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How to go from Antalya to Pamukkale
Brian Baumgartner August 21, 2022 August 19, 2022
The Turkish city of Antalya, like many others on the country's Mediterranean coast, was first established in ancient times and became prosperous under the reign of the Romans. Today it is the fifth largest city in Turkey and attracts millions of tourists every year for its combination of history, culture and beaches. There is so much to see and do in the area surrounding Antalya, but one of the best-known destinations is Pammukale, a natural attraction that is a World Heritage Site. Meaning 'cotton castle' in Turkish, this unique place has travertine formations and hot pools that have attracted visitors as far back in time as the ancient Greeks, who built the city of Hierapolis here. Both Pamukkale itself and Hierapolis can be visited, so if you're looking at ways of traveling from Antalya to Pammukale, read on for all the details.
Antalya to Pamukkale by Bus 3.5 h $6 Book Online
Private Taxi from Antalya to Pamukkale 3 h $160 Book Online
Options for Travel from Antalya to Pammukale
Dual carriage highways, allowing for faster and safer travel between Antalya and Pammukale © AleksandrKondratov / depositphotos.com
The distance from Antalya to Pamukkale is about 240 kilometers (150 miles), most of which is on fairly major highways. The highway system in Turkey has been updated in recent years with more sections of dual carriage highways, allowing for faster and safer travel between cities. This is good news as traveling by bus is a popular way to get around Turkey, used by both tourists and locals to travel longer distances. Buses are, unsurprisingly, the most popular way to travel between Antalya and Pammukale as they are cheap and they depart frequently.
It is possible to travel from Antalya to Pammukale just for a day, however, this doesn't give you much time to enjoy this amazing place. If you want to go for more than just a day, either arrange a nearby hotel yourself, or join an organized tour group as there are many private tour companies operating out of Antalya. This would be a more expensive option but is nice if you like everything to be organized for you.
Antalya to Pamukkale by Bus
Isparta Petrol offers bus services with comfortable 2+1 seating.
Time – 3.5 h
Price – $6
Traveling by bus in Turkey is a very popular way to get around, with hundreds of buses departing for cities all over the country every day. This has resulted in there being a high number of bus companies to choose from, some providing a more luxurious service than others, so there are usually buses from Antalya to Pamukkale to suit most budgets. Buses are cheap anyway but if you want to save as much money as possible there are some slightly cheaper options with a few less creature comforts onboard!
To give you an idea as to just how many buses travel between Antalya and Pammukale every day, there are 42 departures listed on the popular travel booking website, 12Go. These operate all through the night, starting 00:30, then all through the day, with the last departure at 23:59. So really there is no gap overnight, as buses continue to depart 24 hours a day!
This is great if you want to head to Pammukale just for a day, because you can leave Antalya early in the morning, spend the day in Pammukale, and then catch a bus back to Antalya arriving late in the evening. This would make for a tiring day, but it is possible! If time is of the essence, do check the schedules carefully as some buses are advertised as taking a lot longer than others. Journey times for buses from Antalya to Pamukkale vary between 3 hours 15 min to 5.5 hours. Admittedly, making the journey in 3 hours 15 min hours may be a bit optimistic, as an average journey time should probably be around 3.5 hours. However, different bus companies may take different routes and have pickups along the way or rest stops, so this will impact the overall journey time.
You can book bus tickets from Antalya to Pammukale in advance using 12Go. They offer tickets with some of the major regional bus companies, including Pammukale Turizm, Isparta Petrol, Ozkaymak, Guney Akdeniz Seyahat, and more.
Antalya Bus Station © frantic00 / Shutterstock.com
You can also buy tickets right at Antalya Bus Station. There are many more bus companies in addition to those above, offering buses from Antalya to Pammukale, so you should have a good choice of bus times and seat availability.
An important note is that these buses will not take you right to the steps of Pamukkale. The route they take will get you to the nearby city of Denizli, to the Denizli Bus Station. From here you would use a different mode of transport to Pamukkale, which is about 18 kilometers (11 miles) away. Although this adds an element of hassle, as you're not getting all the way to Pamukkale on a bus, it's really not a problem as there are frequent (and cheap) minivans that leave from the otogar (bus station) to Pamukkale. In Turkish, these minivans are called 'Dolmus', which means 'full up'. The idea behind this is that they leave when they are full. This could mean you have a short wait before the driver is satisfied he has enough passengers to make the journey worthwhile.
Private Taxi from Antalya to Pamukkale
Karabag VIP offers 7-person Minivan on 12Go
Time – 3h
Price – $160
For travelers who prefer more of a handcrafted experience where you don't need to worry about other tourists or bus company schedules, a private taxi from Antalya to Pamukkale could be right for you. This does cost substantially more than a bus ticket so wouldn't be a good choice for anyone traveling on a budget, but if you are with a group of friends or family members, and you hire a larger vehicle, the cost per person comes down and makes this actually quite a reasonable amount.
You can book a private taxi for Antalya to Pamukkale through 12Go. They offer services with Karabag VIP who have three different vehicle types: a standard size 'Comfort' sedan, a 7-person Minivan, or a 13-passenger Minibus. The difference in total cost between the car and the 13-passenger van is not that large, hence dividing the cost between a number of people can make this quite cost effective.
Karabag VIP Sedan Taxi
The biggest advantage of traveling from Antalya to Pamukkale by taxi is that you don't have to worry about any transfers or fitting in with schedules. This is because the taxi will pick you up from your hotel in Antalya at whatever time you choose, and take you all the way to Pamukkale. You could even arrange to have a service that drives you back to Antalya after you have spent the day, but you would need to arrange this in advance, not with the driver.
As you can see, with Pamukkale being such a popular destination, traveling from Antalya to Pamukkale is easy and can be done at a very affordable price. Take the bus to Denizli and a minivan from there, or go for the private taxi option and enjoy the convenience of a door-to-door service. Or, you could look into private tour companies if you want to spend a little longer and include a night in a local hotel.
Is Pamukkale worth visiting?
Yes, definitely! Not only is Pamukkale a beautiful natural wonder, but it's also home to an excellent Archaeological Museum and is a Unesco World Heritage Site.
The hot springs at Pamukkale are a must-see, too. They're incredibly relaxing and therapeutic, and the perfect way to end a day of sightseeing.
How long do you need in Pamukkale?
If you're interested in history, then you'll need at least a day to explore Pamukkale. It's an ancient city with a lot of ruins to see. Even if history isn't your thing, the ruined city is still beautiful and worth a visit.
How long is the bus ride from Antalya to Pamukkale?
If you're looking to travel from Antalya to Pamukkale, you can expect the bus ride to take around 3.5 hours. The journey is approximately 240 kilometers (150 miles), so make sure you have a good book or some snacks to keep you entertained during the trip!
What's the best way to get from Antalya to Pamukkale?
The cheapest way is to take the bus, which costs around $6. The journey takes approximately 3.5 hours.
Alternatively, you can take a taxi or a private car. This will be more expensive, but the journey will be much faster – it will only take around two hours. Prices vary depending on your destination, but expect to pay at least $160 for a taxi or private car.
Is there a direct train between Antalya and Pamukkale ?
No, there is no direct train between Antalya and Pamukkale. The Turkish train network isn't bad but it's relatively new. There still aren't many connections going into the far south of the country, mainly because of the challenges of laying track through the mountains. However, you can take a bus or drive. The journey by bus takes about 3.5 hours, while the journey by car takes about 3 hours.
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The report ... also shows that 6.29% of the electricity used in Wales comes from renewable sources – lower than the UK average of 7.45% and way behind Scotland's 22.45%.
Both Wales and Scotland export electricity; but GA have done the maths in such a way that a proportion of electricity generated in Wales and Scotland from renewables is accounted as being used in England and Northern Ireland.
They start with net electricity generated, and rightly make a percentage allowance for transmission and distribution losses (on average 7.5%). So far so good. But they then indulge in some mathematical sleight of hand by compounding this with the electricity Wales and Scotland export. The effect is to reduce the percentage figure from renewables for exporters of electricity like Wales and Scotland, but increase it for importers of electricity like England and Northern Ireland.
Therefore Wales' electricity generation from renewables gets reduced by 31.1% instead of 7.5% (it's slightly less, but the UK average figure will do), Scotland's gets reduced by 27.6% instead of 7.5%, England's gets reduced by only 2.6% instead of 7.5% and NI's actually increases by 21.7% instead of reducing by 7.5%.
This is not exactly wrong, for electricity is electricity no matter how it has been generated. But it masks the overall picture, which is that England and NI are consuming electricity that has been disproportionately generated from renewable sources in Wales and Scotland, making their renewable figures look better at our expense.
It would be clearer to say that Wales' 1,621 GWh/yr should be reduced by only 7.5% for transmission and distribution losses to 1,499 GWh/yr, i.e. that the electricity we generate from renewables accounts for 8.45% of the electricity we consume rather than 6.29%. The equivalent figure for Scotland would be 28.67% instead of 22.45%. But for NI the figure would be 8.34% instead of 10.98%, and for England it would be 4.87% instead of 5.12%.
One firm in Swansea said it routinely asked foreign interns to look over writing done by young recruits in Wales as the grammar of the second-language English speakers was usually superior.
I've no doubt that it's true. Those who can speak two languages usually have a better understanding of both since, by being able to compare one with the other, the differences in grammar are highlighted and therefore easier to comprehend. Those who speak only one language are at a disadvantage by having nothing to compare it with.
My only question is why they should look abroad. Wales has plenty of second-language English speakers who could do the same job equally well.
The current leader of the Basque Government has just announced that elections will be held on 21 October this year, five months earlier than would normally be expected.
The government that had been formed following the 2009 election was an "unholy alliance" between the two main Spanish parties, the socialist PSOE (or PSE-EE in its local form) and right wing PP, formed with the sole purpose of preventing a nationalist government for the first time in nearly thirty years. Normally the centre-right nationalist EAJ-PNV was able to form a government with occasional support from the smaller left-wing nationalist parties, but last minute bans on two of these parties meant that they won maybe half a dozen fewer seats than they would normally. This blatant gerrymandering proved to be just enough to allow the formation of a PSOE-PP governing coalition ... with a majority of just one in the 75 seat parliament.
Needless to say, it wasn't a particularly happy marriage. It was the equivalent of expecting Labour and the Tories to work together here. Apart from wanting to keep the nationalists out of power, there was practically nothing else they could agree on. The PP withdrew their support from the PSOE after winning power in the Spanish general election in November last year. As we would expect from a right wing party, they embarked on a savage austerity programme involving cuts that no left wing party could be expected to agree with, even though they would probably have done exactly the same thing if they had been in power. The EU wouldn't have given them much choice. Put bluntly, Spain's economy is in such a mess that there is very little room for manoeuvre for either left or right, but a party in opposition always has the luxury of saying they would do something different.
Perversely, this wasn't helped by the Basque economy being in markedly better shape than anywhere in Spain. While Spanish unemployment is at 24.4%, in Euskadi the figure is 13.5%. Not good, of course, but a lot less bad. Over the years, and with the benefit of almost full fiscal autonomy, the country has become more economically prosperous than any part of Spain. It has a higher credit rating and lower borrowing costs than Spain. Not that it needs to borrow much anyway, for its deficit-to-GDP ratio is only 0.25% compared with Spain's ratio of 90%. The figures are here and here. It all means that Euskadi does not have to take the same extreme steps to put its economy in order as Spain does.
The problem was that Paxti López was rather more focused on his image in Spain than what was happening in Euskadi. He was being widely tipped as a future PSOE leader in Madrid, and his political line was to point to the Basque economy and use it as a supposed example of how much better things would be if Spain adopted the PSOE's cuts than the PP's cuts. Disingenuous because Euskadi's economic success had been built on the foundation of nationalist policies over several decades rather than PSOE policies in the last couple of years. For their part, the PP couldn't continue to work with him while he was playing that game. They withdrew support and he was a dead man walking from then on. He kept denying that he would call early elections, but this announcement has not really come as any big surprise.
So what can we expect of these elections? The first thing to say is that the political landscape has completely changed. The pro-independence left was determined to make sure that what happened in 2009 would never be repeated. It acted on two fronts: the parties worked together to form a united platform for elections, and they took pains to disassociate themselves from any connexion with ETA.
In parallel ETA first declared a new ceasefire and later made that ceasefire permanent. Who persuaded whom to do what depends very much on your perspective. For Spain, ETA were in always in the driving seat, and seeking Basque independence by political means was never more than a front for terrorism. Such thinking resulted in the first platform, Sortu, being almost immediately banned on the grounds that anyone who wanted independence must by definition be associated with ETA.
A second platform called Bildu was then formed and banned as well. But when the EAJ-PNV withdrew its support from the minority Spanish government in protest, the Constitutional Tribunal promptly overruled the Supreme Court decision. This showed the world that the Supreme Court's decisions had been taken for political rather than judicial or constitutional reasons, and the Spanish game was effectively over. Bildu stood in the municipal elections of May 2011 and the result was remarkable: it won more seats than any other party.
Analysing that result here and here, the major swing was away from the Spanish left (the PSOE) towards the Basque left (Bildu). Broadly speaking there were now four major parties/groups: a Spanish left and right (the PSOE and PP) and a Basque nationalist left and right (Bildu and the EAJ-PNV), but the Spanish parties were now being marginalized. On the right of the political spectrum the PP had always got far less support than the EAJ-PNV, but now the same was true on the left of the political spectrum as well.
As I saw it, Basque voters with views on the left of the political spectrum had previously been inclined to vote for the Spanish PSOE first because the nationalist left was associated with violence and second because of the confusing number of often squabbling small parties (not of course helped by them frequently getting banned and then reforming as something else). But now that the pro-independence left had finally got its act together, voters started switching en masse from the Spanish left to the Basque left.
In the Spanish general election in November 2011 Bildu expanded to become Amaiur, and once again won more Basque seats than any other party. Details here.
The one thing that we can say with almost complete certainty is that Paxti López and the PSOE will be the big losers in the upcoming elections in October. The main contest will be between the Basque nationalist left in the shape of EH Bildu (they haven't quite lost the habit of continually changing their name) and the Basque nationalist centre-right in the shape of the long established EAJ-PNV. The PSOE and PP will be a long way behind.
The opinion polls conducted so far this year (at the bottom of this page) show the EAJ-PNV in a range between 29% and 35%, EH Bildu between 25% and 28%, the PSOE between 15% and 20% and the PP between 12% and 17%. However this won't translate directly into numbers of seats, for although the voting system is proportional in each of the three provinces that form the Basque Autonomous Community, each of them has a flat 25 seats even though they are quite different in terms of population size.
Personally, I would expect the PSOE to be squeezed even more than the polls suggest. Voters do tend to put the knife into a dying party, so I would expect a much closer race between EH Bildu and the EAJ-PNV.
Whichever party gets most seats, neither EH Bildu nor the EAJ-PNV will be able to govern alone. So the question is whether the next government will be formed on left-right lines or on nationalist lines. There are only three possibilities: the EAJ-PNV could form right-of-centre government with support from the PP; EH Bildu could form a left-of-centre government with support from the PSOE; or there could be a nationalist coalition.
I'll write about the likelihood, and consequences, of each of these outcomes in another post.
One of the big policy debates within the SNP is whether they should change their position about not seeking to be a member of NATO if they were in government in an independent Scotland.
I thought it would be useful to compare Scotland's situation with that of Wales. In principle, I have never had any objection to an independent Wales being a member of NATO. For me, the argument that by being part of this alliance we are therefore relying on nuclear weapons for our defence has never held water. My reasoning is that it is impossible to use such weapons for defensive purposes, and therefore they are irrelevant to our defence irrespective of what other countries might believe. No country is required, or expected, to see eye-to-eye with its allies on every issue. It is sufficient for the alliance to have a common purpose—namely that of mutual defence—but not necessary to agree on the type of weapons needed to implement that defence.
... The issue I want to focus on is why NATO as an organization should become involved. I don't think anyone could read the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 as anything other than setting up an alliance for mutual defence in response to an attack on any of its members. Yet NATO seems to be inexorably changing into a force that is openly being used for offensive purposes.
Perhaps, but only perhaps, one could claim that the security of some of NATO's member countries was threatened by Afghanistan. I would call it an indirect and at best a very tenuous link. Yet NATO is there, halfway across the world from the legitimate sphere of concern set out in its founding treaty. However in the case of Libya, there is absolutely no threat to the security of any other country, let alone one that is a member of NATO. It is a purely internal matter.
So it is perhaps legitimate for countries such as the USA, France and the UK ... plus others such as Belgium, Canada and Qatar to conduct attacks in Libya in their own right, as an "alliance of the willing". But it cannot be legitimate for a defensive organization to conduct such attacks, even if all 28 members were to agree that they want to be involved in the operation.
NATO has served us well over the past 60 years, and all organizations need to adapt over time; but to my mind these fundamental changes are now taking NATO way beyond its intended purpose and can only weaken it. In Afghanistan we have already seen the reluctance of some members to contribute their own forces to operations they aren't keen on. Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Iceland and Luxembourg have not contributed to the NATO led forces in Afghanistan, other members only contributed limited logistic support and others seem only to have made a nominal contribution on condition that their armed forces were as far out of harm's way as possible. In this new operation in Libya even fewer will take part. This is quite understandable, but by setting the precedent of only taking part if you want to, NATO runs the risk of countries taking the same attitude if any member were actually to be attacked ... and that's what it's really there for.
In short, if NATO remains a defensive organization I have no objection to an independent Wales being a member. But if NATO continues to get involved in operations that have nothing to do with defence, we should not seek to be part of it. At the very least we should be given cast iron guarantees that we could opt out of any operation which we consider not to be for defensive purposes.
If I'm any judge of the general opinion within the SNP, I think they would take exactly the same view ... if it were not for the fact that the UK's nuclear weapons are currently based in Scotland. So we need to look at that issue.
Successive parliaments in Belgium have, since 2005, called on their government to put forward proposals for the withdrawal of US nuclear weapons. In April 2010 the Dutch parliament adopted a resolution urging their Foreign Minister to tell the US Government that the weapons in Holland should be withdrawn. Most political parties in Germany, including the Free Democratic Party (FDP), are opposed to the presence of these weapons. Since 2009, the FDP have been part of the coalition government and have filled the post of Foreign Minister. The FDP insisted that the coalition agreement includes a clause calling for the removal of US nuclear weapons from Germany.
The question of what to do with these bombs had been a topic of discussion within NATO for many years. In 2010, a concerted move was made by Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands to urge NATO to rethink its nuclear policy. However, this initiative has run into the sand. The alliance set up a Deterrence and Defence Review. The final drafting of the report from this review was dominated by a Quad of four countries, three of which were the states with their own nuclear weapons (Britain, France and the US). The report, agreed at the Chicago summit in May 2012, not only failed to recommend any significant change in nuclear policy, but it endorsed America's plan to spend $11 billion modernising the B61 bombs. This B61-12 programme will turn these freefall nuclear bombs into precision guided weapons.
Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands could insist that the US must remove nuclear weapons from their soil. However, in each case, the democratic will of the population has not been carried out, because it was in conflict with the desire to maintain cohesion and consensus within NATO.
If these three countries have had so much difficulty in getting a fellow member of NATO to remove its nuclear weapons from their soil, the precedent has been set for the RUK to be equally intransigent over the removal of its nuclear weapons from Scotland. Bear in mind that the B-61 bombs are small and therefore there is no real technical difficulty in moving them elsewhere. That isn't the case with Trident.
I think a very good case could be made for saying that if Scotland is serious about getting rid of the nuclear weapons based there, they will find it harder to do if they become a member of NATO for purely political reasons.
There is a second factor which complicates matters even further. It hardly needs saying that CND as an organization is committed to getting rid of all nuclear weapons. It is clear that they regard getting rid of nuclear weapons from Scotland as a way of forcing the RUK to get rid of its nuclear weapons completely, because there is no obvious place to build alternative facilities.
I'm not at all comfortable with this. It is one thing for the government of an independent Scotland to decide to get rid of nuclear weapons, but it isn't right to exploit that situation to force what is left of the UK to get rid of its nuclear weapons too. Like it or not, the UK has democratically elected governments which have consistently chosen to retain nuclear weapons.
The government of an independent Scotland could no more say to the government of the RUK that it's their problem and they have to deal with it than the Dutch government could say it to the Americans. What can the Dutch do? Put the B-61s onto a barge, tow it to the middle of the Atlantic and tell the Americans to come and get them? Governments need to act in a rather more responsible way where nuclear weapons are concerned.
And that's the nub of the problem. Like it or not, there is currently nowhere else for Trident to be based. The weapons will have to stay in Scotland until the RUK builds new bases for the missiles and submarines or decides to decommission them. Either course of action will take time. Therefore the only practical option is for the RUK to retain a ten or fifteen year lease on the Faslane and Coulport bases, and the test of their good faith in removing the submarines and missiles when the lease expires will be whether they start to build alternative bases for them within the next few years.
However that has nothing to do with whether an independent Scotland is a part of NATO, which removes the argument that not being part of NATO is the only way to ensure that the weapons are removed from Scotland.
Which brings me back to the point from which I started. Nuclear weapons have nothing to do with membership of NATO. The real issue is the nature of NATO itself, and specifically what direction it might take in future.
If the SNP believes that NATO's aggressive operations in places like Afghanistan and Libya are not going to become the norm then NATO is an organization that is worth joining. If it's good enough for Norway, Denmark and Iceland, friendly countries that Scotland's armed forces will need to work with to defend themselves and Europe against any threat from the north, then it makes good sense for Scotland to be part of that defence structure. Besides that, NATO could do with another voice arguing to prevent it becoming involved in non-defensive operations such as Afghanistan and Libya.
So to my mind, the only reason to retain the policy of not joining NATO is if the SNP is convinced that NATO has moved irreversibly beyond its stated treaty aims to become an organization by which the USA and other countries (including, sadly, the UK) can seek to impose their will on other parts of the world through the use of force.
Really? I thought the point of a Secretary of State for Wales was to be a great representative for Wales at the cabinet table.
With a hat tip to Reagrupament International, I've just read a remarkably well-informed article in the Financial Times on the economic situation in Spain, how it is being used by the Spanish government as a pretext for revisiting the automony of its autonomous communities, and the ramifications for Catalan and Basque independence.
Inflammatory talk: firemen in Barcelona protest against austerity measures.
To read it, people will need to register; but we can read eight articles a month for free.
"The only time they might provide anything near that power is when the wind is at gale force.
Let's do some basic maths. The installed capacity of Gwynt y Môr is 576 MW. This means it has the potential to generate 576 x 24 x 365 MWh of electricity in a year. The operators believe it will produce 1,950 GWh a year, which it would achieve at a capacity factor of 38.6%. That's certainly well within the realms of possibility for an offshore wind farm, although to be safe it might be better to use a more conservative capacity factor of 35% (this is the normal average achieved by North Hoyle, for example) which would result in a production figure of 1,766 GWh a year.
I've never had time for expressing electricity generation in terms of how many homes it will supply. It's confusing and I think it's always better to deal in precise units. But for what it's worth the figure that has most generally been used is 4,700 kWh/yr and on that basis Gwynt y Môr will provide electricity for 375,000 to 415,000 homes without taking transmission losses and the like into account. However the latest DECC estimate puts average household consumption at 3,300 kWh/yr, varying from a low of 2,100 kWh/yr to a high of 5,100 kWh/yr.
This wide variation means people can make all sorts of claims and counter-claims. But it's certainly not unreasonable to say that Gwynt y Môr will provide electricity for a third of the homes in Wales ... so long as we bear in mind that domestic consumption only accounts for about 35% of final consumption and 30% of the total supply of electricity, as shown here.
I think it's more helpful to look at things in this way. In round terms, we need to generate just under 20 TWh of electricity a year to meet Wales' needs. Gwynt y Môr will generate between 9% and 10% of it.
I'm meant to be taking a break from blogging but, thanks to Plaid Wrecsam, I've just seen that my friend Ian Johnson has won a by-election seat in the Vale of Glamorgan from Labour with a swing of 12.3%.
So let me add my congratulations to those of the Speaker of the House of Commons.


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Email subject lines are often a last minute, overlooked item on many marketers' campaign checklist. We've compiled a few ideas, industry standards and best practices to help get your emails to the inbox.
An email subject line should tell readers what is in the email in just a few words. A long message usually contains a chain of complex concepts. This not only makes the subject line difficult to comprehend, it also will likely to have the end cut off in the email client's title pane. How many times have you seen 3 or 4 separate features of a product shoehorned into one line, with comma's and semicolons gasping for breath? Promotional emails and company newsletters often try to compress the entire company philosophy and product features into a single sentence. There is a fine line between tagline and paragraph.
Keep the length around 40-55 characters.
Do not leave email copy for just anyone to write at the last moment. A staff member experienced in email marketing should oversee the process. A list of previous subject lines and emails should be reviewed upon every send with their response rates in hand.
How do we keep our subject lines simple and effective? One of the greatest books for marketers ever produced is Steve Krug's "Don't Make Me Think". Run, do not walk (no, we are not affiliated) to your nearest bookseller and pick up a copy or download it to your Kindle for you tech types. The concepts in this book about web usability easily apply to email - the title says it all. Save the complex concepts for the cut sheets and the deep content on your landing page. If the staff in charge of writing the email copy says, "This subject line will really make them think!" Think again. If you don't have time to figure out your email word jumble, neither will your customers.
Industry Standard: Keep it simple….you know the rest.
"A new cutting edge entertainment & dining facility is opening soon in your area - check it out NOW!
Free Words to Avoid N O W !! Please Read and Save BIG $!
Everyone should already know that it is best to keep such terms as "free" and "cash" out of the subject line and content. Even so, we are asked constantly by our clients about what words to avoid and what to use. One suggestion is to watch your own activity. What did you just delete without reading? Why? Were you interesting in saving more on your generic service? No? Well, your prospects won't be either. First, safely open up a full junk mail box and flip through some titles. Now, evaluate honestly. If some of the titles and content have a familiar theme, you may want to revisit what you are sending your customers. It may not be what they want to read.
New, Best, Price, Guarantee, Sale, Congratulations, Claims, Win, Buy direct, No gimmicks, Success, Help (insert topic here…), See for yourself, Save $, Risk Free, Please Read, Free Gift, Free Info, Hidden, Now Only, Limited Time Offer, and of course, S P R E A D I N G Y O U R T E X T, and ALL CAPS.
The From Name and From Email should be clear and help users immediately identify you and relate you with your subject line. What address are they used to receiving email from? If they aren't familiar with this particular product from your company, then who on your team would they recognize? My junk mail is filled with names of people I have never heard of, many with incredibly long subject lines selling me everything from software to furniture to medication. Delete!
Data. It is really, really important. REALLY.
A long, complicated subject line can be a symptom of a greater problem. Is it possible your list has been decreasing in performance over time? Are these customers who you haven't hear from in a while and there is concern that they won't recognize your From Name or From Email? The subject line is no place to compensate for a stale, error filled database. It might be time to refresh your CRM and get your sales team to identify who really is among your active contacts. The response rates will tell the tale.


text:
Les Aspidodiadematoida sont un ordre d'oursins réguliers.

Caractéristiques
Les Aspidodiadematoida sont des oursins réguliers : leur test (coquille) est de forme ronde, la large bouche (« péristome ») est située au centre de la face orale (inférieure) et l'anus (« périprocte ») à l'opposé (au sommet du test, appelé « apex »), avec les orifices génitaux et le madréporite.

Les plaques interambulacraires portent un tubercule primaire unique, perforé et crénulé. Les radioles sont creuses.

Cet ordre est apparu au Jurassique, et compte encore quelques espèces vivantes, essentiellement abyssales.

Liste des familles
Selon , cet ordre ne contient qu'une seule famille :
 famille Aspidodiadematidae (Duncan, 1889)
 genre Aspidodiadema A. Agassiz, 1878 -- 11 espèces
 genre Culozoma Vadet & Slowik, 2001 †
 genre Gymnotiara Pomel, 1883 †
 genre Plesiodiadema Pomel, 1883 -- 7 espèces

Références taxonomiques

Bibliographie
 Kroh, A. & Smith, A. B. 2010. « The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids », Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8, 147-212.
 Smith, A.B. 2013. « Key to the genera of Aspidodiadematidae », Smith, A.B. & Kroh, A. (editors) The Echinoid Directory, World Wide Web electronic publication.

Notes et références

Ordre d'échinodermes (nom scientifique)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
{{Infobox comics creator

| image         = 10.14.11FabianNiciezaByLuigiNovi1.jpg
| imagesize     =
| caption       = Nicieza at the 2011 New York Comic Con
| birthname     =
| birth_place   = Buenos Aires, Argentina
| death_place   =
| nationality   = Argentine-American
| area          =
| write         = y
| edit          = y
| alias         =
| signature     =
| signature_alt =
| notable works =New WarriorsThunderboltsNomadX-MenX-ForceDeadpoolCable & DeadpoolSuburban Dicks| collaborators =
| awards        =
| website       =
| birth_date=
}}
Fabian Nicieza (born December 31, 1961) is an Argentine-American comic book writer and editor who is best known for his work on Marvel titles such as X-Men, X-Force, New Warriors, Nomad, Cable, Deadpool and Thunderbolts, for all of which he helped create numerous characters, among them Deadpool, Domino, Shatterstar, and Silhouette.

Early life
Nicieza was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the son of Omar and Irma Riguetti Nicieza. He was four years old when his family moved to the United States. Growing up in New Jersey, Nicieza learned to read and write from comic books. He lived first in Sayreville, New Jersey and moved to Old Bridge Township, where he attended Madison Central High School, from which he graduated in 1979. He studied at Rutgers University, interning at the ABC television network before graduating in 1983 with a degree in advertising and public relations. His brother is Mariano Nicieza, also a comic book writer and editor.

Career
Until 1985, Nicieza worked for the Berkley Publishing Group, starting in the production department and becoming a managing editor.

Marvel Comics
In 1985, Nicieza joined the staff at Marvel Comics, initially as a manufacturing assistant, later moving to the promotions department as an advertising manager. During this period he began to take his first freelance work for Marvel, writing short articles for Marvel's promotional magazine Marvel Age.

Nicieza's first published comics story came with Psi-Force No. 9 (July 1987), a title in Marvel's short-lived New Universe imprint. This led to his becoming that title's regular writer from #16 (Feb. 1988) until #32 (June 1989), the final issue. This led to fill-in work on titles such as Classic X-Men, for which he provided backup stories, and in the Marvel Annuals' 1989 summer crossover "Atlantis Attacks".

After Tom DeFalco, then Marvel's editor-in-chief, created the superhero team the New Warriors, using existing characters, in Thor No. 412 (Dec. 1989), he selected Nicieza to write the spin-off series. Nicieza recalled "I took the assignment for two reasons. First, I saw a lot of potential in these characters that had already been deemed useless. And secondly, I really wanted to write a monthly book." Collaborating with pencilers Mark Bagley and later Darick Robertson, primarily, Nicieza went on to write the title for most of its first 53 issues (July 1990 – November 1994). Years later, Nicieza said that he considers the first 25 issues of New Warriors to be the best work of his career.

Also in 1990 Nicieza began short runs on comics such as Alpha Flight (#87–101), Avengers (#317–325) and Avengers Spotlight, as well as the miniseries Nomad, which in turn led him to write the ongoing series Nomad vol. 2 in 1992. That year, Nicieza became editor of Marvel's children's imprint, Star Comics. Shortly afterward, he left the Marvel staff and began freelance writing for the company.

Nicieza's projects in this period included the first four issues of National Football League-approved superhero NFL SuperPro (Oct. 1991 –  Feb. 1992), and, with penciler Kevin Maguire, the four-issue  miniseries Adventures of Captain America (also known by its cover-logo treatment, The Adventures of Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty) (Sept. 1991 – Jan. 1992), an origin-story retelling set in the 1940s.

The X-Men
In 1991, Nicieza joined with artist Rob Liefeld in co-plotting and writing the final three issues of the New Mutants. In those issues Liefeld and Nicieza created the characters  Deadpool and Shatterstar as well as the super team, X-Force. Liefeld and Nicieza then produced an ongoing X-Force title. Nicieza initially worked on the title as scripter; after the departure of Liefeld in No. 12 he became its full writer, which he remained until 1995. By the end of 1992, Nicieza became regular scripter for X-Men vol. 2, beginning with No. 12 (Sept. 1992), working primarily with penciler Andy Kubert throughout his run. For the next three years, Nicieza was among the writers and editors of one of Marvel's most popular superhero franchises during a time of such popular, multi-series crossover story arcs as "X-Cutioner's Song", "Phalanx Covenant" and "Age of Apocalypse".

During this period Nicieza wrote the first Cable miniseries as well as the first few issues of the character's subsequent ongoing series. He also wrote the first solo Deadpool series, Deadpool: the Circle Chase in 1993. These series expanded the characters' personalities and established key background information for both characters, all things which were later used by other writers on those characters' subsequent ongoing books.

However, in 1995, in a dispute with then editor-in-chief Bob Harras over the future direction of his plotlines on X-Force, Nicieza was fired from the X-titles, leaving X-Force with No. 43 and X-Men with No. 45. He later remarked, "I never wanted to leave [X-Force], and never felt my firing was justified. ... I don't recall being given a reason [for being fired], and I also don't recall asking for one. ... Considering it was a Top 10 selling title at the time, I felt it was a wholly unjustified decision."

Acclaim Comics
After 1995, Nicieza wrote short runs of Captain Marvel  (vol. 2, 1995),  Spider-Man: The Final Adventure (1995) and stories for Mighty Morphin Power Rangers before leaving the company in 1996. That year Nicieza did his first work for rival publisher DC Comics, co-writing Justice League: Midsummer Nightmare with Mark Waid which relaunched the Justice League as the JLA. He also worked for Twist and Shout Comics writing and pencilling back-up stories in X-Flies Special #1 and Dirtbag #7.

Later in 1996 Nicieza joined Acclaim Comics as senior vice-president and editor-in-chief. He was charged with revamping the companies intellectual properties which had previously formed Valiant Comics' Valiant Universe. Nicieza as editor oversaw the new version, dubbed "VH2", which re-imagined characters such as Solar, X-O Manowar, and Ninjak.

Nicieza himself wrote the Turok title as well as a new series, Troublemakers. Turok met with success as a video game adaptation, and Nicieza was promoted to president and publisher of Acclaim Comics in 1997. He also wrote a Turok novella during this period. However, after staff cuts and most of the lines' cancellation, Nicieza left Acclaim in 1999.

Freelance work
Returning to freelance work, Marvel and the X-Men, Nicieza co-wrote the Magneto Wars crossover through Uncanny X-Men #366–367 and X-Men vol. 2, #86–87, with artist Alan Davis in 1999. This led to the successive Magneto limited series Magneto Rex (1999) and Magneto: Dark Seduction (2000), as well as an ongoing Gambit (1999) series which he wrote for the first 24 issues of its 25-issue run.

Also in 1999, Nicieza began writing Thunderbolts with #34. He continued to write the book (initially with old partner Mark Bagley on art, later with Patrick Zircher and Chris Batista) up until No. 75 when the title was revamped. The revamp was unsuccessful, and in 2004 the original version of the team was resurrected, initially in an Avengers/Thunderbolts miniseries, then later in the  New Thunderbolts series with Nicieza again as writer.

Nicieza also worked on several limited series at Marvel and DC around the turn of the century. At Marvel he wrote Citizen V (2001), Citizen V and the V Battalion: Everlasting (2002), X-Men Forever (2001), and X-Force vol. 2, as well as the short-lived ongoing series Hawkeye (2003); while at DC, he wrote the six-issue miniseries Supermen of America (1999) and the Elseworlds project JLA: Created Equal (2000), as well as some issues of the children's comic Justice League Adventures.

In 2003 Nicieza co-created, with artist Stefano Raffaele, the horror miniseries The Blackburne Covenant, published by Dark Horse Comics. That same year he returned to two of his old characters with the Marvel series Cable and Deadpool, of which he wrote all 50 issues.

In 2006, Nicieza returned to DC with a three-issue arc in Action Comics #841–843 (July–Sept. 2006), co-written with Kurt Busiek. Nicieza also wrote JSA Classified #28.  He is also one of the co-writers for The 99, an "Islamic culture-based comic book" with Kuwaiti Naif Al-Mutawa, Other late-2000s DC work includes Nightwing and Robin,Fabian Nicieza on Picking Up 'Robin' Post-Dixon, Newsarama, August 4, 2008 both titles being cancelled in connection with "Batman R.I.P." and Nicieza then wrote an Azrael : Death's Dark Knight mini-series, part of the Battle for the Cowl storyline which dealt with the "Batman R.I.P." aftermath. After Death's Dark Knight concluded, Nicieza wrote the new Azrael ongoing series from issue #1–13 (December 2009 – December 2010).Fabian Nicieza Unleashes Azrael, Comic Book Resources, December 29, 2008

Nicieza began writing the DC series Red Robin from issues #13-26, the final issue  (Aug. 2010 - Aug. 2011). DC announced Nicieza would be writing Legion Lost, a spinoff of Legion of Superheroes as part of DC's line wide relaunch initiative in September 2011. Nicieza wrote the first six issues before leaving the title. In 2016, for the comics company Shatner Singularity, he adapted a Stan Lee poem into the graphic novel Stan Lee's 'God Woke'. That work won the 2017 Independent Publisher Book Awards' Outstanding Books of the Year Independent Voice Award.

Non-comics work
In non-comics works, Nicieza co-scripted the direct-to-DVD animated feature Hot Wheels World Race, and the  computer-animated DVD feature The Black Belt Club, based on the Scholastic book series. In 2021, Nicieza created and executive produced the animated streaming series Superhero Kindergarten, based on the comic book series of the same name by Stan Lee. In 2021, Nicieza's first non-comic book was released: Suburban Dicks, a satirical crime novel set in the New Jersey suburbs. A second book with the same characters, The Self-Made Widow'', was published in 2022.

References

External links

 Fabian Nicieza at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

 Comicon.com: The Pulse interview with Nicieza
 "Interview with Fabian Nicieza", BigShinyRobot.com, December 19, 2008

1961 births
American comics writers
Argentine comics writers
Living people
Writers from Buenos Aires
Marvel Comics people
Marvel Comics writers
DC Comics people
Old Bridge High School alumni
People from Old Bridge Township, New Jersey
People from Sayreville, New Jersey
Rutgers University alumni
Argentine emigrants to the United States


Careers in the food business don't always follow the traditional path that starts at a cooking school, leads to an apprenticeship, and ends in the management of a medium-sized restaurant. Some culinary degrees give their holders opportunities in a variety of career paths.
Below are just a few career paths open to those with baking and pastry degrees.
The top pastry schools can teach you a broad range of skills and techniques, and can help you develop a certain spirit unique to pastry chefs and bakers. You'll rise early to spend a long day on your feet, kneading dough, or creating eye-catching sugar decorations.
A pastry chef is an expert in baked goods and desserts, including cakes, chocolates, bread, and cheeses. A recent, job-attracting must-have skill is the ability to use molecular gastronomy gadgets, like induction burners. Of course, you also need to know how to use classic tools of the trade like food processors.
Other skills employers look for in pastry chefs include the ability to do extensive research, develop new recipes, and take action to move the business of the restaurant forward (for example, creating new drink pairings with desserts).
The job of a pastry chef doesn't just involve making desserts. You're often asked to manage a staff, choose products and tools, or help develop an overall image. You may work as the restaurant manager or the materials buyer. Or you might be hired freelance for a single product, such as an expensive bejeweled and flowered wedding cake.
You don't have to be a pastry or baking expert to own a bakery but there's no question it's a huge advantage. The sheer number of tasks related to owning this type of business may overwhelm those without experience or insight into properly baked goods.
Bakery workers have to be incredibly talented, dedicated, loyal, and maintain recipe continuity.
Owning a bakery involves buying goods, including ingredients and tools. And you'll also need local marketplace knowledge. If bakeries within a short radius offer cheaper, tastier fare, you're in trouble.
If you're thinking about becoming a bakery owner, you need proper business skills. First, decide which type of bakery you want to own (cupcakes only? organic? commercial?), and make sure there is a demand for that specific sort of bakery. After you've surveyed what else is out there and researched trends, you'll need to create a long-term business plan that considers insurance (fire, theft), real estate, publicity and design.
A caterer plans, makes, transports and serves food for meetings, parties, weddings, organizational fêtes, and a host of other events. Some caterers specialize in baked goods and pastries.
The baking-specific skills you can learn in culinary school, such as proper standards for food safety, nutrition, and venue preparation, are essential for any caterer. You'll determine, down to exact quantities, the amount of ingredients you need for each serving, and you'll also need to successfully replicate taste and presentation hundreds, if not thousands, of times.
Good business skills are essential to running a catering company. Manage your catering staff carefully, communicate effectively with your clients, and set fair prices to establish a good reputation.
See this article on catering from our sister site, HospitalitySchools.com, for more information.
At its heart, baking is a science.Chemical reactions in a controlled environment cause bread to rise. Cakes depend on tried-and-true formulas of fat to flour and sugar.
Bakery scientists create new bread items, such as low-carb breads, fat-free frostings, shelf-stable pastries, and more. The products these food scientsists create are usually made for mass production, and so shelf life, and the effects of boxing or refrigeration, must also be considered.
As a bakery scientist, you'll work with a team in food preparation, and also be expected to take part in meetings with marketing and other business executives. You may be asked to create analytical data reports, help maintain the efficiency of the lab, and transfer new ideas into working recipes that can be easily replicated by lower-level chefs.
Bakery scientists may work at a major food ingredient development company like Cargill or a food retailer like McDonald's. The core of this position involves creating menus, sourcing food, and constantly experimenting to meet company goals and satisfy customer taste.


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text:
Fabio Aru will ride for Qhubeka-ASSOS in 2021
by José Been
Vuelta a España winner Fabio Aru has announced he will be joining Qhubeka-ASSOS on a one-year deal. The 30-year-old Italian has been linked to a plethora of teams after it became clear UAE Emirates would not extend his contract after three years on the team.
Aru expressed happiness and gratitude at finding a home with Qhubeka-ASSOS in 2021.
"I am absolutely delighted to be joining Team Qhubeka ASSOS next season and very grateful to Douglas Ryder who welcomed me to his team. When the possibility to sign first came about, and then after speaking with Douglas and other team members, I immediately felt that this was an environment that I wanted to be a part of, "Aru said in a press statement by the South African team.
"I've also closely observed the work of the Qhubeka Charity and what they do is incredible. Some of my new colleagues have told me of the power and impact that going to a bicycle distribution ceremony has had on them. This has brought home to me the impact that the bicycle has had in my own life and the power it can hold for others. I really look forward to having that opportunity in the future too."
Aru came onto the scene as a promising Grand Tour contender in 2013. He finished third in his second Giro d'Italia in 2014, was second the year after, and went on to win the Vuelta a España that same year, at only 25 years of age. After a stage win on La Planche des Belles Filles and a fifth place overall in the 2017 Tour de France, Aru struggled with form and injuries. He was not able to finish either of the last two Grand Tours he started in 2019 and 2020.
"In the last few years, I haven't experienced all of the success that I'd hoped for and so I will use this new step to draw from some of the simple factors that saw me achieve those results, as I know that I'm capable again of similar success," Aru said.
Team principal Douglas Ryder also expresses his hope Fabio Aru will get back to his best under the guidance of his new team, and be a factor in any of the three Grand Tours that Qhubeka-ASSOS gets to race as a WorldTour team in 2021.
"I am excited to have Fabio join our team; to have a rider who has won a Grand Tour in the Vuelta, been 5th in the Tour de France and twice on the podium of the Giro adds a lot to our teams development as we continue to strive to win on the world's biggest stage; to inspire hope and create opportunity," Ryder said.
"Fabio's passion and love for cycling can be seen in the way he races and I think in our unique team we will see him rise again, as I am sure we will get the best out of each other."
The NTT Pro Cycling team, as Qhubeka-ASSOS was known in 2020, faced an uncertain future after its main sponsors withdrew early in the silly season. At the last minute, the South African team managed to pull together a title sponsor for 2021 allowing the team to remain in the World Tour. Many of the team's top riders had already left by the time the new sponsor was announced, allowing the team management to shop extensively on the transfer market. Fabio Aru is their tenth new signing. With the ten riders who were already under contract for 2021, or have extended their contract, there may be room for a few more new signings in the upcoming weeks.
#Fabio Aru
#Team Qhubeka ASSOS
What the biggest transfers mean for the men's peloton in 2021
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Riccardo Riccò doesn't want to be injected with who knows what

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text:
News / Politics / Scottish politics
Aberdeen City Council co-leader accuses Nicola Sturgeon of 'double standards' over Glasgow outbreak
Nicola Sturgeon has been accused of having "double standards" when dealing with coronavirus outbreaks in Aberdeen and Glasgow, as health officials confirmed a cluster of cases linked to Granite City bars is now "over".
by Derek Healey
September 2, 2020, 5:17 pm Updated: September 2, 2020, 7:05 pm
Sign up for our daily Politics briefing for political exclusives, analysis and debate.
Thank you for signing up to our Politics newsletter.
Nicola Sturgeon has been accused of having "double standards" when dealing with coronavirus outbreaks in Aberdeen and Glasgow, as health officials confirmed a cluster of cases linked to Granite City bars is now "over".
The first minister announced new restrictions on Tuesday night on visiting other households in Glasgow, East Renfrewshire and West Dunbartonshire following a spike in positive tests for Covid-19 over a number of days.
Aberdeen was sent into Scotland's first localised lockdown early last month but saw even tougher restrictions, with a five-mile travel limit and the closure of all pubs, cafes and restaurants imposed on the city.
The SNP leader drew the ire of the Labour and Conservative co-leaders of Aberdeen City Council after she later continued the measures against their wishes.
Ms Sturgeon stated the different approaches were based on hospitality being the main driver of infections in Aberdeen, while new cases in Glasgow have so far been primarily linked to spread in and between households.
The first minister confirmed she would consider "going further" and imposing tougher restrictions if current measures in Glasgow fail.
But Aberdeen City Council co-leader Douglas Lumsden has called for further answers and accused the first minister of treating Glasgow differently because of how it voted in 2014's Scottish independence referendum.
He said no one wants to see the city's economy shut down unnecessarily but Ms Sturgeon must explain why it is not safe to visit each other's houses "but it is safe to meet the very same people in pubs and restaurants throughout the affected areas".
"Aberdeen's fragile economy was hammered thanks to the first minister's statutory restrictions and many places have decided simply not to reopen until 2021, instead making staff redundant," Mr Lumsden said.
First Minister Nicola Sturgeon during a visit to the NHS Louisa Jordan at the SEC, Glasgow.
"The first minister owes an explanation to businesses and citizens of Aberdeen, and rather than hide behind so called confidential information, she should share the information with the public as to why it's one rule for Aberdeen and one rule for the central belt when it comes to statutory restrictions."
Mr Lumsden faced an online backlash for suggesting on social media that Glasgow had escaped restriction because it is a "Yes city", including from the city's council leader, Susan Aitken, and Aberdeen South MP Stephen Flynn.
Figures from Public Health Scotland show the decision to impose a local lockdown on Aberdeen was taken when the weekly cases per 100,000 residents had reached 55.1.
The same data show action was taken in Glasgow when the number of cases per 100,00 was 24.63, although that figure is based on an incomplete week because the outbreak has only recently emerged.
Weekly cases in Perth and Kinross had reached 55.93 per 100,000 before workers linked to an outbreak at the 2 Sisters food processing plant in Coupar Angus were asked to self-isolate.
It is understood the geographical spread of staff at the factory also played a role in decision making.
Ms Sturgeon warned on Wednesday that the virus is spreading again and the rise in cases in the west of Scotland is a "particular concern".
"Our data suggests that spread in and between households is driving much of the transmission just now," she said.
Nicola Sturgeon.
"That doesn't mean there are no cases in pubs but, unlike in Aberdeen, pub cluster don't appear, at this stage, to be a main driver. That analysis has guided decisions.
"Based on data, clinical advice is that restricting household gatherings indoors – where it is most difficult to keep physical distance – is vital.
"Closing pubs wouldn't be an alternative to that but an additional measure which, for now, they don't consider proportionate.
"Coupled with the extended advice on isolation for anyone with potential exposure to the virus, we hope these targeted measures will be sufficient to prevent further spread – if people comply with them."
Meanwhile, public health experts at NHS Grampian have confirmed a cluster of coronavirus cases linked to a series of Aberdeen bars which spread among hundreds of local residents is now "over".
The final update from last month determined 263 people had been affected, while 1,265 close contacts had been identified.
Liam Kerr.
The health board told MSPs on Wednesday that the cluster had come to an end, and any further identified cases will not be counted towards the total.
A spokeswoman said: "The incident management team met yesterday and concluded that the outbreak linked to hospitality in Aberdeen City is over."
Scottish Conservative North East MSP Liam Kerr said: "The last month has been an extremely difficult time for everyone in Aberdeen and this news will come as a relief to the city.
"These latest figures are a testament to the work carried out by NHS Grampian staff who have placed their own health at risk for the protection of others during such difficult circumstances.
"Residents across the north-east also deserve great praise for abiding by the rules placed on them during lockdown in Aberdeen."
Aberdeen City Council
Douglas Lumsden
Liam Kerr
More from the Press and Journal Scottish politics team
Coronavirus in Scotland – track the spread in these charts and maps
Covid vaccine in Scotland: Track the rollout progress with these charts
Dominic Raab denies Brexit deal harming fish producers and calls issues 'teething problems'
More from the Press and Journal
Quarantining tennis stars turn hotel rooms into training courts in desperate bid to get ready for Australian Open
North-east railway line to remain closed after bridge wall collapse
Workers vow to 'fight hard' to survive after £50,000 bike theft from Highland social enterprise


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text:
(1232).toString()   // note 1232.toString() gives error

// Another way

String(1232)

// Task 2: Convert String to Number

// One way

+ "12124"  // converts to a positive number
-"12132"   // converts to a negative number

// Another way

Number("12124")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub