text:
2012: the legends return
Tamiya presented the Bruiser re-release at the 2012 Nuremberg Fair, and the Mountaineer at the 2014 Shizuoka Fair:
58519 Toyota 4x4 Pick-Up Bruiser (RN36) (2012)
84386 Toyota 4x4 Pick-Up Mountain Rider (2014)
These re-released versions are almost identical to the original, as you can see by clicking on the next photos to display a high-res photo gallery:
Some modifications were made, including the addition of lockable differentials in the front and rear axles, the return of the 540 motor instead of the Mabuchi 750, but the DNA of the legendary models was preserved. But not only the DNA: every 3 speed generation starting from 1981 featured one Toyota Hilux, more precisely, it was always the same Toyota Hilux (based on my researches).
The Toyota Hilux bodyshell
Since 1981, every generation of 3Speed chassis received one Toyota Hilux bodyshell in either livery:
58028 Toyota 4x4 Pickup Hilux
58048 Toyota 4x4 Pickup Hilux Bruiser
58111 Toyota 4x4 Pickup Hilux Mountaineer
58397 Toyota 4x4 Pickup Hilux High Lift
84386 Toyota 4x4 Pickup Hilux Mountain Rider
Because Tamiya changed several times their part number code for spare parts since the beginning of the 80's, it has now become difficult to track down precisely some parts. Of course, this applies only when the parts were given a reference, which was not yet the case at the time of the very first 1981 Toyota Hilux. Nevertheless, here's what we know:
the reference for the 1985 Bruiser and 1992 Mountaineer front cab is the same (0335060)
the reference for the 1985 Bruiser and 1992 Mountaineer rear bed is different
the references of the front cab and rear bed (9335487 / 9335488) are the same for the 2007 High Lift, 2012 Bruiser and 2014 Mountain Rider
Other than this, there is no absolute certainty (to my knowledge): the rest is based on visual comparisons and some clues left by Tamiya. In particular, the Mountain Rider inner cab shows a "58397 copyright 2007" marking engraved under the bonnet, but there are also signs of a previous reference that was erased. This would mean that Tamiya made some modifications on the mold used for the period Bruiser / Mountaineer, explaining the new reference. The rear bed shows the same "58397 copyright 2007" engraved marking, but no sign of any previous marking can be found. This would mean that Tamiya made a totally new part... or that applying the new marking and erasing the previous one was done with more discretion than on the front cab
Visually, apart from the livery and either the cab extension or the projector ramp depending on the models, there are very few differences between all bodyshell versions after the 1981 Hilux. Anyway, they all depict the 1978 third generation RN36 Toyota Hilux, as you can see on the documents below (click on them to display the gallery).
Photos / Documents © Toyota Oldtimer Corner
Have a look at the Toyota Oldtimer Corner site: it is a gold mine for Toyota cars (not only 4x4's)
These documents list every Toyota Hilux model from 1966 to 1986: the RN36 version is listed, but there is no record of any wide rear wheel arches like on Tamiya's 1981 version. It looks like Toyota never sold it, despite being often called "stepside" by American RC fans because it reminds the Chevrolet Stepside (you know, like the Midnight Pumpkin ). May be Tamiya had to create this "stepside" version for the first 3 Speed Hilux because the rear drivetrain is significantly wider than the front: making a stepside rear was an elegant way to mask the track difference.
Stepside or not, the Toyota Hilux embodies the Tamiya 3 Speed through generations: of course, other models were released, but the Tamiya 3 Speed chassis and the Toyota Hilux are some kind of perfect match for RC fans.


The regexp-match-positions function takes a regexp pattern and a text string, and it returns a match if the regexp matches (some part of) the text string, or #f if the regexp did not match the string. A successful match produces a list of index pairs.
In this first example, regexp-match-positions's return list contains only one index pair, and that pair represents the entire substring matched by the regexp. When we discuss subpatterns later, we will see how a single match operation can yield a list of submatches.
The regexp-match-positions function takes optional third and fourth arguments that specify the indices of the text string within which the matching should take place.
"his needle stack -- my needle stack -- her needle stack"
Note that the returned indices are still reckoned relative to the full text string.
A byte-string regexp can be applied to a string, and a string regexp can be applied to a byte string. In both cases, the result is a byte string. Internally, all regexp matching is in terms of bytes, and a string regexp is expanded to a regexp that matches UTF-8 encodings of characters. For maximum efficiency, use byte-string matching instead of string, since matching bytes directly avoids UTF-8 encodings.
The regexp-split function takes two arguments, a regexp pattern and a text string, and it returns a list of substrings of the text string; the pattern identifies the delimiter separating the substrings.
If the first argument matches empty strings, then the list of all the single-character substrings is returned.
Thus, to identify one-or-more spaces as the delimiter, take care to use the regexp #rx" +", not #rx" *".
The regexp-replace function replaces the matched portion of the text string by another string. The first argument is the pattern, the second the text string, and the third is either the string to be inserted or a procedure to convert matches to the insert string.
If the pattern doesn't occur in the text string, the returned string is identical to the text string.


text:
Readers React: Of course Trump sent a coal advocate to a conference on climate change
Steam rises from the cooling towers of a coal-fired power plant in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on Dec. 12.
(Fehim Demir / EPA/Shutterstock )
To the editor: It's great to see the president standing up with Russia and Saudi Arabia for American business interests. It takes real courage for the Trump administration to advocate for coal and ignore nearly 200 other nations and the majority of Americans who are concerned about climate change.
At the United Nations climate change conference in Poland, Trump's energy advisor promoted American ingenuity in fossil fuel, hoping to sell so-called clean coal to other countries. This is Trump's solution to almost everything — buy my stuff. The audience did not.
If economically possible, "clean coal" would already be in wide use. Surely not even Trump can sell this fake solution before others find a smarter, quicker way.
The new Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act, introduced in the House on Nov. 27, offers a real start to addressing climate change before it is too late.
Steve Foster, Coto de Caza, Calif.
To the editor: Trump's energy advisor might have well said at the U.N. climate conference, "Make America stupid again."
The audience, which included many scientists, laughed at the idea of someone pitching coal at their conference. But as with the Iraq War, when it was laughable that impoverished Iraq could be sold as a threat to the U.S., no one will be laughing about the consequences of this misadventure.
The time for "believing" or "not believing" is over; this is not a game. It is time for Americans to roll up our sleeves, put in the effort to understand the problem, purge the polluters from their positions of power and clean up our act.
Scott Peer, Glendale
To the editor: Our government's decision to stand with Russia and Saudi Arabia on the issue of climate change should be a call to action to everyone who wants to provide a livable planet for future generations.
It is most galling that the valuable time spent in the meeting was wasted on the discussion of a single word (whether the nations should "welcome" or merely "note" a report on climate change).
We are in the midst of a global climate crisis. The development of oil, gas and coal energy must stop immediately or we will face the ravages of climate change. There are green energy solutions available, and now we must find the will to embrace them.
Green is good for the planet and the wallet.
Kay Foster, Santa Monica
Follow the Opinion section on Twitter @latimesopinion and Facebook
OpinionLetters to the Editor
Op-Ed: Are scooters a transit solution or a Trojan Horse for big tech to colonize our public spaces?
Uber has worsened traffic. Airbnb the housing crisis. What unintended consequences will result from allowing scooters to monetize sidewalks and public spaces?
Livable City: Building a better Los Angeles
Editorial: We went to the moon
It has been a half-century since we first went to the moon. The feeling today is a combination of pride and anxiety, patriotism and ambivalence.
Endorsement: Scientist and climate activist Loraine Lundquist for Los Angeles City Council District 12
Loraine Lundquist has outlined a vision for a more inclusive, sustainable Los Angeles.
Op-Ed: What I didn't know about my transgender child
I'm a pediatrician, yet I was ignorant about signs of gender dysphoria, including in my own daughter.
Op-Ed: Trump's race-baiting hasn't produced many policy wins, but that was never the point
Trump is tripling down on racism and xenophobia as a path to remaining in the White House, and having his policy initiatives blocked or his Twitter rants attacked is at worst irrelevant and possibly quite helpful.
Letters to the Editor: Most asylum seekers don't qualify for protection. Trump gets that
If Congress had fixed our immigration system years ago, Trump would not have needed to make a rule change rejecting almost all asylum claims.
Letters to the Editor: Celebrating Apollo 11 is a lot harder with Trump dividing us
Comparing President Kennedy's challenge to land on the moon with Trump's bigotry and divisiveness.
Letters to the Editor: Sexist or not, the 'Billy Graham rule' works for famous men
The Rev. Rick Warren said it best about not spending any time alone with a woman who is not his wife: He "would rather go overboard than be thrown overboard."
If Congress had fixed our immigration system years ago, Trump would not have needed to make a rule change rejected almost all asylum claims.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Who has the Best Odds to win the 2021 Heisman Trophy
See the Most Updated Odds on the Heisman Race
By BetQL Staff - Jul 29, 2021, 7:27pm
Check out the Preseason Heisman Odds and see who our Experts are Betting
Every year, the Heisman Trophy Award is given to the best player in College Football. Most of the time, that means a quarterback takes home the award, as they get all the national attention. They are almost always the top favorites to win the award, and this year is no different. Pretty much the entire Top 10 in terms of odds to win the award are all QB's. However, you can't rule out other positions who can and will make an impact on the field as much as any QB could. Before the 2020 season, nobody would have believed you if you said Alabama receiver DeVonta Smith would win the Heisman. They might even laugh at you for mentioning him in the category of contenders for the award. Nevertheless, he won the award in 2020, and proved that the award could be won by other positions. Let's take a look at some of the top candidates for the award in the 2021 season.
QB - Spencer Rattler, Oklahoma
Heisman Odds: +800
If you are at all familiar with CFB, you would not be surprised to see Oklahoma QB Spencer Rattler at the top of almost every sportsbook as the most likely player to win the Heisman Trophy. Rattler became the first Sooners QB since Sam Bradford in 2007 to earn a selection to the Football Writers Association of America's Freshman All-America Team. That was a mouthful, but he earned it. Bradford won the Heisman Trophy in 2008 and led Oklahoma to the National Championship Game that same year, so Rattler will be looking to follow in his footsteps.
The Sooners top pass-catcher Marvin Mims was also spectacular last season, becoming the first receiver in school history to be selected as a FWAA Frosh All-American, while also setting a school record for TD receptions in a season by a freshman with nine. The best news of all of the Sooners is that this entire crew is coming back in 2021, and that is a huge reason why Rattler is the favorite to being home the Trophy next season. You can also look for Oklahoma to make an appearance in the College Football Playoff this upcoming year, with Notre Dame looking at a possible down year.
QB - DJ Uiagalelei, Clemson
Heisman Odds: +1100
If you thought that award I mentioned that Rattler won last season was long and confusing, take a look at DJ Uiagalelei's last name. I could put some phonetics in here to try and help you pronounce his name correctly, but it would probably be best if you just pulled up YouTube and watched his highlights from his short stint as a starter in the 2020 season. After coming in as an emergency QB after Trevor Lawrence contracted COVID-19 last season, he led the team to a comeback win against Boston College. He followed that win in his first start up with what is quite possibly the greatest true freshman performance of all-time against Notre Dame. Well, greatest since Lawrence's 2018 Championship that is.
Uiagalelei threw for 439 yards and two TDs against No. 4 Notre Dame in a double-overtime loss for the Tigers. He immediately assumed the position of the rightful heir to Lawrence's throne after the latter moved on to the NFL Draft and was taken No. 1 overall by the Jacksonville Jaguars. WR Justyn Ross will be back next season after missing the 2020 year for surgery on his neck. With so much talent around him and a great coach in Dabo Swinney, I fully expect to see DJ at the Heisman ceremonies after next season. A date with Georgia early in the season will go a long way towards setting the tone on the type of season he could have with the Tigers.
QB - JT Daniels, Georgia
One thing Georgia has not been known for lately is QB, where the program just hasn't been able to find a true star at the position in some time. It was especially bad in 2020, with Jamie Newman opting out of the season due to COVID-19, which left the position to be filled by D'Wan Mathis and Stetson Bennett IV. Eventually, Georgia decided to give Daniels a shot at the top of the depth chart. Once he was finally able to play after knee surgery, he lit up the scoreboard and was extremely efficient at the position where no one else could be. That type of play down the stretch has led many to make Georgia a serious College Football Playoff contender, which is music to the ears of head coach Kirby Smart. In four starts with the team, Daniels had a 67% completion rate and passed for 1,231 yards, averaging 10.3 yards per attempt. He also had a 10-2 TD to INT ratio, rarely turning the ball over while being ruthlessly efficient with it.
If the USC transfer can take the next step in his development in 2021, the Georgia Bulldogs will be a team to be reckoned with in the SEC. Daniels should no doubt be in the discussion as a early favorite for the Heisman Trophy.
QB - Bryce Young, Alabama
What's funny about this one is the fact that Bryce Young is still this high in the odds to win the Heisman Trophy, yet almost the entire Alabama roster from last season has fled the coup. DeVonta Smith, Najee Harris, Mac Jones, and Jaylen Waddle are all gone, taken in the 2021 NFL Draft. As are starting offensive lineman Alex Leatherwood, Landon Dickerson and Deonte Brown. Tight Ends Miller Forristall and Carl Tucker have also left the team. Steve Sarkisian won't be calling the plays anymore for the Crimson Tide either.
And yet, none of this even seems to matter because Alabama is Alabama and Nick Saben is still the head coach. Young is a 5-star recruit (surprise, surprise) that was the No. 1 overall player in the 2020 recruiting class. As a true freshman, he was 13-22 passing with 156 yards and a TD in very limited action with the team. Former Houston Texans head coach Bill O'Brien will take over the play-calling duties from Sarkisian. I know, you all think O'Brien is a clown. He was a clown as the GM of the Texans, performing in a role he clearly wasn't qualified for. But O'Brien did help coach DeShaun Watson into being one of the most dynamic QB's in the NFL, and he will look to do the same with Young.
Young may be, well, young, but he has all the talent in the world. On a team that is almost guaranteed a spot in the College Football Playoff every year, look for Young to be a serious contender for the Heisman.
QB - Sam Howell, North Carolina
Despite being in a similar situation as Young, where all of his top weapons around him from last season are now gone, Howell is still a top-5 Heisman Trophy contender for the 2021 season. He has limitless potential and talent leading the Tar Heels bombs away offense, and that shows by his ranking here. WR's Dyami Brown and Dazz Newsome are gone, lost to the NFL Draft, as are RB's Javonte Williams and Michael Carter. These four players accounted for 4,189 yards and 48 TDs last season for North Carolina, yet Howell is still expected to put up crazy numbers with all of the newcomers.
Last year as a sophomore, Howell finished fourth in the nation with 3,586 passing yards, while also throwing 30 TDs with seven picks. He completed 68% of his passes while averaging 10.3 yards per attempt. He had five TDs on the ground as well, showing that he can use his legs as well as his arm. You're probably comparing him to the last guy who sounds just like this and played for North Carolina. Who knows, maybe the Mitch curse is real, but Mitch Trubisky was great in college for the Tar Heels. This is a college football article; I can't tell you if he'll be any good in the pros. But he will be right there with the rest of the best in 2021.
QB - D'Eriq King, Miami
Miami QB D'Eriq King had an unfortunate end to his 2020 season after tearing his ACL against Oklahoma State in the Cheez-It Bowl, just literal days after he announced his plans to return to the school for his extra season of eligibility. King has had a very difficult recovery period that he faced over the summer, but he is expected to be healthy enough to start the season for the Hurricanes. They will have a tough test right off the bat with Bryce Young and Alabama waiting for them, but King should be primed and ready for the big game. After Alabama, the 'Canes should be one of the top contenders to Clemson in the ACC. King threw for 2,686 yards and 23 TDs in his first season in South Beach, while adding another 538 yards and four scores on the ground.
The uncertainty surrounding King after his injury late last season is very high, and we don't know how prone he is to re-injury. Torn ACL's can be a disaster for the career of any athlete, just ask Derrick Rose or Saquan Barkley. Others have still been able to thrive after the injury, just look at Adrien Peterson in 2013. His spot on this list goes to show that oddsmakers still believe in King, and that he will be contending with the Hurricanes in 2021.
QB - C.J. Stroud, Ohio State
We don't even know that Stroud will for sure be the starting QB for the Buckeyes when they kick off their season, but it looks like oddsmakers do. He is a top-10 candidate to win the Heisman at most books, and it seems as though Ohio State has joined the list of teams like Oklahoma and Alabama on producing favorites at QB every year. Since head coach Ryan Day arrived in 2016, he's mentored J.T. Barrett into becoming a productive passer, while also producing historic seasons with Dwayne Haskins and Justin Fields. His biggest task yet is now here, as he will have to develop a QB he recruited into a star, and that's looking more and more like it will be Stroud.
Jack Miller and Kyle McCord will also get a crack at the starting job, but Stroud is the clear favorite. He ranked as ESPN's No. 2 pocket passer in the 2020 recruiting class, while Miller was also a top 300 prospect in that class. McCord was the No. 4 pocket passer in the 2021 class, and will likely need more time to develop. Day is one of the best QB developers in the country, and Ohio State already has one of the best WR cores in the nation. Whoever is the starter, they will almost certainly be in contention for the Heisman in 2021.
QB Matt Corral, Ole Miss
Matt Corral is a relatively unknown player in CFB that many are probably wondering who he is. He is an extremely interesting prospect that plays for Lane Kiffin down in Ole Miss, and he's also a name that you will be seeing quite a bit in 2021. In 2020, his exposure to most of the country was limited because Ole Miss was not great, but that should change in 2021. Corral threw for an insane 3,337 yards and 29 TDs in Kiffin's quick-tempo, pass-heavy scheme, and should only improve this upcoming year. Against top competition like Florida and Alabama, he completed 70% of his throws while passing for five TDs and only one pick, showing that he is not afraid of the big boys of the SEC. Corral was unstoppable against lesser competition like Vanderbilt and South Carolina, where he passed for 925 yards and nine TDs combined against just those two programs.
He was not without his hiccups, and against Arkansas and LSU, he threw 11 of his 14 picks. He needs to shake off those types of performances and be a consistent threat against everyone, and if he does, he very well could be a huge factor in the Heisman race come the end of the 2021 season.
QB Kedon Slovis, USC
Unlike Corral, you probably have heard of Slovis, who commandeers the helm of the USC Trojans passing attack. He was also on last year's list of Heisman contenders after having a record-setting freshman year at the school. He was still productive last season, just not enough to win the coveted trophy. Having five picks in your last two games of the season will bury you like that. He has two-year totals of 5,423 yards and 47 TDs, while completing an impressive 70% of his passes. Slovis plays in a very QB-friendly system under offensive coordinator Graham Harrell, and the USC receiving core is among the most talented in the nation.
The challenge will always be if he is able to get USC into the College Football Playoff, because it can be notoriously difficult for PAC-12 players to win the award because they play on the west coast, far away from most eyes. However, Slovis is in a great position to succeed, and he is playing for one of the few PAC-12 programs that people watch. USC has had seven Heisman winners, which is six more than any other program in the conference. If he is able to light up defenses and start winning games, he will quickly be on the national radar once again to win the Heisman trophy.
RB Bijan Robinson, Texas
Heisman Odds+3000
Last one on our list, and but by the grace of god, we have finally left the QB pool. Like I said way earlier in this article, it is very hard for a player that is not a QB to win the Heisman. It takes an extremely special year of highlights and incredible stats, paired with winning a ton of games and possibly a championship. In Texas, the attention will go to who will win the QB job now that Sam Ehlinger is out of town and Steve Sarkisian is the new head coach. However, the offense will most likely run through offensive superstar Robinson. He emerged down the stretch of last season as a big-time playmaking threat, piling on 355 yards and four TDs in his last two games, despite only 19 carries. He averaged 8 yards per carry, and his touches will skyrocket in 2021.
In Sarkisian's system, he will most likely also be utilized as a threat catching the ball out of the backfield, or even lining up at wideout. He had a rough start to last season, but there was a reason he was the No. 3 ranked RB in the 2020 recruiting class, and he showed it as the season went on. Look for him to only get better this year in 2021, and be one of the very few players who could challenge for the Heisman that isn't a QB.
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/businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/bulletins/uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurvey/2015-07-23
Non-financial business economy, UK (Annual Business Survey)
Non-financial business economy, UK (Annual Business Survey): 2013 regional results
Size and growth within the UK's non-financial business sectors: non-financial services, distribution, production, construction and agriculture.
This is not the latest release. View latest release
Email Jon Gough
Your views matter
Interactive map for the UK non-financial business economy by NUTS 1 region
UK non-financial business economy, sections A to S (part)
Non-financial service industries, sections H to S (part)
Production industries, sections B to E
Distribution industries, section G
Construction industries, section F
Agriculture (part), forestry and fishing, section A
Revisions to 2012 ABS regional data
Background notes
Print this Statistical bulletin
View all data used in this Statistical bulletin
1. Main points
In 2013, the income generated by local activity of businesses in the UK, less the cost of goods and services used to create this income, reached £1 trillion for the first time and was estimated to be £1,001.1 billion. This amount represents the approximate Gross Value Added at basic prices (aGVA) by local activity of the businesses in the UK Non-Financial Business Economy
Between 2012 and 2013, aGVA increased by 7.2% (£67.0 billion), the largest annual percentage increase following the recession. This increase is a continuation of the recovery seen between 2009 and 2012 and takes aGVA 10.1% (£92.2 billion) above the level seen in 2008
Of the 12 UK regions 11 saw growth in aGVA between 2012 and 2013, with the highest contribution to overall growth from London, Scotland and the North West. The North East was the only region that saw a fall in aGVA (£0.4 billion)
The region with the largest aGVA increase of £19.4 billion (9.4%) between 2012 and 2013 was London, with growth in its Non-Financial Service sector of 14.5% (£22.0 billion) contributing most. With 3 of the 5 industrial sectors showing growth, aGVA has increased 5.7% (£12.3 billion) above the level seen in London in 2008 for the first time
The second largest aGVA increase of £10.2 billion (12.1%) between 2012 and 2013 was for Scotland where all industrial sectors contributed to growth. aGVA is now 4.4% (£4.0 billion) above its 2008 level, with the Non-Financial Service sector the main contributor with an increase of 31.5% (£9.5 billion) between 2008 and 2013
The level of aGVA in 11 out of the 12 UK regions in 2013 is now above that seen in 2008, with only Yorkshire and The Humber 2.4% (£1.5 billion) lower than its 2008 level
Estimates of the size and growth of the UK Non-Financial Business Economy, based on the local activity of businesses as measured by the Annual Business Survey (ABS), are presented in this release. It is the key resource for understanding the detailed structure, conduct and performance of businesses across the UK at a regional level. The release covers the following sectors:
non-financial services (includes professional, scientific, communication, administrative, transport, accommodation and food, private health and education, and entertainment services)
distribution (includes retail, wholesale and motor trades)
production (includes manufacturing, oil and gas extraction, and energy generation and supply)
parts of agriculture (includes agricultural support services, forestry and fishing)
Together these industries represent the UK Non-Financial Business Economy and account for around two-thirds of the whole economy of the UK in terms of Gross Value Added. Public administration and defence, public sector health and education, finance and parts of agriculture make up the difference between the UK Non-Financial Business Economy and the whole economy.
Regional ABS estimates are produced by apportioning the survey return from each reporting unit to its individual sites, with these then being summed to the regional level. For the national ABS results, industry breakdowns are obtained by classifying enterprises to industries. For the regional ABS results, this classification is done for individual sites, so industry breakdowns at the UK level in the national release will not necessarily match those in the corresponding regional release. For example, an enterprise contributing wholly to Production at the national level may have local units contributing to other sectors (for example Wholesale) at the regional level. More information can be found under Regional apportionment in background note 9 of this release.
Due to ongoing volatility in the estimates for the Insurance & reinsurance industries (SIC 2007 Groups 65.1 and 65.2 respectively) they have been removed from this release since July 2014. For more detail see background note 9.
Although the estimated total for the UK Business Economy in the regional ABS results is constrained to equal that in the corresponding national ABS results, the published totals for the UK Non-Financial Business Economy will not necessarily be the same following the removal of data for the Insurance & reinsurance industries (Groups 65.1 and 65.2) from the regional results after apportionment has taken place.
As a result, an enterprise contributing wholly to Insurance & reinsurance at the national level (and therefore removed from the national totals) may have local sites in other industries which will still contribute to the regional totals. Likewise, an enterprise contributing wholly to the Distribution sector (and therefore included in the national totals) may have a local site in Insurance & reinsurance whose contribution will be removed from the regional totals.
Estimates published in this release include turnover, purchases, approximate Gross Value Added at basic prices (aGVA) and employment costs. All data are reported at current prices (effect of price changes included). Therefore, users should note that unlike the constant prices published in the National Accounts, ABS figures do not remove the effect of inflation on prices.
Data on purchases for 2012 and 2013 has been produced using a new methodology for apportioning reporting unit purchases to the local unit level. This has introduced a small discontinuity in the purchases and aGVA data series, with 2008 to 2011 still calculated using the original method. Advance notification describing the change was published in an information paper (226.4 Kb Pdf) on 11 June 2015.
Where the recession is mentioned, it refers to the contraction of GDP that started in 2008, the year from which a consistent ABS time series is available. For more information about the survey see the background notes.
The ABS has a wide range of uses: for example, ABS statistics are essential contributors to the UK National and Regional Accounts, including the measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), they are supplied to Eurostat to meet the requirements of the European Structural Business Statistics (SBS) Regulation, and are used by the devolved administrations and central and local government to monitor and inform policy development. For other uses see background note 4.
The ABS is also publishing an analysis on Who owns businesses in the UK? (2013), which for the first time contains regional breakdowns of the ownership counts.
Questions often asked of the ABS release are "What is aGVA?" and "How does the measure of aGVA differ from the GVA measure in the National and Regional Accounts?" For an overview of aGVA please see our infographic "What is aGVA?". National Accounts carry out coverage adjustments, conceptual adjustments and coherence adjustments, in turn these estimates are used in the Regional Accounts. The National and Regional Accounts estimate of GVA uses input from a number of sources, and covers the whole UK economy, whereas ABS does not include farming, financial or public sectors. ABS total aGVA is around two-thirds of the National Accounts whole economy GVA because of these differences. For further information on aGVA, see background note 9. There is also a recently published article 'A Comparison between ABS and National Accounts Measures of Value Added' (462.3 Kb Pdf) which provides more detail.
We make every effort to provide informative commentary on the data in this release. Where possible, the commentary draws on evidence from businesses or other sources of information to help explain possible reasons behind the observed changes. However, it is difficult for businesses to provide detailed reasons for movements which are specific to a region, for example, businesses may state a "change in the nature of business activity across all sites". Consequently, it is not possible for all data movements to be fully explained at a regional level. Users may benefit from reading the commentary in this release in conjunction with that in the UK Non-Financial Business Economy, 2013 Revised Results (national level) release, published on 11 June 2015. As the ABS regional estimates are produced by apportionment of the national results to a local level, all industry information noted in the National release will apply.
3. Your views matter
We are interested in your views of our data and publication. Please take time to complete a short survey before 14 August 2015.
We constantly aim to improve this release and its associated commentary. We would welcome any feedback you might have, and would be particularly interested in knowing how you make use of these data to inform your work. Please contact us via email: abs@ons.gov.uk or telephone Jon Gough on +44 (0)1633 456720.
4. Interactive map for the UK non-financial business economy by NUTS 1 region
A mapping tool is available for viewing these results, by NUTS 1 region and the UK as a whole. The mapping tool can be used to illustrate how aGVA, turnover, purchases and employment costs have changed across the regions from 2008 to 2013, as well as enabling comparisons with other regions. In addition to maps for the Non-Financial Services, Production, Distribution and Construction sectors, the tool has been enhanced this year to include a map for the Manufacturing sector.
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5. UK non-financial business economy, sections A to S (part)
In 2013, the income generated by local activity of Non-Financial businesses in the UK, less the cost of goods and services used to create this income, was estimated to be £1,001 billion. This amount represents the approximate Gross Value Added at basic prices (aGVA) of the UK Non-Financial Business Economy at a local activity level. Between 2012 and 2013 aGVA increased by 7.2% (£67.0 billion); a continuation of the recovery seen between 2009 and 2012. This increase resulted in aGVA for 2013 reaching £1 trillion for the first time, and was above the level seen in 2008, at the start of the recession, for the third consecutive year.
The main drivers of aGVA are:
turnover (the main component of income)
purchases (the main component of the consumed goods and services)
The consecutive annual increases seen in aGVA are a result of similar consecutive increases in both turnover and purchases. Turnover increased by 6.3% (£210.3 billion) between 2012 and 2013, while purchases of goods, materials and services increased at a similar rate of 6.4% (£150.3 billion), resulting in an aGVA growth rate that was higher than that for turnover. As with aGVA, turnover and purchases were above levels seen in 2008, at the start of the recession, for the third consecutive year. For further details on the components of aGVA see Calculation of Gross Value Added Estimates in background note 9.
The Non-Financial Service sector, the largest broad industry group, contributed most to overall growth. Non-Financial Service sector aGVA rose by 11.2% (£56.0 billion) between 2012 and 2013, the fourth consecutive annual increase taking it to its highest level of £554.1 billion since the series began (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: UK Non-Financial Business Economy, local level aGVA by sector, 2008 to 2013
Approximate GVA for the UK Non-Financial Business Economy in the regional release is different to that published in the national release (June 2015). More information can be found in background note 9
The recession and recovery described by the ABS between 2008 and 2013 is broadly in line with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) figures published in the National Accounts. Both the ABS aGVA estimates and the latest National Accounts GDP estimates (taken from the Second Estimate for Quarter 1 (Jan to Mar) 2015) show a fall between 2008 and 2009 and then 4 consecutive annual increases from 2009 to 2013 led by the Service sector.
Due to the need to balance timeliness of the data with the accuracy, in-line with the ABS Revisions Policy, the ABS regional results for 2012 that were published in July 2014 have been subjected to further quality assurance leading to planned revisions to the data included in this release.
These revisions usually arise from the receipt of additional data and the correction of existing data by businesses responding to the ABS, which may include restructures that can result in data being reallocated to a different industry.
At the UK level, aGVA generated by local activity of businesses in the UK Non-Financial Business Economy for 2012 was revised downwards by 0.2% (£1.6 billion). Revisions at the sub-national level following continued quality assurance of the data are mixed, with 5 of the 12 regions showing downward revisions totalling £9.5 billion, offset by upward revisions totalling £7.9 billion in the 7 remaining regions.
This year, the introduction of a new purchases apportionment process contributed £2.0 billion of the £8.6 billion upward revision to purchases, in turn contributing to the downward revision of aGVA. An impact analysis (129.5 Kb Excel sheet) of this methodology change (at region and SIC division level) can be found in the data section of this publication.
A list of industries which are included in the ABS measure of the UK Non-Financial Business Economy, can be found in background note 9.
The Regional Picture
The industrial composition of regions in the UK varies considerably (see Figure 2). Wales and Scotland show a similar contribution to their aGVA from both the Non-Financial Service and Production sectors (each around two-fifths of their respective aGVAs in 2013) while other regions such as London have a dominant Non-Financial Service sector (around three-quarters of its aGVA in 2013) with a smaller share of value added being generated from Production and other sectors.
Figure 2: UK Non-Financial Business Economy, local level aGVA, industrial composition by NUTS 1 region, 2013
The largest 3 regions in terms of total aGVA were London, the South East and the North West together contributing just under half of the total aGVA in the UK Non-Financial Business Economy (see Figure 3).
Figure 3: UK Non-Financial Business Economy, local level aGVA by NUTS 1 region, 2008 to 2013
Of the 12 regions, all saw growth in aGVA between 2012 and 2013 except for the North East. London, Scotland and the North West contributed most to the overall growth (see Figure 4).
The East Midlands, West Midlands and the South East all saw a fourth consecutive year of growth in 2013, following falls between 2008 and 2009. The sub-national picture now shows just 1 region, Yorkshire and The Humber with aGVA marginally below the level seen in 2008, at the start of the recession.
Selected Regional Summaries (in Order of Size of the Value Change in aGVA between 2012 and 2013)
London contributed the most to aGVA growth in the UK Non-Financial Business Economy between 2012 and 2013, increasing by 9.4% (£19.4 billion) (see Figure 4). Its growth was dominated by the Non-Financial Service sector (Sections H-S), the largest industry group in terms of aGVA contributing £22.0 billion to the region's total aGVA growth, (a rise of 14.5%). A list of industries which are included in the ABS measure of the UK Non-Financial Business Economy, can be found in background note 9.
The 2 main contributors to growth within the Non-Financial Service sector were Professional, scientific & technical activities (Section M) and Arts, entertainment & recreation (Section R).
Within Professional, scientific & technical activities, the main increases were in Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities (Division 70) and Advertising & market research (Division 73). For Arts, entertainment and recreation activities, the main increase was in Gambling & betting activities (Division 92).
At the same time the Production sector (Sections B-E) saw a decrease in aGVA of 13.7% (£2.5 billion).
The overall growth puts the aGVA for London above its 2008 level for the first time, with a growth between 2008 and 2013 of 5.7% (£12.3 billion).
Scotland made the second largest contribution to aGVA growth in the UK Non-Financial Business Economy between 2012 and 2013, increasing by 12.1% (£10.2 billion). All 5 industry sectors have contributed to the aGVA growth in Scotland, with the largest contribution of 15.9% (£5.4 billion) from its Non-Financial Service sector (Sections H-S). The largest increase within this sector was in Professional, scientific & technical activities (Section M).
The Distribution sector (Section G) made the next largest sector contribution to aGVA growth, with a 30.1% (£3.1 billion) increase.
This overall growth puts the aGVA for Scotland above its 2008 level for the first time, with a growth of 4.4% (£4.0 billion) between 2008 and 2013.
The aGVA in the North West grew by 10.9% (£9.8 billion) between 2012 and 2013. This was led by the Distribution sector (Section G) which increased by 40.1% (£5.4 billion) and the Non-Financial Service sector (Sections H-S) increasing by 8.8% (£3.9 billion).
The growth in aGVA for the Distribution sector (Section G) in this region follows 3 consecutive years in decline and shows aGVA above the level recorded in 2008, at the start of the recession.
In contrast, aGVA for the Non-Financial Service sector (Sections H-S) shows a fifth consecutive year of growth with an overall rise of 27.8% (£10.6 billion) since 2008.
The North East is the only region to show a fall in aGVA between 2012 and 2013. Following 3 consecutive years of growth, there was a fall of 1.3% (£0.4 billion). The decrease in aGVA in 3 of the 5 sectors was led by the Construction sector (Section F) which fell by 24.0% (£0.7 billion).
Despite this overall decline, the region's aGVA still remains above the level recorded in 2008, at the start of the recession.
Figure 4: UK Non-Financial Business Economy, local level aGVA change by NUTS 1 region
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NUTS 2 Sub-regional distribution of aGVA in the UK
The 12 statistical regions of the UK described above refer to the NUTS 1 European regions (Nomenclature for Territorial Units for Statistics, level 1). These regions can be further subdivided to NUTS level 2 which has 37 sub-regions in the UK.
This greater level of detail shows where the aGVA within the NUTS 1 regions is geographically concentrated (see Map 1). The largest sub-regions in the Non-Financial Business Economy in terms of total aGVA were:
Inner London (UKI1) with 15.5% of the UK total
Outer London (UKI2) with 7.2% of the UK total
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Oxfordshire (UKJ1) with 5.8% of the UK total
Surrey, East & West Sussex (UKJ2) with 4.4% of the UK total
Greater Manchester (UKD3) with 4.0% of the UK total
Map 1: UK Non-Financial Business Economy, local level aGVA by NUTS 2 region, 2013
In terms of aGVA growth between 2012 and 2013, 30 sub-regions showed an increase, with just under half concentrated within 4 sub-regions (see Figure 5):
Inner and Outer London (UKI1 and UKI2)
Greater Manchester (UKD3)
Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire (UKH2)
There were 7 sub-regions that showed a fall in aGVA with the largest falls in:
Cheshire (UKD6)
Shropshire and Staffordshire (UKG2)
To help identify the geography of each of the 37 NUTS 2 sub-regions, click on this searchable pdf map (841.8 Kb Pdf).
6. Non-financial service industries, sections H to S (part)
Between 2012 and 2013, turnover in the UK Non-Financial Service sector has grown by 6.5% (£69.6 billion). With purchases also increasing by 5.0% (£28.0 billion), this resulted in an aGVA increase of 11.2% (£56.0 billion). For further details on the components of aGVA, see Calculation of Gross Value Added Estimates in background note 9.
This was the fourth consecutive annual increase in aGVA, with the 11.2% growth rate between 2012 and 2013 the largest since the start of the recession in 2008.
The largest contribution to the growth between 2012 and 2013 came from Professional, scientific & technical activities (Section M) which increased by 17.4% (£21.4 billion) and followed a small fall in aGVA in the previous year.
London (£173.0 billion) and the South East (£92.3 billion) made the largest contribution to aGVA in the Non-Financial Service sector in 2013 (see Figure 6).
Figure 6: Non-Financial Services, local level aGVA by NUTS 1 region, 2008 to 2013
Excludes Financial and insurance; Public administration and defence; Public provision of Education; Public provision of Health and all medical and dental practice activities
All regions have contributed to growth in the Non-Financial Service sector in 2013 and are above the levels seen at the start of the recession. London, the South East and Scotland made the largest contributions to aGVA growth (see Figure 7).
London made the largest contribution to growth in aGVA in the Non-Financial Service sector between 2012 and 2013, a rise of 14.5% (£22.0 billion) for the region to £173.0 billion. Although this follows a fall in aGVA for the previous year, Non-Financial Service sector aGVA for London has, since 2010, been above the level recorded in 2008 at the start of the recession.
The 3 main industries driving growth between 2012 and 2013 were Professional, scientific & technical activities (Section M), Arts, entertainment & recreation (Section R) and Administrative & support service activities (Section N), contributing £9.6, £4.1 and £4.0 billion respectively to the increase in London's Non-Financial Service sector aGVA.
The increase within Professional, scientific & technical activities was driven by Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities (Division 70) and Advertising & market research (Division 73).
For Arts, entertainment and recreation activities, the main driver was Gambling & betting activities (Division 92), where some businesses noted that restructuring had impacted on their reported data. The growth in this industry could in part be attributed to the increase in internet usage of the interactive entertainment industry in recent years.
Within Administrative & support service activities, the increase was driven by Travel agency, tour operator & other reservation service & related activities (Division 79), where general increases in business activity were reported.
The South East made the second largest contribution to aGVA growth in the Non-Financial Service sector between 2012 and 2013, with a rise of 8.8% (£7.4 billion) for the region.
In the South East, the Non-Financial Service sector has recorded 5 consecutive years of annual growth above the level recorded in 2008, and continues to be both the dominant sector in terms of total aGVA contribution and growth in the region.
As in London, the 3 main sectors causing growth in the South East's Non-Financial Service sector were Professional, scientific & technical activities (Section M), Arts, entertainment & recreation (Section R) and Administrative & support service activities (Section N), contributing £2.4, £2.0 and £0.8 billion respectively to the increase in aGVA.
Scotland contributed £5.4 billion to total aGVA growth in the Non-Financial Service sector between 2012 and 2013, a rise of 15.9% for the region. This is the third consecutive annual increase in Scotland's aGVA for this sector, with aGVA above the level recorded for 2008, at the start of the recession, since 2011.
The Non-Financial Service sector's growth in aGVA in Scotland was reported for all industrial sections, but was driven by the increase in Professional, scientific & technical activities (Section M), which accounted for just under a third of the total growth in the sector.
The largest increase in aGVA within Professional, scientific & technical activities was seen in Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities (Division 70) which increased by £1.1 billion to £2.0 billion following a fall in the previous 2 periods.
Figure 7: Non-Financial Services, local level aGVA change by NUTS 1 region
7. Production industries, sections B to E
Turnover in the Production sector increased between 2012 and 2013 by 1.1% (£7.6 billion). However, purchases and taxes also increased by 0.7% (£3.3 billion) and 34.0% (£7.2 billion) respectively, which resulted in a decrease in aGVA by 0.5% (£1.2 billion). For further details on the components of aGVA, see Calculation of Gross Value Added Estimates in background note 9.
This is the first recorded fall in aGVA for the sector since 2009 and keeps Production aGVA below the level recorded at the start of the recession in 2008.
The decline in aGVA between 2012 and 2013 was mainly a result of decreases in Energy generation & supply (Section D) by 7.7% (£2.0 billion) and Mining & quarrying (Section B) by 5.8% (£1.5 billion).
A possible reason for the fall in aGVA for the Mining & quarrying industry is the reduction in oil extraction. North Sea oil and gas reserves are becoming increasingly difficult to extract, in part due to ageing extraction equipment which has required extensive repair and maintenance. Also natural declines in the reserves in older fields were further exacerbated in 2013 by an increased amount of time lost to unplanned shutdowns. Despite increased levels of investment, production efficiency has declined, as there is expected to be a lag in the investment being reflected in increased production.
At the regional level Scotland (£35.1 billion), the North West (£25.5 billion) and the South East (£22.4 billion) made the largest contributions to Production sector aGVA in 2013, see Figure 8.
Figure 8: Production, local level aGVA by NUTS 1 region
Within the production sector, 5 of the 12 regions showed a fall in aGVA between 2012 and 2013 with the largest decreases in the South East and London. The largest increase was in the West Midlands followed by Scotland (see Figure 9). The Production sector overall has yet to return to the levels recorded in 2008, at the start of the recession.
The aGVA in the South East fell by £2.7 billion in the Production sector between 2012 and 2013, a fall of 10.6% for the region. Following 3 consecutive years of growth, the decline in 2013 means aGVA for the region is below the level reported in 2008 at the start of the recession.
The aGVA decrease is dominated by the fall seen in Manufacturing (Section C), mainly in Manufacture of coke & refined petroleum products (Division 19). This industry shows a decrease of £1.0 billion in aGVA between 2012 and 2013, with increases in taxes reported by some businesses contributing to the decline.
London's aGVA fell by £2.5 billion in the Production sector between 2012 and 2013, a fall of 13.7% for the region. After 2 consecutive years of growth, the decline in 2013 means aGVA for the region has still not recovered to the level reported in 2008.
The aGVA decrease was mainly in Energy Generation & Supply (Section D) which had a 61.4% decrease of £2.7 billion, and where businesses reported structure changes.
Figure 9: Production, local level aGVA change by NUTS 1 region
Manufacturing Industries, Section C
Turnover in the Manufacturing sector increased between 2012 and 2013 by 2.0% (£9.6 billion). However, purchases and taxes also increased by 0.5% (£1.7 billion) and 38.1% (£6.9 billion) respectively, which resulted in an increase in aGVA of 0.9% (£1.3 billion). For further details on the components of aGVA, see Calculation of Gross Value Added Estimates in background note 9.
At the regional level the North West, the West Midlands and the South East made the largest contributions to Manufacturing aGVA in 2013 (see Figure 10).
Figure 10: Manufacturing, local level aGVA by NUTS 1 region
2009 to 2012 data for the South East and the East of England are suppressed to avoid disclosure
Within the manufacturing sector, 8 of the 12 regions showed a rise in aGVA between 2012 and 2013, with the largest increase in the West Midlands (see Figure 11). This is the fourth consecutive year of growth for the Manufacturing sector and aGVA continues to increase above the recorded levels in 2008, at the start of the recession.
The West Midlands contributed £1.8 billion to the total aGVA increase in Manufacturing between 2012 and 2013, a rise of 12.8% for the region. This is the fourth consecutive year that Manufacturing aGVA in the region has been above the level reported in 2008, at the start of the recession, despite a small fall between 2011 and 2012.
The aGVA increase is dominated by the rise seen in Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailer and semi trailers (Division 29). This industry shows an increase of 40.8% (£1.2 billion) in aGVA between 2012 and 2013, with some businesses confirming they were making a good margin on their sales over the period.
Figure 11: Manufacturing, local level aGVA change by NUTS 1 region
The South East and the East of England are excluded to avoid disclosure
Notes for production industries, sections B to E
Across the Production sector many divisions have been affected by a trend amongst multinational companies towards restructuring on an international basis. This type of restructuring has caused companies to be classified under different sectors to those they have historically occupied, with movements from traditional production industries towards wholesalers and toll processors. Therefore care should be taken when making comparisons over time.
Manufacturing (section C)
Please note that the ABS figures for the Manufacturing industries should not be compared directly with PRODCOM 's 'Total Sales of Businesses Classified to this Industry' figure because:
PRODCOM publish a calendar year figure whereas ABS figures are based on annual responses from businesses cover a range of financial years,
PRODCOM focuses on products whilst ABS focuses on activities. The total value of production, in a particular industry, may differ from the turnover reported by ABS as an enterprise might carry out other activities, in addition to production, that contribute to its turnover,
PRODCOM and ABS produce estimates using different sampling and statistical methodologies,
PRODCOM publish industrial classes excluding HMRC Duty, while ABS publishes turnover inclusive of Duty.
8. Distribution industries, section G
Turnover in the Distribution sector increased between 2012 and 2013 by 9.0% (£124.5 billion). With purchases also increasing by 9.3% (£113.5 billion), this resulted in an increase in aGVA by 6.4% (£9.5 billion). For further details on the components of aGVA, see Calculation of Gross Value Added Estimates in background note 9.
This is the second consecutive year of growth for the sector, but aGVA has still to return to a level above that reported in 2008, at the start of the recession.
All 3 divisions in the Distribution sector contributed to the aGVA growth between 2012 and 2013, with the largest contribution of 8.0% (£4.4 billion) from Wholesale (excluding motor trades) (Division 46) followed by Motor Trades (Wholesale & Retail) (Division 45) with 17.1% (£3.9 billion).
At the regional level, the South East (£29.9 billion) and London (£23.5 billion) continue to make the largest contribution to Distribution sector aGVA in 2013 (see Figure 12).
Figure 12: Distribution, local level aGVA by NUTS 1 region
Of the 12 regions, 6 saw a rise in Distribution sector aGVA between 2012 and 2013, with the largest contribution coming from the North West and the East of England (see Figure 13). The largest contributor to the increase in aGVA within both these regions was the wholesale industry.
The North West contributed £5.4 billion to the increase in aGVA in the Distribution sector between 2012 and 2013, a rise of 40.1% for the region. This follows 3 consecutive years of decline in this sector and for the first time since 2010 brings Distribution aGVA above the level recorded in 2008.
The largest increase was in Wholesale (excluding motor trades) rising by 119.7% (£4.1 billion), although without accounting practice changes and continued business restructuring, the rise may have been less pronounced (see Notes for Distribution Industries).
The East of England contributed £3.6 billion to the increase in Distribution aGVA between 2012 and 2013, a rise of 28.1% for the region. The increase follows 4 consecutive years of decline and brings Distribution aGVA for the region to a level above that recorded in 2008 for the first time.
All 3 Distribution divisions contributed to the sectors aGVA growth in this region. The largest contribution to growth of 41.3% (£1.8 billion) was from Wholesale (excluding motor trades) with industry restructuring again playing a part in the change.
Figure 13: Distribution, local level aGVA change by NUTS 1 region
Notes for distribution industries, section G
Across the Distribution sector some divisions continue to be affected by a trend amongst multinational companies towards restructuring on an international basis. Such restructuring has caused companies to be classified under different sectors to those they have historically occupied, with movements from traditional production industries towards wholesalers and toll processors. Therefore care should be taken when making comparisons over time.
Retail (excluding motor trades) (division 47)
Please note that the ABS figures for the Retail industry should not be compared directly with the annual 'value non seasonally adjusted' figures in the monthly 'Retail Sales Inquiry' release because:
the ABS figures cover the United Kingdom, while the 'Retail Sales Inquiry' covers Great Britain only
the ABS 'total' turnover figures in the main results tables represent sales to both business and the public and are published excluding VAT, while those in the 'Retail Sales Inquiry' represent sales to the public only and are published including VAT
The ABS does publish 'retail' turnover figures (for sales to the public only) in its Retail Commodities tables in the June release which are inclusive of VAT and will be closer to 'Retail Sales Inquiry' figures, however;
the ABS 'retail' turnover figures includes data for National Health Service receipts and commissions whereas the 'Retail Sales Inquiry' do not
Retail Sales Inquiry does not cover household spending on services bought from the retail sector as it is designed to only cover goods
although both quote figures for a calendar year, the 'Retail Sales Inquiry' produce monthly output measures which include average weekly value and volume estimates. The value estimates reflect the average total turnover that businesses have collected over a standard reporting period, while the volume estimates are calculated by taking the value estimates and adjusting to remove the impact of price changes. ABS figures are based on annual responses from businesses covering a range of financial years
9. Construction industries, section F
Turnover in the Construction sector increased by 4.4% (£8.2 billion) between 2012 and 2013, and purchases by 4.8% (£5.6 billion) over the same period. Together with changes in stocks and taxes, these have combined to increase aGVA by 3.3% (£2.4 billion) over the period. For further details on the components of aGVA, see Calculation of Gross Value Added Estimates in background note 9.
Although this is the third consecutive year of Construction aGVA growth following 2 years of decline, aGVA has yet to return to its 2008 level of £81.0 billion at the start of the recession.
All 3 divisions in the Construction sector contributed to the aGVA growth between 2012 and 2013, with the largest contribution from Civil engineering (Division 42) increasing by 8.3% (£1.0 billion) and Specialised construction activities (Division 43) increasing by 2.9% (£1.0 billion).
At the regional level, London (£14.0 billion), the South East (£12.0 billion), the East of England (£8.4 billion) and the North West (£7.2 billion) made the largest contributions to aGVA in the Construction sector in 2013 (see Figure 14).
Figure 14: Construction, local level aGVA by NUTS 1 region
Of the 12 regions, 8 saw increases in aGVA in the Construction sector between 2012 and 2013. The largest increases were in London and the South East (see Figure 15). In London the growth was dominated by increases in Construction of buildings (Division 41) whilst in the South East the growth was more evenly spread throughout the 3 Construction divisions.
London contributed 7.8% (£1.0 billion) to the growth in aGVA between 2012 and 2013. The largest contribution to growth was from Construction of buildings (Division 41) which grew by 12.5% (£0.8 billion). This was the third consecutive year of growth for the industry and the second year where aGVA has been above the level seen at the start of the recession.
The South East contributed 6.3% (£0.7 billion) to the growth in aGVA between 2012 and 2013 with increases more evenly spread throughout the 3 Construction divisions. Of these 3 divisions it is only Specialised construction activities (Division 43) which has yet to return to a level above that reported in 2008, at the start of the recession.
Figure 15: Construction, local level aGVA change by NUTS 1 region
Notes for construction industries, section F
Please note that the ABS figures for the Construction industries should not be compared directly with annual figures in the monthly 'Output in the Construction Industry' release because:
the ABS figures cover the United Kingdom, while the 'Output in the Construction Industry' covers Great Britain only
the two surveys measure different concepts of this industry
while both quote figures for a calendar year, the 'Output in the Construction Industry' are based on the aggregate of the responses to 12 monthly surveys, whereas ABS figures are based on annual responses covering a range of business years
the ABS figures will always be larger than those in the 'Output in the Construction Industry' because the latter excludes: Property developers (SIC 41.1); Payment on purchased services (architects, technical engineering, etc.); Payment to subcontractors, unless the subcontractors are not classified to construction and therefore are not part of the survey; Value of land; Value of materials sold (which are not part of a structure); and Fixtures, equipment and tools that are sold
the ABS figures include secondary activities related to businesses classified within the construction sector, while the 'Output in the Construction Industry' covers only the construction activity of the businesses
10. Agriculture (part), forestry and fishing, section A
The ABS covers only hunting, forestry, fishing and the support activities to agriculture. Commentary is therefore limited because the sector's size in terms of economic output, as measured by the ABS, is small in comparison to the other sectors of the UK Non-Financial Business Economy. However, data for these parts of Section A can be found in the reference tables linked to this bulletin.
The other parts of agriculture, which include crop and animal production, are covered in the "Agriculture in the United Kingdom" release published annually by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA).
Note that the values quoted here for Section A are in £ millions.
The part of Section A covered at ABS local level showed a rise in turnover of 9.9% (£331 million) between 2012 and 2013 and a purchases fall of 4.2% (£96 million). This has led to an increase in aGVA of 30.7% (£375 million), with aGVA now £160 million above the level in 2008, at the start of the recession.
The region contributing most to this growth between 2012 and 2013 was Scotland with a £115 million increase in aGVA. This was more than double the next highest contributions from the East of England (£51 million) and the East Midlands (£50 million).
11. Revisions to 2012 ABS regional data
Due to the need to balance timeliness of the data with the accuracy, in-line with the ABS Revisions Policy, ABS Regional results for 2012 were published in July 2014 with further quality assurance then leading to planned revisions to the data in this release.
These revisions usually arise from the receipt of additional data and the further validation and revision of existing data by businesses responding to the ABS, which may include restructures that can result in data being reallocated to a different industry.
When compared with the ABS Regional results published on 23 July 2014, the revised 2012 data in this release shows minimal revision for the UK Non-Financial Business Economy.
At the UK level, turnover and purchases generated by local activity of businesses for 2012 were revised upwards by 0.1% (£4.3 billion) and 0.4% (£8.6 billion) respectively. This resulted in aGVA being revised downwards by 0.2% (£1.6 billion).
This year, the introduction of a new purchases apportionment process contributed £2.0 billion of the £8.6 billion upward revision to purchases. The impact on aGVA was an increased downward revision.
An impact analysis of this methodology change (at region and SIC division level) can be found in the data section of this publication.
Revisions to aGVA at the sub-national level are mixed, with 5 of the 12 regions showing downward revisions totalling £9.5 billion, particularly in London and the South East. This was offset by upward revisions totalling £7.9 billion in the 7 remaining regions (see Figure 16).
Figure 16: UK Non-Financial Business Economy, local level aGVA revisions by NUTS 1 region
12 .Background notes
Change in Purchases apportionment methodology – Data on purchases for 2012 and 2013 has been produced using a new method for the apportionment from the reporting unit purchases to the local unit level. This new method was introduced to preserve the additivity of purchases components values to the total purchases. This has introduced a discontinuity in the purchases and aGVA data series with 2008 to 2011 still calculated using the original method. Advance notification of the change, the reason for it and the impact at regional level was included in the UK Non-Financial Business Economy, 2013 Revised Results on 11 June 2015. More detail of this change can be found in this Information Paper and the ABS Technical Report (1.68 Mb Pdf). A detailed region by industry impact assessment (129.5 Kb Excel sheet) is included in this release.
A map and chart showing the NUTS 2 sub-regional distribution and growth of aGVA across the UK.
A searchable map (841.8 Kb Excel sheet) (which shows the spread of aGVA across the UK in 2013) to aid identifying the geography of each of the 12 NUTS 1 regions and 37 NUTS 2 sub-regions in the UK.
A section on Manufacturing including regional contribution and growth charts.
The Interactive Map for the UK Non-Financial Business Economy by UK NUTS 1 Region contains a new Manufacturing option.
Chapter on revisions to the 2012 ABS regional data.
A short story on Who owns businesses in the UK? (2013), using the ABS contains regional breakdowns of the ownership counts for the first time.
Annual Business Survey – ABS
The Annual Business Survey (ABS), formerly the Annual Business Inquiry part 2 (ABI/2), produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), is the key resource for understanding the detailed structure, conduct and performance of businesses across the UK.
The ABS survey samples approximately 63,000 businesses in Great Britain from a population of over 1.8 million businesses in the sample frame on the Inter-Departmental Business Register (IDBR). The responding businesses provide information such as their turnover, purchases, employment costs, capital expenditure and stocks.
Approximately 11,000 businesses in Northern Ireland are sampled by the Department of Finance and Personnel Northern Ireland and contribute to the UK estimates.
In this National Statistics publication, a range of estimates are published including turnover, purchases, approximate Gross Value Added at basic prices (aGVA) and employment costs for industry sectors and the UK Non-Financial Business Economy and its regions. All data are reported at current prices (effect of price changes included).
Visit the ABS webpages for more in-depth information about the ABS, plus the latest news on survey changes and developments.
An ABS Glossary of terms is available to help interpret the technical descriptions and abbreviations used throughout this bulletin.
ABS quality information
A Quality and Methodology Information (QMI) report for the ABS can be found on our website. The aims of the QMI report are to provide users with a greater understanding of our statistics, their uses and the methods that are used to produce them.
The ABS is a sample survey. As with all estimates obtained from sample surveys, ABS estimates are subject to various sources of error. The total error in a survey estimate is the difference between the estimate derived from the data collected and the true (unknown) value for the population. The total error consists of 2 main elements; the sampling error and the non-sampling error. The ABS was designed to minimise both these errors. The standard error is the estimated value of the sampling error. The estimate for a variable, plus and minus the standard error for the variable, gives a range in which the true unknown value for the population might lie. The closer the standard error is to 0, the more reliable the estimate.
The coefficient of variation is the standard error of a variable divided by the survey estimate, and it is used to compare the relative precision across surveys or variables. The closer the coefficient of variation is to 0, the more reliable the estimate. Standard errors and coefficients of variation for turnover, aGVA, purchases and employment costs are available in the quality measures table published with this release.
More detailed information on these and other quality and methodology issues is available in the ABS Technical Report published on the ABS webpages.
Selective editing
When ABS responses are received, checks are undertaken to ensure the information is correct. This is known as editing and validation. Selective editing was used to validate responses for the first time for the 2011 results using software called SELEKT. SELEKT is a generic selective editing tool which highlights responses which appear to be in error if they fall outside the range of what is expected and have a large influence on key estimates. Those responses with the highest score are prioritised for editing and validation. This increases the efficiency of the editing process by focusing on the responses with the highest impact and importance.
The introduction of selective editing should at least maintain, if not improve the quality of the ABS results as it should: minimise the bias introduced by processing (removing over-editing); remove non-value adding activities from the process; and focus resources to errors that impact on the results.
However, the full impact on quality is not yet known. This will continue to be monitored and any updates will be included with future ABS releases. For more information on SELEKT, see Chapter 5 of the ABS Technical Report (1.68 Mb Pdf).
Uses and users of ABS statistics
ABS outputs may be used to answer questions such as:
how much wealth has been created in a particular industry?
has there been a shift in activity from one industrial sector to another, and which industry groups, classes, subclasses are driving the change?
are any industries particularly dominant in specific regions or countries of the UK and are there structural changes over time?
how productive is a particular industry, such as the chemicals sector, and what is its operating profitability?
There are a wide range of users that view, download and utilise the ABS data. Key users of the output include:
National Accounts: The statistics produced help to improve the overall quality of the UK National Accounts and the measurement of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The ABS forms a major data input to the production of Input-Output Annual Supply and Use Tables used to set the annual level of UK GDP. The Supply and Use tables show the sales and purchases relationships between consumers and producers by industry (see chapter 2 of UK National Accounts, Blue Book 2011 edition). For the latest available comparison with National Accounts GVA see the figures for 2012 in the Blue Book 2014 edition table 2.3.
Indices of Services and Production: Use ABS data to calculate the weights used to produce the indexes, and to calculate the deflation of turnover.
Eurostat: ABS is the main source of data supplied to Eurostat to meet the requirements of the European Structural Business Statistics (SBS) Regulation. This regulation ensures that key statistics on the structure of businesses are composed in a way which is comparable across Europe. Eurostat use SBS data to inform and monitor European Union policy.
Scottish Government and the Welsh Government: The financial information is also used by the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government in the compilation of regional and country specific Input-Output tables (For example Scottish Input-Output) and Indices of Production (For example Welsh Indices of Production). The resulting outputs are used to inform and monitor policy.
Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS): Use ABS data to assess the structure and performance of UK industries.
Local Authorities: Data are used for economic research, planning purposes, lobbying and economic strategy development.
Business consultants: Use these data to understand trends in industry sectors and UK regions.
Marketing experts: Use these data to undertake demographic mapping and market segmentation.
Other local and national government departments and bodies, businesses, academics and the general public use these data for research, modelling or forecasting and to track industry trends.
More detailed information on the uses and users of ABS is available in the ABS Technical Report (1.61 Mb Pdf) published on the ABS webpages.
We are constantly aiming to improve this release and its associated commentary. We would welcome any feedback you might have, and would be particularly interested in knowing how you make use of these data to inform your work. Please contact us via email: abs@ons.gov.uk or telephone Jon Gough on +44 (0)1633 456720.
The Changing Shape of UK Manufacturing, an event coordinated jointly with the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), took place in October 2014. The event featured a range of talks from users, producers and suppliers of manufacturing statistics, not just from central government and the devolved administrations, but also local government, media, business representatives and researchers. To view the content of the day, please visit Storify.
The next event planned for 8 October 2015 is on 'How e-commerce is changing the shape of business'.
International comparisons of structural business statistics are available from Eurostat (for the European Union), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD):
Eurostat: analysis of Structural Business Statistics.
OECD: follow the link to the structural analysis database, under the industry and services theme.
ABS revisions
ABS estimates are revised in line with the ABS Revisions Policy. The revisions policy is available in the ABS Technical Report to assist users with their understanding of the cycle and frequency of data revisions. Users of this release are strongly advised to read this policy before using the data for research or policy related purposes.
Planned revisions usually arise from either the receipt of additional data or the correction of errors to existing data by businesses responding to the ABS. Those of notable magnitude will be highlighted and explained.
Revisions to published ABS regional results for the previous reference year can be expected in the latest reference year's data release.
A region by industry impact assessment (129.5 Kb Excel sheet) of this methodology change (at region/SIC division level) can be found in the data section of this publication.
Revisions to data provide one indication of the reliability of key indicators. A table showing the size of revisions is published alongside the statistical bulletin released in June each year.
All other revisions will be regarded as unplanned and will be dealt with by non-standard releases. All revisions will be released in compliance with the same principles as other new information.
Response rates and compliance costs
The figures in this release are based on an annual survey of businesses. Revised 2013 results are based on a response rate of 76.2%. Response rates by different sectors can be found in the Quality Measures (857.5 Kb Excel sheet) accompanying the UK Non-Financial Business Economy, 2013 Revised Results, with a summary provided in Table 1.
Table 1: UK Non-Financial Business Economy (Part) 1 - Response rates by sector
Standard Industrial Classification (Revised 2007) Sector Description 20102 20113 20124 20135
A-S (Part) 1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing, Production, Construction, Distribution and Non-Financial Service Industries 78.2 77.9 77.8 76.2
A (Part) 1 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 76.3 76.4 80.2 77.6
B-E Production Industries 78.7 77.7 78.7 78.3
F Construction Industries 74.8 74.9 74.8 69.7
G Distribution Industries 77.1 77.6 77.5 74.7
H-S (Part) 1 Non-Financial Service Industries 79.5 79.0 78.4 77.9
1. The ABS covers only the UK Non-Financial Business Economy which accounts for approximately two thirds of the UK economy in terms of Gross Value Added The industries covered are: - Agriculture (support activities SIC 01.6 and hunting and trapping SIC 01.7 only), forestry and fishing - Section A - Production industries - Sections B-E - Construction industries - Section F - Distribution industries - Section G - Non-Financial Service industries - Sections H, I, J, L, M, N, P (private provision only), Q (private provision only in SIC 86.1 and 86.9), R and S
2. Response rate at June 2012
Download this table
.xls
For an estimate of the cost to GB businesses for providing their data to the ABS (known as compliance cost) see appendix B of the ONS Compliance Plan (215.7 Kb Pdf).
These points should be noted when using ABS results:
ABS coverage
The results in this Statistical Bulletin represent approximately two-thirds of the UK economy in terms of Gross Value Added. In previous releases the UK Business Economy has been referred to as the Whole Economy.
The industries covered are:
agriculture (support activities SIC 01.6 and hunting & trapping 01.7 only), forestry and fishing - Section A
production - Sections B to E
construction - Section F
distribution - Section G
* non-financial services - Sections H, I, J, L, M, N, P (private provision only), Q (private provision only in SIC 86.1 and 86.9), R and S.
The main industries excluded are:
agriculture (SIC 01.1, 01.2, 01.3, 01.4 and 01.5 in Section A)
financial and insurance (Section K)
public administration and defence (Section O)
education (public provision in Section P)
health (SIC 86.2, public provision in SIC 86.1 and 86.9 in Section Q).
Data for a small part of the Financial and insurance sector (Insurance and reinsurance only (SIC 65.1 and 65.2)) has been collected by the ABS since 2008 and was previously included in the results. This was the only part of Financial and Insurance Activities (Section K) covered by the survey. As with any new time-series, estimates for these industries have remained experimental while ongoing quality assurance has taken place. This quality assurance has led the figures to be revised substantially in recent years with a resulting break in the series between 2009 and 2010. Following discussions with key users, we decided to remove this experimental series from ABS releases for the reference year 2012 onwards due to the continued volatility of the data. The estimates for this series have been removed from releases since November 2013 to allow for a more detailed quality assessment to be undertaken. The removal of these series does not affect other industries published as part of this release and has no impact on any other financial statistics that we publish.
A review of the questionnaire for Insurance and Reinsurance businesses will be undertaken, alongside continued validation of returns to the survey, with the aim of reintroducing them to the ABS publications when the quality of the data has improved. Updates on progress will be available on the ABS News Pages.
Although the estimated total for the UK Business Economy in the regional ABS results is constrained to equal that in the corresponding national ABS results, the published totals for the UK Non-Financial Business Economy will not necessarily be the same following the removal of data for the Insurance & reinsurance industries (Groups 65.1 and 65.2) from the regional results after apportionment has taken place (see note on Regional apportionment below). For example an enterprise contributing wholly to Insurance & reinsurance at a national level (and therefore removed from the national totals) may have local sites in other industries which will still contribute to the regional totals. Likewise, an enterprise contributing wholly to the Distribution sector (and therefore included in the national totals) may have a local site in Insurance & reinsurance whose contribution will be removed from the regional totals. The difference between the national and regional UK totals can be seen in Table 2.
Standard industrial classification
ABS results are classified according to the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (SIC) system. The UK is required by European legislation to have a system of classification consistent with the European Union's industrial classification system. The system underwent a major review in 2007. ABS data have been collected and published on the SIC 2007 system since the reference year 2008. Other revisions to the system occurred in 1958, 1968, 1980, 1992, 1997, and 2003.
UK SIC 2007 is divided into 21 sections, each denoted by a single letter from A to U. Each section can be uniquely defined by the next breakdown, the divisions (denoted by 2 digits). The divisions are then broken down into groups (3 digits), then into classes (4 digits) and, in several cases, again into subclasses (5 digits). So for example we have:
section C manufacturing (comprising divisions 10 to 33)
division 13 manufacture of textiles
group 13.9 manufacture of other textiles
class 13.93 manufacture of carpets and rugs
subclass 13.93/1 manufacture of woven or tufted carpets and rugs
The full structure of SIC 2007 consists of 21 sections, 88 divisions, 272 groups, 615 classes and 191 subclasses in SIC 2007.
Structural changes to businesses
The business economy is constantly evolving as businesses merge, are taken over, or simply change the main focus of their business. These changes can result in the industry classification of a business changing over time. For example, if a business undertakes both manufacturing and wholesale activities, but most of its employment is within manufacturing, it will be classified to manufacturing. If the employment were to change substantially so that the majority worked in wholesale then the industry classification would change and the whole of the businesses turnover, for example, would move from manufacturing to wholesale. In industries where movements are common, or where large businesses are involved, these changes can themselves sometimes cause large changes in ABS estimates. This should be taken into consideration when changes over time are being assessed.
Regional apportionment
The business unit to which ABS questionnaires are sent is called the reporting unit. For ABS, the reporting unit represents an enterprise, which may consist of one or more sub-units (called local units). For example, an enterprise might be the head office for a group of shops. An enterprise may therefore have local units at different locations, and may carry out more than one type of economic activity.
To produce the regional estimates, the reporting unit data returned by each business is divided amongst its local units, largely in proportion to the employment in each local unit. Local unit employment is obtained from the Business Register Employment Survey (BRES), which collects data from local units. Results are then aggregated for each UK NUTS 1 region and industry, using the industry classification of the local units.
Each local unit is assigned a single SIC code, which corresponds to the unit's principal activity. Where more than one type of economic activity is carried out by a local unit or enterprise, its principal activity is the activity in which most of the workforce is employed.
The resulting industry breakdowns at the UK level in the national release will not necessarily match those in the corresponding regional release. For example, an enterprise contributing wholly to Production at the national level may have local unit contributing to other sectors (for example Wholesale) at the regional level.
Table 2: UK Non-Financial Business Economy (Sections A-S), Comparison of Regional and National aGVA by Sector, 2013
£ billion
Non-Financial Service Industries Production Industries Distribution Industries Construction Industries Agriculture, forestry and fishing UK Non-Financial Business Economy
Regional approach 554.1 213.1 158.4 73.9 1.6 1,001.1
National approach 550.4 219.0 151.3 78.6 1.9 1,001.1
Changes to the regional weighting methodology were introduced in 2012 and have been used for all estimates from 2009 onwards. Analysis of the impact of the new weighting method showed that differences in the figures were generally small, particularly at high levels of aggregation. Further information on the methodology of the approach and analysis of the impact can be found in Weighting in the Regional System.
As BRES is not carried out at the same time as ABS, differences in the timing of responses from ABS and BRES can lead to some reduction in the quality of the apportionment method.
Calculation of Gross Value Added Estimates
Approximate Gross Value Added at basic prices (aGVA) is derived from the responses of businesses to questions asked on the ABS. It is a measure of the income generated by businesses, industries or sectors, less the cost of goods and services used to create the income. The main component of income is turnover, while purchases is the main component of the consumed goods and services. Stock levels which may rise or fall can also have an impact on aGVA, as can the values of subsidies received or duty paid. Businesses' labour costs (for example, wages and salaries) are paid from the value of aGVA, leaving a gross operating surplus (or loss) which is a good approximation for profit (or loss). The cost of capital investment, financial charges and dividends to shareholders are met from the gross operating surplus.
aGVA is calculated in basic prices. That is, the valuation of output includes net taxes (taxes minus subsidies) on production, such as business rates, but not net taxes on individual products that result from the production process, such as Value Added Tax (VAT).
Estimates of turnover and purchases from the ABS are used to produce estimates of output and intermediate consumption (and therefore GVA) in the National Accounts. However, many other sources (including surveys and administrative sources) are also used to produce National Accounts estimates. These include sources of data on taxation and inventories (which are preferred to the ABS as they are used consistently throughout all parts of the National Accounts), as well as own-use output and non-market output (as these activities are only partially covered by the ABS).
There are differences between the two measures of gross value added in terms of coverage. For example, GVA covers the whole of the UK economy while aGVA covers the UK Non-Financial Business Economy, a subset of the whole economy that excludes large parts of agriculture, all of public administration and defence, publicly provided healthcare and education, and the financial sector.
There are conceptual differences between the 2 measures of gross value added. For example, some production activities such as illegal smuggling of goods must be included in the National Accounts but are outside the scope of the ABS.
There are 3 approaches to measuring GDP; 1 based on production activity, 1 based on expenditure, and 1 based on income. In theory, the 3 approaches should produce the same estimate of GDP. However, in practice this is never the case because the three approaches make use of different data sources, each with their own definitions and limitations. The three different estimates are therefore reconciled in a process known as Supply and Use balancing. The balancing process is informed by a variety of data sources, and results in adjustments to estimates of output and intermediate consumption. For many industries, the balancing adjustment is the greatest source of difference between estimates from the ABS and the National Accounts.
More detailed information of the differences between aGVA and GVA is available in the ABS Technical Report published on the ABS webpages. There is also a more detailed article 'A Comparison between ABS and National Accounts Measures of Value Added (462.3 Kb Pdf)' recently published by the ABS.
Department of Finance and Personnel Northern Ireland (DFPNI)
DFPNI publish their own estimates of activity in Northern Ireland which differ from those in this release due to variations in methodology. DFPNI estimates should be used where only Northern Ireland is of interest. Where comparisons with other UK regions and countries are required, estimates in this release should be used.
Disclosure control and symbols used
It is sometimes necessary to suppress figures for certain items in order to avoid disclosing information about an individual business. Further information on why data are suppressed is available in the ONS Disclosure Control Policy (337 Kb Word document) or in the ABS Technical Report (1.68 Mb Pdf).
The following symbols are used throughout the ABS releases:
* information suppressed to avoid disclosure
.. not available
- nil or less than half the level of rounding
The United Kingdom Statistics Authority reviewed ABS outputs in their report "Assessment of compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics: Statistics from the Annual Business Survey – Assessment Report 180".
Following the ABS response to the report the UK Statistics Authority have since designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.
Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics:
meet identified user needs,
are well explained and readily accessible,
re produced according to sound methods, and
are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest.
Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed.
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Government Statistical Service (GSS) business statistics
To find out about other official business statistics, and choose the right data for your needs, use the GSS Business Statistics Interactive User Guide. By selecting your topics of interest, the tool will pinpoint publications that should be of interest to you, and provide you with links to more detailed information and the relevant statistical releases. It also offers guidance on which statistics are appropriate for different uses.
Discussing business statistics online
There is a Business and Trade Statistics community on the StatsUserNet website. StatsUserNet is the Royal Statistical Society's interactive site for users of official statistics. The community objectives are to promote dialogue and share information between users and producers of official business and trade statistics about the structure, content and performance of businesses within the UK. Anyone can join the discussions by registering via either of the links.
ONS theme pages
Statistics are available on our web pages categorised by themes, subject areas, topics and sub-topics. If you are interested in statistics on a particular issue, navigating through the categories will identify all the statistics available that relate to the selected theme, topic or sub-topic.
For Business themed short stories and articles please visit the Business and Energy theme page.
We have published commentary, analysis and policy on "Special Events" which may affect statistical outputs. For full details visit the Special Events page on our website.
Release policy
ABS UK national results at the industry class level (4 digit Standard Industrial Classification 2007) are available free of charge via the "Data in this release" button at the top of this publication, or from the ABS webpages on our website. The published variables include turnover, purchases, aGVA and employment costs.
Additional standard extracts containing more detail are available on request. Bespoke analyses are also available but there will be a charge for these. For more information about either of these services please email abs@ons.gov.uk, or telephone +44 (0)1633 456592 for standard extracts, or +44 (0)1633 456606 for bespoke special analyses
Any bespoke analysis carried out for ABS customers will be available free of charge on the Published ad hoc data and analysis: Business and Energy web pages.
Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media Relations Office email: media.relations@ons.gov.uk
These National Statistics are produced to high professional standards and released according to the arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.
13 . Methodology
Contact details for this Statistical bulletin
Jon Gough
abs@ons.gov.uk
Telephone: Telephone: +44 (0)1633 456720


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