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Bill Steel of the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network discusses earthquake preparations
Cascadia Subduction Zone (image courtesy National Park Service)
If you're like me and thousands of others living west of the Cascades, you were left stunned and scared by a recent New Yorker magazine article suggesting that it's almost inevitable that Seattle, Portland and other Pacific Northwest cities will be "toast" (as one Oregon State University seismologist put it) when a massive Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake arrives, causing what is predicted to be the worst natural disaster in American history.
In the days and weeks following the article, there was a lot of arguing amongst other seismologists and the general public as to just how dire the circumstances are. Is it guaranteed that we'd be hit by a 9.0 earthquake or more? Is it really overdue by decades or could it come in another 75 years? Will we really all be camping outside our houses for over a year without electricity?
Recently I spoke with Bill Steele of the University of Washington's Pacific Northwest Seismic Network to separate paranoia and fear from cold hard facts, and to learn more about just what Portland buildings are under the greatest threat.
From the beginning of our conversation, it was clear that one particular type of building is the most vulnerable: unreinforced masonry, where load bearing walls and other portions of the building like chimneys are made of brick, cinderblock, tiles, adobe or other masonry material that is not braced by reinforcing beams. Steele believes it's just not realistic for us to keep most of them, which is sad, because these old buildings are a huge portion of our city and our architectural character.
"Going back and trying to bring old buildings back up to current standards now that reflect the hazard we face is extremely difficult and in some cases impossible without very expensive base isolation or other strategies," Steele explained. "You wouldn't employ that unless it was a very special building like a city hall. What you want to do is try to identify those historic structures you absolutely want to keep and find ways of improving their life safety so they don't collapse on people. And you want to find ways to improve other old buildings or in some cases replace them. One way or the other you hope for all your structures to come up to minimum life safety standard. But it is costly and many of these buildings may have to be torn down after the quake even if the retrofit works. Maybe you were able to evacuate but the building is damaged beyond its reasonable repair. That makes it an expensive proposition to invest in. That's the challenge: you do you do that? How do you bring everything along?"
But, Steele adds more optimistically, "I think Oregon's doing a lot of right things. And I know the city is now working on an unreinforced masonry ordinance and involving stakeholders as we speak. I think Portland and Oregon are moving forward, but it's going to take a significant investment." He says a recent visit to downtown Portland revealed a lot of unreinforced masonry buildings there.
Steele also says our plethora of bridges poses an extra problem. "Some were built to minimum code standards. Oregon didn't always have as high of a code as Puget Sound. It didn't adopt Uniform Building Code level 3 [which has more rigid seismic protections] as early as Puget Sound did. There are a lot of important structures that are really quite weak and need retrofitting. I know Oregonians have worked to improve the I-5 bridge to Washington over the Columbia. I think that kind of investment is going to be extremely helpful. Even if you lose one or two bridges, if you have alternatives it doesn't make you an island. So that's important."
Bill Steele (image courtesy Pacific Northwest Seismic Network)
I asked Steele to further explain the UBC levels, which haven't traditionally been as high in Oregon as in California and Washington. "The Unified Building Code was one of the first with seismic standards built in based on the hazard. UBC [level] 3 is essentially designed so the building will not collapse when subjected to 30 percent of the force of gravity in horizontal shaking," he said. "UBC 4 is designed to withstand 40 percent without collapse. It doesn't mean they will always be safe, but they won't kill people. That's the first level of engineering that you want to achieve, your base level. Nowadays Oregon and Washington have adopted the International Building Code, which has some different ways of approaching these standards. It's more adaptable. It takes the USGS seismic hazard maps and takes the probable shaking levels a building will receive on a given site and establishes level 4's criteria based on that."
Why stricter standards for Seattle? "Because Seattle has a big crustal fault that has produced quakes. It's uncertain in Portland with the Eastbank Fault. We both have the Cascadia Subduction Zone, but Seattle has more possibility of local quakes. If you go down to Eugene it will probably be a bit lower than Portland from all sources. It's all kind of grounded on the best science available, but in some cases like crustal earthquakes we have less experience with it. We have a 10,000-year history with the Cascadia Subduction Zone, but less info about the crustal faults. Many have one earthquake we know about from paleo-seismologists. It's kind of hard to predict based on one quake in the past."
Steele also said that more rigid codes are not always the answer. "You don't want to make the codes unnecessarily strict so it unrealistically increases the cost," he explains. "You also don't want someone to make the investment and then have it destroyed during a quake. That's what they're working on with the IBC, to find the level best suited for the areas. If you're a police station or a hospital, you just build to a higher performance standard than the basic minimum code. I think key bank is one of the first to do so in the private sector in Portland. They wanted to use their bank after the earthquake. These performance-based standards are coming into play. UBC can say, here is the minimum life safety value. What level do you want to achieve? It becomes much more tunable, if you will."
Does this threat of a massive Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake make Oregon a more dangerous earthquake zone than California? Steele says no. "California has a much higher hazard. They have about two-thirds more risk than we do," he says. "That's based on the frequency of big quakes, how close their built environment is to active faults like the San Andreas and the Hayward. There's a whole suite of them. They have more deformation, more quakes, bigger faults near their population centers. It makes sense that they need to build to a higher standard."
If Portland were to have a large crustal earthquake, though, that might be different. "If you had a magnitude 7 on the Portland Hills fault, the impact might be greater because you have more vulnerable buildings than San Francisco does," he says. "In that sense, when the earthquake does occur it's going to be every bit as bad. Buildings like hospitals should consider that standard or even more. We're only talking about a small percentage of the building's cost. It's something worth thinking about, so your hospital is functional after the earthquake. And I think with schools it's something to consider. And it's a question: are we going to keep this old reinforced masonry structure? We can't build the building anywhere near where it should be. Maybe we should consider taking it down and building a modern structure. It'll be much safer for the children and actually may cost less than retrofitting the old one. Those are the decisions that have to be made."
As dire as the forecast may be, when I told Steele that I worried about all of Portland's historic homes being destroyed, he took less of a fatalistic tone. "It's less of a problem for a number of reasons," he says. "One, wood framed structures tend to perform pretty well in earthquakes. Many aren't bolted their foundation though. But for a small percentage of the cost of your home you can do so, and you can create what's called a pony wall so the house won't rack over without any reinforcement and drop onto its foundation. You strengthen that and bold to the foundation, and you've made a good improvement. It's also important to strap down your hot water heater so it won't tear the gas lines from your heater."
"What I'm not sure about," he adds, "is if the ground will shake enough during a Cascadia quake to shake homes off their foundations. It's difficult to anticipate with any accuracy how strong the shaking's going to be in any neighborhood. There's great variability. That said, it would probably be around 20 percent shaking. It takes 30 and above before houses are shaking off their foundation. Crustal quakes, things come off their foundations fairly easily. But that's not the most common hazard. Those really high accelerations are probably not going to happen."
Perhaps the biggest takeaway from our conversation is that the New Yorker article can provide a wake-up call that saves lives.
"It takes good planning and a focus of our resources," Steele says. "If it's something we really love, those areas should get some public investment to do what's necessary to protect those buildings. Secondly, the public has some skin in the game. We can say, 'We want you to spend lots of money to protect these structures.' The public needs to look for ways to help property owners make those improvements and share some of those costs so it's doable. You don't want buildings abandoned so no one can afford to do something. But really tearing down some old buildings that aren't iconic is really the best option."
"It's a balancing act, isn't it? It's trying to take advantage of the opportunities. After the quake a lot of unreinforced masonry buildings are damaged, and some of those you'll want to rebuild. But there would be a lot of federal dollars and other resources that would flow in that would allow some significant improvements. There are advantages you can achieve when part of the deck is cleared."
"You can't do everything," Steele says. "I just wish we were a little more systematic about strengthening our infrastructure. Seattle has failed so far to pass an unreinforced masonry ordinance. Hopefully Portland will have a little better luck. You're still looking at ways of helping landowners meet the requirements. The engineering part is the simplest. It's about how you implement this and bring everyone alone. It's everybody's problem. It needs to be everyone's solution."
Posted by Brian Libby on August 18, 2015 | Permalink
The New Yorker articles certainly have had impact on raising awareness, but there should be a third article talking about what Oregon has actually been doing to prepare. A major step was taken back in 2005 when Oregon voters passed bonding authority to retrofit Oregon's schools and essential facilities. Due to the recession, this was slow to get off the ground, until this year only $50 million had been spent. However, the Legislature authorized over $200 million this year, so the program is kicking into high gear.
In 2011, the Legislature requested the Oregon Seismic Safety Policy Advisory Commission (OSSPAC) to create the Oregon Resilience Plan (ORP), which it did with the help of 169 volunteers. They came up with an innovative plan with over a hundred recommendations that are in the process of being implemented. Its number one recommendation was the creation of a State Resilience Officer, which was created by legislature this year (with the active support of AIA Oregon).
The ORP solidified efforts such ODOT's plan for a tiered lifeline transportation system. This tiered system will create a backbone system of roads and bridges that will ensure mobility for relief and reconstruction efforts following the earthquake. This backbone concept is also being adopted by water service districts. Both Portland Water Bureau and Clean Waters have major seismic upgrade projects planned.
The Legislature also passed a bill that allows local communities to create loan guarantee/loan programs for the seismic upgrade of private multi-family housing, commercial and industrial buildings. This was requested by the City of Portland (essentially to provide a carrot to go with the mandatory requirements they are considering for URMs).
With regards to the historic buildings, Restore Oregon came out with a Special Report "Resilient Masonry Buildings: Saving Lives, Livelihoods, and the Livability of Oregon's Historic Downtowns". Their recommendations were folded into the ORP.
It is this idea of resilience that is truly innovative, since it looks past just code into how well we want to our buildings and communities to perform. It seeks to turn natural hazards from being a disaster to become an inconvenience that a we can recover quickly from. Resilience has become a national topic and the efforts Oregon has done has attracted national attention. One example of this is the fact that the ORP has become a core document for the National Institute of Standards and Technologies' "Community Resilience Planning Guide", which will impact standards and codes.
Oregon is a leader in sustainability and it is becoming leader in resilience. The challenge for architects is to integrate both efforts.
Posted by: Jay Raskin | August 19, 2015 at 06:51 PM
Steele does not address the damage from a Tsunami. That is the core of the New Yorker article and it gets glossed over.
Posted by: john | August 21, 2015 at 10:18 PM
I don't think a tsunami is going to make it to Portland. It's certainly going to devastate a lot of places west of here though.
Posted by: Scott | August 22, 2015 at 04:10 PM
The tsunami won't make any elevations of greater than 100 feet. At the worst points, it will die a couple of miles inland. Places like Seaside and Cannon Beach will be absolutely devastated, but it will have zero effect on places inland.
Posted by: Dave | August 25, 2015 at 09:31 PM


A machine tool may have several spindles, such as the headstock and tailstock spindles on a bench lathe. The main spindle is usually the biggest one. References to "the spindle" without further qualification imply the main spindle. Some machine tools that specialize in high-volume mass production have a group of 4, 6, or even more main spindles. These are called multispindle machines. For example, gang drills and many screw machines are multispindle machines. Although a bench lathe has more than one spindle (counting the tailstock), it is not called a multispindle machine; it has one main spindle.
On a lathe (whether wood lathe or metal lathe), the spindle is the heart of the headstock.
In rotating-cutter woodworking machinery, the spindle is the part on which shaped milling cutters are mounted for cutting features (such as rebates, beads, and curves) into mouldings and similar millwork.
Similarly, in rotating-cutter metalworking machine tools (such as milling machines and drill presses), the spindle is the shaft to which the tool (such as a drill bit or milling cutter) is attached (for example, via a chuck).
Varieties of spindles include grinding spindles, electric spindles, machine tool spindles, low-speed spindles, high speed spindles, and more.


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View source for Jacques Lacan:Biography
← Jacques Lacan:Biography
{{JL}} =====1901===== * '''13 April''' : [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] was [[born]] in [[Paris]], the first [[child]] of prosperous, bourgeois [[parents]], [[Alfred Lacan]] and [[Emilie Baudry]], a family of solid [[Catholic]] [[tradition]]. <!-- " [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] was born in [[Paris]] (France) (95 boulevard Beaumarchais), the first child (eldest son) of (prosperous, bourgeois parents) Alfred Lacan (1873–1960) and Emilie Baudry (1876–[[1948]]) (a middle-[[class]] Roman-Catholic family) (a family of solid Catholic tradition). --> <!-- Lacan grew up in a well-off middle-class Catholic family in Montparnasse, Paris. --> <!-- ==1902== --> <!-- * 25 December - [[Birth]] of Lacan's brother Raymond (who dies two years later). --> <!-- --> <!-- ==1903== <!-- * 25 December - Birth of Lacan's sister Madeleine(-Marie. --> <!-- --> <!-- ==1904== --> <!-- * [[Death]] of Raymond Lacan. --> <!-- --> <!-- ==1906== --> <!-- * 16 November - Birth of Marie-Louise Blondin, Lacan's first wife. --> ==1907== * [[Lacan]] enters the very select Collège Stanislas, a Marist college catering to the Parisian [[bourgeoisie]], where he receives a solid primary and secondary education with a strong [[religious]] and traditionalist emphasis (1907-1919). He completes his studies in 1919. <!--- He attended a prestigious Catholic school, the Collège Stanislas, where he was recognized as a very bright pupil, although not exceptional. Lacan did however excel in religious studies and [[Latin]]. While at school he developed a lifelong [[passion]] for [[philosophy]] and in [[particular]] the [[work]] of [[Baruch Spinoza]] (1632-77), which was overridingly concerned with the [[idea]] of God's [[existence]]. --> <!-- * 25 December Birth of Marc-Marie, Lacan's second brother. --> ==1908== * '''1 November''' : Birth of [[Sylvia Maklès]], [[Lacan]]'s second wife. <!-- * 25 December birth of Marc-Marie, Marc-François, Lacan's brother. --> ==1910== * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] establishes the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]). ==1915== * During the war, [[Jacques Lacan|Alfred Lacan]] is drafted as a sergeant, and parts of the Collège Stanislas are converted into a hospital for wounded soldiers. [[Lacan]] starts [[reading]] [[Spinoza]]. ==1917== * [[Lacan]] is taught philosophy by Jean Baruzi, a remarkable Catholic thinker who wrote a dissertation on Saint John of the Cross. ==1918== * Lacan loses his virginity and starts frequenting [[intellectual]] bookshops like Adrienne Monnier's Maison des amis des livres and [[Sylvia]] Beach's [[Shakespeare]] and Company at rue de l'Odéon. New interests in Dadaism and the avant-garde. ==1919== * '''Autumn''' : [[Lacan]] finishes his secondary education at the Collège Stanislas. He decides to embark on a medical career and enters the Paris Medical Faculty. <!-- After leaving school Lacan went on to study [[medicine]] and specialized in psychiatry with a particular interest in [[psychosis]].--> ==1920== * [[Lacan]] meets [[André Breton]] and becomes interested in the [[surrealism|surrealist movement]]. <!-- acquaints himself with the [[Surrealist]] movement. --> ==1921== * Lacan is [[discharged]] from military service because of excessive thinness. In the following years he studies medicine in Paris. * '''7 December''' :[[Lacan]] attends the first [[public]] reading of ''[[Ulysses]]'' by [[James Joyce]] at Shakespeare and Co in Paris. <!-- hears the lecture on [[Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses]]'' by Valéry Larbaud with readings from the [[text]], an [[event]] organized by La maison des amis des livres, and at which [[James Joyce]] is [[present]]. --> ==1925== * January 20 Madeleine, Lacan's sister, [[marries]] Jacques Houlon. Soon after, they move to Indochina. ==1926== * '''4 November''' : The [[Société Psychanalytique de Paris]] ([[SPP]]), the first [[school|association]] of [[{{G}}|French]] [[psychoanalyst]]s. <!-- first [[French]] [[Freud]]ian [[school|society]], --> <!-- * 4 November By a curious coincidence, it is the day of Lacan's first clinical presentation in front of Théophile Alajouanine and [[other]] doctors. Lacan co-authors his first paper with Alajouanine and Delafontaine on the Parinaud syndrome, published in the [[Revue neurologique]]. / Lacan conducts his first [[case]]-presentation, at the Société Neurologique in Paris. He publishes his first paper, co-authored with Th. Alajouanine and P. Delafontaine, in the Revue neurologique, based on the case presentation of 4 November. / Lacan's first collaborative publication appears in the Revue Neurologique. The Société Psychanalytique de Paris (SPP) is founded. --> ==1927== * [[Lacan]] begins his [[clinic]]al training in [[psychiatry]]. <!-- Lacan begins his clinical training and then works in several [[psychiatric]] hospitals in Paris. Starts clinical training, works at [[Sainte-Anne]]'s hospital in the second section of [[women]] and in the Clinic for [[Mental]] and Encephalic Diseases directed by Professor Henri Claude. A year later he works in the Special Infirmary Service where [[Clérambault]] had a [[practice]]. Up to 1932 Lacan was involved in the Societété Neurologique, the Société de Psychiatrie and the Société Clinique de Médecine mentale, he was fully integrated in the [[official]] circles of [[neurology]] and psychiatry. --> ==1927== <!-- * Clinical training at the Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, directed by Henri Claude (1869-1945), which is connected to L'Hôpital Sainte-Anne in Paris. Lacan meets Henri Ey (1900-1977). --> * [[Clinic]]al [[training]] in [[psychiatry]] at the Clinique des maladies mentales et de l'encéphale, a service linked with the [[Sainte-Anne hospital]] in [[Paris]] and directed by [[Henri Claude]]. ==1928== * [[Lacan]] begins [[clinical]] [[training]] at [[Paris Police Special Infirmary for the Insane]] ([[L'Infirmerie Spéciale de la Préfecture de Police]]), under the supervision of [[Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault]], whose unconventional style of teaching will exert a lasting influence on [[Lacan]]. <!-- * [[Lacan]] studies under [[Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault]] (1872-1934) at the special infirmary for the insane attached to the Police Préfecture. --> * [[Lacan]] becomes engaged to [[Marie-Thérèse Bergerot]], to whom he will dedicate his [[{{Y}}|1932]] [[doctoral thesis]]. <!-- with a line of thanks in Greek, the other dedicatee [[being]] his brother --> <!-- [[Marriage]] of Georges Bataille (1897-1962) and Sylvia Maklès. --> <!-- * Lacan co-authors with M. Trénel an article on "[[Abasia]] in a case of war trauma" in the Revue neurologique. He publishes with J. Lévy-Valensi and M. Meignant a paper on "[[hallucinatory]] delirium." Altogether, between 1928 and 1930, he co-authors five more neurological studies based on psychiatric cases. --> ==1929== * Clinical training at L'Hôpital Henri Rousselle, also connected to [[Sainte-Anne Hospital]] in Paris. (1929-1931) <!-- * Lacan's brother, Marc-François, joins the Benedictines. * Lacan's brother enters the Benedictine [[Order]] and moves to the abbey of Hautecombe in the French Alps, adopting the new [[name]] of Marc-François on 8 September 1931, when he takes his monastic vows. * In spite of Lacan's disapproval, his brother enters the Benedictine order at the abbey of Hautecombe on the Lake Bourget. He takes his vows on 8 September 1931, and changes his first name to Marc-François. --> ==1930== <!-- * Lacan publishes his first non-collaborative article in Annales Médico-Psychologiques. / First non-collaborative paper in Annales médico-psychologiques. --> <!-- * 10 June birth of [[Laurence Bataille]], daughter of Georges Bataille and Sylvia Maklès. --> * '''July''' : Arranges to meet [[Salvador Dalí]] <!-- who has published "The rotten donkey" in July 1930. His poetic praise of paranoia has attracted Lacan's attention. Lacan and Salvador Dalí remain friends all their lives. [[Friendship]] with the novelist Pierre Drieu La Rochelle. From 1929 to 1933 Lacan is the lover of Olesia Sienkiewicz, Drieu's estranged second wife. / August–September Lacan takes a two-month training course at the Burgh ölzli clinic in Z ürich. /August-September work placement at the Burghölzli clinic in Zürich. --> ==1931== <!-- * [[Lacan]] becomes increasingly interested in [[surrealism]] and meets [[Salvador Dalí]]. --> * '''18 June''' : [[Lacan]] examines [[Marguerite Pantaine-Anzieu]], who is admitted to [[Sainte-Anne hospital]] after an attempt to assassinate the actress [[Huguette Duflos]]. [[Lacan]]'s investigation of the case constitutes the central part of his [[doctoral thesis]] ("[[Le Cas Aimée]]"). [[Lacan]] calls her [[Aimée]] and makes her case the cornerstone of his [[doctoral dissertation]]. <!-- * Lacan presents some of his hypotheses at the Evolution Psychiatrique and publishes the following year in the Revue française de [[psychanalyse]] his [[translation]] of Freud's "On Some [[Neurotic]] Mechanisms in [[Jealousy]], Paranoia and [[Homosexuality]]." Receives a diploma as a forensic [[psychiatrist]]. He publishes ''[[Structure]] des [[psychoses]] paranoïaques'', Semaine des Hôpitaux de Paris, 7 July 1931. --> ==1932== * Lacan receives his doctorate in psychiatry with a [[thesis]] on the [[relationship]] of paranoia to [[personality]] structure. This attracts considerable interest in surrealist circles. His interests in paranoia, [[language]], [[phantasy]] and [[symptoms]], the main concerns of the [[surrealists]], bring him close to [[them]]. The main idea in the first period of Lacan's work, 1932-48, is the domination of the [[human]] being by the [[image]]. * Lacan publishes his doctoral dissertation (On [[paranoiac]] psychosis in its relations to the personality) and sends a copy to Freud. Freud acknowledges receipt by postcard. * Awarded doctorate for his thesis: ''De la [[psychose]] paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personalité'', Paris: Le Français, 1932. Later though (1975) he will [[state]] that [[paranoid]] psychosis and personality are the same [[thing]]. One name stands out by its [[absence]] from the [[list]] of dedication: that of Clérambault. It was because of their differences that Lacan failed his ''agrégation''. At that [[time]] Lacan declares that in his thesis he was against "[[mental automatism]]," Clérambault's [[theory]]. * Lacan translates Freud's paper 'Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality' (1922b[1921]). * June Lacan starts his analysis with [[Rudolph Loewenstein]] (1898-1976). * November Lacan obtains his doctor's title with a thesis on paranoia. His dissertation is published by Le François and Lacan sends a copy to Freud, who acknowledges receipt by postcard. * Publication of Lacan's translation of Freud's "Some neurotic mechanisms in jealousy, paranoia and homosexuality" for the Revue française de psychanalyse. June Lacan begins his analysis with Rudolph Loewenstein. November Lacan [[defends]] his thesis on paranoia, published as De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité (Paris: Le François, 1932). * September 7 - Date of the medical thesis presented by [[Jacques Lacan]] De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports à la personnalité (Of paranoid psychosis in its relationship to personality) (France) ==1933== * Lacan publishes (two) articles in the surrealist journal ''Minotaure''. [[Alexandre Kojève]] begins lecturing on [[Hegel]]'s [[Phenomenology of Spirit]] at the [[Ecole des Hautes Études]]. [[Lacan]] attends these lectures regularly over the following years. <!-- * Because of his thesis he becomes a specialist in [[paranoia]]. The richness of his text and the [[multiplicity]] of its aspects appealed to very different circles, especially the analysis of the case of Aimée make him famous with the Surrealists. Between this year and 1939, he takes [[Kojève]]'s course at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes [[Etudes]], an "Introduction to the reading of Hegel." He publishes ''Motifs du crime paranoïque: le crime des soeurs Papin''. Minotaure 3/4. --> <!-- * [[Lacan]] falls in [[love]] with [[Marie-Louise Blondin]]. --> * '''October''' :[[Lacan]] starts attending the seminar on Hegel's [[Phenomenology]] of Spirit by Alexandre Kojève (1902-[[1968]]) at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, where he meets Georges Bataille and Raymond Queneau (1903-1976). <!-- * Lacan publishes a sonnet, "Hiatus Irrationalis, " in Le Phare de Neuilly 3/4. He meets Marie-Louise Blondin, the sister of his friend [[Sylvain Blondin]]. October Lacan attends Alexander Kojève's seminar on Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit at the Ecole pratique des hautes études. There he meets Georges Bataille and Raymond Queneau, both of whom will remain friends. He publishes "The problem of style and the psychiatric conception of paranoiac forms of experience" and "Motivations of paranoid crime: the crime of the Papin sisters" in the Surrealist journal Le Minotaure 1 and 3/4. --> ==1934== <!-- * [[Georges Bataille]] and [[Sylvia Maklès]] [[separate]]. --> * '''29 January''' :[[Lacan]] marries [[Marie-Louise Blondin]]. * '''November''' :[[Lacan]] becomes a candidate member (''membre adhérent'') of the [[Société psychanalytique de Paris]] ([[SPP]]). <!-- He marries Marie-Louise Blondin in January, who gives birth to their first child, [[Caroline]], the same month. * He is appointed doctor of the Asiles, and marries Marie-Louise Blondin, [[mother]] of Caroline, [[Thibaut]] and [[Sibylle]]. While in analysis with Rudolph Loewenstein, Lacan becomes a member of La Société Psychoanalytique de Paris (SPP). * Lacan, who is already in analysis with Rudolph Loewenstein, joins the SPP as a candidate member. * Lacan enters analysis with Rudolph Lowewnstein and becomes an [[active]] member of the SeociEtE Psychanlytique de Paris (SPP). Loewenstein is one of the four training [[analysts]] of the S.P.P. His analysis ends in 1939 with Loewenstein's departure to the war. * [[Lacan]] sees his first private [[patient]]. * Lacan sees his first patient. --> <!-- ==1935== --> <!-- * Marc-François Lacan is ordained priest. --> ==1936== <!-- * Reads a major papers to the International [[Psychoanalytic]] [[Association]] (IPA) on the [[mirror]]-[[stage]] theory which remains unpublished (the version included in ''Escits'' dates from 1949). * 3 August Lacan attends the 14th Congress of the IPA at [[Marienbad]] (Máriánské Lézně, Czech Republic), where he presents 'Le stade du miroir'. * 3 August Lacan attends the 14th congress of the International Psychoanalytic Association at Marienbad, where he presents his paper on [[the mirror stage]]. After ten minutes, he is brutally interrupted by Ernest [[Jones]]. Quite upset, Lacan leaves the conference. He will never submit his text for publication. --> * '''3 August''' :[[Lacan]] presents his paper on the [[mirror stage]] to the fourteenth congress of the [[IPA]] at Marienbad. He sets up private practice as a psychoanalyst. ==1937== * '''8 January''' : Birth of Caroline Marie Image Lacan, first child of [[Lacan]] and [[Marie-Louise Blondin]]. ==1938== <!-- * Lectures at the S.P.P. on De l'impulsion au [[complexe]] where he argues for a "primordial [[structural]] stage" called "stage of the fragmented [[body]] in the [[development]] of the ego." At this stage "pure [[drives]]" (''la [[pulsion]] à l'état pur'') would appear in states of "[[horror]]" inseparable from a "[[passive]] beatitude." To [[defend]] his thesis, he presents two cases of [[patients]] at length. He publishes ''La famille: Encyclopédie française'', Vol. 8.--> * [[Lacan]] writes a long [[article on the family]] for the [[Encyclopédie française]]. Its final title is "[[Family complexes in the formation of the individual. An attempt at analysis of a function in psychology]]" ("[[Les Complexes familiaux dans la formation de l'individu. Essai d'analyse d'une function en psychologie]]'').'' <!-- AE, pp. 23–84 --> <!-- * Writes a long text on the [[family]] for the [[Encyclopédie française]] commissioned by Henri Wallon (1879-1962) and Lucien Febvre (1878-1956). The essay, commissioned by Henri Wallon and Lucien Febvre, is found too dense and has to be rewritten several [[times]]. --> * '''5 June''' : After [[Hitle]]r's annexation of [[Austria]], [[Freud]] leaves [[Vienna]] to settle in [[London]]; on his way to [[London]], [[Sigmund Freud]] stops in [[Paris]], where [[Marie Bonaparte]] organizes a party in his honor. [[Lacan]] does not attend. <!-- he passes through Paris, but Lacan decides not to attend the small gathering organised in Freud's honour. --> * [[Lacan]] starts a relationship with [[Sylvia Maklès-Bataille]], who has separated from [[Georges Bataille]] in [[{{Y}}#1934|1934]]. * '''December''' : [[Lacan]] finishes his [[analysis]] with [[Loewenstein]] and becomes a [[full]] member (''membre titulaire'') of the [[Société psychanalytique de Paris]] ([[SPP]]). <!-- * [[Lacan]] is accepted as [[training]] [[analyst]] by the [[International Psychoanalytic Association]]. --> ==1939== * After [[Hitler]]'s invasion of [[France]] the [[SPP]] ceases to function. During the war [[Lacan]] works at a military hospital in [[Paris]]. * '''27 August''' :Birth of [[Thibaud Lacan]], second child of [[Lacan]] and [[Marie-Louise Blondin]]. * '''23 September''' :Death of [[Sigmund Freud]] in London, at the age of eighty-[[three]]. ==1939-45== *Second [[World]] War. THe SPP is decimated and the [[society]] effectively ceases to [[exist]]. Lacan works in a military hospital. ==1940== * Works at Val-de-Grâce, the military hospital in Paris. During the [[German]] Occupation, he does not partake in any official [[activity]]. "For several years I have kept myself from expressing myself. The [[humiliation]] of our time under the subjugation of the enemies of human kind dissuaded me from [[speaking]] up, and following Fontenelle, I abandoned myself to the [[fantasy]] of having my hand full of truths so as to better close it on them." In "[[Propos sur la causalité psychique]]," from 1946 and published in ''Écrits''. * June installation of the Vichy [[regime]]. The SPP suspends all its activities. * 26 November birth of Sibylle Lacan, [[third]] child of Lacan and Marie-Louise Blondin. * June When the Vichy regime is put in [[place]], the Société psychanalytique de Paris (despite some efforts at imitating the German Psychoanalytic Society) suspends all its activities. ==1941== * '''3 July''' : [[Judith Lacan]], the daughter of [[Lacan]] and [[Sylvia Maklès-Bataille]], is born. [[Judith]] receives the surname [[Bataille]] because [[Lacan]] is still [[married]] to [[Marie-Louise]]. <!-- [[Sylvia Bataille]], estranged wife of [[Georges Bataille]], gives birth to [[Judith]]. Though Judith is Lacan's daughter, she receives the surname Bataille because Lacan is still married to Marie-Louise. Marie-Louise now requests a divorce. --> * '''15 December''' : [[Lacan]] and [[Marie-Louise Blondin]] are officially [[divorce]]d. <!-- In the Spring, Lacan Lacan moves to 5 rue de Lille in Paris, where his office will be located, where he will continue to see patients until his death. After his death, a commemorating plaque was put on the façade. --> ==1944== * Spring Lacan meets Jean-[[Paul]] [[Sartre]] (1905-1980), Pablo [[Picasso]] (1881-1973) and Maurice [[Merleau-Ponty]] (1908-1961). He becomes Picasso's personal physician. * 14 February birth of Jacques-[[Alain]] [[Miller]], Lacan's [[future]] son-in-law. * Lacan meets [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] and [[Pablo Picasso]]. He will remain very close to [[Merleau-ponty|Merleau-Ponty]]. ==1945== * After the liberation of France, the SPP recommences meetings. Lacan travels to England where he spends five weeks studying the [[situation]] of psychiatry during the war years. His [[separation]] from Marie-Louise is formally announced. * September Lacan travels to England, where he studies the practice of British psychiatry during the war. * September Lacan travels to England, where he stays five weeks to study the practice of British psychiatry during the war. He meets W. R. Bion and is very impressed by him. Two years later, [[writing]] [[about]] this meeting, Lacan will praise the heroism of the British [[people]] during the war. ==1946== :The [[Société psychanalytique de Paris]] ([[SPP]]) resumes its activities. ;9 August :[[Sylvia Maklès]] and [[Georges Bataille]] are officially divorced. <!-- * 9 August divorce of Sylvia Maklès and Georges Bataille. --> ==1947== * Lacan publishes a report of his visit to England. * In 1946, the S.P.P. resumes its activities and Lacan, with Nacht and Lagache, takes charge of training [[analyses]] and supervisory controls and plays an important [[theoretical]] and institutional [[role]]. After visiting London in 1945 he publishes ''La Psychiatrique anglaise et la guerre, in Evolution psychiatrique''. ==1948== *In the seocnd period of Lacan's work the function of the image is subordinated and the dominant field of knledge in his [[thinking]] is [[linguistics]]. * Lacan becomes a member of the Teaching Committee (Commission de l'Enseignement) of the SPP. * 21 November Death of Lacan's mother. * Lacan becomes a member of the teaching committee of the Société psychanalytique de Paris. 21 November Death of Lacan's mother. ==1949== * Lacan presents [[another]] paper on the [[Mirror Stage|mirror stage]] to the sixteenth IPA congress in Zurich. * Lacan meets Claude Lévi-[[Strauss]]. * 17 July Lacan attends the 16th Congress of the IPA in Zürich, where he presents another paper on the mirror-stage. * Lacan meets Claude [[Lévi-Strauss]]. Beginning of a long friendship. * 17 July Lacan attends the 16th congress of the International Psychoanalytic Association in Z ürich. He presents the second version of his paper on [[The Mirror Stage|the mirror stage]] (E/S, pp. 1–7). In a climate of [[ideological]] war between the British Kleinians and the American "Anna-Freudians" (a clear majority), the French second generation, following the philosophy of Marie Bonaparte, tries to occupy a different [[space]]. Dissident luminaries include [[Daniel Lagache]], Sacha Nacht, and Lacan, often assisted by his friend Françoise Dolto. Lacan dominates the French group and gathers around him brilliant theoreticians such as Wladimir Granoff, Serge Leclaire, and François Perrier. He gives a seminar on Freud's [[Dora]] case. ==1951== * Lacan begins giving weekly seminars in Sylvia Bataille's apartment at 3 rue de Lille. At this time, Lacan is vice-president of the SPP. In response to Lacan's practice of using [[sessions of variable duration]], the SPP's commission on instruction [[demands]] that he regularise his practice. Lacan promises to do so, but continues to vary the time of the sessions. *The SPP's Training COmmission begins to raise the issue of Lacan's use of '[[short sessions]]' in his analyses. By 1951 Lacan is writing about the [[Imaginary]], SYmbolic and the [[Real]]. * The S.P.P. begins to raise the issue of Lacan's short sessions, as opposed to the standard analytical hour. Lacan argues that his [[technique]] accelerates analysis. The underlying [[logic]] is that if the [[unconscious]] itself is [[timeless]], it makes no [[sense]] to insist upon standard sessions. Lacan defends his use of short sessions a year later in ''La psychanalyse, [[dialectique]]?'', unpublished. * Lacan introduces sessions of variable length in his practice; this worries the other members of the SPP. During the following years he regularly explains his [[position]] without managing to convince his colleagues. Meanwhile, he gives a seminar on Freud's Dora-case at his house, and acquires a splendid summer-house at Guitrancourt, some 50 miles to the west of Paris. * 2 May 'Some Reflections on the Ego', lecture at the British Psychoanalytic Society. * Lacan introduces [[psychoanalytical]] sessions of variable length in his practice, a technical innovation which is condemned as soon as it becomes known to the other members of the Société psychanalytique de Paris. He begins to give weekly seminars at 3 rue de Lille. * 2 May Lacan reads "Some reflections on the ego" to the members of the British [[Psycho]]-Analytical Society. This will be his first publication in English in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1953). ==1951== * Seminar on Freud's case of the [[Wolf Man]]. * Lacan gives a seminar on Freud's Wolf-Man case. ==1952== * The SPP, the Paris society, moves ahead on its plan to start a separate training instiute. Lacan takes a strong exception to Nacht's [[concept]] of psychoanalysis as a [[discipline]] within [[neurobiology]]. * During this period of crisis at the S.P.P. (1951-52), the responsability for the report on the 1953 conference in Rome "[[Fonction]] et [[champ]] de la [[parole]] et du [[langage]]" is assigned to Lacan. At the time he is considered to be the most productive and original theoretician of the group, all the more so because he always uses the classical [[terms]] of the [[Freudian]] othodoxy when speaking within the S.P.P. * Summer Sacha Nacht (1901-1977), president of the SPP, presents his views on the organization of a new training institute (Institut de Psychanalyse). * December Nacht resigns as director of the Institute, and Lacan is elected new director ad interim. * Sacha Nacht, then president of the Société psychanalytique de Paris, proposes that a new training institute be established. He resigns as director of the institute in December and Lacan is elected interim director. ===1952=== * Seminar on Freud's case of the [[Rat Man]]. * Lacan gives a seminar on Freud's [[Rat-Man]] case. ==1953== * 20 January Lacan is elected president of the Société psychanalytique de Paris. * 16 June Lacan resigns as president of the Société psychanalytique de Paris. Creation of the Société française de psychanalyse (SFP) by Daniel Lagache, Françoise Dolto, and Juliette Boutonnier. Soon after, Lacan joins the SFP. * July The members of the SFP learn that they have been excluded from the [[International Psycho-analytical Association|International Psycho-Analytical Association]]. Introduced by Lagache, Lacan gives the opening lecture at the SFP on the three [[registers]] of [[the Imaginary]], the [[Symbolic]], and [[the Real]]. * There is a [[split]] in the [[SPP]] over the question of [[lay analysis]]. [[Lacan]] resigns his membership of the [[SPP]] and joins the [[Societe Francaise de Psychanalyse]] ([[SFP]]). *Delivers the important paper "the [[Function of Language|function of language]] in psychoanalyse." Often called the "Rome report," this is the founding [[statement]] of the view that psychoanalysis is a theory of the speaking [[subject]]. Psychoanalysis is now increasingly seen as a [[linguistic]] [[science]] in close touch with structural [[anthropology]] and [[mathematics]]. In June Daniel Lagache, Juliette Favez-Boutonier and Françoise Dolto resign from the SPP to found the Société Française de Psychanalyse (SFP). Soon after, Lacan resigns from the SPP and joins the SFP. * Lacan opens the inaugural meeting of the SFP on the 8 July, where he delivers a lecture on '[[the symbolic]], [[the imaginary]] and the real'. * He is informed by [[letter]] that his membership of the IPA has lapsed as a result of his resignation from the SPP. In September Lacan attends the sixteenth Conference of [[Psychoanalysts]] of the Romance [[Languages]] in Rome; the paper he writes for the occasion ('The function and field of [[speech]] and language in psychoanalysis') is too long to be read aloud and is distributed to participants instead. * In his [[project]] for the statutes of the S.P.P. Lacan organizes the curriculum around four types of seminars: commentaries of the official [[texts]] (particularly Freud's), courses on controlled technique, clinical and [[phenomenological]] critique, and [[Child Analysis|child analysis]]. A large amount of [[freedom]] of [[choice]] is [[left]] to students in training. In January Lacan is elected President of the S.P.P. Six months later he resigns to join the Société Française de Psychanalyse ([[S.F.P]].) with D. Lagache, F. Dolto, J. Favez-Boutonier among [[others]]. (At S.F.P.'s first meeting, Lacan lectures on "Le [[Symbolique]], l'[[Imaginaire]] et le [[Réel]]"). Nevertheless the S.F.P. is allowed to be present in Rome where Lacan delivers his report: "[[Fonction et champ de la parole et du langage]]," [[discourse]] in which, for once, remarks Lagache with [[humor]], "he is in no way Mallarmean." On July 17 he marries Sylvia Maklès, mother of Judith. That Fall Lacan starts his seminars at the Hôpital Sainte-Anne. * ''The Neurotic's [[Individual]] [[Myth]]: Psychoanalytic Quarterly'', 1979. * 20 January Lacan is elected president of the SPP, and Nacht regains [[control]] of the Institute. * 16 June Lacan resigns as president of the SPP. Creation of the Société Française de Psychanalyse (SFP) by Daniel Lagache (1903-1972), Françoise Dolto (1908-1988) and Juliette Favez-Boutonnier (1903-1994); Lacan joins soon after. * July the members of the SFP are informed that they do not belong to the IPA anymore. * 8 July Lacan gives the opening lecture at the SFP on the symbolic, the imaginary and the real. ;17 July, 1953 : [[Lacan]] and [[Sylvia Maklès]] are [[Jacques Lacan:Family|married]]. <!-- * 17 July marriage of Lacan and Sylvia Maklès. * 17 July Lacan and Sylvia Maklès are married. : [[Lacan]] marries Sylvia Bataille and becomes president of the SPP. --> ;November, 1953 : [[Lacan]] begins his [[Seminar|first public seminar]] ([[Seminar I|on Freud's papers on technique]]) in the [[Hôpital Sainte-Anne]]. These [[seminars]], which will continue for twenty-seven years, soon become the principal platform for [[Lacan]]'s teaching. <!-- * In November [[Lacan]] begins his first public seminar in the Hôpital Sainte-Anne. These seminars, which will continue for twenty-seven years, soon become the principal platform for Lacan's teaching. * [[Lacan]] holds his [[Seminar|first public seminar]] ([[Seminar I|on Freud's papers on technique]]). These [[seminars]] continue for twenty-six years. * 18 November Lacan starts his first public seminar at Sainte-Anne Hospital with a series of lectures on Freud's papers on technique. The public seminars will be held until June 1980. Simultaneously, Lacan conducts weekly clinical presentations at Sainte-Anne Hospital. * 18 November Lacan starts his public seminar at Sainte-Anne hospital with a close reading of [[Freud's papers on technique]] (later S I). He also conducts weekly clinical presentations of patients. --> ;26 September, 1953 : Following the 16th Conference of Romance Language Psychoanalysts, [[Lacan]] delivers his "[[Rome Discourse]]" ("[[Rome Report]]"): "[[The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis]]" ([[France]]). <!-- * 26 September Lacan delivers his 'Rome Discourse', 'The [[Function and Field of Speech and Language]] in Psychoanalysis'. * September 26-27 - Following the 16th Conference of Romance Language Psychoanalysts, [[Jacques lacan|Jacques Lacan]] gives his "Rome Report": "Function and Range of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis" (France) * 26 September In his "Rome discourse, " Lacan presents "Function and field of speech and language in psychoanalysis" (E/S, pp. 30–113, original talk in AE, pp. 133–64), a veritable manifesto. In this pyrotechnical display showing all the facets of his [[culture]], Lacan introduces the [[doctrine]] of the [[signifier]]. Among many crucial theoretical pronouncements, the "Rome discourse" justifies the practice of the variable-length [[session]]. Françoise Dolto speaks after Lacan and Lagache and expresses her support for the new movement. --> ==1954== * The IPA refuses the SFP's [[request]] for affiliation. Heinz [[Hartmann]] intimates in a letter to Daniel Lagache that Lacan's [[presence]] in the SFP is the main [[reason]] for this [[refusal]]. * The positive reception of the expression "the [[return]] to Freud" and of his report and discourse in Rome give Lacan the will to reelaborate all the analytical [[concepts]]. His critique of [[analytic]] [[literature]] and practice spares almost nobody. Lacan returns to Freud yet his return is a re-reading in relation with contemporary philosophy, linguistics, ethnology, [[biology]] and [[topology]]. At Sainte-Anne he helds his seminars every Wednesday and presents cases of patients on Fridays. * ''Le séminaire, Livre I: [[Les écrits techniques de Freud]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1975; ''[[The Seminar]], Book I: [[Freud's Papers on Technique]]'', 1953 - 54, New York: Norton, 1988. * Lacan visits Carl Gustav [[Jung]] (1875-1961) at his home in Küssnacht (Switzerland). * Lacan visits [[Carl Gustav Jung]] in K üssnacht near Z ürich. Jung tells Lacan how Freud had declared that he and Jung were "bringing the plague" to America when they reached New York in 1909, an anecdote subsequently often repeated by Lacan. ==1955== * Attacks the work of eog-psychologists (Hartman, [[Kris]], Loewenstein and others) * Lacan will remain at Sainte-Anne till 1963. The first ten Seminars elaborate fundamental notions about [[psychoanalytic technique]], the essential concepts of psychoanalysis, and even its [[ethics]]. Students give presentations yet it is the Tuesday night conferences that fed Lacan's commentaries on Wednesdays. * ''Le séminaire, Livre II: Le moi dans la téorie de Freud et dans la technique de la psychanalyse'', Paris: Seuil, 1978; ''The Seminar, Book II: [[The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis]], 1954 - 55'', New York: Norton, 1988. * Easter Lacan visits Martin [[Heidegger]] (1889-1976) in Freiburg ([[Germany]]). * July the IPA rejects the SFP's request for affiliation. * August-September Lacan entertains Heidegger and his wife at his summer-house. * Easter Accompanied by his [[analysand]] Jean Beaufret, a disciple and translator of Heidegger, Lacan pays a visit to [[Martin Heidegger]] in Freiburg and Beaufret [[acts]] as an interpreter between the two thinkers. * July The [[International Psycho-analytical Association|International Psycho-Analytical Association]] rejects the SFP's petition for affiliation. * September At the occasion of the Cerisy conference devoted to the work of Heidegger, Lacan invites the German [[philosopher]] and his wife to spend a few days in his country house at Guitrancourt. * 7 November Lacan reads "The [[Freudian Thing]], or the [[meaning]] of the [[return to Freud]] in psychoanalysis" at the Neuro-psychiatric clinic of Vienna (E, pp. 401–36). ==1956== * The SFP renews its request for IPA affiliation, which is again refused. Lacan again appears to be the main sticking-point. * "The flexibility of the S.F.P. increases Lacan's audience. Celebrities are attracted to his seminars (Hyppolite's analysis of Freud's article on Dé[[négation]], given during the first seminar, is a well-known example). Koyré on [[Plato]], Lévi-Strauss, [[Merleau-ponty|Merleau-Ponty]], Griaule, the ethnologist, Benvéniste among others attend his courses. * "[[Fetishism]]: [[The Symbolic]], The Real and The Imaginary" (in collaboration with W. Granoff), in S. Lorand and M. [[Balint]], eds.,''Perversions: [[Psychodynamics]] and [[Therapy]]'', New York: Random House, 1956. * ''Le séminaire, Livre III: [[Les psychoses]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1981; ''The Seminar, Book III: [[The Psychoses]], 1955 - 56'', New York: Norton, 1993. * Winter first issue of the journal [[La Psychanalyse]], containing Lacan's 'Rome Discourse' and his translation of Heidegger's 'Logos' (1951). * Winter Publication of the first issue of La Psychanalyse with Lacan's "Rome discourse" and his translation of the first part of Heidegger's essay "[[Logos]], " a commentary on [[Heraclitus]]' fragment 50. ==1957== * During this period Lacan writes, on the basis of his seminars, conferences and addreses in colloquia, the major texts that are found in Écrits in 1966. He publishes in a variety of journals, notably in L'Evolution Psychiatrique, which takes no account of the S.P.P. / S.F.P. [[conflict]] and Bulletin de la Société de Philosphie. J.B. Pontalis, Lacan's student, publishes with his consent the accounts of Seminars IV, V and VI in ''Bulletin de Psychanalyse''. — ''Le séminaire, Livre IV: La relation d'[[objet]] et les [[structures]] freudiennes'', Paris: Seuil, 1994. * 9 May Lacan presents "The [[agency]] of [[The Letter|the letter]] in the unconscious; or, Reason since Freud" (E/S, pp. 146–78) to a group of philosophy students at the Sorbonne, later published in La Psychanalyse (1958). Less [[Heideggerian]] and more linguistic, the paper sketches a [[rhetoric]] of the unconscious based on the relationship between signifier and [[signified]] and generates the algorithms of [[metaphor]] and [[metonymy]] corresponding to Freud's [[condensation]] and [[displacement]]. ==1958== * In the S.P.P. executive board, positions and titles are exchanged with perfect regularity until Serge Leclaire becomes secretary and then president. Yet Lacan emerges, if not the only thinker of the group, at least as the one who has the largest audience and the most audacity, especially since his practice of short sessions secures him the greatest [[number]] of analysts-in-training. A Lacan group begins to organize itself, [[identifiable]] by its language and its modes of intevention in discussions. * ''[[Seminar V|Le séminaire, Livre V: Les formations de l'inconscient]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1998. <!-- * Lacan presents in German "Die [[Bedeutung]] des [[Phallus]]" ("The [[signification]] of the phallus" in E/S, pp. 281–91) at the Max-Planck-Institut in Munich. --> ==1959== <!-- The first issue of ''La Psychanalyse'' from 1956 is entirely devoted to Lacan: it includes the Rome report and discourse with the discussions that followed with Lacan's response, the commentaries from [[Seminar I]] on Hyppolite's analysis of denegation and Lacan'S translation of Heidegger's ''Logos''. In a following issue Hesnard will comment on ''[[Wo Es war, soll Ich werden|Wo es war, soll Ich werden]]'' that according to Lacan the "I" must come to the place where the "id" was: "là où était le 'ça' 'je' dois advenir." This opposes the S.P.P.'s translation: "the ego must [[drive]] out [[The Id|the id]]." --> * '''July''' :The [[SFP]] renews its request for affiliation to the [[International Psycho-Analytical Association]] ([[IPA]]), which nominates a committee to investigate the issue. <!-- to evaluate the SFP's application. * Nomination of a committee of enquiry. --> * ''[[Seminar VI|Le séminaire, Livre VI: Le désir et son interpretation]]'', unpublished. ==1960== <!-- * In his ''Ethics'' Lacan defines the [[true]] [[ethical]] foundations of psychoanalysis and constructs an ethics for our time, an ethics that would prove to be equal to the [[tragedy]] of modern man and to the "discontent of [[civilization]]" (Freud). At the roots of the ethics is [[desire]]: analysis' only promise is austere, it is the entrance-into-the-I, ''l'entrée-en-Je''. "I must come to the place where [[The Id|the id]] was," where the analysand discovers, in its absolute nakedness, the [[truth]] of his desire. The end of psychoanalysis entails "the purification of desire." This text functions throughout the years as the background of Lacan's work. --> * ''[[Seminar VII|Le séminaire, Livre VII: L'éthique de la psychanalyse]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1986. ''[[Seminar VII|The Seminar, Book VII: The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, 1959-60]]'', New York: Norton, 1992. <!-- * 15 October Death of Lacan's [[father]]. --> ==1960== * In the third period of Lacan's work the key idea is that of the three '[[orders]]', the Imagianry, Symbolic and the Real. * 15 October Death of Lacan's father. ==1961== * The IPA committee arrives in Paris to interview members of the SFP and produces a report. On consideration of this report, the IPA rejects the SFP's application for affiliation as a member society and grants it instead 'study-group' status pending further investigation. * At the colloqium on [[dialectic]] organized by Jean Wahl at Royaumont the previous year, Lacan defends three assertions: psychoanalysis, insofar as it elaborates its theory from its praxis, must have a [[scientific]] status; the Freudian discoveries have radically changed the concepts of subject, of [[knowledge]], and of desire; the analytic field is the only one from where it is possible to efficiently interrogate the insufficiencies of science and philosophy. This major [[intervention]] will appear in Écrits as "[[Subversion]] of [[the Subject]] and Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious," where the subject of psychoanalysis is neither Hegel's absolute subject nor the abolished subject of science. It is a subject [[divided]] by the emergence of the signifier. As to the [[subject of the unconscious]], it is [[impossible]] to [[know]] who speaks. It is "the pure subject of the [[enunciation]]," which the pronoun "I" indicates but does not [[signify]]. Yet the key concept is that of desire: "it is precisely because desire is articulated that it is not articulable in a signifyng [[chain]]." * ''Le séminaire, Livre VIII: Le [[transfert]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1991. * August the SFP is accepted as an IPA Study Group on the condition that Lacan and Dolto are progressively removed from their training positions. * August A progressive reintegration of the SFP within the International Psycho-Analytical Association is accepted on the condition that Françoise Dolto and Lacan be demoted from their positions as training analysts. ==1962== * Meanwhile S.F.P. members [[want]] to be recognized by the I.P.A. At the Congress of Edinburgh in 1961, the I.P.A. committee recommends that the S.F.P. become a supervised study group of the I.P.A. Moreover, in a series of twenty requirements it asks the S.F.P. to ban Lacan (also Dolto and Bergé) from the analysts' training: the problem of the short sessions, which was already at stake during the first split, is back for [[discussion]]. Lacan did not "give in on his [[desire,]]" and neither did the I.P.A. make concessions about its principles. He was not banned from psychoanalytic practice nor from teaching: he was denied the [[right]] to train analysts. Driven to choose between Lacan and affiliation with the I.P.A., Paris opts for the time being not to make any decision. Moreover, a motion is adopted by the Bureau of the S.F.P. [[stating]] that "any attempt to force the [[expulsion]] of one of its founder members would be discriminatory, and would offend against both the principles of scientific objectivity and the spirit of justice." Lacan and Dolto are elected president and vice-president. Later that year, Lacan is appointed ''chargé de cours'' at the ...cole Pratique des Hautes ...tudes (Paris) and a series director at ...ditions du Seuil. The series will be known as ''[[Le Champ freudien]]'': in time his Seminars and ...crits will be published in there. * ''Le séminaire, Livre IX: L'[[identification]]'', unpublished. ==1963== * Expelled, finally, from the International Psychoanalytic Association Lacan foudns his own school, L'[[Ecole freudienne de paris|Ecole Freudienne de Paris]] (EFP). His audience begins to [[change]]; there are fewer psychiatrists and more [[philosophers]], anthropologists, linguistics, [[mathematicians]] and [[literary]] critics. Gives Seminar on [[The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]]. * The IPA committee conducts more interviews with SFP members and produces another report in which it recommends that the SFP be granted affiliation as a member society on condition that Lacan and two other analysts be removed from the list of training analysts. The report also stipulates that Lacan's training activity should be banned for ever, and that [[trainee]] analysts should be prevented from attending his seminar. Lacan will later refer to this as his '[[excommunication]]'. Lacan then resigns from the SFP. * In January, Serge Leclaire succeeds Lacan as president of the S.F.P. In May, envoys from the I.P.A visit Paris and meet with Leclaire. Not only they express doubts about Lacan's attitude towards Freud (he studies Freud's texts obsessionally, in the manner of medieval schoolar) they also [[claim]] that Lacan manipulates [[transference]] through the short session: he must be excluded from the training courses. At the Congress of Stockholm, in July, the I.P.A. votes an ultimatum: within three months Lacan's name has to be crossed off the list of didacticians. Everything is organized to reorient his students in [[training analysis]] towards others analysts, thanks to a committee supervised by the I.P.A. Two weeks before the expiration of the deadline fixed by the I.P.A. (October 31), Lagache, Granoff and Favez advance a motion calling for Lacan's name to be removed from the list of training analysts: the committee of didacticians of the S.F.P. gives up its courageous position of 1962. On November 19 a general meeting has to make a final decision on I.P.A.'s [[conditions]] regarding Lacan. Lacan then writes a letter to Leclaire announcing he will not attend the meeting because he can foresee the [[disavowal]]. Thus, on Novembre 19, the members' majority takes the position in favor of the ban. As a result of it Leclaire and Dolto resign from office. During the night Lacan learns the decision made at the meeting: he no longer is one of the didacticians. The next day, his seminar on "The Names-of-the-Father" is to start at Sainte-Anne: he announces its end. Fragments of it are published in ''L'excommunication'' * ''Le séminaire, Livre X: L'[[angoisse]]'', Paris: Seuil, 2004. * August the IPA stipulates that the SFP will lose its status if Lacan continues to be involved in training matters. * 19 November a majority of SFP members decides to accept the IPA recommendation. * 20 November first and final session of Lacan's seminar on 'The Names-of-the-Father'. * April Lacan publishes "[[Kant]] with Sade" in Critique, one of his most important theoretical essays devoted to desire, the law, and [[perversion]] (E, pp. 765–90). * August 2 The International Psycho-Analytical Association reaffirms that the SFP will lose its affiliated status if Lacan remains as a training analyst. * 19 November The majority of the SFP analysts accept the International Psycho-Analytical Association's ultimatum. After ten years of teaching his seminar at Sainte-Anne, Lacan is obliged to stop. He holds a final session on "The names of the father" (T, pp. 80–95) ==1964== * In January Lacan moves his public seminar to the École Normale Supérieure, and in June he founds his own organisation, the École Freudienne de Paris (EFP). * Lacanians [[form]] a Study Group on Psychoanalysis organized by Jean Clavreul, until Lacan officially founds L'Ecole Française de Psychanalyse. Soon it becomes L'[[Ecole freudienne de paris|Ecole Freudienne de Paris]] (E.F.P.). "I hereby found the Ecole Française de Psychanalyse, by myself, as alone as I have ever been in my relation to the psychoanalytic [[cause]]." The E.F.P. is organized on the basis of three sections: pure psychoanalysis (doctrine, training and supervision), applied psychoanalysis (the [[cure]], casuistics, psychiatric information), and the Freudian field (commentaries on the psychoanalytic movement, articulation with related [[sciences]], [[ethics of psychoanalysis]]). With Lévi-Strauss and [[Althusser]]'s support, he is appointed lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He begins his new seminar on "[[The four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis|The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]]" in January in the Dussane room at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (in his first session he thanks the generosity of Fernand [[Braudel]] and [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]). * ''Le séminaire, Livre XI: [[Les quatre concepts fondamentaux de la psychanalyse]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1973. ''The Seminar, Book XI: [[The four fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis|The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]]'', New York: Norton, 1981. * After extensive [[legal]] proceedings, Judith adopts the name of her father. * January Lacan starts a seminar on the foundations of psychoanalysis at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (Rue d'Ulm, Paris), where he lectures under the auspices of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, a post for which Claude Lévi-Strauss and [[Louis Althusser]] have intervened on his behalf. * 21 June Lacan founds the Ecole Freudienne de Paris (EFP). * October final issue (8) of La Psychanalyse. * January Lacan starts his seminar at the Ecole normale supérieure, rue d'Ulm, under the administrative control of the Ecole pratique des hautesétudes. Claude Lévi-Strauss and Louis Althusser have intervened on his behalf to secure the room. This seminar, devoted to the Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, finds a broader and more [[philosophical]] audience. * June Lacan founds the Ecole française de psychanalyse. His "Act of foundation" dramatizes his sense of heroic solitude ("I hereby found – as alone as I have always been in my relation to the psychoanalytic cause – the Ecole française de psychanalyse, whose direction, concerning which [[nothing]] at present prevents me from answering for, I shall undertake during the next four years to assure"). Three months later it changes its name to the [[Ecole freudienne]] de Paris. Lacan launches a new associative [[model]] for his school; study groups called "[[cartels]], " made up of four or five people, are constituted, including one person who reports on the [[progress]] of the group. * June 21 - [[Jacques lacan|Jacques Lacan]] founds theÉcole Française de Psychanalyse (French School of Psychoanalysis), which will be renamedÉcole freudienne de Paris ([[Freudian School of Paris]]) in September 1964 ==1965== * Having founded his own école, Lacan's renown increases considerably in his new settings at the rue d'Ulm. He keeps presenting cases of patients at Sainte-Anne; members of his école work and teach in Paris in hospitals such as Trousseau, Sainte-Anne and Les Enfants Malades; and others join universities or hospitals in the provinces (Strasbourg, Montpellier, Lille). In his seminars he explains his project to teach "the foundations of psychoanalysis" as well as his position within the psychoanalytic institution. His audience is made of analysts but also of young students in philosophy at the E.N.S., notably Jacques-Alain Miller, to whom Althusser assigns the reading of "all of Lacan" and who actually does it. It is him who asks Lacan the famous question: "Does your [[notion]] of the subject imply an [[ontology]]?" * ''Le séminaire, Livre XII: [[Problèmes cruciaux pour la psychanalyse]]'', unpublished. * 19 January [[dissolution]] of the SFP. * 19 January Dissolution of the SFP. * June Lacan arranges a meeting with Marguerite Duras after the publication of The Ravishing of Lol V. Stein, a novel that describes psychosis in terms similar to his. When they meet up late one night in a bar, he says to her enthusiastically, so as to congratulate her: "You don't know what you are saying!" ==1966== * Publishes first book: ''Escrits''. The project of publishing Lacan's twenty-five annual semianrs is undertaken by his son-in-law and director of his school, Jacques-Alain Miller. There is increasing interest in his work in France and abroad. * Lacan wants to continue to train analysts, his first priority. Yet, at the same time, his teaching is adressed to the non analysts, and thus he raises these questions: Is psychoanalysis a science? Under what conditions is it a science? If it is-the "science of the unconscious" or a "conjectural science of the subject"-what can it, in turn, teach us about science? Cahiers pour l'[[Analyse]], the journal of the Cercle d'Epistémologie at the E.N.S. is founded by [[Alain Grosrichard]], Alain [[Badiou]], [[Jean-Claude Milner]], François Regnault and Jacques-Alain Miller among others. It publishes texts by Lacan in three of its issues that very year. In July Judith Lacan marries Jacques-Alain Miller. * '''November''' :''[[Écrits]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1966. [[Écrits: A Selection]], New York: Norton, 1977. The French version immediately became a best-seller and draws considerable public attention to the école far beyond the intelligentsia. Lacan sends a copy to Heidegger. Surprisingly, the thick (924 pages) book sells very well. * January first issue of the journal Cahiers pour I 'analyse. * February-March Lacan presents six lectures in the US on the topic of 'desire and demand', organized by Roman [[Jakobson]] (1896-1982) (Columbia [[University]], MIT, Harvard University, The University of Detroit, The University of Michigan, The University of Chicago). * 18-21 October Lacan attends an international [[symposium]] at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD on 'The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man', where he presents 'Of Structure as an Inmixing of an [[Otherness]] Prerequisite to Any Subject Whatever'. * '''December''' :Marriage of [[Judith Miller|Judith Lacan]] and [[Jacques-Alain Miller]]. <!-- * January First issue of the [[Cahiers pour l'analyse]], a review produced by younger epistemologists of the Ecole normale supérieure who publish serious articles on Lacan's concepts. --> * '''February–March''' :[[Lacan]] gives a series of lectures at six North American universities, including Columbia, Harvard, and MIT. <!-- * 18–21 October Lacan attends an international symposium entitled "The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man" at Johns Hopkins University. He participates actively in the debate on [[Structuralism]] and presents his paper "[[Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to Any Subject Whatever|Of structure as an inmixing of an Otherness prerequisite to any subject whatever]]." In a text as dense as its title, Lacan [[quotes]] Frege and Russell, explaining that his motto that the unconscious is "[[structured]] as a language" is in fact a tautology, since "structured" and "as a language" are synonymous. He states memorably: "The best image to sum up the unconscious is Baltimore in the early morning." --> * ''[[Seminar XIII|Le séminaire, Livre XIII: L'objet de la psychanalyse]]'', unpublished. ==1967== <!-- * [[Lacan]] states in the ''[[Acte de Fondation]]'' that he shall undertake the direction of the école during the four years, "a direction about which nothing at present prevents me from answering." In fact Lacan remains its director until the dissolution in 1980. He [[divides]] the école into three sections: the section of pure psychoanalysis (training and elaboration of the theory, where members who have been [[analyzed]] but haven't become analysts can participate); the section for applied psychoanalysis (therapeutic and clinical, physicians who have neither completed nor started analysis are welcome); the section for taking inventory of the Freudian field (it concerns the critique of psychoanalytic literature and the analysis of the theoretical relations with related or affiliated sciences). To join the école, the candidate has to apply to an organized work-group: the [[cartel]]. --> * "[[Proposition du 9 octobre 1967 sur le psychanalyste à l'Ecole]]," ''[[Scilicet]]'' 1. * ''[[Seminar XIV|Le séminaire, Livre XIV: La logique du fantasme]]'', unpublished * '''9 October''' :[[Lacan]] proposes the procedure of the [[pass]] as a means to verify the [[end of analysis]] and to recruit new [[analyst]]s of the [[school]]. <!-- * 9 October Lacan launches the new procedure of the "pass" (la passe) as a final examination allowing one to become a training analyst in his school. * October 9 - Jacques Lacan proposes under the name "la passe" an enabling [[process]] adapted to the Freudian School of Paris (France). * Introduction of the highly controversial ''la passe'' which marks the transition from analysand to analyst. Lacan sees the decision to become na analyst as analogous to [[The Act|the act]] of becoming a poet. --> ==1968== * Student uprising in Paris, the 'May events'. <!-- * The novelty of the proposition of 1967 lies in the modification of access to the title of Analyst of the Ecole (A.E.), a rank superior to that of Member Analyst of the Ecole (A.M.E.). The analysts appointed as A.E. are those who have volunteered for the passe and have come victorious out of the trial. The ''passe'' consists of testifying, in front of two passeurs, to one's [[experience]] as an analysand and especially to the crucial [[moment]] of passage from the position of analysand to that of analyst. The ''passeurs'' are chosen by their analysts (generally analysts of the école) and should be at the same stage in their [[analytic experience]] as the passant. They listen to him and then, in turn, they testify to what thay have heard in front of a committee for approval composed of the director, Lacan, and of some A.E. This committee's function is to select the analysts of the école and to elaborate, after the selecting process, a "work of doctrine." --> * '''Autumn''' :Publication of the first issue of ''[[Scilicet]]'', a journal whose motto is "You can know what the Ecole freudienne de Paris thinks" and in which all articles are unsigned except [[Lacan]]'s. <!-- The publication of the first issue of the official journal of the Freudian School, ''Scilicet''. --> * '''December''' :The department of [[psychoanalysis]] is created at the [[University of Vincennes]] (Centre Experimental Universitaire de Vincennes) (later Paris VIII) with Serge Leclaire as its director. * ''[[Seminar XV|Le séminaire, Livre XV: L'acte psychanalytique]]'', unpublished. <!-- Serge Leclaire is appointed director of the department. --> ==1969== <!-- * The issue of the [[passe]] keeps invading the E.F.P.'s [[life]]. "Le quatrième groupe" is formed around those who resign from the E.F.P. disputing over Lacan's methods for the analysts' training and accreditation. Lacan takes a stand in the crisis of the university that follows [[May 1968]]: "If psychoanalysis cannot be articulated as a knowledge and taught as such, it has no place in the university, where it is only a matter of knowledge." The E.N.S. director, Flacelière, finds an excuse to tell Lacan that he is no longer welcome at the E.N.S. at the beginning of the academic year. Moreover, ''Cahiers pour l'Analyse'' has to stop its publication, but Vincennes appears as an alternative. Michel [[Foucault]] asks [[Lacan]] to create and direct at Vincennes the Department of Psychoanalysis. Lacan suggests that S. Leclaire, rather than himself, should undertake the project. Classes start in January. Thanks to Lévi-Strauss Lacan moves his seminars to the law school at the [[Panthéon]]. --> * ''[[Seminar XVI|Le séminaire, Livre XVI: D'un Autre à l'autre]]'', unpublished. In there Lacan argues that "the [[Name-of-the-Father]] is a rift that remains wide open in my discourse, it is only known through an act of [[faith]]: there is no incarnation in the place of the Other." * '''January''' :lectures in the Department of Psychoanalysis commence. * '''March''' :the introduction of the pass provokes a schism within the [[EFP]], leading to the creation of the [[Organisation Psychanalytique de Langue Française]] ([[OPLF]]). * '''November''' :[[Lacan]] moves his seminar to the Faculté de [[Droit]] (Place du Panthéon) in Paris. *'''March''' :The introduction of the practice of the "[[pass]]" as a sort of final examination provokes a rebellion at the [[Ecole freudienne de Paris]] and a splinter group is created by [[Lacanian]] "barons" such as François Périer and Piera Aulagnier. * '''November''' :Having been [[forced]] to leave the Ecole normale supérieure, [[Lacan]] now holds his weekly seminar at the law faculty on the place du Panthéon. It draws even bigger crowds. ==1970== <!-- * In his seminar ''[[L'envers de la psychanalyse]]'' Lacan establishes the four [[discourses]]: [[Master]]'s, university's, [[hysteric]]'s and the [[analyst's discourse]]. He discusses the Father of ''[[Totem]] and [[Taboo]]'' who is all love (or ''jouissance'') and whose [[murder]] generates the love of the [[dead]] Father, a [[figure]] to whom he opposes both the Father presiding over the first [[idealization]] and the Father who enters the [[discourse of the Master]] and who is [[castrated]] from the origin. "The death of the father is the key to supreme ''jouissance'', later [[identified]] with the mother as the aim to [[incest]]." Yet psychoanalysis is not constructed on the proposition'to [[sleep]] with the mother' but on the death of the father as [[primal]] jouissance. The real father is not the [[biological]] one but he who upholds "the Real as impossible." In "[[Radiophonie]]," ''Scilicet2/3'', Lacan argues that "if language is the condition of the unconscious, the unconscious is the condition of linguistics." Freud anticipated [[Saussure]] and the Prague Circle by sticking to [[The Letter|the letter]] of the patient's [[word]], to [[jokes]], to slips, by bringing into light the importance of condensation and displacement in the production of [[dreams]]. The unconscious states that "the subject is not the one who [[knows]] what he says." Whoever articulates the unconscious must say that it is either that or nothing. --> * ''[[Seminar XVII|Le séminaire, Livre XVII: L'envers de la psychanalyse]]'', Paris: Seuil, 1991. * '''September''' :Leclaire resigns as director of the Department of Psychoanalysis of Paris VIII, and is succeeded by Jean Clavreul. <!-- * September Leclaire resigns as head of the department of psychoanalysis of Paris VIII and Jean Clavreul replaces him. --> ==1971== <!-- * One novelty in Lacan's teaching is his return to the hysteric with Dora and ''la Belle Bouche erre'' (the Beautiful Mouth wanders and an allusion to the beautiful butcher's wife analyzed by Freud and carried on in ''La direction de la cure'' Three questions: the relation betwen ''jouissance'' and the desire for unfulfilled desire; the hysteric who 'makes the man' (or the Master) insofar as she constructs him as "a man prompted by the desire to know;" a new conception of the analytic [[treatment]] as a "hysterization of discourse." --> * ''[[Seminar XVIII|Le séminaire, Livre XVIII: D'un discours qui ne serait pas du semblant]]'', unpublished. ==1972== <!-- * As to Lacan "in psychoanalysis (as well as in the unconscious) man knows nothing of [[woman]], and woman nothing of man. The pahallus epitomizes the point in myth where the [[sexual]] becomes the passion of the signifier." For him the structure is the body of the symbolic: "[[there is no sexual rapport]], implies no sexual rapport that can be formulated in the structure." There is "no appropiate signifier to give substance to a [[formula]] of sexual rapport." --> * '''9 February''' :[[Lacan]] introduces the [[Borromean knot]] during his [[seminar]], and starts pondering ways in which three interlocking circles can be tied together. * "''[[L'étourdit]]''" ''[[Scilicet]]'' 4. * ''[[Seminar XIX|Le séminaire, Livre XIX: ... ou pire]]'', unpublished. ==1973== * In ''[[Encore]]'' [[Lacan]] argues that woman would only enter in the sexual rapport ''quoad matrem'' (as a mother) and man ''quoad castrationem'' ([[phallic]] ''[[jouissance]]''). Hence there is no real rapport and love as well as speech make up for his absence. And he adds: <blockquote>"There is woman only as excluded by the [[nature]] of [[words]],...for man she is on the side of truth and man does not know what to do with it."</blockquote> In ''[[Le savoir psychanalytique]]'' from 1972, Lacan argues: <blockquote>"I am not saying that speech [[exists]] because there is no sexual rapport. I am not saying either that there is no sexual rapport because speech is there. But there is no sexual rapport because speech functions on that level that [[analytic discourse]] reveals to be specific to speaking human beings. The importance, the preeminence of what makes sex a [[semblance]], the semblance of men and women. Between man and love, there is woman; between man and woman, there is a world; betwen man and the world, there is a wall. What is at stake in a serious love relationship between a man and a woman is [[castration]]. Castration is the means of [[adaptation]] to survival."</blockquote> * ''[[Seminar XX|Le séminaire, Livre XX: Encore, Paris: Seuil, 1975]]''. ''[[Seminar XX|The Seminar, Book XX: On Feminine Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge: Encore]]'', New York: Norton, 1998. * Publication of [[Seminar XI|Seminar XI, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]] in French, transcribed and edited by [[Jacques-Alain Miller]]. * '''30 May''' :Death of [[Caroline Lacan-Roger]] in a road accident. * Publication of Seminar XI, the first of a series edited by [[Jacques-Alain Miller]], at [[Editions du Seuil]]. * '''March''' :Prodded by a growing number of feminists among his students, [[Lacan]] introduces in his seminar the "[[formulas]] of [[sexuation]]," which demonstrate that [[sexuality]] is not determined by biology, since another, so-called "[[feminine]]" position (i.e. not determined by the phallus) is also available to all speaking [[subjects]] next to the phallic law giving access to [[universality]]. ==1974== * The [[University|Department]] of [[Psychoanalysis]] at [[Vincennes]], which opened after the "May events" of [[Jacques Lacan:Biography#1968|1968]], is reorganized and renamed ''[[Le Champ Freudien]]'' with [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] as scientific director and [[Jacques-Alain Miller|Miller]], his son-in-law, as president. <!-- There is a stress on the [[mathematics|mathematical]] [[formalization]] of [[psychoanalytic theory]]. --> <!-- In ''Télé[[vision]]'', Paris: Seuil, (the text is based on a broadcast on the ORTF produced by Benoît Jacquot) Lacan makes is famous statement: "I always [[speak]] the truth. Not the [[whole]] truth, because there's no way to say it all. Saying it all is materially impossible: words fail. Yet it is through this very [[impossibility]] that the truth holds to the real." ''[[Television]]'', New York: Norton, 1990. --> * ''[[Télévision]]'' * ''[[Seminar XXI| Le séminaire, Livre XXI: Les non-dupes errent]]'' <!-- and Jacques-Alain Miller becomes its new director. --> <!-- with Jacques-Alain Miller as its director. --> ==1975== * '''November'''-'''December''' :[[Lacan]] travels to the [[United States]] where he lectures at Columbia University (Auditorium, School of International Affairs, 1 December), general discussion at Yale University (Kanzer Seminar and Law School Auditorium, 24-25 November) followed by another general discussion at the Massachusetts Institute of [[Technology]] (2 December). * First issue of the journal ''[[Ornicar?]]''. It publishes Lacanian articles and the texts of some [[seminars]]. * '''16 June''' :Invited by Jacques Aubert, [[Lacan]] gives the opening lecture at the 5th International [[James]] Joyce Symposium in Paris. He proposes the idea of "[[Joyce le sinthome]]." * ''[[Seminar XXII|Le séminaire, Livre XXII: R.S.I.]] in [[Ornicar?]]'' 2. ==1976== <!-- * Lacan posits that the notion of structure does not allow to create a common field uniting linguistics, ethnology and psychoanalysis. Linguistics has no hold over the unconscious because "it leaves as a blank that which produces effects in the unconscious: the ''[[objet a]]'', the very focus of the analytical act, and of any act. "Only the discourse that is defined in the terms of psychoanalysis manifests the subject as other giving him the key to his [[division]], whereas science, by making the subject a master, conceals him to the extent the the desire that gives way to him bars him from me without remedy." There is only one myth in Lacan's discourse: the Freudian [[Oedipus]] [[complex]]. --> * ''[[Seminar XXIII|Le séminaire, Livre XXIII: Le sinthome]], in [[Ornicar?]]'' 6. ==1977== * ''[[Seminar XXIV|Le séminaire, Livre XXIV: L'insu que sait de l'une bévue s'aile à mourre]], in [[Ornicar?]] 12/13''. * Publication in [[English]] of ''[[Ecrits: A Selection]]'' and [[Seminar XI|Seminar XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis]] both translated by [[Alan Sheridan]]. [[Lacan]] writes a new preface for the English translation of [[Seminar XI]]. ==1978== * '''5 January''' :[[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] unilaterally announces the dissolution of the ''[[Ecole Freudienne de Paris]]'' ([[EFP]]). * October [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] establishes the ''[[Cause freudienne]]''. * ''[[Seminar XXV|Le séminaire, Livre XXV: Le moment de conclure]]'' <!-- * 12-15 July [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] presides the first international conference of the Fondation du [[Champ Freudien]] in Caracas. --> <!-- * October creation of the [[Ecole de la Cause freudienne|Ecole de la Cause Freudienne]] (ECF). --> <!-- * Autumn After a minor car accident, Lacan appears tired and is often silent for long periods of time even in his seminars, in which his discourse tends to be replaced by mute demonstrations of new twists on [[Borromean knots]]. --> ==1979== * '''February''' [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] creates the [[Fondation du Champ Freudien]] ([[Foundation of the Freudian Field]]). <!-- directed by [[Judith Miller]]. --> * ''[[Seminar XXVI|Le séminaire, Livre XXVI: La topologie et le temps]]'' ==1980== <!-- * On January 9, Lacan announces the dissolution of the EFP in a letter addressed to members and published in ''Le Monde''. He asks those who [[wish]] to continue [[working]] with him to state their intentions in writing. He receives over one thousand letters within a week. On February 21, Lacan announces the founding of "''[[La Cause freudienne]]''." In July he attends an international conference in Caracas. "I have come here before launching my ''Cause freudienne''. It is up to you to be Lacanians if you wish; I am Freudian." * January Lacan dissolves the Ecole freudienne de Paris by a "Letter of Dissolution" mailed to all members and dated 5 January 1980. It presents Lacan as a "[[père]] sévère" (strict father) who can "persévérer" (persevere) alone. All the members of the school are invited to write a letter directly to him if they want to follow him in the creation of a new institution. He mentions the price Freud has "had to pay for having permitted the psychoanalytic group to win over discourse, becoming a church" (T, p. 130). The Cause freudienne is created. --> *''12–15 July'' :[[Lacan]] presides at the first International Conference of the Fondation du champ freudien in Caracas. October Creation of the [[Ecole de la Cause freudienne|Ecole de la cause freudienne]]. * ''[[Seminar XXVII|Le séminaire, Livre XXVII: Dissolution]], in [[Ornicar?]]'' 20/21. ==1981== *'''September 9''' :[[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] dies in [[Paris]] at the age of eighty, from complications of cancer of the colon. He is buried at Guitrancourt. ==1983== * Death of [[Marie-Louise Blondin]]. <!-- ==1985== --> <!-- * Twenty psychoanalytic organizations exist in France, nineteen of which have their roots in Lacan's [[teachings]]. --> <!-- * [[Jacques-Alain Miller]] wins a legal battle over the rights to edit and publish Lacan's seminars. --> <!-- * [[Jacques-Alain Miller]] wins a legal battle confirming his rights as editor of Lacan's Seminars and sole literary executor. Twenty years after Lacan's death, France has the highest ratio of psychoanalysts per capita in the world, with some five thousand analysts. There are more than twenty psychoanalytic [[associations]] in France, at least fifteen of which are Lacanian in their inspiration. --> <!-- ==1986== --> <!-- * Death of Laurence Bataille. --> <!-- --> <!-- ==1993== --> <!-- * Death of Sylvia Maklès-Lacan. --> <!-- --> <!-- ==1994== --> <!-- * Death of Marc-François Lacan. --> __FORCETOC__ [[Category:Biography of Jacques Lacan]]
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Which warglaive version you like best?
Damn, can't we have both? I'd use the classic pose for Havoc and the new one for Vengeance.
Blizzard used the PvP warglaive position as the new DH legendary mogs position in the character's back. I'm actually enjoying this new pose because it looks dangerous, but I'd like to have the option to use the the old sheat aswell.
It's acutally not true that this is the first legendary look able to be used for transmog. The Legendary cloaks from Mists of pandaria can be used as transmog if you aquired those while they were available.
The new pose is way better.
Doesn't make sense for the new ones to be backwards; people wanted the OLD glaive shape, so that's what Blizzard should have done.
All of this "we fixed an unintended look. New look is better" is a total pant load. If the original X sheath was unintended and a mistake the actual legendaries would have had their sheath changed 10 years ago. Not to mention every single warglaive has an X sheath pose, not a Y. Go back to the X pose, flip the glaives from back to front and the problem is solved.
Jesus, that new position looks awful, and as un-aesthetic as possible. No one asked for a new pose, only for them to be flipped. Blizz strikes again with "fixing" something that wasn't broken.
The new look looks like you could actually unsheathe them, the new position would take too long to get off your back and into a fighting stance.
Sorry, but I do not represent the Legion, why would I want a Legion logo on my back when I am supposed to be FIGHTING them? I RP and this is unacceptable. Please change it back, there is no need to alter something that iconic unless you want to play with players emotions and frustrate them even more than they already are.
The "unintentional look" they wanted to fix was the handles facing out, but the way they fixed it was to change the look entirely. I am really disappointed in this and have no interest in mogging into these now. After waiting years for this, all I can say is, this was a very bad call on Blizz' part. Id love to hear an actual Dev talk about this.


text:
Newsroom / Announcements
EDC Names Liesbet Steer as President and CEO
Spencer Turney
sturney@edc.org
Español | Français
Dr. Liesbet Steer, Executive Director of the Education Commission, will join and lead EDC as its next president and CEO, effective March 2023.
Steer brings 20 years of experience in international development, education reform, and financing to EDC, having served with the World Bank, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Asia Foundation, the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), and The Brookings Institution.
The appointment coincides with the upcoming retirement of President and CEO Dave Offensend, who has led EDC since 2015.
Waltham, MA | The Board of Trustees for Education Development Center (EDC), a global nonprofit advancing solutions at the intersection of education, health, and economic opportunity, announced today the selection of Liesbet Steer as its next president and CEO. She comes to EDC from the Education Commission, a global initiative encouraging greater progress on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for inclusive and equitable quality education, and she brings more than 20 years of international development and finance experience to her EDC role. She will take office on March 1, 2023.
"On behalf of our Board of Trustees and EDC staff across the globe, I am thrilled to officially welcome Liesbet Steer as our next president and CEO," said Ciara Burnham, Chair of EDC's Board of Trustees. "Our comprehensive search yielded the best possible result: a proven leader and researcher with the right mindset and experience to build on EDC's six decades of improving opportunities worldwide, especially for those who are most vulnerable."
Over two decades, Steer has served in numerous development, education, and finance roles. As a fellow at The Brookings Institution, she authored a flagship report on education investment, which led to the creation of the Education Commission, chaired by former UK Prime Minister and UN Special Envoy for Global Education Gordon Brown. As executive director of the Commission since 2015, she has led global work on multiple key education transformations, including learning models, the education workforce, service delivery, financing, and cross-sectoral action. Prior to this, she served in policy and research roles, including as director of the ODI flagship Development Progress program, which evaluated what works in development across the world. Earlier, Steer lived for a decade in East Asia working for the World Bank and IFC in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia and also as director of economics of the Asia Foundation in Indonesia.
"It is a huge privilege to join an organization of EDC's legacy and potential," said Steer. "With its world-class research and analysis, and extensive delivery on-the-ground, across the globe, EDC is uniquely positioned to advance systems-level change that is necessary to tackle the world's most pressing challenges. As we approach the half-way point towards the world's 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, it is more important than ever to innovate and turn ideas into action at scale. I look forward to joining EDC's superb team of experts who are delivering on this agenda every day."
In her role as president and CEO of EDC, Steer will lead a team of 1,400 professionals working on learning, health, and youth and workforce development, helping to drive the organization's strategy, growth, diversification, and impact in the United States and around the globe.
"Globally, our future relies on creating equitable access to quality education, healthcare, and economic opportunity—precisely the objective of EDC," added Gordon Brown, United Nations Special Envoy for Global Education and former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. "Through her work at the Education Commission, Liesbet has been a leading advocate for change at scale, and I am delighted she will be able to extend the Commission's agenda through EDC and its network of partners."
Steer's appointment follows the retirement announcement for Dave Offensend, who has successfully led EDC for the past seven years, guiding the organization through the pandemic and increasing EDC's growth and impact globally. Offensend joined EDC in 2015 as president and CEO following his role as the chief operating officer at the New York Public Library.
"There is no one better suited to take over as president and CEO," added Offensend. "EDC's next leader not only must possess deep expertise but also embody the values necessary to effectively champion our work. We found this leader in Liesbet and are grateful to have her join our team, knowing she holds dear the same mission and vision for a healthier and more equitable future which has defined EDC since its founding."


ANAAGA is an exclusive, premium quality fashion brand. Since the beginning of its conceptualization, ANAAGA's main influences and source of inspiration have been the provocative lifestyles and attitude of rock and Hollywood icons, whose legacies have transcended their industries into fashion.
Our collections offer a sophisticated yet rebellious look, whilst incorporating edgy details in every product, to give them a more contemporary and fashion forward vibe. With an exclusive range of unique pieces in each collection, we strive to elevate our customer's style into a statement. To ensure standards of the highest quality, ANAAGA only works with the finest materials, especially authentic leather, shearling and fur. By combining the imagery of a serpent and the color black, we created a symbol that perfectly embodies what our brand is: sleek and elegant, yet seductive and empowering.
ANAAGA's philosophy is based on our belief that style is the ultimate expression of each individual's identity, and so we always deliver the finest and exclusive clothing, accompanied by a detailed and personalized customer service.


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CC60215 Corgi $77.95 $64.95
DECEMBER 2019 RELEASE: Panther 4th Battalion Coldstream Guards "" Cuckoo "", Netherlands 1944/5, 1:50th. Scale. Widely regarded as the finest German tank of the Second World War, the PzKpfw V Panther was a formidable combination of speed, manoeuvrability, armour protection and firepower, making this a feared battlefield adversary. Built in response to combat experiences on the Eastern Front and the impressive performance of the latest Soviet tanks, Russia would also see the combat introduction of the new Panther, during the battle of Kursk in the summer 1943. Although classed by the German's as a medium tank, the Panther weighed in at an impressive 45 tons, but proved to be significantly more mobile than its size suggests and after overcoming initial service introduction issues, the Panther began to show its destructive potential. One criticism of the larger German tank designs was that they tended to be over-engineered and whilst they were undoubtedly impressive fighting machines, there simply were not enough of them with front line units. By the time of D-Day, the Panther was fighting a losing battle and if superior numbers of Allied tanks didn't get them, rocket firing Hawker Typhoons undoubtedly would.
Scale: 1/50 PRE-ORDER DUE DECEMBER 2019


Smith Electric HVAC, Inc. is proud to serve the Garrard County community!
Please call us today at 606-706-0302 to consult with our home comfort specialist.
About Garrard County, KY - Happy to be your hometown Heating & Air Conditioning Contractor!
Garrard County has a population around 17,000 and was formed in 1796. The county is named for James Garrard, a former governor. The county seat is Lancaster and while the town of Lancaster is not dry, the county is. A dry county is a county in which the sale of alcohol is prohibited. The county is beautifully rural and natural in many parts and the weather changes with the seasons so you can enjoy sunshine in the summer and snowy mountaintops in the winter.
The Tom Dorman Nature Preserve lies where the Kentucky River has created a limestone palisade, or cliff, along the shoreline. The beautiful, rocky cliffs are certainly something to behold. The preserve is a largest intact forest with miles of public hiking trails. The vertical cliff shapes surrounding the Kentucky River as well as the beautiful woodland area beside it are home to a wide array of wonderful plant species. It is a highly concentrated area of rare and interesting plant species. In addition, the palisades are home to at least 25 mammal species and 35 reptile species. This is an ideal place to spend a pretty spring or summer day with the family.
Many gorgeous historic buildings have been restored and the area residents take great pride in their rich and deep history. The local area was deeply affected by the Revolutionary War and there are a great many sites in the area that mark and celebrate the men who shed their blood for the sake of their country. For example, 7407 men lost their lives at Battle of Perryville, which took place in the nearby Boyle County. The battle took place on October 8, 1862, between the Confederate Army of Mississippi and the Union Army of the Ohio. The stories and lives of the local people are still alive and engrained in the residents of Garrard and surrounding counties.


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