых видов, показавшим эффективность ДНК баркодирования в его разделении, стали неотропические бабочки-толстоголовки . Это комплекс видов с неявными морфологическими различиями и необычно большим разнообразием кормовых растений у их гусениц. Анализ результатов секвенирования гена COI из 484 организмов, морфологически относящихся к A. fulgerator, вызвал споры: в 2004 авторы предположили, что A. fulgerator состоит из как минимум 10 видов; в 2006 году был проведен повторный анализ этих же последовательностей с помощью бутстрэпа методом присоединения соседей, анализа агрегации популяций и кладистическим анализом гаплотипов, было получено разделение на 3 (максимум 7) клад, а предыдущая работа подвергнута критике. Такие различия показали, что интерпретация результатов, полученных ДНК баркодированием, зависит от выбора аналитических методов, а разграничение скрытых видов с использованием ДНК штрих-кодов может быть так же субъективно, как и другие формы таксономии.

Другие примеры видов из заповедника Гуанакасте, показавшие эффективность применения метода ДНК баркодирования: исследование и идентификация тропических гусениц, а также разделение на таксоны паразитических мух  (Tachinidae), выращенных из гусениц.

Однако другое родственное семейство мух Calliphoridae рода  не удалось разделить ДНК баркодированием: исследовалась эффективность применения баркодирования для разделения мух рода Protocalliphora, которые, как известно, заражены эндосимбиотическими бактериями Wolbachia. Разделение на таксоны было невозможно для 60 % видов, а при определении новых видов ошибка при оценке количества видов в роду могла бы составлять 75 %. Предполагается, что такой результат был связан с отсутствием монофилетичности видов на митохондриальном уровне (например, в одном случае 4 разных вида имели одинаковые штрих-коды), отсутствие внутривидовой монофилии может объясняться межвидовой гибридизацией, связанной с заражением Wolbachia. Wolbachia является эндосимбионтом от 15 до 75 % видов насекомых, из-за чего идентификация на уровне видов на основе митохондриальной последовательности может быть невозможна для многих насекомых.

Классификация ископаемых организмов
Возможность использования ДНК-баркодинга для оценки исторического разнообразия биоты Земли была оценена на примере группы вымерших бескилевых птиц моа. 10 видов моа, выявленных с помощью баркодирования по гену цитохромоксидазы из субфоссильных костей моа, соответствовали ранее известным видам, за одним исключением, которое может представлять собой ранее не опознанную группу видов. При использовании стандартного порога в 2,7 % внутривидовой дисперсии на тех же данных обнаружилось 6 видов, однако, с учетом медленных темпов роста и размножения моа, существует вероятность того, что внутривидовая вариация является довольно низкой, в результате чего авторами был взят порог в 1,24 %. С другой стороны, нет никакого установленного значения порога, при котором можно считать, что популяции безвозвратно начали подвергаться процессу видообразования.

Критика
ДНК-баркодирование встретило неоднозначную реакцию со стороны учёных, особенно систематиков, начиная от восторженного одобрения до громогласной оппозиции.

Предполагается, что некоторые недавно разошедшиеся виды могут не быть различимы на основе последовательностей гена COI. Кроме того, около 23 % видов животных являются полифилетическими, если считать, что данные о их мтДНК являются точными, то есть присвоение вида животному с помощью баркодинга по мтДНК будет давать неоднозначный или неточный результат примерно в 23 % случаев.

В исследованиях с насекомыми может возникать равная или даже большая частота появления ошибок, из-за нередкого отсутствия корреляции между митохондриальным и ядерным геномами или отсутствия разницы между внутри- и межвидовыми расстояниями для рассматриваемых генов. Проблемы с мтДНК, вызванные симбионтами, индуцирующими цитоплазматическую несовместимость (например, Wolbachia) или микроорганизмами, убивающими самцов также распространены среди насекомых. Если принять во внимание, что насекомые составляют более 75 % всех известных организмов, видно, что в то время как мтДНК баркодирование может работать для позвоночных животных, оно может не быть эффективным для большинства известных организмов.

В настоящее время считается, что ДНК-баркодирование следует использовать наряду с традиционными таксономическими инструментами и альтернативными формами молекулярной систематики, что позволяет выявить проблемные случаи и обнаружить ошибки. Ситуации с некриптическими видами обычно могут быть разрешены традиционной или молекулярной систематикой однозначно. Тем не менее, в более сложных случаях результат будет давать только комбинация подходов. И, наконец, так как большая часть глобального биоразнообразия остается неизвестной, молекулярное баркодирование может только намекнуть на существование новых таксонов, но не выделить или описать их.

См. также
 Молекулярная филогенетика
 Генетическая дактилоскопия
 Митохондриальная ДНК
 Цитохром с-оксидаза

Примечания

Аутентификация
Биоинформатика
Биометрия
ДНК

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Rachel's season
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foreverlove wins
One man's journey to understand The Bachelor.
Rachel's season, Uncategorized
Finale! I'm living' my best life.
Posted on August 8, 2017 by foreverlovewins
I feel like a fake eyelash right now, cried off and left to gather dust on some old-timey Spanish BNB's oaken floor.
The last time I was this confused and emotionally spent was a night back in November, when friends gathered and spent 3 hours looking at each other, speechless. The question, "WHAT IS HAPPENING??!!!" just sitting there on our faces while 7-layer dip went unpenetrated.
Last night delivered every emotion I knew I had and some I didn't. Every 15 minutes my rooting interests changed. It was the least interesting finale ever. It was the most interesting finale ever.
Am I alone in wanting to walk into the ocean and just bob up and down for a while? I feel like that might provide a fun texture to my levis 513s but that's for another blog.
Here's what we know. We ended up with Bryan cheesing his way to a victory despite Rachel practically begging Peter to propose to her THE NIGHT BEFORE SHE GOT ENGAGED TO ANOTHER GUY!!!!
This season had a lot of crazy along the way but it was really only about one thing. One man pursued while another was pursued.
It came down to the wire, with Peter doing everything short of saying to Rachel, "Can I walk you out?" after the strangest breakup/non-breakup EVER. Rachel could've let herself be escorted into a waiting SUV and talked to camera about how she thought Peter was the one before realizing, "Wait, I'm the Bachelorette! He's the one who's supposed to be in this SUV, crying over chardonnay. Stop the van, I gotta live my best life."
When they brought Peter out, didn't we all expect them to announce that they were actually engaged??? But that didn't happen. Instead, they watched the horror of whatever that was in Spain, while Bryan sat backstage ALSO WATCHING IT while plotting out his calculated lip-licking and stupid re-proposal!!! This show is going to break me. But that's why we're all here, to work out the insanity together. Press on, press on.
Bryan isn't evil. He's just the kind of cringe-worthy that rolls the "r" in "Rioja". Red flags and red henleys all over that wine country. He thinks he's got this in the bag. The D-bag.
His suit jacket at the rose ceremony looked like something someone with poor judgment would buy at the MGM Grand after an inexplicable 3-hour run at the craps table.
By the time he took a short day hike up to the Proposal Villa, we had nothing left. The live studio audience wasn't clapping. We were witnessing a woman compromising while chasing a ring. Even the wind tried to stop the shenanigans.
But mother nature is nothing compared to the power of a Neil Lane diamond. Surely now, there will be a wedding planned wait what's that? Nothing in the near future because it would be silly to rush into something so large as marriage? It was at that moment we realized that yes, Rachel was in it for the ring. Will she be happy now that she is a fiancé? I don't think any of us will ever be happy about anything ever again. I really need to go bob in the ocean.
Let's take a final look at the last night's main players and how they came out of this thing.
So many were rooting for him.
He handled his departure with grace.
Twitter liked his beard. Ladies be horny for it.
Maybe the first "real" person on this show, ever.
He has Resting Brooding Face. Every time he's not talking the guy looks like something out of a Lamonts Catalogue.
Twitter wanted Peter to win and when he didn't, Twitter erupted.
Women will flock to Wisconsin to throw themselves at Peter. He wins the show.
Because how can you say no to this?
He is the human embodiment of a consolation prize.
One of the cheesiest people in this show's history.
When asked where they would live, Bryan threw out Los Angeles as an option. He doesn't realize that his thirst for fame is also super painful.
Bryan should not google his own name for like, months.
Rachel had a Ronald Miller type run on this show. Her star burned brightly for weeks and then, it all came crashing down at once.
When someone you think is smart does something you think is stupid it makes you want to bob up and down in the ocean.
I'm ok if she fades into the ether just so I don't have to see Bryan anymore. I mean, if you do one thing today, go and experience his Instagram account. https://www.instagram.com/p/BXhT9_pH5cU/?hl=en&taken-by=thebryanabasolo
He's done it again. Made us look deep within ourselves, daring us not to watch anymore knowing we are powerless to resist him.
I'll leave you with two things to think about and a quote that sums up my feelings.
Juan Pablo is married. These are the times we are living in.
Bryan has more than one black leather jacket.
"I feel like I'm taking crazy pills."
– Eleonore Roosevelt
Foreverlove our time away and we'll meet again once The Bachelor is back. I will miss our time together. If you need me, I'll be in the ocean with these losers.
Our little hang-in-there kitty finally fell to his death. He was overly optimistic on the fall and when he splat against the pavement he used his dying breath to tell us what a big mistake Rachel made. Did we totally miss out on their story or was it in all in Adam's head? I'm really mildly curious to get his take at the Men Tell All. There wasn't anything hateable about the guy. It's just that there wasn't any anything about him. Probably didn't help that he wore a tee shirt under a sport coat to his final dinner. And I'm not talking about a cool, ironic tee shirt that Luke Wilson would've worn in the mid 2000's. I'm talking about the kind of tee shirt your least fashionable male friend would train in for a marathon. I feel like if Adam spilled wine down the front of it, the liquid would wick away like rain on the hood of a car. You just can't make that kind of mistake this late in the game. I mean of course, he had no chance from the jump but we need to talk about him here because that's what we do. Adam, we wish you well. Keep that chin up, friend and maybe look into a cotton-polly blend.
Back to the breadline.
Shock and awe. Anthony gets five sentences. He was so nice and that forehead! Like unwrapping a Rolo. You'll be missed T-Bone.
Ladies and gentlemen I present to you the biggest winner of this season's show. Blake E has played us all, Verbal Kent style.
Somewhere in a production van sitting next to the mansion, a fax came through last night with a police sketch of Blake E's face. How else could you explain the chemistry he had with Waboom on their heated exit? Waboom was the actor but it was Blake who gave the greatest performance. His comedy got too good too fast. There was too much nuance in his fart gesture/fart noise. When he walked like an ape and mimicked Waboom he did so with the movement of a dancer. Blake E has done Shakespeare in the park. This guy is classically trained and when it came to his grand exit he couldn't hide it. Am I saying what you think I'm saying? Yes. Blake E. and Waboom got together before the show and concocted a storyline to get more airtime. It was a long con and we all bit, hard. What better character to play than a personal trainer with a mediocre body? When confronted about licking a banana over Waboom's bed while he slept, Blake's improv of eating a Ketogenic diet was too good. "I don't eat carbs, so…." It was too douchey. And looking back, it was beautiful. Blake is like Clark Kent only instead of glasses, his disguise is a terrible haircut and a Color Me Bad beard. Sure, he could be just that bad but I choose to look at the world as a place where miracles happen every day. You got us, Blake…if that is your real name.
Flawless hair is not enough. Those of us without it breathe a sigh of relief as Brady goes home. If they end up doing Bachelor's in Paradise again I could see Brady doing well down there. He just didn't get a shot to stand out in a crowd of dudes like Waboom and Josiah. It's hard to be a laid-back surfer type on this show. I assume Brady surfs because his hair looks like a golden wave.
Bryce, your face defies physics and for that we thank you. You've reminded us to reach for new things. Can we colonize mars? Could we go even farther? Your mouth and jawline say yes, go, discover. Anything is possible. You, Bryce are the apple that fell on Issac Newton's head.
Oh Dean. He's forced to have the pain and disfunction of his entire life played out on national TV and the poor guy can't even sit down in a chair. While horizontal in his father's living room pillow fort, Dean tells Rachel he's falling in love with her. She says, "I'm falling in love with you too." Then she dumps him. Dean and his father may not have much to say to each other but both have been taken advantage of by this show. The difference is that Dean can take his solid hairline and really white teeth back out to the dating world and do great things. Some wonderful woman is going to fall in love with him and he'll go on to have a great life. It's gonna be like a ray lamontagne song. "I've been saaaaaaved by a womaaaaaaan." Ironic that Ray looks like a young Dean's Dad.
Guy just can't catch a break. Goodbye, Dean.
Nope. You can't show up and say nothing. This season has had a lot of decent looking guys who think they can get away with super strange game. I feel sorry for you single ladies out there who have to put up with this stuff. Step into the mansion and you're just another good looking guy. If you suck, you're going home, especially with a smart gal like Rachel. The saddest part about all of this is that I don't think Demario had anywhere else to go. Here's hoping he was lying about mailing Lexi's keys back to her. My guess is that Bachelorette viewing parties everywhere had some spirited wine-glass clinking when Rachel denied this guy. Probably a lot of women waking up this morning googling how to get merlot stains out of microfiber.
Diggy gets boned. We never knew you. I hope you didn't have to quit a job to land this gig. I hope you didn't invite friends to watch episodes with you. I guess, at least you aren't Demario?
We are all Fred and Fred is all of us. Every move he made last night reminded me of the worst shames of my life as a boy and as a young man. Fred was trying to break the perception of being that little boy but he just dug himself deeper. Asking Rachel if he could kiss her, what's more boyish than that? It was like getting all of the awkwardness of The Wonder Years and Freaks and Geeks in 3 minutes of oh no please make it stop. If you've ever been emasculated you know what Fred's gotta be thinking as he's riding off in that SUV. My bet is that he went back to his hotel, bought a six pack of beer and brought it down to the gym, maybe banged out a few sets on the bench, talked to himself a bunch, and yelled into his pillow before trying to sleep it off. Fred was doomed from the start but I hope he finds love, far away from this or any other reality show.
Iggy is like mediocre soup. It's pretty one-note right from the start. With every spoonful, you wish you were eating something with more bite. And by the time you're finished you've already forgotten it was there to begin with. If soup could complain it would be Iggy. He did manage to tell us that he's learned more about himself in the past 4 months than he has in his entire life. I feel like that's a pretty good picture into what his life is like.
Oh man. That was the cringe-worthiest eleven minutes of the season so far. Jack Stone is a nice guy with a super creepy unintentional look. He oversteps, talking about how he would totally get Rachel's dad. She's trying to break up with him and he doesn't see it at all. He's picking out china in his head. He's telling Rachel how funny he is without doing anything or saying anything remotely funny. And here's the thing, Jack Stone is soft as mush. Is Stone a stage name? Are we really looking at Jack Stonebromowitz? So many questions. With every word that came out of Jack's mouth we were reminded of every second we spent trying to woo someone who was looking past us at somebody dreamier, and more dangerous. Jack needs a nice girl who finds his non-jokes, hilarious. Somebody who when asked, "what's your type?" responds with, "Joel Osteen."
Hats off to Bachelor super-fan Will Raunig for that Osteen comparison.
Jamey has a quiet exit with all the focus going to Waboom and Blake. It was inevitable. We hope you enjoyed yourself and we wish you luck in the future. I picture Jamey quietly throwing his hands up in the air while he and his friends watched last night's episode together. And then everybody kind of just left. "Why did I make so much guacamole? I knew what was coming tonight?" thought Jamey before he tossed it into a bag and took a lonely walk out to the garbage can. Nobody knows what to say to Jamey at the office today. I feel sorry for everybody.
The good doctor goes out on a high note, tickling Rachel to everybody's delight. Is Jonathan a, "you just gotta love that guy" guy? Like a, "he's fun at parties but I don't want to date him" guy? That would make sense as he's either a robot or an alien, impersonating a real human. You can't fault him for wanting to be a real boy. He's not the only one who's tried.
We should've been calling him "Jonathan 5" all along. Godspeed, J-5. Don't murder anyone, by accident or on purpose.
A painfully unaware exit but one that was perfect for the man who referred to himself in the 9th Person (that's saying your first, middle, and last names in the third person). Even money he talks way too much at the Men Tell All about how awesome he is at being humble. Josiah was the physical embodiment of David Brent getting his picture taken.
Fathers gonna fath.
I hope you froze to death in that cold norwegian glen but we all know that's impossible.
"Waboom out." I'm gonna miss him. He never had a chance but the guy was fun and he had this weird thing where he slowed his language down to an impressive level when talking with Rachel. You could almost feel him reminding himself to count beats between syllables. But it didn't work. Waboom will enjoy the talk show circuit and I look forward to any chance we'll see him walking down those steps in Paradise. If not, keep your eye out for those straight to On Demand movies coming up next spring.
Gosh dang if Matt didn't go out well. Turns out he's a super nice, down-to-earth guy, and the one person Rachel saw herself in the most. Matt's gonna do just fine in the real world. He's gonna give up on the bangs, and he's gonna find himself a good woman. Good luck in love big guy.
I've updated my chart. See below.
Men Tell All
Week 1 – The biggest race of my life
Overnights! The Ross has landed.
Week 8 – HOMETOWNS!
Week 7 – It's so Italian.
Week 6 – I'm a woman-uh.
Week 5 – That's Glitter
dimanembeva on Overnights! The Ross has …
FirstCarroll on The Finale! – I'll…
86Letha on Week 7 – I really, reall…
mjones on Week 1 -Ben Missing You
Andi's season
Arie's season
Ben's season
Chris's season
JoJo's season
Kaitlyn's season
Nick's Season
Rachel's season


Lindy West is a contributing opinion writer for the New York Times. Her work has also appeared in This American Life, the Guardian, Cosmopolitan, GQ, Vulture, Jezebel, the Stranger, and others. She is the founder of I Believe You, It's Not Your Fault, an advice blog for teens, cofounder of #ShoutYourAbortion, and author of Shrill: Notes from a Loud Woman.