text:
John Lennon Epiphone EJ-160E Guitar Review
Charlie Front Page Gear, Guitars 0
John Lennon's songwriting was so visionary, his cultural impact so deep, that his guitar playing is often overlooked. But lest we forget, it was with six-string in hand that Lennon changed the face of rock and roll. While he wasn't the world's flashiest guitarist, he was one of its most tasteful, tuneful and sometimes even terrifying practitioners.
Two of the instruments immortalized by Lennon in his work with the Beatles and his subsequent solo career were his Gibson J-160E acoustic electric and his stripped Epiphone Casino. With the full cooperation of Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, Epiphone issued a series of limited-edition John Lennon Signature models based on these two guitars. While these instruments may be collector's items aimed primarily at the Lennon enthusiast, they are also reasonably priced, functional instruments, perfect for any working-class hero.
JOHN LENNON EJ-160E
Patterned after the Gibson J-160E acoustic-electric that were perennial Beatles workhorses, the signature model EJ-160E features an advanced Jumbo, sloped-shoulder body shape, solid spruce top, mahogany back and sides, a chunky solid mahogany neck and solid rosewood fingerboard and bridge. The impeccable fretboard is adorned with handsome "split parallelogram" inlays that are common on many Gibsons and Epiphones. The EJ-160E's neck has the fat, rounded feel of many late-Fifties era Gibson electrics. A mini humbucking pickup is seated discreetly between the end of the guitar's fretboard and the sound hole, while volume and tone controls are located on the guitar's lower bout, as they would be on a standard electric guitar.
Played acoustically, the EJ-160E has a meaty, midrangey tone that's perfect for bold rock strumming and bluesy fingerpicking. Players who enjoy the crystalline high-end ping controlled low end of many "boutique" acoustics may find this guitar lacking subtlety or definition, but if you're looking for that meaty, woody acoustic tone that gives so many Fab Four tracks their characteristic punch and warmth, this guitar is an ideal choice. Perhaps because of the hefty girth of the neck, which is big enough to have it own very lively resonance, this guitar has a responsive rumble that lets the player feel the energy of every not, and playing it rivals the satisfying, bone-tickling experience of getting it on with a high-ticket Gibson J-200.
Plugged through a blackface Fender Super Reverb, this instrument delivers a full yet clear sound that is only enhanced by the tone-fattening proximity of the pickup to the neck. And while the tone and volume controls don't have that versatility of the graphic equalizer and feedback-notch-filter layouts found on many more "modern" electric acoustics, the controls are intuitive, effective and easy to grab on the fly.
Epiphone EJ-160E
Jenson P10R Speaker Review
Peavey VYPYR The Amp That Could and Does
Malden Subhuman Guitar Review
G-v Rover Guitars, Videos 0
It's always cool to see a new guitar company get its act together and introduce guitars that aren't based on the classics of the '50s and '60s, and the Subhuman, with its slashing, fantasy-warrior lines, is about as far removed from the vintage/retro thing as it gets. Despite its name, the Subhuman is not about summoning the spirit of Beelzebub with bowel-churning dropped tuning. It is, however, most definitely aimed at rockers and metal heads who want a fast-playing and tough-sounding guitar—if it happens to resemble a medieval battle ax, well, that's icing on the cake.
The Sub is well made and features a flawless black finish and clean binding. Other than the offset fretboard dots, the only significant decoration is the stylized Maltese cross, which is Malden's trademark graphic. The medium-jumbo frets are nicely polished and evenly set and trimmed, and the neck has a slim profile and a wide 12″ radius fretboard. The cutaway might feel a little tight for players with large hands, but the scoop is deeply beveled on the rear side to facilitate high fingering. There's a pronounced volute where the neck transitions into the headstock, and to increase string pressure on the nut and eliminate the need for string trees, the headstock is angled at 14 degrees. To further enhance vibrational coupling to the wood, the strings load though metal ferrules on back of the body. The control cavity is well shielded with nickel paint and a foil-backed cover plate, and the wiring and soldering are tidy. The pots, pickup selector, and output jack look a little light for the long haul, but that's the only concern I have with this guitar's construction. […]
History of David Gilmour's Black Fender Stratocaster
Charlie featured, Guitars 3
Published on: Sep 10, 2011 @ 18:35 […]
Would you pay $35,000 for Steve Vai's Ibanez guitar?
Charlie Featured Guitars, Gear Blurbs NAMM 0
If so, you have just a little over 22 day to click the 'buy it now' button on eBay, providing nobody beats you to it. This is the first Ibanez Universe (7 string) prototype guitar […]
The Loar LH-700 Hand Carved Archtop Guitar
Gibson J-185 Acoustic Guitar Video Demo
Gibson Double Cut Longhorn Guitar


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Q: Determining Probability of Smallest Departure Delay I am working with library(nycflights13)dataset in R and I'm trying to provide an answer to this specific question:

If I am leaving before noon, what are my top two airline options at each airport (JFK, LGA, EWR) that will have the least amount of delay time?

At first I created a summarised table that displayed each airport's top two airline departure times (smallest departure delay) on average.
flights %>%
  filter(sched_dep_time < 1200, origin %in% c("JFK", "LGA", "EWR")) %>%
  aggregate(dep_delay ~ carrier + origin, ., mean) %>%
  group_by(origin) %>%
  top_n(n=-2, wt=dep_delay)

But then I thought, means aren't really a good summary stat I should base my decision off of. So I started plotting my data

I can see there are quite a few outliers but my thought is to keep them in the dataset as they provide valuable information on how badly a departure can be delayed at times. After getting a glimpse of the entire dataset, I wanted to look closer at departure times that are negative (meaning departed early) or around zero.

These plots are valuable but don't really make it obvious which airlines and airport would be the best for me to take given all the information I have. My next thought is to estimate the CDF for each airlines departure delay and then compute $P(X \leq 0)$. At that point I can then select the airlines that have the highest probability of having a departure delay of at most zero.
My question is two parts:

*

*Is this sound statistical reasoning? Is there a test I can perform that would be better? I Really would just like some guidance on thinking this problem through.

*If this is sound statistical thinking, are there any resources you can direct me towards that would teach me how to implement it in R?

A: Data visualization is always a great way to start.  Here is how I would approach it.
Since you are only interested in before noon - limit all data from 6am to noon.
Run three different ANOVAs (delay time as dependent variable, aircraft carrier as independent variable) for each airport.  Or you could run one model including airport as another main effect along with the interactions.
Examine residuals for severe violations of model assumptions.
Investigate the output to see which airlines are significantly shorter in flight delay.  Will need to do some multiplicity adjustments.
Googling ANOVA and R will give you plenty of material.
There are other questions to consider such as do I want to almost guarantee a delay time of less than 30 minutes compared to no delay time at all?  This, I believe, requires more advanced models.  To answer this I would use a Bayesian approach in JAGS and compute theses posterior probabilities.  However, for your sake, I think you can just focus on least square means from the ANOVA models.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Torts Keyed to Dobbs
Torts Keyed to Epstein
Intentionally Inflicted Harm: The Prima Facie Case And Defenses
Strict Liability And Negligence: Historic And Analytic Foundations
The Negligence Issue
Vaughan v. Menlove 132 Eng. Rep. 490 (C.P. 1837).
Roberts v. Ring
Daniels v. Evans
Breunig v. American Family Insurance Co 45 Wis. 2d 536, 173 N.W.2d 619 (1970)
Fletcher v. City of Aberdeen 54 Wn.2d 174, 338 P.2d 743, 1959 Wash.
Robinson v. Pioche, Bayerque & Co 5 Cal. 460, 1855 Cal.
Denver & Rio Grande R.R. v. Peterson 30 Colo. 77, 69 P. 578, 1902 Colo.
Blyth v. Birmingham Water Works 156 Eng. Rep. 1047 (Ex.1856).
Eckert v. Long Island R.R 43 N.Y. 502, 1871 N.Y.
Osborne v. Montgomery 516 U.S. 1033 116 S. Ct. 685 133 L. Ed. 2d 533 1995 U.S.
Cooley v. Public Service Co 90 N.H. 460, 10 A.2d 673 (1940)
United States v. Carroll Towing Co 160 F.2d 482 (2d Cir. 1947)
Andrews v. United Airlines 24 F.3d 39, 1994 U.S. App.
Lyons v. Midnight Sun Transportation Services, Inc 928 P.2d 1202, 1996 Alas.
Titus v. Bradford, B. & K. R. Co 136 Pa. 618, 20 A. 517, 1890 Pa.
Mayhew v. Sullivan Mining Co 76 Me. 100, 1884 Me.
The T.J. Hooper 60 F.2d 737 (2d Cir. 1932)
Lama v. Borras 16 F.3d 473, 1994 U.S. App.
Canterbury v. Spence 409 U.S. 1064 93 S. Ct. 560 34 L. Ed. 2d 518 1972 U.S.
Osborne v. McMasters
Martin v. Herzog
Brown v. Shyne 242 N.Y. 176, 151 N.E. 197 (1926)
Uhr v. East Greenbush Central School District 94 N.Y.2d 32, 720 N.E.2d 886, 698 N.Y.S.2d 609, 1999 N.Y.
Baltimore and Ohio R.R. v. Goodman 275 U.S. 66, 48 S. Ct. 24, 72 L. Ed. 167 (1927)
Plaintiff's Conduct
Multiple Defendants: Joint, Several, And Vicarious Liability
Affirmative Duties
Traditional Strict Liability
The Institution Of Insurance
The No-Fault Systems
Economic Harms
Tort Immunities
Torts Keyed to Prosser
Torts Keyed to Franklin
Torts Keyed to Henderson
Torts Keyed to Farnesworth
Torts Keyed to Vetri
Torts keyed to Robertson
Torts keyed to Best
Torts Keyed to Goldberg
Torts Keyed to Boyce
Torts Keyed to Twerski
Torts Keyed to Diamond
Torts Keyed to Underwood
Torts > Torts Keyed to Epstein > The Negligence Issue
Lyons v. Midnight Sun Transportation Services, Inc
Citation. Lyons v. Midnight Sun Transp. Servs., 928 P.2d 1202, 1996).
CitationLyons v. Midnight Sun Transp. Servs., 928 P.2d 1202, 1996 Alas. LEXIS 155 (Alaska Dec. 27, 1996).
Brief Fact Summary. Lyons (Plaintiff) was killed when her van was truck broadside by a truck driven by David Jette and owned by Midnight Sun Transportation Services, Inc. (Defendant).
Synopsis of Rule of Law. The court rejects the sudden emergency doctrine. In an emergency, the standard of care remains that of a reasonable person under the circumstances.
The problem with giving the sudden emergency instruction is that it singles out one aspect of the general standard of care and may give it, the doctrine of sudden emergency, undue emphasis and may unduly emphasize one party's argument regarding a certain part of the standard of care.
Facts. Plaintiff was killed when her van was truck broadside by a truck driven by Jette and owned by Defendant. Plaintiff pulled out of a parking lot in front of Jette. Jette braked and steered to the left but Plaintiff continued to pull out further into the traffic lane. Jette's truck collided with Plaintiff. Plaintiff filed suit against Defendant, claiming that Jette had been speeding and driving negligently. Conflicting testimony was introduced regarding Jette's speed. Testimony suggested that if Jette had stayed in his lane, the accident would not have happened. Defendant claimed that steering to the left when a vehicle pulls out is a normal response. The jury was given an instruction on the sudden emergency doctrine. The jury found that Jette (and thus Defendant) had been negligent, but his negligence was not a cause of the accident. Plaintiff appeals, arguing that the sudden emergency doctrine was wrongfully given to the jury.
Issue. In assessing Defendant's liability under a claim of negligence, was the jury properly given an instruction on the sudden emergency doctrine?
Held. No. Judgment for Defendant.
* The sudden emergency doctrine is a rule of law which states that a person confronted with a sudden and unexpected peril, not resulting from his own doing, is not expected to exercise the same judgment and prudence the law requires of a person in calmer and more deliberate moments. The jury's use of this doctrine was harmless error since the jury ruled in favor of Defendant.
* The court then went on to disapprove of the sudden emergency doctrine stating that the doctrine is a generally useless appendage to the law of negligence. With or without an emergency, the standard of care a person must exercise is still that of a reasonable person under the circumstances.
* The sudden emergency doctrine grew out of the harsh "all or nothing" rule in contributory negligence. Comparative negligence reduces Plaintiff's recovery proportionally to Plaintiff's degree of fault in causing the damage, rather than baring recovery completely. In comparative negligence, the sudden emergency doctrine only confuses the jury and adds no real substance to the standard of care.
* Comparative negligence is a method of apportioning liability for a particular accident among the various parties who have been deemed negligent.
Discussion. In assessing a party's standard of care, the test is always the standard of a reasonable person under like circumstances. If the circumstances are such that an emergency is present, the "reasonable person under like circumstances" rule considers the emergency without the need for the sudden emergency doctrine. The sudden emergency doctrine is a legal principle exempting a person from the ordinary standard of reasonable care if that person acted instinctively to meet a sudden and urgent need for aid. The sudden emergency doctrine is essentially the "reasonable person under like circumstances" rule. Under these facts and a system of comparative negligence, it is no longer needed. Most jurisdictions follow the comparative fault system.
Study Assets: Negligence: Introduction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Querétaro earned their first home win of the season with a 2-1 victory against Puebla. The result ends a two-game winless streak for the Gallos Blancos, while the Poblanos have now lost three in a row.
The game started off perfectly for the hosts, who took the lead in just the 2nd minute. Alexis Pérez played in Camilo Sanvezzo, who got into a dangerous spot and beat Moisés Muñoz at the near post to make it 1-0 for Querétaro.
The early goal inspired the Gallos, who continued to attack as they looked to add to their lead. Muñoz was repeatedly called into action and he made a number of saves to keep Puebla within striking distance.
The visitors hardly had the ball, but in the 21st minute they scored against the run of play to make it 1-1. Christian Marrugo sent a cross in from the right and Lucas Cavallini headed the ball home to level the game.
Querétaro continued to dominate possession and chances after that goal, but Muñoz continued to make the necessary saves to keep the hosts from retaking the lead.
At the other end, Tiago Volpi had little to do, although he did make a big save against Francisco Acuña in the 73rd minute to keep Puebla from completing the comeback.
Querétaro's pressure finally paid off in the 83rd minute, when Édgar Benítez sent the ball towards the near post, where Sanvezzo nodded it on for Edson Puch to finish off, giving the Gallos the 2-1 lead.
Puebla very nearly found the equalizer in stoppage time, but in the end Hiram Mier cleared the ball off the line to keep Querétaro in front.
With the 2-1 win, Querétaro reaches 16 points while Puebla still has 17.
Querétaro: Tiago Volpi, George Corral, Diego Novaretti, Alexis Pérez, Hiram Mier, Jaime Gómez (Erbín Trejo 82′), Javier Güemez, Jordi Cortizo (Édgar Benítez 46′), Camilo Sanvezzo, Edson Puch, Yerson Candelo.
Puebla: Moisés Muñoz, Brayan Angulo, Luis Gerardo Venegas, Alonso Zamora, Anderson Santamaría (Jorge Enríquez 42′), Hugo Isaác Rodríguez, Christian Marrugo (Christian Tabó 72′), Omar Fernández (Francisco Acuña 57′), José Daniel Guerrero, Lucas Cavallini, Alejandro Chumacero.
This entry was posted in Clausura 2018, Liga MX, Soccer and tagged futbol, Gallos Blancos, highlights, jornada 13, Liga MX, lineup, Puebla, Querétaro, recap, soccer, week 13 on March 31, 2018 by Alex.


When the weather temps start to look like a roller coaster, our Wisconsin roads can start to feel like an amusement ride. All the jostling from pot holes and uneven roads can take their toll on your car, causing a whole host of problems down the road. An unbalanced car can lead to extensive repair bills and car breakdowns if you don't get your car in for a wheel alignment. Here's how to know when your car needs a wheel alignment, how often it should be done, and all the other questions we frequently get asked about wheel alignments.
There is no hard and fast way to tell your car needs a wheel alignment: you can't look under the hood or the carriage of the car and know for certain. What you can do is notice a vibration or shake that worsens as your car goes faster. Typically, the shake starts at around 40 mph and gets worse as your speed increases, and may also be felt in the steering wheel. You may also notice uneven tire tread wear when you rotate your tires (or replace them), or a pull to the right or left when you drive. Another way to tell is to look at your steering wheel when driving straight down the road: is it straight? If not, it's time to schedule an appointment for a wheel alignment.
The answer to this question depends on the amount of miles you put on your car annually, but usually your car needs a wheel alignment every 6,000 miles. You can also ask your mechanic to check for signs of an unbalanced car when you take the car in for an oil appointment.
Think of an unbalanced car like a body skeleton that's out of whack; you can keep walking but other parts of your body are usually injured from unbalanced movements. Same with a car out of alignment: while you can drive an unbalanced car, a car with balance issues needs more repairs over time and can become a safety issue. A car without regular alignments wears through tires faster and may need suspension part repair and replacement. Driving your car with a shake or pull can also be a safety hazard when roads become slippery.


The position on the team is to work alongside and assist the Project Development Director manage the development of game projects from pre-production through to release.
Supporting the day-to-day and week to week process of managing multiple cross discipline teams, you will provide support to keep the projects appropriately resourced and the teams moving forward in a positive, informed and focused way. The Game Producer will also work collaboratively with the project leads to create the project schedule, identify dependencies, solve problems, prioritise work and drive project delivery.
As the Game Producer for this project, you will look to continually move the project forward. Working with the team, you will assist with the planning and estimation process across the project to help produce fully scoped plans for upcoming projects. You will also help manage the development team schedule, ensuring that milestones are adhered to and tech and decision pipelines remain unblocked. You will be responsible for communicating changes within the project to all relevant parties and ensure the schedule is adapted accordingly. You will also ensure progress on current and upcoming milestones is clearly communicated and provide clear, detailed analysis on team performance, risks and areas for improvement.


text:
Code for Africa
Drug abuse among female adolescents is rising, not just male
"Though I still struggle with tramadol sometimes, I don't take codeine and alcohol again said 17-year-old Halima who started abusing drugs when she was in JSS 2. Halima's voice reverberates with a renewed hope and courage to look to the future. She credits this continuing mental makeover to the mental health care and rehabilitation she…
Super Falcons: Victim of marketability or sacrificial lambs of NFF's bad attitude
When the Confederation of African Football first officially organised a continental football championship for women footballers in 1998, Nigeria played the big brother by hosting the tournament and by dint of hard work won the competition. Prior to that inaugural Africa Women Cup of Nations (AWCON) tournament in 1998, the tournament, which was known as…
Young people's mental health is a ticking time-bomb
For Adamu Bello*, it was arduous understanding the waves of emotions hitting him and articulating how he felt to his parents and family was just an uphill task. "I have never heard anything about 'mental health' at home or school," said the 16-year-old who was diagnosed with Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder (MADD) about a year ago. …
Forget masculinity, men are sexually assaulted too…
"I was sexually molested by my aunt when I was ten years old. I am thirty-six years old and I still struggle with masturbation and depression," said 36-year old Emmanuel Akintola, a victim of sexual abuse. That experience with his aunt scarred his mind and he would rather not talk about it. Eventually, he summoned…
Tackling gender disparities as Nigeria stagnates on the Global Gender Gap table
The World Economic Forum has ranked Nigeria 122, four places behind the previous year, in the 2017 Global Gender Gap Report. The GGGR is a framework for capturing the magnitude and scope of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress over time. Since 2006, when the reports were first published to include more than 100 countries,…
Sweeping odds: the life of Lagos street sweepers
On this International Women's Day, as we #PressforProgress The Guardian celebrates these Nigerian women sweeping against global odds. Every morning, Sherifat wakes up early. Her work as a highway cleaner in Lagos State demands that she hits the road at dawn. As tedious and dangerous as her daily task on the job is, she is…


text:
Vladimír Jarý, född den 2 januari 1947 i Litvínov, Tjeckien, är en tjeckoslovakisk handbollsspelare.

Han tog OS-silver i herrarnas turnering i samband med de olympiska handbollstävlingarna 1972 i München.

Referenser

Källor

Externa länkar

Tjeckoslovakiska handbollsspelare
Tjeckoslovakiska olympiska silvermedaljörer
Olympiska silvermedaljörer 1972
Tävlande vid olympiska sommarspelen 1972 från Tjeckoslovakien
Tävlande i handboll vid olympiska sommarspelen 1972
Tävlande vid olympiska sommarspelen 1976 från Tjeckoslovakien
Tävlande i handboll vid olympiska sommarspelen 1976
Män
Födda 1947
Levande personer
Personer från Litvínov

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Homepage About us Operations
About us Operations
Country Manager Tunisia
Renaud Laneyrie
Renaud has 13 years of industry experience.
He worked at Perenco for 10 years where he held divers technical and management roles in DRC, Congo, Gabon, France and Tunisia.
Renaud is a graduate of Engineering school Ecole Centrale de Marseille, has an MSc from Cranfield University, UK and a Petroleum engineering degree from IFP school in Paris.
everything Mazarine
We stay ahead through technical leadership and operational excellence from start to finish.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Optical wireless communications (OWC), due to its potential for bandwidth-hungry applications, has become a very important area of research~\cite{o2005optical,chan2006free,das2008requirements,Kumar2010Led-based,Elgala2011review,Borah2012review, Gancarz13}. However, some challenges remain, especially in atmospheric environments, where \textit{robustness} is a key consideration. Therefore, in the design of high date rate OWC links, we need to consider the atmospheric impairments-induced fading which can be described by the log-normal (LN) statistical model ~\cite{Beaulieu2008itct,giggenbach2008fading}. To combat fading, multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) OWC (MIMO-OWC) systems introduce the design for the transmitted symbols distributed over transmitting apertures (space) and (or) symbol periods (time). Full large-scale diversity is achieved when the total degrees of freedom (DoF) available in the MIMO-OWC system is fully utilized.

Unfortunately, unlike MIMO techniques for  radio frequency (MIMO-RF) communications with Rayleigh fading, there are \textit{two} significant challenges in MIMO-OWC communications. The \textit{first} is that there does not exist any available mathematical tool that could be directly applied to the analysis of the average pair-wise error probability (PEP) when LN is involved. Although there are really  mathematical formulae  in literature for numerically and accurately computing the integral involving LN~\cite{haas2002space,navidpour2007itwc,Beaulieu2008itct}, it can not be used for the theoretic analysis on diversity. The \textit{second} is a \textit{nonnegative constraint} on the design of transmission for MIMO-OWC, which is a major difference between MIMO RF communications and MIMO-OWC. It is because of this constraint that the currently available well-developed MIMO techniques for RF communications can not be directly utilized for MIMO-OWC.  Despite the fact that the nonnegative constraint can be satisfied by properly adding some direct-current components (DC) into transmitter designs so that the existing advanced MIMO techniques~\cite{tarokh98} for RF communications such as orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC)~\cite{alamouti98,tarokh99} could be used in MIMO-OWC, the power loss arising from DC incurs the fact that these modified OSTBCs~\cite{simon2005alamouti,wang2009mimo} in a LN fading optical channel have worse error performance than the RC~\cite{navidpour2007itwc,majid2008twc,abaza2014diversity}.

All the aforementioned factors greatly motivate us to develop a general criterion on the design of full large-scale diversity transmission for MIMO-OWC. As an initial exploration, we consider the  space-alone code,  and intend  to uncover some unique characteristics of MIMO-OWC by establishing a general criterion for the design of FLDSC and attaining an optimal analytical solution to a specific two by two linear FLDSC.

\section{Channel Model And Space Code}\label{sec:model}
\subsection{Channel model with space code}
Let us consider an $M\times N$ MIMO-OWC system having $M$ receiver apertures and $N$ transmitter apertures transmitting the symbol vector $\mathbf{s}$, $\{s_l\},l=1,\ldots,L$, which are randomly, independently and equally likely, selected from a given constellation. To facilitate the transmission of these $L$ symbols through the $N$ transmitters in the one time slots (channel use), each symbol $s_l$ is mapped by a space encoder $\mathbf{F}_{l}$ to an $N\times 1$  space code vector $\mathbf{F}\left(s_l\right)$ and then summed together, resulting in an $N\times 1$ space codeword given by $\mathbf{x}=\sum_{l=1}^L\mathbf{F}_l\left(s_l\right)$, where the $n$-th element of $\mathbf{x}$ represents the coded symbol to be transmitted from the $n$-th transmitter aperture. These coded symbols are then transmitted to the receivers through flat-fading path coefficients, which form the elements of the $M\times N$ channel matrix $\mathbf{H}$. The received space-only symbol, denoted by the $M\times 1$ vector $\mathbf{y}$, can be written as
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:system_model}
\mathbf{y}=\frac{1}{P_{op}}\mathbf{H}\mathbf{x}+\mathbf{n},
\end{eqnarray}
  where $P_{op}$ is the average optical power of $\mathbf{x}$ and,  the entries of  channel matrix $\mathbf{H}$ are independent and LN distributed, i.e., $h_{ij}=e^{z_{ij}}$, where $z_{ij}\sim\mathcal{N}\left(\mu_{ij},\sigma_{ij}^2\right), i=1\ldots M,j=1\ldots N$.

  The probability density function (PDF) of $h_{i,j}$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{H}\left(h_{ij}\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}h_{ij}\sigma_{ij} }\exp\left(-\frac{\left(\ln h_{ij}-\mu_{ij}\right)^2}{2\sigma _{ij}^{2}}\right)
\end{eqnarray}
The PDF of $\mathbf{H}$ is $f_{\mathbf{H}}\left(\mathbf{H}\right)=\prod_{i=1}^{M}\prod_{j=1}^{N}f_{H}\left(h_{ij}\right)$.
  The signalling scheme of $\mathbf{s}$ is unipolar pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) to meet the unipolarity requirement of intensity modulator (IM), i.e., $\mathbf{x}\in\mathbb{R}_+^{N\times 1}$. As an example, the constellation of unipolar $2^p$-ary PAM is $\mathcal{B}_{2^p}=\{0,1,\ldots,2^p-1\}$, where $p$ is a positive integer. Then, the equivalent constellation of $\mathbf{s}$ is $\mathcal{S}=\{\mathbf{s}:s_i\in \mathcal{B},i=1,\ldots N\}$, i.e., ${\mathcal S}={\mathcal B}_{2^p}^N$.

Furthermore, for noise vector $\mathbf{n}$, the two primary sources at the receiver front end are due to noise from the receive electronics and shot noise from the received DC photocurrent induced by background  radiation~\cite{Karp1988,Barry1994Ifrd}. By the central limit theorem, this high-intensity shot noise for the lightwave-based OWC is closely approximated as additive, signal-independent, white, Gaussian noise (AWGN)~\cite{Barry1994Ifrd} with zero mean and variance $\sigma _{n}^{2}$.

 By rewriting the channel matrix  as a vector and aligning the code-channel product to form a new channel vector, we can have $\mathbf{Hx}=\left(\mathbf{I}_{M}\otimes\mathbf{x}^T\right)\textrm{vec}\left(\mathbf{H}\right)
$, where $\otimes$ denotes the Kronecker product operation and $\textrm{vec}\left(\mathbf{H}\right)=\left[h_{11},\ldots,h_{1N},\ldots,h_{M1},\ldots,h_{MN}\right]^T$.
 For discussion convenience, we call $\mathbf{I}_{M}\otimes\mathbf{x}^T$ a codeword matrix, denoted by $\mathbf{ S}\left(\mathbf{x}\right)$. Then, the correlation matrix of the corresponding error coding matrix is given by
   \begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:rank_one_equivalence}
           \mathbf{ S}^T\left(\mathbf{e}\right)\mathbf{ S}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=
\mathbf{I}_{M}\otimes\mathbf{X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)
   \end{eqnarray}
   where $\mathbf{X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=\mathbf{e}\mathbf{e}^T$, $\mathbf{e}=\mathbf{F}\left(\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)-\mathbf{F}\left(\mathbf{s}\right)$ is the error vector with $\mathbf{s}\neq\mathbf{\hat{s}}$ and $\mathbf{s},\mathbf{\hat{s}}\in\mathcal{S}$. All these non-zero $\mathbf{e}$ form an error set, denoted by $\mathcal{E}$.

   \subsection{Problem formulation}
To formally state our problem, we make the following assumptions throughout this paper.
\begin{enumerate}
\item \textit{Power constraint}. The average optical power is constrained, i.e., $E\left[\sum_{i}^{N}x_{i}\right]=P_{op}$. Although limits are placed on both the average and peak optical power transmitted, in the case of most practical modulated optical sources, it is the average optical power constraint that dominates~\cite{hranilovic2003optical}.
\item \textit{SNR  definition}. The optical SNR is defined by $\rho_{op}=\frac{P_{op}}{\sqrt{N\sigma_n^2}}$, since the noise variance per dimension is assumed to be $\sigma_n^2$. Thus, in expressions on error performance involved in the squared Euclidean distance, the term $\rho$, in fact, is equal to
     \begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:electrical_snr}

       \rho=\frac{1}{N\sigma_n^2}
     \end{eqnarray}
     with optical power being normalized by $\frac{1}{P_{op}}$. Unless stated otherwise, $\rho$ is referred to as  the squared optical SNR thereafter.
\end{enumerate}

 Under the above  assumptions, our primary task in this paper is to establish a general criterion on the design of FLDSC and  solve the following problem.
\begin{problem}\label{prob:design_problem} Design the space encoder $\mathbf{F}(\cdot)$ subject to the total optical power such that 1) $\forall \mathbf{s}\in \mathcal{S}, \mathbf{F}\left(\mathbf{s}\right) $ meets the unipolarity requirement of IM; 2) Full large-scale diversity is enabled for the ML receiver.~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{problem}

\section{Design Criteria for Space Code}

This subsection aims at deriving the PEP of MIMO-OWC  and then, establishing a general design criterion for the linear space coded system.
\subsection{PEP of MIMO-OWC}\label{sec:performance_analysis}
 Given a channel realization $\mathbf{H}\in\mathbb{R}_{+}^{M\times N}$ and a transmitted signal vector $\mathbf{s}$, the probability
   of transmitting $\mathbf{s}$ and deciding in favor of $\hat{\mathbf s}$ with the ML receiver is given by~\cite{forney98}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:ml_detection_pep1}
P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}|\mathbf{H}\right)=Q\left(\frac{d\left(\mathbf{e}\right)}{2}\right) \end{eqnarray}
where $d^2\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=\frac{\rho}{NP_{op}^2}\textrm{vec}\left(\mathbf{H}\right)^T\mathbf{ S}^T\left(\mathbf{e}\right)\mathbf{ S}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)\textrm{vec}\left(\mathbf{H}\right)=\frac{\rho}{NP_{op}^2}\sum_{i=1}^M\left(\mathbf{h}_i^T\mathbf{e}\right)^2$ with $\mathbf{h}_i=\left[h_{i1},\ldots,h_{iN}\right]^T,i=1,\ldots,M$. Averaging \eqref{eqn:ml_detection_pep1}  over $\mathbf{H}$ yields
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eqn:ml_detection_pep2}
P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)
&=&\int P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}|\mathbf{H}\right)f_{\mathbf{H}}\left(\mathbf{H}\right)d\mathbf{H}.
\end{eqnarray}

 To extract the dominant term of~\eqref{eqn:ml_detection_pep2},  we make an assumption for time being. Later on, we will prove that this condition is actually necessary and sufficient for $\mathbf{ X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)$ to render full diversity.

\begin{assumption} \label{assumpt:existence_of_rectangular}
Any $\mathbf{e}\in {\mathcal E}$ is unipolar without zero entry.~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{assumption}

\begin{theorem}\label{theorem:pep_mimo_owc}
 Under Assumption \ref{assumpt:existence_of_rectangular},
$P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$ is bounded by
  \begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:pep_mimoowc}
  &&\underbrace{C_{L} \left(\ln\rho\right)^{-MN}e^{-\sum_{i=1}^{M}\sum_{j=1}^{N}\frac{\left(\ln\rho +\ln \left(P_{op}^2\Omega\right)-\ln\left(M\sum_{k=1}^Ne_k^2\right)\right)^2}{8\sigma_{ij}^2}}}_{P_{L}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)}
\nonumber\\
    &&\le P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right) \le \underbrace{C_{U1}
\rho^{-\frac{MN}{2}}
e^{-\sum_{i=1}^{M}\sum_{j=1}^{N}\frac{\ln^2 \rho}{8\sigma_{ij}^2  }}}_{P_{U1}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)}
\nonumber\\
&&+\underbrace{ C_{U2}\left(\ln\rho\right)^{-MN}e^{-\sum_{i=1}^{M}\sum_{j=1}^{N}\frac{\left(\ln \frac{\rho}{\ln^2 \rho} +\ln \left(P_{op}^2\Omega\right)-\ln e_j^2\right)^2}{8\sigma_{ij}^2}}}_{P_{U2}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Omega=\sum_{i=1}^{M}\sum_{j=1}^{N}\sigma_{ij}^{-2}$,
$C_{L}=\frac{\prod_{i=1}^M\prod_{j=1}^N\sigma_{ij}}{\left(4\pi\right)^{MN}e^{-\frac{MN}{2}}}Q\left(\frac{1}{2}\left(\sum_{k=1}^Ne_k^2\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\right)$, $C_{U1}=\frac{e^{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^M\sum_{j=1}^N\sigma_{ij}^2}{2}}}{2\prod_{i=1}^N\prod_{j=1}^M\sigma_{ij}}
\left(\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{N}e_k^2}{NP_{op}^2}\right)^{-\frac{MN}{2}}$ and $C_{U2}=\frac{\left(NP_{op}^2\right)^{MN}}{2\prod_{i=1}^M\prod_{j=1}^N\sqrt{\sigma_{ij}^2}}e^{-\frac{\Omega}{8}\ln^2\left(\frac{NP_{op}^2\Omega}{M}\right)}$.
~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{theorem}

Now, we can see that in \eqref{eqn:pep_mimoowc}, $P_{L}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$ and $P_{U2}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$ have the same exponential term, $\exp\left(-\frac{\Omega}{8}\ln^2 \rho\right)$, whereas the exponential term of $P_{U1}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$ is $\exp\left(-\frac{\Omega}{8}\ln^2\frac{\rho}{\ln^2\rho}\right)$, which decays slower than  $\exp\left(-\frac{\Omega}{8}\ln^2 \rho\right)$ against high SNR. That being said, we have successfully attained the dominant term, $P_{U1}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$, of the upper-bound of $P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$. Thus, our selection of $\tau$ is reasonable to capture the dominant behaviour of $P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$.

With all the aforementioned preparations, we enable to give the general design criterion for FLDSC of MIMO-OWC in the following subsection.
 \subsection{Design Criterion for FLDSC}

  The discussions in Subsection~\ref{sec:performance_analysis} tells us that $P_{U1}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$  is the dominant term of the upper-bound of $P\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$ in \eqref{eqn:pep_mimoowc}. With this, we will provide a guideline on the space code design in this subsection.  To define the performance parameters to be optimized, we rewrite $P_{U2}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$ as follows.
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:dominant_term}
P_{U2}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)=
C_{U2}\mathcal{G}_{c}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)
\left(\frac{\rho}{\ln^2 \rho}\right)^{\frac{\Omega}{4}\ln\left(
\frac{NP_{op}^2\Omega}{M}\right)-\frac{3}{4}\ln \mathcal{G}_{d}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)}&&\nonumber\\
\times
\left(\ln \rho\right)^{-MN}\exp\left(-\frac{\Omega}{8} \ln^2 \frac{\rho}{\ln^2 \rho}\right)&&
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathcal{G}_{d}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=\prod_{j=1}^{N}|e_j|^{\sum_{i=1}^M\sigma_{ij}^{-2}}$ and $\mathcal{G}_{c}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=\exp\left( \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{M}\sum_{j=1}^{N}
\left(\ln |e_j|^{\sigma_{ij}}\right)^2\right)\left(\frac{NP_{op}^2\Omega}{M}\right)^{
\frac{1}{2}\ln\ln \mathcal{G}_{d}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)}$.

Here, the following three factors dictate the minimization of $P_{U1}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$:
\begin{enumerate}
  \item \textit{Large-scale diversity gain}. The exponent $\Omega$ with respect to $\ln \frac{\rho}{\ln^2 \rho}$ governs the behavior of $P_{U1}\left(\mathbf{s}\rightarrow\mathbf{\hat{s}}\right)$. For this reason,  $\Omega$ is named as the \textit{large-scale diversity gain}. The full large-scale diversity achievement is equivalent to the event that all the $MN$ terms in $\Omega=\sum_{i=1}^{M}\sum_{j=1}^{N}\sigma_{ij}^{-2}$ offered by the $N\times M$ MIMO-OWC are fully utilized.  Thus, when we design space code, full large-scale diversity must be assured \textit{in the first place}.
 \item \textit{Small-scale diversity gain}. $\mathcal{G}_{d}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=\prod_{j=1}^{N}|e_j|^{\sum_{i=1}^M\sigma_{ij}^{-2}}$ is called \textit{small-scale diversity gain}, which affects the polynomial decaying in terms of $\frac{\rho}{\ln^2 \rho}$. $\min_{\mathbf{e}}\mathcal{G}_{d}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)$ should be maximized to optimize the error performance of the worst error event. Since the small-scale diversity gain will affect the average PEP via the polynomially decaying speed of the error curve, the small-scale diversity gain of the space code  is what to be optimized \textit{in the second place}.
 \item \textit{Coding gain.} $\mathcal{G}_{c}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)$ is defined as\textit{ coding gain}. On condition that both diversity gain are maximized, if there still exists DoF for further optimization of the coding gain, $\max_{\mathbf{e}\in\mathcal{E}}\mathcal{G}_{c}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)$ should be minimized as the \textit{last step} for the systematical design of space code.
\end{enumerate}

In what follows, we will give a sufficient and necessary condition on a full large-scale diversity achievement. Hence, Assumption \ref{assumpt:existence_of_rectangular} is \textit{sufficient and necessary} for FLDSC, which is summarized as the following theorem:
 \begin{theorem} \label{theorem:space_code_full_diversity}
A space code enables full large-scale diversity if and only $\forall \mathbf{e}\in \mathcal{E}$, $\mathbf{e}$ is unipolar without zero-valued entries or equivalently, $\forall \mathbf{e}\in \mathcal{E}$, $\mathbf{ X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)$ is positive.~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
 \end{theorem}

With these results, we can proceed to design FLDSC systematically in the following section.

\section{Optimal Design of Specific Linear FLDSC }\label{sec:design_example}
In this section, we will exemplify our established criterion in~\eqref{eqn:dominant_term} by designing  a specific \textit{linear} FLDSC for $2\times 2$ MIMO-OWC with  unipolar pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). For this particular design, a closed-form space code optimizing both diversity gains will be obtained by smartly taking advantage of some available properties as well as by developing some new interesting properties on Farey sequences in number theory.

\subsection{Design Problem Formulation}
 Consider a $2\times2$ MIMO-OWC system with $\mathbf{F}\left(\mathbf{s}\right)=\mathbf{F}\mathbf{s}$, where
$  \mathbf{F} =
  \left({
  \begin{array}{cc}
  f_{11}&  f_{12}\\
  f_{21}&  f_{22}\\
  \end{array}
  }\right)$ and $\mathbf{ X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=\left(
{\begin{array}{cc}
e_{1}^2&e_1e_2\\
e_1e_2&e_2^2\\
\end{array}
}\right)$.
By Theorem~\ref{theorem:space_code_full_diversity}, $\mathbf{ X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)$ should be positive to maximize the large-scale diversity gain.
On the other hand, from  the structure of $\mathbf{ X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)$ and \eqref{eqn:dominant_term},  the small-scale diversity gain is $\mathcal{G}_{d}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=|e_1e_2|$ under the assumption that CSIT is unknown.
Therefore, to optimize the worst case over $\mathcal{E}$, FLDSC design is  formulated as follows:
    \begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:modulator_design}
&&\max_{f_{11},f_{12},f_{21},f_{22}} \min_{\mathbf{e}} e_1e_2\nonumber \\
&& s.t.
\left\{
  \begin{array}{ll}
\left[e_1,e_2\right]^T\in \mathcal{E},f_{ij}>0,i,j\in\{1,2\},\\
e_1e_2>0,f_{11}+f_{12}+f_{21}+f_{22}=1.
  \end{array}
\right.
\end{eqnarray}

Our task is to  analytically  solve \eqref{eqn:modulator_design}.
To do that, we first simplify \eqref{eqn:modulator_design}  by finding all the possible minimum terms.

\subsection{Equivalent  Simplification of Design Problem}\label{subsec:simplification}
For $2^{p}$-PAM, all the possible non-zero values of $e_1e_2$ are
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:objective_function}
e_1e_2=\left(mf_{11}\pm nf_{12}\right)\left(mf_{21}\pm nf_{22}\right)\neq0,m,n\in\mathcal{B}_{2^p}.
\end{eqnarray}
\subsubsection{Preliminary simplification}
After observations over  \eqref{eqn:objective_function},  we have the following  facts.
 \begin{enumerate}
   \item  $\forall m\neq0,m,n\in\mathcal{B}_{2^p}$, it holds holds that
\begin{subequations}
   \begin{eqnarray}
\left(mf_{11}+ nf_{12}\right)\left(mf_{21}+nf_{22}\right)
  \ge f_{11}f_{21}.
   \end{eqnarray}
   \item $\forall n\neq0$, $m,n\in\mathcal{B}_{2^p}$, it is true that
   \begin{eqnarray}
\left(mf_{11}+ nf_{12}\right)\left(mf_{21}+nf_{22}\right)\ge f_{12}f_{22}.
   \end{eqnarray}
   \item $\forall k\neq0,m^2+n^2\neq0,k,m,n\in\mathcal{B}_{2^p}$, we have
   \begin{eqnarray}
\frac{k\left(mf_{11}-  nf_{12}\right)\left( mf_{21}- nf_{22}\right)}{\left(mf_{11}-nf_{12}\right)\left(mf_{21}-nf_{22}\right)}
   \ge 1.
   \end{eqnarray}
   \end{subequations}
 \end{enumerate}
So,  all the possible minimum of $e_1e_2$ in  \eqref{eqn:modulator_design}  are
$f_{11}f_{21}$, $f_{12}f_{22}$ and $\left(mf_{11}-nf_{12}\right)\left(mf_{21}-nf_{22}\right)$,
where $\frac{n}{m}$ are irreducible, i.e., $m\perp n$. These terms are denoted by
$F_{10}=f_{12}f_{22}\left(\frac{f_{11}}{f_{12}}\times\frac{f_{21}}{f_{22}}\right),F_{01}=f_{12}f_{22}
$ and $F_{mn}=f_{12}f_{22}\left(m\frac{f_{11}}{f_{12}}-n\right)\left(m\frac{f_{21}}{f_{22}}-n\right)$.
After putting aside the common term, $f_{12}f_{22}$, we can see that $F_{mn}$ is the piecewise linear function of $\frac {f_{11}}{f_{12}}$ and $ \frac{f_{21}}{f_{22}}$, respectively. So,  \eqref{eqn:modulator_design} can be solved by fragmenting interval $\left[0,\infty\right)$ into disjoint subintervals. This fragmentation can be done by  the breakpoints where $F_{mn}=0$.
To  characterize this sequence, there exists an elegant mathematical tool in number theory presented below.
   \subsubsection{Farey sequences}

First, we observe some specific examples of the breakpoint sequences.
For OOK, the breakpoints $\frac{0}{1}, \frac{1}{1},\infty$.
For 4-PAM, they are $\frac{0}{1},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{2},\frac{2}{3},\frac{1}{1},\frac{3}{2},\frac{2}{1},\frac{3}{1},\infty$.
 For  8-PAM, we have the breakpoint sequence with the former part being
   \begin{subequations}
   \begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:before_1}

\frac{0}{1},\frac{1}{7},\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{5},\frac{1}{4},
\frac{2}{7},\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{5},\frac{3}{7},\frac{1}{2},
\frac{4}{7},\frac{3}{5},\frac{2}{3},\frac{5}{7},
  \frac{3}{4},\frac{4}{5},\frac{5}{6},\frac{6}{7},\frac{1}{1}&&
  \end{eqnarray}
and the remaining being
  \begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:after_1}
 \frac{7}{6},\frac{6}{5},\frac{5}{4},\frac{4}{3}, \frac{7}{5},\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{3},\frac{7}{4},\frac{2}{1},
  \frac{7}{3},\frac{5}{2},\frac{3}{1},\frac{7}{2},\frac{4}{1},\frac{5}{1},\frac{6}{1}
              ,\frac{7}{1},\infty&&
   \end{eqnarray}
   \end{subequations}
  Through  these special examples, we find that the series of breakpoints before $1/ 1$ (such as the sequence in \eqref{eqn:before_1}) is
the one which is called the Farey sequence~\cite{hardy1979introduction}.
The Farey sequence $\mathfrak{F}_k$ for any positive integer $k$ is the set
 of irreducible rational numbers $\frac{a}{b}$ with $0\leq a\leq b\leq k$ arranged in an increasing order.
 The series of breakpoints after $\frac{1}{1}$ (such as the sequence in \eqref{eqn:after_1}) is
the reciprocal version of the Farey sequence. Thus, our  focus is on the sequence before $\frac{1}{1}$.

The Farey sequence has many interesting properties~\cite{hardy1979introduction}, some of which closely relevant to our problem are given as follows.
\begin{lemma}\label{lemma:farey_sequence}
If $\frac{n_1}{ m_1}$, $\frac{n_2}{ m_2}$ and $\frac{n_3}{ m_3}$ are three successive terms of $\mathfrak{F}_k,k>3$ and $\frac{n_1}{ m_1}<\frac{ n_2}{ m_2}<\frac{ n_3}{ m_3}$,
then,
\begin{enumerate}
  \item $ m_1n_2-m_2n_1=1$ and $m_1+m_2\ge k+1$.
  \item $\frac{n_1+n_2}{m_1+m_2}\in\left(\frac{n_1}{m_1},\frac{n_3}{m_3}\right)$ and $\frac{n_2}{m_2}=\frac{n_1+n_3}{m_1+m_3}$.
\end{enumerate}
~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{lemma}

However, having only Lemma \ref{lemma:farey_sequence} is not enough to solve our  design problem in \eqref{eqn:modulator_design}. We need to develop the other new properties of Farey sequences, concluded by Properties~\ref{property:local_two_worst_cases}, \ref{property:the_local_solution} and \ref{th:min}.

\begin{property} \label{property:local_two_worst_cases} Given $k>3$, assume $\frac{n_0}{ m_0},\frac{n_1}{m_1},\frac{n_2}{ m_2},\frac{n_3}{ m_3}\in\mathfrak{F}_{k}$ and $\frac{n_0}{m_0}<\frac{n_1}{m_1}<\frac{n_2}{m_2}<\frac{n_3}{m_3}$.
If $\frac{n_1}{m_1}$ and $\frac{n_2}{ m_2}$  are successive,
then, $\frac{n_1+n_3}{m_1+m_3}\ge\frac{n_2}{m_2}$ and $\frac{n_0+n_2}{m_0+m_2}\le\frac{n_1}{m_1}$.
~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{property}
\begin{property} \label{property:the_local_solution}
Assume $\frac{n_1}{m_1},\frac{n_2}{m_2}\in \mathfrak{F}_{k}, k>3$ and $\frac{n_1}{m_1}<\frac{n_2}{m_2}$.   Then,
  \begin{enumerate}
     \item $\frac{n_1}{m_1}<\frac{n_1+n_2}{m_1+m_2}<\frac{n_2}{m_2}$ holds.
      \item If $\frac{f_{11}}{f_{12}},\frac{f_{21}}{f_{22}}\in\left(\frac{n_1}{m_1},\frac{n_1+n_2}{m_1+m_2} \right)$, then,  $F_{m_1n_1}<F_{m_2n_2}$.
      \item If $\frac{f_{11}}{f_{12}},\frac{f_{21}}{f_{22}}\in\left(\frac{n_1+n_2}{m_1+m_2},\frac{n_2}{m_2} \right)$, then,  $F_{m_1n_1}>F_{m_2n_2}$.
      \item If $\frac{f_{11}}{f_{12}}=\frac{f_{21}}{f_{22}}=\frac{n_1+n_2}{m_1+m_2}$, then, $F_{m_1n_1}=F_{m_2n_2}$.
    \end{enumerate}
~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{property}

Using Properties~\ref{property:local_two_worst_cases} and~\ref{property:the_local_solution}, we attain the following property.
\begin{property}\label{th:min}
If $\frac{n_1}{m_1}$ and $\frac{n_2}{m_2}$ are successive in $\mathfrak{F}_{k}$ and $\frac{f_{11}}{f_{12}},\frac{f_{21}}{f_{22}}\in\left(\frac{n_1}{m_1},\frac{n_2}{m_2} \right)$,
then, $  F_{m_1n_1}$ and $F_{m_2n_2}$ are the two worst cases.~\hfill\hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{property}

\subsection{Techniques to Solve The Max-min Problem}\label{subsec:max_min}

  Thanks to Farey sequences, \eqref{eqn:modulator_design} is transformed into a piecewise max-min problem  with two objective functions. By solving this kind of problem, our code construction results can be presented as the following theorem.
\begin{theorem}\label{theorem:golbal_solution}
The solution  to~\eqref{eqn:modulator_design} is determined by
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eqn:global_optimal_modulator}
  \mathbf{F} =\frac{1}{2+2^{p+1}}\left(
  {\begin{array}{ccc}
  1&2^p\\
  1&2^p\\
 \end{array}}
  \right),
   \textrm{or}~\frac{1}{2+2^{p+1}}\left(
  {\begin{array}{ccc}
  2^p&1\\
  2^p&1\\
 \end{array}}
  \right).
\end{eqnarray}
~\hfill \hfill $\blacksquare$
\end{theorem}

Theorem~\ref{theorem:golbal_solution} uncovers the fact that the optimal linear space coded symbols are actually unipolar $2^{2p}$-ary PAM symbols,
since $\mathcal{B}_{2^{2p}}=\{s_1+2^p s_2:s_1,s_2\in\mathcal{B}_{2^p}\}$. Therefore, in fact, we have rigorously proved that RC~\cite{navidpour2007itwc} is optimal in the sense of the criterion established in this paper.

\section{Computer Simulations }\label{sec:numerical_results}

In this section, we carry out computer simulations to verify our newly developed criterion in \eqref{eqn:dominant_term}. In light of our work being initiative, the only space-only transmission scheme available in the literature is spatial multiplexing (SM). Accordingly,  we compare the performance of spatial multiplexing and FLDSC specifically designed for $2\times2$ MIMO-OWC in Section \ref{sec:design_example}.
In addition, we suppose that $h_{ij},i,j=1,2$ are independently and identically distributed and let $\sigma_{11}=\sigma_{12}=\sigma_{21}=\sigma_{22}=\sigma$.
 These schemes are  as follows:
 \begin{enumerate}
  \item \textit{FLDSC}.  The optical power is  normalized in such a way that $\sum_{i,j=1}^2f_{ij}=2$ yields $E\left[\sum_{i,j=1}^2 f_{ij}s_j\right]=1$. From  \eqref{eqn:global_optimal_modulator}, the coding matrix is
$  \mathbf{F} =
  \frac{1}{3}\left({
  \begin{array}{cc}
  2&  1\\
  2&  1\\
  \end{array}
  }\right)$.
  \item \textit{SM}.  We fix the modulation formats to be OOK and vary $\sigma^2$. So the rate is 2 bits per channel use (pcu). The  transmitted symbols $s_1,s_2$ are chosen from $\{0,1\}$ equally likely. The average optical power is $E\left[s_1+s_2\right]=1$.
  \end{enumerate}
\begin{figure}[!htp]
    \centering
    \resizebox{7cm}{!}{\includegraphics{positive_modulator.pdf}}
    \centering \caption{BER  comparisons of  FLDSC and spatial multiplexing.}
    \label{fig:modulated_unmodulated}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!htp]
    \centering
    \resizebox{7cm}{!}{\includegraphics{traditional_multiplexing_scheme.pdf}}
    \centering \caption{BER performance  of spatial multiplexing.}
    \label{fig:multiplexing_MIMO}
\end{figure}
 We can see that both schemes  have the same spectrum efficiency, i.e., 2 bits pcu and the same optical power. Through numerical results, we have following observations.

 Substantial enhancement from FLDSC is achieved, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:modulated_unmodulated}. For $\sigma^2=0.01$, the improvement is almost 16 dB at the target bit error rate (BER) of $10^{-2}$. For $\sigma^2=0.5$, the improvement is almost 6 dB at the target BER of $10^{-3}$. Note that the small-scale gain also governs the negative slope of error curve. The decaying speed of the error curve of FLDSC is exponential in terms of $\ln\frac{\rho}{\ln^2\rho}$, whereas that of SM is polynomial with respect to $\rho$, even worse than single-input-singal-output (SISO).

 SM presents only small-scale diversity gain illustrated in Fig. \ref{fig:multiplexing_MIMO}.  By varying the variance of $\mathbf{H}$, we find that in the high SNR regimes, the error curve decays as $\rho^{-1}$ as long as the SNR is high enough . From $\sigma^2=0.001$ to $\sigma^2=0.1$, the error curve has a horizonal shift, which is the typical style of RF MIMO~\cite{tarokh98}. The reason is given as follows. The equivalent space coding matrix is
      $\mathbf{ X}\left(\mathbf{e}\right)=\left(
{\begin{array}{cc}
e_{1}^2&e_1e_2\\
e_1e_2&e_2^2\\
\end{array}
}\right),e_1,e_2\in\{0,\pm1\}$ with $e_1^2+e_2^2\neq0$. It should be noted that there exists two typical error events: $e_1e_2=-1$ and $e_1e_2=0$. From the necessity proof of Theorem \ref{theorem:space_code_full_diversity}, for $e_1e_2=-1$, the attained large-scale diversity gain is zero, and at the same time, if $e_1e_2=0$ with $e_1^2+e_2^2\neq0$, then, the attained large-scale diversity gain is only two for $2\times2$  MIMO-OWC. Therefore, the overall large-scale diversity gain of SM is zero with small-scale diversity gain being attained.

\section{Conclusion and Discussions}
In this paper, we have established a general criterion on the full-diversity  space coded transmission of MIMO-OWC for the ML receiver, which is, to our best knowledge, the first design criterion for the full large-scale diversity transmission of optical wireless communications with IM/DD over log-normal fading channels. Particularly for a $2\times 2$ case, we have attained an optimal closed-form FLDSC, rigorously proving that RC is the best among all the linear space codes. Our results clearly indicate that the transmission design is indeed necessary and essential for significantly improving the overall error performance for MIMO-OWC.

\section{Acknowledgements}
This work was supported in part by   Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless  Communications (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications), Ministry of Education of P. R. China under Grant No. KFKT-2012103, in part by NNSF of China (Grant No. 61271253) and in part by NHTRDP of China (``863'' Program) (Grant No. 2013AA013603).
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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← Anti Union Pudzer Withdraws From Nomination For USLabour Secretary
Unite Demands Government Ends Umbrella Companies →
Trump To Visit Boeing S.C. Plant After Anti Union Vote
Following on from the good news of the withdrawal of his nomination for US Labor Secretary by Andrew Pudzer, US unions suffered a setback when workers at Boeing's South Carolina plants voted against recognition of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers union following massive pressure and a fierce anti union campaign by the company and local politicians. 74% of 2800 workers voted against the union. South Carolina is one of the least unionised states in the USA.
US President Donald Trump is expected to appear at the plant today celebrate the rollout of the first 787-10 jet liner, the largest version of the Boeing Dreamliner.
The vote came two years after the Machinists union had called off a vote at the South Carolina facilities following widespread misinformation and 'unrelenting pressure from local politicians'.
The Machinists union were confident that this time workers would vote for a union citing management's unfair approach to evaluating staff, pay raises and promotions.
Workers complained that instructions on performing their jobs changed from month to month. Production and maintenance workers in South Carolina, make $23 per hour on average, compared to about $31 per hour for comparable workers in Washington State.
Boeing's efforts to defeat the union organising campaign proved too strong. The company using well tested anti union messages implied to workers that a union would drive a wedge between them and management and they also used the machinists' union's opposition to its 2009 decision to open a second Dreamliner assembly line in South Carolina.
The union back then had argued that opening the plant would undermine the protected right to strike of tens of thousands of Boeing workers in Washington State, and the machinists filed a charge against the company with the National Labor Relations Board.
Opponents of unionisation also ran a series of adverts opposing the union, including one depicting the machinists union as a casino boss who wanted workers to gamble away their future.
Critics of the union say they rushed the campaign to unionise the S.C. sites before Trump could appoint two new members to the N.L.R.B., which would give Republicans a majority on the board.
Mike Evans, the lead organizer for the machinists' union, said the union had moved to hold the vote 'because it believed it had finally built sufficient support among workers'.
The N.L.R.B.'s make-up will be a factor in future organizing campaigns as a Republican board could undo rules enacted in 2015 to expedite the union election process, a move widely viewed as helping organizers.
This entry was posted in Campaign For Trade Union Freedom News, International Employment Rights. Bookmark the permalink.


Solo exhibition 2018 at Galleria Kajaste | Bulevardi 32 Helsinki, Finland.
Light Matter Series is a study of gravity, mass and luminousness through color and texture.
I started exploring mass and how I could represent it on canvas. I wanted to crate a feel of both weight and suspended levitation. Inspired by the structures and layers in minerals geometrical shapes came to represent these masses. I'm interested in the tensions between the color fields and how their own gravitational pull with in the painting worked of the other masses suspended on the canvas. I intend to create a dialog between the clear geometrical shapes and organic wave motion found in particles. The color composition consists in neon colors and paint with high luminousness. Exploring the potential of color.
Dark matter is non-luminous material that is thought to exit in our universe. It is elusive and deductible only by how it influences matter around it. "Light matter", opposite of it's name sake, demands attention and draws it's viewers in.
This works are a study of pink matter inspired by planets, Saturn moon Titan and pink last mineral formations. The bubble-shape forms intent to defy gravity becoming into a flowing matter with luminescence and solid color.


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UR alumnus Thaler joins group of Rochester Nobel Laureates
University of Rochester alumni and faculty have received a total of nine Nobel Prizes, across a range of categories that includes physics, medicine or physiology, and economics.
Photo credit: University of Rochester
Economist Richard Thaler, a professor at the University of Chicago, became the most recent laureate in October, when he was awarded the prize in economic sciences for his work in behavioral economics. Thaler, who earned his graduate degrees at UR, has received the 2017 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences "for his contributions to behavioral economics."
A leading scholar on the intersection between human behavior and economic decision making, Thaler has been instrumental in arguing that traditional economic models don't adequately account for how people approach economic decisions, University of Rochester said. Over the course of his career, he has been highly regarded for work that explores how ideas in psychology influence decision making in economics and other areas. According to Thaler, people are prone to a variety of influences, ranging from altruism to laziness, that affect how they behave and those influences should be considered by economic and other policy makers.
He's the sixth UR alumnus to be recognized and the second member of the university community to be awarded the prize in economics. Here is a look at others who have won in years past:
1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Whipple, founding dean of School of Medicine and Dentistry for his work to develop a therapy for anemia.
Biochemist Henrick Dam, a member of the medical school faculty in the 1940s, for his discovery of vitamin K.
1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Vincent du Vigneaud, a biochemist, for research on sulfur-containing compounds
Arthur Kornberg, who first discovered a way to synthesize DNA.
Carleton Gajdusek, is credited with discovering the infectious disease mechanism of prions.
1993 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert Fogel, a economic historian who was a member of the economics faculty in the 1960s and 1970s. Fogel won for his controversial theory that slavery was beneficial to the U.S. economy of the 19th century.
Physicist Steven Chu, former Secretary of Energy who developed methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
Masatoshi Koshiba, a physicist credited with foundational work to detect the subatomic particles known as neutrinos.
RocGrowth Coffee: Michele Liddle, The Perfect Granola
Rochester, Buffalo metros join forces to apply for Amazon's second HQ


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Swartz-Swidler
Employment Law Resources
Employment Attorneys In New Jersey
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U.S. Xpress, Inc.
Werner Enterprises
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What Are OSHA Regulations?
The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) was enacted in 1970 and created by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA is the federal agency tasked with issuing regulations under the OSH Act and enforcing them. Under the OSH Act, states can pass their own safety plans for approval by OSHA, but some states operate under the federal regulations. In New Jersey, there is an approved state plan that only applies to local and state public employers. Businesses operating in the private sector are covered by federal OSHA regulations. Here is some information about the OSHA safety regulations that you should know from the attorneys at Swartz Swidler.
The OSH Act establishes safety laws for workplaces. It was passed to improve the safety of workplaces across the U.S. because of the large number of serious injury and fatality accidents that were occurring during that time. OSHA was also created by the OSH Act, and the agency is tasked with creating regulations and enforcing them under the OSH Act. The regulations it creates are safety standards that employers must follow to maintain safe working conditions. Employers that violate the safety rules can face fines and other penalties.
At the highest level, employers are required to establish and implement health and safety policies by OSHA's standards. Employees are also encouraged to play an active role in creating safety policies in their workplaces.
OSHA has released many standards that apply to employers within different industries. Employers might have to follow multiple safety regulations, depending on the industry in which they operate. While the standards vary, they all are designed to protect workers and to help to prevent the risk of workplace injuries and fatalities.
Employers are responsible for identifying potential hazards within their workplaces and checking to see whether OSHA has issued specific standards for those hazards. They should create policies to address those hazards and conduct regular safety training sessions with their employees so that they understand how to follow the OSHA guidelines and protect themselves.
OSHA also has requirements for signage. Employers can use compliant safety signs as an effective way to remind employees of dangers and to help to prevent workers from entering dangerous situations. Safety signs, safety equipment, personal protective equipment, and training all combine to help facilitate the creation of a comprehensive safety plan.
Frequently Violated Standards
There are several OSHA standards that are commonly cited for violations. Each year, the standards on fall protection, respiratory protection, and lockout/tagout procedures are at the top of the list of violations that have been reported.
Under the fall protection standard for employers in the construction industry, companies are required to provide fall protection for their employees. There are specific requirements for the types of fall protection that must be used and how it should be constructed. Areas in which fall protection must be used include areas with unprotected edges and sides, roofs, holes, and other areas in which workers will be working at height and could sustain serious fall accident injuries. Some examples of fall protection include safety nets, scaffolding, personal fall arrest equipment, positioning systems, and other similar systems. Each type of fall protection has its own standard to provide guidance to employers.
Lockout/tagout procedures are also frequently cited in OSHA violations each year. These procedures are designed to prevent workers from being seriously injured or killed when working near machinery. The lockout/tagout standard establishes safety requirements for how equipment and machines should be controlled when they have the potential to seriously injure workers when they are started or release stored energy. There are also specific logout/tagout programs for specific industries, including electric power generation and mills.
Respiratory protection is another commonly cited OSHA standard in annual violations. Under this standard, employers must provide respiratory protection to certain workers in general industry, construction, shipyards, longshoring, and others. The standard requiring respiratory protection is in place to protect workers from inhaling contaminated air and toxic exposures. The standard includes information about when workers are not required to use respiratory protection but are encouraged to do so anyway.
OSHA Investigations
Employers are required to report workplace injury and fatality accidents to OSHA. When a serious injury or fatality accident occurs, OSHA will conduct an investigation. This involves an OSHA representative visiting the site where the accident occurred, conducting an inspection, and carefully considering the specific area where the incident happened. Workers can also report violations of the safety standards to OSHA.
When workers report safety violations, OSHA will categorize them. If it determines that it falls into category one, the agency will conduct an inspection. Category one violations include serious accidents in which a fatality occurred or that required the hospitalization of two or more workers. Violations falling into category two might or might not be investigated by OSHA.
Once an investigation is completed, OSHA will determine whether or not the company violated the safety standards. If the employer is found to have violated the standards, the employer will be assessed fines and other penalties and will have to make corrections to come into compliance.
Employees have the right to report safety violations to OSHA and to participate in OSHA investigations. Employers are prohibited from retaliating against workers for filing safety complaints or for participating in an OSHA investigation. If an employer takes adverse action against an employee out of retaliation, the employee can file a retaliation lawsuit against the employer. This might allow the employee to recover damages, including lost wages, non-economic damages, and attorney's fees. He or she might also be reinstated to his or her former job.
Talk to the Lawyers at Swartz Swidler
If you believe that your employer has violated OSHA or retaliated against you for reporting safety violations, you should consult an employment lawyer at Swartz Swidler. We can review your case and help you understand your rights. Call us today at 856-685-7420 to request a free consultation.
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Please call us today for a free and confidential consultation at 856-685-7420. We will take all the time necessary to fully evaluate your claims and advise you on all your legal options. We accept cases on a contingent basis, meaning we do not get paid unless we recover money for you.
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Q: Date field default value must need to be Null in SugarCRM I am using Sugar Professinal 6.4.4.
The problem i am facing is this, that when i create a custom field of type Date (Not DateTime) and don't assign a default value to it. Then when i use that custom field in Edit and Detail View of a module and save the record without assigning any value to that field in Edit View, Sugar after saving the record automatically assign the current date to that field which gets visible in Detail View. Though in database the value for that custom field is still Null.
How can i stop this defualt behaviour of automatically assigning current value to that custom field?

A: If you want to save the default value as NULL, you can set the default value in fieldset as
 ['display_default']= "''";

If you want to save the current date, use this
['display_default']='now';


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Signum Quartet – Late Beethoven
Posted on March 3, 2015 by arcanafm
The Signum Quartet take on Beethoven's massive B flat major string quartet Op.130, complete with Grosse Fuge
Louis Schwizgebel – Wigmore Hall, live on BBC Radio 3, 23 February 2015
Listening link (opens in a new window):
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b053zy7y
on the iPlayer until 31 March
For those unable to hear the broadcast I have put together a Spotify playlist. The Signum Quartet have not recorded this repertoire, so I have chosen an alternative version by the Artemis Quartet:
What's the music?
Beethoven – String Quartet in B flat major, Op.130 – including Grosse Fuge (1825) (47 minutes)
What about the music?
If this is your first venture into listening to a Beethoven string quartet, then prepare to be overwhelmed! I mean that in the best possible way, because this is one of Beethoven's very biggest works, especially when performed with the massive final movement Grosse Fuge at the end.
Even now, nearly 200 years on from when he wrote them, Beethoven's late string quartets are forward-looking works of wonder. This B flat quartet, one of five such works published towards the end of the composer's life, is a remarkable work that still gets musicologists hot under the collar with debate, especially when the Grosse Fuge is taken into account.
Beethoven wrote the quartet in 1825 for Prince Nikolai Galitzin of Russia, an amateur cellist. His publisher suggested a slighter finish than the Grosse Fuge, and Beethoven obliged with a shorter and more amicable substitute. This was because the great finale was so substantial and so unusual in its musical language that it inflated the work to a daunting 50 minutes, out of the range of audiences and players alike, and presented them with an incredibly challenging finish. Today's audiences are different, of course (not necessarily better!) and often warm to the thrill of a work that has not just this at the end, but also the tiny second movement Presto, a helter-skelter piece of music that is done in just over two minutes, and the heart-melting Cavatina, the fifth movement.
This part of string quartet has been sent into space, a recording from the Budapest String Quartet part of a record loaded onto both Voyager space probes. So any alien that happens to possess a record player will be able to hear the Cavatina, presumably as their first experience of Beethoven!
Performance verdict
The Signum Quartet give a keenly thought performance here, though I did wonder on occasion if they could have played a little closer to the edge, sacrificing a little control for out-and-out roughness, so as to catch Beethoven's invention and daring.
That said there are many fine things here – the Cavatina especially, lovingly played as though it is the slow movement of an early 20th century symphony. The third movement is lovely too, given an affectionate reading. The Grosse Fuge is very clearly played, but arguably needs more rough-hewn passion. That said, nobody attending the Wigmore Hall on this occasion would have been disappointed with the standard of performance!
What should I listen out for?
First movement (marked Adagio, ma non troppo – Allegro (Slow but not too much – fast))
3:24 – a softly voiced slow introduction leads to a stop-start fast movement from 4:24, with some excitable faster passages contrasted by pauses for thought. The music is often busy, Beethoven passing ideas between instruments. The first section is repeated at 7:16.
9:40 – the music alights in the remote key of D flat major, led by the chromatic line of the cello. This is not what is supposed to happen, but Beethoven was never one to follow rules. It sounds so inevitable here!
Second movement (marked Presto (very quick))
16:41 – this is one of Beethoven's ultra-quick, no-nonsense pieces. A bit too much 'forward and back' in this performance, the movement doesn't quite feel fully formed. There is a remarkable series of motifs from the first violin (beginning at 17:54) which could easily have been written by a composer one hundred years later, so striking is its musical language.
Third movement (Andante con moto, ma non troppo. Poco scherzoso) (At a walking pace, not too fast, with humour)
18:58 – a calmer atmosphere for this movement, with a steadier foundation.
Fourth movement (Alla danza tedesca. Allegro assai)(German dance. Faster)
25:56 – music of grace and poise for the fourth movement, its triple time used by Beethoven as a stately Minuet.
Fifth movement (Cavatina)(a short and simple song)
29:28 – the Cavatina, Beethoven said, moved him more than any other single piece of his own music. It is played here with a reverential hush, and as the concert note from Paul Griffiths says, the music approaches the Romanticism of Mahler in the depth and richness of its harmonic workings. It is beautifully and tenderly played here.
33:04 – the Cavatina moves into a more thoughtful section, the first violin seemingly talking to itself while the other three chug sympathetically in accompaniment. Beethoven quickly moves back from this to the home key, however.
Sixth movement (Grosse Fuge)(Grand fugue)
35:58 – music of remarkable tension and bite to begin the massive Grosse fuge, which starts with an angular introduction from the whole quartet before we hear the music for the fugue itself (36:47). After the serenity of the Cavatina the sheer drama of this music is remarkable.
What is also remarkable is that Beethoven is executing all manner of clever musical tricks, all relating to the main theme and different variants / transcriptions of it – but as a listener you don't necessarily need to note that, and can appreciate the unfolding drama with the string players pushed to the limit, both technically and emotionally. Towards the end it really feels as though the music is breaking up under its own weight and strain, before Beethoven brings it together to force an ending of togetherness and ultimately conviction.
How about some more Beethoven…that isn't quite so much of an intense experience for the brain?
It can be possible…so here are the Artemis Quartet again in three more Beethoven String Quartets – two early and one very late. The early ones, two of the set of six that were published as the composer's Op.18, are full of good natured humour and energy, while Beethoven's last published quartet, Op.135, is also a lighter piece of work. Here they are:
For more concerts click here
This entry was posted in In concert, Small scale and tagged BBC Radio 3, Ludwig van Beethoven, Prince Nikolai Galitzin, Signum Quartet, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Wigmore Hall by arcanafm. Bookmark the permalink.


January 2010 saw the introduction of revised legislation for Variations to Marketing Authorisations.
The changes are the result of extensive consultation by the Commission in response to the 'Better Regulation' initiative, and introduce revised procedures and new Guidelines.
This course is packed with exercises and case studies to meet your regulatory goals and tackle your everyday challenges.
Outline who this course is aimed at and any pre-requisites a potential student.
Student will have learned or goals achieved on completion of the course.
Duration: Wednesday June 18, 2014 at 9:00 am (ends Thursday June 19, 2014 at 5:00 pm).


Девичья бит-группа из Детройта (штат Мичиган), игравшая в 1964-69 годах.
more popular. The singles -- "Peter Gunn," "Cannonball," "Shazam,"
strings for the movie theme "Because They're Young."
riffs that decorate the verse of "I Want to Hold Your Hand."
George Harrison, Ry Cooder, and Jeff Lynne all helped produce a 1987 album.
Trip appeared in the U.K. in 2011.
De Hont. They split from ZZ En De Maskers.
This band also collaborated with Chubby Checker.
Screaming Lord Sutch-like act with masks, gruesome noises and a light-show.
Hont was the soloist in these songs, of which La Comparsa became a classic.
Chubby Checker in 1965) and "Cheat, Cheat, Cheat.
Dutch bands in the sixties with their superb guitarist Jan de Hont.
instrumentistas de todos os tempos.
executado em quase sua integridade porém, fora de sua sequência original.


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The School Age Therapy Program provides assessment and intervention for children & youth (ages 5 to 19) with physical and cognitive limitations.
Our Vision: Healthy and empowered children, youth and families actively participating in their communities
Our Mission: We will use a collaborative, family-centred and interdisciplinary approach to optimize health and autonomy and promote inclusive communities
Where we provide services
We provide service in a variety of settings: at school, at home, in the community or at the Queen Alexandra Centre for Children's Health.
This is made possible through contracts with the Victoria, Sooke and Saanich School Districts and some private/independent schools, and through funding from the Ministry for Children and Family Development.
Occupational Therapists (OT)
Support students, working with school personnel and families, in achieving the student's functional goals in the areas of self-care, productivity and leisure.
School based Physiotherapists (PT)
Support students, staff and families to enable the student to achieve optimal mobility and participation at home, school, and in the community. PTs evaluate how a student's ability to function in school is influenced by his/her physical status and by environmental factors at home, school, or in the community.
Service to Private or Independent Schools
Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy and Speech Therapy can be arranged for students with complex physical challenges depending upon availability of staff. A revenue agreement will be established with the school administrator for services provided.
Greater Victoria School District
Saanich School District
MCFD SATP
OT Brochure
PT Brochure
Schools and Clinics Brochure
Service to Private Schools
SLP Referral Guidelines
Transition to Adult Services Planning Resources
General Information on School Age Therapy Program
We accept referrals from school-based teams with parent/guardian consent. Please speak with the school teacher or school administrative team to discuss initiating a referral.
Heather Fox - School Age Therapy Program Coordinator
M.Fox@viha.ca
School Age Therapy Program Support