text:
== About Jay Lathrop
 ==
Dr. Lathrop was born in 1927 and grew up in Orono, Maine. He attended first the University of Maine and then the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from which he received his BS, MS, and Ph.D. degrees in physics. He received his doctorate in 1952 and then joined the National Bureau of Standards/Harry Diamond Laboratories, where he worked the microminiaturization of solid-state circuits for the U.S. Department of Defense. For this work he was awarded the Department of the Army Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1959. The previous year Lathrop joined Texas Instruments, where he continued his work on miniaturization of integrated circuits. He joined the faculty of Clemson University in 1968, where he is a professor of electrical engineering. During the 1970s he oversaw students' research into the characteristics of solar cells and co-invented the solar chemical converter system of energy conversion. Presently Lathrop and the EE department at Clemson University are working on joint projects with the Semiconductor Research Corporation. He is a Fellow of IEEE and a consultant on solar energy and reliability.

 The interview covers Lathrop's education and career, focusing mainly on his work with Diamond Labs, Texas Instruments, and Clemson University. Lathrop concentrates on the continuity of his work, explaining how Defense Department uses for miniaturization ultimately led to work on civilian projects like business machines for Texas Instruments and solar cells for solar energy. He discusses his contributions to the microminiaturization field and explains the importance of integrated circuit development to the electrical engineering field. Lathrop praises Clemson University's working relationship with industry, and advocates teaching future electrical engineers to be innovators and not just problem-solvers. The interview concludes with Lathrop's own attempts to encourage innovation in his students.

Interview #265 for the Center for the History of Electrical Engineering, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

== Copyright Statement ==
This manuscript is being made available for research purposes only. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the IEEE History Center. No part of the manuscript may be quoted for publication without the written permission of the Staff Director of IEEE History Center.

Request for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to the IEEE History Center Oral History Program, Rutgers - the State University, 39 Union Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8538 USA, or email ieee-history@ieee.org. It should include identification of the specific passages to be quoted, anticipated use of the passages, and identification of the user.

It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows:
Jay W. Lathrop, an oral history conducted in 1996 by David Morton, IEEE History Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
== Interview ==
My father hoped I would enter a biological field, because he was an entomologist. So when I went to MIT I enrolled in biophysics. In my first semester there I got A's, or H's as they were called in those days for honors, in everything except the biology course, in which I got an F. I decided then that I didn't want anything more to do with biophysics! So I dropped the biology part and stayed with physics. All three of my degrees from MIT are in physics.

=== National Bureau of Standards ===
When I got my PhD in 1952, I went to the National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. This was because one of the fellows working in the lab was there on sabbatical from NBS. He convinced me that NBS would be good place to go, a place I would enjoy. His name was Judd French. The last I heard he was director of the National Bureau of Standards and had been a laboratory director there for a number of years.

Anyway, I went to work there, in what was called the Tube Lab, which had been built during the Second World War to develop fuzes for bombs, rockets, and mortars. My thesis at MIT had involved microwave gas discharges, so I worked on developing gas trigger tubes for mortars at the National Bureau of Standards. We had a proximity mortar fuze in which the front part of the shell was insulated from the back part and a gas trigger tube connected across the gap. As the shell approached the earth, a static charge was induced across the gap. When it got high enough the trigger tube would breakdown, discharging a capacitor into a detonator and blowing up the shell, hopefully before it hit the ground. My job was to develop a sensitive and yet reliable gas trigger tube.

=== Diamond Ordinance Fuze Laboratories ===
After a year or so the weapons aspects of the National Bureau of Standards were split off to become the Army's Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories, or DOFL, under the Department of Defense. About this time, it was recognized that fuzing electronics would need to be substantially miniaturized if the required degree of weapon sophistication was to be achieved. At this point miniaturized glass envelope tubes, both gas and vacuum, were used in all types of fuzing. These were too big, drew too much power, were subject to breakage, and they wore out. We began looking at transistors as an alternative. At that time transistors were just beginning to be commercially available and it was difficult to buy them with the right characteristics, so we decided to make our own. I was put in charge of establishing a fabrication facility in which we could develop transistors optimized for fuze applications. We started with raw germanium, purified it by zone refining, grew the crystals, sliced the crystals, formed the junctions by diffusion and alloying, attached leads and packaged the device. Because no commercial fabrication equipment was available, we had to build our own. It was a wonderful opportunity to learn about semiconductors, something I had not had the opportunity to learn at MIT because it hadn't been part of the regular curriculum. The result was a pretty fair state of the art germanium mesa transistor, but fabricated with a twist.

=== 2D flip-flop circuit demonstration and press coverage ===
OK, back to the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Labs. Now that we had fabricated decent transistors, the next step was to incorporate them in a miniature circuit. The approach that we came up with at DOFL was called 2D, for two-dimensional. Jim Nall, my colleague in the Tube Lab, and I started with a ceramic substrate about the size of a postage stamp on which silk-screen resistors and conductors had been formed for a flip flop circuit. We would then attach unencapsulated chip capacitors on the surface and insert our unencapsulated transistors in holes that had been cut through the substrate. Epoxy was used to cement the transistors in place, but the trick was to connect their contacts to the silk-screened wiring on the ceramic substrate without using wires. To do this, we used our friend photoresist for two purposes. One purpose was to provide an insulating film over the surface of the germanium transistor that could be selectively opened over the emitter and base contacts. The second purpose was to define the connecting lead geometry from an evaporated aluminum film subsequently deposited over the circuit. Although it is hard to describe in words, it is really conceptually quite simple and I have some pictures and documentation here of the finished product, a truly 2D flip flop.

Although I have discussed only the work that Jim Nall and I did at DOFL on miniaturization, there were actually 5 scientists involved in making the first 2D circuits. While Jim and I handled semiconductor aspects, fabricating the transistors and diodes and incorporating them in the circuit, Edith Olson prepared the ceramic substrates, Norm Doctor silk screened the resistors and capacitors, and Tom Prugh did the circuit design and layout. On October 12, 1959, the five of us were awarded the Army's highest civilian award for this pioneering miniaturization work, the Meritorious Civilian Service Award. In addition to medals, the award included a $25,000 stipend, which in 1997 dollars would be $135,000. I used my portion to buy a new car, a Nash Rambler station wagon, and still had some left over. The award ceremony took place in the Pentagon courtyard and was quite impressive. A band played and a color guard marched. It was indeed a proud moment for a 32-year old physicist.

=== Texas Instruments; single chip circuit ===
In the summer of 1958 I left government service and the Army's Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories to work for industry at Texas Instruments in Dallas. That was where I met Jack Kilby. Jack had arrived in May, a few months before I did. The same person that hired Jack hired me, Willis Adcott. (Willis would go on to become a vice president at TI and later a professor at the University of Texas.) TI didn't know exactly what they wanted to do in terms of miniaturization, but they knew they wanted to do something because of the large military market that was there. At that time, as you probably know, for summer vacation TI shut down for the first two weeks in July. However, if you hadn't been a full-time employee for a year, you didn't get a vacation. So Jack was left there for two weeks with no guidance and hardly anyone else in the plant. To keep him busy, Willis told him to think about the problem of miniaturization and see what he could come up with. So he thought about it awhile, and decided that if he could make all the components of a circuit out of the same semiconductor material that transistors were made out of, then TI would be able to make complete circuits as easily as they made transistors. The result would be a small single chip circuit, a concept along the lines Dummer had discussed with Jim Nall and me in England and that we had dismissed as blue sky. The difference was that Jack figured out how to do it!

=== Integrated circuit patents ===
Jack worked on a patent all that fall and in the process, came to realize that "flying wires" were fundamentally wrong. This resulted in his adding in the description that instead of using gold wires for interconnections, a film of oxide could be deposited on the semiconductor and a material such as gold laid down on the oxide to make the necessary connections. The patent was filed on February 6, 1959.

=== Integrated circuit production and marketing ===
Well, during the next ten years we worked hard on making integrated circuits and like everyone else, used Noyce's planar process in silicon. One of the most difficult things in those early days was convincing potential customers that ICs were good for anything. I can remember making presentation after presentation and participating in innumerable panel discussions, trying to defend the integrated circuit approach against conventional assembly. Most people felt that ICs would be too expensive and unreliable because nobody could make them very well. While at the time, these arguments were correct; few were willing to take a longer-range view. It took perhaps a decade before they were accepted as an inexpensive way to make electronic circuits and by far the most reliable way. The whole program, of course, was driven in the early days by miniaturization and only later on, by commercial applications. Every new technology is always faced with the dichotomy that the price is too high to support a large volume, but the price can't be reduced until there is a large volume—the old chicken and egg proposition. A market "bridge" to high volume production is needed. For integrated circuits that bridge was military miniaturiza¬tion. In the long run, however, miniaturization by itself became almost inconsequential.

Costs had to come down in order for the industry to take off. If the cost is low, sure, everybody wants it. But the problem in the early days was that we couldn't make it. I mean, we were having yields of .0001 percent. It was ridiculous. We'd have to start a hundred wafers to get one integrated circuit because we had not yet developed the techniques to make them. That's why the cost was so high. We could sell all we could make, even at exceptionally high prices; it was just a question of making enough to satisfy our demonstration contracts at that point. We had a contract for an Air Force computer, our first major demonstration project. After that we had a Minuteman Missile contract with North American Aviation. Demonstration contracts such as these enabled TI to develop the necessary technology and production facilities. At that point you couldn't buy equipment to make ICs. We made our own diffusion furnaces, deposition equipment, mask making facilities, photo resist exposure stations, etc. Everything had to be made from scratch. It was difficult and, as the technology was still being developed, the equipment didn't work well. But as soon as things got a little better, they got a lot better, and yields became respectable.

=== Industrial competition ===
That's interesting.

=== TI circuit production; LSI, VLSI, and ULSI
 ===
I was given responsibility for this technology and that may have hastened my leaving, because it was an impossibly difficult thing to do economically. It can be built, and we made a number of higher-level circuits, but it was a dinosaur from the beginning. We generated methods of automatically probing and testing slices, developed algorithms and programs that used this data to generate interconnection patterns, and made a computer driven cathode ray tube system to produce the second level metallization masks, all things that actually had applications beyond just the discretionary wiring project. But within a couple of years, the MOS device made this all obsolete. We're going to be talking about innovation later, but the discretionary wiring approach, while unique was not innovation, it was straight forward problem-solving. It was not an economical way to fabricate complex integrated circuits. With the advent of much smaller and lower powered MOS devices it was possible to fabricate the complex circuit as an entity with satisfactory yields. This came about for two reasons: first the size of a complex MOS circuit was much smaller than the comparable bipolar circuit so that reasonable yields could be maintained even with the same number of random defects per slice. And secondly, as technology progressed, producers learned how to reduce the number of random defects per slice permitting ever larger and more complex circuits to be produced.

=== Clemson University ===
And with that, in 1968 after an exciting ten years I left TI. After spells in government and industry, I opted for a final career in academia. I went to Clemson University, where I was in a completely different environment for the next twenty years. When I arrived, the Electrical Engineering Department had no facilities for fabricating integrated circuits. In fact, when I got there vacuum tube circuits were still being taught -- there wasn't even any transistor course work, let alone integrated circuits. Since I had forgotten all the vacuum tube circuitry I ever knew, I made a complete change in the curriculum, put in a solid-state program, built up a small facility for doing some experimentation—not building integrated circuits, but we got into solar-cell work that I will describe later. We got into a lot of reliability work, both with regard to integrated circuit and solar cells. The Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) of Research Triangle, NC, sponsored our IC reliability work and the Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) of Pasadena, CA sponsored our solar cell reliability work. Clemson University now has a class 100 clean room, a state of the art electron microscope lab, chemical vapor and vacuum deposition equipment, and so on. In order to qualify for the SRC work it was necessary to upgrade the electron microscope facility to include the latest scanning electron microscope equipment. So my interests sort of stayed the same, but it wasn't a commercial venture at all, it was something else.

My father had grown up in Orangeburg, SC and he attended Clemson University, then called Clemson College, for his undergraduate degree, graduating in the class of 1913. He always spoke very highly of Clemson. He had been head of the department of entomology at the University of Maine at Orono, ME, and when he retired he and my mother moved to Asheville, NC. In 1968 he and my mother were no longer in the best of health and, being an only son, I felt I needed to be closer to them. There were no device manufacturers in the southeast at that time and Clemson was the closest large university to Asheville. So I sought out Clemson and said, "Hey, look, here's my background and here's what I can do for you." And they said, "Gee, that sounds good, come and join us." It was that sort of a thing. No, I don't think they were actively looking for a professor with a solid-state background. At first some of the faculty, who wanted to stay with vacuum tubes, had a problem with solid state. They felt that vacuum tubes would continue to be widely used and that it was necessary to provide students with a complete understanding of their fundamentals. Within a year, however, everyone was on board and transistor circuits had completely replaced vacuum tube circuits in the curriculum.
 I mentioned the Clemson solar cell work.
=== Jack Kilby ===
Interestingly enough, I got involved in that through Jack Kilby. He left Texas Instruments shortly after I did in 1968. Incidentally, that was the year that Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore left Fairchild to start Intel. Jack wanted to set up shop as an independent inventor. He opened an office in Dallas, in a shopping center not far from his house, and began to invent things. He asked me to come down during the summer and work with him on some of these inventions and I did this for a number of years, but I'm not sure how much I really contributed to his work. We worked on a number of different ideas, did some very interesting work, and received a number of patents, but nothing of the same magnitude as the integrated circuit. His consulting activities with industry probably were considerably more lucrative than his inventions.

=== Solar cell reliability; 1970s energy crisis ===
=== Role of government and military funding in innovation ===
=== Comparison of industrial and academic research ===
Working on a government or industry contract at a university is often difficult. Sometimes the sponsor is expecting some specific result to be achieved within a given time. This forces the university into the problem-solving mode, which it is really not very good at for a variety of reasons. At the other extreme is the sponsor who decides to essentially write off the contract to graduate student training. Under these somewhat condescending conditions the university is not considered a partner and, because vital information is often withheld, finds itself working in the dark. The best working relationship that I had at Clemson was with the Semiconductor Research Corporation, the SRC. I don't know whether you're familiar with them.

=== Semiconductor Research Corporation ===
=== Industrial/academic collaborations ===
=== Global integrated circuit industry ===
When I was at MIT, one of my fellow graduate students in the microwave gas discharge lab was a Chinese girl. I used to give her rides to school across the Harvard Bridge. She and I received our PhDs about the same time, 1952 roughly, and she wanted to go back to China. The American students tried to talk her out of it because of the political turmoil there at the time. She did, however, and she became president of Fudan University, one of the premier universities in China that was written up in the recent ''Spectrum'' issue on Chinese integrated circuit technology. Professor Xide Xie was described recently by ''Popular Science'' as one of the five most influential scientists in China. I spoke with her this spring when she was in the United States. Our rule of thumb has been that China was at least five years behind. That is probably a good estimate at the moment, but it may not be for long with facilities like Fudan's springing up.

Finally, I would like to say that innovations could have both good and bad consequences. One discovery can lead to another with unpredictable results. The PC came about as a result of the IC, which came about as a result of the transistor. I can think of a number of unfortunate applications that have resulted from these inventions. Yet once the genie is out of the bottle, it is not possible to control it. It would not have made sense, or even been possible, back in the 50s to have avoided the IC, even if someone had wanted to. At that time an explosive mixture of technology was there just waiting for the spark of innovation. In that sense, it was inevitable. If Kilby and Noyce hadn't done it, someone else would have. And today it makes no more sense to debate the halting of some contemporary innovation, like cloning research, for example. Technology will advance as humankind's knowledge increases and there is little that can be done to stop it.

== Appendix
 ==
List of microminiaturization articles that were transmitted with the interview.
Nov. 1, 1957 Summary of "Photolithographic Fabrication Techniques for Transistors which are an Integral Part of a Printed Circuit," J.R. Nall and J.W. Lathrop, IRE Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, DC

Nov. 11, 1957 "Transistors Made by Photography,"''Electronic Week''

Nov. 18, 1957 "Army Scientists find "Missing Link" to Reduce Size of Electronic Brains," Department of Defense News Release

Nov. 23, 1957 "Printed Transistor Developed Here," ''Washington Post''

November 1957 "Transistors in Printed Seen Miniaturization Step, ''Electronic News''

Dec. 1 1957 "Photolithographic Transistor," Engineering Review article, ''Electronic Design
''
February 1958 "Army Develops Printed Transistors," ''Control Engineering''

May 1959 "Recent Advances in the Application of Photolithographic Techniques to Semiconductor Devices," T.M. Liimatainen, IEEE paper 2950

May 1960 "Semiconductor Networks for Microelectronics," J.W. Lathrop, ''Electronics''

February 1964 "Microelectronics," J.W. Lathrop, MIT Club of Boston speech

December 1964 "Semiconductor Network Technology—1964," J.W. Lathrop, Proc. IEEE, 52 (12): 1430-1433

August 1966 "Discretionary Wiring Approach to Large Scale Integration," Proc. of WESCON Record, Los Angeles, CA

November 1966 Preprint of "The Impact of Large Scale Integration on Packaging and Interconnection of Digital Electronic Systems," J.W. Lathrop, IEEE Microelectronics Comes of Age Symposium, Boston, MA

Nov 1967 "Discretionary Wiring System as the Interface Between Design Automation and semiconductor Array Manufacture," J.W. Lathrop, R.S. Clark, J.E. Hull, and R.M. Jennings, Proc. IEEE, 55 (11) 1988-1997 (Nov. 1967)

July 1976 "Invention of the Integrated Circuit", J.S. Kilby, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
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[[Category:Engineers]]
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[[Category:Power%2C_energy_%26_industry_application]]
[[Category:Consumer_electronics]]
[[Category:Business%2C_management_%26_industry]]
[[Category:Industries]]
[[Category:Economics]]
[[Category:International_trade]]
TI circuit production; LSI, VLSI, and ULSI
Nov. 1, 1957 Summary of "Photolithographic Fabrication Techniques for Transistors which are an Integral Part of a Printed Circuit," J.R. Nall and J.W. Lathrop, IRE Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, DC
Nov. 11, 1957 "Transistors Made by Photography,"Electronic Week
Nov. 18, 1957 "Army Scientists find "Missing Link" to Reduce Size of Electronic Brains," Department of Defense News Release
Nov. 23, 1957 "Printed Transistor Developed Here," Washington Post
November 1957 "Transistors in Printed Seen Miniaturization Step, Electronic News
Dec. 1 1957 "Photolithographic Transistor," Engineering Review article, Electronic Design
February 1958 "Army Develops Printed Transistors," Control Engineering
May 1959 "Recent Advances in the Application of Photolithographic Techniques to Semiconductor Devices," T.M. Liimatainen, IEEE paper 2950
May 1960 "Semiconductor Networks for Microelectronics," J.W. Lathrop, Electronics
February 1964 "Microelectronics," J.W. Lathrop, MIT Club of Boston speech
December 1964 "Semiconductor Network Technology—1964," J.W. Lathrop, Proc. IEEE, 52 (12): 1430-1433
August 1966 "Discretionary Wiring Approach to Large Scale Integration," Proc. of WESCON Record, Los Angeles, CA
November 1966 Preprint of "The Impact of Large Scale Integration on Packaging and Interconnection of Digital Electronic Systems," J.W. Lathrop, IEEE Microelectronics Comes of Age Symposium, Boston, MA
Nov 1967 "Discretionary Wiring System as the Interface Between Design Automation and semiconductor Array Manufacture," J.W. Lathrop, R.S. Clark, J.E. Hull, and R.M. Jennings, Proc. IEEE, 55 (11) 1988-1997 (Nov. 1967)
Research and development labs
Solid state circuits
Solid state circuit design
Power, energy & industry application
Business, management & industry
4.9 TI circuit production; LSI, VLSI, and ULSI
5 Appendix


text:
Ireland Call Up For North End Duo
Preston North End pair Alan Browne and Sean Maguire have been called up to the latest Republic of Ireland squad.
Sean Maguire featured in Ireland's last game, their 2-0 win over Gibraltar, and will be hoping for more game time as Mick McCarthy's side continue their Euro 2020 qualifiers with a home tie against Switzerland.
Alan Browne was called up to the last squad in May but left the camp early after picking up a calf injury ahead of the qualifiers against Denmark and Gibraltar.
The boys in green take on Switzerland at the Aviva Stadium on Thursday 5th September, before a friendly against Bulgaria a week later on Tuesday 10th September, also at the Aviva Stadium.
Both players will join up with the squad following Saturday's game against Nottingham Forest.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Transitraststätten waren Rastanlagen in der DDR, die an Transitstrecken (Fernverkehrsstraßen und Autobahnen) zwischen der damaligen Bundesrepublik Deutschland und West-Berlin sowie ins benachbarte Ausland (Polen, Tschechoslowakei, Ostseeanrainerstaaten per Fähre) lagen. Sie durften von Transitreisenden, die mit Kraftfahrzeugen, einschließlich Motorrädern, unterwegs waren, zur Pause und zum Tanken benutzt werden. Kontaktaufnahme mit Bewohnern der DDR waren an den Raststätten seitens der Behörden der DDR nicht erwünscht. Aus diesem Grund wurden für Busse im Transitverkehr zwischen Westdeutschland und West-Berlin separate Parkplätze angelegt, zu denen die übrigen Benutzer der Autobahn keinen Zutritt hatten.

Alltag

An den Transitraststätten gab es Mitropa-Gaststätten, Intershops und Intertank-Tankstellen, an denen Westdeutsche mit D-Mark bezahlen konnten, Ausländer in ihrer Landeswährung. Die Aufenthalte sollten zügig vonstattengehen, längere mussten belegt werden. Um die Kontaktaufnahme zwischen Transitreisenden und Bewohnern der DDR einzuschränken, Verbreitung von westlichen Druckerzeugnissen und auch die Flucht aus der DDR zu verhindern, wurden die Transitraststätten von Mitarbeitern des MfS persönlich und mit Kameras überwacht, gegebenenfalls wurde eingeschritten. Die Transitraststätten stellten mitunter Areale dar, welche im Gegensatz zur gesellschaftlichen Ausrichtung der DDR standen, es entwickelte sich teilweise ein abgegrenztes Eigenleben, z. B. war die Nutzung von Intershops manchmal nur für Transitreisende erlaubt.

Im Jahr 1988 wurden zwei neue Zusatzzeichen in den Verkehrszeichenkatalog der DDR aufgenommen. Diese sollten Westtouristen zusätzlich auf Möglichkeiten aufmerksam machen, in Devisen zu zahlen.

Intertank
In der zweiten Hälfte der 1980er-Jahre bot Intertank folgende Kraftstoffe an rot-gelben Zapfsäulen gegen Mark der DDR an:
 Normal Gemisch (88 Oktan)
 Normal ohne Öl (88 Oktan)
 Extra (94 Oktan)
 DK (Dieselkraftstoff)

An grün-weißen Zapfsäulen wurden in der zweiten Hälfte der 1980er-Jahre gegen bundesdeutsche DM verkauft:
 Spezial (91 Oktan)
 Super (98 Oktan)
 Diesel (mit zusätzlichen Additiven)

ab ca.1986, vor allem an Autobahnen und den Transitstraße nach West-Berlin zusätzlich:
 Spezial bleifrei (91 Oktan)
 Super bleifrei (95 Oktan)

Auflistung

Heutige Bezeichnungen:

Einzelnachweise

Straßenverkehr (DDR)
Grenzüberschreitender Verkehr
 Transit
Autobahnverkehr (Deutschland)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This page helps you compare Samsung Galaxy A8 Star with Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 128GB. When you see Samsung Galaxy A8 Star Vs Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 128GB comparison on Pricebaba, watch-out for the specifications of these phones and also the VFM score. With Pricebaba's Value For Money Score, you can know how Samsung Galaxy A8 Star stands against Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 128GB and which one you should buy. The best price of Samsung Galaxy A8 Star is currently Rs. 23,490. The lowest price for Samsung Galaxy A7 2018 128GB is Rs. 21,990. The prices for both these products were updated April 24, 2019.


South Korea continues to crank out an amazing number of fine features, many of which are released in the U.S. only to get lost in the shuffle of indie and/or foreign films each year. Among these is Park Hoon-jung's gangster drama "New World," which opened on a few local screens in March.
Confusing the scene further are the devious moves choreographed by grizzled veteran cop Kang (Choi Min-sik, star of "Oldboy"). We see all of this from the P.O.V. of Ja-seong (Lee Jeong-jae), a second-tier gangster, who is both Jung's longtime best friend and Kang's top mole in the organization. After eight years undercover, he is itching for the different assignment Kang has long promised him.
Director Park's visuals are precise and glossy; the plot is well-paced — generally clearer than the similar setup in Hong Kong filmmaker Johnny To's celebrated "Election" (2005) and "Triad Election" (2006). The four leads also deliver the goods.


First up, it's Ashley Palmer-Watts at Dinner by Heston, with an interesting combination of poached, then roasted saddle of lamb, with cucumber.
Atul Kochhar of London's one Michelin star Benares makes a classic lamb rogan josh.
Gordon Ramsay prepares delicious slow cooked lamb shank.
Here's a great video of Daniel Boulud and Thomas Keller preparing a slow cooked leg of lamb, while also discussing the USA's contribution to the Bocuse d'Or, long before Team USA's win at the 2017 competition.
Stepping away from Michelin, here's Martin Morales of London's Ceviche making Peruvian lamb stew.
And finally, ChefSteps show you how to make a stress-free, sous vide leg of lamb that's finished in the oven, perfect for a Sunday roast.


Today's photos reminded me of exactly why I really do need a new camera. The quality in the photos today just isn't anywhere near where I want them to be. I hate graininess, and despite actually liking the picture I chose for today, it still bothers me that these moments are done and over with and what I ended up with was, in my opinion, not nearly good enough.
If I didn't need to share something today, then I would have deleted these pictures without a second thought. Just out of shear frustration.
Check back on my Instagram page if you want to see some new versions of this photo, as I will be doing some interesting things with it shortly!


The blowback from the egregiously irresponsible reporting of most mainstream media outlets about the context-less viral video of the boys from Kentucky's Covington Catholic High School "harassing" and "threatening" a Native American protester could include some legal headaches for some of the reporters and outlets.
Barnes' tweeted threat to Haberman instantly inspired support online, including many who offered their services and financial support to help with the libel lawsuit.
"I'll happily help work the case for free as well. Evil needs to be stopped," wrote one supporter. "Whatever I can do in PR, I am all-in," added another. "I think it is time to get a group together that does pro bono work PR work etc. when media slander somebody innocent. We must stop this madness," added yet another.


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Tag: Closest Urgent Care to My Location in West Wyomissing
Medical Doctor in West Wyomissing
If a sudden illness or an injury strikes, you and your family need to know that when you choose to use a 24 hour medical clinic in West Wyomissing to treat your injuries, you are making the right choice. There are at least three ways that a 24 hour medical clinic is more effective than a traditional 24 hour emergency clinic attached to a hospital emergency room.
The first is access. When you visit a clinic your average wait time (door-to-doctor) is much shorter than compared to a hospital-attached ER. A visit to a walk in clinic in West Wyomissing for example, has a wait time of just fifteen minutes before you are seen by a board certified physician, with access to all emergency resources and the latest facilities. Compare this to the national average of 24 emergency clinics' wait time of 172 minutes for the "best" in the country. The urgent care facility is clearly more effective.
The quality of your physician in West Wyomissing , and their access to emergency resources should be high on your list of medical priorities, and here, the 24-hour walk-in, beats a hospital ER. Looking at our medical clinic in West Wyomissing, for instance, the facility offers not only all the services of a traditional ER or clinic, but it does so with top ranked, board certified doctors who are able to successfully administer emergency services, and when needed for long-term care, admit the patient to the hospital of their choice. Urgent care's also provide rested doctors; most hospital accidents occur when staff have been overworked on long shifts, where the professionals in 24 hour urgent care's are well staffed and ready to respond to your care.
The walk in emergency facility in West Wyomissing will treat you for common complaints to serious emergencies without any delay in lab results or physician diagnoses. There is no need to wait days or weeks to find out test results from overwhelmed medical labs when a 24 hour medical clinic has those resources on site and available to your doctor right away. Another advantage of the 24 hour medical clinic in West Wyomissing is the access to the full array of X-Ray, diagnostic CT, and ultrasound scanners to treat every patient from broken bones to complications with pregnancy. For these reasons, 24 hour medical clinics in West Wyomissing are decidedly more effective for immediate medical care than traditional hospital ERs.
Fact! Crashes and also injuries struck suddenly at unanticipated times which circumstance is spectacular. At that time, each people steadily rushes far from there to the medical facility for an instant treatment. But what will certainly take place, if you do not find a hospital emergency clinic complimentary at the time you need it most?Will you choose to wait on also long in a crowd when specifically it is a case of emergency?Of program, you can't! Personally, I don't think that you will make your loved one experience as well as deal with such impressive situations.What do you mainly find at every wellness clinic?An appointment!But, it's a practical point that individuals do not prepare for such injuries or disease, then why do we require to publication appointments?That is just one of the ideal reasons that immediate treatment ought to be picked first since they recognize the value of life entirely. So, you can appear anytime without an appointment.Moreover, for an ailment or injury which is serious, these clinics lean to more excellent in concerns to your crucial time as well as loan. You do not need to wait on as well lengthy as contrasted you have to spend waiting time in the emergency situation division. To understand more about health care, allow's review some centers which will aid you to decide.- You can get 90 percent of the solutions of their clinical centers within a much faster time than any kind of other care center can give.- All walk-in unwell services are welcome when your normal doctor or emergency clinic can't. This is due to the 24 * 7 working hrs they are always prepared to heal.- At the medical facility you may get exposed to contagious diseases, but here you will certainly locate sanitary atmosphere.- They approve almost all sorts of personal insurance policy coverage as well as electric motor lorry, employees' compensation and crash policies.- The medical team existing provides friendlier service than in an emergency area due to the fact that the staff is not influenced by normal injury.- You will find health care close-by your house. You don't require to take a trip for also long like a health center.- You can take your youngsters along with you. Do not be unsafe for your children, as they make certain that your children really feel less most likely to be as scared by their experience.- The high quality of service is much far better than you obtained at other health and wellness treatment suppliers.- You do not need to bounce occasionally for testing and also laboratory solutions due to the fact that they already have a comprehensive list of services connected to it.Yet everything in dispensary healthcare centers offers its resolution, so if whenever you discovered yourself in a scenario where you require immediate treatment as well as care, your finest choice will be an urgent center.
Author MaryPosted on September 25, 2018 October 13, 2018 Categories 24 Hour Urgent Care in PennsylvaniaTags 24 Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Clinic Near Me in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Care Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Clinic Near Me in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Doctor in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Doctor Near Me in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Emergency Care in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Emergency Care Near Me in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Emergency Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Emergency Clinic Near Me in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Health Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Immediate Care in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Medical Care in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Medical Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Medical Clinic Near Me in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Quick Care in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Urgent Care Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Urgent Care Clinic Near Me in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Walk in Clinic in West Wyomissing, 24 Hour Walk in Clinic Near Me 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