text:
Stubborn Acne Vanished With Homeopathic Medicines At Life Force
Acne is a very commonly encountered skin condition that mostly begins during puberty, as the hormone levels in the body fluctuate. For some lucky people, the condition settles down in a few months to a couple of years, and, in some people, it can continue further to adulthood. Repeated acne and its scars can profoundly affect the confidence of the patient who suffers from acne. Let's have a look at how Life Force's homeopathy helped a patient to recover from acne naturally, incredibly, and safely.
Case Study:
A 29-year-old lady, Miss. R. N. (PIN: 44328) approached Life Force in December 2020 to treat her acne. She had taken the conventional treatment for acne before approaching us, and her acne persisted despite taking conventional treatments on and off. For Miss. R. N., besides the hormonal fluctuations, she also had some polycystic changes in her ovaries which were acting as a maintaining cause for her acne.
Since her puberty, she has been getting acne on her cheeks, jawline, back, and chest. Her acne eruptions were itchy and painful, took a long time to heal, and left marks when they healed.
She had taken conventional treatments like Isotretinoin in the past for her acne complaints and was tired of taking it on and off since the acne refused to go away completely. They returned as soon as she stopped taking the medicines.
During the consultation, the associate doctor at Life Force took her detailed case history.
She mentioned that she was a non-vegetarian and preferred spicy food. She did not have much liking for sweets. She drank an adequate quantity of water daily and had satisfactory motions. She preferred moderate heat and cold temperatures. Her menses were regular, with a cycle of 30-35 days. The flow was moderate.
Miss. R. N. was a single child to her parents. Her childhood was good, and her parents supported her well and pampered her too. She did not have any stress on her family front. Her father is now retired, and her mother has always been a homemaker. Her father had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and epilepsy, whereas her mother suffered from Asthma.
As a person, Miss. R.N. was outgoing and easily mingled with others. She would not share her problems with anyone. Also, when angry, she was unable to express her anger. She was mild, polite, and precise in her behavior and speech. At the time of starting the treatment, she was working with a multinational company as an accountant.
Medical History:
On the physical level, Miss. R. N. did not have any other major health issues. She just had chickenpox once in her childhood.
Based on the shared details, Dr. Shah prescribed her Homeopathic medicine Pulsatilla 30 along with his research-based medicines for acne. The associate doctor gave her tips on how to take care of her diet, skin, and stress.
Besides medicines, skincare and diet also play an important role in managing acne.
Miss. R. N. reported a very good improvement every passing month with the homeopathic treatment.
At her first follow-up on 19th January 2021, she reported a 30% overall improvement in her relief from the complaints of her acne.
At her second follow-up on 24th February 2021, she experienced a 50% improvement. She noticed that the frequency of getting new acne and the duration it took for healing had reduced considerably. However, there was no effect on the pigmentated marks.
At the third follow-up given on 2nd April 2021, she noticed that, besides acne being in control, the acne marks also had lightened up. She was able to maintain this improvement till August 2021, when she experienced a fever and took antibiotics for the same.
During the fourth follow-up on 13th September 2021, she complained of getting new eruptions on the jawline after having antibiotics for her fever. At this point, Dr. Shah revised her prescription.
In the subsequent and last follow-up on 20th November 2021, she mentioned that she just got a couple of acne marks on her face just before her menses, and they get reduced in 2-3 days.
Miss. R. N. then discontinued the treatment because she no longer found the acne bothersome or the need to take the treatment and was able to manage them efficiently with the diet and skin care.
This case highlights that:
1. Homeopathy can efficiently manage chronic acne cases
2. There can be fluctuations in acne due to changes in the hormones and the things that can affect and temporarily alter the immunity in the person.
Homeopathy promotes complete recovery from chronic acne gently, incredibly, and safely without any side effects.
Written by Dr. Yafta, Associate doctor to Dr. Rajesh Shah
Anantherum
Hydroquinone: Homoeopathic Pathogenetic Trial
Effect of Orally Administered Potentized Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin in Humans: A Homeopathic Pathogenetic Trial,
Maharashtra Times: Homeopathy websites receive great response
An article published in "DNA" about role of homeopathy in the treatment for HIV
Afternoon: Homoeopathy is a Science


text:
Introduction
============

The PPCI (Pure Python Compiler Infrastructure) project is a compiler
written entirely in the `Python <https://www.python.org/>`_ programming
language. It contains front-ends for various programming languages as
well as machine code generation functionality. With this library you can
generate (working!) machine code using Python (and thus very easy to
explore, extend, etc.)!

The project contains:

- Language frontends for C, Python, Pascal, Basic and Brainfuck
- Code generation for several architectures: 6500, arm, avr, m68k, microblaze, msp430, openrisc, risc-v, stm8, x86_64, xtensa
- Command line utilities, such as ppci-cc, ppci-ld and ppci-opt
- WebAssembly, JVM, OCaml support
- Support for ELF, EXE, S-record and hexfile formats
- An intermediate representation (IR) which can be serialized in json
- The project can be used as a library so you can script the compilation process

Installation
------------

Since the compiler is a python package, you can install it with pip:

.. code:: bash

    $ pip install ppci

Usage
-----

An example of commandline usage:

.. code:: bash

    $ cd examples/linux64/hello-make
    $ ppci-cc -c -O1 -o hello.o hello.c
    ...
    $ ppci-ld --entry main --layout linux64.ld hello.o -o hello
    ...
    $ ./hello
    Hello, World!

API example to compile C code:

.. code-block:: python

    >>> import io
    >>> from ppci.api import cc, link
    >>> source_file = io.StringIO("""
    ...  int printf(char* fmt) { }
    ...
    ...  void main() {
    ...     printf("Hello world!\n");
    ...  }
    ... """)
    >>> obj = cc(source_file, 'arm')
    >>> obj = link([obj])

Example how to assemble some assembly code:

.. code-block:: python

    >>> import io
    >>> from ppci.api import asm
    >>> source_file = io.StringIO("""section code
    ... pop rbx
    ... push r10
    ... mov rdi, 42""")
    >>> obj = asm(source_file, 'x86_64')
    >>> obj.get_section('code').data
    bytearray(b'[ARH\xbf*\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')

Example of the low level api usage:

.. code-block:: python

    >>> from ppci.arch.x86_64 import instructions, registers
    >>> i = instructions.Pop(registers.rbx)
    >>> i.encode()
    b'['

Functionality
-------------

- `Command line utilities <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/cli.html>`_:
    - `ppci-cc <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/cli.html#ppci-cc>`_
    - `ppci-ld <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/cli.html#ppci-ld>`_
    - and many more.
- Can be used with tools like make or other build tools.
- `Language support <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/lang/index.html>`_:
    - `C <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/lang/c.html>`_
    - Pascal
    - Python
    - Basic
    - Brainfuck
    - `C3 <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/lang/c3.html>`_
      (PPCI's own systems language, intended to address some pitfalls of C)
- CPU support:
    - 6500, arm, avr, m68k, microblaze, msp430, openrisc, risc-v, stm8, x86_64, xtensa
- Support for:
    - `WebAssembly <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/wasm.html>`_
    - JVM
    - OCaml bytecode
    - LLVM IR
    - DWARF debugging format
- `File formats <https://ppci.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/format/index.html>`_:
    - ELF files
    - COFF PE (EXE) files
    - hex files
    - S-record files
- Uses well known human-readable and machine-processable formats like JSON and XML as
  its tools' formats.

Documentation
-------------

Documentation can be found here:

- https://ppci.readthedocs.io/

.. warning::

    **This project is in alpha state and not ready for production use!**

You can try out PPCI at godbolt.org, a site which offers Web access to
various compilers: https://godbolt.org/g/eooaPP

|gitter|_
|appveyor|_
|codecov|_
|docstate|_
|travis|_
|codacygrade|_
|codacycoverage|_
|downloads|_
|conda|_

.. |codecov| image:: https://codecov.io/bb/windel/ppci/branch/default/graph/badge.svg
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.. |codacygrade| image:: https://api.codacy.com/project/badge/Grade/a178be14a54243be81c27172031dc82c
.. _codacygrade: https://www.codacy.com/app/windel-bouwman/ppci-mirror

.. |codacycoverage| image:: https://api.codacy.com/project/badge/Coverage/a178be14a54243be81c27172031dc82c
.. _codacycoverage: https://www.codacy.com/app/windel-bouwman/ppci-mirror

.. |downloads| image:: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ppci/badges/downloads.svg
.. _downloads: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ppci

.. |conda| image:: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ppci/badges/version.svg
.. _conda: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/ppci

.. |gitter| image:: https://badges.gitter.im/ppci-chat/Lobby.svg
.. _gitter: https://gitter.im/ppci-chat/Lobby

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
var sampleTemplate = {
	"id": "standard",
	"name": "Standard",
	"properties": {
		"sap.viz.ext.interactivebullet": {

		}
	}
};
sap.viz.extapi.env.Template.register(sampleTemplate);


This working farm offers guests the chance to relax and unwind within our peaceful location and contemporary styled 5 bedroom executive home or enjoy a unique Glamping experience by booking the fully restored railway cabin. The railway cabin whilst built over 100 years ago has been loving restored with every last detail sorted including a modern bathroom, plush queen size bed and kitchenette. A private paved courtyard includes outdoor seating, barbeque and for the ultimate in relaxation enjoy the outside bath with running hot and cold water. Hunua Homestead is located 5 minutes drive from the beautiful Hunua Falls one of the most popular spots for walkers in the bush-clad Hunua Ranges and just 15 minutes drive from the main state highway.


The famous and virtuoso jazz piece for guitar - "Minor Swing". Sheet music with TAB (in Bonus files), one melody track and one backing track. Music by Django Reinhardt. Concert arrangement and backing track by "Oleg Baksheev Tutorial Studio". The item consist of 1 PDF file, 1 melodytrack mp3, 1 backing track mp3. For full zoom of the sheet music just click the image.


text:
Oba Otudeko in court, says "it's my first time"
The Chairman of Honeywell Group, Oba Otudeko on Wednesday appeared in court shielded by stern looking security men who wrapped themselves around him to prevent journalists from taking his pictures.
Otudeko had been summoned by the Federal High Court In Ikoyi, Lagos to testify in a N5.5 billion debt lawsuit involving Honeywell Flour Mills Plc and its sister companies – Anchorage Leisures Ltd and Siloam Global Ltd.
But after leaving the witness box, Otudeko, could not leave the courtroom immediately as journalists besieged him making efforts to interview him or take his photos and videos.
Oba Otudeko shielded by his private security.
While standing in the witness box and making his opening statement before the judge, the business mogul said it was a "first experience for me and I'm delighted to be here, to see all you in professional practice."
Otudeko's companies and Ecobank Nigeria Ltd are embroiled in a N5.5billion debt allegedly owed the bank.
On Wednesday, O.A Divine, counsel to Ecobank, told Justice Mohammed Idris that Otudeko had repeatedly ignored court summons to appear and testify before the court. Addressing the court on Thursday, Otudeko denied receiving any court summons.
Counsel to Otudeko, Olabode Olanipekun, said the witness, had adopted his statement and that they were ready to proceed. However, when Divine asked the witness to introduce himself and state his occupation and qualifications, Olanipekun objected to "that line of questioning." He said the defendant's counsel's right during his examination-in-chief is limited to adoption of the witness's statement.
"In objecting, I refer Your Lordship to the subpoena issued by this court on the application of the defendant. That subpoena was issued by the defendant and it requested the witness to give evidence on behalf of the defendant," Olanipekun said.
"If I may backtrack a little bit, the precursor was an application filed in April 2017 praying the court for an additional witness. So the witness is the witness of the defendant."
But Divine argued that in normal cases where witnesses are not subpoenaed, the party calling the witness has the unfettered right to question the witness. He said he was served the witness's written statement on oath on Thursday morning and had not been afforded the opportunity to look at it.
"The witness in question is our witness. The question I put to the witness being an introductory question is allowed under the law, where he lives, works, his qualifications" Divine said. "To that extent, I submit that the objection to my line of questioning is preemptory."
But the judge sustained the plaintiff's objection and told the defendant's lawyer to lead the witness to adopt his statement after which he would undergo cross-examination and re-examination.
Following the judge's ruling, Divine insisted he would not lead Otudeko to adopt his statement and objected to a move by his lawyer to cross-examine him.
"We have gotten what we want and we do not want to lead the witness anymore. We hereby apply for his discharge," Divine said. But Olanipekun made repeated efforts at cross-examining Otudeko to prove that Ecobank's Managing Director was present at a meeting where it was agreed that his client's company would pay N3.5 billion out of the N5.5 billion debt allegedly owed the bank as "full and final payment of the indebtedness." But the lawyer continued to insist that a witness whose statement was not adopted in court could not be cross-examined.
The judge adjourned further hearing of the matter till February 14.
Man docked for stealing Honeywell's conveyor cable
Josepdam accuses Honeywell of stalling port development
Six men allegedly steal N4.2m flour at Tin Can Island Port
N304m fraud: ex-NIMASA DG Jauro seeks to recall EFCC witness
Tags: Court, Oba Otudeko
Smugglers machete Customs operative in attempt to smuggle Toyota jeep
Customs hands over seized rice, maize to IDPs in Adamawa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Risk of Rain 2 Tier List
Home/Cryptocurrency/Singapore Passes Law For Crypto Providers; Bitcoin Rises
Singapore Passes Law For Crypto Providers; Bitcoin Rises
Singapore's parliament has authorised a legislation that can tighten the foundations for cryptocurrency suppliers within the city-state.
The brand new laws would require digital asset service suppliers in Singapore, which solely do enterprise abroad, to be licensed, in accordance with a report by Bloomberg. This transfer is broadly being seen as Singapore's tentative embrace of the crypto business.
At current, crypto entities in Singapore aren't regulated for anti-money laundering or terror financing. The brand new legislation comes within the wake of a current transfer by Singapore's monetary regulator to discourage firms within the cryptocurrency area from promoting their providers to the general public, additional underscoring the county's cautious strategy to crypto.
Elsewhere, crypto trade BitMEX has laid off 75 staff. This comes shortly after plans by an organization based by BitMEX's CEO and CFO to purchase considered one of Germany's oldest banks, fell by means of.
"BitMEX has made modifications to our workforce so as to streamline for the following section of our enterprise. Our prime precedence is to ensure all workers who can be impacted, have the help they require," BitMEX instructed CoinDesk in an e-mail.
Crypto Costs
The value of Bitcoin within the cryptocurrency market rose by 1.14 per cent within the final 24 hours, and it was buying and selling at $46,686.47 at 5:00 pm IST. Its dominance within the crypto market is at present at 40.97 per cent, down by 0.11 per cent within the final 24 hours, in accordance with Coinmarketcap.com.
Within the final 24 hours, Ethereum (ETH) was buying and selling at $3,516.86, an increase of 1.22 per cent, whereas Binance Coin (BNB) rose 2.25 per cent in the identical interval, and was buying and selling at $456.22. Solana (SOL) was down by 1.02 per cent to $133.28, whereas Cardano (ADA) was down by 0.31 per cent to $1.21.
Meme Cash
Amongst meme cash, Dogecoin was down 1.26 per cent, and it was buying and selling at $0.1521 at 5:00 pm on Coinmarketcap.com. Its rival, Shiba Inu, was down by 1.21 per cent and was buying and selling at $0.00002671. Samoyedcoin was up by 3.37 per cent, buying and selling at $0.023, whereas Dogelon Mars was down by 0.73 per cent, and was buying and selling at $0.00000102.
General State of affairs
Based on Coinmarketcap.com, the worldwide crypto market cap was at $2.16 trillion, a rise of 0.88 per cent within the final 24 hours, whereas the entire crypto market quantity was $102.72 billion, up by 2.44 per cent, in accordance with Coinmarketcap.com.
En-Tan-Mo (ETM) grew to become the most important gainer, recording an increase of 312.27 per cent. It was buying and selling at $0.08153 at 5:00 pm, in accordance with Coinmarketcap. In distinction, Mad Meerkat ETF (METF) witnessed the utmost loss, falling 27.42 per cent. It was buying and selling at $192.89, Coinmarketcap.com reported.
Avalanche AVAX Price News Today – Technical Analysis Update, Price Now, Price Prediction!
Gold Prices Slip on Strong Payroll Report
Sneaker Giant Adidas and Ready Player Me Partner to Launch AI-Generated Avatar Creation Platform – Metaverse Bitcoin News
Quant Explains How Bitcoin Funding Rate Predicted The Latest Top
Crypto firm Abra's new CFO digs into war for talent


text:
Q: how to make people put a specific sentence into a text form to move to next page? I want to make a quiz page with a picture and a text form.
people see the picture and put the accurate words into the form.
if they are right, they move to the next question page by pushing the submuit button.
but I will show them the warning pop up window if they don't give a right answer.
how can I do these simple(?) matters with javascript?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Zoran Bujas, hrvaški psiholog, pedagog in akademik, * 1910, † 2004.

Bujas je bil profesor na Filozofski fakulteti v Zagrebu; bil je tudi član Hrvaške akademije znanosti in umetnosti. Njegov oče Ramiro Bujas (1879-1959) je bil utemeljitelj  hrvaške (in jugovzhodnoevropske) znanstvene in eksperimemtalne psihologije, prav tako profesor na zagrebški univerzi.

Sklici

Glej tudi
 seznam hrvaških psihologov
 seznam hrvaških pedagogov
 seznam hrvaških akademikov
 seznam članov Hrvaške akademije znanosti in umetnosti

Hrvaški psihologi
Hrvaški akademiki
Predavatelji na Filozofski fakulteti v Zagrebu
Člani Hrvaške akademije znanosti in umetnosti
Hrvaški univerzitetni učitelji
Častni doktorji Univerze v Ljubljani
Dopisni člani Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Posted on February 28, 2020 by staff
Former IKEA head launches 'Augmented Commerce' tech firm
The start-up will allow customers to place 3D models of products in their own space
Alistair Hardaker	 8:42am 28th Feb 2020
Michael Valdsgaard
The former Senior VP of Digital Transformation at IKEA has announced the launch of new tech firm offering 'augmented commerce' to online retailers.
Headquartered in the capital with offices in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, London Dynamics offers a platform which renders 3D mock-ups of real products, complete with true-to-life textures and lighting.
The 3D models can be augmented into the real world through a smartphone camera or spun around and inspected via a web-browser. The solution is platform agnostic, meaning it is available on almost all modern devices.
Michael Valdsgaard, CEO and President of the firm, brings over two and a half decades in retail technology and customer experience to this latest venture.
In 2017 under his leadership, IKEA and Apple joined forces to develop IKEA Place, which could showcase Apple's new augmented reality capabilities and IKEA's furniture.
Valdsgaard now hopes to take these learnings to market with his new venture.
In an announcement he said he hopes to "bring online shopping back into the physical world by enabling that long awaited augmented reality revolution."
"The evidence of massive disruption buffeting retailers in the UK can't be denied," he said.
"The Office of National Statistics reported that as much as 21 per cent of retail sales were made online in December 2019, an increase of six per cent, while over 10 thousand in-store retail jobs were cut in the first weeks of 2020 alone."
"Without a shadow of a doubt, AR has the potential to entirely overturn the way we look for, buy, and sell things online."
On his decision to headquarter the firm in the UK, he said it "presents huge opportunity for retailers, and technologists like us.
"With access to the right talent, infrastructure and a digitally fluent and urban customer base, London has real potential to become the global launchpad for the most ambitious and exciting retail experiences in the world."


text:
Grinding Down
A Gamer's Guide to Nothing
Avatar Evolution
The Backlog
Bound from cloud to cloud in Scaling the Sky
Look, I'm just going to start this off by urging you to go play Scaling the Sky for yourself right now: http://www.scaling-the-sky.com.
It won't take up your entire day–or even your entire morning–and I also feel that it is important to grok the jumping mechanics as they are different enough to separate this from a blatant clone of running and jumping along the cloud platforms in Super Mario Bros 3. Oh, and did I mention this plays in your browser? So no excuses.
If you need more convincing or are curious what words I'll use to describe this 2D skywards climb, then please, stay. Read a while. Research shows that Scaling the Sky was created by William Felkner, Chelsea Howe, and Michael Molinari during the 48 hour SF Indie Game Jam 2013, and it's a surreal little experience that surprisingly says something by the end of it, and gameplay basically boils down to jumping from cloud to cloud, jumping out of floating pools, and leaping into rainbow elevators to move on to the next area. That might not seem like a whole lot to go off on, but it is very enjoyable.
You play as a woman stuck on a small, tropical island. Eventually, after discovering there is nowhere else to go, you travel upwards, to the clouds. Naturally, these clouds have buoyancy, which makes jumping on and off of them a bit tricky. When you enter a cloud from below or the side, you are rocketed through it at a quicker clip, propelling you up and out, and this technique will be extremely handy in the later sections where the transporting rainbow beams are seemingly just out of reach and you need momentum to get there. You'll also enter pools of water hovering in the sky, giving you a tiny leap upon exiting the water. The game is controlled completely by the arrow keys, with left and right for movement and up for jumping.
Scaling the Sky is a fairly simple platformer, but elegant and soothing, with much thanks for its soundtrack, and missing a jump is never harshly rewarded. But when you do nail each jump, especially later when the clouds have dissipated and all you have to work with are large and small bubbles of water, going from one to the other successfully really feels like scaling the sky. Visually, the game is colorful, but limited in its art. Sorry to say, but it initially looks like MS Paint, and the clouds sort of appear like someone just used a large circle eraser on a blue background a couple of times. Though, when you land on or exit the cloud, tiny little puffs sneak out, which is a nice touch. Our sky-climbing woman is garbed in orange, making for a fantastic contrast against all the blue hues of the sky and water pools, and her hair and clothes are constantly moving in the breeze. It's not going to wow you with its look, but it plays phenomenally and tells a mature, elegant story about the continuous movement of water.
Posted in entertainment, musings, videogames
Tagged clouds, indie, Scaling the Sky, SF Indie Game Jam 2013, water
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text:
Krugman: "The case for TPP is very, very weak. ... if a progressive makes it to the White House,
he or she should devote no political capital whatsoever to such things."
A Protectionist Moment?
Furthermore, as Mark Kleiman sagely observes, the conventional case for trade liberalization relies on the assertion that the government could redistribute income to ensure that everyone wins — but we now have an ideology utterly opposed to such redistribution in full control of one party, and with blocking power against anything but a minor move in that direction by the other.
But it's also true that much of the elite defense of globalization is basically dishonest: false claims of inevitability, scare tactics (protectionism causes depressions!), vastly exaggerated claims for the benefits of trade liberalization ... I've always been clear that the gains from globalization aren't all that great ... less than 5 percent of world GDP over a generation.
The truth is that if Sanders were to make it to the White House, he would find it very hard to do anything much about globalization — not because it's technically or economically impossible, but because the moment he looked into actually tearing up existing trade agreements the diplomatic, foreign-policy costs would be overwhelmingly obvious. ... Trump might actually do it, but only as part of a reign of destruction on many fronts.
But it is fair to say that the case for more trade agreements — including TPP, which hasn't happened yet — is very, very weak. And if a progressive makes it to the White House, he or she should devote no political capital whatsoever to such things.
http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/09/a-protectionist-moment/?_r=0
Posted by pampango | Thu Mar 10, 2016, 09:35 AM (0 replies)
Thanks for this. Interesting that the labor chapter of the US-Peru FTA is a model
for what unions were endorsing for the TPP. Has the implementation of the labor chapter in the US-Peru agreement been effective since it took effect in 2009?
Posted by pampango | Wed Mar 9, 2016, 01:26 PM (0 replies)
Krugman: Republicans and Trade Wars (much less respectful of international obligations).
Actually, a bit of background: establishment Republicans may talk free trade, but they are if anything more protectionist than Democrats in practice (although neither party is seriously protectionist these days.) Remember, it was Bush, not a Democrat, who imposed a WTO-illegal steel tariff, then had to back down in the face of European pressure. And going back, remember that Reagan, not Carter, imposed import quotas on Japanese cars.
The reason for this difference, I think, is twofold. First, Republicans are much less respectful of international obligations; it took a while for the Bushies to realize that trade rules apply to us, too, and that the EU is as big a trade superpower as we are. Second, there's a level of cynicism, of willingness to play politics with foreign affairs, on one side that isn't matched on the other.
Which brings me to the latest fight. Romney declares with horror that Trump would start a trade war. His economics is all wrong, which is the main thing; but it's also worth noting that three and a half years ago Romney himself argued for exactly the same policies Trump advocates now, blithely dismissing the dangers:
"I've watched year in and year out as companies have shut down and people have lost their jobs because China has not played by the same rules, in part by holding down artificially the value of their currency," Mr. Romney said.
Now, Romney could argue that the situation has changed — as it has since 2010, when I was arguing for the threat of countervailing duties. Back then China was in fact engaged in harmful currency manipulation; these days it's bleeding reserves in the face of YUGE capital outflows (a trillion dollars last year!) that is, it's intervening to prop the yuan up, not hold it down. But that's not the case Romney is making.
http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/03/06/republicans-and-trade-wars/
Posted by pampango | Tue Mar 8, 2016, 04:51 PM (0 replies)
Guardian OpEd: From Trump to Merkel: how the world is divided between fear and openness
The Republican candidate and German chancellor are polar opposites in the key struggle of our age
Two major concepts define the political struggle in the west today. One can be termed "globalism", which is currently most prominently represented by the German chancellor, Angela Merkel. The other is "territorialism", a view that the very likely Republican candidate for the US elections in November, Donald Trump, represents. At the core of the debate is the meaning of borders: should they be porous or tightly controlled? Are they mainly an obstacle to the free and productive flow of ideas, people, goods and information and should therefore be largely dismantled? Or are massive borders welcome and indispensable as a protection against all kinds of real or perceived threats such as competition and terrorism?
For globalists such as Merkel, interconnectedness is a good thing because it is what drives progress towards more prosperity and freedom everywhere. For territorialists such as Trump, interconnectedness is mainly a threat. What is good and healthy is attributed to the natives and what is dangerous comes from outside: unfair Chinese competition, dangerous Mexican immigrants and Middle Eastern terrorists.
Globalists want to manage the cross-border streams and minimise the disruptive character of borders to maximise the gains from connected markets and societies. Of course those streams have to be managed and this is why governance cannot any more be limited to the national territory. Governments need to co-operate and set up regional and global institutions; they need to set rules and make sure that these rules are upheld. Globalists argue among themselves about how to police the wider spaces but not about the principle.
Territorialists, by contrast, don't believe in international and transnational institutions – they believe in national strength and power. Donald Trump wants to invest in the US military so that it's "so big and strong and so great" that "nobody's going to mess with us". The world outside the borders is anarchical and dangerous and the way to deal with threats is to fight them by using force. "Bomb the shit out of Isis," Trump said. Europe has its own share of territorialists, who share many of Trump's views. Marine Le Pen in France, leader of the Front National, stands a good chance of winning the first round of next year's French presidential elections. Then there's Viktor Orban, prime minister of Hungary, who rose to international prominence by making the case for "illiberal democracy" ... they attribute everything positive to the natives and everything negative to those beyond the borders.
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/06/donald-trump-angela-merkel-territorial-global-ulrich-speck
While the OpEd posits the 'globalism' vs 'territorialism' as a left (Merkel) vs right (Trump) issue. There is certainly some of that in the attitudes of Trump's base (and those of Le Pen, Orban and others) but there is antipathy to "international and transnational institutions" on the left as well as the right.
And there is a middle ground between the 'openness' of Merkel and the 'fear-mongering' of Trump.
Posted by pampango | Sun Mar 6, 2016, 12:17 PM (0 replies)
AlterNet: The difference between right-wing populists and conservatives
The Toxic Factors that Give Rise to Right-Wing Populists Like Trump, Berlusconi and Hitler
There's a difference between right-wing populists and conservatives
This brings me to the difference between rightwing populists and conservatives.
Far right populists share with today's Republicans a fanatic ultra-nationalism, a scapegoating of foreigners, and a distaste for identity politics.
But there are several big differences. Conservatives are intimate allies of Wall Street while populists play on the resentment of Wall Street.
Populists tend not to be religious fundamentalists, while rightwing Republicans pander to the religious right. And the Republican right loathes government, while populists are willing to use it. If you think Obama expanded executive power, just wait for President Trump.
http://www.alternet.org/tea-party-and-right/toxic-factors-give-rise-right-wing-populists-trump-berlusconi-and-hitler
Posted by pampango | Sun Mar 6, 2016, 07:12 AM (1 replies)
"In the strict father family, father knows best. He knows right from wrong and has the ultimate
authority to make sure his children and his spouse do what he says, which is taken to be what is right. Many conservative spouses accept this worldview, uphold the father's authority, and are strict in those realms of family life that they are in charge of. When his children disobey, it is his moral duty to punish them painfully enough so that, to avoid punishment, they will obey him (do what is right) and not just do what feels good."
The strict father logic extends further. The basic idea is that authority is justified by morality (the strict father version), and that, in a well-ordered world, there should be (and traditionally has been) a moral hierarchy in which those who have traditionally dominated should dominate. The hierarchy is: God above Man, Man above Nature, The Disciplined (Strong) above the Undisciplined (Weak), The Rich above the Poor, Employers above Employees, Adults above Children, Western culture above other cultures, Our Country above other countries. The hierarchy extends to: Men above women, Whites above Non-whites, Christians above non-Christians, Straights above Gays.
Pragmatic conservatives, on the other hand, may not have a religious orientation at all. Instead, they may care primarily about their own personal authority, not the authority of the church or Christ, or God. They want to be strict fathers in their own domains, with authority primarily over their own lives. Thus, a young, unmarried conservative — male or female —may want to have sex without worrying about marriage. They may need access to contraception, advice about sexually transmitted diseases, information about cervical cancer, and so on. And if a girl or woman becomes pregnant and there is no possibility or desire for marriage, abortion may be necessary. Trump is a pragmatic conservative, par excellence. And he knows that there are a lot of Republican voters who are like him in their pragmatism.
There are at least tens of millions of conservatives in America who share strict father morality and its moral hierarchy. Many of them are poor or middle class and many are white men who see themselves as superior to immigrants, non-whites, women, non-Christians, gays — and people who rely on public assistance. In other words, they are what liberals would call "bigots." For many years, such bigotry has not been publicly acceptable, especially as more immigrants have arrived, as the country has become less white, as more women have become educated and moved into the workplace, and as gays have become more visible and gay marriage acceptable. As liberal anti-bigotry organizations have loudly pointed out and made a public issue of the un-American nature of such bigotry, those conservatives have felt more and more oppressed by what they call "political correctness" — public pressure against their views and against what they see as "free speech." This has become exaggerated since 911, when anti-Muslim feelings became strong. The election of President Barack Hussein Obama created outrage among those conservatives, and they refused to see him as a legitimate American (as in the birther movement), much less as a legitimate authority, especially as his liberal views contradicted almost everything else they believe as conservatives.
Donald Trump expresses out loud everything they feel — with force, aggression, anger, and no shame. All they have to do is support and vote for Trump and they don't even have to express their 'politically incorrect' views, since he does it for them and his victories make those views respectable. He is their champion. He gives them a sense of self-respect, authority, and the possibility of power. Whenever you hear the words "political correctness" remember this.
Great article about authoritarianism and its role in the conservative worldview.
Posted by pampango | Sat Mar 5, 2016, 07:44 AM (0 replies)
It seems the study proves the arbitration panels under the WTO and others favors the wealthy.
The solutions would seem to be to go back to the pre-FDR days when every country unilaterally resolved trade disputes in its own favor or restructuring the the dispute resolution process to include labor, human rights and environmental standards and the arbitration panels so that they enforce these standards fairly.
Trump and many, many others prefer the 'every-country-for-itself', stick it to the Mexicans, the Muslims, the Chinese, etc., protect "us" from "them". I am not sure that FDR and Truman would be in that back-to-the-future camp. FDR because he introduced the concept of international arbitration in trade disputes and Truman because he negotiated the agreement that did that. (Only to see it killed by a republican congress that saw it as a threat to 'national sovereignty'.
Do we go 'back-to-the-future' of Coolidge/Hoover's unilateralism on trade, raise tariffs on our own and dare other countries to do anything about it? (That did not work well for CC and HH but, history meaning nothing to republicans, tariffs - like 'trickle-down economics - will surely work this time.)
Do we just leave the WTO, NAFTA, et al in charge and complain about them? Or do we negotiate new agreements (not TPP) that include enforceable (if not using trade courts then enforced how?) labor, human rights and environmental standards? Or are we as liberals just doomed and we have no answers?
Posted by pampango | Thu Mar 3, 2016, 07:14 AM (1 replies)
That is quite likely. It may well be that Democrats generally support engagement with the world -
building bridges as it were - while republicans are more often suspicious of such engagement - building walls to keep the world away.
I suppose one could make the same observation about inadequate knowledge with polls conducted on the Paris climate agreement, the Iran nuclear agreement and a host of other complicated agreements. If I were polled on the Paris agreement my response would probably be based on my attitude towards international cooperation to deal with climate change rather than on the specific chapters of the agreement. My guess if that is what happens when the public is polled regarding the TPP.
I have never seen any poll which showed the republican base was not more opposed to any international agreement - trade, climate, arms exports, disability rights and on and on - than were Democrats. Perhaps this is a legacy of FDR and his array of international organizations created after WWII. Perhaps it more fundamental than that and lies in how liberals view the world compared to the conservative worldview.
The poll I posted does not 'prove' anything other than that the statement I was responding to - "... the majority of Americans (Dems/Repubs) are against the TPP" - is unproven without more evidence.
Posted by pampango | Wed Feb 24, 2016, 01:24 PM (0 replies)
"It's so fun to watch that it's easy to lose sight of how terrifying it really is."
Trump is the most dangerous major candidate for president in memory. He pairs terrible ideas with an alarming temperament; he's a racist, a sexist, and a demagogue, but he's also a narcissist, a bully, and a dilettante. He lies so constantly and so fluently that it's hard to know if he even realizes he's lying. He delights in schoolyard taunts and luxuriates in backlash.
He rose to prominence in the Republican Party as a leader of the birther movement. He climbed to the top of the polls in this election by calling Mexicans rapists and killers. He defended a poor debate performance by accusing Megyn Kelly of being on her period. He responded to rival Ted Cruz's surge by calling for a travel ban on Muslims. When two of his supporters attacked a homeless man and said they did it because "Donald Trump was right, all these illegals need to be deported," he brushed off complaints that he's inspiring violence by saying his supporters are "very passionate."
Behind Trump's success is an unerring instinct for harnessing anger, resentment, and fear. His view of the economy is entirely zero-sum — for Americans to win, others must lose. "We're going to make America great again," he said in his New Hampshire victory speech, "but we're going to do it the old-fashioned way. We're going to beat China, Japan, beat Mexico at trade. We're going to beat all of these countries that are taking so much of our money away from us on a daily basis. It's not going to happen anymore."
Trump answers America's rage with more rage. As the journalist Molly Ball observed, "All the other candidates say 'Americans are angry, and I understand.' Trump says, 'I'M angry.'" Trump doesn't offer solutions so much as he offers villains. His message isn't so much that he'll help you as he'll hurt them.
It's a great article. Thanks for posting it, KamaAina.
Americans are smarter than Europeans. We KNOW those are impossible. They
have not figured that out yet.
Neither have Europeans figured out that high/progressive taxes impoverish a society; lots of trade dooms the middle class and unions; strong safety nets cause people to be unwilling to work, preferring to sit home on 'welfare'; and being able to travel, live and work in neighboring countries means your own country is not really a country at all and there's a race to the bottom.
That's my 'American exceptionalism' justification anyway for why Europeans just don't comprehend things that we American know to be true.


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Entries / Military Collegium
Military Collegium
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Categories / Capital/Superior and Central State Institutions
MILITARY COLLEGIUM, a central government institution, army headquarters. Founded in 1719. The collegium occupied various buildings in the Admiralteyskaya and Liteinaya sections of the city; aside from this, a part of the Twelve Collegiums Building was meant for the Military Collegium, though in 1737-44 it accommodated only the Archive of Settled Cases. In 1802, the Military Collegium formed a part of the Ministry of War, and was abolished in 1806.
References: Бескровный Л. Г. Русская армия и флот в XVIII веке: (Очерки). М., 1958.
G. V. Kalashnikov.
Бескровный Л. Г. Русская армия и флот в XVIII веке: (Очерки). М., 1958
The subject Index
Twelve Collegiums Building
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Alexander I, Emperor (1777-1825)
ALEXANDER I (1777, St. Petersburg - 1825), Emperor (since 1801). Son of Emperor Paul I and Empress Maria Fedorovna. Brought up by his grandmother, Empress Catherine II
Collegiums (entry)
COLLEGIUMS, central State control facilities, organised on the principle of departments; established by Tsar Peter the Great in 1717-21. Each collegium was headed by a president appointed by the Tsar; each president had a vice-president as a
Golitsyn M.M. (1675-1730), Field Marshal-General
GOLITSYN Mikhail Mikhailovich (1675-1730), Prince, military commander, Field Marshal General (1725). Commenced his military career as a private soldier of the Semenovsky Regiment
Munnich B. K. (1683-1767), Engineer, Governor General 1728-34
MUNNICH Christofor Antonovich (Burchard Kristoff) (1683-1767, St. Petersburg), Count (1728), statesman and military figure, General Field Marshal (1732). He was German by birth, came to Russian service in 1721
Vyazmitinov S.K., Governor General 1805-1807; 1816-18
VYAZMITINOV Sergey Kuzmich (1744-1819, St. Petersburg), Count (1818), state and military figure, Infantry General (1798). Entered military service in 1759, participated in the Seven-Year War of 1756-63


text:
En statistiques, un test, ou test d'hypothèse, est une procédure de décision entre deux hypothèses. Il s'agit d'une démarche consistant à rejeter ou à ne pas rejeter une hypothèse statistique, appelée hypothèse nulle, en fonction d'un échantillon de données.

Il s'agit de statistique inférentielle : à partir de calculs réalisés sur des données observées, on émet des conclusions sur la population, en leur rattachant des risques d'être erronées.

Hypothèses du test

Définitions
L'hypothèse nulle notée  est celle que l'on considère vraie a priori. L'hypothèse  est donc privilégiée et il faut des observations très éloignées de cette hypothèse pour la rejeter. Le but du test est de décider si cette hypothèse  est a priori crédible. L'hypothèse alternative notée  est l'hypothèse complémentaire à l'hypothèse nulle.

Ces deux hypothèses ne sont toutefois pas symétriques.  est choisie uniquement par défaut si  n'est pas considérée comme crédible,  étant l'hypothèse dont le rejet à tort est le plus préjudiciable. Le choix de  et de  est en général imposé par le test que l'on utilise et ne relève donc pas de l'utilisateur.

Écriture des hypothèses : exemple
Soit  et  les moyennes de tension artérielle de deux populations, l'une correspondant à la prise de médicaments et l'autre de placebo. Une manière de démontrer qu'un médicament modifie la tension artérielle est de montrer que  est différent de . Les hypothèses du test deviennent alors

 : les moyennes des deux populations sont égales et
 : les moyennes des deux populations sont différentes.

On l'écrit succinctement sous la forme :

Toutefois les signes , ,  et  dans l'écriture succincte des hypothèses ne correspond pas à l'égalité ou aux inégalités au sens mathématique du terme. Il s'agit d'une façon d'écrire :

 : Il est crédible de penser que
 :  est significativement différente de

Cependant, il convient également de faire attention aux fluctuations d'échantillonnage. En effet, lors de la réalisation d'un test on utilise le plus souvent des échantillons pour effectuer les calculs. On utilisera donc les moyennes  et  calculées à partir des échantillons et qui ne sont donc que des estimations de  et  (voir taille d'effet).

Statistique du test

La statistique de test  est une fonction qui résume l'information sur l'échantillon que l'on souhaite tester. On la choisit de façon à connaître sa loi sous .

 est une variable aléatoire, définie indépendamment des données observées. La valeur que prend cette variable aléatoire pour les données observées est appelée statistique observée et est notée  dans la suite de l'article.

Suivant le type de statistique choisi, le test sera paramétrique ou non paramétrique.

Construction d'un test
La construction mathématique d'un test se fait grâce au lemme de Neyman-Pearson et nous donne la forme de la région de rejet.

Région de rejet et latéralité
La région de rejet est le sous-ensemble  de  tel qu'on rejette  si  appartient à . La forme de la région de rejet définit la latéralité du test :
 Test bilatéral : On veut rejeter  si  est trop grand ou trop petit, sans a priori. La région de rejet est alors de la forme .
 Test unilatéral à droite : On veut rejeter  seulement si  est trop grand. La région de rejet est alors de la forme .
 Test unilatéral à gauche : On veut rejeter  seulement si  est trop petit. La région de rejet est alors de la forme .

Probabilité critique

La probabilité critique (ou valeur p) est la probabilité, sous , que la statistique soit au moins aussi éloignée de son espérance que la valeur observée. En d'autres termes, c'est la probabilité d'observer quelque chose d'au moins aussi surprenant que ce que l'on observe.

Erreur de type I et II

Risque de première espèce et confiance
Le risque de première espèce  est la probabilité sous  de la région de rejet. En d'autres termes, il s'agit de la probabilité que l'on accepte de décider  si la vérité est .

La quantité  est la confiance du test. En d'autres termes, une proportion  des situations dans lesquelles la vérité est  verront une décision du test en faveur de .  est la probabilité avec laquelle on accepte de se tromper quand la vérité est .

On peut comparer la valeur p à  plutôt que  et la région de rejet.
 Si la valeur p est supérieure à , il n'est pas exceptionnel sous  d'observer la valeur effectivement observée. Par conséquent,  n'est pas rejetée.
 Si la valeur p est inférieure à , la valeur observée est jugée exceptionnelle sous . On décide alors de rejeter  et de valider .

Cette méthode possède l'avantage de permettre de se rendre compte à quel point la décision du test est sûre : la position de la valeur p par rapport à  ne dépend pas de l'échelle des données, contrairement à  et au(x) seuil(s) de la région de rejet.

Les valeurs du risque  couramment utilisées varient généralement entre 0,01 et 0,05. Dans le cas de variables continues, on peut choisir une valeur arbitraire de  et obtenir une région de rejet présentant exactement le risque . Dans le cas de variables discrètes, le nombre de région de rejet, et donc de risques possibles, est fini et dénombrable. Dans ce cas, on fixe un risque, dit risque nominal par exemple de 5 %. On cherche alors la plus grande région ne dépassant pas ce risque, qui devient alors la région de rejet. Le véritable risque, dit risque réel peut alors être recalculé.

Risque de deuxième espèce et puissance
Le risque de deuxième espèce  est la probabilité de ne pas rejeter  alors que la vérité est . Il s'agit d'un risque qui n'est pas fixé a priori par le test, et il est souvent difficile à estimer. On prend ce risque lorsqu'on accepte l'hypothèse .

La quantité  est la puissance du test.

Choix de  et
Pour se représenter ces différentes notions, on peut les représenter au travers du tableau suivant :

Le choix de  et de  se fait de façon assez arbitraire car si l'on cherche à en diminuer un l'autre va automatiquement augmenter. On définit généralement le risque  de façon arbitraire et la valeur du risque  s'ajuste automatiquement. Ce choix détermine alors une valeur seuil (notée  sur le schéma) qui représente la valeur de bascule pour la statistique du test entre les deux décisions (rejet ou non-rejet de ). Le graphique suivant tente de représenter visuellement ces risques, la courbe noire représente la loi ici normale de la statistique du test sous l'hypothèse  et la courbe bleue représente la loi ici normale de la statistique du test sous l'hypothèse .

Si l'échantillon reste inchangé, une diminution de  entraîne une augmentation de  et inversement. Autrement dit, si on décide de réduire le nombre de faux positifs, on augmente le nombre de faux négatifs. La seule manière d'améliorer les deux critères est d'augmenter la taille de l'échantillon.

Courbe de puissance
Pour déterminer la puissance d'un test, il faut connaître la loi de la statistique  sous , ce qui n'est généralement pas le cas. On recourt alors à des courbes de puissance qui sont des courbes pour lesquelles la puissance est calculée pour des valeurs données des paramètres du problème ou de la taille de l'échantillon. On ne sait pas où se situe la situation réelle sur cette courbe mais on y lit la probabilité de détecter  en fonction de son « éloignement » de .

Tests classiques et tests bayésiens
Pour les tests classiques qui constituèrent longtemps l'essentiel des tests statistiques, ces deux erreurs jouent un rôle asymétrique. On contrôle uniquement le risque de première espèce à un niveau  (principe de Neyman) ; cela revient à considérer que le risque de rejeter l'hypothèse nulle alors que cette hypothèse est vraie est beaucoup plus coûteux que celui de la conserver à tort (ce dernier risque n'étant pas maîtrisé).

Les tests bayésiens, qui commencent à compléter les méthodes classiques dans les années 1970 à mesure que se répandent les ordinateurs, pondèrent ces deux risques en représentant par une loi la connaissance incertaine de cette probabilité. Si on cherche par exemple à tester le fait qu'un certain paramètre  vaut une certaine valeur  cette probabilité a priori sera une loi de  sur son domaine de plausibilité. Cette loi a priori modélise l'incertitude admise sur sa valeur. Les tests correspondants utilisent en coulisses des calculs plus complexes, mais sans difficulté de mise en œuvre supplémentaire quand ils sont effectués par des sous-programmes. Ils nécessitent de choisir une loi a priori, répondant aux contraintes connues, parmi celles d'entropie maximale puis de l'affiner à mesure des observations en la mettant à jour par la règle de Bayes (voir Théorème de Cox-Jaynes). Leur mérite essentiel est de permettre la consolidation d'informations minuscules apportés par un grand nombre d'échantillons hétéroclites qui auraient chacun été considéré comme non significatif par les méthodes classiques. Cette consolidation permet d'obtenir des résultats utiles à partir d'observations très ténues. On l'utilise par exemple en cassage de codes, en analyse d'image et en reconnaissance vocale, ainsi qu'en deep learning.

Tests paramétriques et non paramétriques

Définitions
Un test paramétrique est un test pour lequel on fait une hypothèse paramétrique sur la loi des données sous  (loi normale, loi de Poisson...); Les hypothèses du test concernent alors les paramètres de cette loi.

Un test non paramétrique est un test ne nécessitant pas d'hypothèse sur la loi des données.

Comment choisir ?
Les tests paramétriques, quand leur utilisation est justifiée, sont en général plus puissants que les tests non paramétriques. Les tests paramétriques reposent cependant sur l'hypothèse forte que l'échantillon considéré est tiré d'une population suivant une loi appartenant à une famille donnée. Il est possible de s'en affranchir pour des échantillons suffisamment grands en utilisant des théorèmes asymptotiques tels que le théorème central limite. Les tests non paramétriques sont cependant à préférer dans de nombreux cas pratiques pour lesquels les tests paramétriques ne peuvent être utilisés sans violer les postulats dont ils dépendent (notamment dans le cas d'échantillons trop petits c'est-à-dire, par convention, quand l'effectif de l'échantillon est inférieur à 30). Les données sont également parfois récupérées sous forme de rangs et non de données brutes. Seuls les tests non paramétriques sont alors applicables.

Lorsque les données sont quantitatives, les tests non paramétriques transforment les valeurs en rangs. L'appellation « tests de rangs » est souvent rencontrée. Lorsque les données sont qualitatives, seuls les tests non paramétriques sont utilisables. La distinction paramétrique – non paramétrique est essentielle. Elle est systématiquement mise en avant dans la littérature. Les tests non paramétriques, en ne faisant aucune hypothèse sur les lois des données, élargissent le champ d'application des procédures statistiques. En contrepartie, ils sont moins puissants lorsque ces hypothèses sont compatibles avec les données.

Efficacité relative asymptotique

On fixe une confiance , une puissance . Soit  une suite d'hypothèses alternatives (se rapprochant de ) et  et  les tailles d'échantillons pour que  et  (deux tests statistiques) aient la même puissance  sous l'hypothèse . Sous certaines conditions, le quotient  tend vers une constance, que l'on nomme efficacité relative asymptotique (ou ERA), quand  tend vers l'infini.

Une ERA de 2 signifie que pour détecter la même différence, il faut asymptotiquement des échantillons deux fois plus grands pour  que pour  pour obtenir la même puissance, cela implique que  est plus « efficace ». Cette mesure est asymptotique mais en pratique, l'efficacité pour des petits échantillons se révèle souvent proche de l'efficacité asymptotique.

Considérons l'exemple où  est le test du signe pour  :  et  est le test t pour  : , dans le cas de lois symétriques. On peut montrer que l'ERA est de  (donc inférieure à 1) pour des lois normales et supérieure à 1 pour d'autres lois comme les doubles exponentielles ou les lois de Laplace. Même en cas de validité des tests paramétriques, les tests non paramétriques peuvent donc être concurrentiels, d'autant plus que la puissance de calcul des ordinateurs actuels permet maintenant leur utilisation sur de grands échantillons.

Notions de sensibilité et de spécificité

Distinctions préalables
On distingue quatre types de données : les faux positifs, les faux négatifs, les vrais positifs et les vrais négatifs. Ces quatre types se recoupent avec les notions décrites précédemment que sont le risque , le risque , la puissance et la confiance.

Un vrai positif est un test qui a conduit à la décision d'accepter l'hypothèse  quand cette dernière était effectivement vraie. Un vrai négatif est un test qui a conduit à la décision de ne pas accepter l'hypothèse  quand cette dernière était effectivement fausse. À l'inverse, un faux positif est un test qui a conduit à la décision d'accepter l'hypothèse  alors que cette dernière était fausse et un faux négatif est un test qui a conduit à la décision de ne pas accepter l'hypothèse  alors que cette dernière était vraie. Ces notions sont très utilisées dans le cadre d'études épidémiologiques.

Sensibilité et spécificité
La sensibilité d'un test désigne la probabilité que le test conclu à une acceptation de  si cette dernière est vraie. Elle est donnée par . En épidémiologie, la sensibilité d'un test est sa capacité à identifier un individu comme étant malade si la maladie est effectivement présente.

La spécificité d'un test désigne la probabilité que le test conclu à un rejet de  si cette dernière est fausse. Elle est donnée par . En épidémiologie, la spécificité d'un test est sa capacité à identifier un individu comme n'étant pas malade si la maladie n'est effectivement pas présente.

Mises ensemble, ces deux valeurs donnent une appréciation de la validité du test. Leur analyse séparée est inutile car un test ayant une sensibilité de 95 % n'est pas très bon si sa spécificité n'est que de 5 %. Si la somme de la sensibilité et de la spécificité vaut 100 % cela signifie que le test est sans intérêt. De plus, les valeurs de sensibilité et de spécificité d'un test dépendent beaucoup de la valeur seuil choisie. En effet, à l'instar des risques  et , la sensibilité d'un test diminue quand sa spécificité augmente et inversement. Il convient donc également de choisir la valeur seuil selon l'utilisation que l'on désire faire du test. Un test très sensible sera utile pour vérifier que  est vraie par exemple.

Valeur prédictive positive et valeur prédictive négative
La valeur prédictive positive est la probabilité que  soit vraie lorsque le test conclu à son acceptation. Elle est donnée par .

La valeur prédictive négative est la probabilité que  soit fausse lorsque le test conclu à son rejet. Elle est donnée par .

Cependant, ces calculs sont valides uniquement si l'échantillon sur lequel est réalisé le test est représentatif de la population (cf Échantillonnage). Ainsi, pour une même sensibilité et spécificité, la valeur prédictive négative d'un test donné va s'améliorer d'autant que la probabilité que  soit vraie est faible et la valeur prédictive positive du même test va s'améliorer d'autant que la probabilité que  soit vraie est élevée. Pour calculer les valeurs prédictives d'un test lorsque la représentativité de l'échantillon n'est pas certaine, on utilise des formulations reposant sur le théorème de Bayes, en utilisant la sensibilité et la spécificité calculées sur l'échantillon et la prévalence de l'affection à diagnostiquer. Lorsqu'un test a une bonne valeur prédictive positive, c'est surtout quand son résultat est positif qu'il est fiable. De la même manière, un test avec une bonne valeur prédictive négative est fiable lorsque son résultat est négatif. Par exemple, un test avec une bonne valeur prédictive négative et une mauvaise valeur prédictive positive donne une information valable s'il est négatif mais est difficile à interpréter si son résultat est positif.

Tableau récapitulatif

Courbe ROC

La courbe ROC est une représentation graphique qui vise à mettre en lumière la « performance » d'un test. On l'appelle également courbe de performance ou courbe sensibilité/spécificité. En abscisses de ce graphique on place l'anti-spécificité (c'est-à-dire 1-spécificité) aussi appelée « taux de faux positifs » et en ordonnées on place la sensibilité aussi appelée « taux de vrais positifs ». Cette courbe permet de comparer 2 tests entre eux ou bien de chercher les valeurs de sensibilité et de spécificité optimales (c'est-à-dire le moment où les 2 valeurs sont maximisées).

Déroulement d'un test
Pour le cas spécifique d'un test unilatéral, le test suit une succession d'étapes définies :
 énoncé de l'hypothèse nulle  et de l'hypothèse de remplacement  ;
 calcul d'une statistique de test (variable de décision) correspondant à une mesure de la distance entre les deux échantillons dans le cas de l'homogénéité, ou entre l'échantillon et la loi statistique dans le cas de l'adéquation (ou conformité). Plus cette distance sera grande et moins l'hypothèse nulle  sera probable. En règle générale, cette variable de décision s'appuie sur une statistique qui se calcule à partir des observations. Par exemple, la variable de décision pour un test unilatéral correspond à rejeter l'hypothèse nulle si la statistique dépasse une certaine valeur fixée en fonction du risque de première espèce ;
 calcul de la probabilité, en supposant que  est vraie, d'obtenir une valeur de la variable de décision au moins aussi grande que la valeur de la statistique que l'on a obtenue avec notre échantillon. Cette probabilité est appelée la valeur p (p-value) ;
 conclusion du test, en fonction d'un risque seuil αseuil, en dessous duquel on est prêt à rejeter . Souvent, un risque de 5 % est considéré comme acceptable (c'est-à-dire que dans 5 % des cas quand  est vraie, l'expérimentateur se trompera et la rejettera). Mais le choix du seuil à employer dépendra de la certitude désirée et de la vraisemblance des autres choix ;
 si la valeur p est plus petite que , on rejette l'hypothèse nulle ;
 si la valeur p est plus grande que , on peut utiliser la puissance , si elle est grande, on accepte  ; sinon le test est non concluant, ce qui revient à dire que l'on ne peut rien affirmer.

La probabilité pour que  soit acceptée alors qu'elle est fausse est β, le risque de deuxième espèce. C'est le risque de ne pas rejeter  quand on devrait la rejeter. Sa valeur dépend du contexte, et peut être très difficilement évaluable (voire impossible à évaluer) : c'est pourquoi le risque α est principalement utilisé comme critère de décision, on n'accepte que très rarement  et la plupart du temps on conclut à un test non concluant si on ne rejette pas .

Le résultat d'un test comprend toujours une dose d'incertitude : on ne sait jamais si on a pris la bonne décision. La valeur p permet d'avoir une vision plus fine que sa simple comparaison avec . En effet, plus elle est petite, plus l'évènement observé est surprenant sous . Ainsi pour , des valeurs p de 10 et de 0,035 impliquent le rejet de  mais avec des degrés de certitudes différents concernant la décision.

Catégories des tests
Les tests peuvent être classés selon leur finalité, le type et le nombre des variables d'intérêt, l'existence d'hypothèses a priori sur les lois des données, le mode de constitution des échantillons.

Les tests selon leur finalité
La finalité définit l'objectif du test, les hypothèses que l'on veut opposer, l'information que l'on souhaite extraire des données.

Le test de conformité consiste à confronter un paramètre calculé sur l'échantillon à une valeur préétablie. On parle alors de test de conformité à un standard. Les plus connus sont certainement les tests portant sur la moyenne ou sur les proportions. Par exemple, dans un jeu de dés à six faces, on sait que la face 3 a une probabilité de 1/6 d'apparaître. On demande à un joueur de lancer (sans précautions particulières) 100 fois le dé, on teste alors si la fréquence d'apparition de la face 3 est compatible avec la probabilité 1/6. Si ce n'est pas le cas, on peut se poser des questions sur l'intégrité du dé.

Le test d'adéquation (ou d'ajustement) consiste à vérifier la compatibilité des données avec une loi choisie a priori. Le test le plus utilisé dans cette optique est le test d'adéquation à la loi normale. On peut également tester la compatibilité des données avec une famille (paramétrée) de lois.

Le test d'homogénéité (ou de comparaison) consiste à vérifier que  échantillons (groupes) proviennent de la même population. Ou, cela revient à la même chose, que la loi de la variable d'intérêt est la même dans les  échantillons.

Le test d'association (ou d'indépendance) consiste à éprouver l'existence d'une liaison entre deux variables. Les techniques utilisées diffèrent selon que les variables sont qualitatives nominales, ordinales ou quantitatives.

Les tests selon le type et le nombre de variables
On distingue généralement trois principaux types de variables. Une variable qualitative nominale prend un nombre restreint de valeurs (modalités), il n'y a pas d'ordre entre ces valeurs, l'exemple le plus connu est le sexe, il y a deux valeurs possibles, homme et femme. Une variable qualitative ordinale prend un nombre restreint de valeurs, il y a un ordre entre les valeurs. Un exemple naturel est la préférence ou la satisfaction : peu satisfait, satisfait, très satisfait. Il y a un ordre naturel entre les valeurs, mais nous ne pouvons pas quantifier les écarts. Enfin, une variable quantitative prend théoriquement un nombre infini de valeurs, l'écart entre deux valeurs a un sens. Un exemple simple serait le poids, la différence de poids entre deux personnes est quantifiable, on sait l'interpréter.

Le type de données joue un rôle très important. Il circonscrit le cadre d'application des techniques. Pour un même objectif, selon le type de données, nous serons amenés à mettre en œuvre des tests différents. Par exemple, pour mesurer l'association entre deux variables : si elles sont quantitatives, nous utiliserons plutôt le coefficient de corrélation de Pearson ; si elles sont qualitatives nominales, ce coefficient de corrélation n'a pas de sens, on utilisera plutôt le coefficient de corrélation de Spearman, ou des mesures telles que le V de Cramer ou le t de Tschuprow.

Principalement concernant les tests de conformité et d'homogénéité, on dit que le test est univarié s'il ne porte que sur une variable d'intérêt (ex. comparer la consommation de véhicules selon le type de carburant utilisé), il est multivarié s'il met en jeu simultanément plusieurs variables (ex. la comparaison porte sur la consommation, la quantité de CO2 émise, la quantité de particules émises, etc.).

Constitution des échantillons
Ce point est surtout associé aux tests de comparaison. On parle d'échantillons indépendants lorsque les observations sont indépendantes à l'intérieur des groupes et d'un groupe à l'autre. C'est le cas lorsque l'échantillon provient d'un échantillonnage simple dans la population globale.

Les échantillons appariés en revanche reposent sur un schéma différent. D'un groupe à l'autre, les individus sont liés. C'est le cas lorsque nous procédons à des mesures répétées sur les mêmes sujets. Par exemple, on mesure la fièvre d'un patient avant et après la prise d'un médicament. L'appariement est une procédure complexe qui va au-delà des mesures répétées (ex. les blocs aléatoires complets), elle vise à améliorer la puissance des tests en réduisant l'influence des fluctuations d'échantillonnage.

Tests classiques

Il existe de nombreux tests statistiques classiques parmi lesquels on peut citer :
 le test de Student, qui sert à la comparaison d'une moyenne observée avec une valeur « attendue » pour un échantillon distribué selon une loi normale ;
 le test de Fisher, aussi appelé test de Fisher-Snédécor, qui sert à la comparaison de deux variances observées ;

 l'analyse de la variance ou ANOVA, permet de comparer entre elles plusieurs moyennes observées (pour les groupes étudiés), selon un plan expérimental prédéterminé. Elle se fonde sur une décomposition de la variance en une partie « explicable » (variance inter-groupes) et une partie « erreur » (variance globale intragroupe — ou variance résiduelle), supposée distribuée selon une loi normale. Ce test est particulièrement utilisé en sciences humaines, sciences sociales, sciences cognitives, en médecine et en biologie ;
 le test du χ², également appelé test du  de Pearson, qui sert notamment à la comparaison d'un couple d'effectifs observés, ou à la comparaison globale de plusieurs couples d'effectifs observés, et plus généralement à la comparaison de deux lois observées ;
 le test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, qui comme le test du  constitue un test d'adéquation entre des échantillons observés et une loi de probabilité. Il compare la fonction de répartition observée et la fonction de répartition attendue. Il est particulièrement utilisé pour les variables aléatoires continues.

En inférence bayésienne, on utilise le psi-test (mesure de distance dans l'espace des possibles) dont on démontre que le test du  représente une excellente approximation asymptotique lorsqu'il existe un grand nombre d'observations.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 .
 .
 G. Millot, Comprendre et réaliser les tests statistiques à l'aide de R , De Boeck, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2014.
 J.-J. Droesbecke, Éléments de statistique, Ellipses, Paris, 2001.
 B. Escofier et J. Pages, Initiation aux traitements statistiques : Méthodes, méthodologie, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 1997.
 Falissard et Monga, Statistique : concepts et méthodes, Masson, Paris, 1993.
 H. Rouanet, J.-M. Bernard et B. Le Roux, Statistique en sciences humaines : analyse inductive des données, Dunod, Paris, 1990.
 G. Saporta, Probabilité, analyse des données et statistique, Technip, Paris, 1990.
 R. Veysseyre, Statistique et probabilité pour l'ingénieur, Dunod, Paris, 2002.

Articles connexes
 Plan d'expérience
 Problème d'agrégation spatiale
 Statistique mathématique
 Table d'utilisation des tests statistiques

Liens externes

  J.D. Leeper, Choosing the Correct Statistical Test, CHS 627: Multivariate Methods in Health Statistics, The University of Alabama.
  J.H. McDonald, Choosing a statistical test, in Handbook of Biological Statistics
 R. Ramousse, M. Le Berre, L. Le Guelte, Introduction aux statistiques, chapitres 1 à 5 (des mêmes auteurs, voir aussi Une approche pragmatique de l'Analyse des données)
 R. Rakotomalala, Comparaison de populations - Tests paramétriques et Comparaison de populations - Tests non paramétriques
 Statisticien.fr Tests de rangs
 INRIA Rhône-Alpes SMEL - Statistique médicale en ligne, en particulier Tests Statistiques
 D. Mouchiroud, Probabilité - Statistique, voir « Probabilités - Statistiques »
 J. Begin, Analyse quantitative en psychologie, voir « Notes de Cours »
 X. Hubaut, Notes pour lycéens (étudiants du secondaire)


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Theatre and Studio Spaces
Shakespeare & Company has a variety of theatre, studio and event spaces available for rental. Whether you are planning a production, meeting, workshop, seminar or celebration, we have the perfect space for your group, right in the heart of Historic Lenox, Massachusetts. See below for a complete list of our facilities.
Theatrical Studios
Shakespeare & Company has three state-of-the-art theatrical studios that can double as performance spaces. Each room is equipped with lighting grids (at 15′ 9½") with 400 amp stage lighting, in an array designed and installed by High Output from Canton, MA, nationally known experts at stage and film lighting.
Sprung floors are on neoprene pads, which make the airy rooms particularly suitable for dance, yoga and other physical movement.
Two of the three rooms have multi-glass panels set in the wall, allowing for natural light, an aesthetic and functional concept that heightens awareness of natural lights, spaces and contours surrounding the building. Each room has immediate entrance to the outdoors.
An elaborate series of acoustically advanced features were built in to prevent the transfer of sound between the three rehearsal rooms and the production shop, including sound absorbent panels on the walls and sound dampers on the ceilings of all three rooms.
Studio 1 – 1,100 sq. ft.
The Elayne P. Bernstein Theatre
The Bernstein Theatre is a versatile stage space, 70 feet by 35 feet, with four distinct seating configurations for stage presentations and events. Moreover, the space is designed to serve various dining configurations for special events. The space is highly adaptable and flexible, depending on the creative and hospitality needs of any event.
The entire space is covered by a lighting grid (at 13′ ¾") so that every part of the environment can be transformed into performance space.
There are entrances at all four corners of the room and on every side.
Body-contoured seats are removable and storable, allowing the space to be turned into a unique function room for business or non-profit meetings and events.
A full, commercial-grade catering kitchen is adjacent to the theatre space.
Theatre Seating: In a thrust configuration it seats 186, with seats aligned to three sides of the stage. In its end-stage configuration, it will become even more intimate, seating 150, 130 or as few as 65, complementary to special group functions with more intimate, focused presentations.
Dining Configurations: The theatre will comfortably accommodate 128 seated at round tables. When no seats or dinner tables are installed, as in a party or celebration set-up, the theatre can accommodate 160 people.
Bernstein Theatre Lobby and Terrace
The Bernstein Theatre lobby, cafe and outdoor terrace overlook a natural wetlands garden. The open gallery designed space includes seating for 32 at 8 cafe tables and a bar, and is equipped with refrigeration, ice machine, service sink, digital connectivity plug-ins and ceiling-installed projection capabilities.
Access to our full, commercial-grade catering kitchen (adjacent to the theatre) is available.
Maximum capacity 188, or up to 150 seated at 15 round banquet tables.
Tina Packer Playhouse
Inspired by Shakespeare's theatres where everyone was close to the action, our air-conditioned, scaffold-and-canvas theatre, featuring 6 available configurations, places audiences on three sides and two levels, in box seats and comfortable armless, cushion-backed benches.
Also available for your rental is access to:
box office and ticketing system,
lighting and sound control booths,
backstage area including green room, loading dock, dressing rooms and wardrobe/laundry facilities.
Josie's Place Café (Playhouse Lobby & Patio)
Semi-circular, windowed lobby of the Tina Packer Playhouse, adjacent to outdoor terrace overlooking Shakespeare Garden and Rose Meadow.
Located in the Tina Packer Playhouse, Josie's Place Café is a semi-circular windowed room with seating for 40 at 10 tables, bar counter with seating, refrigeration, ice machine, sink, CD player, local phone service and ADA restrooms. The adjacent outdoor terrace overlooks the Shakespeare Garden and the Rose Meadow.
Maximum capacity 406, inside and out.
Outdoor Rose Footprint
Outdoor, tented theatre situated on our beautiful Rose Meadow with seating for up to 250.
Our tented Rose Footprint is a reconstruction of the first level of Shakespeare's first London theatre, the Rose Playhouse. Situated on our beautiful Rose Meadow, the Rose Footprint features removable "groundling" seating for up to 250, with restrooms nearby in Josie's Place Cafe.
Our campus also houses a costume shop, production shop and a number of dormitory accommodations available at various times throughout the year.
The fully outfitted 2300-sq.-ft. Costume Shop at Shakespeare & Company is situated on the second floor of the Bernstein Theatre.
With large windows creating a full wall of natural light, and newly installed air conditioning, the sewing room provides a comfortable, well-lit environment for building and altering costumes.
The Costume Shop includes over a dozen sewing machines, three over lock machines, two industrial irons and five large cutting tables. Two 7.5′ x 9′ fitting areas are situated in the main sewing room.
We have over 4,600 sq ft of costume storage, holding approximately 2,000 pairs of shoes and boots, 1,800 hats and crowns, 425 masks, and 20,000 pieces of clothing which cover most historic and modern periods.
Our wardrobe facilities include three washers and dryers, and plans for a dye and paint room in the near future.
The Costume Shop can be rented at various times throughout the year, depending on Shakespeare & Company's production season requirements. Please contact us to learn when the Costume Shop is available for rental.
For Costume Shop rentals, please contact Govane Lohbauer, Costume Director at costumes@shakespeare.org or (413) 637-1199 ext. 376.
The production department's facilities include a scene shop, prop shop, and a sound recording studio.
The scene shop is 110 feet by 60 feet and features enhanced electrical capability and high-yield, low-glare, energy efficient lighting.
The scene shop includes a paint deck (20′ x 40′), pneumatic and power drop downs located all over the shop, and the following equipment: table saw, radial arm saw, panel saw, metal chop saw, miter saw, router table, lathe, and various other hand tools. (If you need a specific piece of equipment that we don't have yet, we can accommodate you by acquiring it for our collection — just ask!)
A ventilation and heat-recovery system along with overhead radiant heat provides a comfortable working environment.
For Production Facilities rentals, please contact Production Manager, Kevin Harvell at kharvell@shakespeare.org. (413) 637-1199 ext. 380.
Shakespeare & Company has a number of dormitory and apartment-style rooms available at various times throughout the year for rental.
For more information about renting our spaces, contact General Manager Steve Ball at steve@shakespeare.org.
Interested in renting one of our spaces?
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Brava, Stephanie Gravalese on a massive eats-piece about the Berkshires in Eater - and thanks for the shout-out! We'll see you soon for a loaded hotdog. http://ow.ly/lBw750Hxbi0 #InTheBerkshires Eater
a day ago via Twitter
Brava, Stephanie Gravalese on a massive eats-piece in @Eater https://t.co/YBQ0uhLZWm
7 days ago via Twitter
Congratulations Mary Ann Turney of Otis, Mass., recipient of the Philip Heller Distinguished Service Award! Learn more about the award and Mary Ann's contributions to Shakespeare & Company: https://t.co/RkFYCobd2n #ShakeandCo #IntheBerkshires #LenoxMA #LenoxLove https://t.co/a2xvcFgccw
Accolades and Actor Credits: Starting Strong in 2022! https://t.co/JuPWiBBCq1 #ShakeandCo #IntheBerkshires #DontLookUp
a day ago via Instagram
From palatial estates to theater seasons, building begins on the drafting table. Here, Scenic Designer Patrick Brennan and Graphic Designer Katie McKellick discuss staging options for the 45th Season. Stay tuned! #intheberkshires #shakeandco #lenoxma #lenoxlove #propshop #theaterintheberkshires


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Statement on the Appointment of Archbishop Jose Gomez
Today, my good friend Archbishop José Gomez was appointed by our Holy Father, Pope Benedict XVI, to be the Coadjutor Archbishop of Los Angeles. This means that when Cardinal Roger Mahony retires Archbishop Gomez will immediately succeed him. Cardinal Mahony has been an outstanding shepherd for the Los Angeles Archdiocese for 25 years.
Here is the statement that I released to the press earlier today.
Statement of Archbishop Timothy Dolan on the Appointment of Archbishop José Gomez as Coadjutor Archbishop of Los Angeles
Archbishop Timothy M. Dolan, Archbishop of New York, released the following statement today on the appointment of Archbishop José Gomez as Coadjutor Archbishop of Los Angeles.
"I was overjoyed to learn of the appointment of Archbishop José Gomez of San Antonio as the Coadjutor Archbishop of Los Angeles. He will be a great blessing to the Catholic faithful of our nation's largest archdiocese, and to the entire Los Angeles community, as well as to my good friend, Cardinal Roger Mahony, who has served the Los Angeles Archdiocese so faithfully for 25 years.
"I have known Archbishop Gomez for more than a decade. I cherish his friendship and admire his zeal. I look forward to working together even more closely in the years to come, and assure him of my prayers as he prepares to undertake this new phase of service to Christ and his church."
You can also read the statements from Archbishop Jose Gomez and Cardinal Roger M. Mahony.


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Music » Concerts
Wasting Yesterday
by Colin Stroud
Listen CD release show Union Station, 2419 N. Union Blvd., 227-7168 Saturday, April 28, 9 p.m. $5 for 21-plus, $10 for 18- to 20-year-olds.
Don't let the piercings and tattoos fool you. Justin Little, vocalist for Wasting Yesterday, emphasizes that his band's music is listenable for everyone even his mother.
But the guys in Wasting Yesterday never planned to make a parent-friendly sound. Guitarist Jsin Elliott got his start playing anything from country to soul as a studio musician. For drummer Shawn Abbott, it was the same. Matt Young, bass player and youngest band member, was strictly hardcore.
"It's not that we all talked about what we wanted to do," says Elliott. "This is just what happened."
A solid metal foundation brings the band together, but from there it journeys from soul to funk and back again. Their new album, Listen, demonstrates this versatility.
But what the CD leaves out, Elliott says, is the feel of their live performances. With no predetermined set lists, these guys approach each show differently, feeding off the audience members and where they want the music to go.
"Expect a lot of energy," says Little. "You'll probably get sweated on."


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История
Компания основана в 1948 году. Сначала фирма производила детали для грузовиков, которые были легко заменимы и могли прослужить долго. Затем начался выпуск грузовых авто и машин для военных нужд. Машины пользовались высоким спросом благодаря невысокой стоимости и надежности.

Деятельность
Фирма АСМАТ — компания, которая с 1948 г. производит транспорт с особыми характеристиками, позволяющими без проблем передвигаться по пересеченной местности, например, автомобили военного назначения. С начала запуска производства компания была ориентирована на потребителей стран Африки и Азии, которые не могли приобрести дорогие машины.

Простота и надежность машин сразу позволили им стать популярными и оставаться востребованным до сих пор. Важной особенностью их являются унифицированные детали, которые могут быть установлены практически на любую из моделей. Стандартизация запасных частей позволяет устанавливать новые комплектующие на автомобили, произведенные несколько десятков лет назад. Такая унификация распространяется на детали кабин автомобилей, трансмиссии и структурных частей.

Кроме того, компания АСМАТ изготавливает и выпускает армейские бронированные автомобили и транспортные средства для французских пожарных частей, а также генераторы и прицепы. Невысокая стоимость машин и отличные эксплуатационные характеристики делают их незаменимыми для военных нужд.

Галерея

См. также
 Panhard

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт компании
 история компании
 AWD Truck Manufacturers, history

Автомобилестроительные компании Франции
Производители грузовых автомобилей Франции


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Dailynewscover.com
Its All About News Update…..
UBA Upgrades Mobile App, Introduces Exciting New Features For Customers
8 months ago Adeleke Olubanwo
Pan African financial institution, United Bank for Africa (UBA) Plc, has upgraded its mobile banking application, introducing lots of exciting and interactive features to aid banking, whilst allowing customers to perform unlimited transactions with simple taps on their mobile phones. The award winning innovative bank which was the first to launch its chat bot Leo on the continent, is committed to delivering superior and innovative banking solutions to its customers.
Group Head, Digital Banking, Sampson Aneke, who spoke about the new features of the upgraded mobile app, said UBA as a listening institution, aims to provide the best value possible for its customers through a more interactive, user friendly interface that makes available a myriad of opportunities from the comfort of customers' homes.
He explained that the new mobile app will now prompt users to use their device enabled biometrics, adding that the menu has been reduced and divided into sub-menus to enable users view Transaction History, Net worth, Trends amongst others at a glance. "With the new interface, the user can now see all the transfer options including the saved beneficiary option at a glance and can even order food for delivery via the app," he said. Customers who subscribe to the lifestyle offering on the app will enjoy access to the free online medical doctor, a great response to the new norm created by Covid-19 pandemic.
Other features of the app, as highlighted by Aneke, include the live chat option, where users can communicate on the go with dedicated staff trained to assist with any enquires and challenges; biller validation; as well as group transfer – a new menu where users can create groups, save members and transfer funds to up to 100 members on the group. This Group Beneficiary transfer feature which does a single lumpsum debit and multiple credits to beneficiaries irrespective of banks where their accounts are domiciled, makes the upgraded UBA app, the first app in Africa to be able to pay salaries, thus addressing a major need in the MSME space.
READ GOtv Nigeria: Bridging the Gap between Local and International programming
"Another exciting feature that we have already started receiving rave feedback from our customers for, Is the one that enables users make Loan Requests via Click Credit(For Salary Account Holders) or Quick loans which is available to both savings and current account holders. Our customers have already started to enjoy these services, and I can tell you that they are very pleased with these new offerings," Aneke said.
UBA's Group Managing Director, Kennedy Uzoka, expressed delight with the upgrade of the new mobile app and stated that the bank's numerous investments into digital transformation has begun to yield good returns for customers, going by the reviews already received.
"I would like to let you know that all the investments we have made over the years in the area of technology will begin to yield now, because already UBA's new Mobile Banking App demonstrates our resolve to provide unparalleled experience across all our channels is in line with UBA's vision to dominate Africa's digital banking space," Uzoka said.
Operating in 20 African countries and globally in the United Kingdom, the United States and France, the United Bank for Africa has a strong record of supporting its communities, through challenging times.
Tags: exciting, features, introduces
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