text:
GrayMac
One of my pet H's is that the Nazoreans and/or Nazarenes were followers of those 'worthy' of being Nazarites.
Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220, Against Marcion, 4:8) records that the Jews called Christians "Nazarenes" from Jesus being a man of Nazareth, though he also makes the connection with Nazarites in Lamentations 4:7.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)
While some speculate that from NSR, for such as the Mandaeans, means "to keep", I suggest that more likely the NZR comes from Egyptian roots for "prince". Thus, such as Nazarenes were followers of the 'prince' -- that they expected to return as their earthly and/or spiritual messiah. Keeping in mind that peoples of that time and milieu loved their word play, the "to keep" option might still be viable as in "to keep" their faith in their expected "prince", just like the Muslim's Hidden Mahdi. Perhaps even a prince like ... the Egyptian.
Queen Helena of Adiabene was such a Nazarite, and she and her son, Izates, had royal Egyptian roots. The Biblical precedent for this comes from Samson, the Nazarite, son of what is implied to be the Danite leaders, hence Samson a prince. And if one traces the sea going Danites back to Mycenae, these earlier Danoi are claimed by legend to have originated in Egypt.
With the Nazarenes there is a similar curious confusion about their relationship to the Ebionites, the so-called "poor ones". The contrast between the names is rather interesting especially if one excepts the "prince" hypothesis.
Both the Nazarenes and Ebionites are claimed to have been warned, by whom, to seek refuge from the Roman onslaught of Jerusalem, and thus fled to Pella to ride out the 'tribulation'. It makes me ponder whether one or the other of these camps were indeed counterintelligence spooks for the Romans.
The Catholic Church has played upon Jesus, not only being "king of the Jews" per the gospels, but that he was also the so-called dual messiah (earthly and spiritual) by keeping the hoary (fake) relic of Jesus' ephod, the seamless robe of a Jewish high priest, at the cathedral in Trier - supposedly Constantine's favorite city.
Hi Richard. I've been intrigued with Nazoreans and/or Nazarenes aligning with or having been followers of those 'worthy' of being Nazarites.
I'm also intrigued that you suggest that its more likely the NZR comes from Egyptian roots for "prince".
Nazirite/Nazarite, which comes from nazir (which, in turn, comes from net.ser, or NSR/NZR), can mean (i) under a vow; (ii) consecrated; (iii) vow of 'separation'; or (iv) crowned eg. Judges 13:1-7
And ne.tser (etc) = a branch; a shoot; a descendant
Natzeret = ne.tser (or a variant such as NSR) plus the feminine ending, designated by the letter Tav; and
Nazeroth is the feminine-plural.
However, -
"One of the arguments against Nazareth really being the name behind the term Nazarene is that Nazarene is spelled with a Greek zeta, suggesting a Hebrew zayin behind it, not a tsade, which is what we find in the inscription. It is this mismatch between the tsade and the zeta that suggests that Nazareth is not what lies behind the sect of the Nazarenes in the first place." http://www.earlywritings.com/forum/viewtopic.php?p=91040#p91040
I still think that with Natzeret <=> ne.tser + a Tav, and Nazeroth being the feminine-plural, Nazareth is likely to named after the Nazoreans and/or Nazarenes (or another variation).
There's also 'na·ṣar'/natsar/ - נָצַר - means "to watch" (c.f. 'netser', said to mean "branch");
hence 'Natsarith' means watchtower, and 'Natsarim' are 'watchmen'
Nazareth is in a small basin on a hill/range (and from a nearly ridge apparently one can look out over plains towards the Sea of Galilee)
There is also a view there is a passive meaning of 'preserved, protected' in reference to its secluded position -
RH Mounce, "Nazareth", in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, GW Bromiley (ed), Vol 3: Eerdmans, 1986; pp 500–1
'Gennetsaret' = 'vale of Netsar' and is said to refer to the whole district.
Interestingly, I also have that exact passage from Wikipedia in some notes, but I have it as
Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220, Against Marcion, 4:8) recorded that the Christ of the Creator had to be called a Nazarene, though he [also] makes the connection with Nazarites in Lamentations 4:7.[8]
So it looks like someone has edited it from what I have to what is there now; and I'm always suspicious when I see Christ rather than Jesus, as I think that could reflect a period when or somewhere 'He' was a 'more nebulous' entity, before Jesus predominated.
I wonder if GrayMac has any opinion on the existence of Nazareth at the supposed time of Jesus, or did it arise from the quantum foam at the time of that other Helena?
I think it's a distinct possibility that Nazareth did not exist in the early 1st C. some fairly full, descriptive texts like Adversus Judaeos do not have reference to Nazareth, but have things like -
"He was from the native soil of Bethlehem, and from the house of David; as, among the Romans, Mary is described in the census, of whom is born Christ", and
"proceed from Bethlehem" a couple of of times.
Of course Jesus is said to have been born in Bethlehem, but it gives the impression the author of that work may not have know he was [supposed to be] from Nazareth.
Reactions: Richard Stanley
Yes, the "branch" meaning is used closely in association with royalty, as here:
7But out of a branch of her roots shall one stand up in his estate, which shall come with an army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail: 8And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods, with their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north. 9So the king of the south shall come into his kingdom, and shall return into his own land. (Daniel 11 KJV)
And of course, as in branches from the Root of Jesse, the father of David. And from here the grafting onto this root in Romans 11, another key facet of Atwill's analysis, and which I also suspect is meant as Esau (the Romans per the Talmud) regaining his inheritance from Jacob.
GrayMac said:
Maybe we can get Jerry to research this. I see that there are lots of edits on this page.
I see that there are lots of edits on this page.
Compared to many controversial Wikipedia pages, this one is a sleepy backwater. Fifty edits since 2015. Lots of articles get 50 edits a week. There's some discussion among editors on the talk page puzzling over the relationship between Nazarenes and Nasoreans, but it appears that nobody was willing to put in the work necessary to come up with a well referenced statement.
I have been on extended leave from Wikipedia editing duties. But, I made a comeback as an anonymous IP editor, to delete an unreferenced item relating to fig bars. Just to show my wwoofer guests how easy it is to join the fun at Wikipedia, and change the world's most consulted knowledge base.
Perhaps 'the Roman church' could be identified as 'Roman', long before it could be identified as 'Christian'. Francesco Carotta thinks that the Roman emperor cult would have worshipped Julius Caesar in a ceremony much like Easter, with reference to Caesar's betrayal, his untimely sacrificial death, his display as a wax effigy on a cross, and his celestial resurrection as a comet. And, they would have worshipped the virgin birth of Caesar Augustus at christmas time. If such a cult existed, would you consider it recognizably Christian? The religious icons of such a cult have survived, as coins of the Roman Empire.
Certainly the Roman cult of the emperor being worshipped as a god is noteworthy, and of course that started with the first emperor Augustus either before 1 AD when he was still emperor or short after.
I wouldn't call it Christian, though I could imagine that variations of 'Christos' ('anointed') or 'Chrestus' ('good', or useful when applied to a slave or servant) might have been used as adjectives or nouns to describe them or their predecessors, as indicated by what you wrote next -
Of course, none of the following is definitive, but rather highly suggestive in my opinion.
Besides the interesting fact that Carotta had a Catholic priest translate his Italian version of Jesus was Caesar into English, in Carotta's video he demonstrates currently extant Catholic rituals and associated relics from old churches that clearly evoke the 'Caesarian'.
The detailed parallels between the death and funeral of Julius (Suetonius's Twelve Caesars and others) and that of Jesus are pretty stunning in my opinion. And, then that the funeral rites of Julius seem to have been re-enacted for John Paul II as well. Missing, of course, was seeing JPII being lit on fire and ascending to Heaven to join Romulus and Julius (and later still by George Washington (in The Apotheosis of George Washington)). For Julius, the loudest in mourning being the Jews of Rome, who saw Julius as their second messiah (after Cyrus that is). Of course, Suetonius wrote his account late, and probably the others as well.
Virgil, from his famous 4th Eclogue, announcing Augustus as the Prince of Peace for the New World Order of the day, is accorded as an honorary Christian by the Church.
There is also the imagery found in the catacombs of Flavia Domitilla.
And then there is my favorite, Juvenal's Satire #4, which I call Domitian's Big Fish Story. The meeting of the Roman poobahs at Domitian's villa (currently the Pope's summer villa) to decide what to do about the fish is hilarious.
Reactions: Jerry Russell
We were remiss in not also acknowledging Dr. Sheldon's work here:
'Creating Christ' cites this other book, "Operation Messiah: St. Paul, Roman Intelligence, and the Birth of Christianity" (2008). From a standpoint such as Wikipedia's "Reliable Source" criteria, this is huge. Reputable semi-academic publisher, PhD faculty historian co-author.
http://amzn.to/2el8xw9
Saul of Tarsus is one of the best known and most beloved figures of Christianity. This man, later known as St. Paul, set the tone for Christianity, including an emphasis on celibacy, the theory of divine grace and salvation, and the elimination of circumcision. It was Paul who wrote a large part of the New Testament, and who called it euangelion, "the gospel". There is another side of Paul, however, that has been little studied and that is his connection to the Roman military establishment and its intelligence arm. While other scholars and writers have suggested the idea that Paul was cooperating with the Romans, this is the first book-length study to document it in detail. By looking at the traditional story through a new lens, some of the thorniest questions and contradictions in Paul's life can be unravelled. How did he come to work for the Temple authorities who collaborated with the Romans? How was he able to escape from legal situations in which others would have been killed? Why were so many Jews trying to have Paul killed and to which sect did they belong? These and other mysteries will be solved as the authors follow Paul's career and his connections to Roman intelligence.
Col. Rose Mary Sheldon received her Ph.D. in ancient history from the University of Michigan and is currently Head of the Department of History at the Virginia Military Institute. Her special field is intelligence history and she is on the Editorial boards of the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, The Journal of Military History and Small Wars and Insurgencies, and has written more than three dozen articles on aspects of ancient intelligence. Her books include Espionage in the Ancient World: An Annotated Bibliography and Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods, But Verify.
https://postflaviana.org/community/index.php?threads/not-quite-new-book-operation-messiah.1965/
Let's discuss some additional factors to the list I provided two posts prior.
First, we have the 'crosses' of the Legio X Fretensis found in a desert cave outside Jericho, I believe. The Tenth Legion participated in the Jewish War. These equi-armed crosses can easily be dismissed as not being properly symbolic of the typical normative Christian representation of the Cross, which is not a realistic depiction of the Roman crucifixion cross as well. In my opinion, these might more easily be characterized as representing a solar cult (such as Mithraic for Sol Invictus - see later on), but there are such equi-armed crosses in the Christian record, such as the Templar cross(es).
Second, we have that the first known Xian churches in Palestine were built and run by Roman soldiers, albeit these are of too late construction for our direct purposes. The one in Meggido is interestingly butting directly up against a Jewish community, evoking a similar Roman/Jewish/Christian relationship as the outpost of Dura Europos, where the Jewish community appears to have been the logistics provider for the Romans.
Found at Dura Europos was a SATOR Square, found in numerous other places in the empire. The central palindromes of TENET form an equi-armed cross, and the word means the same as it does in English today, 'he holds', from the Latin root of teneo -- to hold or keep. As we have just discussed, the Hebrew NSR, means "to keep".
A SATOR Square:
In my provided link I discuss my suggested meaning of the words, and that a rotation is involved implying the cosmos, and also an evocation of another rotating 'solar' cross, the swastika. In the case of the reversals of the ROTAS and SATOR, we have alternations of 1,000 year periods for (a solar) Christ and Satan found in Revelation, with 24 (millennial) elders sitting in a circle around God, representing the Sun.
The letter 'A" is a known stylization, and its descending crossbar makes the letter evoke a masonic compass and square. In the gospels Jesus's father is noted as being a tekton.
This segues into the thesis of Flavio Barbiero (The Secret Society of Moses) that the Hasmonean family of Josephus (and I assert with the participation of the Flavians, at least) formed the seed and ongoing basis of the Mithraic lodges found throughout the Roman empire, where societal elites including the military were members. And from which many Christians churches were built atop. In some cases were in simultaneous usage, and as exists today where some masonic lodges meet quietly in Christian churches, the masons forming much of the 'elder' and 'deacon' structure of the churches.
Such 'squares' as the SATOR Square, like the Magic Square of the Sun, relate to Platono-Pythagorean sacred geometry, and of which numbers were understood by the initiated as being the only eternal aspects of existence.
Speaking of which, the number 153, from the gospel '153 fishes in the net', represents a key geometric ratio number (along with 265) of the Vesica Piscis, the true source of the 'secret' Christian fishy. The associated 'net' is a referent to the net at Delphi and is also associated to the dolphin', the king of the 'fishes' (not known as a mammal then). The dolphin was sacred to mariners of the day, as were Castor and Pollux, the twin saviors of the Greco-Roman world, and whose divine sister launched a thousand ships that demarked the collapse of the Late Bronze Age, via the Trojan War. The symbol of Castor and Pollux, was the dokana, a double cross, one for each twin.
Might one be reaching heights of Carrier's parallelomania by suggesting that the single Cross of Jesus was intended as a cryptic superposition of the inferred dokana of the two thieves? After all, Castor and Pollux were cattle thieves, even going so far as to attempt to rob their twin cousins. The Apostle Paul then 'coincidentally honors Castor and Pollux by taking his ship leg to Rome on a ship called the Castor and Pollux.
The shipwreck of Paul parallel's Jospehus's shipwreck, and of course, Josephus rescued his friend Eliezar (a 'solar name') from the cross, between two other unfortunates.
But, of course, the 'crude' Romans would have been too unsophisticated to understand such things, and not have known about prior religious mergers and acquisitions like the Serapis and Isis cult crafted by the Ptolemids.
Returning to the Vesica Piscis, the Romans in emperor Claudius's time built an otherwise unique shrine in the very middle of the Dewa fortress in Britain. The shrine was in the shape of a vesica piscis, with 12 niches along the inner walls, like the stations of the cross. Vespasian and his brother served in the Roman army in Britain at this very time.
I should clarify, before Mr. Carrier objects, that the Romans certainly knew about the Serapis and Isis cult, because the cult was spread throughout the empire, but what I meant was that ... 'obviously' ... they would have been too crass to understand that the Ptolemid Greeks had crafted that religion, at least in their using Mr. Carrier's consensus reality approach to such matters.
However, anyone woke enough to appreciate the literary and/or artistic imagery of the "superposition" of Jesus's cross ahead of those of the two criminals (stand-ins for Castor and Pollux) would understand that a new religion was superceding the old, just as the Roman Catholic Church maintains that the Second Covenant supercedes and invalidates the First (including Moses's laws of cultural inversion, all excepting for the 10 Commandments for some strange reason). That is, 'superceding' theology and propaganda in the context of the minds of the hoi polloi, as the Church has always maintained a strong affinity for pagan and Judaic relics and concepts of the prior strata. Just as the Church was syncretistic going forward in acquiring new peoples, it was consciously syncretistic in its very formation.
When reading Moses Hadas's classic, Hellenistic Culture, Fusion and Diffusion, one has to wonder just why Hadas would have stated at the end of his Introduction that there would be some people unhappy with what he would reveal in the book. He doesn't explicitly state what it is that might make them 'unhappy', and so one must infer from the subtext. There is a slight disconnect of the text from the title, in that the text is constantly comparing the Hellenistic culture with that of the Judaic, yet the title doesn't encompass this aspect.
As we know today, the Classical Greeks and the Jewish Temple Cult are founded in the same 'general' time frame, in the centuries after the collapse of the Late Bronze Age where Egypt was the only surviving civilization of the wider region. The two diametrically opposed cultures both assert origins in or via ... Egypt, and reflect the violent cultural and theological dialectic of Amun versus Aten. That same dialectic was maintained by the theological synthesis of the Roman Catholic church in its theology, as detailed by James Carroll in his Constantine's Sword, albeit that Carroll misunderstands the motivation and true origin of the dialectic. That is, if you do not have a sufficient enemy, or foil, you must create one.
As such, as the Sabbah brothers, French rabbis, revealed in their Secrets of the Exodus, the Yahud are recorded on the walls of Amenhotep III's temple (in norther Sudan) as being the personal prelature priesthood of his. On the bases of Amenhotep III's statues are recorded a unique state visit to Mycenae, and of which physical evidence of this trip has been found in several of the named cities along the way. Was Amenhotep III making contact with such as the Danoi, of whom the legend of Egyptus versus Danaus has Danaus immigrating there from Egypt.
In the aftermath of the collapse of the Late Bronze Age, marked by Castor and Pollux and 'divine' sister Helen, the Judaic canon reveals that the Promised Land is ethnically cleansed by various means in the subsequent centuries, from which the Temple Cult arises, its canon formalized during the Babylonian period. In this same period Greece is a cultural vacuum for centuries till the parallel rise of the Classical Greeks, who claim their wisdom ... from Egypt. And for these later Greeks it was the works of Homer that formed their religious canon, of which the Trojan War was launched because of a divine woman, ... born from an egg. Ironically, Helen's divine brothers couldn't make it to the war, ... to save her, as they had been killed by their twin cousins for trying to steal their cattle, whom the cousins had just stolen themselves.
We are still living with the purposeful dialectic construction, and this is why Hadas said "some people" will be unhappy with his book.
Here is John Bartram's recent discussion regarding the pagan origins of 'Chrestianity', from which its Alexandrian 'philosophers' became the 'Christian' church's founding 'Fathers'.
https://sacredarchaeology.quora.com/The-historical-origin-of-Chrestianity
Bartram discusses the associations of Philo of Alexander including his 'apostate' nephew, the commander of a Roman legion for the Flavian enterprise no less:
We find Philo allied with: Gaius Caecina Tuscus, Prefect of Egypt 63–65, followed by Philo's apostate nephew, Tiberius Julius Alexander in 66–69, during the First Jewish-Roman War.
Since Philo's nephew is an apostate 'Jew', then we must also accord Philo himself as being 'apostate', at least from the perspective of otherwise normative Temple (either First or Second) Cult Judaism. Under no circumstances would a pious, conservative Jew of the day consider Philo's syncretization project with Hellenization to be kosher. However, if one wants to take the perspective of rabbinic Judaism, which Tiberius Alexander and Josephus played a role in forming, then Philo could indeed be accounted as kosher, as has been the case for the last 2,000 years, living under the protective arm of Rome (the imperium morphed into the papacy).
Bartram discusses members of the extended Caesarian/Cleopatran family of Julius whom are also the blood kin of Helena of Adiabene (the Nazarite whom was buried in an still extant pyramidal tomb in Jerusalem) and her son Izates.
This leads us to their theological centre, in Alexandria.
Christian tradition has this:
Catechetical School of Alexandria: "a school of Christian theologians and priests in Alexandria.[1]"
This interests me because there was no Christianity then.
According to Jerome the Alexandrian school was founded by Mark the Apostle.
Nor was there a Mark the Apostle. [Unless perhaps he was Mark the Antony, the officiant of Julius Caesar's funeral and subsequent lover of Cleopatra's -rs]
So what might this centre have been? I assume it is the famous Library [of Serapis - rs]. There is no need to think beyond that. This is where Greek Magic was syncretised with the Egyptian, to allow resurrection (Cleopatra as Isis).
Will Carrier have the same slipshod reaction to the red highlighted sentence of Bartram's as to his prior 'common sense' comments about Postflaviana?
By way of mop-up of this thread, I'm running through some points in Richard Carrier's response that I haven't mentioned yet.
Carrier wrote:
I've "undermined the importance" of my effort by conceding uncertainty. The uncertainty actually objectively entailed by the state of the evidence. Russell thus thinks it's far more important to defeat Christianity than to tell the truth; therefore any method that gets results too uncertain to be useful for that political aim, must be discarded. Not because it isn't a valid method or because there is any other method better able to ascertain the truth; but because the truth is a liability to our political goals. Therefore objective methods must go. This is the summation of a crank's very modus operandi.
This was off-topic to my review, but it's correct that I think that Atwill's method is far better at yielding results that are reliably accurate.
In this context, it's important to note that Carrier in "On the Historicity of Jesus" vs. Atwill in "Caesar's Messiah" are addressing two different historical periods. Carrier is primarily interested in the 1st half of the 1st century, when (he believes) Christianity originated. Whereas Atwill is interested in the period beginning after 70 AD and the fall of the Jewish temple, which is the time frame when the Gospels were most likely written.
I'll also not bother much with Russell's totally crank suggestion that all the messianic movements Josephus documented were versions of Christianity. There is exactly zero evidence of that, and no plausibility to it whatever (see OHJ, Ch. 6.5 & Element 4, Ch. 4). Russell seems to think any messianic movement should be considered "Christian," which is an equivocation fallacy: we do not mean by "Christian" just any "messianism," but specifically the belief in a resurrected savior whose death atoned for all sins, a belief present in no other messianic sect attested. But it's just like a crank to go off on pattern hunting to a level of lunacy, and rest a bizarre conclusion on fallacious tricks with words.
We have a difference in definitions here. By "Christian" (or, more specifically, early Christian) I mean any one of the various amalgamating sects which eventually contributed to the formation of medieval Christianity, either by contributing narrative elements and theological nuggets, or by institutional merger.
Even more typical of crankery is reasoning by bizarre non sequiturs that experts actually agree with you when in fact they do not. Russell does this when he says "Carrier's belief" is that Christianity was like "a singular kernel [that] exploded through a process of conversion driven by evangelism and managed by a tightly controlled hierarchical leadership," and "yet as Carrier himself admits, nothing could be farther from the truth," since "we know … the chaotic nature of early Christianity." This is all false.
Carrier says "this is all false", and then in the very next sentence:
I do believe Christianity launched from a singular origin: because that's what our only eyewitness to its formative years tells us (1 Corinthians 15; Galatians 1). And there is zero evidence of it being otherwise.
Which is it, Richard? Everything I said is wrong? Or, at least half of what I said about your beliefs is correct?
But I have never said it was "managed by a tightly controlled hierarchical leadership." To the contrary, I explain in OHJ that that same witness confirms the leadership could only barely control anything, and the movement fractured and spiraled into numerous competing sects (OHJ, Element 21, with Elements 10, 15, and 20, in Ch. 4). It is also a total non sequitur to argue from that, that therefore Christianity didn't start exactly as that same witness says who attests to its fracture; and outright bizarre to conclude that therefore "I admit" it didn't.
OK, I was confused about this part. Carrier's position is consistent: he believes that Paul was telling the truth about the singular origins of Christianity, and also that this church suddenly fragmented into a bewildering variety of competing sects. And it is equally obvious to me that Paul was either lying about both issues, or that our surviving copies of Paul have been distorted either historically or theologically, or both.
This leaves me with a question for Richard: when did the hierarchical, militant leadership of the Roman church emerge, and why?
Non sequiturs are also present in Russell's strange move in arguing "surely the near-silence of history regarding that exploding Church is … far more damning to the view that Paul's epistles reflect the genuine historical state of the Christian movement." I struggle to discern any logic at all in this statement. Why would the obscurity of a tiny fringe movement, resulting in next to no document survival (and on Russell's crank view, no document survival at all, as he thinks all the letters of Paul are forged), argue against it being too obscure and fringe to have documents survive? The idiocy in this reasoning is perplexing to me.
The reason we have next to no documents about the early church, and indeed no third party references to it either, is because it was too small and inconsequential for anyone to notice it in any records we now have; and the much later church that effectively acquired total document control chose not to preserve any of its first century of documentation (apart from some very few edited letters it deemed safe). No other explanation is possible. If there were many parallel versions of Christianity in the way Russell maintains, the silence of the record is just as peculiar. Unless you adopt exactly the same explanation for it.
What I actually said was this:
Carrier also makes much of the silence from history about a world-renowned Jesus figure living during the first half of the first century; but when you think about it, if there really was a Pauline Christian Church that was spreading all over the Mediterranean during Paul's time, surely the near-silence of history regarding that exploding Church is far more significant, and far more damning to the view that Paul's epistles reflect the genuine historical state of the Christian movement circa 50 AD. It seems far more likely that Paul's church is a highly fictionalized version of one or more cults that really did exist at that time.
To further spell out my position: there were many sects existing circa 50 AD which could be considered as embryonic Christian churches in one way or another. Regarding these sects, a significant amount of historical documentation that has survived (although not nearly as much as we would like.) The letters of Paul need to be interpreted carefully, because there might (or might not) be some core portion that was written in the 50's.
In their received condition, the letters of Paul certainly do describe a Christian church which is exploding all over the Mediterranean, not a tiny and obscure fringe movement.
Does Russell imagine Rome completely invented these Romulus passion plays after Mark wrote his Gospel in (at its earliest) the 70s A.D.? Based on what wild speculation contrary to all evidence and plausibility?
No, what I said was:
the quoted aspects of the Jesus narrative also represent a close parallel to the birth narrative of Augustus Caesar, and the death narrative of Julius Caesar. These narratives all seem somewhat mythologized, and may very well have co-evolved.
No Richard, I didn't read all your footnotes. Cicero, Livy and Ovid all lived during Augustine times, and thus they were well familiar with the legends of the death of Julius Caesar and the birth of Augustus.
Russell then bizarrely insists euhemerization "is actually defined as the process by which a human person is converted into a myth." Um. No. Euhemerus did not take a historical Uranus and Zeus and mythologize them. He took a mythical Uranus and Zeus and historicized them. That's why that is called "Euhemerization." That Russell doesn't know this shows he didn't read my book's discussion of Euhemerism, and doesn't even know why it's called Euhemerism—why it is named after Euhemerus, what Euhemerus did that the term references (see Euhemerization and my Brief Note). Total ignorance.
First of all, if there's any total ignorance on display here, it's that Carrier seems to have ignored or failed to understand what I wrote:
Euhemerus argued that the well-known mythological gods of his time, were actually historical characters that had been deified through the respect of their followers and heirs.
In writing that, I exhibited some knowledge of historical Euhemerus, eh? Here's Wikipedia on the definition of Euhemerism:
Euhemerism (/juːˈhiːmərɪzəm, -hɛm-/) is an approach to the interpretation of mythology in which mythological accounts are presumed to have originated from real historical events or personages.
The problem here is that Carrier never uses or defines the word "Euhemerism", but rather he discusses the process of "Euhemerization". I wasn't aware at the time I wrote my review, that Carrier had already addressed this issue at his blog (or, I think he did; the publication dates indicated at Carrier's current website seem to be delayed from when the material might have originally appeared at Freethought Blogs -- (see Euhemerization and my Brief Note)).
I consider Carrier's definition of "Euhemerization" to be a confusing obfuscation, and what it's hiding is that Euhemerus was the first of a long line of philosophers & historians who agree with Euhemerus, that characters such as Zeus and Hercules were men that became deified. And as Don Gakusei wrote at Carrier's blog site comments section: I think you will continue to receive flak on this because your definition is not consistent with the mainstream one. You keep correctly pointing out that Euhemerus turned the gods into men, but you don't seem to realize the implication: they were just men. To paraphrase the Soup Nazi: "No ascension for you!"
There are, of course, many historically documented examples of men who became deified; for example, all the Pharaohs, Julius Caesar, and Augustus. So how does that affect your prior probabilities, Richard Carrier?
Regarding my points about the book of Acts, Carrier wrote:
And I demonstrate both points there mathematically. I highlighted certain things here to make a point: Russell only mentions "the trial speeches lacked any mention of a historical Jesus," as if I didn't also adduce many other oddities in Acts, and tabulate all of them in their mathematical effect. Omitting the best arguments for a conclusion, "refuting" the weakest one instead, and claiming to have refuted them all, is a common cognitive error humans are prone to.
No, I was refuting a single point (actually, two points), as examples within a brief book review.
As to my claim to have refuted the book's entire argument: it is rooted in my view that the two hypotheses proposed are not mutually exclusive. On the contrary, they are constructed in denial of the hypothesis that best fits the evidence.
In case anybody is reading through this and trying to make sense of the debate, I'd like to re-emphasize a point I made above:
None of us at PF have any disagreement with Carrier's central conclusion in Historicity, if it can be summarized as "maybe there was a historical Jesus, but probably there wasn't." In fact, I'm able to hold both concepts in my head simultaneously: that there was a historical Jesus, and there wasn't.
Or, more specifically: we say that if Biblical Jesus may be taken as a fictional character, he seems to be an avatar for several known historical figures, including Jewish messianic figures as well as Julian and Flavian Roman Emperors. But we don't believe there was any historical individual who was both a messianic jewish figure, and also the true founder of the religion later known as Christianity.
We say that the foundation of Christianity was a historical process, involving many historical characters, and some who are not generally acknowledged to have been key figures in that process.
Or in other words, IF there was no historical Jesus of the Gospels, THEN somebody would have to invent him. The process(es), timing, and motivation for the invention, or 'grafting', being the more salient questions.
IF there was no historical Jesus of the Gospels, THEN somebody would have to invent him. The process(es), timing, and motivation for the invention, or 'grafting', being the more salient questions.
Carrier wrote an entire paragraph to make this exact same point (my emphasis added); although he devoted his entire book to the topic of "did that actually happen", which he says we need to shift away from; those of us who dare to give the obvious answer to the question "what is the author attempting to say" are subject to endless ridicule...
From Chapter 10 of Carrier's OTHJ, about the Gospels:
We need to shift entirely to asking the question 'What is the author attempting to say or accomplish with this story, or with his revision of this story?' and not 'Did that actually happen?' Because the latter simply wasn't a concern of these authors. Even if they were concerned to convince people it happened, they were not themselves concerned if it actually did. They had a different agenda, and are crafting the myths they need to sell it. The Gospels were produced by faith communities for preaching, teaching and propaganda, and not as disinterested or even interested biographical inquiry. There is no indication in them of a quest to determine what Jesus really said or did. There is no discussion of sources or of reasons to prefer one claim to another or of attempts to interpret contradictory data or even any mention of the existence of real alternative accounts (even though we know they knew of them— because they all covertly used them as source material). Each author just makes Jesus say or do whatever they want. They change the story as suits them and neglect to mention they did so. They craft literary artifices and symbolic narratives routinely. They frequently rewrite classical and biblical stories and just insert Jesus into them. If willing to do all that (and plainly they were), the authors of the Gospels clearly had no interest in any actual historical data. And if they had no interest in that (and plainly they didn't), they didn't need a historical Jesus. Even if there had been one, he was wholly irrelevant to their aims and designs. These are thus not historians. They are mythographers; novelists; propagandists. They are deliberately inventing what they present in their texts. And they are doing it for a reason (even if we can't always discern what that is). The Gospels simply must be approached as such. We have to stop thinking we can use them as historical sources.
These are thus not historians. They are mythographers; novelists; propagandists. They are deliberately inventing what they present in their texts. And they are doing it for a reason (even if we can't always discern what that is). The Gospels simply must be approached as such. We have to stop thinking we can use them as historical sources.
Oh My Sweet Jesus, if only Carrier could discern what the reason is he could be a Postflavian!!!
'They' are Roman "mythographers, novelists, and propagandists", writing Roman propaganda to fulfill Virgil's 4th Eclogue vision. The latter paid for by his patron, Octavian Augustus Caesar, the Prince of Peace. The former paid for by Josephus et al's patron, the Flavians. This, even while they were becoming 'gods' themselves.
Soon we'll be shouting, "By George, I think he's got it", and singing "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain."
Russell...insists euhemerization "is actually defined as the process by which a human person is converted into a myth."
Um. No. Euhemerus did not take a historical Uranus and Zeus and mythologize them. He took a mythical Uranus and Zeus and historicized them. That's why that is called "Euhemerization." ....
Euhemerism.... is named after Euhemerus: what Euhemerus did [is what] the term references (see Euhemerization and my Brief Note).
... what I [Jerry R] wrote:
In writing that, I exhibited some knowledge of historical Euhemerus, eh?
Hi Jerry. I'm with Carrier. And I think what you wrote there^ aligns with what he proposes, too.
Let me elaborate. To euhemerize essentially means to anthropomorphize or to humanize the notion of a god or the notion of their origin/s. Which is what Euhemerus is said to have done about gods that had no known history. (Carrier says 'historicise' above, which I think is unnecessarily ambiguous & potentially vague as all of the entities being discussed and debated are historical entities).
As an aside, but historically the problem is that discussion of the concept of 'euhemerization' involves a lot of 'person X' said 'person Y' said group D had said. Both pertaining to Euhemerus himself (as we only have second-hand accounts of him); pertaining to what was said about him in early Christianity (and a lot of that was Christians using Euhemerus's proposals to belittle other sect's gods as having supposedly been mere men, compared to Jesus who was in Christian's eyes a manifestation of God who came to earth); and also in recent times (including via web discussions).
eg. Serapis is a euhemerized god - originally a combined Osiris + Apis entity that was within 300 years portrayed as a human (and busts show him to be very similar to the images of Jesus, albeit with a modius on his head).
Carrier is proposing the same for Christ-Jesus, just in a quicker time frame (yet I think his proposals that Christianity started in the first century a.d. undermines many aspects of this thesis; a nebulous, celestial Christ-Jesus humanized as Jesus of Nazareth would seem to fit better as a late first century or even a second century phenomenon to me).
Are you aware of any textual accounts of Serapis being accorded as human ala JoN? Of course, Osiris has been claimed to have been the first dynast of Egypt, but perhaps other than that, what besides the first statues would indicate that he was considered other than a typical god?
In any case, we have the account of Vespasian, with the aid of Serapis and Isis, spitting in the eye of a blind man and restoring his sight.
Imagine if there was indeed some human mystery cult leader named Jesus, and as such he was covertly accorded (by some at least) the Hellenistic cult appellation of 'Chrest' (like that Chrestus Pater who dedicated the Vatican's tauroctony relief along with Gaurus). The immediate cult knows him as a human, and internal, 'for eyes only' mystery cult texts are written about him as strictly being a human. However, many generations later, when no one still living is around to gainsay, the 'Chrest' is converted to 'Christ', via the eraser on the end of a No. 2 pencil ... or such equivalent.
Where is there evidence for a 'celestial' Christ-Jesus, beyond that of a purely Hellenistic Iesous Christos? Both latter spellings of which fit exactly within the Platono-Pythagorean sacred geometry schema, while 'Jesus' is otherwise meaningless, except as 'Yeshua' indicating a second coming of 'messiah' Yeshua > Joshua son of Nun (Nun - the Egyptian celestial and primordial waters).
J. Rendel Harris made a great advance in noticing that otherwise spontaneous 'global' notions of twin humans having either evil or good connotations becoming turned into successively more elaborate cults. They became more elaborate through the witting human interventions of conquering tribes, their governing leaders and shamen cum priests seeing that merging the differences in cult practices were to their combined benefit. Even before becoming aware of Harris's works on this, Jerry and I have been pursuing this notion of witting mergers and acquisitions, of which the logical and historical nexus of the joining of elite Roman and Jewish (Hasmonean) are manifest in Josephus Flavius (and his extended family), and not to slight the Herodians. The most critical (top down) elements of the 'merger' come together, and such elite, educated peoples were certainly aware of the prior mergers, like Serapis, and the political motivation(s) for doing so. And, as Harris astutely pointed out, the apocryphal twin, Judas-Thomas (Didymas), was left on the canonic scrap heap of the new religion, as per disparate global versions of the 'twin' narratives and related literal human practices.
historically the problem is that discussion of the concept of 'euhemerization' involves a lot of 'person X' said 'person Y' said group D had said.
For whatever it's worth, here is what Diodorus said about Euhemerus. (This passage from Diodorus is known, in turn, only by virtue of its quotation in Eusebius.)
http://www.theoi.com/Text/DiodorusSiculus6.html
[6.1.4] "Now Euhemerus, who was a friend of King Cassander and was required by him to perform certain affairs of state and to make great journeys abroad, says that he travelled southward as far as the ocean; for setting sail from Arabia the Blest he voyaged through the ocean for a considerable number of days and was carried to the shore of some islands in the sea, one of which bore the name of Panchaea. On this island he saw the Panchaeans who dwell there, who excel in piety and honour the gods with the most magnificent sacrifices and with remarkable votive offerings of silver and god.
[6.1.5] "The island is sacred to the gods, and there are a number of other objects on it which are admired both for their antiquity and for the great skill of their workmanship, regarding which severally we have written in the preceding Books.4
[6.1.6] "There is also on the island, situated upon an exceedingly high hill, a sanctuary of Zeus Triphylius, which was established by him during the time when he was king of all the inhabited world and was still in the company of men.
[6.1.7] "And in this temple there is a stele of gold on which is inscribed in summary, in the writing employed by the Panchaeans, the deeds of Uranus and Cronus and Zeus.
[6.1.8] "Euhemerus goes on to say that Uranus was the first to be king, that he was an honourable man and beneficent, who was versed in the movement of the stars, and that he was also the first to honour the gods of the heavens with sacrifices, whence he was called Uranus or "Heaven."
[6.1.9] "There were born to him by his wife Hestia two sons, Titan and Cronus, and two daughters, Rhea and Demeter. Cronus became king after Uranus, and marrying Rhea he begat Zeus and Hera and Poseidon. And Zeus on succeeding to the kingship, married Hera and Demeter and Themis, and by them he had children, the Curetes by the first named, Persephonê by the second, and Athena by the third.
[6.1.10] "And going to Babylon he was entertained by Belus, and after that he went to the island of Panchaea, which lies in the ocean, and here he set up an altar to Uranus, the founder of his family. From there he passed through Syria and came to Casius, who was ruler of Syria at that time, and who gave his name to Mt. Casius. And coming to Cilicia he conquered in battle Cilix, the governor of the region, and he visited very many other nations, all of which paid honour to him and publicly proclaimed him a god."
To put this in modern academic terms: Eusebius (a tertiary source) is quoting Diodorus (a secondary source), who was quoting Euhemerus (a primary source), who said that he traveled to Panchaea where he interviewed the Panchaeans. Those Panchaeans told him that they knew of the deeds and the family history of their king Zeus, and proclaimed that this human person was a god. In other words, Euhemerus allegedly claimed that the Panchaeans were eyewitnesses (or descendants of eyewitnesses?) to the apotheosis of a human king.
The passage above is quoted by Tim Widowfield in his essay at Vridar, "What is Euhemerism?" Widowfield goes on to explain how Eusebius and Clement of Alexandria applied the insights they learned from Euhemerus:
Turning gods into men
An important thing to keep in mind when trying to understand euhemerization is what so-called euhemerists after Euhemerus did. One instructive case is Eusebius, who wrote about Belus (Bel Marduk) as if he were an ordinary mortal king.
Belus was the king of the Assyrians. During his reign, the Cyclopes brought lightning and thunder to assist Zeus during his battle against the Titans. At the same time, the kings of the Titans were in their prime — including king Ogygus.
Naturally, Eusebius was embellishing upon what he'd read in Diodorus's fragment (see 6.1.10). He was describing a fictional human past in which old, mythical gods supposedly arose from the memory of great kings. He's imagining a historical epoch when some highly respected men walked the earth, and whose reputations grew over time until they were revered as gods.
This sort of god-demoting apologetic became a familiar weapon in early Christianity. Fentriss and Wickham in Social Memory: New Perspectives on the Past write:
The subsequent history of the doctrine that the gods were once mortal men is no less interesting. The doctrine was quickly adopted by the Fathers of the Church, who used it as a weapon against pagans: 'Those to whom you bow were once humans like yourselves' (Clement of Alexandria, in [Jean] Seznec 1972: 11 [The Survival of the Pagan Gods]).
At this point, the interpretation seems clear enough to me. Euhemerus thought that Zeus was a king who had been deified; by extension, the early Christian fathers said that all the Gods other than Jesus himself, were nothing but human imposters.
My conjecture is that during Roman times, at least some of the plebs were openly skeptical or even scoffing at the attempts to deify Roman monsters such as Nero and Caligula. Such popular Euhemerism must have been one of the problems for official Roman religion that led to the necessity to invent Christianity, IMO.
But unfortunately, Widowfield can't accept the simple idea that Euhemerization is just a synonym for 'apotheosis'. Instead he gets lost in a muddle, by quoting extensively from a 2013 book, The "Sacred History" of Euhemerus of Messene by Marek Winiarczyk, as well as Carrier's essays, and trying to reconcile them.
In modern descriptions of euhemerism you'll often find watered-down or even misunderstood versions. For example, in D.M. Murdock's Christ in Egypt, you'll find this terse definition in one of the footnotes:
One of the relatively few actual instances of what is called "euhemerism" or "evemerism"—making a human into a god or goddess, also deemed "apotheosis"—apparently occurred with the Egyptian architect Imhotep [citing Donald Redford, The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion] . . . (Murdock, 2011, p. 10, emphasis mine)
What's wrong here is the simple equating of euhemerism to apotheosis. Carrier in a blog post from July 2015 correctly notes:
I do wonder where the confusion arose among people (and I've seen a lot of them online) thinking euhemerization means turning a real person into a god. That's not euhemerization. That's deification. Julius Caesar was deified. He was not euhemerized. Euhemerized gods are always historically non-existent.
Of course I think that Acharya's simple and clear definition is exactly right. Whereas, with Carrier's insistence that "Euhemerized gods are always historically non-existant", Carrier is assuming (with ZERO evidence) that Euhemerus and his Panchaean witnesses were lying, deluded, making a joke, or being misquoted (or all three.)
In further support of my position, I offer another quote given by Widowfield:
The word "euhemerism" entered the English language back in 1846 (see the OED Compact Edition, 1986, p. 902). According to Max Müller (1864):
. . . Euhemerism has become the recognised title of that system of mythological interpretation which denies the existence of divine beings, and reduces the gods of old to the level of men. Distinction, however, must be made between the complete and systematic denial of all gods, which is ascribed to Euhemerus, and the partial application of his principles which we find in many Greek writers. (Müller, 1864, p. 397)
Which I feel is compatible with what Acharya said. For whatever it's worth, Widowfield feels that Carrier's definition is not exactly right, either:
For Carrier to be correct, then the word euhemerize would have to be identically synonymous with historicize, and that cannot be the case. If Carrier is right, we would have to leave aside the bulk of what Euhemerus and later euhemerists said and did.
Were the evagelists rationalizing Jesus? Were they desupernaturalizing him? Absolutely not. They may well indeed have been historicizing the life of Jesus on Earth. And that's a perfectly fine way to put it. Let me be clear: My quibble isn't with Carrier's overall thesis. I merely contend that his use of the terms euhemerist, euhemerism, and euhemerize conflicts with Euhemerus's own writings and all euhemerist practitioners thereafter.
Serapis is a euhemerized god - originally a combined Osiris + Apis entity that was within 300 years portrayed as a human
Isn't it possible that Serapis, Osiris, and/or Apis could be understood as purely celestial or spiritual deities, and yet they could be depicted in human form?
... here is what Diodorus said about Euhemerus. (This passage from Diodorus is known, in turn, only by virtue of its quotation in Eusebius.)
[6.1.9] "There were born to him by his wife Hestia two sons, Titan and Cronus, and two daughters, Rhea and Demeter. Cronus became king after Uranus, and marrying Rhea he begat Zeus and Hera and Poseidon. And Zeus on succeeding to the kingship, married Hera and Demeter and Themis, and by them he had children ...
An important thing to keep in mind when trying to understand euhemerization is what so-called euhemerists after Euhemerus did.
I think that Euhemerus describing Uranus and Zeus as human kings with human attributes is what euhemerization is (even if they were or are subsequently thought to have been deified humans ie. thought to have or portrayed as having undergone apotheosis). They were given tangible families, etc., as part of their anthropomorphisation (where their genesis had previously been unknown).
... The doctrine was quickly adopted by the Fathers of the Church, who used it as a weapon against pagans: 'Those to whom you bow were once humans like yourselves' (Clement of Alexandria, in [Jean] Seznec 1972: 11 [The Survival of the Pagan Gods]).
But, the point is not that "Euhemerus thought that Zeus was a king who had been deified", it is that Euhemerus portrayed Zeus as a human king [thus giving the impression he had previously been a human who had been deified, as apposed to having been only known as a celestial god].
Tim Widowfield mangled the concept and any attempt at clarification in his long-winded Vridar post.
Euhemerization is not a synonym for 'apotheosis'.
Denying deification is not euhemerism (otherwise you'd have to say euhmerisim is also denying apotheosis, which would be a denial of what you think euhemerization/euhemerism is)
If you don't think euhemerism/euhemerization is a term for depicting celestial or spiritual deities as humans or having human form, but is a synonym for apotheosis [and deification], what term or word would you use for depicting celestial or spiritual deities as humans or having human form?
I'm not sure when Jerry will be responding, as he's traveling currently.
In any case, I'm wondering how you might characterize J. Rendel Harris's thesis in his The Dioscuri in the Christian Legends and The Cult of the Heavenly Twins of the Catholic Church's wholesale demotion of numerous local cult variants of twin and triplet gods and goddesses to being among the church's early saints? Perhaps the most notable being the egg-born Dioscuri twins, Castor and Polydueces, and their sister Helen. In these cases, the process is intended to make the adherents, over generations perhaps, forget that these individuals were ever gods or goddesses. Is there a terms for such process, and if not, perhaps we could coin the terms Harrisism (or Harrisy? ) and Harrisification?
Harris's assertion that the gospel Jesus was likely first proffered as a type of twin, along with 'Judas Thomas' / Didymas Thomas (and then the latter twin being left on the apocryphal cutting room floor generations later when the church became formalized), now gives me some allegorical and symbolic appreciation of such as the story of the descent from the Mount of Olives into the Kidron Valley, the entrance of the solar 'Christ' through the 'eastern gate', etc. as more adaptive imitatio from the pagan cosmological library.
Harris also advanced the notion that, via common 'global' scale, tribal considerations of twin and triplet-ship, that the ubiquitous and 'spontaneous' human development of twin and triplet gods and goddesses sprang, with their rather common human attributes paralleled in the respective divine aspects. Harris then adds that, prior to Christianity, that competing and neighboring local 'twin' cults become syncretized, apparently as the outfall of martial conflict or other (political?) concerns. And that such is also part of the Judaic corpus, for example, with the likes of twins, Esau and Jacob, having the same characteristics. Albeit, Jacob wrestles God, not his brother.
OK, I've come up with a possible way to understand the term, in a way that's readily distinguished from either apotheosis, or pure mythicism. Although I doubt that this proposal will make Carrier happy.
Carrier is assuming (with ZERO evidence) that Euhemerus and his Panchaean witnesses were lying, deluded, making a joke, or being misquoted (or all three.)
Without having done any further research, it's occurred to me that Carrier might be able to make me look really bad for having said that. Perhaps by some archaeological research, it might be possible to prove that Zeus was known as a thunder god since thousands of years before Euhemerus visited Panchaea. (Indeed it seems highly plausible, based on Indo-European linguistics alone.) And yet, the Panchaens might also be telling the truth, when they said they were governed by a personal incarnated deity named Zeus.
Some new-age religious practitioners believe that Jesus has been reincarnated many times.
A quick Wikipedia consultation turns up a list of approximately 40 individuals who have been nominated as incarnations of Jesus just since the 18th century, including Baha'u'llah and Sun Myung Moon. Such a claim would obviously be secondary or derivative from a historical or logical point of view, but no less binding on true believers of the faith.
Could this be a definition of Euhemerism that makes sense? (Although, I would add, it's not consistent with traditional use, any more than Carrier's proposal.)


text:
Tag: History of Czech Republic
Meet the Author: One Hundred Miracles by Wendy Holden
Today we welcome Wendy Holden as we travel to Suffolk and learn what dogs, Goldie Hawn, Ganesh, a woodland cemetery, and The Wacky Races mean to Wendy. Slip on your gardening gloves. Let's go …
I am a British author, originally from London but now living in Suffolk, three hours north east of London, near the sea. I was a journalist for almost 20 years, including time as a war correspondent, and have been writing books full time for 22 years. Have more than thirty titles published, ten of which are bestsellers.
Non-fiction historical and war biographies mostly but also fiction, humour, celebrity memoirs and novellas. I have written two bestselling books with the actress Goldie Hawn and I wrote Lady Blue Eyes with Frank Sinatra's widow Barbara.
I also love to write about dogs, who are one of my great passions. I wrote the number one bestseller Haatchi & Little B, about a disabled boy and his three-legged dog, and Uggie: My Story, about the canine star of the Oscar winning movie The Artist. I also wrote Mr Scraps, the little dog with the big heart, a novella about a dog caught up in the London Blitz –
Thirty-two, most of which are listed on my website – www.wendyholden.com
I always wrote poems and kept a diary but wrote my first school play when I was six years old. It was called The Queen's Birthday Cake and featured a naughty knave who switched the baker's flour for cement so that the Queen broke a tooth when she bit into it.
The play won a schools' competition and was put on by the drama students so my career path was set. It was not as if I ever had a choice. Writing comes as naturally to me as breathing.
What is an interesting writing quirk you have, that we wouldn't know by reading your biography?
I've worked with Goldie Hawn who introduced me to meditation and to the Indian elephant god Ganesh, who is said to remove obstacles on your life's path.
Twice a day, I stop writing and meditate for 10 minutes, slowing my breathing (and my thoughts) and then I rub my little Ganesh's feet for good luck.
What would you choose as your mascot, spirit animal, or avatar and why?
My two adorable German wire-haired pointers, Eli and Huxley.
The one I work in now – upstairs in our 17th century oak-beamed cottage with green-painted walls. I write at my grandfather's leather-topped desk with my father's oak desk to one side and am surrounded by the framed book jackets, photos, cartoons and art that mean the most to me.
Educated by Tara Westover and The Pianist of Yarmouk
Walk the dogs on the beach, read, garden, cook, entertain friends, travel, and paint.
If you could have a fantasy tea date with an author or famous person from the past or present, who would it be and what would you ask them?
Louisa May Alcott, author of Little Women whose character Jo I immediately identified with. I have been to her house in Concord, Massachusetts, and see the tiny table where she sat and wrote longhand and I would love to invite her to tea and ask her how a young woman with very little life experience from a rural background was able to conjure up such vital, life-changing characters.
How much of myself comes out in the books I write, even when they are about other people. There is something of everyone in each of us and when you really focus on someone you often realise that the nature of the human condition is universal.
What's the strangest thing you've done in researching for a book?
I found myself deep in a woodland cemetery in rural Poland on the edge of dark hunting for the grave of someone I was writing about in quiet desperation. I found it just as the light was fading and then had to feel my way back to the car and civilisation.
Do you journal write or keep a personal diary?
I did up until my teens but I found that I have such a visual memory so that I no longer needed to.
What is the most inspiring thing that has ever happened to you?
Meeting my husband and accepting his marriage proposal three weeks later. I was 19 and we have been happily married ever since.
You are about to speak publicly to a group and read from your latest book. What song do you listen to before speaking and what do you do to prepare yourself?
I do ten minutes deep breathing to clear my mind of clutter. I remind myself to talk slowly and take deep breaths in the pauses. If I were to listen to any music it would be Paul Simon's Late in the Evening and I would have a dance to loosen myself up.
My dearly departed parents who were my greatest champions and blessed me with a happy childhood, from which I emerged feeling invincible.
The Wacky Races. I wanted to be Penelope Pitstop, but I also loved Mutley.
If you write non-fiction or memories, what fictional character would you invite into your story and why?
Jo from Little Women so that I could spend time with her and tell her how much she inspired me as a girl.
Tolkien. It was on locally and we went because I love films about writers. I was much more impressed than I'd expected and gave real insight into his life and inspirations without hardly mentioning The Hobbit (of which I am not a great fan). It is a lovely, well-rounded film.
He escaped from the local zoo when his keeper went for ice cream and accidentally left the gate open, so the penguin waddled off down the road looking for something to eat.
At the seaside, he accidentally caused a commotion outside one of those stores that sells everything from joss sticks to water pipes, backed into a hat stand and a sombrero dropped onto his head.
Hardly able to see, he staggered on and – lifting his beak – detected the unmistakable scent of fish. Padding up to my front door, he tapped his beak on it and made his little penguin cry so I opened the door with a fillet of sole in my hand.
Before I knew it, he had snatched it from fingers and gobbled it down in one. He has lived with me ever since. We have called him Charlie because he looks and walks like Charlie Chaplin in his little penguin suit.
I always have and I always will. Whenever one door closes for me, another opens, often taking me in a direction I never expected and which excites and challenges me.
Why don't you ever get a cold?
What do you dream of when you twitch and whimper?
Why can't you live as long as us?
Resilience and fearless optimism
Suffolk, England, which is why we moved here having had no previous connections. Endless beaches. Huge skies. Fabulous stars. Great seafood. Lovely people. Old-fashioned atmosphere. What's not to like?
Describe the perfect solo date you'd take yourself on … where, time of day, weather, place, etc.
Umbria, Italy. Early autumn. Watching the sun set over the golden hills and ripened vineyards with a chilled glass of prosecco in my hand.
I have three books out this year:
A relaunch of my novel The Sense of Paper. A Novel of Obsessions, it is set in Suffolk and is full of passion, secrets and lies. Please see the trailer —
One Hundred Miracles, a memoir of music and survival with Zuzana Ruzickova, published by Bloomsbury UK and several European publishers. The remarkable story of a Holocaust survivor and internationally renowned musician who not only lived through the war but under Communist ant-Semitic rule for decades. This is my first Holocaust book since writing my international bestseller Born Survivors: Three Young Mothers and Their Extraordinary Story of Courage, Defiance and Hope
A Woman of Firsts, the woman who built a hospital and changed the world with Edna Adan Ismail, to be published in this month. The story of the 'Muslim Mother Teresa', an indomitable force of nature who survived great hardship and civil war only to return to her ravage country and create something wonderful.
Thank you Wendy for being a part of MTA. It was incredibly interesting to learn more about you, your history, and writing style. I am a Goldie Hawn fan, as well as having a mindfulness and meditation practice. I found your interview to be deeply moving. And, oh my goodness! I LOVE the short story you created with the penguin question! Thanks again! –Camilla
Where to find One Hundred Miracles:
UK Amazon: https://amzn.to/31xG9wc
US Amazon: https://amzn.to/31v9VSm

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The section below is from my page about Great War trench watches.
Wristwatches with wire lugs were being made before the Great War, so is there anything in particular that distinguishes what might be called a "true" trench watch? A date during the Great War is clearly a significant factor, but the singular most important distinguishing feature of a true, purpose built, trench watch is a luminous dial, which means that the hands and numerals are made luminous so that the time could be read in the dark.
In "Knowledge for war: Every officer's handbook for the front" Captain Lake placed at the head of his list of officer's kit for the front "Luminous wristwatch with unbreakable glass". This is ahead of other indispensable items such as "Revolver" and "Field glasses". Of course wristwatches that were made without luminous dials before or during the war were pressed into service, but wristwatches that were particularly made and advertised as being intended for use in the trenches had the characteristic purpose made luminous dial.
The luminous dials of trench watches have outline or 'skeleton' numerals and hands like those of the Borgel trench watch in the photograph here. The hands and numerals carry luminous radium paint that glowed all the time when it was new, and glowed very brightly in the dark, but the luminosity has long since worn out.
The original radioactive radium luminous paint gradually lost its glow over a few years because the radiation in the paint damaged the fluorescent material so that it no longer glowed. The radiation also breaks down the varnish that was used to bind the radioactive substance and fluorescent material together into a paint, which becomes brittle and breaks up into flakes and dust, which are themselves radioactive.
Even though the radium paint no longer glows because the fluorescent material is worn out, the paint is still radioactive — often surprisingly so. The radium luminous paint used during the war contained a lot more radioactive material than paint that was used in later years when the dangers of radiation were more fully understood. Luminous dials from the Great War era easily send the reading on a radiation detector off-scale.
Radium has a half life of over 1,600 years so in the last 100 years it has lost hardly any of its original radioactivity. Great caution must be exercised when handling hands and dials like this because breathing in the radioactive flakes of paint or dust would be very dangerous to the lungs, see my page about luminous paint.
The shape of these hands was called in Swiss/French 'poire squelette' (pronounced 'skelette') i.e. pear skeleton, after the pear shaped bulge on the hour hand. They are often referred to as "cathedral" hands because they look a bit like a leaded and stained glass window. This style is referred to in manufacturers catalogues of the time as "Luminous" or often simply "Radium".
If a soldier already had a perfectly serviceable pocket watch or wristwatch that simply wasn't luminous, then this could be upgraded to a luminous watch by putting dots of radium paint on the dial next to the hour numerals, and changing the hands to the luminous radium type, as described in the article shown here from November 1915. A Borgel wrist watch that has been upgraded with replacement luminous hands and luminous spots on the dial is shown in the second photograph. The dial has a red 12, which is not a military feature but was put onto the dials of early wristwatches so that the 12 was more visually prominent. In addition to the luminous spot on the minute track above the 12 a second luminous spot has been placed below the 12 to fulfil the same function in the dark.
The article states that a pocket watch could be upgraded for 10 shillings, a wristwatch for seven shillings and sixpence. British Army rates of pay as defined by War Office Instruction 166 (1914) give the pay of an infantry Lieutenant as 8 shillings and 6 pence a day, so the work cost him about a days wages. The work is said to take about three hours with no distinction made between pocket and wristwatch, the difference in price between the pocket watch and wristwatch is due to the cost of the "best quality" luminous paint.
An article in the British Horological Journal in March 1915 described methods of fitting luminous hands, which the author H. Otto called "radio-hands". He explained this rather strange term later in the article, saying that its use would stop customers later asking the watchmaker to buy back the precious radioactive substance, which they did with watch movement jewels or rolled gold. He mentions that "radium-bromit" (radium bromide) cost £20 per milligram, and that mesothorium, discovered by Otto Hahn in 1906, was about £7 per milligram. Mesothorium is an isotope of radium, radium-228, which has a half-life of 5.8 years and was cheaper than radium-226 because it was extracted from plentiful thorium ore used by the gas lighting industry to make gas mantles, so it was used in radioactive luminous paint as a cheaper substance to boost the glow. The more expensive radium bromide contained the longer lived radium-226 isotope.
If you find a watch with the original radium based paint like this you will find that it no longer glows in the dark because the fluorescent material has long since worn out. You will notice that the article says that the "best quality of luminous paint" will last about three years. Radium luminous paint was made by mixing radium salts and zinc sulphide in a binder, a type of clear varnish. The radium gives off alpha particles which can't be seen, but when they hit the zinc sulphide they cause it to give off a flash of light. This gradually wears out the zinc sulphide, giving the luminous effect the three year life discussed in the article, but radium, which has a half life of about 1,600 years, will still be very nearly as radioactive as when it was new and you need to be aware of this and take some basic safety precautions - see my page about Luminous Radium Paint for more information.
There was great interest in luminous dials during the Great War, as the November 1915 article says, they were regarded as "practically a necessity for service work." The powerful luminous glow in the dark from the numerals was something new and intriguing in an era before electric light was common. The article here from February 1915 "A New Luminous Watch" discussed replacing the normal "figure" numerals with special markers at 12, 6 and 3 and 9, the hours in between being marked with dots. It was said that this made the dial easier to read in the dark.
The image here courtesy of David Weare shows one of these dials. All of the numerals apart from 12 have been replaced by symbols exactly as described in the article; at 12 there is a triangle, at six an oval, and at three and nine "T" shapes. The hours in between are marked by round dots. Much of the original luminous paint has been lost, the triangle and the round dots would originally have been filled with paint like the oval and T shapes.
It is usual for the original radioactive radium luminous paint to fall off over a few years because the radiation in the paint destroys the fluorescent material so that it no longer glows. It also breaks down the varnish that was used to bind the radioactive substance and fluorescent material together into a paint, which becomes brittle and breaks up into radioactive flakes and dust. Great caution must be exercised when handling dials like this because breathing in the dust would be very dangerous to the lungs.
The red cross suggests that this watch was used by a medical person, which suggestion is further reinforced by the fact that it once had a sweep centre seconds hand. The hole in the centre boss of the minute hand is where the arbor for the seconds hand should protrude, and the very outer track of the dial has divisions at each fifth of a second. An 18,000 vph train, which was the frequency used almost exclusively of any other at the time, beats at fifths of a second, so in theory the time could be read in daylight to one fifth of a second.
I am not sure how much easier the symbols would be to read in the dark than a conventional dial with luminised skeleton numbers, but it certainly makes the watch look much more military and like a serious piece of kit so I am surprised that it didn't take off.
The hour and minute hands currently fitted are not correct, originally all three hands, hour, minute and seconds, would have been skeletonised and carried radium luminous paint like the symbols on the dial. It is worth bearing in mind that it would be no use being able to see the symbols clearly without knowing where the hands were!


PRIMED Red Pinnies – 6 Pack is rated 3.3 out of 5 by 18.
Set your team up for success this season with the PRIMED® Red Pinnies 6 Pack. This group of pinnies features a bold red style so your team will standout while focusing on fundamentals during practice. The all-purpose jersey-style tops are great for splitting up for a scrimmage or designating positions in every team sport. Plan for a deep run this year with the PRIMED® Red Pinnies 6 Pack.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Nacho Mama from Decent for the price I got the cheapest ones and they aren't bad. these were for a 5-6 grade boys basketball team. They are basically a single sheet of material with a hole for the kids head and two small straps on the side. Almost more like a pancho. My kids honestly had hard time putting them on at first. I was looking for the old tank top style with the elastic waste. We used them for a few practices but haven't in a while. Gets the job done and the price is good so if you're on a budget they work.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Zach from Great Pinnies These work perfectly for all ages as they have been used for 12 year olds through grown men.
Rated 4 out of 5 by DivaVava from Pinnies for Practice These pinnies were purchased for a youth basketball team age 5-6yrs old. The sizes are great and the material is sturdy yet comfortable. I bought another set online from a competitor and was saddened by the horrible quality. I'm extremely content with this purchase.
Rated 3 out of 5 by Cathi20 from Functional Can be difficult for kids to put on and seemed a bit pricey for the amount of material that they're made out of. All in all they worked fine and serve their purpose.
Rated 1 out of 5 by Ojai hoops coach from Terribly flimsy and cheap These are pretty useless. They are cheap and flimsy. Hard to keep on. Bought much better ones on Amazon under basketball training aids.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Size from Great purchase Good quality product for what it is. Price was a little high. That's the only reason it wasn't rated 5 stars.


● Ideal for use in assembly halls, conferences, exhibitions, reception areas ● Suitable for use wit..
● All-purpose positioning system for iPads & many other Tablets! ● Holds your tablet in impossi..
● All-purpose positioning system for iPads & many other Tablets! ● Holds your tablet in place ..
Overview... Theft Resistant IPad Floor Stand Key Features... - Theft resistant floor stand &..


text:
PublishDate: Saturday, November 6, 2021 13:32
IOM continues to provide assistance to Afghans
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) said that it has continued to provide food and other essential aids to vulnerable Afghans ahead of winter amid the ongoing humanitarian crisis in the war-torn country.
Afghan Voice Agency (AVA)_The UN migration agency's announcement on Friday came in the wake of a two-day visit to Afghanistan by the Director General Antonio Manuel de Carvalho Ferreira Vitorino, who expressed concern over a humanitarian disaster in the country if not prevented, reports Xinhua news agency.
"Conflict and insecurity, grinding poverty exacerbated by an economy in freefall, severe drought and the Covid-19 pandemic have pushed Afghanistan to the brink of collapse... I am, however, profoundly concerned for the future," Vitorino was quoted as saying.
He said that as the bitter winter approaches, "there is a real risk that the deteriorating will result in increased displacement, vulnerability and suffering, and that the modest social and development gains of the past two decades will be lost".
"We are indeed in a race against time, as emphasized by the UN Secretary-General Antonio , to help these people prepare for winter. We are going 'door to door' to see what is needed and are providing shelter, blankets, warm clothing, and cash for fuel and heating," he said.
According to Vitorino, the IOM was planning to expand winterization assistance to every Afghan province to reach 200,000 people in need.
On Thursday, he met the Taliban caretaker government's acting Foreign Minister Amir Khan and pledged to provide food and other winter items for the Afghans in need.
Muttaqi assured the IOM official that Taliban authorities and officials will help the UN and other aid agencies to identify eligible people to receive the aids, according to Taliban spokesman Zabihullah .
Since the start of the year, over 634,000 people have been forcibly displaced by conflict, and about 5.5 million people have been displaced since 2012 in Afghanistan.
humanitarian situation
Guterres
Muttaqi
Mujahid
UN official urges assistance to Afghans
1,665 Expert Afghans Returned to Afghanistan Since 2001: IOM
Turkey Continues Assistance & Support for ANDSF
US Continues to be the Largest Aid Provider to Afghans: Blinken
'Police continues to bribe, harass Afghans despite extension of stay'
Over 600,000 Afghans returned home last year: IOM
UN chief says 18 million Afghans need humanitarian assistance to survive
733-mln-USD humanitarian assistance needed to help Afghans in 2020
Development project inaugurated to improve the Afghans lives through providing assistance to entrepreneurs cooperated by USAID
We are committed to continue delivering humanitarian assistance to those Afghans affected by conflict and climate change.


text:
Q: Move a range of elements within array without extra memory? Essentially I have an array like this: [1, 2, 3, 9, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7]
I want to move the [1, 2, 3] part before [4, 5, 6, 7] like this: [9, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] while this preserving the order of the rest of the array.
An easy way is just allocate a temp array to fit [1, 2, 3] while I shift the rest of the array left, but I want to do this without consuming any extra memory. Is this possible? Perhaps some swap-technique?
EDIT: to clarify, it is a large STL array, and by extra memory I mean no extra large heap allocation, temporary variables are fine.
EDIT2: I am looking for a solution for any given array and any range inside it

A: Use std::rotate, like this:
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>

int main () {
    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3, 9, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7};
    for (auto i : v) {
        std::cout << i << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    std::rotate(v.begin (), v.begin () + 3, v.begin () + 5);
    for (auto i : v) {
        std::cout << i << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

Output:
1 2 3 9 9 4 5 6 7
9 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A: You want to swap two numbers, without using a temp, which is possible, like this:
/**
* Swap the parameters without a temp variable.
* Warning! Susceptible to overflow/underflow.
* @param a The first parameter.
* @param a The second parameter.
*/
void swapNoTemp(int& a, int& b)
{
    a -= b;
    b += a;// b gets the original value of a
    a = (b - a);// a gets the original value of b
}

but as I discuss here, it should be used with extreme caution (and my opinion is that the trade-off between caution and memory gain that you get is not fair).

Example of main function to use this:
int main()
{
    int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 9, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7};
    swapNoTemp(a[0], a[2]);
    swapNoTemp(a[0], a[4]);
    swapNoTemp(a[1], a[3]);
    for(int i = 0; i < 9; ++i)
        std::cout << a[i] << " ";
    std::cout << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

Output:
Georgioss-MacBook-Pro:~ gsamaras$ g++ -Wall main.cpp
Georgioss-MacBook-Pro:~ gsamaras$ ./a.out
9 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

For another approach, with XOR, check the comments in my link or this answer.

Another, general way, to do this is to use std::rotate, as shown in this answer.

A: Or the more famous and faster XOR option:
void swap(int &a, int &b) {
    b ^= a;
    a ^= b;
    b ^= a;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home > Forum > Surnames > Cooper
James M. Cooper, 96, TN, obit; s/o John M. and Ida Morris Cooper
By E Gammon September 29, 2013 at 09:03:04
< http://www.hamlettdobson.com/obituaries/James-Cooper26/http://www.hamlettdobson.com/obituaries/James-Cooper26/ >
James M. Cooper, 96, Kingsport, Sullivan Co TN, passed away
on September 28, 2013, at Indian Path Medical Center after a
brief illness.
Mr. Cooper was born on February 27, 1917, in Kingsport, TN,
and lived in Kingsport his entire life. He was the son of
John M. and Ida Morris Cooper.
He attended Dobyns-Bennett High School and after
graduation attended National Business College in Roanoke,
VA. Upon graduation from college, he was employed by First
National Bank of Kingsport. He retired from the bank in 1982
as Senior Vice President and Comptroller after 44 years of
Mr. Cooper was an army veteran of World War II and was a
member of the American Legion in Kingsport.
He was former member of the Kingsport Jaycees and the
Kiwanis Club. He was a charter member of the Oakwood
Forest Christian Church.
He was preceded in death by his wife of 56 years, Betty Abbott
Cooper.
Mr. Cooper is survived by a son, John and his wife Lynne
Eickholt, of Boston, MA; and a daughter, Linda and her
husband Jim Rochester, of Kingsport, TN.
The family will receive friends from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m., on
Monday, September 30, 2013, at Oakwood Forest Christian
The funeral service will follow with Ed Clevinger, Minister,
and Marlin Jaynes, Minister, officiating.
Graveside services will be conducted at 10 a.m., on October 1,
2013, at Oak Hill Memorial Park. Pallbearers will be family
and friends.
Memorial contributions may be made to Oakwood Forest
Christian Church, at 1713 E. Sevier Avenue, Kingsport, TN
Hamlett-Dobson Funeral Homes, Kingsport, is serving the
family of James M. Cooper.
http://www.hamlettdobson.comhttp://www.hamlettdobson.com
James M. Cooper, 96, TN, with 12 photos
E Gammon 10/14/13


The movie The Empire Strikes Back is the fifth episode of the globally famous TV media franchise Star Wars. It has achieved the audience's attraction and huge recognition on all the seven continents of the globe; this episode was filmed by an American movie director Irvin Keshner in 1980. It is considered to be the classics of its genre.
The first draft of this episode was finished by a science fiction author Leigh Brackett in early 1978. In brief, one may say that the plot is a certain continuation of Luke Skywalker's mythical and challenging adventures. The story of the fifth episode reveals the complexity of Luke Skywalker's severe confrontation with the the villain Darth Vader. He is one of the most mysterious individuals in the whole history of film production. As it is known to all the fans of the original trilogy of the Star Wars, Darth Vader is Skywalker's ardent foe. Perhaps, not only to them due to the movie's success and popularity. Here, one cannot mention the rest of those rebels who decided to set up on the ice planet entitled Hoth. They manage to capture Skywalker: still, the hero appears strong and wise enough to escape from the enemy's cave.
Not to mention one of the most iconic battle episodes; it takes place in the plot. When there happens the struggle between Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader. Indeed, taking into consideration the perfect suspense, the mysterious and tragic atmosphere and amazing acting of both Hamill and Prowse. One may define this scene taking place in Cloud City as the most epic battle entire trilogy.
In fact, quite often it happens that the first time one hears the title Star Wars, he or she unconsciously recalls namely the fifth episode of this famous media. It happens because of its widespread popularity and those well-designed images presented in the Internet network. The script of this episode was written in such a way that each next scene not only reveals the complexity of the previous one but adds some deeper layer of morality and meaning.
The majority of critics has unanimously referred The Empire Strikes Back. It is the best episode of the whole fantastic saga. According to the comments and reviews provided by the international audience, this movie can be described as the explicit example of the classic epic space opera.
One of the possible reasons for it is its highly involving plot. Moreover, these are increased drama, great choice of special effects, and fascinating atmosphere successfully maintained through the whole story. Indeed, it is possible to suggest that the action-packed plot keeps the audience on tenterhooks during the whole film. The amazing development of the main character is done in a dark manner. Still, it makes the audience feel hopeful and believes.
At the end of the movie, the good powers will win, and the galaxy will be saved from evil and destruction. The dark nature of the evil heroes enriches the suspense of the story. It also implies some fades of mystery into the plot. Perhaps, Darth Vader's character can be referred as the main driving force of this episode.
The reason for the fifth episode's global recognition and success also lies in the fact that it manages. As it provides a lot of thought-provoking philosophic in-depth questions to the target audience. In such manner, urges the global viewers to reconsider the eternal issues connected with the concepts of life and death, love, and betrayal, friendship and enmity.
It is impossible not to mention the outstanding and totally breath-taking scenery where the filming process took place. It also makes the huge impact on the general impression from the movie; thus, as it is known, the beginning of the fifth episode was filmed near Norway. In particular, sixth largest glacier with the sophisticated name Hardangerjøkulen. The real cold and frosty paradise on Earth, as it can be called, was used as the location for the planet Hoth. However, not all the battle episodes were filmed on this amazing location without the implementation of the special effects. For example, some miniatures were filmed with the help of the microscopic glass bubbles technique. The main reason for it was making the mimics of the snowflakes. Despite the extremely cold temperature that dropped to the mark of approximately ?20 °F, the cast managed to make several episodes there until once.
There happened a little curious and unpleasant incident when the crew could not even enter the hotel it stayed in.
The film provides the audience with the great possibility to analyze the concept of a hero and his antagonist that are present in all the movies of whatever genre, length, and budget. Therefore, in the case of this movie one may name the characters of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader as the ones. The bad and evil Vader's identity quite explicitly reveals all the virtues and positive sides of Skywalker's personage. The Jedi is perfectly performed by Mark Hamill.
He manages to create a positive impression of his character by his polished acting manner and skills from the very first episode of the movie. The character of Vader has been successfully played by the famous English bodybuilder and character actor David Prowse. The great physical strength becomes a real helping hand for the actor in making his character look grueling and powerful.
When analyzing the process of the character's development, it is necessary also to take into account those factors (both positive and negative) that, most probably, has to lead to those crucial changes in one's true identity and inner world. Hence, what concerns Luke's character represented in the fifth episode of the saga, one may state that there happened two great losses for Skywalker in this episode of the original trilogy. First of all, his best friend Han tragically perishes which makes Luke's heart crush into small pieces. The next significant loss and pain are connected with the "lost" positive image of Skywalker's father what becomes a real shock for the young man as he cherished the honorable and, let us be frank, too idealized image of his father in his heart. Still, it does not imply that his hope in life is lost. As a matter of fact, the last episode of the original trilogy quite evidently shows the opposite situation.
The heroes can become in a way real ones when they are the characters of the popular movies. Luke Skywalker can be viewed as a real hero due to his virtues; this Jedi is a perfect example of generosity, braveness, strength, wisdom, and kindness. On the one hand, he is the one who wants to bring peace to the galaxy. On the other hand, he is quite rebellious and ready to fight for his ideas and personal beliefs cherished in heart and mind. These are supposed to be moral. What is more, this man does not lack self-esteem, and the potential danger is supposed to become just another challenge for him. In the fifth episode of the media franchise, Luke has to face the challenge of defeating his greatest enemy. Darth Vader makes the Jedi both anxious and burning with impatience. His main aim is to save the planet from such ruinous evil powers. The force Luke possess enables this eternal freedom fighter to show himself as highly skilled combat. However, somewhere deep on the bottom of his subconsciousness, he is not quite confident who will become the final winner in this fight to the death. Without any doubts, the good guys are not always supposed to become evident winners. Because otherwise there will be no possibility for them to show all the spectrum of their astonishing skills and virtues. The idea that there should always exist some positive powers that will be able to destroy the death. Regardless all the stumbling stones are one of the best morals this movie explicitly teaches us.
We highly recommend you to watch this masterpiece. The main reason for it is that this film will broaden your erudition and enrich imagination with its magnificent plot. Nowadays, it is a type of impossible thing to find a person who has not seen Star Wars. Hope you don't belong to such group. Undoubtedly, this movie attracts the audience of different age and social groups that is why it deserves your attention. Do not hesitate and plunge into the adventurous and mysterious world.
"Rebel Rouser – Star Wars Essays." TheForce.Net – Your Daily Dose of Star Wars, theforce.net/rouser/essays/.
"Star Wars Film Analysis." Anti Essays, 26 Jan. 2013, www.antiessays.com/free-essays/Star-Wars-Film-Analysis-393673.html.


text:
Limerick 1 Space
Find a Coworking Space in Limerick
Check Out 1 Coworking Space in Limerick
Top Coworking Space in Limerick and Nearby
Bishop Street
Recent Reviews of Shared Office Space in Limerick
See a Map of all Spaces in Limerick
About Limerick
Sitting only 175 km away from Dublin, one of the most important hubs of technology innovation in Europe, Limerick spans Ireland's longest river, the Shannon. The town featured in Frank McCourt's novel "Angela's Ashes" and the subject of the humorous five-line ditty "There once was a city called Limerick....." the town is awash in medieval and Georgian architecture. The "Emerald Isle" as Ireland is known, is a center of human creativity. Think - actor Richard Harris, the rock legends The Cranberries and Pulitzer Prize winning author Frank McCourt.
Limerick was the country's first ever Irish City of Culture in 2014 hence it had a makeover with a rejuvenated waterfront and a great boardwalk for meandering along. The castle got a new face, art galleries appeared and the foodie scene took off. Add to this scenario the friendly locals and you definitely have a town worth staying in for a while.
From its Viking roots of 812 to the invention of "Irish coffee" in 1943, Limerick is one of Ireland's oldest cities dating back to 1197. It is here you will find the longest footbridge in Ireland, if not in the whole of Europe, at the University of Limerick, named the "Living Bridge".
IBM was one of the first multinational tech companies to set up here in 1956 and was followed by Ericsson (1957) with HP, Microsoft and Oracle plus others following in the 1970s and the 1980s. Ireland has easy access to the European market and plenty of talent. It is where you will find the "Silicon Docks of Dublin" to add to its reputation where the likes of Google, Apple, Facebook, Airbnb and a heap more can be found.
So if you like chasing little bearded men wearing hats (aka leprechauns), you will definitely be in the right place.
Use the interactive map above to search coworking spaces in Limerick, Ireland.


This responds to your letter asking me to confirm your belief that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) lacks the authority to require the periodic reinspection of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) containers used as fuel tanks on alternative fuel motor vehicles. You are correct. NHTSA has no authority to require the reinspection of motor vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment.
Congress has authorized NHTSA to issue Federal motor vehicle safety standards (FMVSSs) for new motor vehicles and new items of motor vehicle equipment. The agency has used this authority to issue FMVSS No. 304, Compressed natural gas fuel container integrity, (49 CFR 571.304) which specifies requirements for the integrity of new CNG containers used to fuel motor vehicles. Each new CNG container manufactured on and after March 27, 1995 (the date the standard took effect) must comply with FMVSS No. 304 and be certified as complying with that standard when it is sold. However, after the first consumer purchase of a motor vehicle or an item of motor vehicle equipment, NHTSA's authority is much more limited and does not extend to the reinspection of motor vehicles or such equipment.
I wish to note that another agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA), is authorized by Congress to issue standards for containers, including CNG containers, used to transport hazardous materials. RSPA, however, does not have the statutory authority to regulate CNG containers that are used to fuel a motor vehicle. In other words, there are no Federal requirements applicable to the reinspection of CNG containers designed to fuel a motor vehicle.
I hope you find this information helpful. If you have any other questions, please contact Marvin Shaw at this address or by phone at (202) 366-2992.


hd00:07AEGEAN SEA, GREECE - CIRCA OCT, 2014: Unidentified sailors participate in sailing regatta "12th Ellada Autumn 2014" on Aegean Sea.
4k00:20Attractive happy young girl in swimsuit and sunglasses sailing on a yacht, smiling, laughing and enjoying the beautiful seaview. Bright sunny weather, open sea, waves, blue sky.


Eagle Group Finance provided a private borrower with a $2.5 million loan to refinance an office building located in a prestigious suburb of Las Vegas, Nevada. The building, located at the northeast corner of Hualapai and the 215 Beltway, is currently 98% occupied, and boasts a 50 foot digital marquee reader, as well as ample parking space and high-quality finishes throughout. The 18-month, non-recourse, interest-only loan will be used to refinance an existing loan and buy out a current partner.
The borrower owns numerous properties in the Las Vegas area and has an in-depth knowledge of the market. He plans to put the building on the market after the loan closing.


"You were very knowledgeable and helpful with the areas..."
"He worked closely to ensure that we would find the perfect house..."
"Michael was extremely helpful, attentive, knowledgeable..."
"He was an outstanding agent - he went above and beyond..."
"Michael made the first time home buying experience very easy and enjoyable..."
Thank you for visiting www.bestonlinehomesearch.com! This is a one-stop real estate website for all your home buying and selling needs in Huntsville, AL. I'm a professional real estate agent who will help make your search for a new home an enjoyable experience.
Please feel free to contact me directly if you have any questions about the Huntsville, AL real estate market, or buying or selling a home in Huntsville, AL.