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Home Research > Constituencies > 1386-1421 > Appleby
Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421, ed. J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe., 1993
See Appleby in
1386 Robert Overdo I
John Overdo
1388 (Feb.) William Soulby
Adam Crosby
1388 (Sept.)
1390 (Jan.)
1390 (Nov.)
1391 William Soulby
John Sowerby
1395 Robert Gare
William Savage
1397 (Jan.) John Helton
1397 (Sept.) Christopher Curwen
Thomas Chamberlain I
1399 Thomas Warcop I
William Crackenthorpe I
Robert Overdo II
1404 (Oct.)
1406 John Ninezergh
William Crackenthorpe II
1407 John Sagher
John Pray
1411 John Helton
1413 (Feb.)
1413 (May) Robert Sandford II
Thomas Stockdale
1414 (Apr.)
1414 (Nov.) Robert Crackenthorpe
John Birkrig
1415 Roland Thornburgh
1416 (Mar.) Richard Bristowe
Thomas Ma[nningham]
1417 Thomas Stockdale
John Birkrig 1
1419 Richard Wharton
Thomas Pety
1420 William Lowther II
Nicholas Stanshawe
1421 (May) William Scalby
1421 (Dec.) John Booth II
Although of considerable importance as a defensive site during the early Middle Ages, Appleby played a less vital strategic role after it was destroyed by the Scots in the 1170s; and by our period the combined effects of disease, depopulation, economic recession and war had taken a heavy toll.2 The burgesses complained to the January Parliament of 1380 that the existing fee farm of 20 marks p.a., which had been imposed by the Crown when at least 300 houses were occupied in the borough and there was also a flourishing local market, could no longer be collected because of the dramatic fall in population and the loss of trade by their market to the other unchartered markets of the region:
et or le dit vile est si grauntment enfeblez et enpouerez ad cause q'il yad este si graunt pestelence en la dite vile q'il ne sont a ore enhabitauntz en la dit vile que vint et treis pouers comunes; et auxint il yad a ore en chescune ville du dit pays marches, c'estassavoir Kyrkmarkethes, sanz graunt de nostre seigniour le Roi et auxint touz les choses qui dusent estre venduz en la dit vile sount issint forstallez par tout le pays par cause des quex kyrke markethes et forstalleriez, le dit marchee illoques est tout aneynty.3
Their petition received a sympathetic hearing, and in June of that year steps were taken to prevent illicit trading by itinerant merchants who removed their goods from Appleby for sale throughout Westmorland 'on Sundays, in the churchyards and elsewhere'. Half the profits of the ensuing fines and forfeitures were, indeed, earmarked for the use of the mayor and burgesses 'in compassion of their impoverishment by pestilence, by removals, and by the wars with Scotland'. But such limited and tardy relief had little lasting effect. Enemy raids in the summer of 1388 (when the English suffered a crushing defeat on the east march at the battle of Otterburn) had such disastrous consequences for the borough that no one could be found to represent it either in the September Parliament of that year or later in January 1390. On the first occasion, the deputy sheriff of Westmorland recorded on the return that Appleby had been so badly damaged by the Scots 'quod nullus burgensis est ibidem commorans, nec nullus aliquis'; and on the next he made a similar report, adding that the town was still in ruins. For the second time in its history the parish church was burnt to the ground, along with every other building of note.4 Although a small measure of recovery followed, and Members were sent to Parliament again from 1391 onwards, the borough remained in a state of decline. Much later, in 1539, John Leland described it as 'but a pore village, having a ruinous castle wherein the prisoners be kept'.5
Appleby may well have received its first royal charter of incorporation before 1179, at which date Henry II not only rebuilt the defences but also confirmed the burgesses in those liberties and privileges already enjoyed by the citizens of York. Subsequent charters of 1200, 1232 and 1286 likewise refer to their freedom from 'toll and stallage and pontage and lastage' throughout England. In 1290 they offered to pay an increased farm of £20 p.a. in return for the grant of a water-mill and certain market tolls (similar to those exacted by the citizens of Carlisle), but it soon became clear that their resources were not even adequate to meet the old farm of 20 marks. Indeed, in 1311, Edward II seized the town into his own hands because no money at all had reached the Exchequer for over three years. The debt must eventually have been paid, because in two charters of 1330 and 1331 Edward III restored the burgesses to their former authority. The fee farm remained fixed at 20 marks a year for the next century, being assigned during our period to Ralph, earl of Westmorland, as part of his annuity from, first, Richard II and then successive Lancastrian monarchs. Arrearages probably developed quite quickly, as the town continued to experience economic problems; and eventually, in 1432, the Crown conceded defeat by accepting a drastic reduction to just 26s.8d. a year.6
Appleby was governed by a mayor and two bailiffs, who are first mentioned in the mid 13th century, by which date the borough also possessed its own common seal. There seems to have been little, if any, competition for office-holding, and mayoral elections were held rarely, perhaps only on death or retirement. Certainly, John Maunchell, mayor of Appleby by 1415, enjoyed an uninterrupted term of office for a further ten years at least, no doubt because it was hard to find a successor for such an unrewarding post. The residents of Appleby had not only to face the constant threat of Scottish raiding parties, but were also subject to a good deal of disorder and violence on the part of local landowners. In 1421, for example, the sessions of the peace there were disrupted by a gang of men recruited by the elderly William Thornburgh*, four of whose sons stood indicted on a charge of attempting to murder (Sir) John Lancaster I*. Thornburgh hoped to avoid prosecution by intimidating the justices and jury and terrorizing the townspeople, but he underestimated the tenacity of his opponent, who made a successful appeal for redress in Parliament. Lancaster and the Thornburghs eventually became reconciled, and together launched a murderous attack on Robert Crackenthorpe (Lancaster's son-in-law) while he was presiding over an inquiry held before the county bench at Appleby into their 'graundes et outragiouses riotes, assembles, routes, debates et affraies'. Although he managed to escape on this occasion, Crackenthorpe was murdered later, in 1436, by his enemy, Roland Thornburgh. He was, indeed, the second MP for Appleby to meet a violent end, William Soulby having been slain, in about 1393, by the Yorkshire landowner, Sir Thomas Rokeby*, in the course of a property dispute. John Ninezergh, on the other hand, abjured the realm in 1414 after killing a man in a brawl at Burton in Westmorland. Nor was this his first homicide: while seeking the hand of the widowed Lady Scrope (whom he is said to have raped and abducted) he reputedly murdered the vicar of Wensley.7
Appleby first sent Members to Parliament in 1295, and although a number of early returns have now been lost, it appears to have been represented more or less continuously from then onwards. As we have already seen, elections could not be held in either 1388 (Sept.) or 1390 (Jan.) because of wholesale devastation by the Scots. Returns are, moreover, missing for the second 1390 Parliament (when it may still have been impossible to find anyone to travel to Westminster), as well as for nine other Parliaments between 1393 and 1416 (Oct.). We know the names of 29 of the men who sat for the borough during our period; and there is a strong possibility that the Thomas Ma ... noted on the damaged return of 1416 (Mar.) was the Thomas Manningham who later represented both Carlisle and Bedfordshire in Parliament. It is, of course, impossible to speak with any degree of certainty about the relative experience of these men, given the gaps in the evidence. There can be little doubt, however, that the problem of finding candidates ready to make the long and arduous journey south meant that lawyers with business in the lawcourts at Westminster were often returned, as were members of such influential county families as the Crackenthorpes, Curwens, Lowthers, Sandfords, Thornburghs, Warcops and Whartons. Not surprisingly, candidates did not generally seek to represent Appleby more than once or twice, either because they enjoyed sufficient standing to be nominated as shire knights for Westmorland or Cumberland, rather than continuing to attend Parliament as burgesses, or because they felt little real commitment to, or interest in, the affairs of central government, which must often have seemed remote and of little relevance to the harsh business of survival on the border. Of the 29 burgesses whose full names are recorded, almost two-thirds (18) appear to have been returned only once for Appleby, although it is interesting to note that no less than seven of their number also sat as shire knights at some point in their careers. William Crackenthorpe II, Thomas Warcop I and Richard Wharton each represented Westmorland once, if not more, William Crackenthorpe I and Roland Thornburgh sat twice for the county, and Robert Crackenthorpe four times. Christopher Curwen, the only one of our men known to have been elected for Cumberland, actually attended a further six Parliaments as its representative. Four burgesses were returned twice for Appleby; and of these both John Helton and Thomas Pety (who were lawyers) also sat on two more occasions for the city of Carlisle. Helton was actually chosen by both the city and the borough in January 1397, no doubt in an attempt to reduce the cost of parliamentary expenses. Another lawyer, John Sowerby, had one return for Carlisle and three for Appleby to his credit, while John Birkrig and John Overdo also stood three times for Appleby. Few MPs could boast impressive records of service, although Nicholas Stanshawe and William Soulby each attended four Parliaments, Adam Crosby five and Robert Overdo I a minimum of ten extending over a period of 22 years. So far as returns for Appleby alone are concerned, each of our 29 MPs sat in an average of exactly two Parliaments, although if their experience elsewhere is taken into account the average rises to a point half way between two and three Parliaments. Given the general lack of enthusiasm for service in the Lower House, it is not surprising to find that novices quite often sat together, although due allowance must be made for the loss of so many returns. Two apparent newcomers served in 1395, 1397 (Sept.), 1406, 1407, 1413 (May), 1416 (Mar.) and 1420, while one was accompanied by a more experienced colleague on a further seven occasions. So far as we can tell, both Members had some previous knowledge of the Lower House in at least six of the 32 Parliaments which met in our period; but once again the evidence is too limited for us to do more than establish a minimum figure.
When it proved impossible to find a local lawyer or neighbouring landowner to represent the borough, the electors of Appleby were sometimes obliged to return obscure burgesses about whom little, if anything, is known. John Booth II, Thomas Chamberlain I and John Pray remain completely unidentified, while John Birkrig, John Sagher and Thomas Stockdale are very shadowy figures, whose identity is still largely a matter of speculation. It is possible, given the preference frequently shown for men with professional commitments at Westminster, that a long-serving Exchequer official named Thomas Stockdale represented Appleby, but we cannot be at all certain. On the other hand, the lawyers and landowners form two sizeable and well-defined groups, both of which contained some fairly prominent members of county society. At least one lawyer, Robert Crackenthorpe, belonged to a leading rentier family, but on the whole the lawyers who sat for Appleby were not landlords of particular note, and they evidently derived most of their incomes through the exercise of their profession rather than the ownership of estates. A minimum of ten lawyers were returned during our period, including the two Yorkshiremen, Robert Gare and William Scalby, Nicholas Stanshawe, who came from Gloucestershire, and possibly Thomas Manningham, also born in Yorkshire, but the owner, through his wife, of extensive holdings in Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Lancashire and Cumberland.8 Although all had local connexions of one kind or another, none of these four appear to have owned any property in Westmorland, and their election for the borough again reflects the difficulty of finding suitable local candidates. Indeed, only one-third of the parliamentary burgesses returned during our period can actually have been resident in Appleby, since a further nine representatives were members of leading gentry families, and thus lived on estates in other parts of Westmorland or across the county border in Cumberland.9
As we have already seen, all but two of this latter group sat as shire knights at some point in their careers; and although some, like Christopher Curwen and William Crackenthorpe II, were returned as burgesses while they were still very young men, others (such as Robert Crackenthorpe, his younger brother, William II, and Roland Thornburgh) were quite prepared to sit alternately as shire knights and burgesses. Indeed, Richard Wharton actually represented Westmorland before his one return for Appleby. This apparent indifference to parliamentary status was partly a result of the intensely litigious and often violent nature of society in the north-west, which meant that appeals to Parliament, suits in the central lawcourts, and even interrogation before the royal council, could require the presence of a landowner at Westminster at relatively short notice, and thus make him ready to accept whatever seat might be available. When first accused in the court of Chancery, early in 1414, of being one of the 'graundez meyntenours et maleffesours' of Westmorland, Richard Wharton managed to get himself returned to Parliament as a shire knight, but by 1419, when his more influential friends, the Warcops, had become embroiled in the case and also wished to seek support in the Commons, he had to make do with one of the seats for Appleby, which his kinsman, Henry Wharton, the then deputy sheriff of Westmorland, clearly helped him to obtain.
Largely because a fairly high proportion of Appleby's representatives came from the upper echelons of county society, experience of office-holding was by no means unusual. No less than 11 of our men held some kind of administrative post during their careers, albeit almost always after they had sat for the borough in Parliament. Robert Crackenthorpe served a term as deputy sheriff of Westmorland, Christopher Curwen was six times sheriff of Cumberland, and Robert Gare was once sheriff of his native city of York. Crackenthorpe also occupied the escheatorship of Cumberland and Westmorland, as did his uncle, William Crackenthorpe I, William Lowther II and Roland Thornburgh, while Thomas Manningham held office in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire. Four men became j.p.s in Westmorland, but only Roland Thornburgh actually sat in Parliament for Appleby while serving as a member of the county bench. Christopher Curwen was appointed to the commission of the peace in Cumberland, and Thomas Manningham in Bedfordshire. Nine burgesses received royal commissions of a more general nature; and six were named as tax collectors at various times. Roland Thornburgh alone acted as a collector of royal customs (in Carlisle and Cumberland), being in employment at the time of his return for Appleby to the 1415 Parliament. William Lowther II, who had been made constable of Rose Castle in Cumberland by his grandfather, Bishop William Strickland, was likewise in office when he entered the House of Commons five years later. Only Robert Crackenthorpe and Christopher Curwen were ever chosen by the Crown to take part in diplomatic missions to Scotland, both being named as envoys on various occasions.
Given that approximately two-thirds of the 30 men who sat for Appleby during our period were either successful lawyers or members of important gentry families, the level of property ownership and landed wealth was far higher than might at first be expected of an impoverished northern borough. Paucity of local records now makes it hard to tell exactly how many MPs had tenements in Appleby itself, although we know that at least 14 occupied sizeable estates in other parts of Westmorland. Six, if not more, were landowners of note in Cumberland, while Robert Gare, Thomas Manningham, John Ninezergh and William Scalby each had extensive interests in Yorkshire. Ninezergh, whose own estates lay exclusively in Westmorland, acquired his other properties (which included land in Buckinghamshire and Nottinghamshire) through his controversial marriage to Margaret, the widow of Roger, Lord Scrope of Bolton (d.1403), while Manningham's wife brought him additional holdings in Bedfordshire, Cumberland, Huntingdonshire, Lancashire and London. As noted above, Nicholas Stanshawe lived in Gloucestershire, where his own inheritance had been considerably augmented through marriage.
It is now impossible to tell exactly how many burgesses had strong personal reasons for seeking election, but the evidence of lawsuits and private disputes suggests that this was by no means unusual. Besides the ten lawyers, who must often have had professional business to attend to in London and Westminster while Parliament was sitting, others were anxious to discharge more private affairs of their own. Thus, when faced with the charge of raping and abducting Lord Scrope's widow, John Ninezergh stood for Parliament so that he could win support for his case. Similar motives led Richard Wharton to represent Appleby in 1419; and one year later William Lowther II evidently agreed to serve in the Commons so that he could deal more effectively with the administration of the estate of his late grandfather, the bishop. Family connexions were also important: Sir William Curwen, a loyal supporter of Richard II, had his son, Christopher, returned for Appleby to the second Parliament of 1397, in which he himself sat as a shire knight, so that the royal hand could be strengthened even further in the Commons. His political opponents, the two brothers and Lancastrian sympathizers, John Crackenthorpe and William Crackenthorpe I, likewise served together in 1399, as, respectively, shire knight for Westmorland and burgess for Appleby. Later, in 1422, Nicholas Stanshawe offered himself as a candidate for the borough, while his elder brother represented their native Gloucestershire. Stanshawe appears to have struck up a friendship with Robert Crackenthorpe at Lincoln's Inn, and this may well explain why he was elected four times for such a distant constituency, with which he otherwise had little to do. It was certainly Crackenthorpe, as deputy sheriff of Westmorland, who returned him to the three successive Parliaments of 1421 (May and Dec.) and 1422. His colleague on the last occasion was, moreover, none other than John Forester, another lawyer from the same Inn.
Throughout our period, the parliamentary elections for both Appleby and Westmorland were apparently held together at the county court in Appleby: at least the names of the shire knights and burgesses were noted down on the same return. From 1407 onwards, when, according to the recent statute, the return for the shire (and thus, in this instance, for the borough as well) took the form of an indenture attested by a list of named electors, it is possible to tell a little more about the procedure itself. At first none of the electors involved in choosing the burgesses were named at all, but between 1414 (Nov.) and 1426 the mayor, bailiffs and a small group of local men varying in number from 18 to three, were regularly noted as having selected the two Members for Appleby 'by common consent'. Only one MP, Robert Overdo II, is ever recorded as being present on these occasions, which tended to be the preserve of tradespeople and residents of modest means. From 1426 onwards, on the other hand, no distinction was made between those who chose the shire knights and those who selected the burgesses, so it looks very much as if the election was no more than a formality, the actual decision about representation having been made some time in advance by a group of influential residents and county gentry.10 It is, however, of interest to note that in 1421 (May), 1427 and 1431 the names of the two burgesses first elected to Parliament were scratched out and others substituted in a slightly different ink on the return; and that in 1429 one Member, Geoffrey Threlkeld, was likewise a second choice as candidate.11 As we have seen, local landowners frequently used their influence in the borough elections to obtain seats for themselves or their nominees, but there is nothing to suggest that either the Cliffords (who owned the castle and manor of Appleby during our period) or the Nevilles, to whom the royal fee farm was assigned, ever attempted to intervene.
Author: C.R.
1. W. Prynne, Brevia Parliamentaria Rediviva, iv. 903.
2. Later Recs. N. Westmld. ed. Curwen 45-46.
3. SC8/90/4470.
4. CPR, 1377-81, pp. 520, 565; OR, i. 236, 239; Later Recs. N. Westmld. 50.
5. J. Leland, Itin. ed. Toulmin Smith, v. 47.
6. CChR, i. 152; ii. 331; iv. 192, 224; CFR, xvi. 88; Later Recs. N. Westmld. 46-47; RP, i. 51; J Nicolson and R. Burn, Westmld. and Cumb. i-310-11; CPR, 1399-1401, p. 325.
7. Nicolson and Burn, i. 312; C219/11/6, 13/3; RP, iv. 163.
8. The others were Robert Crackenthorpe, Adam Crosby, John Helton, Thomas Pety, William Soulby and John Sowerby.
9. Namely, Robert Crackenthorpe, William Crackenthorpe I, William Crackenthorpe II, Christopher Curwen, William Lowther II, Robert Sandford II, Roland Thornburgh, Thomas Warcop I, Richard Wharton.
10. C219/10/4, 6, 11/2, 5, 6, 8, 12/3-6, 13/1, 3-5, 14/1, 2; M. McKisack, Parl. Repn. Eng. Bors. 29-30.
11. C219/12/5, 13/5, 14/1, 2.


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On April 10th, I participated in the annual Special Olympics regional competition as a volunteer. I was super excited to hang out with the athletes and watch them succeed through competition. I thought I was in for a very relaxing day being out of school, but I was extremely wrong.
The day started with a teacher informing me I would be paired up with a student who requires extra attention. Of course, at the time I was up for the challenge, but I did not understand the patience and attentiveness at all times. The athlete had some needs that I have never experienced and for the most part, I had no idea what to do. Luckily, the teachers sitting behind me taught me techniques to help the student cope. This calmed him down tremendously. Almost immediately following that event, my buddy wrapped his arm around mine and cuddled up next to me. We had many experiences together that taught me the kind of care that goes in to managing and comforting one of our own bulldog athletes.
This experience gave me the utmost respect for special education teachers and what they go through on a daily basis. I thought it was hard to keep my cool and patience while assisting my buddy in the course of five hours, but I could not imagine helping 20 kids, eight hours a day, five days a week. The amount of patience, control, and skills that these teachers have is incredible and should be respected and admired by everyone. Coming just after a week after National Paraprofessional Day, tell a special education teacher thank you for everything they do.


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3:40 Bath (28th April) - Result
An EBF Median Auction over 5f 11y on firm ground.
If past fortunes are to be heeded there is only one horse to note in this race - Verbeeck. Ed McMahon has a 63% (5/8) strike rate at Bath in the last five years and the majority of these runners have been owned by John Fretwell. This trainer/owner partnership have always been a force to be reckoned with and last year was no exception with the likes of Temple Meads & Electric Waves. Their better juveniles usually appear early in the season and Verbeeck a son of Dutch Art - £34,000 yearling - will have his share of supporters. At restrictive odds it may be best to tread careful simply because debutantes often make up their own rules of racing. However, there is much to point to a big run from this youngster.
*Miss Astragal hails from Richard Hannon's stable and one of a couple of entrants/rides for Hannon & Hughes at the course. The betting will give the best indicator to this ones chances and if priced 11/4 & less is likely to run a big race. It is often difficult to assess the Hannon youngsters because they are the focus of the media and punters alike, which means they can often be under priced. I would prefer to watch and learn more about this filly today. (*NR)
Roger Charlton has a good record at Bath. At present, Excavator is quite fancied in the betting. In general, Charlton's juveniles improve for racing. Surprisingly, he has only had 13 or so juveniles which have started at odds of 13/2 & less when making their debut in at least five years. Those attained a fair win and place rate. However, such a small number of fancied juveniles on debut strongly suggests his two-year-olds are more likely to need the run. If priced 13/2 & less this gelding may have claims. However, a weakness in the betting would not bring about confidence. He has a much better win and place rate with juveniles on their second start and such infrequent debutant winners tempers enthusiasm.
David Evans has training early season two-year-olds down to a fine art and he is an intelligent trainer. Choisirez was second string on debut - a stakes race at Nottingham. His first string - Choice Of Remark - failed to win by a narrow margin. It is a sign of encouragement that this filly ran at such a level; it often indicates a juvenile with winning potential. This is quite an attractive filly. After being outpaced, she ran on quite well suggesting there was more to come. Although Evans doesn't have the best win rate at the course, his fancied juveniles have respectable win and place statistics on their second start. The form of that debut is ordinary but I can see this daughter of Choisir making the most of her experience and improving a good deal.
HCE: ''Disappointing to see Miss Astragal a non runner. Difficult to assess the merit of this race although it could be decent. John Hills' B Fifty Two was very well supported and travelled well before being pushed out by Seb Sanders. Hills can be rather hit and miss with his fancied runners but this was a performance full of promise. Excavator showed good speed and may benefit from the run. Charlton does well with his juveniles on their second start and will be primed next time. Verbeeck was send off favourite but was weak in the betting just before the start. He is a good-looking colt but wasn't helped by a tardy start. In the latter stages he wandered in behind the eventual winner which cost him any chance of getting competitive. I certainly wouldn't give up on this youngster and can see him improving a good deal. McMahon knows his horses and this juvenile will be winning soon.''

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In the first week of January, the Danes celebrated the fact that 39% of total electricity consumed in Denmark in 2014 came from wind turbines. Data from the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Building indicates that the amount of electricity consumed from wind power has experienced a significant increase from the 18.7% nearly a decade ago, to 32% in 2013 up to 39% today. Last year's increase can be attributed to the decrease of energy consumption and the installation of over 100 new offshore windmills.
Just a few days prior to today's launch of the second Planetary Boundaries report in Science, I sat down with Copenhagen University professor, Katherine Richardson for a one-on-one chat about the new findings of the report. Katherine discussed her experience empowering decision makers and sparking debates worldwide through scientific work, and shared her views on climate change negotiations, and future trends in global sustainability. She also had a clear message to those who refuse to see the limits of our planet.
If you want to be in the know on some of the most relevant environmental discussions going on in Europe this year, why not make a new years resolution to check out these new documentaries picked for you by the Worldwatch Europe team.
The progress of energy production from renewable resources has been advancing at unprecedented pace in many countries over the last couple of years. In 2013 renewable energy provided an estimated 19% of global final energy consumption and has continued to grow in the following years, making energy transition targets more and more tangible.
After more than fifteen years dragging their feet, countries have finally come to terms with the fact that climate change is everyone's problem and everyone has a responsibility to address it. But the 'Lima Call for Climate Action' does not go nearly far enough fast enough; public engagement and global peer pressure are urgent as we head into 2015 and COP 21 in Paris.
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There is no doubt our current social-economical structure is under growing pressure from multiple directions: scarcity of raw earth materials, increased negative impact on climate and the environment, fluctuating economies, and continuous population growth with a rising consumerist middle class. These pressures continue to accumulate, putting into question the ability of our system to continue to operate while risking social and environmental wellbeing worldwide.
Moving towards sustainable urban living requires fundamental – and often costly – changes at many levels. Luckily the most important change is within reach – and often free of charge. Four Nordic cities, Helsinki, Malmö, Copenhagen, and Reykjavik, have stepped up in bringing about a change in attitudes and helping residents to move towards more environmentally conscious lifestyles.
Is there a lesson to be learned in these projects?
A step forward to preserving urban biodiversity!
Thanks to a generous grant from the Danish Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Worldwatch Institute Europe has been able to launch its new urban biodiversity project in Denmark, "URBIA" - Urban Biodiversity In Action.


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Barrie Owen Pettman, Baron of Bombie (22 February 1944 – 2 June 2017) was a British author, publisher, and philanthropist. He was the co-founder and chairman emeritus of Emerald Group Publishing. A professor emeritus at the University of Hull, he was the author of a dozen books on industrial relations. He was president emeritus of Burke's Peerage and a patron of opera in England and New Zealand.

Early life
Pettman was born on 22 February 1944. He received a Bachelor of Science from the University of Hull, followed by a Master of Science, a Masters in Business Administration, and a doctorate from the Cass Business School.

Career
In 1967, Pettman co-founded Emerald Group Publishing, a publisher of academic journals and books, and served as its chairman. He became a multi-millionaire as a result.

He was a lecturer in industrial relations in the Department of Social Administration of his alma mater, the University of Hull, from 1970 to 1982. He was a professor of human resources at the International Management Centres from 1982 and registrar from 1983. He was director of the Manpower Unit at the University of Rhodesia in Southern Rhodesia from 1978 to 1979. He was also a Visiting Professor at the Canadian School of Management. He founded the International Institute of Social Economics, and he was a member of the Manpower Society from 1977 to 1991. He was a Fellow of the Chartered Management Institute.

Pettman was the editor of several academic journals, most of which were published by Emerald Group Publishing. He was the editor of the International Journal of Social Economics from 1973 to 1979, the International Journal of Manpower from 1980 to 1984, Management Research News from 1981 to 2005, Equal Opportunities International from 1981 to 2005, the International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy from 1984 to 2005, the International Journal of New Ideas from 1992 to 1998, and Managerial Law from 1975 to 2005. He was also the assistant editor of Employee Relations from 1978 to 1982 and assistant editor of Archives of Economic History.

Pettman was president emeritus of Burke's Peerage. In 2005, he published the first Yorkshire edition of Burke's Peerage and Gentry. His aim was to undo what he saw as a Southern bias in Burke's Peerage. Besides listing members of the landed gentry, he added lawyers as well as powerbrokers in showbusiness and the media, arguing that they were equally prominent.

In 1999, he became the Baron of Bombie, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland after he purchased the title from Sir David Hope-Dunbar of the Hope-Dunbar baronets and the defunct insurance firm Allied Dunbar. He was a member of the Reform Club and the Royal Over-Seas League. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

Political affiliations
In 2014, Pettman donated £500,000 to the Conservative Party. As a result, he is one of their top 20 donors as of February 2015.

Philanthropy
Pettman endowed a £20,000 fellowship for graduate students from New Zealand at his alma mater, the Cass Business School in London, which lists him and his wife as "major donors".

With his wife, he established in 2010 the Pettman Dare Scholarship at the Dare Foundation, a non-profit organisation which supports Opera Studies at the University of Leeds in collaboration with Opera North. In 2014, they extended their commitment up to 2020. Additionally, they have made charitable gifts to Opera North, the Buxton Festival, and the East Riding of Yorkshire Choir in England.

The Pettman Junior Academy was established in 2005 in collaboration with the University of Canterbury. Over that eight-year period Pettman and his wife donated $1.1 million to the Academy, which was split into $4000 scholarships for students. In 2011, they agreed to donate £1 million over the next five years to the Pettman Junior Academy at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. Two years later, in 2013, the Academy was split from the University of Canterbury at their request. It later joined the University of Auckland. Additionally, they have donated to the Lazarus String Quartet and the 2015 International Akaroa Music Festival.

Personal life
Pettman was married to Maureen Pettman, Lady of Bombie. They resided in East Yorkshire and, in winter, in Akaroa, New Zealand.

He died suddenly on 2 June 2017 at the age of 73.

Bibliography
Training and Retraining (1973)
Labour Turnover and Retention (1975)
Equal Pay (1975)
Manpower Planning Workbook (1976, 1984)
Industrial Democracy (1984)
Discrimination in the Labour Market (1980)
Management: A Selected Bibliography (1983)
The New World Order (1996)
Social Economies in Transition (1996)
Self Development (1997)
The Internationalisation of Franchising (1998)
The Ultimate Wealth Book (1998)
What Self-Made Millionnaires Really Think, Know and Do (with Richard Dobbins, 2002)

References

1944 births
2017 deaths
People from the East Riding of Yorkshire
People from Akaroa
Alumni of the University of Hull
Alumni of City, University of London
Alumni of Bayes Business School
Academics of the University of Hull
Academic staff of the University of Zimbabwe
Businesspeople from Kingston upon Hull
English publishers (people)
Academic journal editors
English philanthropists
Scottish feudal barons
Conservative Party (UK) people
20th-century British philanthropists
20th-century English businesspeople
20th-century Scottish businesspeople

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Our Executive Director / Caretaker is available to speak with groups on a range of topics. Obviously near to our heart is the stewardship we perform on the island, John also has many interesting stories about developing his relationship with the island, the other groups who have interest in Baker and some downright amusing anecdotes.
As our organization builds and matures we are always interested in sharing thoughts with like minded people.


How do I reschedule/delay Windows Updates?
You can delay automatic Windows updates from installing on your PC until the Bonus Zone hours to maximize your Service Plan Data.
Why does Windows Update automatically?
With automatic updating, Windows automatically checks for the latest updates for your computer. You don't have to search for updates online or worry that critical fixes for Windows might be missing from your computer.
You can fully utilize all of your HughesNet® data by rescheduling your updates to occur during the Bonus Zone of 2 AM to 8 AM.
Open Control Panel and click on Windows Update.
Under 'Change Settings', select a time during Bonus Zone hours to perform the update.
Save or apply your changes and close the dialog box.


← Tipping – Should I Tip My Driver?
Uber vs Lyft vs Taxi in Indianapolis is probably about the same as it is in many other medium-sized markets in the United States.
Uber, for now at least, dominates the "rideshare" part of the market.
Taxis, while still the largest single "slice of the pie", are rapidly losing ground to the two dominant rideshare companies here.
Neither Uber nor Lyft publicize their respective local market share. But, it is clear from personal experience and from talking with other drivers, that Uber is a good bit larger here. At least for now.
If Uber has an Achilles heel in Indy, it might be the fact that they stubbornly refuse to add an optional tipping feature. That, in part, is fueling the trend for Uber Indy drivers to embrace and run the Lyft app along with the Uber app.
Taxis are an entirely different animal. Simply adding the ability to take fares by charge card will not be able to save their business model. After all, the whole taxi service model revolves around maintaining a fleet of vehicles and that is an expensive starting point for any company.
Ridesharing companies, on the other hand, require drivers to use their own vehicles.
And the ability to pick up fares at curbside is quickly losing its appeal to the much lower rideshare fares and superior technology features of the new Rideshare companies. Uber and Lyft drivers are usually within 5 to 10 minutes from a rider making a request in Indianapolis.
Taxis are notorious for taking much longer if they even show up at all.
Time will tell what the eventual outcome will be for Uber vs Lyft vs Taxi in Indianapolis, but the trend is clear. The "rideshare" tidal wave is sweeping the country and ride sharing is here to stay and growing in Indianapolis and the entire Indy area.


text:
US Congressional Delegation In Nepal
US Ambassador to Nepal Randy Berry welcomed a US Congressional delegation led by Senator Kirsten Gillibrand delegation members who arrived in Kathmandu on Friday as a part of three-day visit to Nepal.
"In the week we celebrate 75 years of official U.S.-Nepal diplomatic ties, it's an absolute honor to welcome the U.S. Congressional delegation led by Kirsten Gillibrand and includes Senators Sheldon Whitehouse, Cory Booker, Mark Kelly, & Representative Mondaire Jones to Kathmandu," tweets ambassador Berry.
The delegation includes Senators Sheldon Whitehouse, Cory Booker, Mark Kelly, and Representative Mondaire Jones.
"Their visit is a testament that Nepal is an important partner to the United States due to our shared democratic values, people-to-people ties, and 75 years of diplomatic partnership," said the US Embassy in Kathmandu.
The visit is taking place on the eve of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of Nepal-US diplomatic ties. The visit will focus on the discussions about Russia's invasion on Ukraine and other issues of regional and global concerns.
Nepal opposed Russian invasion of Ukraine and backs UN resolution condemning Russian.


text:
54 Sync Licensing: TV / Movies / Video Games 35 Song placements 32 Sync Licensing: Advertising 11 Labels / Record Deals 5 Publishing Deal 3 Exposure Opportunity 2 Professional Song Critique 2 Production Deals 2 Management Deals 2 Artist Development 1 Distribution Deals
111 fully mastered 109 broadcast ready 51 rough mixes
112 No
44 Non-Exclusive 42 Negotiable or N/A 24 Exclusive
15 Not Available 1 $251 - $500 26 $501 - $1,000 27 $1,001 - $1,500 4 $1,500 - $2,000 3 $2,001 - $3,000 4 $3,001 - $5,000 26 $5,001 - $10,000 5 $10,001 - $25,000 1 $100K+
35 within 7 days 44 within 14 days 78 within 45 days 34 longer than 45 days
99 at least 112 at least 112 at least 112 at least 112 at least 112 all
Looking for Pop & EDM Artists to Sign to our Major Label Partners Sony and UMG
I'm looking for Pop and EDM artists to present to our label partners (Sony and UMG) to sign. It helps if the artists have a story and a buzz and a single ready be to distributed. The artist will need to be packaged and ready for promotion. I'm looking for strong songs that can compete with other records currently on the Billboard charts. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration.
Okeem Palmer, aka Mr. Ghoust, is a record producer and A&R rep for one of the top leading digital distribution companies Record Union/Sony. He is a specialist in music production, A&R, marketing, distribution and music licensing and more.
- Okeem Palmer / Ghoust Music Group - Record Union/Sony
Similar Sounding Artists: Rihanna, Calvin Harris, Ariana Grande, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry
Songs required for Recording Artists
We are searching for hit songs for a host of signed artists with projects in production this year. Well crafted songs with clever edgy lyrics and memorable melodies. Songs that have a current commercial sound and feel that you would hear in the top 40 charts. Songs that have that x-factor thing about them that blow you away the first time that you hear them.
Afrikan Cowboy Publishing works closely with major publishers and records labels in many territories of the world who are constantly looking for hit material to work with. We are in a great position to be able to submit songs to the decision makers.
We are looking for Pop, RnB, Dance,Rock and Country/Pop all tempos are required, male and female songs.
Looking forward to hearing your great songs for this opportunity.
Deal Type: Song Placement / Publishing Deal
Compensation: $1,000+ TBD Based on Placement
Similar Sounding Artists: Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Rihanna, Drake, Bruno Mars, etc.
Seeking Songs for Major Country Label Artist Pitches
Merf Music Group Publishing is looking for Uptempo feel good songs to pitch to major label country artists in the styles of Keith Urban, Dan and Shay, Carrie Underwood, Hunter Hayes and Kelsea Ballerini.
We are looking for hit singles, not filler album cuts. Songs must be lyrically strong and not something the artists would write themselves but something you could hear them singing.
Pitching Format: Please send songs in via Music Xray. Rough demos are fine as long as the song melody and lyric can be be heard clearly.
Merf Music is a Music Publishing Business specializing in song placement from Major and Indie Recording Artists to Film and TV and other multi media formats.
Deal Structure:Negotiable
Similar Sounding Artists: Keith Urban, Dan and Shay, Brad Paisley, Miranda Lambert, Kacey Musgraves, Carrie Underwood
Top UK Producer Looking for Edgy Pop Songs
We are looking for hits for a top UK producer working with new and established British and US artists. The tracks should have edgy well conceived lyrics with an emotional feeling. Mid to uptempo beats and very hooky choruses with current sounds and production.
Listen to samples:
- Ryder - Ruins
- Naughty Boy - Runnin' (Lose It All) ft. Beyoncé, Arrow Benjamin
- R. City - Locked Away ft. Adam Levine
Afrikan Cowboy Publishing is a small independent music publisher based in the UK. Our main focus is commercial pop for the South East Asian market but also work with partners in Europe, Africa and the US.
- Afrikan Cowboy Publishing
Deal Type:Exposure Opportunity
Compensation: $1,000
Seeking Hot Latin Hip-Hop & Reggaeton for TV Series Based on a Popular Film
We're looking for serious latin hip-hop and reggaeton tracks with vocals and matching instrumentals. Exclusive publishing deal for placement in new TV series based on an Academy Award-winning film about street life, corrupt cops, bad guys, etc...
Must be serious productions only! Must own all rights! No uncleared samples.
Seeking Instrumentals for Top Lines. Commercial Pop, R&b and Pop/Dance
Looking for instrumental backtracks for top line writers. Must be finished masters produced to top level. We are looking for Pop, R&B and Dance backtracks that are current and commercial and will fit the SE ASIAN sounds i.e K-POP and J-POP.
Thanks looking forward to hearing great beats and inspiring music.
Dean Hart / Afrikan Cowboy Publishing
Deal Type: Top Line Placements
Decision Maker: Selected songs will be pitched for final decision
Similar Sounding Artists: N/A
Seeking New Independent Artists / Tracks for UK Sync Catalogue
A professional content provider of independent music from the UK and other territories, is looking for new music to add to our sync catalogue, and introduce to our contacts in music supervision, music placement, and editing, for potential sync opportunities.
Looking for a variety of genres from artists with a bit of recent traction in the UK media/music business.
- Futureproof Records & Promotions
Compensation: $1,000 / Compensation To Vary by placement
Looking for music for J. Holiday
Seeking innovative new music for R&B superstar J. Holiday. Please submit your best track(s) for consideration.
Holiday, is an American recording artist and songwriter. He came into prominence in 2007 with his breakthrough hit "Bed", peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. He released two studio albums, Back of My Lac' (2007) & Round 2 (2009). His third studio album Guilty Conscience, was released in January 2014.
- Melinda Santiago / The S Firm
Sports related music needed
We are working with a television network that's developing a number of new TV programs. We are looking for high energy music that would be great for sports related programs. Popular sounding music is a plus.
Looking For: Rock, Hip Hop, EDM
Compensation: Licensing, Royalties, Typically $500+
Brazilian Music Needed for TV, Film, & Ads
Pop-Up Music is in need of authentic Brazilian music. All styles - Samba/Bossa nova/Afoxe/Maracatu/Brazilian Metal/Brazilian Rock.
Please submit your best material for consideration and a member of the Pop-Up Music team will listen and respond.
Many many thanks,
Latin Pop/R&B music needed
We need quality Latin Pop/R&B artist to sign to our publishing company. Think of Ricky Martin, Shakira, Prince Royce, Paulina Rubio, Enrique Iglesias, Jennifer Lopez, Alejandro Sanz, Andrés Cepeda, Frankie J, Becky G., and Marc Anthony are the calibre of artist we are searching for, but don't be afraid to send in other styles, we are open. We have some great relationships in many different areas of the music industry, and the music we sign, we pitch to record labels, other publishers, game developers, advertisers, as well as the film and TV industry. Please only send professional recordings, no covers, no demos, or rough mixes. The songs must be all original, exclusive, unpublished and 100% broadcast/retail ready!
Searching For The Next Smash Hit Songwriters To Write For Major Pop Stars
We are a Billboard Top Charting/Grammy Nominated Production Company searching for the next Smash Hit Songwriter to top-line to musical tracks for major pop stars. After you submit your song we will review the content, style and perspective of your writing if we like it we will ask for your contact info and send you one track of our choice to write to. Once you have written and demoed the song you will be given an email to send it back to us and then we will determine if your a great fit. We may even ask you to write to another track of a different genre. Respectfully,
A&R - New Revolt
Country Hits Needed for Country Stars
Country Hit Songs For A New Band its Sugarland meets Taylor Swift meets The Band Perry
This is a new Country/Pop band ages from 17-22 its two girls one guy and they all play guitar and are singer/songwriters. We are looking for smash hits with lyrical content of Taylor Swift and Band Perry but a feel like Sugarland. This is the next big Country trio and a lot of big names behind it.
new Legendary Pictures Presents "Godzilla vs Kong" (Film Currently in Post Production)
Legendary Pictures Presents "Godzilla vs Kong" (Film Currently in Post Production)
If placed we will Introduce you to our client. Songs must be ready for Film. No Explicit lyrics.
If your song does not meet our standards. We will still select your song and tell you what is wrong with it and if you can make the changes. We will pitch it to our client.
Artists must own all rights to their music 100% and there must be no copyright infringement. All submissions will be listened to and reviewed.
Music must be well produced, mixed and mastered. No uncleared samples. Music will be licensed on a non-exclusive basis. You keep all rights to your music, our agreement is 50-50 on sync fees we obtain for you and you keep 100% of all publishing rights.
- Joshua Reid / Co-Owner - Venue Records ®
new Netflix Show "The Umbrella Academy" (Airs mid February 2020)
Netflix Show "The Umbrella Academy" (Airs mid February 2020)
If placed we will Introduce you to our client. Songs must be ready for TV. No Explicit lyrics.
new MTV's TV Show "Siesta Key" (Airs Mid January 2020)
MTV's TV Show "Siesta Key" (Airs Mid January 2020)If placed we will Introduce you to our client. Songs must be ready for TV. No Explicit lyrics.
new Netflix Show "On My Block" (Airs late March 2020)
Netflix Show "On My Block" (Airs late March 2020)
new NBC Universal TV Show "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" (Airs early January 2020)
NBC Universal TV Show "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" (Airs early January 2020)
new VH1's TV Show "Love & Hip Hop Atlanta" (Airs late March 2020)
VH1's TV Show "Love & Hip Hop Atlanta" (Airs late March 2020)
new Showtime's TV Show "Billions" (Airs mid March 2020)
Showtime's TV Show "Billions" (Airs mid March 2020)
new Syfy's TV Show "Van Helsing" (Airs early October 2019)
Syfy's TV Show "Van Helsing" (Airs early October 2019)
new The CW's TV Show "Charmed" (Airs early October 2019)
The CW's TV Show "Charmed" (Airs early October 2019)
new The CW's TV Show "DC's Legend of Tomorrow" (Airs late October 2019)
The CW's TV Show "DC's Legend of Tomorrow" (Airs late October 2019)
new NBC Universal TV Show "James Spader The Blacklist" (Airs early October 2019)
NBC Universal TV Show "James Spader The Blacklist" (Airs early October 2019)
new The CW's TV Show "The Flash" (Airs early October 2019)
The CW's TV Show "The Flash" (Airs early October 2019)
new The CW's TV Show "Supergirl" (Airs early October 2019)
The CW's TV Show "Supergirl" (Airs early October 2019)
new ABC's TV Show "Black-ish" (Airs late September 2019)
ABC's TV Show "Black-ish" (Airs late September 2019)
new NBC Universal TV Show "Chicago Fire" (Airs late September 2019)
NBC Universal TV Show "Chicago Fire" (Airs late September 2019)
new Fox TV Show "Empire" (Airs late September 2019)
Fox TV Show "Empire" (Airs late September 2019)
new ABC's TV Show "The Good Doctor" (Airs late September 2019)
ABC's TV Show "The Good Doctor" (Airs late September 2019)
new NBC's TV Show "This Is Us" (Airs late September 2019)
NBC's TV Show "This Is Us" (Airs late September 2019)
new ABC's TV Show "How To Get Away With Murder" (Airs late September 2019)
ABC's TV Show "How To Get Away With Murder" (Airs late September 2019)
new NCIS - Los Angeles TV Show (Airs late September 2019)
NCIS - Los Angeles TV Show (Airs late September 2019)
new E! Network's TV Show "Keeping up With The Kardasians" (Airs late September 2019)
E! Network's TV Show "Keeping up With The Kardashians" (Airs late September 2019)
new ABC's TV Show "Greys Anatomy" (Airs late September 2019)
ABC's TV Show "Greys Anatomy" (Airs late September 2019)
new NBC Universal's TV show "Superstore" (Airs late September 2019)
NBC Universal's TV show "Superstore" (Airs late September 2019)
new Showtime's TV Show "Homeland" (Airs mid September 2019)
Showtime's TV Show "Homeland" (Airs mid September 2019)
Dance/Rhythmic/Dub/Electronic Songs Needed, Label trying genre fuse with new artist
New artist and label is taking a chance on creating a new sound and genre.
We have developed some of the biggest pop stars and wrote and produced Billboard Hot 100 #1 hits. We create pop culture.
- Circle City Republic
Music Supervisor Needs Songs and Instrumentals to License in Blockbuster Films.
Major production house has hired Music Supervisors CCR who has either scored or placed songs on soundtracks for the films Beverly Hills Chihuahua (George Lopez), Fantastic Four (Jessica Alba), Elektra (Jennifer Garner) and We Were Soldiers (Mel Gibson). We are looking to do one off license deals to place your work in todays hottest Blockbuster films.
Record Exec. Needs Huge Pop Records for Top Charting Artist
Record Exec. Needs Huge Pop Songs a.l.a. One Direction & Backstreet Boys
Please send only smash hits and be prepared to send instrumentals for demo purposes and willing to do a co-pub deal only on the songs submitted.


text:
Az ibériai hiúz, más néven spanyol hiúz vagy párduchiúz a ragadozók (Carnivora) rendjébe és a macskafélék (Felidae) családjába tartozó faj. Sokáig az eurázsiai hiúz egyik alfajának tartották, de ma már bizonyítottan külön faj. A leginkább veszélyeztetett európai ragadozó és a világ legritkább macskaféléje.

Előfordulása
Az ibériai hiúz egykor gyakori állat volt az Ibériai félszigeten, sőt dél-Franciaországban is élt néhány példány. A 20. század elején még körülbelül 100 000 példánya élt, de az 1960-as és 1990-es évek közt az állatok 80%-a eltűnt, a vadászat és az üregi nyulak megfogyatkozásának következtében. A spanyol hiúznak mára csak elszórt populációi maradtak Spanyolország délnyugati részén, Portugáliából pedig talán már ki is pusztult. Legnagyobb populációja a dél-spanyolországi Doñana Nemzeti Parkban található. 2007-ben a populációt hozzávetőleg 100 egyedre becsülték; azóta a gondos védelmi programnak hála állománya tíz év alatt közel a négyszeresére nőtt, a súlyosan veszélyeztetett kategóriából pedig átkerült a veszélyeztetett besorolásba.

Testfelépítése
A párduchiúz megjelenésében az eurázsiai hiúzhoz hasonlít, de nála kisebb, testhossza 65–100 cm, beleértve 5–19 cm-es farkát. Marmagassága körülbelül 40–50 cm. A felnőtt állatok 5–15 kg-ot nyomnak. A nőstények valamivel könnyebbek a hímeknél. A spanyol hiúz pofája alapvetően sokkal macskaszerűbb, mint a többi hiúzé. Bundáján határozottabban látszódnak a pöttyök, innen ered a párduchiúz elnevezés. A spanyol hiúz bundájának alapszíne világosabb az eurázsiai hiúzénál, világosszürke vagy sárgásbarna. Pofaszakálla sokkal markánsabb, mint a többi hiúznak.

Életmódja
Mivel kisebb többi rokonánál, zsákmányállatai is kisebb termetűek, a mezei nyúlnál ritkán zsákmányol nagyobb állatot. Szürkületkor vadászik rágcsálókra, nyulakra, rovarevőkre, madarakra, hüllőkre és kétéltűekre, tehát mindenre, ami elég kicsi hozzá képest. Azonos "ízlésük" miatt vetélytársa a vörös rókának, az egyiptomi mongúznak és a vadmacskának. Mivel a nyúlpopulációt az utóbbi időben túlvadásszák, illetve járványok ritkítják, ezért a hiúzok rákényszerülnek, hogy nagyobb állatokat is zsákmányoljanak, például dámszarvast, muflont és őzet. Egy kifejlett hímnek naponta egy, egy vemhes nősténynek pedig naponta három nyulat kell megennie, hogy le ne gyengüljön. A spanyol hiúz legjobban a nyílt erdőkkel kevert nagy kiterjedésű bozótosokat kedveli, ugyanis a nyílt terepen élnek fő zsákmányállatai, a ligetekben pedig kialakíthatja vackát. Egy kifejlett ibériai hiúznak 10-20 négyzetkilométer territóriumra van szüksége, de a terület mérete a vadászható állatok mennyiségétől függ. Magányosan élő és vadászó állat. Lopakodva cserkészi be prédáját, vagy hosszú ideig fekszik és vár fedezékben, amíg a leendő zsákmánya elég közel nem kerül a rejtekhez. Ekkor rövid nekifutással próbálja meg elejteni.

Kitűnő látásának köszönhetően a párduchiúz egy egeret 75 méterről, egy üregi nyulat 300, egy őzet pedig akár 500 méterről is észrevesz.

Szaporodása
A párzási időszak beköszöntével (január–február) a nőstény elindul partnert keresni, ilyenkor territóriumát is otthagyhatja. A 2-3 kölyök a párzás után 65-75 nappal jön világra. A fiatal hiúzok 18 hónaposan hagyják el anyjukat, és még körülbelül 6 hónapba telik, mire új területet találnak maguknak. A hímek 2-3, a nőstények 2 éves korukban válnak ivaréretté. A párduchiúz, akárcsak a nemzetség többi tagja, vadon 10-12 évig él.

Természetvédelmi helyzete
A spanyol hiúz ma is a világ legritkább macskaféléi közé tartozik, de a gondos védelmi programnak hála megmenekülni látszik a kihalástól. Ma körülbelül 400 él belőlük szabadon. A fő veszélyt a portugáliai és spanyolországi paratölgy-erdők kivágása, a szőrméjéért való vadászat jelenti.  Míg a 2000-es években és a 2010-es évek elején leginkább az autók veszélyeztették a hiúzokat (2000 óta a párduchiúzok 62%-a gázolásban pusztult el, és még utolsó menedékükben, a Doñana Nemzeti Parkban sincsenek biztonságban az autóktól), addig ma zsákmányállatuk visszaszorulása az egyik legnagyobb gond. Fontos, hogy a hiúzok táplálékszakosodott állatok, szinte kizárólag üregi nyúlon élnek. Az ezeket sújtó betegségek és visszaszorulásuk komolyan veszélyezteti a macskák fennmaradását. Eltűnésükkel ez lenne az első macskaféle kihalása a kardfogú macskák kihalása óta, ami még a pleisztocén végén halt ki. Reménykedésre ad okot, hogy 2005-ben a világon először fogságban születtek spanyolhiúz-kölykök, szám szerint három, azóta pedig még négy. Ezek a születések felvetik a lehetőséget, hogy fogságban való szaporítással talán meg lehet menteni az ibériai hiúzt, de egyelőre még vadon próbálják megóvni.

Jegyzetek

Források

 IberiaNature: A guide to the natural history of Spain – The Iberian Lynx
 Origo – Parafadugóval egy macskaféle megmentéséért
 Képek és videók az ibériai hiúzról

Macskaformák
Emlősfajok
Spanyolország emlősei
A palearktikus ökozóna élővilága


text:
How Natalia Vodianova Walks the Walk
Video by Mikael Jansson
Walk the Walk. Three simple words that contain worlds of meaning. Taking steps forward. Making a commitment. Doing the work it takes to make a change.
When casting Walk the Walk, Tory looked for women who embodied the campaign's spirit— women empowerment. Natalia Vodianova, model, mother of five, and philanthropist, was an obvious choice. Her Naked Heart Foundation works to bring playgrounds to children in Russia and support to children with disabilities and her #Let'sTalk initiative aims to destigmatize menstruation and bring sanitary products to women around the world. She also launched Elbi, an app that makes it easier to find and support charities. We spoke with Vodianova about living with intention and purpose.
The thing that made this shoot different from others was…
Knowing that it was part of a very meaningful message. It was the first time Tory was going to be announcing her commitment and already impressive actions towards women empowerment, a cause dear to my heart. Tory's foundation has already done so much and invested a lot to support young female entrepreneurs.
I wanted to be part of Walk the Walk because…
I wanted to give all of my support to Tory in this initiative. I have a deep respect for all women empowering other women. I am very sensitive to this topic as I support it too with my initiative called #Let'sTalk, aiming to raise the standard of women's health and tackle all the taboo still present around the world about our body and our periods.
For me, Tory's SS20 collection is…
Adorable. Summery, fresh, and full of energy. And most of all, I love the interpretation of empowered women that Tory is giving. A bold, resolute, brave, energetic woman but also very feminine and elegant. With this collection, she actually gave a super powerful interpretation of femininity and of the joy of being a woman.
I think the thing that unites my charitable causes is…
Inclusivity. With the Naked Heart Foundation, I work to build a more inclusive society where children with disabilities and their parents can live a life as normally as possible, having access to all the facilities they need. With my Elbi app, I work to give space and visibility to minor charities taking care of very important causes that do not have enough awareness and charities that sometimes don't have enough visibility. With #Let'sTalk initiative, I'm working to help spread the message that menstruation is a is not a choice for women. It's a physiological process of the human being. Guaranteeing access to sanitary products to women is the change I want to see in this world. I want women to be free to talk about their health without the fear of being judged or not understood. I want my daughter and her friends to grow up being fully free to say they are on their period without having to feel ashamed for it. I want the taboos around this topic to crumble down and leave space to a higher standard for women's health.
I #EmbraceAmbition by…
Committing and working firmly in what I believe can build a better world. I put all my focus and energies into things I know I can truly help to change.
The person who inspires me to #EmbraceAmbition is…
My mother. She raised me in very difficult conditions. We had very little at the time and my sister was born with autism so she had a full family on her shoulders. But even if it seemed insane, she got a small fruit stall that could make us work and earn our food. We had to survive with our forces, that was the ambition. And she taught me to never discourage myself in front of difficulties but to go through them, embracing hard work to overcome them. Thanks to her, I've have never lost that attitude.
We at Tory Daily are inspired by smart, passionate women who #EmbraceAmbition and find ways to make their communities stronger. For information on the Tory Burch Foundation, which empowers women entrepreneurs to #EmbraceAmbition, click here.
Labels: #EmbraceAmbition, Natalia Vodianova, Spring/Summer 2020, Tory Burch Foundation, WALK THE WALK


text:
"Idle No More calls on all people to join in a peaceful revolution, to
honour Indigenous sovereignty, and to protect the land and water"
INM has and will continue to help build sovereignty & resurgence of nationhood.
INM will continue to pressure government and industry to protect the environment.
INM will continue to build allies in order to reframe the nation to nation relationship, this will be done by including grassroots perspectives, issues, and concern.
The Manifesto
The Treaties are nation to nation agreements between First Nations and the British Crown who are sovereign nations. The Treaties are agreements that cannot be altered or broken by one side of the two Nations. The spirit and intent of the Treaty agreements meant that First Nations peoples would share the land, but retain their inherent rights to lands and resources. Instead, First Nations have experienced a history of colonization which has resulted in outstanding land claims, lack of resources and unequal funding for services such as education and housing.
The state of Canada has become one of the wealthiest countries in the world by using the land and resources. Canadian mining, logging, oil and fishing companies are the most powerful in the world due to land and resources. Some of the poorest First Nations communities (such as Attawapiskat) have mines or other developments on their land but do not get a share of the profit. The taking of resources has left many lands and waters poisoned – the animals and plants are dying in many areas in Canada. We cannot live without the land and water. We have laws older than this colonial government about how to live with the land.
Currently, this government is trying to pass many laws so that reserve lands can also be bought and sold by big companies to get profit from resources. They are promising to share this time…Why would these promises be different from past promises? We will be left with nothing but poisoned water, land and air. This is an attempt to take away sovereignty and the inherent right to land and resources from First Nations peoples.
There are many examples of other countries moving towards sustainability, and we must demand sustainable development as well. We believe in healthy, just, equitable and sustainable communities and have a vision and plan of how to build them.
Please join us in creating this vision.
For more information, visit the Idle No More Website at www.idlenomore.ca


[Video] Bayer Sells AIDS-Infected Drug Banned in U.S. in Europe, Asia – Unearthed documents show that the drug company Bayer sold millions of dollars worth of an injectable blood-clotting medicine — Factor VIII concentrate, intended for hemophiliacs — to Asian, Latin American, and some European countries in the mid-1980s, although they knew that it was tainted with AIDS. Bayer knew about the fact that the drug was tainted and told the FDA to keep things under wraps while they made a profit off of a drug that infected its patients. If these allegations are true, then both Bayer and the FDA are at fault for this catastrophe. FDA regulators helped to keep the continued sales hidden, asking the company that the problem be "quietly solved without alerting the Congress, the medical community and the public," according to the minutes of a 1985 meeting.


text:
El FRIMO Stadion es un estadio de fútbol ubicado en el municipio de Lotte en el estado Renania del Norte-Westfalia en Tecklenburger Land en Alemania. El estadio tiene un total de 10 059 asientos, de los cuales 2370 sentados y 7689 de pie. El Sportfreunde Lotte de la tercera división juega sus partidos de local aquí.

Historia
A lo largo del tiempo el estadio ha sufrido algunos cambios, por ejemplo en el sistema abierto del 19 de julio de 1986 desde 2003, la tribuna se ha ampliado paso a paso. En 2006, el estadio fue rebautizado PGW Arena. en 2007, sin embargo, terminó la cubierta de las gradas de dos pisos en la curva oeste, donde la parte inferior no está totalmente cubierta. Debajo de esta tribuna se encuentran las duchas y los vestuarios, desde donde se puede acceder directamente al campo de juego.

La recta norte (tribuna opuesta) se expandió en el verano de 2008, extendiéndose a lo largo de todo el recorrido. Ofrece 2700 lugares de pie y está completamente cubierto, aunque las partes del subordinado no están cubiertas por el techo. La tribuna se extendió nuevamente para la temporada 2010/11. Esto aumentó la capacidad del estadio a 7474 lugares (2370 asientos y 5104 lugares de pie), que están casi todos cubiertos.

Final de la temporada 2009/10 el 27 de mayo de 2010, la asociación junto con el entonces nuevo nombre del patrocinador SN Solartechnics GmbH & Co KG, decidieron que el estadio debía continuar desde el 1 de julio de 2010 con el nombre de Solartechnics Arena 'era'.  Para la temporada 2011/12, el estadio se llama connectM Arena, el nombre de Tecklenburg corresponde a agencia de publicidad que tiene, sin embargo, solicitó la quiebra en febrero de 2013. Según su ubicación en la Autobahnkreuz Lotte/Osnabrück desde entonces se ha llamado al estadio Sportpark am Lotter Kreuz. En la ronda de promoción a la 3. Liga la temporada 2012-13 se estableció una multitud récord de 5604 en el partido de vuelta contra el RB Leipzig.

Por el ascenso a la 3. Liga al final de temporada 2015-16 un aumento del estadio a más de 10 000 asientos fue necesario. Para este fin, una nueva, primera tribuna descubierta fue construida en el lado este del estadio en el verano de 2016, donde se encontraba un muro de publicidad grande. Además, se encontraban alrededor de la esquina noroeste del estadio instalada, un pantalla LED

El FRIMO Group GmbH, una empresa con sede en Lotte fabricante de herramientas y sistemas de producción para la fabricación de piezas de plástico, aseguró los derechos del nombre hasta 2019, en el partido de la DFB-Pokal contra el SV Werder Bremen del 21 de agosto de 2016 fue la primera vez que el nombre nuevo entró en uso. Con 10 059 espectadores un nuevo récord de asistencia se estableció.

Galería

Véase también
 Anexo:Estadios de fútbol de Alemania

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Web oficial
 Información del estadio
 Informe del visitante de 2003
 Estadio en transfermarkt.de

Estadios de fútbol del estado de Renania del Norte-Westfalia
Estadios de fútbol inaugurados en 1986
Estadios de fútbol de Alemania del siglo XX
Alemania en 1986


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