Polar bears have been described as the Canary in the Coal mine of global warming, and they are the first species in the US to be listed as a threatened species because of projected habitat losses due to global warming. Do you wonder how this is happening? Do you have questions about global warming and its affects on wildlife?
Dr. Amstrup will give a talk about polar bears and a summary of global warming and its effects on them. After his talk there will be an informal discussion and question/answer session. You will be able to meet and talk with Steve about and discuss his life with the bears. If you have questions or uncertainties about global warming and its effects on polar bears or other ecosystems, you will have opportunity to bring them up and engage in informed discussion.


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Renewable technology that uses energy stored in the ground to heat buildings and provide hot water could be installed in hundreds of thousands of homes and offices by the end of the next decade, a report said today.
There are currently around 8,000 ground-source heat pumps systems in the UK - far fewer than in other European countries, such as Sweden, although the market is expanding rapidly and doubled last year, the Environment Agency report said.
The document concluded that the technology could be installed in 320,000 homes and businesses by 2020 with support from the government.
If enough support was given through the renewable heat incentive, which will be introduced in 2012 and pay homeowners and businesses a guaranteed price for generating renewable heat, more than 1m ground-source heat pumps systems could be put in place.
At the top end of its potential, ground-source heat technology could be installed in more than one in 10 homes and in 40% of commercial buildings, the report said.
Even if growth was limited to it being in 320,000 homes and business - 1% of households and 11% of commercial buildings - it could provide 30% of the renewable heat the UK needs to produce to meet its goals to supply renewable energy by 2020.
"Ground-source heating is a rapidly growing technology that has the potential to produce at least 30% of the country's renewable heat needs - but it needs financial support in order to grow," Tony Grayling, the head of climate change and sustainable development at the Environment Agency, said.
"We would like to see this technology given adequate financial support through the new renewable heat incentive to meet its full potential in the UK."


Helping Heart Families » Christiana - Gavin's Got HeartGavin's Got Heart - Our mission is to spread congential heart defect (CHD) awareness while offering support to families with children affected by CHDs.
Christiana has a hypoplastic right heart syndrome with transposition of the great arteries and severe hypoplasia of the right pulmonary artery. On February 4th, 2014, she underwent her first open heart surgery. Christiana has since undergone another intervention surgery in April of 2014 to reband the left pulmonary artery and put a balloon in the RPA. Since last summer she has been doing great at home with her triplet sisters and other two sisters. She still has 24 hour nursing care at home, a feeding tube, is on 0.5 liters of oxegen, and gets physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and special education services through Early Intervention. Christiana will be undergoing another cardiac catherization in mid-May to see when or if at all they can do the next surgery, named the Glenn, because doctors need to see if her pressures are even enough to even consider the next step.


text:
Earth and Moon
Photos of the Sun
Would an object shot from earth fall into the sun?
If an object is shot at 107,000 km/h via rocket or otherwise, in the opposite direction to our orbit about the sun, it will be traveling at 0 km/h relative to the sun. The moon is not close enough to the object to have a significant force for the purposes of this question.
Will this object start accelerating towards the sun or will it somehow fall into another stable orbit?
Could it instead get trapped in the L4 Earth-Sun Lagrange point?
Assume that a spacecraft is instantaneously accelerated at the Earth's surface (disregarding the atmosphere for simplicity). We'll consider this from the Sun's reference frame; in other words, the Sun is stationary and the Earth is moving around it.
The spacecraft is accelerated to a velocity which is precisely equal and opposite to the orbital velocity of the Earth around the Sun, making it completely stationary in the instant after the acceleration.
What happens next? Well, we can consider the forces acting on the spacecraft:
The Earth's gravity causes a force in the direction of Earth.
The Sun's gravity causes a force in the direction of the Sun.
The stationary spacecraft is therefore going to accelerate towards the Earth and towards the Sun. Since the Earth is moving away quickly on its orbital path, the gravitational force is not enough to pull the spacecraft back into an Earth orbit; however, it will nudge the spacecraft into an elliptical orbit.
To demonstrate the situation, I have created a small simulation which can be viewed in a desktop browser. Click here to try the simulation. (You can click "View this program" to check the code, and refresh the page to restart the simulation.)
The simulation is physically accurate (ignoring the effects of other planets), but the spheres have been enlarged for easy interpretation. The Earth is represented as green, while the Sun is orange and the spacecraft is white. Note that, while the spheres representing the spacecraft and Sun intersect, the distance between the two physical objects is always larger than 3.35 solar radii.
This screenshot shows how the spacecraft has been pulled into an elliptical orbit by the Earth:
Finally, we could consider a more realistic scenario where the spacecraft is accelerated until it reaches zero velocity (again, in the Sun's reference frame) at a certain distance from the Earth. At the instant it reaches zero velocity, the engine is stopped.
In this case, the result is essentially the same: there are still forces exerted by the Earth and the Sun, so an elliptical orbit will result. The further the rocket is from the Earth when it reaches zero velocity, the more elliptical the orbit. If the Earth is so far away that its gravity is negligible, the spacecraft will fall directly towards the Sun.
If an object is accelerated away from Earth fast enough that it winds up having no orbital velocity around the Sun, then it will fall radially into the Sun. It's orbital velocity that keeps the object (or the Earth itself) falling around the Sun and not into it. With zero orbital velocity, it simply falls straight down and it can't do anything else (getting trapped at the L4 point requires that it have an orbital motion very nearly the same as Earth's.)
The launch you described is similar to that of the Parker Solar Probe launched August 2018 at 12km/s in a direction opposite Earth's orbital velocity, so it fell toward (rather than into) the Sun, in an elliptical orbit. Its speed at closest approach is expected to be greater than 200km/s
The object will be attracted by the Sun's gravitational pull if the Moon and other planets in the Solar System are far enough that they do not significantly alter the object's speed or direction.
Why doesn't the earth fall down?
The earth does fall down. In fact, the earth is constantly falling down. It's a good thing too, because that is what keeps the earth from flying out of the solar system under its own momentum. Gravity is a centrally attractive force, meaning that objects in a gravitational field always fall towards the source of the gravity. Gravity is caused by mass, so objects with more mass, such as planets and stars, exert a lot of gravity. The earth and everything on it is constantly falling towards the sun because of the sun's immense gravity. This statement is not a metaphor or a play on words. The earth is literally falling towards the sun under its immense gravity.
So why don't we hit the sun and burn up? Fortunately for us, the earth has a lot of sideways momentum. Because of this sideways momentum, the earth is continually falling towards the sun and missing it. Scientists use fancy phrases for this effect such as "stable orbit" or "closed trajectory", but fundamentally what they mean is "falling and missing". All gravitational orbits are actually cases of falling and missing. Astronauts on the International Space Station are not in a no-gravity environment. They are surrounded by the earth's and the sun's immense gravity. More correctly, the astronauts are in a state of free fall. Astronauts in orbit are constantly falling towards the earth and missing it.
Newton had a clever way of explaining the nature of orbits. Consider a cannon on the surface of the earth that shoots a cannonball straight forward. As the ball speeds forward, earth's gravity pulls on it and it falls to the earth until it hits the ground. But the cannonball does not strike the earth at the exact spot it was fired because its forward momentum carries it forward a ways before striking the earth. Now shoot the cannonball again, this time with a higher forward speed. The ball still falls and eventually strikes the earth, but because it has a higher forward speed (sideways, relative to the earth) the ball can cover more distance before striking the earth. If you shoot the ball fast enough, as shown in the picture on the right, it will still fall but will never manage to strike the earth. The earth will curve away faster than the ball can fall towards it. As a result, the ball will continually fall and miss and will end up circling the earth. This is exactly what satellites do. To get an object to orbit the earth, you just have to give it enough sideways speed that it will miss the earth as it falls.
If the earth was not falling around the sun, it would fly wildly out of orbit under its own inertia. The falling trajectory of the earth around the sun, combined with earth's tilt, is what causes the different seasons. All the planets in our solar system are falling around the sun but have enough speed to not hit it. Why are there no objects that do fall right into the sun? There were such objects, put once they fall into the sun, they burn up and become part of the sun. Our solar system is so old, that all rocks and dust clouds without enough speed to miss the sun have long since burned up in the sun.
All objects in the universe are constantly falling. You fall to the earth every time you jump. You and the earth are constantly falling around the sun. You, the earth, and the sun are constantly falling around the center of the galaxy. Why don't we feel all this falling motion? We do experience all this falling, we just don't notice it. The sun is so far away compared to humans, that our falling motion around the sun is very close to a constant speed in a straight line. Interestingly, you can't feel a constant speed in a straight line. Similarly, the galactic center is so far away that our falling motion around the galactic center is very close to a constant speed in a straight line. Our actual trajectory around the galactic center is curved, but the curve is so huge that it is essentially straight on human scales.
Would an object shot from earth fall into the sun? - Astronomy
In reference to "Can I fire a gun on the moon?"-- what then happens to the bullet?
First, we know that the bullet has the same initial velocity on the Moon as it does on the Earth - that is, it exits the gun at the same speed. But as soon as it leaves the gun, it's a different story. First, the Moon bullet doesn't have to contend with air resistance. With so little friction, it can maintain its speed longer than the Earth bullet can. (It's analogous to shooting a hockey puck across ice, which has very little friction, and shooting across sand, which has a lot of friction. The puck will travel a lot farther on the ice!)
Now, there is the issue of gravity. Assuming your bullet doesn't hit anything (a pretty safe bet on the Moon, but don't try this on Earth!) and forgetting about air resistance, the time it takes for the bullet to fall to the ground depends on its initial velocity, the angle at which you shoot it, and the force of gravity.
You can use some basic physics to figure out how far the bullet will fly horizontally and vertically. Say you fire it at some angle "a" (a=0 degrees would correspond to shooting it straight in front of you 90 degrees corresponds to shooting it straight up). It turns out that the bullet's horizontal range - the total distance it travels before gravity wrestles it to the ground - is given by the equation:
g is a measure of the strength of gravity. On Earth, it is 9.8 m/s 2 . To find g on the Moon, we need another equation:
G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the Moon, and R is the radius of the Moon. Anyway, on the Moon,
So, neglecting air resistance, the bullet will go about 6 times farther on the Moon than on Earth. Once you take air resistance into account, the Moon bullet has an even bigger advantage!
You might also ask, if the bullet were fired straight up, could it actually escape the moon's gravitational pull and fly off into space? To answer this, we have to compare the moon's "escape velocity" (the minimum velocity an object needs to escape the Moon's gravity) to the bullet's initial velocity. The moon's escape velocity is about 2.38 km/s, but a bullet typically travels at only about 1 km/s. So take cover - even in this case, what goes up must come down!
This page was last updated on September 20, 2015.
Kate Becker
With more than a decade of experience as a science writer, Kate Becker has written on a wide variety of science and science policy subjects for web, print, radio, and television, with an emphasis on astronomy and physics. As a researcher for NOVA and NOVA scienceNOW, the nation's premiere science documentary series, Kate investigated everything from human hibernation to invisibility cloaks. She studied physics at Oberlin College and astronomy at Cornell University, and she's had the good fortune to observe with the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the Very Large Array in New Mexico, two of the very best places on this pale blue dot of a planet.
Mysterious object seen speeding past sun could be 'visitor from another star system'
A false-colour image of the object, which appears as a faint point of light in the centre. The streaks are stars, caused by the telescope tracking the object. Photograph: Alan Fitzsimmons/Queen's University Belfast/Isaac Newton Group La Palma
Last modified on Wed 14 Feb 2018 21.33 GMT
A mysterious object detected hurtling past our sun could be the first space rock traced back to a different solar system, according to astronomers tracking the body.
While other objects have previously been mooted as having interstellar origins, experts say the latest find, an object estimated to be less than 400m in diameter, is the best contender yet.
"The exciting thing about this is that this may be essentially a visitor from another star system," said Dr Edward Bloomer, astronomer at the Royal Observatory Greenwich.
If its origins are confirmed as lying beyond our solar system, it will be the first space rock known to come from elsewhere in the galaxy.
Published in the minor planet electronic circulars by the Minor Planet Center at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, the observations reveal that the object is in a strong hyperbolic orbit – in other words, it is going fast enough to escape the gravitational pull of the sun.
Objects originating from, and on long-period orbits within, our solar system can end up on a hyperbolic trajectory, and be ejected into interstellar space – for example if they swing close by a giant planet, since the planet's gravity can cause objects to accelerate. But Dr Gareth Williams, associate director of the Minor Planet Center, said that wasn't the case for the newly discovered body.
"When we run the orbit for this [object] back in time, it stays hyperbolic all the way out – there are no close approaches to any of the giant planets that could have given this thing a kick," he said. "If we follow the orbit out into the future, it stays hyperbolic," Williams added. "So it is coming from interstellar space and it is going to interstellar space."
"If further observations confirm the unusual nature of this orbit, this object may be the first clear case of an interstellar comet," the report notes. A second report, published later the same day, redesignated the object as an asteroid on account of new analysis of its appearance, giving it the handle A/2017 U1.
According to observations made by astronomers, the object entered our solar system from above, passing just inside Mercury's orbit and travelling below the sun, before turning and heading back up through the plane of the solar system towards the stars beyond. At its closest, on 9 September, the object was 23.4m miles from the sun.
First spotted earlier this month by a telescope at an observatory in Hawaii, astronomers around the world are now following the path of the object. Among them is Professor Alan Fitzsimmons from Queen's University Belfast.
"It is fairly certain we are dealing with our first truly identified alien visitor," he said. Fitzsimmons added that his team is currently working on measuring the objects' position better to improve calculations of its trajectory, and to gather information relating to its chemical makeup, and size.
Early results, he said, suggest that the object might be similar in make-up to many of those of the Kuiper belt – a region past Neptune in our solar system that contains myriad small bodies.
Bloomer says we should not be too surprised if it does indeed turn out to have come from elsewhere in the galaxy.
"Beyond the planets and past the Kuiper belt we think there is a region called the Oort cloud, which may be home to an astonishing number of icy bodies," he said.
"Computer models have suggested that disturbances to the Oort cloud do send some stuff in towards the inner solar system, but it would also send stuff outwards as well – so we might be throwing out icy bodies to other star systems."
If so, Bloomer said, there is no reason to suspect that disturbances to other star systems, as a result of gravitational interactions or other processes, wouldn't throw material out too. "Just statistically, some of them are going to reach us," he added.
Williams noted that objects could also be thrown out from the inner region of other solar systems as a result of gravitational interactions with giant planets, casting them into interstellar space.
And Fitzsimmons added that there was another possibility – that the object had been thrown out during the planet-forming period of another solar system.
"We know now that many stars, probably the majority of stars in our galaxy, have planets going around them, and we know from studying those stars but also primarily from studying our own solar system, that planet building is a very messy process," he said.
With large quantities of material thrown out into interstellar space, said Fitzsimmons, is was expected that there would be objects travelling between the stars.
"This object itself could have been between the stars for millions or billions of years before we spotted it as it plunged into our solar system," he said.
But, he noted, puzzles remain, not least that Kuiper belt bodies, which are believed to be icy, would give rise to an atmosphere and tail if brought close to the sun.
"There is no evidence that this object has behaved like that, all our data show it as an unresolved point of light, implying it is more like a rocky asteroid than an icy comet," he said. "There are mysteries to be solved here."
What Are an Asteroid, a Meteor and a Meteorite?
The terms asteroid, meteor, meteorite and meteoroid get tossed around recklessly, especially when two of them threaten the Earth on the same day. Here's a quick explainer:
An asteroid is a rocky object in space that's smaller than a planet — they're sometimes called minor planets or planetoids, according to NASA. Other sources refer to them loosely as "space debris," or leftover fragments from the formation of the solar system (like the extra pieces that remain after constructing a build-it-yourself bookcase from IKEA).
There are millions of asteroids orbiting the sun, some 750,000 of which are found in the asteroid belt, a vast ring of asteroids located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids can be as large as hundreds of kilometers wide: The asteroid Ceres, sometimes referred to as a dwarf planet, is 940 km (584 miles) wide.
Asteroids have no atmosphere, but many are large enough to exert a gravitational pull — some, in fact, have one or two companion moons, or they form binary systems, in which two similarly sized asteroids orbit each other.
Scientists are eager to study asteroids because they reveal so much information about the early formation of our solar system some 4.6 billion years ago. One way to study them is to observe them when they come close to Earth, as 2012 DA14 will today (Feb. 15).
A meteor is an asteroid or other object that burns and vaporizes upon entry into the Earth's atmosphere meteors are commonly known as "shooting stars." If a meteor survives the plunge through the atmosphere and lands on the surface, it's known as a meteorite.
Meteorites are usually categorized as iron or stony. As the name implies, iron meteorites are composed of about 90 percent iron stony meteorites are made up of oxygen, iron, silicon, magnesium and other elements.
And meteoroids? That's a general term describing small particles of comets or asteroids that are in orbit around the sun. There's no universally accepted, hard-and-fast definition (based on size or any other characteristic) that distinguishes a meteoroid from an asteroid — they're simply smaller than asteroids.
Only when these objects enter the atmosphere are they referred to as meteors, like the meteor that was seen over Russia today. Because that meteor exploded in the atmosphere, the resulting fireball is known as a bolide. Again, there's no precise definition of a bolide — most astronomers understand a bolide as simply a very bright fireball.
Questions About The Earth
The Ask an Astronomer team's favorite links about The Earth:
: Downloadable program that lets you explore anywhere on the earth. Easy to use and fascinating! : Wikipedia article about the earth. Loads of great information! : Earth information and facts from the Nine Planets Solar System Tour. : Lots of information and pictures about the aurora, including sighting reports and forcasts. : Lots of great images of Earth are here with accompanying descriptions.
How to ask a question?
If you have a question about another area of astronomy, find the topic you're interested in from the archive on the side bar or search using the below search form. If you still can't find what you are looking for, submit your question here.
This Is Why We Don't Shoot Earth's Garbage Into The Sun
Solar orbiters are great ways for studying the Sun, and are part of how we've learned so much about . [+] our Solar System's greatest natural energy source. However, even though the Sun is certainly hot enough to melt and ionize any terrestrial matter we send into contact with it, it's an extraordinarily difficult task to actually send anything, like our garbage, into the Sun.
Imagine our planet as it was for the first 4.55 billion years of its existence. Fires, volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, asteroid strikes, hurricanes and many other natural disasters were ubiquitous, as was biological activity throughout our entire measured history. Most of the environmental changes that occurred were gradual and isolated only in a few instances — often correlated with mass extinctions — were the changes global, immediate, and catastrophic.
But with the arrival of human beings, Earth's natural environment has another element to contend with: the changes wrought upon it by our species. For tens of thousands of years, the largest wars were merely regional skermishes the largest problems with waste led only to isolated disease outbreaks. But our numbers and technological capabilities have grown, and with it, a waste management problem. You might think a great solution would be to send our worst garbage into the Sun, but we'll never make it happen. Here's why.
The very first launch of the Falcon Heavy, on February 6, 2018, was a tremendous success. The rocket . [+] reached low-Earth-orbit, deployed its payload successfully, and the main boosters returned to Cape Kennedy, where they landed successfully. The promise of a reusable heavy-lift vehicle is now a reality, and could lower launch costs to
$1000/pound. Still, even with all these advances, we won't be launching our garbage into the Sun anytime soon.
Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images
At present, there are a little more than 7 billion humans on the planet, and the previous century saw us at last become a spacefaring civilization, where we've broken the gravitational bonds that have kept us shackled to Earth. We've extracted valuable and rare minerals and elements, synthesized new chemical compounds, developed nuclear technologies, and produced new technologies that far exceed even the wildest dreams of our distant ancestors.
Although these new technologies have transformed our world and improved our quality of life, there are negative side-effects that have come along for the ride. We now have the capacity to cause widespread damage and destruction to our environment in a variety of ways, from deforestation to atmospheric pollution to ocean acidification and more. With time and care, the Earth will begin self-regulating as soon as we stop exacerbating these problems. But other problems just aren't going to get better on their own on any reasonable timescale.
Nuclear weapon test Mike (yield 10.4 Mt) on Enewetak Atoll. The test was part of the Operation Ivy. . [+] Mike was the first hydrogen bomb ever tested. A release of this much energy corresponds to approximately 500 grams of matter being converted into pure energy: an astonishingly large explosion for such a tiny amount of mass. Nuclear reactions involving fission or fusion (or both, as in the case of Ivy Mike) can produce tremendously dangerous, long-term radioactive waste.
National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office
Some of what we've produced here on Earth isn't merely a problem to be reckoned with over the short-term, but poses a danger that will not significantly lessen with time. Our most dangerous, long-term pollutants include nuclear by-products and waste, hazardous chemicals and biohazards, plastics that off-gas and don't biodegrade, and could wreak havoc on a significant fraction of the living beings on Earth if they got into the environment in the wrong way.
You might think that the "worst of the worst" of these offenders should be packed onto a rocket, launched into space, and sent on a collision course with the Sun, where at last they won't plague Earth anymore. (Yes, that was similar to the plot of Superman IV.) From a physics point of view, it's possible to do so.
But should we do it? That's another story entirely, and it begins with considering how gravitation works on Earth and in our Solar System.
The Mercury-bound MESSENGER spacecraft captured several stunning images of Earth during a gravity . [+] assist swingby of its home planet on Aug. 2, 2005. Several hundred images, taken with the wide-angle camera in MESSENGER's Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS), were sequenced into a movie documenting the view from MESSENGER as it departed Earth. Earth rotates roughly once every 24 hours on its axis and moves through space in an elliptical orbit around our Sun.
Human beings evolved on Earth, grew to prominence on this world, and developed extraordinary technologies that our corner of the cosmos had never seen before. We all have long dreamed of exploring the Universe beyond our home, but only in the past few decades have we managed to escape the gravitational bonds of Earth. The gravitational pull exerted by our massive planet is only dependent on our distance from Earth's center, which causes spacetime to curve and causes all objects on or near it — including humans — to constantly accelerate "downwards."
There's a certain amount of energy keeping any massive object bound to Earth: gravitational potential energy. However, if we move fast enough (i.e., impart enough kinetic energy) to an object, it can cross two important thresholds.
The threshold of a stable orbital speed to never collide with Earth: about 7.9 km/s (17,700 mph).
The threshold of escaping from Earth's gravity entirely: 11.2 km/s (25,000 mph).
It takes a speed of 7.9 km/s to achieve "C" (stable orbit), while it takes a speed of 11.2 km/s for . [+] "E" to escape Earth's gravity. Speeds less than "C" will fall back to Earth speeds between "C" and "E" will remain bound to Earth in a stable orbit.
Brian Brondel under a c.c.a.-s.a.-3.0 license
For comparison, a human at the equator of our planet, where Earth's rotation is maximized, is moving only at about 0.47 km/s (1,000 mph), leading to the conclusion that we're in no danger of escaping unless there's some tremendous intervention that changes the situation.
Luckily, we've developed just such an intervention: rocketry. To get a rocket into Earth's orbit, we require at least the amount of energy it would take to accelerate that rocket to the necessary threshold speed we mentioned earlier. Humanity has been doing this since the 1950s, and once we've escaped from Earth, there was so much more to see occurring on larger scales.
Earth isn't stationary, but orbits the Sun at approximately 30 km/s (67,000 mph), meaning that even if you escape from Earth, you'll still find yourself not only gravitationally bound to the Sun, but in a stable elliptical orbit around it.
The Dove satellites, launched from the ISS, are designed for Earth imaging and have numbered . [+] approximately 300 in total. There are
130 Dove satellites, created by Planet, that are still in Earth's orbit, but that number will drop to zero by the 2030s due to orbital decay. If these satellites were boosted to escape from Earth's gravity, they would still orbit the Sun unless they were boosted by much greater amounts.
This is a key point: you might think that here on Earth, we're bound by Earth's gravity and that's the dominant factor as far as gravitation is concerned. Quite to the contrary, the gravitational pull of the Sun far exceeds the gravitational pull of Earth! The only reason we don't notice it is because you, me, and the entire planet Earth are in free-fall with respect to the Sun, and so we're all accelerated by it at the same relative rate.
If we were in space and managed to escape from Earth's gravity, we'd still find ourselves moving at approximately 30 km/s with respect to the Sun, and at an approximate distance of 150 million km (93 million miles) from our parent star. If we wanted to escape from the Solar System, we'd have to gain about another 12 km/s of speed to reach escape velocity, something that a few of our spacecraft (Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, and New Horizons) have already achieved.
The escape speed from the Sun at Earth's distance is 42 km/s, and we already move at 30 km/s just by . [+] orbiting the Sun. Once Voyager 2 flew by Jupiter, which gravitationally 'slingshotted' it, it was destined to leave the Solar System.
Wikimedia Commons user Cmglee
But if we wanted to go in the opposite direction, and launch a spacecraft payload into the Sun, we'd have a big challenge at hand: we'd have to lose enough kinetic energy that a stable elliptical orbit around our Sun would transition to an orbit that came close enough to the Sun to collide with it. There are only two ways to accomplish this:
Bring enough fuel with you so that you can decelerate your payload sufficiently (i.e., have it lose as much of its relative speed with respect to the Sun as possible), and then watch your payload gravitationally free-fall into the Sun.
Configure enough fly-bys with the innermost planets of our Solar System — Earth, Venus and/or Mercury — so that the orbiting payload gets de-boosted (as opposed to the positive boosts that spacecraft like Pioneer, Voyager, and New Horizons received from gravitationally interacting with the outer planets) and eventually comes close enough to the Sun that it gets devoured.
The idea of a gravitational slingshot, or gravity assist, is to have a spacecraft approach a planet . [+] orbiting the Sun that it is not bound to. Depending on the orientation of the spacecraft's relative trajectory, it will either receive a speed boost or a de-boost with respect to the Sun, compensated for by the energy lost or gained (respectively) by the planet orbiting the Sun.
Wikimedia Commons user Zeimusu
The first option, in reality, requires so much fuel that it's practically impossible with current (chemical rocket) technology. If you loaded up a rocket with a massive payload, like you might expect for all the hazardous waste you want to fire into the Sun, you'd have to load it up with a lot of rocket fuel, in orbit, to decelerate it sufficiently so that it'd fall into the Sun. To launch both that payload and the additional fuel requires a rocket that's larger, more powerful and more massive than any we've ever built on Earth by a large margin.
Instead, we can use the gravity assist technique to either add or remove kinetic energy from a payload. If you approach a large mass (like a planet) from behind, fly in front of it, and get gravitationally slingshotted behind the planet, the spacecraft loses energy while the planet gains energy. If you go the opposite way, though, approaching the planet from ahead, flying behind it and getting gravitationally slingshotted back in front again, your spacecraft gains energy while removing it from the orbiting planet.
The Messenger mission took seven years and a total of six gravity assists and five deep-space . [+] maneuvers to reach its final destination: in orbit around the planet Mercury. The Parker Solar Probe will need to do even more to reach its final destination: the corona of the Sun. When it comes to reaching for the inner Solar System, spacecraft are required to lose a lot of energy to make it possible: a difficult task.
Two decades ago, we successfully used this gravitational slingshot method to successfully send an orbiter to rendezvous and continuously image the planet Mercury: the Messenger mission. It enabled us to construct the first all-planet mosaic of our Solar System's innermost world. More recently, we've used the same technique to launch the Parker Solar Probe into a highly elliptical orbit that will take it to within just a few solar radii of the Sun.
A carefully calculated set of future trajectories is all that's required to reach the Sun, so long as you orient your payload with the correct initial velocity. It's difficult to do, but not impossible, and the Parker Solar Probe is perhaps the poster child for how we would, from Earth, successfully launch a rocket payload into the Sun.
Keeping all this in mind, then, you might conclude that it's technologically feasible to launch our garbage — including hazardous waste like poisonous chemicals, biohazards, and even radioactive waste — but it's something we'll almost certainly never do.
Why not? There are currently three barriers to the idea:
The possibility of a launch failure. If your payload is radioactive or hazardous and you have an explosion on launch or during a fly-by with Earth, all of that waste will be uncontrollably distributed across Earth.
Energetically, it costs less to shoot your payload out of the Solar System (from a positive gravity assist with planets like Jupiter) than it does to shoot your payload into the Sun.
And finally, even if we chose to do it, the cost to send our garbage into the Sun is prohibitively expensive at present.
This time-series photograph of the uncrewed Antares rocket launch in 2014 shows a catastrophic . [+] explosion-on-launch, which is an unavoidable possibility for any and all rockets. Even if we could achieve a much improved success rate, the risk of contaminating our planet with hazardous waste is prohibitive for launching our garbage into the Sun (or out of the Solar System) at present.
The most successful and reliable space launch system of all time is the Soyuz rocket, which has a 97% success rate after more than 1,000 launches. Yet a 2% or 3% failure rate, when you apply that to a rocket loaded up with all the dangerous waste you want launched off of your planet, leads to the catastrophic possibility of having that waste spread into the oceans, atmosphere, into populated areas, drinking water, etc. This scenario doesn't end well for humanity the risk is too high.
Considering that the United States alone is storing about 60,000 tons of high-level nuclear waste, it would take approximately 8,600 Soyuz rockets to remove this waste from the Earth. Even if we could reduce the launch failure rate to an unprecedented 0.1%, it would cost approximately a trillion dollars and, with an estimated 9 launch failures to look forward to, would lead to over 60,000 pounds of hazardous waste being randomly redistributed across the Earth.
Unless we're willing to pay an unprecedented cost and accept the near-certainty of catastrophic environmental pollution, we have to leave the idea of shooting our garbage into the Sun to the realm of science fiction and future hopeful technologies like space elevators. It's undeniable that we've made quite the mess on planet Earth. Now, it's up to us to figure out our own way out of it.
Infall to a point source of gravity Edit
The time to traverse half the distance R, which is the infall time from R along an eccentric orbit, is the Kepler time for a circular orbit of R/2 (not R), which is (1/32) 1/2 times the period P of the circular orbit at R. For example, the time for an object in the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, to fall into the Sun if it were suddenly stopped in orbit, would be P / 32 <32>>> , where P is one year. This is about 64.6 days.
Infall of a spherically-symmetric distribution of mass Edit
where the volume of a sphere is: ( 4 / 3 ) π R 3 . <(4/3)pi R^<3>>.>
where the latter is in SI units.
This result is exactly the same as from the previous section when : M ≫ m .
The free-fall time is a very useful estimate of the relevant timescale for a number of astrophysical processes. To get a sense of its application, we may write
Here we have estimated the numerical value for the free-fall time as roughly 35 minutes for a body of mean density 1 g/cm 3 .
For an object falling from infinity in a capture orbit, the time it takes from a given position to fall to the central point mass is the same as the free-fall time, except for a constant 4 3 π <4><3pi >>> ≈ 0.42.
Why do the planets rotate around the Sun?
First, please note that "rotate" actually is used to describe an celestial body's spin, and "revolve" is used to describe its orbital motion. For example, the Earth completes one rotation about its axis about every 24 hours, but it completes one revolution around the Sun about every 365 days.
Anyway, the basic reason why the planets revolve around, or orbit, the Sun, is that the gravity of the Sun keeps them in their orbits. Just as the Moon orbits the Earth because of the pull of Earth's gravity, the Earth orbits the Sun because of the pull of the Sun's gravity.
Why, then, does it travel in an elliptical orbit around the Sun, rather than just getting pulled in all the way? This happens because the Earth has a velocity in the direction perpendicular to the force of the Sun's pull. If the Sun weren't there, the Earth would travel in a straight line. But the gravity of the Sun alters its course, causing it to travel around the Sun, in a shape very near to a circle. This is a little hard to visualize, so let me give you an example of how to visualize an object in orbit around the Earth, and it's analogous to what happens with the Earth and the Sun.
Imagine Superman is standing on Mt. Everest holding a football. He throws it as hard as he can, which is incredibly hard because he's Superman. Just like if you threw a football, eventually it will fall back down and hit the ground. But because he threw it so hard, it goes past the horizon before it can fall. And because the Earth is curved, it just keeps on going, constantly "falling," but not hitting the ground because the ground curves away before it can. Eventually the football will come around and smack Superman in the back of the head, which of course won't hurt him at all because he's Superman. That is how orbits work, but objects like spaceships and moons are much farther from the Earth than the football that Superman threw. (We're ignoring air resistance with the football example actual spacecraft must be well above most of a planet's atmosphere, or air resistance will cause them to spiral downward and eventually crash into the planet's surface.) This same situation can be applied to the Earth orbiting the Sun - except now Superman is standing on the Sun (which he can do because he's Superman) and he throws the Earth.
The next question, then, is how did Earth get that velocity, since in real life there's no Superman throwing it. For that, you need to go way back to when the Solar System formed.
This page was last updated on January 31, 2016.
Cathy got her Bachelors degree from Cornell in May 2003 and her Masters of Education in May 2005. She did research studying the wind patterns on Jupiter while at Cornell. She is now an 8th grade Earth Sciences teacher in Natick, MA.
Where did the Chinese rocket land?
The Long March 5B rocket safely plunged into the Indian Ocean at a point 72.47° East and 2.65° North in the early hours of Sunday, May 9, 2021.
The world watched on in fear amid concerns the rocket would hit a highly populous area after Chinese authorities lost the ability to control its re-entry.
But China's space agency announced the rocket likely landed in the Indian Ocean, just west of the Maldives after most of its structure burned up when reentering the atmosphere.
It re-entered the atmosphere at 10:24am Beijing time.
It is unclear if any debris made landfall - a theory fuelled by US Space Command, who merely said it was &quotunknown if the debris [had] impacted land or water".
They also did not confirm the landing spot reported by Chinese media, instead saying the rocket had &quotre-entered over the Arabian Peninsula".
There have been no reports of injuries or damage so far.
Will Earth lose the Moon before the Sun goes into supernova?
Sidereal time calculation
What are the RAs of the boundaries between traditional zodiacal signs?
Planetary observations: what to expect from the Powerseeker 50AZ?
Can the Dark Energy be Pauli pressure?
What is the limiting abundances of elements at the end of the stelliferous era?
How does an accreting black hole acquire magnetic fields?
What does this information about "upper limit column densities" and "upper limit relative abundances" mean?
Did we find any exo-dwarf-planet?
What kind of effects can maintain Uranus' rings' eccentricities?
Copyright 2023 \ Would an object shot from earth fall into the sun?...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Paolo Bonzini - Feb. 6, 2019, 10:29 a.m.
> comes as PIO write that KVM sees.
> interrupt to be injected automatically when the interrupt is ACKed.
userspace ABI and we cannot change it.
plus the corresponding change to compat properties in hw/i386/pc.c.
Julian Stecklina - Feb. 6, 2019, 12:53 p.m.
also be removed, but I guess it's too early to talk about this.


text:
Why is Fema regeon 3 preparing? 2 Reasons.
Posts by inceptor
inceptor
Funny but Austin was on the order list too. That is our biggest liberal step child.
rice paddy daddy said:
What are the FEMA regions? Where do you find out what's going on where?
I'm in North Florida
Your in region 4
Regional Operations | FEMA.gov
The map is down the page a little.
Reactions: dannydefense and rice paddy daddy
hayden said:
They have also been prepositioning utility crews and others for a grid down practice drill planned for the 13th and 14th. I think it is called Gridex . It all just seems too coincidental. I bet they know there is a big rock headed towards Hayden's house so he won't need no food and water.
I hope not.
With everything they have been doing for a while, it's hard not to believe that something is going on. From all the extra ammo to increasing stockpiles of mre's to the firing of 9 top generals. Add in the recent UN treaty signed, a request for UN troops for Region 3 and other things it's enough to make me don my hat.
Reactions: rice paddy daddy and hayden
jimb1972 said:
Luckily that treaty failed in the Senate, it had 46 supporters though so expect it to resurface at sometime in the future, but for now it is unratified and not in effect for the US.
It didn't fail in the Senate, Harry Reid tabled it. This way it can be ratified when they get the votes they need.
I don't know how true this is but Dick Morris said that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties states the treaty can be enforced until it is ratified or rejected. As long as the gov doesn't act on it, it remains enforceable since it was signed.
hayden Nov 9, 2013


text:
Posts tagged with "Nancy Wilson"
KARRIN ALLYSON SONG PREMIERE & WEB-EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW
Photo credit Jim OKeefe SONG PREMIERE & WEB-EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW Musician: KARRIN ALLYSON Exclusive Song Premiere: "NOBODY SAID LOVE WAS EASY" From the new album: SOME OF THAT SUNSHINE FIVE-TIME GRAMMY NOMINATED KARRIN ALLYSON EXCLUSIVE SONG PREMIERE "NOBODY SAID LOVE WAS EASY" KARRIN ALLYSON CELEBRATES HER ALL-ORIGINAL RECORDING, SOME OF THAT SUNSHINE, OUT AUGUST 3 The diverse, groovy and reflective collection of Karrin Allyson's...
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VIDEO FEATURE & WEB-EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW DESMOND CHILD
VIDEO FEATURE & WEB-EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW Songwriter: DESMOND CHILD Video: "Beautiful Now" by Zedd ft. Jon Bellion MULTI-PLATINUM HITMAKER DESMOND CHILD TO BE HONORED WITH PRESTIGIOUS ASCAP FOUNDERS AWARD AT 2018 ASCAP POP MUSIC AWARDS IN BEVERLY HILLS APRIL 23  2018 Marks Child's 40th Year as an ASCAP Member ASCAP (the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) will present Grammy Award winner and Songwriters Hall of Fame...
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Video & Web-Exclusive Interview Steve Weingart
Video Feature & Web-Exclusive Interview Musician: STEVE WEINGART Video: "Smile" STEVE WEINGART & RENEE JONES DEBUT NEW ALBUM OASIS AT 2018 WINTER NAMM  Steve Weingart's musical journey began when his parents recognized his gift at the age of three, and sought out the best piano teacher in their home town of Dayton, Ohio. A critical foundation of classical studies followed. It allowed him to appreciate the complex compositions...
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TRACK FEATURE EXCLUSIVE MICHAEL WOLFF
TRACK FEATURE & WEB-EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW Musician: MICHAEL WOLFF Track: "Madimba/St. Thomas" Writers: Michael Wolff / Sonny Rollins Jazz Pianist Michael Wolff Releases First-Ever Solo Piano Album Zenith Today. Michael Wolff was propelled into popularity with the masses when he became the musical director for The Arsenio Hall Show. He was also a part of one of political history's biggest moments when candidate Bill Clinton, the day after...
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Video Feature & Interview: JANET ROBIN
VIDEO FEATURE & WEB-EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW Musician: JANET ROBIN Music Video: "View From Above" JANET ROBIN Web-Exclusive Interview with M Music & Musicians magazine publisher, Merlin David How did the idea of "View from Above" come to you? I was feeling a little depressed at the time I wrote it, and instead of doing something negative—I put it into a song, trying to lift myself up and look at things from a positive...
Tags: 11:11, AEROSMITH, Air Supply, and Fender Guitars, ANI DiFRANCO, Ann & Nancy Wilson, Ann Wilson, BMI, Chuck Turner, DAVID BOWIE, Donald Trump, Everything Has Changed, facebook.com/janetrobinmusic, Fleetwood Mac, Gibson guitar, Gold Tone, Graham Russell, HEART, Hillary Clinton, Hollywood Film Festival, Janet Robin, janetrobin.com, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Jimmy Page, John Carter Cash, Led Zeppelin, Leslie Knauer, LINDSEY BUCKINGHAM, Little Sister Records, Matt Hyde, MELISSA ETHERIDGE, Meredith Brooks, Merlin David, Michelle Shocked, Nancy Wilson, OZZY OSBOURNE, Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films, Precious Metal, Quentin Tarantino, Quiet Riot, Randy Rhoads, Rick Turner, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Rumours, Russell Hitchcock, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Slipknot, Sue Ennis, Take Me as I Am, TAYLOR GUITARS, The Beatles [White Album], the Beatles., The Hateful Eight, The String Revolution, the Whiskey A-GoGo, thestringrevolution.com, Tina Turner, Traces, Use Me Up
HEART These rock goddesses refuse to mellow or slow down one bit Heart's Ann and Nancy Wilson are on a tour bus somewhere outside Salt Lake City, heading for yet another concert on yet another stage. The duo expects to complete 55 dates this year; last year, they did 90—two a week, nearly every week. So much for taking it easy after 35 years in the business and 35 million albums sold. Rockers are supposed to mellow with age, but Ann, 62,...
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HEART Nancy Wilson discusses the inner workings of rock's best-loved sister act Nancy Wilson has rocked audiences for more than three decades as the iconic guitarist for Heart, cranking classics like "Barracuda" and "Crazy on You" up to 10. But over the last several years, she found herself yearning for a new title: "lead autoharpist." "I've been looking for a place for an autoharp," she says with a chuckle. "For a half-decade...
Tags: HEART, Nancy Wilson, Q&A, SEPT/OCT 2010


Welcome back to the Words of Radiance Reread on Tor.com! Last week, Shallan and Navani began their scholarly collaboration, while Kaladin began to take small steps back toward Honor. This week, Shallan gives Dalinar some truth and some defiance, and Parshendi are encountered.
IN WHICH Shallan watches the rain while her soldiers watch her; she and Pattern consider and discuss creationspren, art, and lies; Dalinar enters and speaks with her about Jasnah; the time has come to reveal her Surgebinding; Dalinar is awed and encouraged; they are interrupted by news of a Parshendi sighting; Shallan refuses to be told what to do; the dead Parshendi is a new form… and has red eyes; another Parshendi arrives; he is recognized by Bridge Four as their former parshman Shen, and he is here to surrender.
"That is what I just said," Dalinar replied.
He looked back to her, waiting. Shallan felt a cold sweat. What was she doing?
I have to tell someone sometime, she thought. I can't do as Jasnah did, holding it all. This is too important. Was Dalinar Kholin the right person? Well, she certainly couldn't think of anyone better.
Shallan held out her palm, then breathed in, draining one of her spheres. Then she breathed back out, sending a cloud of shimmering Stormlight into the air between herself and Dalinar. She formed it into a small image of Jasnah, the one she'd just drawn, on top of her palm.
"Almighty above," Dalinar whispered. A single awespren, like a ring of blue smoke, burst out above him, spreading like the ripple from a stone dropped in a pond. Shallan had seen such a spren only a handful of times in her life.
As much as I love the moment of revelation for itself, the best thing for me is the effect on Dalinar. He's just had to realize that Amaram was totally not a Knight Radiant, and had his tiny hopes in Kaladin crushed. Then he got word that Jasnah might actually have been one, but she's dead. Blow after blow, when he's all too aware of how the Radiants are needed now. Then Shallan gives him a tiny Illusion of Jasnah.
The rekindling of hope is a beautiful thing to see.
This all makes me question: just when did the Diagram come into being? I know the common assumption is that it was after Gavilar's death, but I'm beginning to doubt that. This almost sounds like Taravangian's minions were actively influencing Szeth to make him Truthless so that he'd get the Honorblade.
Also: "apricity" is a term for warm sunlight in winter that makes you think it's almost spring. Literally, it's a longing for April; this seems relevant to JordanCon folks.
Well, that's a wide-ranging chapter if ever I saw one!
There are some further interesting notes regarding Shallan's soldiers at the beginning. Last chapter, she wondered if she should have looked more closely into Gaz's debts when she was worrying that he might have disappeared. This week, she admits to herself that she had "honestly expected them to run off after gaining their clemency." So… a little less idealistic than she appeared, and a lot more pragmatic. She was essentially buying a temporary security force with future money, and expected them to take their reward and go. Instead, they are proud to be hers. They probably each have their own reasons for it, but it's rather fun to watch.
"Maybe, kind of?" Shallan said, feeling awkward. This man, so commanding, so much larger than life, should not be crying in front of her.
Partly I love the awkwardness for Shallan, just because it's funny. Mostly, I love the validation it gives Dalinar and the realization of how much he needed the confirmation of something outside his own head.
One of the key events in this chapter is Shallan's conscious emulation of Jasnah wrt: her autonomy. I personally think her objection to his telling Navani is specious, but the rest of it is an exquisite combination of her innate stubbornness, commitment to her task, practicality, and imitation of Jasnah. Finding Urithiru is not only her personal goal; she's really the only one who has a prayer of actually finding it, much less making it work. All that, she knows—but she has to stand up for it, against a man 30-some years her senior, the man in charge of the whole operation… really, the one man who might be considered to have the authority to permit or deny her plans.
Well, there are several other things I wanted to talk about, but my brain seems to be losing cohesion. We'll just have to catch it in the comments!
There are 6… 5… 4 days left in the countdown. We're now on Day 5 of the expedition; up to now, it's been pretty uneventful. That's about to change, perhaps.
Creationspren are odd little beasties, in that they continually change shapes and form images of objects around them. I sure would love to know how they appear in the Cognitive realm. Pattern's reaction to the ones which had gathered around Shallan while she was drawing is both "funny-haha and funny-peculiar" as my aunt used to say.
I've always assumed (lightly) that creationspren are to Cryptics as windspren are to Honorspren, but Pattern seems so contemptuous of them, while Syl constantly referred to windspren as her cousins. I guess the two aren't mutually exclusive; Pattern could be disdainful of his analog, right?
As for Dalinar's awespren… it gives me goosebumps. That is all.
The most straightforward answer seems the most likely, this week: Ishar and Shalash represent their Knights-to-be. Not that we knew Dalinar would become a Bondsmith yet, of course, but it still makes sense. That, and Dalinar is following in his footsteps as the one to reorganize the Knights Radiant that Ishar first organized.
There's been discussion recently, regarding Shallan's motivation for maintaining her betrothal to Adolin. It seems appropriate, then, to note that Shallan freely acknowledges that Jasnah set up the causal as a means of binding Shallan to the Kholin family. It's also worth noting that she blushes when she admits it.
"Almighty above," says Dalinar, even though he knows the "Almighty," at least in the form of Honor, has been killed. Old habits die hard?
Then there's Bashin: "Shakiest thing I've ever seen…" I'm not entirely sure how this fits the world, but it's a good line. I like it.
There. That ought to keep us busy until next week, when Dalinar interviews Rlain about the status of the Parshendi.
Alice Arneson is a long-time Tor.com commenter and Sanderson beta-reader, and now a JordanCon SanderTrack panelist. Wooot!


When a UN medical representative falls to his death eluding pursuers, his dying words refer cryptically to "one eyed soldiers". Several people are interested in the meaning of this comment – a newspaper reporter, the dead man's beautiful daughter, a fat man who poses as an undertaker, a police inspector… and a crime syndicate headed by a vicious dwarf.
Mill Creek used to put out movie megapacks, which were basically very affordable DVD packages of 50 movies each, and, having a weakness for such things, I bought all of them they produced, irrespective of whether they belonged to the genres I was covering. This occasionally proved very helpful, as a movie I would otherwise have to hunt down was sitting on one of these sets. I found this one in the "Gunslingers" collection.
Now, I don't know about you, but to me, the word "gunslingers" implies westerns, and the blurb on the set pretty much backs this up. However, this movie is anything but a western; it's set in a border town in an unnamed Central European country in modern times, a decidedly unwestern milieu. There's gunplay, all right, but that's about the only reason I can see for the movie's anomalous inclusion on this set. Furthermore, it's pretty marginal in terms of any fantastic content; there's some touches of horror in that part of the setting involves tombs and catacombs, we have a dwarf and an ugly mute, and there's a scene where a woman faints when she sees a body rise from its casket (though we audience members know all along that the man in the coffin is very much alive). These are very slight touches, to be sure, so it no more belongs to the fantastic genres than the western one.
On its own terms, I found it muddled but enjoyable. My main enjoyment came from Guy Deghy, who plays the fat man; he appears to be channeling Sydney Greenstreet, and he's given priceless dialogue to match. I suspect he's also in a dual role, as I see no credit on IMDB for an actress playing the fat woman who the police mistake for the fat man in drag, since she bears an uncanny resemblance to him. The story is a bizarre crime thriller, hardly believable but entertaining enough in its own way.


My two previous articles were largely concerned with the rules governing asteroid discovery and the work of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) and the professional surveys.
What I aim to do now is to begin to answer the question: - What do I need to do in order to discover asteroids using itelescope.net? Clearly the first thing you need to do is to select the appropriate telescope so in order to help with the selection process let's consider what was involved in the discovery of asteroid 316010 which I described in my first article.
On 19th March 2009 when this image was taken, the asteroid was about 175 million miles from the Sun and 87 million miles from Earth. Visible light photons emitted by the Sun took about 16 minutes to travel to just beyond the orbit of Mars where they encountered the half-mile wide asteroid. The majority of the photons were adsorbed by the asteroid but about 15% were reflected, some in the direction of Earth.
After a further eight minutes the Earth-bound photons arrived at their final destination where they illuminated, admittedly rather dimly, the entire dark side of the Earth. A tiny fraction of the photons passed down through the New Mexico sky and onward through the tube of telescope T4 where they scored a direct hit on the 10-inch mirror therein.
Astronomers are in the photon collection business so from that point of view it was mission accomplished but of course it was only the beginning of a story that involves processing the photons to produce images that could be used to detect the asteroid and measure its position accurately.
Which Telescope should I Use?
The first thing to decide is whether you are going to observe using telescopes based in the Northern or Southern hemisphere. In my second article I mentioned the advantages of observing close to the ecliptic and at altitudes above 60°. You can do both in the Northern Hemisphere between October and March but you are better off in the Southern Hemisphere during the rest of the year.
Let's assume that you plan to observe between October and March. This leaves the choice from any of the telescopes located at the itelescope.net observatories at Mayhill and Nerpio.
The table below gives selected data for each iTelescope that will enable you to make an initial sort. The data relates to May 2012 and may change as telescopes are added/removed or fitted with different cameras.
You can see that I have highlighted telescopes T3, T14, T16 and T20 together with values in the Aperture and Resolution columns.
The highlighted telescopes are ones that I would not use for asteroid observation. All the rejected telescopes have apertures smaller than 250 mm. In order to discover asteroids you really need a telescope-camera system capable of reaching to at least magnitude 19 and you greatly increase your chances if you can detect objects fainter than magnitude 21.
The larger the aperture the more photons you will collect and for practical purposes apertures smaller than 250 mm will not collect sufficient photons to enable you to detect faint objects.
Their advice is that measurements should be made using equipment with a resolution preferably less than two and never greater than three arc seconds per pixel.
In this table above, I have listed addition data for the seven telescopes that were not rejected in the initial sort. The reason for listing the cameras is that these can change so it is as well to check on the itelescope.net website regarding current usage.
The field of view column gives you an idea of the area of sky that will be imaged. If you are trying to discover new asteroids then obviously the larger the field of view the better your chances are. However if you are following up an asteroid and know its position fairly accurately then a smaller field of view is acceptable.
Each entry in the optimum resolution column is a compromise between accuracy and sensitivity. Taking T11 as an example, we saw in the previous table that the highest resolution possible was 0.81 arc seconds per pixel. However we can use the 2 x 2 binning option to combine four pixels into one and thereby reduce the resolution to 1.62 arc seconds per pixel. We degrade the resolution and hence the accuracy of our position measurements but we gain a significant advantage in terms of sensitivity.
In some cases it may be possible to use 3 x 3 binning and still have a resolution of less than 3 arc seconds per pixel. However itelescope.net only runs darks and flats for 1 x 1 and 2 x 2 binning so you would either have to work with uncalibrated images or run your own calibration images. The optimum resolution figures I have listed do not include any 3 x 3 binning options.
Basically we are in the business of collecting photons, dumping them on pixels, generating photoelectrons and using these to produce a CCD image. If we distribute the photons we collect over a large number of pixels then we may end up with a large dim image of the asteroid. If we use 2 x 2 binning to produce fewer but larger pixels then we increase the number of photons per pixel and end up with a smaller but brighter asteroid image which is easier to detect when we eyeball the entire CCD image.
Two things to remember with binning are not to exceed the three arc second per pixel limit referred to above and to check with the itelescope.net website that the binning level you choose is one that is permitted for that particular camera.
The thinking behind this is that the number of photons collected is proportional to the collection area which for a telescope is proportional to the square of the aperture.
We have already seen that the greater the numerical value of the resolution the brighter the CCD image we obtain.
The higher the quantum efficiency of the CCD the greater the number of photoelectrons produced by a given number of photons and the brighter the CCD image produced. The quantum efficiency of a CCD varies with wavelength so it is necessary to standardise the wavelength at which it is measured. I chose 550 nanometers because it corresponds to the V photometric band which is used by MPC when reporting the apparent magnitude of asteroids. You can obtain quantum efficiency data from the websites of the camera or the chip manufacturers.
Before anybody else points it out, I have to put my hands up to the fact that my equation is a gross simplification of the true situation. In particular the binning advantage is more complex than I have indicated and the "given large enough pixels I can image to the edge of the universe" claim (which is implied in the equation) will not bear close inspection.
What the equation will do is to give you an indication of how the different combinations of aperture size, resolution and CCD sensitivity affect the likelihood that you will detect faint objects. In actual use however the variation in cloud cover and atmospheric turbulence may well mask these differences.
The final column of the table shows the faintest magnitudes that I have measured when using four of the seven telescopes. Most of my work has been carried out using T4 and T11 so the data here is sufficiently large to minimise differences due to atmospheric conditions. I have not made much use of T5 and T17 so the figures here may well underestimate the potential of these instruments. With this in mind I think I can see some evidence of a correlation between sensitivity factor and faintest magnitude detected.
One point that I should make clear that there is all the difference in the world between following up an asteroid whose position, speed and angle of motion are all known and detecting one for the first time.
In the first case it is possible to ensure that the known asteroid is centered in the field of view where optical distortion is at a minimum and to optimise the image stacking conditions to match the asteroid motion.
In contrast an unknown asteroid may appear close to the edge of the field of view where vignetting may reduce the contrast between the object and the sky background.
If we take T11 as an example, my 22.2 magnitude was recorded for a known asteroid under good atmospheric conditions and using optimised image stacking.
Realistically, allowing for average atmospheric conditions and non-optimised image stacking I reckon to lose between 0.5 and 1.0 magnitude advantage. This means that with T11 I can still routinely detect potential new discoveries down to a 21.2 to 21.7 magnitude range.
Now comes the moment of choice. If I am trying to discover new asteroids I tend to favour T11 because it has a large field of view and the highest sensitivity factor. I look forward to evaluating T21 for discovery work since the sensitivity factor and field of view are very similar to those of T11. If weather conditions are such that Mayhill is closed but Nerpio is available then I would use T7 or T17 on the basis that it gives the best compromise in terms of field of view and sensitivity.
Once I have discovered an asteroid and if it is approaching opposition and becoming brighter, I can accept a smaller field of view and/or a lower sensitivity. At this point my choice will be dictated by the weather conditions at Mayhill and Nerpio, the availability of the telescopes and (on the advice of my bank manager) their relative costs. In such a situation T4, T5 or T17 would be equally acceptable.
Now that we know which telescopes to use, the next stage is to decide where to point them in order to maximise our chances of asteroid discovery. This will be the subject of my next article.


7.00pm – 10.00pm across four courts.
You are more than welcome to come along and play as a visitor. The visitor fee is £5, which is payable in cash on the night. You can play three times as a visitor, after which you may wish to join. There may be a waiting list, but you will be advised of this when you want to join.
If you intend to visit us, please contact Inge Dowden on inge@clara.co.uk to obtain the access codes for the hall, as you may not be able to enter otherwise.
This purpose built sports hall is available all year round. There are shower and toilet facilities in the hall.


text:
Of Chasing Sunsets and Sunrises
It was a Thursday night on the way to work. One fateful night of the 30th of April, 2009. I have been working hard for over seven years and coming from a dying business venture I have solely focused on for over eleven years. Striving to adapt with the dirty corporate politics; to where the talent of exaggerating words coming from the mouth have more weight and substance than what can actually be delivered. Running up a motorcycle at a hundred kilometres per hour, a sedan driven by an inexperienced female driver ahead of me running at the same speed, for no reason at all, decided to make a sudden stop. A split second. That is all I had. It was a decision to either make a sudden overtake or hit the brakes. Unfortunately, an incoming 18-wheeler truck is on my side and there is one logical thing to do… hit the brakes. Last thing I heard was a foul cry of screeching rubber against the asphalt. Broken glass and crumpled metal sheets were the last thing I saw that night.
Taken April 2009
It was a wakeup call.
Prior the accident, I have been trapped within the four corners of a room for seven years, solving problems that are not even mine, and doing the same routine daily… failing to even witness a sunrise nor a sunset.
As I open my eyes and saw myself inside another room, but this time with this bottle of glucose and purified water hanging above me. I realized that I may have missed a lot over those years.
It was only on this bed that I came to a realization that I may have led myself for over seven years on using up my energy and focusing on things that are all temporary. Why not get to these places that I have been mapping all along; and discover what it feels like when the palm of my hands themselves touches the ground instead of a computer mouse lodged beneath it?
For the first time, I removed the routines and randomly generated a series of coordinates. It was 10.870037°N 122.008217°E that popped up. It was Patnongon, Antique of Panay Island… and I have to get there.
I opened my laptop and booked a flight to Iloilo. Landed at Iloilo's Cabatuan Airport, got a van to San Jose, Antique. I passed by Miag-ao and over the zigzag roads of Hamtic traversing Mount Manaban to cross Iloilo and reach the province of Antique. As I reached San Jose, I took a jeepney to Patnongon. It was December 26, 2009 and is my first unplanned backpacking trip.
Daily routines tend to have you forget the real essence of life. Essence: to where even simple events such as a sun setting over the horizon, through its simplicity, is more spectacular than staring over a banknote inside your wallet.
After missing sunsets for seven years, it was on the same coordinates that popped up when I was lying on a hospital bed where I had broken that curse. December 27, 2009 at 5:28PM, it was a stunning view. My first sunset in seven years.
My first sunset to witness in 7 years is at Patnongon as it sets on Sulu Sea
From that day, I have been chasing sunsets and sunrises in different parts of the country. From sea level to a thousand more meters above it. A personal longing and drive to have led me to experience the Philippines even more.
The Philippines is a country with over seven thousand islands. This is something that all Filipinos know. However the question would be, how well do they know their country by heart?
The Philippines has over thirty three thousand kilometers of shoreline and is the country with one of the longest shoreline in a tropical climate. This makes the Philippines to have the widest choice of tropical beach getaway in the world to where sunsets and sunrises are best viewed. Ranging from white, pink, black, gray, and golden sand, there are more colors that can spice up a sun over the horizon. With people that are naturally hospitable and is well-known with their resiliency, even a smile from the locals is already a part of the touristic view of the places you can get to.
The Philippine mountains are as astounding as the beaches. Arranging a flight to Davao, you may reach Mount Apo, the tallest mountain in the country at over 2,900 meters above sea level; to the smallest volcano, Taal, at only about 200 meters tall. Each of the mountains has its own characteristics, making its trails as exciting and unpredictable as the view you get when at its summit.
The sea under the Verde Triangle just off Mindoro and Batangas is a part of the world that had the least geomorphic change over the eons thus making its sea bed to be rich of marine species that already includes more than a third of known marine species over the whole world.
Apo Reef within the Verde Triangle - The 2nd largest contiguous coral reef in the world.
These features make the Philippines as the best tourist location in the world that Filipinos must not only know in theory but also by experience. And having a country such as this is already a birth right for each Filipino being blessed with such an environmental resource. What is left for a Filipino is to discover it.
With mapping the Philippines comes my dream of tapping every Filipino to travel their own country and discover that there is no better place than our motherland.
Appreciation of our country leads to nationalism and nationalism leads to selflessness. Selflessness to where there is no room for greed when nature itself is your playground. And such selflessness leads to nation building.
From chasing sunrises and sunsets, we discover ourselves in building a nation. Let us ensure that a Filipino must not be a stranger to his own motherland.
Ervin Malicdem
Cavite, Philippines
About the website:
Schadow1 Expeditions is a travel and mapping resource for the Philippines which has become the journal of the author on his experiences in mapping the Philippines while traveling it. The website has been cited by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs as the source of the GPS routable map of the Philippines for the mobilization of international relief and rescue efforts during the Typhoon Haiyan crisis in the Philippines. Click here for more information on mapping the Philippines.
Posted by Ervin Malicdem at 3/02/2014 03:00:00 AM
Labels: Message
Jonathan D. Orbuda March 15, 2014 at 12:38 PM
Hello Nice Post
Seven years, naniniwala ako na naging makabuluhan din naman yun even w/out glancing the sunset and sunrise. But totoo. You really need to spice up your life by doing something risky, something extra ordinary.
Nung nahospital ka, im sure it was a blessing in disguise to discover that you are really a true blooded nomad
Keep on posting inspiring stories... I will follow you and add you in my roll Hope to meet you someday and travel simultaneously. I love meeting people with same interest


Of Colpoy's Bay, peacefully at his home on Wednesday June 11, 2014. John Cecil Northey at the age of 68 years. Loving husband and best friend to Joan (nee McLay) for over 47 years. Cherished father of Tracey and her husband Kelven Arnold, of Wiarton, John "Jay" and his partner Rose Farkas, of Wasaga Beach, and Charolette Beirnes and her partner David Camano, of Sarnia. Proud Poppa of Victoria Arnold (fiancé Dan Mast), Kyle Arnold, Amber Northey, Sydney Northey, John Northey, Rachel Beirnes, Beau Beirnes, and Hannah Beirnes; and great-Poppa of Jesse Mast. Beloved brother of Doug (friend Gerrie), Bev (wife Marion), and Anna (husband Stan Panton), all of Peterborough, and Betty Florence, of Orangeville; and brother-in-law of Eric McLay (wife Carol), of Lion's Head, Sharon Finlay, Terry Leonard, and Michael Leonard (friend Michael), all of Fenelon Falls. Sadly missed by his step-mother-in-law Doreen Leonard; son-in-law Shane Beirnes, of Kylsth; and by many nieces and nephews. Predeceased by his parents Cecil and Charlotte; in-laws Donald and Lenore McLay, and Peter Leonard; sister Joyce Lamonthe; and great-grandchild Emma Mast. Visiting at the Thomas C. Whitcroft Peninsula Chapel, 272 Berford St., Wiarton (519) 534-5341 on Friday from 2-4 and 7-9 PM. A service to celebrate John's life will be conducted from The Meeting Place, 575 Edward, Wiarton on Saturday June 14, 2014 at 2 o'clock. Interment in Colpoy's Bay Cemetery. Donations to LHSC Heart Research would be appreciated.


From our own distinctive Highland Beef, Homemade Jams and local honeys the farm shop offers a wondrous selection from Perthshire and Scotland's leading artisan producers.
All of our meat and poultry is free range and sourced from Perthshire or Fife; reknowned throughout Scotland for their rich agricultural land these counties produce flavoursome cuts of meat whatever your preference.
We stock both local and local organic fruit and veg giving our customers fresh, seasonal ingredients all year round. Our berries come from Blairgowrie, widely recognised as the best producers in the world.
Farmhouse baking, fruit wines using berries from the Carse of Gowrie, local honey to ward off hayfever and traditional sweeties and biscuits reminiscent of Scottish Childhoods are all to be found at Brig Farm Shop.


The aim of this website is keeping friends connected and providing them the opportunity to keep in touch with schoolmates long after graduation. This site will be devoted to bringing you news, announcements, and information about your friends, College memories, pictures and current events, including news and information about our reunions. If you are a graduate and wish to subscribe to the Association or have any announcements you would like to make, please drop us an email to the web site and we will do our best to comply with your request.
<> Remember our school motto: CUNCTI-GENS.UNA-SUMUS (Together we are one).
Victoria College has been called the Eton of the Middle East.
The school that could turn its boys into classic gentlemen.


On my quest to see if Rockman stuff can still be relevant today, I tweaked the EQ and made a tone suitable for metal and stuff. It sounds great. The regular Boston tone kind of didn't work well with any pickup other than bridge, but the "metal mode" opens up my whole guitar for more versatility. It still has that creamy Rockman flavor, but doesn't sound like a one-trick pony. And drop tuning sounds ah-mazing.
All I did was take the Boston tone, reduce the 400-630hz and give it a little bump at 1.6khz.
Personally, I love tube sounds. I have my Rockman Sustainor getting pumped through the Crunch channel of my Peavey Rockmaster Tube Preamp, and with the Phase Notcher on, it is absolutely amazing. Pure metal bliss. I don't use the Rockman too much however, as that is not my main sound.
More of a secondary, but a very nice secondary.


Baby Alpaca fashion accessories – stoles - hats - infinity scarfs.
Fantastic stole / scarf that is made 70% of Baby Alpaca wool and 30% of silk, is very soft to the contact with the skin and extra light and warm. Just one accessory that combines the warmth of the alpaca wool with the silk's lightness.
You will adore to wear it and keep it on!
Size: 200 cm. x 0,80 cm.


~A mother can be a woman who conceives, births, and raises a child given to her by God. She is what we as a society see as a mother.
~A mother can be a young woman who finds herself pregnant, unable to parent, who chooses life for her child by placing him for adoption. In choosing life for her child she becomes a mother. She will not be that baby's parent but she is his birth mother.
~A mother can be the one who prays for a baby she does not carry in her womb. She becomes the mother and parent to a child given in adoption. She is there in the night, in sickness, in health, in joy, and in sadness. She is her mother.
~A mother can be a woman who takes on the care of another's children through foster care or guardianship. She gives her life to loving them. They see her as mother.
I read the story of a man who parented a little boy that he believe to be his biological son. At age 10 he found out he may not be his biological parent and considered leaving the child. I thought how sad. He is the only Father that child knows. He IS his father. Blood alone does not make you more of a father or not.
I am a blessed woman. God has blessed me by allowing me to be a mother to 4 wonderful children. Three of them I gave birth to. One we adopted. Yet I am mother to all of them. There is no difference. My love them will last a lifetime and is unconditional. I am their mother!
What a blessing from God to be called mother. It is my highest calling!
Articles written by Kay Green, Christian homeschool mom to Melissa 21, Jordan 18, Allison 16, Haley 4. Her and her husband of 25 years live in rural Oregon with their children.
Kay owns http://www.mypreciouskid.com/ children's ID products and home business program. Kay loves helping others have a successful home business too.
All rights reserved. Reprinting is only with permission and with this author's box and copyright intact.


text:
Q: How to parse HTTP response using Ruby I've written a short snippet which sends a GET request, performs auth and checks if there is a 200 OK response (when auth success). Now, one thing I saw with this specific GET request, is that the response is always 200 irrespective of whether auth success or not.
The diff is in the HTTP response. That is when auth fails, the first response is 200 OK, just the same as when auth success, and after this then there is a second step. The page gets redirected again to the login page.
I am just trying to make a quick script which can check my login user and pass on my web application and tell me which auth passed and which didn't.
How should I check this? The sample code is like this:
def funcA(u, p)
  print_A("#{ip} - '#{u}' : '#{p}' - Pass")
end

def try_login(u, p)
  path = '/index.php?uuser=#{u}&ppass=#{p}'
  r = send_request_raw({
    'URI' => 'path',
    'method' => 'GET'
  })

  if (r and r.code.to_i == 200)
    check = true
  end
  if check == true
    funcA(u, p)
  else
    out = "#{ip} - '#{u} - Fail"
    print_B(out)
  end
  return check, r
end
end

Update:
I also tried adding a new check for matching a 'Success/Fail' keyword coming in HTTP response. It didn't work either. But I now noticed that the response coming back seems to be in a different form. The Content-Type in response is text/html;charset=utf-8 though. And I am not doing any parsing so it is failing.
Success Response is in form of:
{"param1":1,"param2"="Auth Success","menu":0,"userdesc":"My User","user":"uuser","pass":"ppass","check":"success"}

Fail response is in form of:
{"param1":-1,"param2"="Auth Fail","check":"fail"}

So now I need some pointers on how to parse this response.
Many Thanks.

A: I do this with with "net/http"
require 'net/http'

uri = URI(url)
connection = Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port)
@response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(url))
@httpStatusCode = @response.code
connection.finish

A: If there's a redirect from a 200 then it must be a javascript or meta redirect. So just look for that in the response body.

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BEFORE you boot your computer. (Although I usually boot up mine on the way to the shower so that it is ready to use when I'm dried and dressed).
Assign fixed "working hours". Allocating times for work will help get you into the mindset of working. It helps you to focus on work rather than all other distractions.
Do you prefer to work in many short bursts?
Would you rather work at night while others sleep?
Pick your preferred productive hours, and focus on your work. If you don't know when are most productive, try out different time slots each week; see which time slot resulted in your most productive week. Stick to that.
I suggest that you sign up with "Rescue Time". It's a personal analytics service that shows you how you spend your time; providing tools to help you be more productive.
Plan calls in the morning to force the early work start.
Schedule as much as you can of the day.
Plan your coffee or tea accordingly. Even use the smell as a trigger to put you into work mode.
Use the room that has the brightest natural light.
Turn off the TV, radio and mute social media.
Create a physical workspace. Don't just try to work in bed or crouched over the coffee table.
Get a proper working desk and chair, with good lighting above.
Simulate a working environment to help get yourself into the mood.
Ensure comfort and good ergonomics to prevent having to move around and getting distracted by pains in the neck or back.
Set daily goals and to-do lists. Being organized is the first step to being productive. Know what you have to do, know which tasks are important, which are urgent, and which are optional.
It's easy to get caught up in "busy-ness" and wheel spinning. This distracts you from "business", the productive things that ought to be done.
Clear the important household chores before starting work. You won't have them hanging at the back of your mind all the time you are trying to work.
If you have work to do in the morning, try not to party all night the night before. Attention span and mental focus still need a rested mind and body.
Use mood music to wake up to, and then change the music when you begin working.
Distractions at home are the biggest culprit to low productivity, so be proactive in removing as many of these distractions as possible.
In general, dress up as if you were going to work at the office.
Eat lunch in a separate room and try and not work while you eat.
You need a spot where that is your designated work area. It's a place no one else uses and you can put your stuff there and know where everything is at all time. It will help you keep organized.
Do your Daily Planning each night. Planning out the most precious resource at your command, the next 24 hours, will direct you to spending your time more wisely.
Some people spend a lot of their productive time looking for a pen or a pad of paper or staples for their stapler.
http://www.virtualservices.com.au/services.htm – I help small business owners find the gift of time so that they can focus on their core business.
Next Next post: 7 Tips to Grow Your Online Following AKA List!


Hoysala Hoy! Hoy! According to legend, 'Sala' the boy struck the lion. 'Hoy' means strike. The name Hoysala comes from here. The lion can be seen as a depiction of the dangers of the time. This is a call to the everyday 'Sala' to strike again and again at the dangers of our time.


text:
Q: python re matching the "space at the end of string" original re expression given by MOOC instructor is
^(\S+) (\S+) (\S+) \[([\w:/]+\s[+\-]\d{4})\] "(\S+) (\S+)\s*(\S*)" (\d{3}) (\S+)

I think the catch here is there is an extra space at the end of HTTP/1.0 for bad ones, anyone can hint to make a minor change to make it parse BOTH successfully?
I tried to change (\S*) to (?:\s+|$) or (\S.*) and it did not work either way.
good one below
127.0.0.1 - - [01/Aug/1995:00:00:01 -0400] "GET /images/launch-logo.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 1839

bad one below
Invalid logline: ix-li1-14.ix.netcom.com - - [08/Aug/1995:14:47:41 -0400] "GET /shuttle/missions/sts-70/mission-sts-70.html HTTP/1.0 " 200 20304

A: Direct approach
^(\S+) (\S+) (\S+) \[([\w:/]+\s[+\-]\d{4})\] "(\S+) (\S+)\s*(\S*)\s?" (\d{3}) (\S+)

Notice \s? before second ".
This matches both
127.0.0.1 - - [01/Aug/1995:00:00:01 -0400] "GET /images/launch-logo.gif HTTP/1.0" 200 1839

and
ix-li1-14.ix.netcom.com - - [08/Aug/1995:14:47:41 -0400] "GET /shuttle/missions/sts-70/mission-sts-70.html HTTP/1.0 " 200 20304


text:
<div {% if div.css_id %}id="{{ div.css_id }}"{% endif %}
    class="mdl-textfield mdl-js-textfield mdl-textfield--floating-label{% if div.css_class %} {{ div.css_class }}{% endif %}" {{ div.flat_attrs|safe }}>
        {{ fields|safe }}
</div>

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