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Sons of Gruumsh
This adventure takes place in the Moonsea of Faerûn. The players have been brought to Melvaunt to search for the missing scions of the city's great families. To the north, in Thar the orc tribes converge on the ruined fortress of Xul-Jarak, flocking to the banner of a charismatic warlord. There, he intends to sacrifice the scions of the great families of Melvaunt in a bloodritual to Gruumsh. The players will escape Melvaunt, search along the wilderness of Thar for the Fortress of Xul-Jarak, and then explore the dungeons of the ruined fortress and hopefully rescue the scions before they are sacrificed. There also is a Web Enhancement by Eric Cagle on the archives of wizards of the coast's website designed to scale the adventure to level 8. For example, it replaces the Owlbear with a Tyrannosaurus. This is an easy to scale adventure with much of the player's difficulty coming from intelligently avoiding problems, choosing how to approach each floor in the most tactical way, and quickly adjusting when something goes wrong. The adventure has sidebars including common orc battle cries (In Orc!), ready to use orc names, weather and random encounter table in Thar, a description of what happens if the party fails or partially succeeds, and suggested minis for each of the encounters. There is even an extended description of the bloodspear ritual, an event the party is not meant to encounter in a normal run. The appendix is detailed for all the humanoid characters including the scions and their equipment, the named villains, and variety of unnamed orcs the party will encounter. The fortress also offers an opportunity to introduce the players to the Underdark and the Zhentil Keep. There is a passage to the Underdark the players can accidentally explore, and return to later. Emissaries from Zhentil Keep have come to watch the ritual and have their own motivations. These npcs provide an opportunity for exposition and role playing at a point which otherwise might be combat heavy, acting as a valve for the first floor - helping or hurting the party with subtle magic should the difficulty be off.
DDAL 05-03 Uninvited Guests
The Shrine of the Axes has been restored and Raggnar Redtooth, who previously conspired with dragon cultists, is trying to restore his reputation in Parnast by sponsoring a feast. There is just one thing he needs, meat for his feast. Game is supposed to be plentiful in the Weathercote Wood, but the townsfolk are all busy with their own work, and the minions of Bad Fruul are still out there causing trouble. What can go wrong on a simple hunt? A Two-Hour Adventure for 1st-4th Level Characters
D&D Encounters Season 6 - Lost Crown of Neverwinter
A City on the Brink of War Missing for decades, the Crown of Neverwinter, symbol of the former ruling family, has emerged at last. Yet not all are pleased with the crown's reappearance. Beset by rebels and plaguechanged, Lord Dagult Neverember must hire a group of adventurers to track down the so-called Lost Heir and discover his intentions for the city. The stakes are no less than the lives of the citizens of Neverwinter, for if the heroes fail, Neverwinter seems doomed to descend into civil war. Lost Crown of Neverwinter is a Dungeons & Dragons adventure designed for the summer 2011 season of the DDEN - D&D Encounters official play program. The adventure includes three full-color battle maps, fourteen ready-to-play encounters, and information on the program.
DDAL 05-08 Durlag's Tower
East of Beregost, nestled in the outskirts of the Wood of Sharp Teeth, Durlag's Tower has intrigued and yet stymied adventurers for decades. Stuffed full of mechanical traps and arcane wards, and rumored to be inhabited by fiends, very few have managed to extract any REAL treasure from the former home of Durlag Trollkiller. However, a powerful item in the ancient fight against the giants is said to be housed there, and the cloud giant Baron Rajiram has committed significant resources toward recovering it. After a pleasant tea in her garden, SEER calls upon you to beat him there and put a stop to his efforts! Continued in Durlag's Tomb.
"The dead just want a little respect." The village of Wargrave's only claim to significance is as the resting place of soldiers from a long-ago battle. Now it seems that the dead are stirring. Roleplaying of forces at cross-purposes, with sentient undead. Set nominally in the Forgotten Realms, but the adventure is essentially generic.
Dead In The Eye
"The Keepers of the Celestian Order, valiant defenders dedicated to destroying horrors from the Far Realm, have trapped a beholder in its lair. However, the evil aberration has proven far more dangerous than expected, and the Keepers need the help of adventurers to end the threat of Omaranthax once and for all. This Dungeons & Dragons Roleplaying Game adventure, created for Free RPG Day 2012, pits player characters against a mutated beholder and its vile underlings. Although set in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting, the adventure can be easily adapted to any* D&D world." *: The adventure mentions that it is suitable for any setting touched by the Spellplague.
Lich-Queen's Beloved
In this adventure the heroes invade Susurrus, the palace of the githyanki lich-queen and attempt to end Vlaakith's reign forever. The adventure begins when Zetch'r'r, a githyanki warlord petitions the heroes to confront and destroy Vlaakith. However, the lich-queen's spies know of Zetch'r'r's treachery and are preparing to deal with him and the PCs.
Good news! You've inherited a castle! All you need to do to claim it is clear out the hobgoblins living in it.
The Accursed Tower
The PCs begin in the port city of Luskan, where they're hired on by a caravaning merchant to perform guard duty for the long, dangerous journey over the Spine of the World Mountains. If the heroes do well, they reach the small town of Targos, where they hear rumors of a dead mage's lost tower out on the tundra. In order to find it, the PCs must overcome numerous obstacles but may find allies in the peoples of the Ten-Towns region, including a barbarian prince, a sly halfling, and a unique ranger. Not all is as it seems, though, nor can all smiling faces be trusted. Can the PCs separate the truth from the lies, locate the Accursed Tower, determine all its secrets, and survive?
DDAL 05-01 Treasure of the Broken Hoard
A famous relic hunter seeks adventurers to help her find caches of treasure hidden by the now-defeated followers of the Cult of the Dragon. Her maps and notes may lead the way to great wealth—or a terrible death. And do other parties have designs on the treasure as well?
A Harvest of Evil
Twin Oaks is a tiny, sleepy little thorp located just within the sheltering eaves of a great forest. Home to an extended family clan of farmers and woodcutters, the community was founded within living memory and since its creation the inhabitants have known only peace and prosperity. But just as the gentle breezes of late summer can transform rapidly into the deadly storms of autumn, dark times have come suddenly to Twin Oaks, in the person of Deskryn, a vampire who finds himself on the run from deadly enemies. Just two nights ago, as the good folk of Twin Oaks prepared for the annual harvest, Deskryn's castle home was invaded by an intrepid band of adventurers led by a noble paladin. Although the party did not achieve its goal of slaying the vampire himself, they managed to drive him from his lair and force him to flee into the night with only the barest fraction of his former resources in tow. Unfortunately for the good folk of Twin Oaks, theirs was the community onto which the 2 vampire stumbled first, and it is here that the fiends have taken refuge. The little settlement offers the displaced vampire all that he needs: shelter from the hateful light of the sun, a selection of new servants, and a supply of fresh mortal blood. Even in his current condition, Deskryn alone is more than a match for the nhabitants of the thorp; but his best hope of survival lies not in conquest, but in secrecy. He plans to hide in Twin Oaks until he believes it safe to leave; then, he can begin plotting his revenge on the hateful paladin and her compatriots who brought him to this lowly state. As for the citizens of the thorp, they are all but helpless in the face of this powerful enemy. The vampire has already slaked his unholy thirst on one of their number, and his minions have taken hostages to ensure that the inhabitants do as they are told. All the folk of Twin Oaks hope that Deskryn will take what he wants and then leave them in peace, but few of them believe that such hopes are realistic. Until Deskryn has satisfied himself that the coast is clear, Twin Oaks—and its people—belong to him.
Journey Through the Center of the Underdark 2 - The Darklake Strikes Back
Are your player's going fishing in the Underdark? Booked a ride with the Kua Toa Travel Agency? Taking a cruise on the Darklake? Well then Journey Through the Center of the Underdark 2 - The Darklake Strikes Back is just what the Leemooggoogon ordered! Like the first Journey, The Darklake Strikes Back contains several encounters designed with Out of the Abyss traveling days in mind, but easily inserted into any 5th Edition Dungeons & Dragons Underdark setting. Unlike the first Journey, The Darklake Strikes Back has a mid sized three level dynamically defended dungeon, complete with a dragon at the bottom! This complex is right at home on the Darklake but could also readily be inserted into your Tyranny of Dragons campaign as well. Written for a party of characters levels 4-6 with notes included for adjusting encounter difficulties for lower or higher level groups Journey Through the Center of the Underdark 2 - The Darklake Strikes Back should provide 6-10 hours of gameplay excitement!
Temple of the Opal Goddess
A noble scion and his retinue from Baldur's Gate left on an adventure amid much fanfare. That was two weeks ago. Rumours in the taverns suggest only a single soldier returned, bearing grievous wounds and a ransom demand. Is this a simple case of misadventure, or are darker conspiracies afoot? Can you locate and rescue the nobleman, or will you fall victim to the malevolent powers stirring deep within the Temple of the Opal Goddess?
A Scream in the Night
Melvaunt is a city of merchants and metalsmiths. The docks are constantly filled with ships from Hillsfar, Mulmaster, and more distant ports. The northern coast of the Moonsea is an inhospitable place, and its people have a reputation for being rough and unfriendly. But they don't go around murdering one another in the streets. At least, not usually. Was that a scream you just heard? Part One of The Chaos in Melvaunt.
The citizens of Phent, which is a large town in Thesk, are a proud, yet warm and accepting folk. For the past nine years, they have been host to over six hundred orcs, which is certainly an anomaly in the average Faerûnian community. In 1360 DR, Zhentil Keep sent one thousand orcs to aid in the fight against the westward-sweeping Tuigan hordes. The orcs fought well—well enough that the citizens of Thesk welcomed them as citizens when Zhentil Keep abandoned them in this land in 1363 DR. Still, a current of unsettling concern lingers. Some believe that the orcs are still part of Zhentil Keep's strike force, but that they went on standby to wait for the moment when their masters give the signal. Once allowed, these orcs may launch a crippling attack from within. However, in nine years, no signal has been given—at least none that any of the paranoid folk have noticed. The orcs are enthusiastic citizens and, apart from some rowdiness during breaks from the mines or fields, they have hurt no one. And then, a prophet comes, with a message of war . . . In A Call to Arms, the player characters (PCs) have a chance to prevent orcs from rising up against some humans. This adventure is designed for four 9th-level D&D® characters. The encounters can be adjusted up or down to suit your group's needs, however.
Tales of Good & Evil
As the City of a Thousand Forges perseveres in the face of threats both internal and external, the effects of the planar portal continue to make everyone uneasy. When unusual individuals are drawn to the city because of the portal's power, heroes are asked to keep the peace and ferret out anyone intending to bring harm to Melvaunt. A D&D Adventurers League adventure set in Melvaunt. The characters investigate six groups/individuals to work out their real purposes in Melvaunt.
Grimjaws
A crocodile has been attacking a poor druid and its up to the party to help the druid retake his swamp
Menace of the Icy Spire
"New to Loudwater, the heroes learn of a tower locked in ice in the nearby wilderness. Traveling there, they discover that the tower's master left many surprises behind for the unwary."
A Wizard's Fate
From the magazine: "It took only the love of one good woman - and the hatred of one evil familiar." After leading a life a villainy, the wizard Elzid Natholin gradually left his wicked ways, transformed by the true love of a young maiden. His imp familiar was not pleased with this benign transformation and tricked his master into detonating himself and his tower. The players will investigate the tower to determine the nature of the explosion. The imp still guards the treasure in the dungeon, and is waiting for a legion of infernal soldiers to come claim the treasure for their devil lords. This adventure is designed for 3-6 characters of levels 1-3.


text:
Moanda eller Muanda kan syfta på följande platser:

Gabon

 Moanda (ort i Gabon), Haut-Ogooué,

Kongo-Kinshasa

 Moanda (ort i Kongo-Kinshasa), Kongo-Central,
 Moanda (territorium), Kongo-Central,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The third pillar to a satisfying replacement window project may be the most important: the Installation. An improper installation can undo all the good of the other three pillars: Window Frame, Window Glass and Window Design.
In this four-part series on the proper installation of your replacement windows, we will discuss the many issues that need to be addressed for a successful installation. In this, the first of four parts, we'll investigate why proper installation is such an important pillar in a successful replacement window project.
Our last post in this series on the Four Pillars of a Superior Replacement Window Experience, we provided a short history of glass up to the introduction and adoption of insulated glass for use in windows. In this post, we'll describe some of the advances that have taken place in the last few decades that improve both the durability and performance of the high efficiency insulated glass used in some replacement windows today.
As discussed in prior posts on this site, there are four key pillars that ensure a positive replacement window experience. Like a chair that has a broken leg, losing just one of these pillars will diminish your ultimate satisfaction with your new windows. In this multi-part series, we will discuss each of these pillars to your happiness. Some of these are so complex, that will take more than one post adequately address.
There are four main pillars that make up a great replacement window experience. Like a chair with a broken leg, missing just one of these will adversely affect your happiness with your new windows. In this multi-part series, we will discuss the first of these pillars: the window frame material.
In our last post, we discussed some of the pros and cons of window frame materials, including wood, steel and aluminum. In this post, we will discuss the features and benefits of some of the newest and most popular window frame materials available today, namely vinyl and composite window frames.
There are four main pillars that make up a great replacement window experience. Like a chair with a broken leg, missing just one of these will adversely affect your happiness with your new windows. In this multi-part series, we will discuss the first of these pillars: the window frame material. This post will refer to some of the first window frame materials: Wood, Steel and Aluminum. In our next post we will discuss Vinyl and Composite window frames.
Over time, many materials have been used for the window frames: wood, metal, plastics and composites.


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text:
Esperon denies PH being remiss on China
By Genalyn D. Kabiling
The country's top security official assured the nation yesterday that the government has not been remiss in taking diplomatic steps against China's militarization in the South China Sea.
National Security Adviser Hermogenes Esperon Jr. said the government has expressed concerns about the military buildup in the disputed region and has raised such matter in a bilateral dialogue with China.
"The Philippine government continuously monitors the actions of the various claimants in the South China Sea or West Philippine Sea. We note with serious concern the growing militarization in the area, such as the deployment of military assets especially on features near the Philippine territory," Esperon said.
"In response to these actions, the Philippine government has not been remiss in undertaking diplomatic actions against any nation. In particular, the Department of Foreign Affairs had been raising such issues and concerns at the Bilateral Consultation Mechanism between China and the Philippines," he added.
Esperon made the remarks after some groups criticized the government for failing to do enough to protest China's increased militarization of the South China Sea.
Tags: Chinadepartment of foreign affairsHermogenes Esperon Jrmilitarizationphilippine governmentSouth China Sea
HD Spikers triumph
Top guns face rough sailing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Implementing a True Enterprise Class Omni-Commerce Solution.
Proprietary software platform, integrating eCommerce, marketing and data services for retails and brands.
It is a leader in the USA for the vertical market it targets, with over 3 million orders processed per year.
The team at Fortech scaled gradually from 2 to 150+ people, covering now the entire product lifecycle across multiple devices.
The solution is a complete omnichannel software platform which integrates eCommerce, marketing and data services for retailers and brands. The platform offers retailers the most comprehensive software solution for planning and shopping, together with mobile, social and marketing tools. For brands, it represents an extensive advertising network.
The client is a USA provider of software services for the eCommerce and retail sectors. Its software platform, established over a decade ago, has grown to be an industry leader in digital grocery.
When approaching Fortech in 2008, our client needed a trustworthy, committed and flexible long-term software engineering partner that could build the required capabilities and would have the capacity to scale them up as its digital eCommerce business grows.
The relationship started with a small prototype that would prove Fortech's technical abilities, as well as validate the cultural match between the two parties: the already existing development team on the client's site and the remote team at Fortech.
Soon after that, in 2009, with no prior knowledge in iOS and Android, Fortech built from scratch the Mobile team, touching both platforms.
Currently, the team comprises more than 150 dedicated people, covering a multitude of disciplines in the areas of software engineering and support & operations.
Easy ramp-up and scale-up of the team at Fortech as needed. New capabilities accustomed.
Culture of open communication and facilitated physical interactions for knowledge transfer within the mixed distributed team.
And the long-term commitment of the offshore partner, from both management and engineering teams.
This is a speech recognition platform widely used in Healthcare solutions worldwide. It consists of a complete software development and delivery ecosystem and is designed to support speech-enabled clinical documentation from any application and on any device. In a collaboration spanning over more than 8 years, the team at Fortech provides multiple services, focusing mostly on software testing and DevOps.
All-in-one eBike cycle computer with integrated navigation, fitness functions and phone connectivity via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It consists of an embedded application which displays live information from the sensors, an online platform used for data persistence and statistics and native mobile applications for routing and push notifications.
A prototype of an intelligent parking system for detecting free parking spaces based on a sensor network. Developed internally by Fortech, the system consists of a multitude of sensor nodes distributed into the parking field, which work together with a server to detect and report the parking occupancy statuses in real-time.


text:
Jim Murray
Whisky Bible Shop
The World's Leading Whisky Guide
"The annual whisky guide which is regarded by connoisseurs
as the most authoritative". - The Sunday Times
Explore The Whisky Bible Range
Each edition contains over 4,600 detailed, professionally analysed and easy to understand tasting notes on the world's leading and lesser known whiskies.
About the Jim Murray
Jim Murray is a legend and leading player on the world's whisky stage. It is now over 25 years since he became the world's first-ever full time whisky writer. And this 2020 edition of his Whisky Bible marks the 17th year of annual publication.
History of Whisky Bible
Jim Murray - the Trailblazer
Jim Murray has long been a trailblazer. He has been a professional writer his entire career – he even earned money as a sports reporter while still at school – and in 1992 gave up his life as a Fleet Street national newspaper journalist to become the world's first full time whisky writer. That was in the days before whisky shows, whisky tourism, whisky magazines and whiskymania. Having visited his first distillery in 1975 he had spent 17 years learning all he could about the subject before boldly going where no writer had gone before.
Whisky Book Writer of The Year
By this time Jim Murray had already won a number of awards for his writing, including Whisky Writer of the Year in each of the three years he was entered, his work for the Sunday Telegraph, The Observer and The Scotsman coming up gold. Jim then wrote his first whisky book in 1994, entitled Jim Murray's Irish Whisky Almanac. And several more followed before the end of the century including Jim Murray's Complete Book of Whisk; The Art of Whisky; Classic Bourbon Tennessee and Rye; Classic Blended Scotch and Classic Irish Whiskey – together selling hundreds of thousands of copies.
Annual Whisky Ratings
In 2003 Jim Murray trail-blazed again when he created, designed and wrote Jim Murray's Whisky Bible, the first ever annual guide to every new whisky produced in the world. Since then it has appeared every year and is homing in 20,000 different whiskies tasted and 1 million copies sold worldwide. Jim Murray owns the publishing company responsible for the Whisky Bible, so he can control all aspects of its publication, and ensures its independence. And his awards for World Whisky of the Year has been known to change the face and received wisdom of the whisky industry. His publishing company, Dram Good Books, is based in Northamptonshire, England and Kentucky, USA.
Educating Whisky Distilleries
When Jim Murray is not spending his three to four months whisky tasting and evaluating 1,200 whiskies a year for the next edition of the Whisky Bible, he can be seen in all corners of the world training blenders and other industry professionals as well as advising or trouble shooting at distilleries. His consultancy work now takes up many months of each year, but Jim especially enjoys this as it means he retains a close link with and insight into the production of whisky worldwide.
Heighten Your Whisky Experience
The other aspect Jim Murray thoroughly enjoys is meeting whisky lovers and learning from them, changing tastes and trends from all over the world. Usually this happens after Jim has conducted one of his legendary Whisky Tastings, be they corporate or general, and which are nearly always held blind so that his audience cannot be swayed by pre-conceived beliefs. Jim also uses these tastings to show people how to maximise their whisky experience by incorporating the famous Murray Method, which he devised over a ten year period in the 1980s.
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The National Ladies Homestead Gathering ... this group ... I just don't have words.
I began attending the Statham, Georgia Chapter after reaching my breaking point trying to go it alone (actually, it was a pair of scissors that broke and not my mind, but my husband says it's debatable. That's another story ... ). I later volunteered to be the Secretary for that Chapter. Cyndi then asked me to join the National Board (first as Secretary, now as the Communications Director). I'm also an introverted homeschooling mom who spends way too much time solo parenting while my husband travels for work. Parenting and homeschooling have benefits that pay off so far in the future I find it hard to appreciate them while I'm down here in the trenches. I craved adult interaction and involvement in my community beyond what I could find with playgroups, homeschool co-ops, and other child-focused activities. Homesteading changed my family's quality of life so drastically (more tomorrow) that I wanted to help others and pass on what I'd learned. NLHG touches my life daily and makes me feel appreciated and valued as an individual. Me as me. Not me as daughter, wife, mother, sister, friend, colleague. I overlooked my self for so long; it was starved for attention and nourishment. NLHG fulfills my self.
NLHG means friendship, sharing skills and knowledge, finding women who have been there or are there with me, the village our society has pulled away from yet desperately seeks. It means a night off once a month (or more, if I go to another Chapter nearby) to be myself away from my children. It means my sanity restored ... for at least a couple of days.
Oh, hey, look at that. I found words.


Now then. Probably best to come up for air and contemplate things. Nah? Okay, let's keep going. Let's get App Services up and running. This will take some time, and, depending on your mood, some beverages. We assume you've done the previous steps, like installing and registering the SQL Provider.
From your Azure Stack connected PowerShell environment, let's run the first set of tools, the Create-AppServiceCerts.ps1 (which you got from the above downloads).
Now, you're going to run the MSI file. This is a pretty complex process and the "Complete Instructions" bit above has example screenshots. Walk through the wizard with that. I didn't repeat all of those screenshots because they are pretty generic.
A. Disable Windows Defender by adding C:(star dot star) to the exclusion list in Settings.
B. Open up task manager and watch closely for each step to move through the process, there were a few instances where things would get stuck causing me to need to reboot them but in general, NO TOUCH. For you, likely be okay.
C. Monitor CN01. When the Web Farm Controller icon lands on the desktop, you will be able to monitor the distributed installation status. There are some reboots in there so don't stress.
Once the installation completes, log out of console for each of those VMs if you are still logged in and return to your PowerShell screen.
A. Before running the script, log in to Azure also with the same PowerShell window (not just Azure Stack) - just "Login-AzureRMAccount" with an identity that is Tenant Owner. In my case, it is also an account that is an Azure Stack admin.
D. The above command outputs several things that you need: an AppID and a PS script called UpdateConfigOnController.ps1 which will need to be run as an administrator on the CN0-VM. You'll also want to grab the sso...pfx file. I copied them in to that VM with Explorer networking from within the CN0-VM by connecting to the C$ on HOST. Don't run this script yet! Just move stuff over.
Login to portal.azure.com and go to AAD/App Registration and find the App that the above script created from step C. It's "Name" value will be 'App Service'. Click it. Open the Keys blade, create a new key called Functions Portal and set the Expiration Date to Never Expires and then copy the generated key to Notepad.
You should still be logged in via RDP to CN0-VM. Open the Web Console and then go to Settings and "Edit" the ApplicationClientSecret setting and paste in the key that you got from step E above.
.\UpdateConfigOnController.ps1 -CertificateFilePath "fully qualified path to sso.appservice...pfx" -CertificatePassword "the password"
This will do lots of stuff right quick and will then kick off a repair on several of the VMs. This is good.
After those servers come back online, AND NOT BEFORE, you are ready to try things out! In my final post, we'll do just that. Check back soon!


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HomeEmbracing Impressionism—and Each Other?
Embracing Impressionism—and Each Other?
October 2, 2014 September 30, 2014 sotonpolitics Policyinterpretivism, methodology
By John Boswell and Jack Corbett. John Boswell is Lecturer in Politics at University of Southampton (@Boswell_JC). Jack Corbett is Research Fellow at Griffith University. You can find more posts by John here.
In an essay set to come out in Critical Policy Studies soon (read it here), we argue that the sort of research we practice—commonly dubbed 'interpretive' and famously pioneered by, among others, Soton's own R.A.W. Rhodes—ought to fess up to, and in fact be proud of, its 'impressionistic' nature. The point is not to lob bombs at interpretivism from the outside as not matching up to orthodox standards of what constitutes 'systematic' research, but to critique it from within. We argue that in their determination to uphold the validity of interpretivism against the established orthodoxy, key pioneers of this approach have gone too far in clinging defiantly to the notion that such work is equally 'systematic'. In contrast, many of us who practice interpretive research experience the opposite. To us, and many colleagues we've spoken with, doing interpretive research feels more like struggling to arrange a jumble of impressions than it resembles any systematic accretion of insights. As such, we reclaim the label 'impressionistic' not as something pejorative but as a more apt descriptor for doing and communicating interpretation. To do so, somewhat awkwardly for a couple of uncouth Antipodeans, we draw out an analogy to impressionist painters to show the affinities between this artistic movement and the interpretive move in politics and policy research.
So far, many readers of this blog will be thinking, so lunatic fringe – and we recognise that some may simply see this as a case of upstarts trying to outflank their interpretive forebears in terms of touchy-feeliness. But we will try and make a case here that the implications of our argument actually bring us closer to the mainstream of political and policy studies (something we have claimed more explicitly in another recent paper, here).
One – the war is over. While any such epistemological war was, it must be said, mainly in the heads of the minority interpretivists, consciously abandoning claims to 'systemacity' would signify an end over the battle for the one true way to gaining political insight. Just like impressionist painting, interpretive research could see itself as another way of doing research on politics—one that its practitioners find most interesting and appealing, and which is well equipped to provide unique insights into some things, but equally one that is poorly equipped to provide insights into other things. Importantly, then, impressionistic interpretive research is something that ought to be read, and done, in conjunction with other forms.
Two – we are (sort of) the same. In reflecting on the features we say make interpretive research 'impressionistic', we were struck by how many commonalities there are with colleagues' experiences of actually compiling and analysing data in their more or less positivist research. A dynamic, fluid or unsettled research design; the search for a supportable claim to something novel or counter-intuitive; the selective accentuation of data which support such claims – these are all things that we have discussed at length with econometricians, political behaviouralists and others besides. More reflexive honesty about the impressionistic nature of our work opens up these unexpected affinities.
Three – we all benefit from sunlight. On the back of this last point, the key difference is that while there are widespread calls for more transparency in positivist research, few such calls are being made in interpretive research. Of course, there are some ethical and pragmatic barriers—not all data is openly available, either because it shouldn't be or because it can't be. But much more can often be done to open up interpretive research in this way, and allow the impressions of the researchers involved to be contested—we have one such pilot project in the works which we will later report on. For the moment, though, the point is this: impressionistic interpretivists could learn something from mainstream political scientists about making their work at least opaque, letting more sunlight in.
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"I Will miss this Angel at church, she is in heaven with our..."
Ella Marie Eubank Jones, 84, of Kinston passed away on Friday, April 5, 2019, at UNC Lenoir Health Care. She is preceded in death by her parents, Walter and Ella Eubank; brothers, Walter Daniel Eubank and Clem Thomas Eubank.
Ella is survived by her husband, Wallace Jones; daughter, Barbara Ann Jones and friend Sherry Ethier; son, Wallace Michael Jones and wife Kelly; grandchildren, Wallace Michael Jones, Jr. and wife Rachel, Steven Anthony Jones and Matthew Ryan Jones; two great-grandchildren and sister, Daisie Taylor.
Visitation will be held 6:00 – 8:00 p.m., Monday, April 8, 2019, at Howard-Carter Funeral Home. Funeral service will be held 11:00 a.m., Tuesday, April 9, 2019, at Howard-Carter Funeral Home with Pastor Allen Stocks officiating. Graveside service will follow at Pinelawn Memorial Park.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Vision Sunday School class at Tanglewood Church, 2103 Rouse Rd, Kinston, NC 28504.


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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Opinions from 1923
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Opinions from 1923
SALINGER v. LOISEL
Citation: 263 U.S. 683
Court: US Supreme Court
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/263/683/
North Dakota v. Minnesota
Ex Parte United States
Lehmann v. State Board of Public Accountancy
Diaz v. Patterson
National Assn of Glass Mfrs. v. United States
Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
Cudahy Packing Co. v. Parramore
Arnold v. Guimarin & Co.
Pennsylvania v. West Virginia
Hightower v. American National Bank
King County v. Seattle School District No. 1
Street v. Shipowners' Assn.
Clallam County v. United States
Brosnan v. Brosnan
Bunch v. Cole
Craig v. Hecht
Security Savings Bank v. California
Binderup v. Pathe Exchange, Inc.
Webb v. O'Brien
Frick v. Webb
Brown v. United States
Citation: 263 U.S. 78
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/263/78/
Schwab v. Richardson
United States v. Slaymaker
New Orleans Land Co. v. Brott
Heyer v. Duplicator Manufacturing Co.
Des Moines National Bank v. Fairweather
St. Johns N.F. Shipping Corp. v. Companhia Geral
Superior Water, Light & Power Co. v. City of Superior
Baker v. Druesdow
Edward Hines Trustees v. United States
United States v. Bilokumsky v. Tod
Davis v. Slocomb
Butters v. City of Oakland
Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Hurni Packing Co.
United States v. Merriam
Klebe v. United States
Anderson v. Corall
Terrace v. Thompson
Porterfield v. Webb
McGregor v. Hogan
Davis v. Wolff
Canute Steamship Co., Ltd. v. Pittsburgh Coal Co.
Director General of Railroads v. Kastenbaum
Denby v. Berry
McConaughey v. Morrow
Woodbridge v. United States
Myers v. International Trust Co.
Wyman v. United States
United States v. Walter
American Railway Express Co. v. Levee
Davis v. Wechsler
Brede v. Powers
Citation: 263 U.S. 4
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/263/4/
Frese v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co.
Sonneborn Brothers v. Cureton
Chas. Wolff Packing Co. v. Court of Ind. Relations
Kentucky Finance Corp. v. Paramount Exchange
Georgia Ry. & Power Co. v. Railroad Comm'n
American Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank
Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Res. Bank
Joslin Mfg. Co. v. Providence
Bluefield Water Works v. Public Service Comm'n
City National Bank v. El Paso R. Co.
Rindge Co. v. Los Angeles
Milheim v. Moffat Tunnel Improvement Dist.
Oklahoma v. Texas
Houston Coal Co. v. United States
First National Bank of San Jose v. California
United States v. American Linseed Oil Co.
Meyer v. Nebraska
Bartels v. Iowa
Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. Daughton
Collins v. Loisel
Georgia Railway & Power Co. v. Decatur
Georgia Ry. & Power Co. v. College Park
Brush Electric Co. v. Galveston
Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Mellon
Willard, Sutherland & Co. v. United States
William C. Atwater & Co., Inc v. United States
Madera Sugar Pine Co. v. Industrial Acc. Comm'n
Work v. United States ex Rel. McAlester-Edwards Co.
American Steel Founderies v. Robertson
Curtis, Collins & Holbrook Co. v. United States
Wagner Elec. Mfg. Co. v. Lyndon
Graham v. Du Pont
Tulsidas v. Insular Collector of Customs
Stevens v. Arnold
Hart v. B.F. Keith Vaudeville Exchange
Ex Parte Davis
Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Public Svc. Comm'n
Davis v. Farmers Cooperative Equity Co.
Nashville, C. & St.L. Ry. v. Tennessee
South Utah Mines & Smelters v. Beaver County
Riddle v. Dyche
L. Vogelstein & Co., Inc. v. United States
United States v. New River Collieries Co.
International Life Ins. Co. v. Sherman
Campbell v. Olney
McCarthy v. Arndstein
Dier v. Banton
Essgee Co. v. Hanclaire Trading Corp.
Magnum Import Co., Inc. v. Coty
United States v. Sischo
Bianchi v. Morales
Oliver Iron Mining Co. v. Lord
Trenton v. New Jersey
Newark v. New Jersey
Begg v. City of New York
Cunard Steamship Co., Ltd. v. Mellon
Cullinan v. Walker
Yuma County Water Users' Assn. v. Schlecht
Ex Parte Fuller
New York ex Rel. Clyde v. Gilchrist
Commercial Trust Co. v. Miller
United States Trust Co. v. Miller
United States v. Mossel
A. G. Spalding & Bros. v. Edwards
St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. v. United States
Lion Bonding & Surety Co. v. Karatz
Board of Trade v. Olsen
Prendergast v. New York Tel. Co.
Ahrenfeldt v. Miller
United States v. Luskey
Layne & Bowler Corp. v. Western Well Works, Inc.
Hallanan v. Eureka Pipe Line Co.
Hallanan v. United Fuel Gas Co.
Toledo Scale Co. v. Computing Scale Co.
Keller v. Potomac Elec. Power Co.
Page Co. v. Macdonald
Phipps v. Cleveland Refining Co.
Gardner v. Chicago Title & Trust Co.
Wabash Railway Co. v. Elliott
FTC v. Sinclair Refining Co.
Hartford Life Ins. Co. v. Douds
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Kierejewski
Thomas v. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co.
Robinson v. United States
Pusey & Jones Co. v. Hanssen
Omnia Commercial Co., Inc. v. United States
Russell Motor Car Co. v. United States
Adkins v. Children's Hosp.
Watkins v. Sedberry
Hanson Lumber Co., Ltd. v. United States
Doyle v. Atwell
Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. v. United States
Hodges v. Snyder
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION v. FRUIT GROWERS' EXP
Work v. United States ex Rel. Mosier
United States v. Rider
St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Public Svc. Comm'n
Federal Land Bank of New Orleans v. Crosland
Arkansas Natural Gas Co. v. Arkansas R. Comm'n
Pothier v. Rodman
New York v. New York Telephone Co.
United States v. Allen
United States v. Moran
Ewen v. American Fidelity Co.
Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
Pullman Co. v. Richardson
Oklahoma Nat. Gas Co. v. Russell
United States v. Benedict
Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States
Munter v. Weil Corset Co., Inc.
Davis v. Dantzler Lumber Co.
Gorham Mfg. Co. v. Wendell
Diaz v. Gonzalez
United States Grain Corp. v. Phillips
Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Steinke
Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Wolf
Minnesota Commercial Men's Assn. v. Benn
Emergency Fleet Corp. v. Sullivan
Durham Public Service Co. v. Durham
Valley Farms Co. v. County of Westchester
Concrete Steel Co. v. Vendenburgh
Douglas v. Noble
Charles Nelson Co. v. United States
Bank of America v. Whitney Central Nat'l Bank
Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
Price Fire & Water Proofing Co. v. United States
The New England Divisions Case
United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
Brownlow v. Schwartz
Cramer v. United States
Columbia Railway, Gas & Elec. Co. v. South Carolina
Crown Die & Tool Co. v. Nye Tool & Machine Works
Randall v. Board of Commissioners
United States v. Oklahoma
Western & Atlantic R. v. Railroad Comm'n
Paducah v. Paducah Railway Co.
Eibel Process Co. v. Minnesota & Ontario Paper Co.
Vandenburgh v. Truscon Steel Co.
Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Railroad Labor Board
Moore v. Dempsey
Foley v. United States
Conley v. Barton
Leigh Ellis & Co. v. Davis
A. Bourjois & Co., Inc. v. Katzel
Bankers Trust Co. v. Blodgett
Lee v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co.
United States v. Lane
Hill v. Smith
Snake Creek Mining & Tunnel Co. v. Midway Irr. Co.
FTC v. Curtis Publishing Co.
American Railway Express Co. v. Lindenburg
St. Louis Malleable Casting Co. v. Prendergast Co.
Galveston Wharf Co. v. Galveston
United States v. Stafoff
United States v. Carver
Osaka Shosen Kaisha v. Pacific Export Lumber Co.
Charles A. Ramsay Co. v. Associated Bill Posters
Greenport Basin & Constr. Co. v. United States
Rosenberg Bros. & Co., Inc. v. Curtis Brown Co.
Southern Ry. Co. v. Watts
Stockley v. United States
Mason v. United States
Jeems Bayou Club v. United States
Heitler v. United States
Sioux City Bridge Co. v. Dakota County
Walker v. Gish
Blamberg Bros. v. United States
Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Van Zant
of US Supreme Court opinions.


The bicyclist was traveling eastbound on Golf Road when he was hit by a vehicle traveling in the same direction.
A bicyclist was killed Thursday evening when he was hit by a vehicle in the Town of Delafield.
The accident occurred about 5 p.m. on Golf Road west of Maple Avenue, according to a news release from the Waukesha County Sheriff's Office.
The bicyclist had been traveling eastbound on Golf Road when he was hit by a vehicle traveling in the same direction, the Sheriff's Office said. The bicyclist, a 57-year-old man from Delafield, was taken to Aurora Summit Hospital in Oconomowoc, where he died from his injuries.
The driver of the vehicle, a 71–year-old man from Waukesha, remained at the scene and is cooperating with the investigation, the Sheriff's Office said.


One Simple Trick to Beat Sleep Anxiety & Fall Asleep Fast No matter how tired you are, sleep anxiety can prevent you from falling asleep and getting the valuable shut-eye you need to be happy and full of beans in the morning.
Would you rather watch a video on 12 ways to fall asleep early? If so, w e have collected the best material on this page and turned it into a video that's chock-full of helpful sleep information.


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Natural Turquoise Cabochons
and Fetishes
Southwest Jewelry
Mark Jimenez
Mark Jimenez knew at fifteen years old that he was destined to be a silversmith and jewelry designer. He remembers distinctly the first time he felt the metal in his hand and the creativity it inspired in him. "Jewelry," he explains, " is an inanimate object until it is worn and takes on the personality and life of the wearer." Each piece he designs is done with the idea that the piece is meant to bring life - the past, present and the future - to the wearer and he uses that imagery when designing his silver and gold pieces. Born in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1958, Mark descends from a long history of artists. His mother's family are renowned weavers from Chimayo in which the family has weavings on permanent display at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C. and their work dates back to 1732, according to the archives in Santa Fe. Mark's father's family are Mescalero, Apache and Mexican, are known for thier Native American sculptures in alabaster and wood. The artist has taken the precise detailed work of his mother's weavings and blended it with the Native American traditional themes of his father's family's sculptures to design jewelry that represents the past, present and future, of not only Native Americans, but all of mankind.
He explains, "it is mankind - what we all share that is the same that I try to present in my jewelry. I try to create in jewelry the similarities we all share, the past, the present and future." Although most Native American jewelry is silver, Mark combines silver and gold in many of his more contemporary pieces. he is not confined to any one style and allows his art work to reflect, not only the traditions of his Native American roots but allows his creativity to inspire his vision of the future. mark has exhibited in The Heard Museum in Arizona and The Gilcrease Museum in Oklahoma. His jewelry is displayed in galleries in Coronado Island, California, Naples, Florida, Boca Raton, Florida, San Diego, California, Berlin, Massachusetts, Woodbine, New Jeresy, and Soho in New York City. He has won several first place awards in numerous shows and has been featured in Southwest Magazine. Mark is most proud that many celebrities are Mark Jimenez collectors including Oprah Winfrey, Linda Grey, Paul Rodriquez, Brooks and Dunn and several other country and western personalities.
View artwork by Mark Jimenez
Twin Rocks Trading Post · P.O. Box 330 · 913 E. Navajo Twins Dr · Bluff, UT 84512
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Touch it up! Whether you bumped into that tree for the twentieth time, your deck has seen better days after cutting lots of fertilized lawns or you accidentally spilled paint stripper on your mower, ScagParts.net has the touch-up paint to help you make that mower look like new. You can choose from a small container of paint that includes a brush for small knicks and scratches or spray cans for painting larger surface areas. We recommend sanding and priming any surfaces before you apply the paint for best adhesion, performance and longevity. Currently, there is not a recommended solution for thinning the paint to cover large areas.
Not sure which Paint fit your model?


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Kîrdanî (în ) este o comună în raionul Tarașcea, regiunea Kiev, Ucraina, formată numai din satul de reședință.

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației comunei Kîrdanî era vorbitoare de ucraineană (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de alte limbi.

Note

Kiîrdaniî
Kiîrdaniî, Tarasșcea
Kiîrdaniî, Tarasșcea, Kiev


Looking for providers of Coloured Lens Glasses?
There are many providers of coloured lens glasses. If you wish to search for the location of provider of coloured lens glasses then look at these links below. Once on their website, you can navigate around to discover further information about the provider and their glasses. Unfortunately, apart from university students, there appears to be no funding available.
We in no way recommend or endorse any one particular provider of glasses and costs may vary.


text:
VR Guidelines
PAIN STUDIES LAB
We are a research group and laboratory.
We invent systems to help transform the lives of people who live with pain,
and take into account their biological, psychological and social contexts.
Virtual Reality pioneer Dr. Diane Gromala has been leading research
and development of VR health applications for over 25 years.
Our mission: To create, build, test & scientifically validate
innovative technology to help people who live with pain.
Our goal: To help people live healthier, happier and more pain-free lives.
The Pain Studies Lab is a research group and physical research space funded by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) at Simon Fraser University's School of Interactive Arts and Technology (SIAT). It was founded and is directed by Dr. Diane Gromala, who holds the Canada Research Chair in Computational Technologies for Transforming Pain.
The diversity of our research work is reflected in our federal funding:
CIHR: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research
NIH: National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
NCEs: Canada's Networks of Centres of Excellence
AGE-WELL
Kid's Brain Health Network NCE (formerly NeuroDevNet)
NSERC: The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
NSF: National Science Foundation (U.S.)
SSRCH: The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
CFI: Canada Foundation for Innovation
CRC: Canada's Research Chairs
The Pain Studies Lab was named one of Google's first Solve for X labs.
Google on Solve for X:
"Moonshots live in the gray area between audacious projects and pure science fiction; instead of mere 10% gains, they aim for 10x improvements. The combination of a huge problem, a radical solution, and the breakthrough technology that might just make that solution possible is the essence of a Moonshot."
"Great Moonshot discussions require an innovative mindset – including a healthy disregard for the impossible – while still maintaining a level of practicality."
SFU's Chronic Pain Research Institute named Founding Member of the International VR & Healthcare Association (IVRHA) June 1, 2019
Pain Studies Lab @ Virtual Medicine 2019 — Cedar-Sinai Medical Center May 16, 2019
Pain Studies Lab conducts CITIZEN SCIENCE Co-creation Workshop with the Arthritis Research Center of Canada (ARC) April 21, 2019
Pain Studies Lab's HQP Weina Jin attended AGE-WELL's Summer Institute January 6, 2019
You may download images from PSL for print and publishing here: hi-res.zip | lo-res.zip
For further questions please contact us at mail@confrontingpain.com or refer to our FAQ.
Prof. Diane Gromala, PhD, Canada Research Chair | Simon Fraser University
School of Interactive Arts & Technology 250 – 13450 102 Avenue Surrey, B.C, Canada, V3T 0A3
Lab #: (778) 782-8013 | Fax #: (778) 782-7478 | Email: mail@confrontingpain.com
© 2020 The Pain Studies Lab at SFU.


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college basketball news
Georgetown's Ewing, North Carolina's Phil Ford headline College Hall of Fame class
March 6, 2012 By paulmbanks Leave a Comment
Georgetown's dominating center Patrick Ewing, Kansas legend Clyde Lovellette and North Carolina's star guard Phil Ford headline the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame induction class of 2012. Joining them for enshrinement will be coaches Joe B. Hall and Dave Robbins, players Kenny Sailors, Earl Monroe and Willis Reed and contributors Jim Host and Joe Dean. A … [Read more...] about Georgetown's Ewing, North Carolina's Phil Ford headline College Hall of Fame class
Kentucky Wildcats Place Three Freshmen on Naismith Award Watch List
The watch list for the Naismith Award, honoring the nation's top college basketball player, was release today. The Kentucky Wildcats and North Carolina Tar Heels lead the way, as each school had four players make the short list. For UK, three of them are freshmen from their soon-to-be-legendary recruiting class: Anthony Davis, Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, and Marquis Teague. All … [Read more...] about Kentucky Wildcats Place Three Freshmen on Naismith Award Watch List
Butler Projected to Win Horizon League, Two Chicago Teams Picked at Bottom
For the third consecutive year, Butler has been picked as the Horizon League favorite in the annual preseason poll of league coaches, media and SIDs. Makes sense given how they're coming off back to back national title game appearances, and have been far and away the class of the HL the past three college basketball seasons. (Also the only mid-major to earn their own Category … [Read more...] about Butler Projected to Win Horizon League, Two Chicago Teams Picked at Bottom
Fighting Irish Lose Best Player for 4 Games, NCAA Technicality
Fighting Irish forward Tim Abromaitis, the player expected to replace Ben Hansbrough as the team's leader, top scorer, and overall best talent, will miss the first four games of the college basketball regular season. Why? A misunderstanding in the technicality of an NCAA rule dating back to the 2008-09 season. … [Read more...] about Fighting Irish Lose Best Player for 4 Games, NCAA Technicality


The Belmont Bruins oppose the Maryland Terrapins in a Thursday NCAA first round college basketball matchup.
The Belmont Bruins defeated the Temple Owls 81-70 on Tuesday night in the NCAA play in game to advance to the Field of 64.
Kevin McClain carried the scoring load for the Bruins with a contest high 29 points, three yanks and four assists with Nick Muszynski adding 16 points and four pulls.
Grayson Murphy and Michael Benkert gave Belmont nine points each while leading scorer Dylan Windler was held to five points but hauled in 14 rebounds.
The Maryland Terrapins received an 'at-large' invitation to the NCAA tournament after an early boot from the Big Ten playoffs by Nebraska 69-61 in the quarterfinals.
The Terrapins saw 18 points, three pulls and four helpers from Anthony Cowan Jr. with Darryl Morsell adding 14 points, three yanks and five assists. Maryland received 12 points and four boards from Eric Ayala followed by Jalen Smith with eight points and five rebounds.
Belmont Bruins are 12-3-1 ATS in their last 16 games overall and are 3-1-1 ATS in their last 5 games following a ATS win and are 21-8 ATS in their last 29 Thursday games and are 13-5 ATS in their last 18 non-conference games.
Maryland Terrapins are 9-2 ATS in their last 11 games following a ATS loss and are 4-1 ATS in their last 5 games following a straight up loss and are 2-6 ATS in their last 8 neutral site games and are 1-6 ATS in their last 7 NCAA Tournament games.


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Islamic State Supporters Celebrate Brussels Attack On Twitter: 'Expect More Bombs, More Death!'
ISIS rejoices on twitter, a widely circulated post among these ISIS backers featured the words, "What will be coming is worse."
Breitbart reports According to the UK Independent, Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL) supporters celebrated the Brussels bombings online, even before the Islamic State formally took responsibility for the attacks:
"What a beautiful day today," one man wrote, calling the victims "Belgium supporters" who did not count as civilians.
"F*** Belgium. Belgium wanted to bomb the Islamic state Now enjoy what your hands have sown.
"A lot of duas [prayers] were answered today."
The supporter claimed to have received a message from an Isis militant to the group's supporters in Belgium reading: "We have come to you with slaughter."
Heavy.com has more tweets from the ISIS militant who said, "We have come to you with slaughter," including, "When Muslims are bombed they run towards the bombing. When kuffar are bombed, they run to another city" and "Metro is controlled by NATO. Western security is so pathetic. Without their planes they are nothing."
Arabic supporters of ISIS got a #BrusselsOnFire hashtag rolling on Twitter, as they used #ParisOnFire to celebrate after the Paris massacre.
"The state will force you to reevaluate your ways a thousand times before you are emboldened to kill Muslims again, and know that Muslims now have a state to defend them," said one Islamic State devotee on the hashtag, spotted by the New York Post.
NBC News reports that a widely retweeted post among ISIS backers declares, "What will be coming is worse."
#BrusselsIsOnFire tweets reported by The Jerusalem Post include, "You declared war against us and bombed us, and we attack you inside your homeland," an ISIS supporter declaring he was shedding "tears of joy" over the massacre, and the ever-popular "Allahu akbar."
The JPost notes that in addition to celebrating the attacks as revenge for Western airstrikes against the Islamic State and the arrest of Paris attack conspirator Salah Abdelsalam in Brussels, ISIS fans were excited about the degree of economic damage that would be inflicted on Belgium and the European Union by Tuesday's lockdown of transit systems and airports. This would help fulfill the Islamic State's desire to "devastate the Western economy and replace the dollar with its own coin as the only international legal tender."
According to International Business Times, Twitter administrators "quickly" shut down the #BrusselsIsOnFire hashtag and deleted many of its posts, in addition to suspending some accounts that violated Twitter's terms of service by "directly or indirectly promoting violence." In addition to belligerent threats and celebrations of murder, some violators were pushing out disinformation, such as false warnings of a bombing at the European Commission offices.
IBT reports that ISIS channels on the secure chat system Telegram were urging supporters to flood Twitter with propaganda messages on several Brussels-related hashtags, anticipating a crackdown on terrorist-supporting accounts.
According to Business Insider, among the messages ISIS wanted its supporters to post on Twitter, in the French language, were, "We will kill you all with knives, guns, and bombs" and "Expect more bombs, more death! Coming soon in Germany!"
Newer PostTrump On Savage: 'What Happened In Brussels Is Coming To The US' (Video)
Older PostObama: Big Papi Dropping F-Bomb 'One Of My Proudest Moments'


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Physicians' evaluations of patients' decisions to refuse oncological treatment
T van Kleffens,
E van Leeuwen
Department of Philosophy and Medical Ethics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Correspondence to:
T van Kleffens
VU University Medical Center, Department of Philosophy and Medical Ethics, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands; t.vankleffensvumc.nl
Objective: To gain insight into the standards of rationality that physicians use when evaluating patients' treatment refusals.
Design of the study: Qualitative design with indepth interviews.
Participants: The study sample included 30 patients with cancer and 16 physicians (oncologists and general practitioners). All patients had refused a recommended oncological treatment.
Results: Patients base their treatment refusals mainly on personal values and/or experience. Physicians mainly emphasise the medical perspective when evaluating patients' treatment refusals. From a medical perspective, a patient's treatment refusal based on personal values and experience is generally evaluated as irrational and difficult to accept, especially when it concerns a curative treatment. Physicians have a different attitude towards non-curative treatments and have less difficulty accepting a patient's refusal of these treatments. Thus, an important factor in the physician's evaluation of a treatment refusal is whether the treatment refused is curative or non-curative.
Conclusion: Physicians mainly use goal oriented and patients mainly value oriented rationality, but in the case of non-curative treatment refusal, physicians give more emphasis to value oriented rationality. A consensus between the value oriented approaches of patient and physician may then emerge, leading to the patient's decision being understood and accepted by the physician. The physician's acceptance is crucial to his or her attitude towards the patient. It contributes to the patient's feeling free to decide, and being understood and respected, and thus to a better physician–patient relationship.
treatment refusal
medical decision making
clinical oncology
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2004.008755
When a patient decides to refuse a recommended oncological treatment, the physician is faced with questions about the background of this decision, the patient's arguments, the acceptability of the decision, and the patient's role in the decision making process. The physician has to evaluate the patient's decision: Is it sensible, responsible, and judicious? Often the evaluation is then directed to the question: Is the patient's decision rational or not?1,2 The actual standards of rationality in these cases, however, are not clear. The question therefore arises: On what basis do physicians distinguish between their patients' rational and irrational arguments?
In medical ethical literature, rationality is described in various ways. Rational choice has—for example, been described as the choice that maximises expected utility or that satisfies the patient's aims and values most.1 In other cases, having "good reasons" is at the centre of the evaluation of rationality.2–4 Savulescu and Momeyer state that "It is rational for a person to perform some act if there would be a good reason to perform that act if the facts were as he/she believes them to be."2 A pilot study revealed that a physician's evaluation of the rationality of the patient's decision is crucial to their attitude towards the patient: if a physician thinks the patient's refusal is not based on good reasons, he or she is often inclined to consider the decision as irrational and will keep trying to convince the patient to accept the treatment.4 The evaluation of "good reasons", however, raises another question: What makes a reason a good reason—"good" in a medical context, "good" in a patient context, or "good" in both?
The purpose of this article is to gain insight into the standards of rationality used by physicians. We focus on two aspects of this issue. Firstly, we describe what is meant in daily medical practice by rational decision making and discuss what physicians understand by "good reasons" to refuse recommended oncological treatment. Secondly, we discuss what motivates a patient to refuse a treatment and how this is communicated to their physician.
The present study is based on indepth interviews with patients and physicians. All patients had refused a recommended oncological treatment. In this study refusal meant the patient did not start treatment at all; or stopped during treatment; or refused a part of a recommended treatment but accepted another (for example, accepted surgery but refused chemotherapy). A qualitative research method was adopted to explore patients' deliberations that led to refusal of a recommended oncological treatment and to determine physicians' evaluations of the treatment refusals. The study was approved by the medical ethics committees at the study sites. All patients gave written informed consent.
Patients who have refused an oncological treatment are difficult to enrol for a research sample.4 One reason may be that after their refusal, they have withdrawn from the medical circuit and are therefore not easy to approach. Another reason may be that after their withdrawal, patients no longer want to be involved in medical research, either because they do not want to be confronted by hospitals or doctors again or because they are too ill to be interviewed. The patients included in this study form a rather unique sample and deserve our gratitude.
A total of 30 patients (mean age 58 years, range 23–91) were interviewed. The inclusion criteria were: (a) age more than 18 years; (b) able to speak and understand Dutch: (c) having cancer; (d) life expectancy of more than three months; and (e) having refused a recommended oncological treatment. The patients were asked to participate by general practitioners (n = 5) and by specialists in a university hospital (n = 6) or in general hospitals (n = 2) in the Netherlands. Dutch associations for patients with cancer were willing to spread information about the study. Patient members of these associations (n = 17) responded themselves to the call to participate. All patients recruited by the physicians or those who responded themselves between January 2001 and April 2002 were included in the study if they met the inclusion criteria. We included both patients who had refused a recommended treatment with higher potential benefit (curative treatment, n = 10) and patients who had refused a recommended treatment with lower potential benefit (non-curative treatment, n = 20). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are given in table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients included in the present study (n = 30). Values are n (%)
A total of 16 physicians were interviewed from among the physicians who recruited the patients. Eight general practitioners (50%) and eight (general) oncologists (50%) were selected, including younger and older (mean age 49 years, range 29–60), male (n = 11, 69%) and female (n = 5, 31%) physicians with few to many years of working experience (mean 18 years, range 2–29), and from different settings (general practice, university hospital, and general hospital). The interviews were carried out between May and October 2002.
Interview procedure
Each patient interview was carried out at the patient's home and lasted between 60 and 120 minutes. We used indepth interview techniques—that is, the interviews contained some general topics and no close ended questions.5 The interview topics covered demographic and clinical characteristics of the patient; the course of the disease; communication with physicians about the recommended treatment; the patient's attitude to the recommended treatment; and the patient's perspectives of the future. The interview topics were formulated after examining the relevant literature and undertaking preliminary observational studies. In these studies, 72 patients were observed during their visits to five different oncologists at an oncological outpatient clinic in the Netherlands. From the transcripts, various aspects of the discussions between physicians and patients about recommendations for treatment were noted and converted into interview topics.
Each physician was interviewed at their office. The interview lasted between 30 and 60 minutes. The indepth interview topics covered the characteristics of the physician; working experience; curative versus non-curative treatment and palliative care in oncology; the physician–patient relationship, especially concerning treatment decisions; patient autonomy; physician's beneficence; and treatment refusals and their rationality. At the end of the interview, the medical history of one patient who participated in the study was presented as a case (see box 1), and the physicians were asked to give their opinion about the rationality of the patient's decision.
Box 1: The case of Mrs S
Mrs S is 54 years old. After a period of fever and pneumonia, she was diagnosed as having bronchial carcinoma (non-small cell lung cancer in the upper right pulmonary lobe). The attending physician recommended surgery in which part of the lung would be removed (lobectomy). Mrs S decided to refuse the recommended surgery.
Mrs S: "I was afraid, and this fear was based on the mediastinoscopy [a diagnostic procedure carried out behind the sternum in the upper part of the chest cavity, which she recently had undergone; TvK]. I awoke when I was still in the operating room. I think something was not timed very well. A tube was still in my throat. I don't know if the tube was in my trachea or in my throat. I don't know, but I heard someone say that the surgery had been successful. And I was choking, I pulled out the tube and immediately afterwards I was transferred to the recovery room and there, for one and a half hours, I had terrible shortness of breath. I really thought I would suffocate."
"At that moment I thought: What if I had to undergo such a lobectomy? Then I would be in intensive care for three or four days. What if I keep getting that suffocating feeling. I know that they may make it technically possible for me not to really suffocate, but the feeling is terrible. I took three days to reflect on that, and then I decided for myself, no surgery. I am afraid. It is fear, fear of the surgery, and what may come afterwards."
All the patient and physician interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. A descriptive qualitative approach was used to analyse the interviews.6 During the analysis, we used computer software (Kwalitan 5.0; VAM Peters, Radboud University, Nijmegen) for multiple text management, including coding, locating, and retrieving key materials, phrases, and words. Each interview was divided into several segments. The segments were coded and the codes were organised into categories and put into a tree structure. A second independent researcher supervised the process of data management.
The medical perspective
Mrs S's case (see box 1) was presented to all the physicians in the study. They were asked whether they would judge her decision as rational or as irrational.
Physician 1: If it is related to previous communication breakdown combined with an enormous amount of fear thus preventing the patient from forming a good idea of what that cancer can do if it is not treated, and no good decisions are made, then I find it irrational. Or at least something I would try to change.Physician 2: Well, those experiences, if they are based somehow on facts that I can verify, I could find that rational. But when I have the feeling that it is not based on facts, I find it very irrational.
The physician interviews revealed that physicians mainly emphasise the medical perspective when evaluating what are good reasons, and thus, what is rational. This perspective consists of a system of terminologies, deliberations, and expressions that are common in medical practice. The physicians indicated that if a patient's refusal was based on reasons related to the kind of tumour, the prognosis, and/or the side effects of the treatment, they were rather inclined to evaluate these reasons as good reasons and to accept the refusal. Moreover, the physicians felt that rational arguments are related to those reasons that are scientifically proved, such as the chance of the treatment being effective or gaining medical benefit. If a patient refuses oncological treatment because he or she does not want to experience the side effects, a physician judges this decision to be rational if side effects are indeed expected to occur.
Physician 3: If the chance of effectiveness is small and the price one has to pay is high with regard to side effects, I can imagine someone saying: "It is not worth all the trouble and at this moment I have few complaints, thus why should I?". I find that a rational argument.
A significant factor in the physician's evaluation of a patient's decision is the phase of the patient's disease; the distinction between the curative and palliative phases of the disease and treatment processes plays an important role in a physician's evaluation and acceptance of a patient's refusal for treatment.
Physician 4: Well, if patients could just really realise what they may be missing, with the treatment they could get if they continue, if they at least know that. Then I could accept it [treatment refusal]. And I'm talking particularly about palliative treatment. As for a cure, I would always be willing to go a bit further and possibly involve some colleagues.
Curative treatment
The interviews revealed that when a physician thinks there is a reasonable chance of cure, a patient's treatment refusal is often judged as irrational and is difficult to accept for the physician. Physicians evaluate the decision to accept or to refuse a recommended oncological treatment as a decision about life or death: when the patient refuses treatment, he or she chooses for disease progression, with a greater chance of dying from the disease. They consider the decision to refuse curative oncological treatment out of proportion. From a physician's point of view, the consequences of the decision are enormous and cannot be compared with the possible side effects of the treatment. In other words, according to the physician, the benefits of being treated are much greater than the price the patient has to pay.
Physician 4: Those tubes [of Mrs S], I do not find that rational. It is not such a big problem compared to the fact that she can remain alive. The patient does not see the right relation between the proportions [sic]. It's like when you say that your cat will be alone for one day—that has no relation to what you can gain from it [treatment]."
Age also seems to play a role in the physician's evaluation of a patient's refusal of curative treatment. Physicians find it easier to accept a treatment refusal by an older than a younger patient.
Physician 5: Concerning chemotherapy, which can also cure the elderly, I can imagine some people would not want that. I would agree to not giving chemotherapy with a curative intention. Concerning young people, I find it hard not to offer curative treatment, because that is simply choosing death. In such cases I am the attending physician who will try to win someone over.
Non-curative treatment
When a physician is of the opinion that cure is no longer an option, the decision of a patient to refuse oncological treatment seems easier to accept compared with the situation in which there is a reasonable chance of cure. The appropriateness of the decision about non-curative oncological treatment directed at palliation, which includes choices about prolonging life as well as quality of life, is perceived differently from the decision about curative oncological treatment. The consequence of refusing non-curative oncological treatment may be that the patient will die a few months earlier, but it is not a matter of life or death. Physicians are of the opinion that in the palliative phase the most important thing is accurate interpretation of the patient's wishes, and in these circimstances it is the patient who decides what a "good" palliative phase actually means. The interviews revealed that physicians find the degree of rationality of patients' arguments less important from a medical perspective when it comes to decisions about non-curative treatment compared with decisions about curative treatment: in the palliative phase, the best option for the patient is at the forefront, and this option does not have to be in agreement with the best medical option.
Physician 4: And when that patient just says, "Well, for me it is not a matter of a long life, I just want a good quality of life and I just want to do some nice things", yeah, I find that a very good reason.
Life expectancy seems to play an important role in the physician's evaluation and acceptance of a patient's refusal of non-curative treatment. For example, patients with breast cancer can receive non-curative treatment for a very long time. A patient with a prognosis of a five year palliative phase, could, by her decision to refuse treatment, shorten her life by several years. That decision is much more difficult for a physician to accept compared with a decision about a palliative phase lasting only a few months. In the latter case, refusing oncological treatment could mean that instead of, for instance, six months, the patient's prognosis would be three months.
Physician 6: For some treatments, like for metastasised stomach carcinoma, you wonder whether or not you should carry it [treatment] out. And if patients say, "I don't want it", I will not say they have to. Regarding breast cancer, I am more inclined to convince patients of the usefulness of the treatment, because there are some very valuable palliative treatments. … The tumours respond very well and very good palliative effect can be attained. As such, the patient's complaints disappear and they will benefit from the treatment for a long time. … Concerning breast cancer you will try to convince patients, whereas in stomach cancer you will try but to a lesser degree.
As with refusal of curative treatment, age also seems to play a role in the physician's evaluation of a patient's decision to refuse non-curative treatment, mostly in combination with life expectancy. When it is expected that a recommended treatment will prolong a patient's life by several years, the decision of a younger patient to refuse treatment is more difficult to accept than when an older patient makes the same decision. If the aim of the recommended non-curative oncological treatment is to prolong life by several months, the age of the patient—that is, whether the decision to refuse is made by a younger or an older patient—usually does not make a difference to the physician's acceptance of the decision.
To illustrate this point, Mrs S's case can be used again as an example. As revealed by our empirical study, if Mrs S's decision concerned curative treatment, physicians would find it very hard to accept it: the decision is irrational from a medical point of view since it is very unlikely that she would have the same experience again. If the decision concerned non-curative treatment, physicians would find it easier to accept it, even though Mrs S's life expectancy can be prolonged by the treatment. In the latter case, the physician is inclined to place more emphasis on the patient's considerations about fear, experiences, and personal wishes and desires than on whether their arguments are rational or irrational from a medical perspective.
Physician 1: It is irrational, but for her [Mrs S] it is reality.Physician 7: Why she [Mrs S] does it is irrational, but the decision is easy to sympathise with, that's the problem.
From the last quote, it appears that a physician may sometimes experience problems when evaluating the patient's decision. The physician may judge the patient's treatment refusal as irrational since the decision, from a medical point of view, is not based on good reasons. The decision is based on emotions and on arguments that result from a false impression of things—that is, from earlier experiences of the patient that are not likely to occur a second time. At the same time, however, the same physician may—from a patients' perspective—sympathise with the decision.
The patient's perspective
The reasons why patients refuse oncological treatment are diverse (table 2).
Reasons why patients refuse a recommended oncological treatment
Both medical and personal considerations seem to play a role in the patient's decision to refuse treatment, but personal values and experiences predominate. For example, patients may find it important to occupy themselves—painting, playing tennis, or walking in the mountains. If the side effects of chemotherapy would prevent them from carrying out these activities, the patients in the present study indicated that the meaning of their life would be gone and quality of life decreased. Our empirical study revealed that patients find quality of life to be very important. It was clear that many patients believed that quality of life was incompatible with receiving oncological treatment. More than half chose not to be treated because they believed that treatment would not result in a better quality of life and would only cause side effects and/or increase or induce symptoms. Some patients indicated they would rather live for a little lesser time than prolong their lives with all kinds of troubles due to treatment.
Patient 1: my quality of life will diminish when you remove a large part of the small intestine.Patient 2: nevertheless have a fine life, higher quality of life, without chemotherapy.Patient 3: that I risked suffering side effects from the "pleasant" radiotherapy that actually would diminish my quality of life scared me stiff.Patient 4: we can postpone death with chemotherapy. But then, in this period of postponement, how will I live? What will my quality of my life be like? Thus, I have to give up quality.
For some patients with breast cancer, losing a breast plays an important role in their decision to refuse surgery. Such a decision is based on important considerations of the patient's life: keeping her breast may reflect personal values such as identity, dignity, and/or integrity. The importance the patient attaches to her personal values underlies her refusal for treatment, and, apparently, her personal values are so important that she uses them as an argument for a decision that may have far-reaching consequences.
As also revealed in the case of Mrs S, patients' personal considerations that underlie a treatment refusal are often based on earlier experiences or on stories and experiences of others. The interviews revealed that most patients referred to their own experience or that of others as a source of knowledge as to what they can expect from being treated or not. These experiences seem to highly inspire patients' decision making.
Patient 5: Besides, two days before I went to my GP, I had buried my friend who had been ill for six years. She had undergone all the standard things and suffered horribly. She was groaning with pain when I visited her at the hospital and I found it just terrible. … Afterwards I buried another friend who was also ill for six years. … I saw these friends of mine. I saw them suffering. … And since I have witnessed and seen all of that, I think well then perhaps just let me go, but don't torture me.
Much of the criticism by patients who refused treatment is related to the fact that treatment is often offered as the "standard treatment", based on statistics. Our patients indicated that they did not recognise themselves in these statistics. Moreover, they found it important to be approached as individuals.
Patient 6: I think, you can say whatever you like, but of course for them I am only a case. And they apply a lot of statistics to it. "If we do that, this will happen and so many will survive. If we don't do that, so many will die." I think, that's not how it works. I am an individual, I have my history, I have all different kinds of perspective.
When offered treatment as the "standard treatment", some patients feel they are not being given sufficient room to reflect on the recommended treatment. Personal considerations, based on norms and values to which they attach great importance, are not allowed to play a role.
Patient 7: You have to get the chance, I think, as a human being, to be allowed to reflect on it [treatment], to consider what are the consequences and then only decide whether or not you can or want to do it. At that time, that was absolutely not the case. That was it, that was standard. … But a patient with cancer is his own "hands-on" expert and physicians have to pay much more attention to what the patient himself experiences. They can learn a lot from their patients, like trying not to say, "This is the European standard, these things make up the treatment and that's what you have to do".
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Our study revealed that when patients decide to refuse a recommended oncological treatment, the physician's perspective may not concur with the patient's perspective. Only few studies have investigated the reasons why patients opt for or against treatment. According to Fried et al, the burden of treatment, the outcome, and the likelihood of the outcome all influence patients' treatment preferences.7 Slevin et al described how patients make a cost–benefit assessment of chemotherapy before opting for or against radical treatment. Chance of a cure, prolonging life, and relief of symptoms were weighed.8 Siminoff and Fetting investigated factors affecting treatment decisions in the case of breast cancer. They found that patients who did not accept their physician's treatment recommendation weighed the benefits of treatment against the probability and severity of side effects.9 Studies examining the types of trade-off patients with early breast cancer make between benefits and side effects reveal that women with milder side effects (less toxicity) judged smaller benefits worthwhile and that small improvements in survival were sufficient to make adjuvant chemotherapy worthwhile.10,11 In addition to weighing improvements in survival and side effects, women with dependants and social support judged smaller benefits worthwhile.10 Our results show that a patient's decision to refuse a recommended oncological treatment is not particularly based on weighing the pros and cons of treatment from a medical perspective. The decision relies, in particular, on personal values and/or experiences, which seem not to be based on a general moral point of view but seem to have a circumstantial basis—that is, the patient takes his or her own circumstances, at this very moment, as a starting point.
From both the medical and the patient's perspective, good reasons can be given for refusing oncological treatment. The two perspectives may overlap to some extent, but large parts may not concur. Patients' treatment decisions, which are based on personal values or experiences, most of the time fall outside a medical perspective and are judged by physicians as irrational. The meaning and use of the term "rationality" from a medical perspective and from a patient's perspective can in our view be described by using the terms "goal oriented rationality" (zweckrationalität) and "value oriented rationality" (wertrationalität) as distinguished and defined by Max Weber.12 Goal oriented rationality is directed at effects considering a certain goal. It is part of instrumental rationality; the effectiveness of the relation between means and ends is most important. Value oriented rationality is not directed at effects, but at a system of values. In our view, the distinction between a medical perspective and a patient's perspective is based on physicians mainly using goal oriented rationality. Physicians have means (medical treatment) to reach a goal (cure the patient, prolong survival, or improve the quality of life). They weigh the costs and benefits of medical treatments, they opt for the best treatment, and they want to use this treatment to help the patient. However, physicians also seem to use value oriented rationality—for example, a patient who refuses a medically advisable treatment runs against the physician's feeling of doing well. Similarly, patients also seem to use goal oriented rationality but to a lesser degree. They do consider advantages and side effects of treatment, but concerning treatment refusal, they mainly use a system of values—that is, they use value oriented rationality. Thus, both seem to use value oriented as well as goal oriented rationality but physicians put more emphasis on the latter and patients on the former. Moreover, physicians' value oriented rationality is based on a general moral point of view (for example, doing well), and patients' value oriented rationality has a circumstanstial basis.
Nowadays, it is clearly established in medicine, ethics, and law that a competent patient has the right to refuse medical treatment. There is no difficulty if a patient's refusal concurs with the clinical evaluation, but the issue becomes problematic when a patient's refusal conflicts with medical opinion.13 Physicians interpret decisions conflicting with medical opinion mostly as irrational, and irrational decisions are difficult to accept. When the patient expresses a non-rational preference, physicians face a dilemma between their duty to care for a patient and respect for patient autonomy—that is, the personal choice of the patient. A physician may try to convince their patient to agree with the doctor's viewpoint by discussing medical facts to ensure that the patient understands his or her situation. Coercive methods to force patients to agree, however, easily lead to miscommunication and abandonment of the patient.
We argue that the issue is less problematic if physicians interpret "good reasons" to refuse a recommended oncological treatment from both the medical and the patient's perspective based on specific values. This already occurs in the case of non-curative treatment. Physicians find it less difficult to accept a patient's refusal of a non-curative treatment even if the refusal is, from a medical perspective, based on irrational grounds. Then the physician seems to place more emphasis on the patient's value system. When a physician attempts to see the patient's perspective, this may be enhanced by discussing the physician's and patient's value-oriented rationalities in such a way that the circumstantial basis of the patient's rationality is understood. Respecting the patient's perspective in the acceptance of treatment refusal is important for the physician–patient relationship. The physician's acceptance is crucial to his or her attitude towards the patient: if a physician does not accept the treatment refusal, he or she is often inclined to persist in convincing the patient to accept the treatment.4 This results in patients experiencing that they are not really free to make their decisions, leading to frustration and miscommunication.14 If a physician does accept a patient's treatment refusal, this will contribute to the patient's feelings of being free to decide, to be understood and respected in his or her decision, and thus contribute to a better physician–patient relationship.
We are indebted to M de Vries and B van Baarsen for their valuable and critical reviews of earlier versions of this manuscript.
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This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport of the Dutch Government. Registration No. 1051253. Obligation No. 31266.99.
Copyright 2005 by the Journal of Medical Ethics
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Shadowhunters fans have been hard at work trying to save the show from cancelation. From petitions to fundraisers and even a billboard... it looks like now the fans hard work is starting to pay off!
According to Deadline, producers of the show Martin Moszkowicz and other members of the Constantin Film company are "amazed" by the fans dedication. "[We're] amazed by the dedication and persistence of the incredible fandom of Shadowhunters and the #SaveShadowhunters campaign. We are in ongoing discussions with the network and Netflix to [see] how we can continue to bring Cassandra Claire's vision to television."
However, Netflix aren't 100% on board just yet. A rep from the company told Deadline, "No Netflix negotiations are taking place to extend Shadowhunters beyond the 12 new episodes planned to premiere in 2019."
Deadline also reported that Constantin Film have gotten "thousands of emails, tweets and Facebook messages from the fan group that's self-organized via social media."


text:
The Bad Popes
Uredništvo Crime 5. April 2021. 1 Minute
The Bad Popes is a 1969 book by E. R. Chamberlin documenting the lives of eight of the most controversial popes (papal years in parentheses):
Pope Stephen VI (896–897), who had his predecessor Pope Formosus exhumed, tried, de-fingered, briefly reburied, and thrown in the Tiber.[1]:19
Pope John XII (955–964), who gave land to a mistress, murdered several people, and was killed by a man who caught him in bed with his wife.
Pope Benedict IX (1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048), who "sold" the Papacy.
Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303), who is lampooned in Dante's Divine Comedy.
Pope Urban VI (1378–1389), who complained that he did not hear enough screaming when Cardinals who had conspired against him were tortured.[1]:153
Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503), a Borgia, who was guilty of nepotism and whose unattended corpse swelled until it could barely fit in a coffin.[1]:204
Pope Leo X (1513–1521), a spendthrift member of the Medici family who once spent 1/7 of his predecessors' reserves on a single ceremony.[1]:218
Pope Clement VII (1523–1534), also a Medici, whose power-politicking with France, Spain, and Germany got Rome sacked.
Published 5. April 2021.
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