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Benign Expansile Lesions of the Sphenoid Sinus: Differentiation from Normal Asymmetry of the Lateral Recesses
Jonathan S. Lewin, Hugh D. Curtin, Elizabeth Eelkema and Nancy Obuchowski
American Journal of Neuroradiology March 1999, 20 (3) 461-466;
Jonathan S. Lewin
Hugh D. Curtin
Elizabeth Eelkema
Nancy Obuchowski
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is a wide range of normal variation in sphenoid sinus development, especially in the size of the lateral recesses. The purpose of this study was to determine imaging characteristics that may help differentiate between opacification of a developmentally asymmetric lateral recess and a true expansile lesion of the sphenoid sinus.
METHODS: Coronal CT was performed in seven patients with expansile or erosive benign lesions of the sphenoid sinus, and results were compared to a control population of 72 subjects with unopacified sphenoid sinuses. The degree of asymmetry of lateral recess development was assessed with particular attention to the separation of vidian's canal and the foramen rotundum (vidian-rotundum distance). The images were also examined for evidence of: erosion, defined as loss of the normal thin bony margin on at least two contiguous sections; apparent thinning of the sinus wall, defined as a focal apparent decrease in thickness again on at least two contiguous sections; and for vidian's canal or foramen rotundum rim erosion or flattening.
RESULTS: Of the seven patients with expansile lesions, vidian's canal margin erosion was present in seven, unequivocal sinus expansion in three, wall erosion in three, wall thinning in three, erosion of the foramen rotundum in two, and flattening in the foramen rotundum in four. Forty-one of the 72 controls had lateral recess formation, 28 of which were asymmetric. The distance between vidian's canal and the foramen rotundum (vidian-rotundum distance) relied on the presence or absence of pneumatization, with a significantly larger distance in the presence of greater wing pneumatization. Examination of 24 controls revealed apparent thinning of the sinus wall, typically at the carotid groove, but no flattening, thinning, or erosion of the vidian canal or of the foramen rotundum.
CONCLUSION: Examination of controls and patients with expansile or erosive lesions of the sphenoid sinus revealed side-to-side asymmetry in the development of the sinus and lateral recess, making subtle expansion difficult to assess. Furthermore, variability in the vidian-rotundum distance correlated with degree of pneumatization, and did not necessarily reflect expansion. Thus, in the absence of gross sinus wall erosion, flattening or erosion of the rims of vidian's canal or the foramen rotundum provides the most specific evidence of an expansile or erosive process within the sinus.
Previous reports of sphenoid sinus mucocele suggest that sinus expansion is one of the imaging findings supporting this diagnosis (1, 2). Nonetheless, the differentiation between sinus expansion and opacification of a developmentally asymmetric sphenoid sinus may be difficult in the absence of gross erosion of the sinus wall. In particular, the size of the lateral recesses of the sphenoid sinus, which extends outward from the main sinus cavities into the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, is highly variable and can make differentiation of normal asymmetry from pathologic expansion difficult. These air cells pass between vidian's canal and the foramen rotundum, resulting in variation in the distance between these two structures. The purpose of this study was to determine imaging characteristics that may help differentiate between opacification of a developmentally asymmetric lateral recess and an expansile lesion of the sphenoid sinus, with particular attention to variation in the distance between vidian's canal and the foramen rotundum (vidian-rotundum distance).
The study population consisted of seven patients with surgically confirmed expansile lesions of the sphenoid sinuses, and 72 control subjects without sphenoid sinus opacification. The patient group included two men and five women ranging from 12 to 51 years of age. Six presented with a sphenoid sinus mucocele and one with sphenoid sinus expansion from sinonasal polyposis.
The control cohort was obtained through random selection of 96 patients referred for CT of the paranasal sinuses during a 6-month period. Of the 96 examinations, 72 revealed unopacified sphenoid sinuses.
All subjects underwent coronal CT with 3-mm contiguous slices and high-resolution bone-algorithm reconstruction. The configuration and degree of asymmetry of the body and lateral recesses of the sphenoid sinus were assessed, with particular attention to vidian-rotundum distance, measured as the length between the nearest margins of the neural canals. Measurements were obtained by electronic calipers on the console for the control group and by mechanical calipers for the patient cohort (Fig 1). No attempt was made to standardize the angle of the plane of the CT scan. Occasionally, the foramen rotundum did not appear as a complete canal, and in these cases the inferior edge of the groove representing the foramen was used for measurement.
Coronal CT of a control subject. Measurement of the vidian-rotundum distance with electronic calipers shows a nonpneumatized greater sphenoid wing on the right (caliper 1), and a pneumatized greater sphenoid wing on the left (caliper 2). The vidian-rotundum distance was measured from the nearest bony margin of each canal, whether the foramen rotundum was visible on the coronal image as a semicircle, as noted in this subject, or as a complete ring.
fig 2. Coronal CT of a control subject. The sinus wall adjacent to the groove for the internal carotid artery (arrows) was the most common site of thinning noted in the controls.
fig 3. Coronal CT of a control subject with bilateral pneumatized greater sphenoid wings. The shape of vidian's canal varied from ovoid or circular in subject with nonpneumatized or slightly pneumatized greater wings (straight arrow), to an appearance of an "eye on a stalk" when the wing and pterygoid process were extensively pneumatized (curved arrow).
fig 4. Mucocele in a 46-year-old man (patient 1). Coronal CT reveals unequivocal expansion of the right sphenoid sinus. The wall of vidian's canal is eroded (arrow), as is the sinus roof, right lateral wall, and floor. The left rotundum margins are intact, and the left sphenoid sinus is clear. The vidian-rotundum distance was 7 mm on the affected side, and was best measured on an adjacent section (not shown).
fig 5. Mucocele in a 22-year-old woman (patient 3). Coronal CT reveals less pronounced but still unequivocal expansion of the sphenoid sinus, including enlargement of the anterior clinoid process. The margin of vidian's canal is eroded, with only a shallow groove remaining (straight arrow), while the foramen rotundum is flattened but not eroded (curved arrow). The floor of the sinus medial to vidian's canal was also eroded on an adjacent section (not shown). The vidian-rotundum distance on the affected side measured 16 mm, representing one of two patients with measurements greater than 11.4 mm.
fig 6. Mucocele in a 51-year-old woman reveal by coronal CT (patient 7). When unequivocal expansion is not present, as in this patient, erosion of the margin of vidian's canal (arrow) and sinus floor medial to canal (on adjacent section, not shown) suggest mucocele rather than simple chronic sinusitis. The left foramen rotundum appears slightly thinned on this section, but did not demonstrate definite erosion on any adjacent image.
fig 7. Mucocele of lateral recess in a 46-year-old woman revealed by coronal CT (patient 2). Erosion of the lateral aspect of vidian's canal (straight arrow) and inferior foramen rotundum (arrowhead) represents the only features differentiating this mucocele of the lateral recess of the sinus from a polyp or retention cyst. Compare eroded canal with normal contralateral canal (curved arrow). This very early surgically proven mucocele had not yet resulted in unequivocal expansion or other areas of sinus wall erosion.
On the same image used to measure the vidian-rotundum distance, the degree of pneumatization of the greater wing of the sphenoid was assessed. Sinuses that were confined to the sphenoid bone medial to vidian's canal and the foramen rotundum were considered to have nonpneumatized greater sphenoid wings. If the sinus cavity extended lateral to a line connecting vidian's canal and the foramen rotundum, the greater wing of the sphenoid was considered pneumatized and the patient was considered to have lateral recess formation (Fig 1). The images were also examined for the following: erosion (loss of the normal thin bony margin on at least two contiguous sections); thinning of the sinus wall (focal apparent decrease in thickness on at least two contiguous sections); bony integrity of the margins of the foramen rotundum and vidian's canal; and areas of unequivocal sinus expansion (subjective enlargement resulting in gross distortion of the normal sinus contours) (Fig 2).
The largest vidian-rotundum distance in sinuses with greater wing pneumatization was compared to the vidian-rotundum distance in sinuses without greater wing pneumatization within the control group by using a Student's paired t test for comparison of pneumatized versus nonpneumatized sides in subjects with unilateral pneumatization. The Student's two-sample t test was used to compare subjects with bilateral pneumatization vs those without pneumatization. A significance level of .05 was used for both t tests. The use of the vidian-rotundum distance to discriminate between normal and expanded sinuses was evaluated through fitting a normal distribution to the largest vidian-rotundum distance of the controls, with values calculated to provide estimates of 95% and 99% specificity for an expansile process with a 95% confidence interval. The fit of the control data to a normal distribution was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test; a significance level of .10 was applied to increase the power of the test to detect differences from normality.
Control Subjects
Of the 72 control subjects, 41 had lateral recess formation on at least one side, with unilateral formation in 21, and bilateral formation in 20. Of the 20 patients with bilateral lateral recess formation, seven had a 1-cm or more increase of the lateral extent of the lateral recesses from side to side. Apparent thinning of the sinus wall was notable in 24 patients, most commonly at the indentation resulting from the internal carotid artery as it passed under the anterior clinoid process (Fig 2). Although there was variation in the configuration of vidian's canal (Fig 3), in no control subject was the margin of vidian's canal or the foramen rotundum flattened or eroded.
The average vidian-rotundum distance is presented in ⇓Table 1 for sinuses without lateral recess formation, with unilateral pneumatization on the nonpneumatized and pneumatized sides, and with bilateral pneumatization. Comparing the pneumatized to the nonpneumatized side in patients with unilateral lateral recess formation showed the vidian-rotundum distance was significantly larger on the pneumatized side (P=.001). Likewise, when the vidian-rotundum distance was compared between sinuses without lateral recess formation and those with bilateral lateral recess formation, the vidian-rotundum distance was again significantly larger in those with greater pneumatization (P=.001). In the control group, asymmetry of the vidian-rotundum distance between the right and left was never greater than 4.5 mm in any subject.
Control subjects: largest distance between vidian's canal and the foramen rotundum
Patients with sinus expansion: imaging findings and vidian's canal-foramen rotundum measurements
Using a normal distribution fit to the control data, a vidian-rotundum distance of greater than 11.4 mm suggested an expansile process with an estimated specificity of 99% (95% CI, 93%–100%).
Patient with Expanded Sinuses
Of the seven patients with expansile lesions, gross or unequivocal sinus expansion was present in three (Figs 4 and 5), wall erosion in three (Figs 4 and 6), wall thinning without focal erosion in three, erosion of the margin of vidian's canal in seven, erosion of the margin of the foramen rotundum in four (Fig 7), and flattening of the foramen rotundum in two (Fig 5). These results are outlined in Table 2. Erosion of vidian's canal appeared either as complete unflooring of the canal, leaving a shallow groove at the site of the nerve (Figs 4 and 5), partial disruption of the bony covering of the canal (Fig 7), or complete loss of canal form and structure (Fig 6).
The distance between the foramen rotundum and vidian's canal for each case is noted in Table 1. The vidian-rotundum distance was greater than 11.4 mm in two of these seven patients, both of whom had unequivocal expansion. The vidian-rotundum distance in the remaining five patients, including one with unequivocal sinus expansion (Fig 4) was less than this threshold. Two patients with bilateral but asymmetric expansion had greater than 5 mm of asymmetry in the vidian-rotundum distance between more and less affected sides, a greater degree of asymmetry in this measurement than that observed in any of the control subjects.
Asymmetry of the paranasal sinuses may reflect normal development, hypoplasia, aplasia, or pathologic enlargement. Actual expansion of a paranasal sinus is marked by remodeling of the sinus wall, and may occur with mucocele (3, 4), polyposis (5), slowly growing benign or malignant neoplasms (6), and pneumosinus dilatans (7). In clear, normally aerated sinuses, asymmetry is readily interpreted as incidental and is rarely noted. Nonetheless, asymmetry combined with sinus opacification can suggest pathologic dilatation of the sinus by tumor, polyposis, or, most commonly, mucocele. In addition, an opacified globally enlarged sphenoid sinus might occasionally be seen with pneumosinus dilitans in the presence of associated inflammatory changes (7).
The sphenoid sinuses are typically asymmetric, variably occupying the body and peripheral processes of the sphenoid bone. The body of the sphenoid bone develops from two paired ossification centers, the presphenoidal anteriorly, and the postsphenoidal posteriorly (8, 9). Laterally located ossification centers form the lingular and orbitotemporalis portions of the sphenoid, the greater and lesser wings, and pterygoid processes (8, 9). Pneumatization of the sphenoid progresses from front to back (from the presphenoidal to the postsphenoidal centers), forming the main sphenoid sinus cavity that occupies the body of the sphenoid bone and occasionally extends into the dorsum sella and posterior clinoid processes. Aeration of the more peripheral ossification centers result in pneumatization of the greater and lesser wings, and the anterior clinoid and pterygoid processes. The lines of fusion between the various ossification centers are thought to be zones of relative resistance to pneumatization. Persistence of bony ridges and crests as residua of the fusion lines accounts for the complex internal septations of the sphenoid sinus (10). Because the "flowing" pneumatization may take many different pathways from one ossification nucleus to the adjacent center, the internal septations demonstrate marked variability in size, orientation, and location with right and left sinuses typically asymmetric (11). Several excellent reviews are available outlining the normal development from a primitive, or undeveloped sinus, normal in newborns, to the sellar configuration with pneumatization of the postsphenoidal center, which occurs in the majority (71%–86%) of adults (12–16).
The lateral recess air cells extend into the greater wing of the sphenoid by passing above vidian's canal and below the foramen rotundum, separating these two neural canals by a variable distance. In those bones with the smallest values for vidian-rotundum distance, the cortical rims of the canals are often contiguous. For larger vidian-rotundum distances in nonpneumatized greater wings, cancellous bone is interposed between the two neural canals (Fig 1).
Examination of the results of the control subjects showed that pneumatization of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, forming a lateral recess, is seen in the majority of subjects. In addition, 28 of the 41 subjects with greater wing pneumatization had significant asymmetry, with either unilateral lateral recess formation or bilateral lateral recess formation with greater than 10-mm asymmetry in lateral extent. These results concur with the clinical observation that asymmetry of sphenoid sinuses is very common, confirming that asymmetry alone is unhelpful in assessment of sinus expansion. In addition, the results demonstrate dependence of the vidian-rotundum distance on the presence or absence of pneumatization, with a significantly larger vidian-rotundum distance in the presence of greater wing pneumatization.
Use of the vidian-rotundum distance to detect pathologic sinus expansion presents a method of questionable usefulness. Statistical analysis demonstrates a very high specificity for enlargement of this value, with an estimated specificity of 99% for distances of greater than 11.4 mm. Given the size of the control population, this value appears to have statistical power, with a relatively narrow 95% confidence interval. The limited use of this measurement, however, can be inferred by the observation that only two of the seven patients with expansile lesions demonstrated enlargement beyond this threshold (Fig 3), with five of seven patients showing vidian-rotundum distances within the normal range. This included one of the remaining three patients in whom unequivocal sinus expansion was present (Fig 2). Within the control population, one of the 144 vidian-rotundum measurements in the 72 subjects would suggest sphenoid sinus disease by this criterion. It is unlikely that greater than 11.4-mm widening would be produced by an expansile lesion in a patient without unequivocal bone erosion. Similarly, asymmetry of the vidian-rotundum distance was never greater than 4.5 mm in the control group, but was greater than 4.6 mm in two of the seven patients with mucoceles. Again, while this finding may be specific, this is again of limited use as it was seen in only two of seven affected patients, and coexisited with other findings such as unequivocal expansion and erosion of the margin of vidian's canal.
One sign of expansile disease that appears more diagnostically useful is erosion or flattening of the rim of vidian's canal or the foramen rotundum. Erosion of the margin of vidian's canal was present in all seven of the patients, but was absent in all control subjects. This suggests that this finding is highly specific for an expansile lesion in this area. Erosion or flattening of the foramen rotundum was also noted in six of the seven patients and in no controls, and may also provide a useful indicator for expansile disease. The small sample size of affected patients, however, precludes statistically significant determination of the sensitivity of these findings.
Another useful observation in the control data is that apparent thinning of the sinus wall was seen in 24 of the normal subjects, typically at the groove for the internal carotid artery (Fig 2). This finding can be ascribed to a combination of normal anatomic thinning, which has previously been noted in anatomic specimens in locations including the grooves for the internal carotid arteries, the optic nerve canals, and vidian's canal (8, 16, 17). It can also be ascribed to partial volume effects at sites in which the normal but thin sinus wall has an oblique course through the imaging plane. In contrast to controls, six of the seven patients with expansile lesions had either gross and unequivocal wall erosion or thinning of the walls of the sphenoid sinus at sites not explainable by partial volume artifact or normal anatomic variation. These findings included the floor of the sinus medial to vidian's canal (Fig 4). It is an interesting but inexplicable observation that the patients with bilateral expansile lesions represented the only three in this group who had wall thinning without unequivocal erosion.
These results confirm that asymmetry in the lateral development of the paired sphenoid sinuses is normal. Without concurrent bone remodeling or erosion, an increased vidian-rotundum distance likely represents normal development. In addition, apparent wall thinning at the level of the carotid artery groove is a common finding in the normal population, and should not be interpreted as pathologic wall erosion. Enlargement of the vidian-rotundum distance greater than 11.4 mm should be a highly specific sign for an expansile lesion; however, this measurement was not useful in this patient population, in which the only affected patients with this finding presented other obvious signs of expansion. Finally, erosion or flattening of the margins of vidian's canal or the foramen rotundum appears to represent a highly specific sign of an expansile process, and should be sought when confronted with questionable expansion of a sphenoid sinus.
↵1 Address reprint requests to Jonathan S. Lewin, MD, Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.
Froehlich P, Remond J, Morgon A. Imaging case study of the month mucocele of the sphenoid sinus in a child. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995;4:738-740
Nicolai P, de Zinis LOR, Tomenzoli D, Maroldi R, Antonelli AR. Sphenoid mucocele with intracranial invasion secondary to nasopharyngeal acinic cell carcinoma. Head Neck 1991;13:540-544
Minagi H, Margolis MT, Newton TH. Tomography in the diagnosis of sphenoid sinus mucocele (SSM). AJR Am J Roentgenol 1972;115(3):587-591
Roberson GH, Patterson AK, El Deeb M, Maisel RH, Bone RC. Sphenoethmoidal mucocele: radiographic diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1976;127:595-599
Winestock DP, Bartlett PC, Sondheimer FK. Benign nasal polyps causing bone destruction in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Laryngoscope 1978;88:675-679
Dubois PJ, Schultz JC, Perrin RL, Dastur KJ. Tomography in expansile lesions of the nasal and paranasal sinuses. Radiology 1977;125:149-158
Reicher MA, Bentson JR, Halbach VV, Lufkin R, Hepler RS. Pneumosinus dilatans of the sphenoid sinus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1986;7:865-868
Cope VZ. The internal structure of the sphenoidal sinus. J Anatomy 1917;51:127-136
Vidic B, Stom DR. The postnatal development of the sphenoidal sinus and its spread into the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1968;104:177-183
Fujoika M, Young LW. The sphenoidal sinuses: radiographic pattern of normal development and abnormal findings in infants and children. Radiology 1978;129:133-136
Krmpotic-Nemanic J, Vinter I, Hat J, Jalsovec D. Variations of the ethmoid labyrinth and sphenoid sinus and CT imaging. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1993;250:209-212
Szolar D, Preidler K, Ranner G, Braun H, Kugler C, Wolf G, Stammberger H, Ebner F. The sphenoid sinus during childhood: establishment of normal developmental standards by MRI. Surg Radiol Anat 1994;16:193-8
Hammer G, Radberg C. The sphenoidal sinus. Acta Radiologica 1961;56:401-422
Banna M, Olutola PS. Patterns of pneumatization and septation of the sphenoidal sinus. J Can Assoc Radiol 1983;34:291
Elwany S, Yacout YM, Talaat M, El-Nahass M, Gunied A, Talaat M. Surgical anatomy of the sphenoid sinus. J Laryngol Otol 1983;97:227-241
Rothman SLG, Kier EL, Kirchner JA, Allen WE III. Preoperative laminagraphic evaluation of the sphenoid sinus for transsphenoidal surgery. Laryngoscope 1975;85:1986-1998
Renn WH, Rhoton AL. Microsurgical anatomy of the sellar region. J Neurosurg 1975;43:288-298
Received July 19, 1996.
Accepted after revision November 17, 1998.
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Jonathan S. Lewin, Hugh D. Curtin, Elizabeth Eelkema, Nancy Obuchowski
American Journal of Neuroradiology Mar 1999, 20 (3) 461-466;
Nasal Speech Associated with Hyperaeration of the Sphenoid Sinus


The Inventory Market is seen as a worthwhile tool to develop your investments exponentially. Customers have to be taught and walk away from the massive banks, who're counterparties to the Goldman Sachs hedge fund. Even worse was that GM also didn't repay the mortgage with monies and profits from the newly invigorated company – they paid it with extra TARP funds from another TARP escrow account.
7. Avoid zero down funds loans: Trying to secure scooter financing with a zero down payment is possible, but might not be the wisest financial choice. I still say it will be better had the Fed not bailed out the banks, purchased bonds, bought stocks, managed the housing market.
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Too many roles, (100,000's, and lots of of small assist businesses), could be lost, and an excessive amount of of our financial system depended on the survival of GM. Failure can be so catastrophic that not solely wouldn't it undo all that had been performed to save our financial markets, it might topple other segments of our economic system – like dominoes, right all the way down to the mother and pop diners that depended on auto trade worker's lunch cash.
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I have been replacing outlets and switches one by one in my rehab project. Before doing so, I turn off the power to the entire house in an attempt to be safe. After the last switch changeout, I turned the breakers back on only to quickly notice that there is no power to the entire house. I then switched off all of the breakers and switched them back on and still did not have power. The electric company said that if I turn the breakers on and the dial moves (ever so slightly), the issue is not theirs and is in the inside of the house. I went back to the switch that I was changing out and put it back on the original switch. Turned breakers off and back on and still no power to the entire house. Any clues as to what could be going on?
Electric work is not always that easy. I think you might have a bad connection or a bad breaker. You need to use an electrical tester and see where the power stops. I think you should call in an electrician to check your work. I'm sure you did a good job but I like to be safe. A freshman mistake could burn your house down.


text:
Who received an upgrade in the FM22 Main Winter Update?
Players 28.02.22 - FM Admin
The Main Winter Update is usually a big moment in every year for Football Manager fans. It's a time when January transfers are registered and the ratings of thousands of players across the world are adjusted based on their performances through the first half of the season. We've dug through our database to pick out 10 of the best players who got a Current Ability upgrade in the Main Winter Update.
Jude Bellingham - Borussia Dortmund
We rarely pass up the opportunity to talk about Jude Bellingham so when we discovered that he was one of the upgraded players, it was a no-brainer to include him.
Bellingham may still technically be in the development phase of his career but the 18-year-old is already blossoming into one of the best midfielders in the world. An accomplished passer with a deep gas tank, Bellingham's had an upgrade because of his increased productivity for Borussia Dortmund, scoring three goals and recording six assists in 22 Bundesliga appearances so far this season.
He's got the ability to dominate the middle of the park for club and country for at least the next decade. It's up to you to make sure that happens in FM22.
Aurelien Tchouameni - AS Monaco
AS Monaco have overcome a slow start to put themselves right in the frame for European qualification come the end of the season. Key to that resurgence have been the performances of Aurelien Tchouameni.
The 22-year-old is attracting interest from some of the continent's biggest teams and it's easy to see why. Capable of playing in central or defensive midfield, Tchouameni is aggressive in the tackle, a physical runner and an astute passer. He's the sort of player who'll cover every blade of grass in 90 minutes and with this upgrade he's now shaping up to be the complete package.
Jeremie Frimpong - Bayer 04 Leverkusen
Dutch right-back Jeremie Frimpong has been one of the best players in the Bundesliga so far this season and it was no surprise to see his stellar performances recognised with Attribute increases.
Blisteringly quick, Frimpong has shown an eagerness to drive forward and take on opposition players. He's tended to get the better of them too, racking up six assists and becoming integral to the way Bayer 04 Leverkusen like to play.
Bayer 04's strong first few months of the campaign have also yielded improvements for some of their most consistent performers, including Ecuadorian defender Piero Hincapié. A lot was expected of the left-footed central defender when he moved to Germany and he's already shown the ability to slot in seamlessly.
Liam Thompson - Derby County
Derby County have been battling against the odds on and off the pitch this season, aiming to avoid relegation from the SkyBet Championship despite facing a 21-point deduction.
The Rams have had to rely on their youth players and performances packed with grit and togetherness. Among those to show real maturity beyond their years, and therefore receive upgrades, are midfielder Liam Thompson and Irish right-back Festy Ebosele.
Thompson is a mobile central midfielder who likes to play a short, simple passing game while Ebosele is blessed with the sort of raw speed that causes his opposite numbers real panic. Harness their raw talent on FM22 to help fire Derby to safety.
Aaron Hickey - Bologna
Scotland has produced more than its fair share of left-backs in recent years and the latest to step up is Aaron Hickey.
Bologna's switch to a back three this season has benefitted the former Hearts man, allowing him to play further up the pitch as a left wing-back and get forward at every opportunity.
Relatively quick, Hickey has added a finisher's instinct to his already good long-range shooting; his four goals in 24 appearances make him one of the highest-scoring defenders in Europe this season.
Hugo Ekitike - Stade de Reims
It wasn't much of a surprise to us to see French teenager Hugo Ekitike linked with a Deadline Day move to England's top-flight after seeing his performances for Stade de Reims this season.
After starting his career as a winger, Ekitike has enjoyed a breakthrough campaign for Les rouges et blancs, recording three assists and nine goals in 21 games to establish himself as their main man up front.
Fabio Carvalho - Fulham
Another player linked with a late January move to one of England's top clubs was Fulham's Wonderkid attacking midfielder, Fabio Carvalho.
The 19-year-old has been a key part of Fulham's relentless assault on EFL goalscoring records this season, his dribbling ability, speed and exemplary decision-making creating chance after chance for the West London outfit.
With seven goals and five assists in 23 appearances, Carvalho has already shown that he's got the end product needed to become a key figure in English football for a long time to come.
Iliman N'Diaye - Sheffield United
Sheffield United haven't been quite as electric as Fulham in the SkyBet Championship this season but one of their bright sparks has been the emergence of French attacker Iliman N'Diaye.
Signed from Boreham Wood in 2019 after coming through the academy at Olympique de Marseille, Ndiaye has been a first-team regular this season, scoring three times in 22 games.
Full of trickery and skill, one of Ndiaye's greatest strengths is his First Touch. Could he be the attacking diamond in their late push for a play-off spot? Can you unlock the 21-year-old's full potential?
Kabongo Tshimanga - Chesterfield
The promotion race in the Vanarama National League has been fascinating this season and a big reason that Chesterfield are leading contenders is because of the goals plundered by Kabongo Tshimanga.
The striker has had a fairly nomadic career since coming through at MK Dons but he's now seemingly found a home with the Spireites, scoring 24 in 27 appearances. To put his goalscoring feats in context, no one else in the league has more than 15 goals. Unsurprisingly, Tshimanga has received one of the biggest upgrades in the division.
Chesterfield staved off EFL interest to hold on to Tshimanga in January. Can you do the same, getting similar returns from the 24-year-old to fire the Derbyshire club back up the English football pyramid?
Raphael Onyedika – FC Midtjylland
In recent years the Danish Superliga has forged a reputation for providing a great pathway for young African talent and one of the latest to benefit from this route is Raphael Onyedika.
The 20-year-old Nigerian, comfortable in defensive or central midfielder, is an aggressive ball-winner who likes to regain possession and lay the ball off to his more creative teammates.
In addition to providing stability for Midtjylland's midfield, Onyedika has also chipped in with four goals across all competitions. It's that all-round development that his seem him receive a big upgrade in this update.
He's not the only Superliga talent to watch out for, with talented Swedish youth international Roony Bardghji making his debut after turning 16 in November. The midfielder scored in just his second senior appearance for FC Copenhagen and looks to have a very bright future indeed.
Tens of thousands of other players have also received upgrades across the footballing world. We look forward to you finding them and guiding those players to glory in FM22.
Maximising New Player Stats in FM23
Guides 13.01.2023 - FM Stag
Dominate with a 4-4-2 Narrow Diamond in FM23
Tactics 11.01.2023 - Ihor Crusadertsar
How to use Data in FM23 to improve your team

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Advocate Health Care is making the move to an Epic electronic health record, putting all of its facilities and its revenue-cycle management on the system.
"Transitioning to our new system-wide electronic health record will enable us to improve care coordination and operational efficiency," Advocate CEO Jim Skogsbergh said in a statement.
In December, Advocate announced plans to merge with Aurora Health Care, Wisconsin's largest healthcare provider, bringing together 27 hospitals in a $10.7 billion deal. The EHR switch will put the two health systems on the same EHR. Currently, Advocate uses a combination of Allscripts and Cerner systems.
"This transition will allow for better interoperability throughout our entire geographic region," said Dr. Bobbie Byrne, Advocate CIO, in a statement. "We are confident this single-platform EHR will be a nimble, long-term solution."
Advocate executives expect the move to an Epic EHR will take three years. Cost estimates were not immediately available.
EHR implementations can run in the hundreds of millions or more. Vanderbilt, whose annual revenue is about $2 billion less than Advocate's, just finished putting in place an Epic EHR of its own. That project had a $214 million budget. Vanderbilt spent months training 18,000 users on its system, as Advocate likely will too, teaching 17,000 staff the ins and outs of a new EHR.


When Jon Rahm came up against Tiger Woods in the Ryder Cup Sunday singles in September, the meeting ended with the Spaniard making a tearful apology to the American legend after beating him on the 17th hole.
ALBANY (Bahamas): When Jon Rahm came up against Tiger Woods in the Ryder Cup Sunday singles in September, the meeting ended with the Spaniard making a tearful apology to the American legend after beating him on the 17th hole.
There were no tears when the two gathered on the 18th green at the Albany Golf Club here on Sunday afternoon; just laughter, as Woods congratulated a beaming Rahm on winning the Hero World Challenge.
Indeed he had. Having started the final round in a three-way tie for the lead with Tony Finau and Henrik Stenson, Rahm produced an incredible display of long-hitting to card a bogey-free seven-under 65. It took his overall score to 20-under which was enough to win the invitational event by four shots.
challenge was as good as sealed when Rahm made his sixth of seven birdies on the day.
Finau did manage to make an impact elsewhere, however, by closing his round with a 10-foot birdie that would see him finish alone in second and consequently prevent Justin Rose from returning to the World No.1 spot. Rose, who posted a 65, needed to finish in a three-way tie for second to replace American Brooks Koepka at the top of the rankings. The Englishman, however, had to settle for third ahead of Stenson.
There was one moment during the trophy ceremony on Sunday when Woods said something to Rahm that drew a hearty laugh from the 24-year-old, who disclosed the details later. "It was funny. When we were in Atlanta (for the TOUR Championship), he was putting next to me on a Wednesday. And because I'm not the best putter on Bermuda grass, I said, 'hey, Tiger can you please teach me how to putt on Bermuda? You know, I'm not the best, I grew up on poa annua—bentgrass.
"He kind of laughed and told me it's all about feel. I was like okay, whatever! And today out there with the trophy, he said, 'That's a pretty good performance for somebody who can't put putt on Bermuda greens'," Rahm smiled.
As far as his own performance was concerned, Woods himself had little to smile about after finishing the 18-player tournament in tied 17th , 19 shots behind Rahm. But as he has repeatedly stated this week, it's been quite an 'amazing year' considering how things stood 12 months ago.


Highlights: Amelia Earhart Lookout on the slopes of Diamond Head. Dole Plantation. Drive through Kahala District. Hanauma Bay (closed Tuesdays). Halona Blowhole. Sandy Beach and Makapu'u Point. Nu'uanu Pali Lookout. Byodo-In temple (admission included). View Chinaman's Hat, Kahana Bay, and North Shore beaches at Sunset and Waimea Bay. See coffee and pineapple farms of Central Oahu.
Our Grand Circle tour takes you to some of Oahu's most beautiful destinations and fun attractions.
We'll pick you up at your Waikiki hotel in one of our luxury, air-conditioned motor coaches with large vista view windows perfect for sightseeing. Let our professional and informative driver-guide provide you with expert narration about this beautiful island. Enjoy sheer mountain peaks contrasted with scenic shorelines and beautiful sandy beaches.
View many of Oahu's most famous landmarks, including Diamond Head - the last remaining cone of a giant ancient volcano. See the Kahala residential area with some of Oahu's most prestigious homes. Walk through the Plantation Gardens and see varieties of pineapple from around the world. Browse the Country Store to find the perfect gift to bring back home.
This tour also includes a stop for lunch to "recharge" in the middle of the day (lunch not included) before viewing some of the most popular surf spots, including Sunset and Waimea Beach. After your tour, we will return you to your Waikiki hotel.
This tour departs Waikiki 8:15-8:35am returning approximately 5:45pm.
Hotel pick up is provided from major Waikiki hotels. please enter your hotel name and address in the 'Pickup Hotel Info' field.
Due to the current Pali Highway closure, we will be unable to visit the Pali Lookout. Guests will receive additional time at other stops such as the Dole Plantation to make up for the closure. More reopen information is until further notice.
The US Department of the Interior has instituted a "no bags" policy at the Arizona Memorial and Visitor Center. Passengers may not carry any item that offers concealment. This includes purses, handbags, backpacks, diaper bags, etc. A small camera is permitted. Please bring vital items in a manner that they can be placed in your pockets. Do not leave valuables on the bus.


text:
Dipsas albifrons este o specie de șerpi din genul Dipsas, familia Colubridae, descrisă de Sauvage 1884. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Dipsas albifrons nu are subspecii cunoscute.

Referințe

Legături externe

Dipsas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Allsvenskan Tips & Predictions
Join us for the latest predictions, betting tips, match previews and analysis for the 2019/2020 Swedish Allsvenskan season.
Allsvenskan Acca
November 05 | 12:00 pm | £10 bet returns £143
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Allsvenskan Acca - 13/1
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Access all the action of the Swedish top division and get Allsvenskan football tips from our in-house experts.
Every year, 16 teams from across Sweden compete for a chance to lift the Lennart Johansson's Pokal. There are places in Europe's top knockout tournaments up for grabs too, while the Superettan await those who suffer relegation.
FootballTips provides you with all the latest Allsvenskan football tips ahead of each round of fixtures. Find the latest tips for a range of bets, from match-winner and likely champion, to top goalscorer and most clean sheets.
Our experts analyse all the Allsvenskan statistics to bring you the best predictions and most likely outcomes for each game – putting you in charge come kick-off.
Be sure to check out our in-depth match previews before games for the latest on form, injuries and more.
The history of the Allsvenskan
The first ball kicked in Sweden's Allsvenskan was on 3 August 1924. Debuting in the 1924-25 season, the new tournament brought together the regional cups of the Svenska Serien under one league. For the first time in Swedish football history, teams from across the country would be competing together – the inaugural season's champions were Gothenburg's GAIS.
Teams played through the harsh Swedish winters until 1959, when the Allsvenskan season dates were changed to take advantage of the warmer spring and summer months. Beginning around March, the season ran until November – a schedule that still stands today.
International acclaim reached the Swedish Allsvenskan in 1979, when Malmö FF, fresh of the back of five straight championship wins, faced Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest in the European Cup Final. Victory was not to be however, with a Trevor Francis goal on the stroke of half-time enough to seal the win for England's Forest.
The format of the league changed in 1982, with the champion now decided by a play-off between the top teams. Though this format would only last until 1993, with a return to the traditional league format. IFK Göteborg dominated the mid-90s, before the pendulum of success swung in the direction of the island team of Djurgårdens, crowned champions three times in four years from 2002-2005.
64 clubs have competed in the Swedish top division since its inception, with the current league holding 16 members. Malmö FF have been the most successful team historically.
Swedish Football Betting Tips
We've got a huge range of Allsvenskan football tips. Ahead of every match week you will find our free tips for each match, plus our Allsvenskan accumulator, BTTS and double & treble tips.
Our tipsters check the stats and head-to-head form to find the best combination bets to help give you the best chance of winning big.
Looking for more free tips? See our football prediction hubs, packed with a huge range of bets on all the day's action.
What are the most popular Allsvenskan bets?
The Allsvenskan remains a popular league with punters due to it being a rare summer season in the northern hemisphere. Kicking off in March and running through until the Autumn, the league doesn't clash with many other European divisions and as such, provides a great opportunity for football fans to get their fix over the summer months.
On this page we will post our favourite bets for the upcoming fixtures, but during the off-season in England, we will produce match previews and predictions for each and every Allsvenskan fixture. We'll also include plenty of tips from these leagues in our daily tips including our Daily Treble, Daily Double and Over 2.5 goals tips.
2019 Allsvenskan Fact File
Reigning Champions: AIK (6 titles)
Most Championships: Malmo (23 titles)
2019 Season Dates: 31st March – 1st November
Website: www.allsvenskan.se
Allsvenskan live streaming
Every Swedish top tier fixture is live streamed online with Bet365, which proves to be popular during the summer months.
With most leagues in the off-season during June and July, the Allsvenskan really hits its stride which means if you're looking for a football fix then this is the league to watch.
To watch and bet on any Allsvenskan fixture LIVE in this upcoming season at Bet365, simply go to the website via our link, place a bet on the fixture you want to watch and then you can view the game as it happens, including all league fixtures in Sweden this season!


text:
Semina: Ciências Agrárias
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Home > Vol 37, No 5Supl2 (2016) >	Ferreira Neto
Analysis of 15 years of the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis, Brazil
José Soares Ferreira Neto, Gabriela Bicca da Silveira, Barbara Medeiros Rosa, Vitor Salvador Picão Gonçalves, José Henrique Hildebrand Grisi-Filho, Marcos Amaku, Ricardo Augusto Dias, Fernando Ferreira, Marcos Bryan Heinemann, Evelise Oliveira Telles, Andrey Pereira Lage
In 2001, Brazil launched the National Program for Control and Eradication of Animal Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (PNCEBT). After 15 years, After 15 years, it can be checked that there was mistakes and successes in driving the program, but it is undeniable that in this period, a series of structuring actions was initiated. In addition, a large volume of high-quality epidemiological data were produced, which will allow the country to move forward more rationally and safely in combating these two diseases. Today, Brazil have a sufficient contingent of veterinarians to develop the accreditation of farms and vaccination against brucellosis in all States; all batches of vaccines against brucellosis produced by private laboratories are controlled by an official laboratory; the brucellosis vaccination program is well established in most States and it has produced a decrease in prevalence in Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia and Minas Gerais; there are two ongoing eradication experiences: of brucellosis in Santa Catarina and of tuberculosis in Mato Grosso; nowadays there is a culture to combat brucellosis and tuberculosis in the Brazilian Official Veterinary Services. The epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis is well known in the major part of the country. However, progress has been limited by the difficulty in engaging the beef and dairy productive chains as true partners in the process.
Bovine tuberculosis; Bovine brucellosis; Control; Eradication program; Brazil.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5Supl2p3385
Semina: Ciênc. Agrár.
Londrina - PRE-ISSN 1679-0359DOI: 10.5433/1679-0359
E-mail: semina.agrarias@uel.br Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.


Explain the most important sources of course and program information available to students.
Develop a design document that clearly communicates the expected learning accomplishments and course structure of a program.
Develop a plan to improve the quality of syllabi and their accessibility by various constituents.
Develop a plan to improve the management process for catalog and syllabus development, approval, and publishing.
Develop a rubric to help faculty author and review syllabi.
Construct a Course Bulletin/Prospectus that enables students to select courses based on their preferred instructional mode and other important characteristics.
Construct and share end of course surveys and faculty online portfolios that provide relevant information that helps students select courses and instructors.


text:
Reproduced with permission of the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
Mozart's Letters and Prague
by Elizabeth Jane Timms
Mozart's letters are unique. Like those of any composer, we are given a rare insight into the man behind the music, in his own words. We are so used to 'hearing' Mozart regarding a symphony or an aria; far less do we listen to him outside of the realm of music, to hear what he had actually to say. In the case of his letters, we do not hear a libretto but Mozart's own words; it is indeed Mozart talking.
Various attempts have been made to compare Mozart's manuscripts with his letters, in the search for possible similarities in his creative processes which might be representational of both structural and stylistic patterns in his individual oeuvre. Mozart's manuscripts have successfully given the lie to the popular myth that they were originally written without correction, lending false weight to the idea that his work was still that of the mature Salzburg Wunderkind, dictated at first hearing from God. Unsurprisingly, his letters are those of a human; in other words, of the man, that of course, co-existed alongside the composer, which made up his identity as a whole. These letters are part of the ephemera of his daily life, affording an insight into a world that is all the more fascinating because of its 'ordinariness'; amidst a letter to a close friend, he refers seemingly casually (but importantly as part of the letter's opening sentence): "My opera Don Giovanni was staged on 29. October and met with the tremendous acclaim."
Importantly, Mozart's letters form part of the collage of Mozart, the composer, the life. They are part of what makes him for us, a man and not a statue; they add flesh to the myth, instead of marble, the stuff of gods.
Mozart's surviving letters from Prague are a consequence of the musician; written as if he knows that his true talent lies not in letters; he writes mostly to communicate; the letters lend a practical side to his genius. By contrast, his emotional letter from Paris to his father, Leopold Mozart describing the death of his mother, Maria Anna Mozart in 1778, is a miracle of simplicity, all the more poignant because of the moving way in which he relays the event to his family, far from home. His letters to his cousin, Maria Thekla Mozart – the so-called 'Bäsle-Briefe' – are a separate case in point and whilst their style has shocked those unable to equate a composer of soaring musical serenity with the content contained within them, they nevertheless help Mozart himself to remind us of his humanness, as well as what was probably a much-needed outlet with which to vent his considerable frustration from the constant pressure of creativity. They also prove that letters for Mozart had not always just been to communicate news.
The style of Mozart's letters from Prague is practical too; symptomatic of the man on the move, stopping to describe for example, where he stopped en route, where he had posted his letters, who he met and to a lesser extent, what he did. Mozart's peripatetic letters are not written with that careful eye for posterity and contemporaneous curiosity that had accompanied those missives sent home by his father, Leopold Mozart to Salzburg, in the hope that they would be treated like news bulletins to the family's circle of acquaintances back home. In fact, his letters on these musical journeys are perhaps the best testament to his busy lifestyle, preparing for an opera, giving a concert, visiting a friend; sometimes there is a sense of his grabbing his pen only when he has time, to which he admitted in a letter from Prague to his friend Gottfried von Jacquin back in Vienna: "I've finally found a moment to write to you…" Indeed, he elaborated that he had meant to write four letters but only wrote one: "and even this was only half written. – My wife and Hofer [the imperial court violinist who accompanied them to Prague] had to finish it". (ed. Cliff Eisen, Mozart: A Life in Letters, Pg 520, 2006). These letters might even appear hyperactive on perusal, but then this was an honest reflection of Mozart's pace of life when he wrote them. Mozart's Prague letters are then in a way, a microcosm of his life and are full of energy; reading them one gets a sense of the constant activity: "No sooner had we arrived… then we were rushed off our feet to be ready for lunch at 1…" (Ibid, Pg 520)
The letters that Mozart wrote from Prague allow us unique insight into the city he first encountered in 1787, although his reputation as the composer of Le Nozze di Figaro had preceded him, as he described in his first letter from the city. Mozart's Prague is a practical one; it is the city whose musical public warmly welcomed him before his arrival and to whose sophisticated ears he paid a high compliment, through the gift of Don Giovanni and of course, his symphony K504, 'Prague'. His Prague is a Prague of theatre, friends, rehearsals, visits, organs, post stations.
Mozart wrote to only two people from Prague; his wife, Constanze and his friend, Gottfried von Jacquin, if we are to count those that have survived. His letters to Constanze were written when she did not accompany him, as was the case in 1789. Several other documents survive written by Mozart listed in the database of the Mozarteum to von Jacquin or his family; these include a dedication to Joseph Franz von Jacquin together with the double canon KV 228 (515b) in the Bibliotheca Mozartiana and a letter to Gottfried von Jacquin written from Vienna mentioning the death of his father, Leopold Mozart, which must date the letter to after May 1787; the latter was sold at Christie's Paris on 26th November 2003, as Lot 174 and remains in private ownership.
His first letter to von Jacquin from Prague reads like a manuscript in many ways, because of the number of musical references contained within it; even at the ball he attended the evening of his arrival in Prague on 11 January he refers to the music from Figaro being used for contredanses and German dances. The following day he mentions significantly that because he got back late from the ball, "the whole of the next morning was again sine linea [without composing one line of music]". This in itself is mentioned clearly because the failure to do so is unusual; the next line goes on to say that there was a pianoforte in his room at the Thun Palace and that it went "without saying that we'd play a little quartet…" but that even that evening was again spent without composition because this time he was playing music. In the same letter, he writes that he went to the opera and relates when his concert would be; this concert on the 19 January was the occasion when Mozart gave the symphony K504 'Prague', with improvisations from Figaro. In this same letter, he writes to von Jacquin that he planned to see Figaro in Prague, as 'here they talk of nothing but – Figaro; nothing is played, sung or whistled except – Figaro; no opera is as well attended as – Figaro…' (Ibid, Pg 520). Whatever his admiration for Prague – and this was, of course, pre-Don Giovanni – he clearly missed Vienna – his musical home: "although Prague is indeed a very beautiful and pleasant place – I'm really longing to be back in Vienna… I'll probably have to give a second one, [concert] which will, unfortunately, prolong my stay here". (Ibid, pp. 521-22)
Mozart's second letter – written between 15-25 October to von Jacquin from Prague is full of the preparations for Don Giovanni on 29 October 1787: "You will probably think that my opera is already long since given but there you're somewhat mistaken. Firstly, the local theatre people here are not as skilful as those in Vienna, to study an opera in so short a time. Secondly, I found on my arrival so few measures and arrangements in place that it would have been impossible to have given the opera on the 14th yesterday…." (Mozart Briefe und Dokumente – Online-Edition, herausgegeben von der Internationalen Stiftung Mozarteum, Salzburg, Author's translation, retrieved 07/06/18). He wrote that the premiere was fixed for the 24th October but delayed again because of a singer's having fallen ill; he picked up the letter again on 25 October, to say it had finally be fixed for the 29th October and that he would write to him after the premiere to say how it had gone.
The third letter to von Jacquin was dated 4-9 November 1787 and significantly written after the premiere of Don Giovanni; true to his word, it contains a description of the opera's reception as part of the opening line. Perhaps this is also important because there was now no living father to whom Mozart could report his thunderous success; instead, Mozart reported it – laconically but probably in exhausted relief – to von Jacquin, again a testament to Mozart's regard for his friend, to whom he wrote in the first Prague letter: 'Farewell, best of men! – How I value our friendship – long may it last!" (Ibid, Pg 522).
As this letter was written so soon after the premiere, we might imagine that the letter was written from the house on Uhelny Trh which today contains a small medallion of Mozart and a plaque to record his stay in part of the house in 1787; its near-lying location to the Estates Theatre where the opera was given could also point to this having been the case. Very little of the rest of the letter refers to either Prague or the premiere but even here, after the opera's resounding success, the pull of Vienna remained strong: "People here are doing everything possible to persuade me to remain here for another couple of months and write another opera. – But, however flattering their offer, I can't accept it…" (Ibid, Pg 532) Mozart also mentions a song, which could refer to the piece Das Traumbild, which Mozart wrote during this trip to Prague and dated 6 November 1787, so during the period that Mozart penned the letter. (Ibid, Pg 532)
Of Mozart's surviving letters from Prague – there are five listed in the database of the Mozarteum – not one of these is preserved in Prague, in the City Archives or otherwise; most probably because both recipients were of course, in Austria. Of his three letters to Gottfried von Jacquin in Vienna, one is in private ownership; the second is in the State Regional Archives at Trebon, in southern Bohemia. (The Trebon archives have a collection of Mozartiana, including books, catalogues and a Festschrift for the Deutsches Mozartfest, in Passau in 1986). A third is kept at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, in Vienna.
The two remaining letters to Constanze from Prague in 1789 similarly have diverse addresses of their own; the first from 10 April 1789, was sold at Christie's, London as part of a sale of 'Books & Manuscripts' (Sale 4791) on 24th June 1992, as 'Lot 2: Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, An Autograph Letter Signed To His Wife'; its present whereabouts in private ownership is unknown, but it did exceed its estimate price of £45,000-£55,000, selling for £60,500, according to the catalogue of the auction which I consulted. (Christie's, retrieved 07/06/18). This letter was written during Mozart's concert tour of 1789 with Prince Lichnowsky (later a patron of Beethoven) which took him to Dresden, Leipzig and Berlin, via Prague. He again relates his 'report on Prague', detailing where they were staying, who they met, where they dined and whom they visited. Again, symptomatic of the man (and the musician) on the move, he concluded: "On receiving this letter you must write to me poste restante in Leipzig, you understand…" (Ibid, Pg 537).
Writing from Berlin to Constanze on 23 May 1789, he listed – in a pedantic manner not unlike his father Leopold Mozart's exacting methods – the various places that he had written to her: "On 8 April from the post-stage at Budwitz. – On the 10th from Prague…" Rather touchingly, he refers to Prague again in the same letter, but rather because of the nearness, it represents in the distance to the wife with whom he longs to be reunited: "On 1 June I'll be sleeping in Prague, and on the 4th – the 4th? – with my dearest little wife…" (Ibid, Pg 543)
A quick note from Mozart to Constanze, headed from 'Prague' is dated 31 May 1789 and preserved at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, in Vienna. This note is purely practical and personal and sums up a great deal of Mozart's life en route as he writes: "Just this moment, I have arrived… I'll arrive Thursday the 4th June between 11 and 12 o'clock promptly at the last or first post station… in haste…" (Mozart Briefe und Dokumente – Online-Edition, herausgegeben von der Internationalen Stiftung Mozarteum, Salzburg)
The known locations of Mozart's surviving letters from Prague, for example, those to von Jacquin and that to his wife, Constanze, held at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, allow us to study Mozart's handwriting in more detail. The letter to von Jacquin (4-9 November 1787) is beautifully written, in Mozart's distinctive German gothic script, with frequent dashes, occasional exclamation marks and underlining; it reads rather like a careful but ebullient opera score, reflecting the busyness of the content. Interestingly, Mozart appears to underline the word 'Prague, the 4th November' but double underlines the date '1787'; he also partly does the same in his letter to Constanze from Prague, underlining this time, only the word 'Prague' and then underlining the year twice, as if emphasising to his wife his exact whereabouts he is on his way home. This is what makes the latter note so particularly interesting; it is a private, personal, hurried little note, written in the same almost bird-like handwriting, 'In Eile…' [In haste]. Mozart's signature to his wife is underlined in a zig-zag style three times, with a true theatrical flourish.
The latter sentence could be seen as indicative of much of Mozart's lifestyle. Although his letters give us his own words, much appears to be left out, but then his energies were, of course, channelled elsewhere and reflect this. The letters from Prague nevertheless relate what he saw as important to mention and are vignettes of his activities, as man and composer. And as part of his identity, they rightly also reflect the dominance of music in his life, like the main character in an opera, then in his letters.
©Elizabeth Jane Timms, 2018
Elizabeth Jane Timms is a royal historian and freelance writer and journalist.
Inside Where Mozart Stayed in 1787: The House of the Three Golden Lions
The Smallest Memorial to Mozart in Prague: Conducting Don Giovanni
When Mozart Met Casanova
Truxedo says:
Mozart is one of the treasure of Prague indeed. Hope the researchers would find and understand the messages behind this letters and arts for general public info.
How Door Drop Marketing Can Help You Develop Your Business
Mazen Maarouf: The Poems of an Exiled Palestinian in Prague


text:
require 'aspose_cells_cloud'

class Chart

  include AsposeCellsCloud
  include AsposeStorageCloud

  def initialize
    #Get App key and App SID from https://cloud.aspose.com
    AsposeApp.app_key_and_sid("APP_KEY", "APP_SID")
    @cells_api = CellsApi.new
  end

  def upload_file(file_name)
    @storage_api = StorageApi.new
    response = @storage_api.put_create(file_name, File.open("../../../data/" << file_name,"r") { |io| io.read } )
  end

  # Get chart area info.
  def get_chart_area_info
    file_name = "Sample_Test_Book.xls"
    upload_file(file_name)

    sheet_name = "Sheet5"
    chart_index = 0
    response = @cells_api.get_chart_area(file_name, sheet_name, chart_index)
  end

end

chart = Chart.new()
puts chart.get_chart_area_info
#ExEnd:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Can you believe it is less than a month until Christmas? Well today I have a new card up on the Jane's Doodles blog that will hopefully get you thinking about Christmas, if you haven't already.
I did a little stamp modifying…the snowman does not have a hat in the set, but with a little masking (like Jane showed in a tutorial here), I gave him one. This card has lots of sparkle and glitter and was fun to make.
This week the Tag You're It! Challenge team are playing along with Tracey McNeely's 25 Days of Christmas tags.
Maureen Merritt is the the designer this week for the TYI Challenge #11. I love everything about her card, especially the chevron backdrop.
For more details on the TYI challenge and the guidelines, go here.
Tracey is also giving away some awesome prizes from Reverse Confetti, Clearly Besotted, CAS-ual Fridays, Neat and Tangled and Paper Smooches. If you would like a chance to win, you can leave a comment HERE on my blog post (please comment by Thursday, November 27th at 11:59pm EST). You can also go over to Tracey's blog and leave a comment there to win as well.
Stamps: Hero Arts Magic of Christmas Stamp set, Hero Arts Season's Greetings Tree, AnnaBelle Stamps Ornamental Christmas stamp set (sentiment).
Thanks for stopping by and thanks to Tracey for letting me join in on her 25 Days of Christmas Tag fun.
Hello. This week I am the Muse at the Muse Card Club. Hope that you can find some time to play along.
I decided to try a technique that I have been meaning to use for ages…one that Laura Bassen and Therese Calvird use often and with awesome results.
Hello. I have a new card up on the Jane's Doodles blog today, featuring the Doodle Flowers and Doodle Flowers II stamp sets. There are so many possibilities with these sets. Today I have gone for a more elegant card with some simple Copic colouring.
It's time for another Tag You're It! Challenge. We had an amazing 44 entries last challenge. You guys rock!
This week we have a very sweet card made by Lynn Put. I just love that gorgeous cluster of pretty flowers!
I fell in love with the softness of her colour scheme and I used her layout, just changed the placement of the sentiment. I switched up the flowers for a butterfly and some vellum leaves. The pink chevrons are embossing paste (coloured with some dye ink).


On the day before my mother died, she gave my father a list of demands. He wrote them on the back of an envelope and showed them to me as he left the intensive care unit (ICU). There, in his clear block handwriting, it read: CREAM WHISKEY HEROIN.
My mother was not herself. And yet, she was completely herself. When mum's liver stopped working, her brain, which we had always considered loopy, grew addled. But she was still funny. She hallucinated monkeys on unicycles circling her bed. She learned that Michael Jackson had died, "probably from all that plastic surgery", she said. She remembered Ms Sarah Palin and thought she was a twit.
Mum died, at 67, in 2009, but lately I have been reflecting on her last days. I am applying to medical school, and her story keeps coming up in my essays and interviews. Her death spurred me to apply, partly because it gave me courage - nothing in medical school could be worse than watching the way my mother died. Her death was so grisly that I vowed to help change the way people die in America.
Mum had a chronic liver condition, an autoimmune disease that had been under control for years but suddenly worsened. When her liver failed, her kidneys followed, then her lungs. After four months in the ICU, she was on 24-hour dialysis, with a breathing tube down her throat and a feeding tube up her nose. She hated all the tubes; her hands were tied to the bed so she could not pull them out.
She needed a liver transplant but was too sick to survive one. Then a fungal infection invaded her lungs, dodged the antibiotics and spread through her body. On a Friday afternoon in August, we met the doctors. If we left mum on life support, the fungus would eat her alive, putrefying her innards, turning her fingers black. It would be a cruel death, they said. It has already been a cruel death, I thought.
We decided to let mum go.
And so there we were, standing at the edge of my mother's life. After the nurse removed the tubes and machines, we gathered around the hospital bed. The doctors did not know how long she could live without life support - somewhere between 15 minutes and a week. We did not tell her she was dying, but she understood. A nurse for 28 years, she knew the game was up. But she was happy, thrilled to be off the ventilator. She talked, made jokes, greedily sucked sponges soaked in ginger ale. The Care channel on her television (for "Continuous Ambient Relaxation Environment") played soft piano music and looped pictures of sunsets and mountains, birds and flowers.
It got dark. Most of the family went out for a break, leaving my brother, uncle and me with mum. Moments later, her face crumpled into despair. As we held her hands, she sobbed silently.
She wept for fear of death, for the betrayal of her body, for the hopelessness of it all. She wept for the places she would never visit, the retirement she never had. She wept for her only grandchild - my son - who would not remember her, for the second grandchild in my pregnant belly whom she would never meet.
I have never seen such anguish. I have never felt so helpless. My stomach churned in panic. I had no experience with death, or consoling the dying. The only person I knew how to comfort was my young son.
"Do you want to hear a song?" I asked.
"Here is one that Finny likes." I took a breath and blurted it out: Three little speckled frogs / Sitting on a speckled log / Eating the most delicious bugs - Yum! Yum! / One jumped into the pool / Where it was nice and cool / Now there are two speckled frogs! I danced around the darkened hospital room. Blub blub! Mum rolled her eyes.
By the next evening, mum was on a steady morphine drip, drifting in and out of consciousness.
When she woke up, my sister and I went to the bed. "Hi , mum," I said. "Are you in pain?"
She squinted at me, then rolled her eyes. "Why are you still here?" she asked. "You are crazy!"
Watch out, I warned, or I will sing the frog song again. She smiled and fell asleep.
My mother's room, on a top floor of a major university teaching hospital near Boston, had a large picture window. Through it, I could see the roof of the building next door and, beyond that, the lake where my sister and I had learnt to sail. On the rooftop, an orange windsock swelled in the breeze. It was illuminated somehow, and strangely beautiful. I sat next to the window, dozing.
I dreamed about Ted Kennedy. He had died a few days earlier, and his memorial services had blanketed the Boston news. I was jealous of him. He spent his last days at home, smelling the salt of the ocean. He ate bowls of butter crunch ice cream, watched James Bond movies and shared dinner with friends.
I am sure his death had its share of horror, but that did not curb my envy. Teddy got ice cream; my mum got a sterile sponge soaked in warm ginger ale. Ted got the ocean; mum got a gritty rooftop with a windsock. Ted got his own bed and movies; mum got the blinking lights of the ICU and the stupid Care channel. Her TV did not even have good reception.
She did not regain consciousness and died the next morning. I made peace with her death but not with her dying. She had four months of endless and pointless and painful procedures, and final days full of fear and despair. Why is this medicine's default death for so many people?
Now, seven years later, as I apply for medical school, the question comes up again and again. I suppose I should have devised some pat answers by now, prepared my bullet points. But I have not.
My mother's brutal death exposes so many flaws in medicine in the United States: Our lack of palliative care, our unwillingness to face end-of-life decisions, our inability to stop the procedures and just let go. Her death was a system failure, and as a doctor, I don't know how I alone can fix the system. I know only that I will try.
•The author is is a science writer in Massachusetts.


Currently on display at Ikon, their most comprehensive exhibition to date of paintings by British artist Hurvin Anderson (b.1965), evokes sensations of being caught between one place and another, drawn from personal experience. It surveys the artist's career, including work made while at the Royal College of Art, London, in 1998, through the acclaimed Peter's Series, inspired by his upbringing in Birmingham's Afro-Caribbean community, and ongoing works arising out of time spent in Trinidad in 2002. Filling Ikon's entire exhibition space, reporting back traces the development of Anderson's distinct figurative style.
Anderson arrived on the international art scene with Peter's Series, a number of ongoing paintings depicting the interiors of barbers' shops, in particular one (owned by Peter Brown) visited by Anderson with his father as a boy. A converted attic serving as an improvised salon for conversation as well as for cutting hair, this was a social retreat vital for many male members of the local Caribbean community; a place he equates to an English garden shed. By painting this subject, the artist was exploring a formative psychological moment, and by returning to it pictorially he takes us with him on a journey that is as sentimental as it is a faithful representation.
It is significant that often Anderson depicts sites of leisure, where the mind is usually free to wander. He talks often of being in one place "but actually thinking about another", a fact of his life arising out of his cultural background. He grew up in the English Midlands preoccupied with visions of a warmer, more colourful 'other country' and from this experience has developed a way of seeing which he describes as "slightly outside of things". Later paintings of the Caribbean embody this kind of perception with verdant green colour glimpsed behind close-up details of the fences and security grilles found in residential areas, or an expanse of water or desolate approach separating us, the viewer, from the point of interest in the centre ground. This method of composition signifies at once a kind of social and political segregation, a smartness with respect to the business of picture making, amounting to a kind of semi-detached apprehension of what Anderson encounters.
The work of Japanese artist Shinro Ohtake appears in a solo exhibition at Parasol Unit, London, this autumn. The presentation showcases Ohtake's extensive and innovative body of work.


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Before the official conference, I needed to warm up a bit. So with friends, we went in the "Vieux Lyon" to try to focus on research, setting my mind on the upcoming event. Here are some shots of the evening. BtW, I must thank Bea for the suite at Park And Suites, which is a really pleasant hotel (I'll try the spa later...).
Un ancien épisode, d'actualité ?
Today I was looking for an old ActiveBPEL Designer. Just try the following query : activebpel designer intitle:"index of"
Selon le Criirem, les ampoules basses consommation serait potentiellement dangereuses pour la santé. Comme si leurs prix ne suffisait pas !
Une ampoule de 100W allumée 4h par jours coute environ 12€ par ans en electricité, 1€ à l'achat (kW/h sur ma facture à 0,08€).
Une ampoule de 15W (Basse consommation) dans les mêmes conditions coute 1,8€ par ans, 15€ à l'achat.
http://www.monbeausapin.org/ : Site de BD à visiter, les nombre de visiteurs est comptabilisé jusqu'à fin Décembre et convertit en argent pour la croix rouge.


text:
Q: Pause in a bash while loop I am currently given the task to check the content of multiple files manually. I have all the files listed in a text file, line for line (newline at the end of each line), and currently trying to work out a  bash script that Is capable of reading the textfile – line for line and then open them in nano for inspection.
Problem occurs when I open it in nano – I am currently running linux on win10 as a subsystem, so I only have the terminal available.  My current problem is when I try to do this:
Cat file |  while read line; do nano "$line"; done
Minimal working example:
mkdir test
cd test
touch {a,v,c}
ls > file
Cat file |  while read line; do nano "$line"; done

are all file processed at the same time, or it tries to – it loops over all the files and ends – without allowing me to check the file in nano or allow me to properly close it.
Is possible to somehow pause the while loop while I have the file open In nano ?

A: Cat file |  while read line; do nano "$line"; done

Nano might be trying to interact with you through its standard input, which is the pipeline. Try redirecting its standard input from your TTY:
Cat file |  while read line; do nano "$line" < /dev/tty; done

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


mueseum in Belgium. Illustrated by images of this unparalleled collection Tintin the Art of Herge provides a rare glimpse into Tintin and Herge's world. Previously unpublished drawings depict how the beloved characters were created and offer fresh commentary.


text:
PCMag UK Reviews First Looks
Phicomm K3C AC1900 Dual-Band MU-MIMO Gigabit Router
byJohn R. Delaney Jan 11, 2018
Good (3.0)
The Phicomm K3C is a good looking midrange dual-band router that uses the latest Wi-Fi technologies, but a lack of features and controls keeps it from standing out.
MU-MIMO-enabled.
Stylish design.
Only three LAN ports.
So-so performance.
Limited parental and QoS controls.
If you're looking for a router that doesn't look like every other model, check out the Phicomm K3C ($139.99). Stylishly designed and equipped with Intel's WAV500 circuitry, the K3C is an AC1900 router that supports the latest 802.11ac technologies, including Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output (MU-MIMO) data streaming and beamforming. It delivered good (but not great) throughput in our testing, is easy to install, and has a user-friendly management interface, but its parental controls and QoS settings could use some work.
Not Your Typical Looking Router
Designed by Denmark-based Jacob Jensen Design Studio, the K3C ($95.00 at Amazon) is a sleek-looking router that stands 9 inches tall and is 3 inches wide and 8.2 inches deep. The enclosure comes in a choice of colors: Classic Grey, Galaxy Silver, and Champagne Gold and is designed to stand vertically and be placed out in the open. There are no LED lights on the face of the router, but there is a small LED at the very bottom that is solid blue when everything is working fine and blinks blue when the internet connection is lost. A blinking yellow light indicates a bad WAN or Wi-Fi connection, and the LED blinks red when the reset button has been pressed. Around back are three gigabit LAN ports rather than the usual four, a WAN port, a USB 3.0 port, a power switch, and a reset button.
The K3C is a 3x3 AC1900 router that can reach speeds of up to 600Mbps on the 2.4GHz band and 1300Mbps on the 5GHz band. It has six internal antennas and is powered by Intel's WAV500 Series chipset, which supports the latest 802.11ac wireless technologies including MU-MIMO, which sends data to compatible clients simultaneously rather than sequentially, and beamforming, which targets clients directly rather than transmitting data over a broad spectrum.
The web-based management console is easy to use and offers plenty of settings. It opens to a network map that shows all connected clients and their statistics such as how long they've been connected, their connection type, and their current upload and download activity.
The Devices screen offers the same information, but here you can limit upload and download capacities and block each client from accessing the router. Wireless settings let you edit SSID and passwords, change channel width, and enable/disable MU-MIMO and beamforming. Advanced settings are arranged in a Windows-like tile format and include Parental Controls, QoS prioritization, and VPN server, client, Guest Wi-Fi, and Port Forwarding settings.
The K3C offers limited parental controls. You can block a client from accessing the internet during certain hours and days, but there are no site-blocking tools or content filters. Likewise, the router's QoS settings are limited to assigning priority to an application (web surfing, gaming, media streaming), but you can't assign a high priority to a specific client like you can with the Asus RT-AC1900P ($95.00 at Amazon) . The Health Check utility offers a quick and easy way to see how strong your passwords are and if your firmware is up to date.
Easy Installation, Middling Performance
Installing the K3C is fairly easy. I connected it to my desktop PC and to my cable modem and it automatically opened a browser window with the Phicomm welcome screen. I clicked Start Setup and followed the instructions to create a login password, select a time zone, and select an internet connection type (DHCP, PPPoE, Static, PPTP, and L2TP). I then created passwords for both Wi-Fi bands. You also have the option of using a single SSID for both bands if you want the router to automatically choose a band for optimal performance. The entire process takes less than five minutes.
Although the K3C turned in decent scores on our throughput tests, it's not what you'd call a stellar performer. It's score of 80Mbps on our 2.4GHz close-proximity (same room) test was significantly slower than the D-Link DIR-878 and trailed the Asus RT-AC1900P by more than 20 points. It also lagged our current Editors' Choice for midrange and budget routers, the D-Link DIR-885L/R and the TP-Link Archer C7 v2. Its score of 55Mbps on the 30-foot test also trailed the pack.
Results were similar on our 5GHz tests. The K3C's score of 375Mbps came in right behind the D-Link DIR-878, but couldn't come close to the Asus RT-AC1900P ($95.00 at Amazon) , the D-Link DIR-885L/R ($79.00 at Amazon) , and the TP-Link Archer C7 v2 scores. It's score of 137Mbps was also at the bottom of the pack.
The K3C fared a little better on our MU-MIMO throughput tests, in which we use three identical Acer Aspire R13 laptops equipped with Qualcomm's QCA61x4A MU-MIMO circuitry to see how the router handles simultaneous data streaming. It garnered 193Mbps on the close-proximity test, beating both the D-Link DIR-878 and the Linksys EA7500 while staying close to the more expensive D-Link DIR-885L/R and Trendnet TEW-827DRU ($124.00 at Walmart) routers. Its score of 110Mbps on the 30-foot test was also higher than the D-Link DIR-878 and the Linksys EA7500, but not quite as fast as the D-Link DIR-885L/R and the Trendnet TEW-827DRU.
To test file-transfer performance we move a 1.5GB folder containing a mixture of photo, music, video, and document files to and from a portable drive connected to the router's USB 3.0 port. The K3C garnered a read speed of 32.6MBps, which is on par with the Asus RT-AC1900P (35.1MBps) and a bit faster than the TP-Link Archer C7 v2 (27.5MBps), but well off the mark set by our leader, the Netgear NightHawk X10 R9000 (89.1MBps). The K3C's write speed of 25.6MBps trailed the Asus RT-AC1900P (34.2MBps) and the TP-Link Archer C7 v2 (27.3MBps), and was significantly slower than the Netgear X10 R9000 (77.1MBps).
Stylish, Otherwise Average
The Phicomm K3C AC1900 Dual-Band MU-MIMO Gigabit Router may not be the fastest router around, but it does provide respectable throughput at a reasonable price and looks good doing it. Powered by Intel's WAV500 chipset, it offers MU-MIMO data streaming and beamforming technology, and its management console makes it easy to configure wireless and internet settings and keep tabs on the router's health. That said, a few more parental control and Quality of Service options would be nice.
If you require faster throughput and more parental control and QoS options, our Editors' Choice for midrange routers, the D-Link AC3150 Ultra Wi-Fi Router (DIR-885L/R) is your best bet, but be prepared to spend about $140 more. If money is tight, our Editors' Choice for budget routers, the TP-Link Archer C7 (V2), offers better 2.4GHz and 5GHz performance than the Phicomm K3C for less than $100, but it doesn't support MU-MIMO streaming.
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About John R. Delaney
As a Contributing Editor for PC Magazine, John Delaney has been testing and reviewing monitors, HDTVs, PCs, servers, and other assorted hardware and peripherals for more than 14 years. A 13-year veteran of PC Magazine's Labs (most recently as Director of Operations), John was responsible for the recruitment, training and management of the Labs technical staff, as well as evaluating and maintaining the integrity of the Labs testing machines and procedures.
Prior to joining Ziff Davis Publishing, John spent six years in retail operations for Federated Stores, Inc. before accepting a purchasing position with Morris Decision Systems, one of New York's first value-added resellers of the original IBM PC. For …
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People will pay more if it is "their" idea to do so. This means asking enough good questions to understand not only what they need or even what they want but what affect if will have on them, their business etc if they buy your product or service. It is all about the whys.
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Are Your Salespeople Riding the Wave?


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