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Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age
3.91 · Rating details · 1,058 ratings · 56 reviews
In this remarkable book, Duncan Watts, one of the principal architects of network theory, sets out to explain the innovative research that he and other scientists are spearheading to create a blueprint of our connected planet. Whether they bind computers, economies, or terrorist organizations, networks are everywhere in the real world, yet only recently have scientists In this remarkable book, Duncan Watts, one of the principal architects of network theory, sets out to explain the innovative research that he and other scientists are spearheading to create a blueprint of our connected planet. Whether they bind computers, economies, or terrorist organizations, networks are everywhere in the real world, yet only recently have scientists attempted to explain their mysterious workings.
From epidemics of disease to outbreaks of market madness, from people searching for information to firms surviving crisis and change, from the structure of personal relationships to the technological and social choices of entire societies, Watts weaves together a network of discoveries across an array of disciplines to tell the story of an explosive new field of knowledge, the people who are building it, and his own peculiar path in forging this new science. ...more
Published February 17th 2004 by W. W. Norton Company (first published February 1st 2003)
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Start your review of Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age
Aug 12, 2015 EB rated it really liked it
Shelves: non-fiction, systems, mathematics
This is my first introduction to network theory and small world theory. I found it completely fascinating and well worth a read. I picked up this book because I wanted to understand the impact of cross group work by mapping out connections. I was looking to a taxonomy to talk about these concepts with others. A co-worker suggested I read up on graph theory, which lead me to this book and this researcher. This book accomplished that. It's a well written digestible overview and history of a very This is my first introduction to network theory and small world theory. I found it completely fascinating and well worth a read. I picked up this book because I wanted to understand the impact of cross group work by mapping out connections. I was looking to a taxonomy to talk about these concepts with others. A co-worker suggested I read up on graph theory, which lead me to this book and this researcher. This book accomplished that. It's a well written digestible overview and history of a very complex topic.
Based on the title, what I dd not expect was he would talk about universality of networks. This turned out to be a bonus. This book is not only about social interactions, but also about the organization of any network. If you work on systems or are interested in systems theory, then this book is well worth a read. I found the coverage of resilience/susceptibility of complex system to failures to be really interesting and a very different perspective. He makes a point that only in hind sight can we see the chain of events that started things (in power failures, the tree branch that drooped to low). Also, that the multitude of interactions in systems makes them both vulnerable and robust at the same time.
Who should read this? Anyone who wants to understand the underlying theory on how complex systems actually work. It's a great layman's introduction to the topic. I really appreciate that the author kept the complex math behind the book out of it (thus making it accessible). And he does provide a full bibliography at the end for those who want to do further reading to understand the math or do their own research.
The book is over 10 years old at this point (Friendster is the social network example, Facebook didn't exist yet!), so now I want to go do reading on the latest advancements in this research. See how the understanding has evolved since. ...more
Mar 30, 2009 Rick rated it it was ok
This book was OK. I think I would have liked it more if I knew more about math and statistics. Watts raised some interesting points in his book and who can forget playing the 6 degrees from Kevin Bacon. Watts was not able to apply his findings to real world examples in a way that made the connections understandable to a layman. In addition, at the end of it all there was no tangible finding or process that could be applied by a reader to more effectively utilize networks.
Mar 18, 2010 FiveBooks rated it it was amazing
Shelves: fivebooks-virtual-reality
Aleks Krotoski, broadcaster, journalist, and academic specialising in technology and interactivity, has chosen to discuss Duncan J Watts's Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age on FiveBooks as one of the top five on her subject - Virtual Living, saying that:
"...Watts has been looking at the small world phenomenon to identify whether the web itself has shrunk our world, and in fact it hasn't… We still do have those six degrees of separation, even by e-mail, with somebody who's in, say, Aleks Krotoski, broadcaster, journalist, and academic specialising in technology and interactivity, has chosen to discuss Duncan J Watts's Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age on FiveBooks as one of the top five on her subject - Virtual Living, saying that:
"...Watts has been looking at the small world phenomenon to identify whether the web itself has shrunk our world, and in fact it hasn't… We still do have those six degrees of separation, even by e-mail, with somebody who's in, say, Brazil. When it comes down to it, ultimately we do still have the same number of friends and the same number of connections between two points in the world..."
The full interview is available here: http://five-books.com/interviews/aleks-krotoski ...more
Aug 01, 2014 Gwen rated it liked it
Shelves: dnf
I like the topic, I've read magazines articles on network science before and enjoyed them. And I like the concepts and ideas and what network science can tell us. But apparently, I just can't read a full book on topic. It takes awhile to explain things and while the text is accessible it just doesn't hold my attention. I had to put it aside.
Dec 07, 2010 Kirsty Darbyshire rated it liked it
Shelves: library-book
A look at the maths behind the idea that there are 'six degreees of separation' and other networking theories. Interesting stuff and I like the fact that the author is not afraid to include plenty of graphs to illustrate his ideas, popular science books that insist on using only words drive me nuts.
Mar 10, 2009 Krista rated it really liked it
It's a sign of the author's great intelligence that I was able to understand this book...of course the parts that interested me the most were (1) network theory used to examine spread of disease (2) designing flexible, robust response systems.
Feb 08, 2010 Bill rated it really liked it
I really liked this. I love accessible science with references to the original work. It is similar to linked, and the topic is related, both excellent books to get you thinking about networks.
Dec 28, 2018 Rachel Tomassen rated it liked it · review of another edition
Not really all that engaging, but one of the first non fiction books I've got through in a while. It gives some interesting insights, but ultimately it's a bit old and too much work in reading through it for the little gain in knowledge it provides.
Jul 17, 2019 Tom Cross rated it did not like it
Just awful. Reads like a PhD student trying to impress his faculty advisor. Far too much theory and little practical application.
Jan 22, 2018 Christiana rated it liked it · review of another edition
Abandoned reading this. Maybe I'll come back to it some other time. 80 pages in I still felt like I hadn't learned anything I didn't already know. I don't have the patience to keep reading.
Oct 08, 2017 Vincent Wu rated it really liked it
This book should be deemed as the first course of the science of networks.
Mar 17, 2016 Harsha Gurnani rated it it was amazing
Shelves: non-fiction-mathematics-science, 2016, favorites
In one word: Refreshing.
Sat with it for two consecutive nights until my eyes started hurting. He describes his own academic journey - as a confused graduate student stumbling upon a completely unexplored subject - ecstatic at his finding but marvelling at how it remained unexplored for so long. But as he said, things had to happen in a particular order .
As for the science, it's presented in a completely accessible way - it's supposed to be for general reading. (Book Description covers it all). In one word: Refreshing.
As for the science, it's presented in a completely accessible way - it's supposed to be for general reading. (Book Description covers it all).
He presents how properties of complex systems depend not only on interactions between individual components, but also the topology of the network on which these interactions occur. It seems obvious to us, and it did to him too, as to others before him. But despite such ideas prevailing long before Watts, Strogatz and Barabasi arrived on scene, there was little progress without sufficient computational tools available.
He continually stresses on understanding and appreciating the particular system under study, while sieving out irrelevant details. He also discusses universality classes, and the general applicability of so many results. His presentation leaves you with an impression of good science , done by good scientists, both of which are equally important and remarkable.
Given my own interest in the subject, it made the reading even more pleasurable. His enthusiasm is infectious, and his ending tribute to science left me with a warm, happy feeling about choosing this career.
I think the autobiographical style is what makes it such a delightful read. Easily recommended for everyone. ...more
Dec 03, 2018 Rori Rockman rated it really liked it
Shelves: statistics-and-human-behavior
I love reading books on behavioral economics, but by now I've read a whole bunch of them, and all the writers I read cite one another's books and studies, and the more books I read, the less new information I'm getting out of them. This was an unexpected treat. I discovered Duncan Watts a few years ago when I read his book Everything is Obvious: Once You Know the Answer, which related much more directly to behavioral economics. Six Degrees has to do with network theory, which I don't know much I love reading books on behavioral economics, but by now I've read a whole bunch of them, and all the writers I read cite one another's books and studies, and the more books I read, the less new information I'm getting out of them. This was an unexpected treat. I discovered Duncan Watts a few years ago when I read his book Everything is Obvious: Once You Know the Answer, which related much more directly to behavioral economics. Six Degrees has to do with network theory, which I don't know much about, and I wasn't sure if it would hold my interest the same way. But oh my goodness. Network theory is like large-scale behavioral economics, where instead of studying the behavior of individuals, you study the behavior of groups of individuals, and how one person's behavior changes according to other people's behavior. It adds a new twist to a topic I love, and very little of what I read was redundant, but it was all fascinating! I'm happy I finally dared to pick it up and delve in. ...more
Jul 03, 2011 Alexandria rated it really liked it
Shelves: owned
I became interested in Networks after reading Connected & after browsing related books online, everything pointed me towards reading this next. It's the perfect starting point for anyone interested in networks because it teaches you in detail how differents types of networks function, differ & relate to one another across all the scientific spectrums. I even found myself recognizing the authors colleagues from other network lit purchases I've made. I'm excited to see what's changed from I became interested in Networks after reading Connected & after browsing related books online, everything pointed me towards reading this next. It's the perfect starting point for anyone interested in networks because it teaches you in detail how differents types of networks function, differ & relate to one another across all the scientific spectrums. I even found myself recognizing the authors colleagues from other network lit purchases I've made. I'm excited to see what's changed from 2003 to now. I can already make my own observations to changes in the economy, online social netowrking & book trends from then to now. ...more
Jan 15, 2016 Phil Moyer rated it it was amazing
An excellent layperson's companion to Duncan's Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks Between Order and Randomness, this treatment dives into the history of network science research, including its roots and Duncan's earlier forays into the field. I do recommend this book to my friends, particularly those who ask "what's this 'complexity' thing you're always going on about?" Disclosure: Duncan is an acquaintance of mine via the Santa Fe Institute, so I'm a bit biased because of the outstanding An excellent layperson's companion to Duncan's Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks Between Order and Randomness, this treatment dives into the history of network science research, including its roots and Duncan's earlier forays into the field. I do recommend this book to my friends, particularly those who ask "what's this 'complexity' thing you're always going on about?" Disclosure: Duncan is an acquaintance of mine via the Santa Fe Institute, so I'm a bit biased because of the outstanding nature of his work. ...more
Nov 04, 2011 Rajesh rated it really liked it
Picked up this book when I was exploring the wonderful worlds of small world/scale free networks, power laws and synchronization, which was in turn due to an interest in chaos theory and nonlinear dynamics. Amazing book full of great examples and ideas. A very readable introduction to the science of networks. Highly recommend this and Albert Laszlo Barabasi's book "Linked", and Steven Strogatz's awesome book, "Sync".
Jan 01, 2013 Blake Kanewischer rated it liked it
Shelves: science
This is a solid book--it's interesting, having read some of the follow-up works to this (e.g., by Barabasi and others), because it turns into a bit of a science memoir with that perspective. The book, while it is about networks and network analysis, skims over some of the fun applications and treats them somewhat lightly, in comparison with later books in the field. Still worth a read.
Sep 02, 2011 Christine Klymko rated it really liked it
Another good overview of the recent development of network science. I found the book fascinating and easy to read. There isn't much math and Duncan Watts explains the big concepts pretty clearly. I had encountered most of the ideas already, in more technical situations, but it was nice to get a big overview of how everything might fit together.
Feb 29, 2016 Aasim Waheed rated it it was ok
Too academic for my taste. Watts talks about how he *developed* some of the theories and defines the whole process of getting to them - it became so uninteresting that I basically only browsed through the second half of the book. Read only if you are reallllly interested in social sciences and network theories.
Jul 02, 2011 Jon rated it it was amazing
Really fantastic, if dense, book. It educates & does a pretty good job of entertaining in the process. You finish knowing a lot more about the area of networks and where the state of the science on that topic was about 5-6 years ago. I'm motivated to track down some review articles to find out where things have gone.
Mar 27, 2009 Indra rated it really liked it
very interesting narrative of Watts and some of his collaborators and how some key developments in the field came about and also an accessible account of a number of ideas in network theory helpful for non-mathematicians.
Jul 15, 2014 Scott rated it it was amazing
I genuinely love this book. A far more balanced look at social network theory than maybe Duncan Watts is renowned for.
Gets a little thick towards the middle, but still a fantastic read for those prefer to lean a little more towards science than marketing every now and then.
Aug 18, 2013 Ninakix rated it really liked it
Shelves: books-2012
like all of Watt's writing, it's a bit dense, but lots of cool stuff for nerds like me. I prefer Barabosi's Linked, but this book has more math. Not sure autobiographical was the best format to explain this field, also.
May 13, 2016 Bernard O'Leary rated it really liked it
This is one of the last major works on network theory published before the launch of Facebook. Keen to see what he's written since then, as much of the book is filled with a yearning for some kind of vast dataset to analyse.
Nov 10, 2008 Rahmad rated it really liked it
Small world effects are around us. This books is a popular introduction to this small world effects and its consequences on social networks and our constantly connected world.
Cautions though, some part of the books need a slow read.
Jun 20, 2011 Paula rated it really liked it
I only got about halfway through this before I had to return it to the library, so I intend to come back to it. But what I read so far is great. Duncan Watts is an amazing thinker and communicator.
Aug 03, 2011 Bnjnanr rated it it was ok
A somewhat interesting perspective on sociology and how connected people really are. It gave new meaning to the saying "It's a small world".
Feb 14, 2016 Brett added it
I liked the later chapters on Wisdom of Crowds, Financial Bubbles, Viral Cascades, Social Networks. Very solid read.
Sep 02, 2013 Kostas Pelechrinis rated it it was amazing
A very nice (non-technical) introduction to network science. It summarizes the milestones during the first years of this new disciplines in a nice and engaging way.
Mar 26, 2008 Johnny rated it it was amazing
Definitely the best book on the science of large social networks.
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About Duncan J. Watts
Duncan Watts is a principal researcher at Microsoft Research and a founding member of the MSR-NYC lab. From 2000-2007, he was a professor of Sociology at Columbia University, and then, prior to joining Microsoft, a principal research scientist at Yahoo! Research, where he directed the Human Social Dynamics group . He has also served on the external faculty of the Santa Fe Institute and is Duncan Watts is a principal researcher at Microsoft Research and a founding member of the MSR-NYC lab. From 2000-2007, he was a professor of Sociology at Columbia University, and then, prior to joining Microsoft, a principal research scientist at Yahoo! Research, where he directed the Human Social Dynamics group . He has also served on the external faculty of the Santa Fe Institute and is currently a visiting fellow at Columbia University and at Nuffield College, Oxford.
His research on social networks and collective dynamics has appeared in a wide range of journals, from Nature, Science, and Physical Review Letters to the American Journal of Sociology and Harvard Business Review. He is also the author of Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age (W.W. Norton, 2003) and Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness (Princeton University Press, 1999).
He holds a B.Sc. in Physics from the Australian Defence Force Academy, from which he also received his officer's commission in the Royal Australian Navy, and a Ph.D. in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics from Cornell University. He lives in New York City. ...more
Books by Duncan J. Watts
Trivia About Six Degrees: The ...


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Traffic: Construction near airport terminal, summer bus service
OC Transpo	SunMedia
We've got a crash and new construction on the commute Thursday and a reminder to OC Transpo riders that summer bus schedules could affect their trips starting Sunday.
Traffic was snarled on the eastbound Highway 417 at Pinecrest just before 8 a.m. when a collision blocked the left lane and shoulder.
The Ottawa Airport warns that part of the roadway near its terminal will be repaved starting Thursday and only one lane will be available at times.
The eastbound Highway 417 is again down to one lane between Hunt Club and Anderson roads until 2:30 p.m. Thursday.
OC Transpo asks riders to check if they're affected by summer services changes. Due to lower ridership in the summer, expect service reductions on routes 10, 12, 30, 33, 44, 61, 63, 64, 82, 85, 87, 88, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 104, 105, 111, 129, 235, 236, and 272.
But OC Transpo is improving service on routes 30 and 272 and adding summertime service to the Canadian Aviation and Space Museum, Petrie Island (once flooding subsides) and the Experimental Farm and Canada Agricultural and Food Museum. Visit https://bit.ly/2Kt6My6 for details.
Ongoing major construction projects include:
The Airport Parkway – Intermittent lane reductions from 9 p.m. to 6 a.m. on weekdays and from 9 p.m. to 7 a.m. on weekends until Saturday.
Bronson Avenue – Both northbound lanes and one southbound lane are closed between Arlington and Chamberlain avenues until the end of August. One southbound lane is open. Northbound traffic, including OC Transpo buses, is detoured from Bronson Avenue, east along Chamberlain Avenue, north along Kent Street, west along Gladstone Avenue, then back to Bronson Avenue. Westbound access to Highway 417 is still via Catherine Street/Raymond Street. Pedestrians can still walk along Bronson but cyclists are detoured northbound via Percy Street to Gladstone Avenue.
Elgin Street – Gladstone Avenue at Elgin Street is closed for up to seven weeks for underground utility work and intersection reconstruction. Frank Street is open to route traffic and transit across Elgin Street. The westbound cycling lane on Gladstone from Cartier to Elgin is temporarily closed during this time. Visit ottawa.ca for updated detour maps.
Part of the roadway near the terminal will be repaved between June 20-25; only one lane will be available at times. / Il y aura des travaux de réparation de la chaussée près de l'aérogare du 20 au 25 juin. La circulation sera réduite à une voie de façon intermittente. pic.twitter.com/XYS4S7hVRf
— Ottawa Airport (@FlyYOW) June 20, 2019
Summer service begins June 23. You can read about the changes now to prepare for any changes to your trip: https://t.co/gvyBK8nVo4 pic.twitter.com/5bUZjte7hI
— OC Transpo (@OC_Transpo) June 12, 2019
#ElginStreetRenewal reminder: the Gladstone crossing is closed to motorists, transit users and cyclists, but there are detours in place. Details: https://t.co/te3cSoq4Vw pic.twitter.com/z1Jbei7YPP
— City of Ottawa (@ottawacity) June 18, 2019
In the spotlight: When everyone has a cell phone, police use of force under scrutiny
Christy Natsis granted day parole; will live in Ottawa halfway house
Montsion trial: Crown to call Const. Dave Weir as late surprise witness
Reported crime is up in Ottawa, annual police report says Weather: More rain Thursday but sunny weekend in store

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World News - Anglican unity at risk as Episcopalians reject moratorium on gay bishops
Episcopal clergy and lay delegates dealt a blow to hopes for worldwide Anglican unity Tuesday, rejecting a request to stop electing gay bishops and leaving little chance the proposal could be revived at a national church meeting. Anglican leaders, angered by the 2003 consecration of an openly gay Episcopal bishop, had asked the Episcopalians to pass a moratorium — at least for now — on homosexuals leading dioceses. But in a complex balloting system, a majority of the Episcopal House of Deputies voted against a measure that would have urged dioceses to refrain from electing homosexuals to lead them. Conservatives complained that the measure stopped short of a moratorium, but supporters argued it would have set a moral standard for the church and would have signaled that the American denomination understood the concerns of Anglican leaders. ...
New U.S. gold coin recalls 1913 buffalo nickel, but costs $800
The United States Mint unveiled its 24-karat American Buffalo gold coins Tuesday, the first time the government has made 99.99% pure coins for investors and collectors.The U.S. Mint in West Point, N.Y., will produce the one-ounce coins in both a bullion version for investors and a proof version for collectors. The coins are to go on sale on Thursday.They feature images on one side of an American bison, as on the classic Buffalo Nickel of 1913, and on the other an American Indian. Although the face value is $50, the price will depend on the price of gold, plus markups.According to the Mint, it will sell the coins to authorized purchasers based on the current price of gold, plus a premium to cover minting, distribution and marketing. Those purchasers will be able to sell the pieces to the secondary market....
http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/general/2006-06-20-gold-buffalo-coin_x.htm?csp=34
New Jersey Budget Talks Go on; Corzine Plans Shutdown
New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine and Senate leaders persisted in pushing a sales-tax increase to help balance the state budget, as Assembly Democrats remained opposed to the plan, Senate Majority Leader Bernard Kenny said. The proposal to raise the state's sales tax to 7 percent from 6 percent, a key component of Corzine's budget plan, has enough support to pass the Senate, Kenny said in an interview. Corzine, a Democrat, is preparing for a government shutdown as the state faces a July 1 deadline to adopt a balanced budget. ``He is being pretty insistent on the need for a prudent budget and a recurring budget,'' said Kenny, a Democrat from Hoboken. ``He has prepared his administration for the shutdown of nonessential services. I think he has to stand his ground.'' ...
http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&sid=a5TekllAbG50&refer=home
Ind. Court Rejects Road Lease Arguments
The Indiana Supreme Court unanimously rejected a claim Tuesday that the law allowing the state to lease the Indiana Toll Road to foreign investors is unconstitutional. The justices also ruled that the case is a public lawsuit - a legal status meaning the challengers would have to post a $1.9 billion bond to continue to fight the case in court. James Fenton, an attorney for seven individuals and the government watchdog group Citizens Action Coalition opposing the lease, issued a statement saying he would have no comment until lawyers were able to review the decision. Plaintiff Steve Bonney said the opponents group probably cannot raise enough to post that large a bond. ...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,,-5899800,00.html
Ahmadinejad 'has 70% approval rating'
The popularity of Iran's controversial leader, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, is surging almost a year after he unexpectedly won closely contested presidential elections, Iranian officials and western diplomats said on Tuesday. Attributing his success to his populist style and fortnightly meet-the-people tours of the country, the sources said, as matters stand, Mr Ahmadinejad was the clear favourite to win a second term in 2009. The perception that the president was standing up to the US over the nuclear issue was also boosting his standing. "He's more popular now than a year ago. He's on the rise," said Nasser Hadian-Jazy, a professor of political science at Tehran University. "I guess he has a 70% approval rating right now. He portrays himself as a simple man doing an honest job. He's comfortable communicating with ordinary people." While there are no reliable national opinion polls in Iran, western diplomats acknowledged that support for Mr Ahmadinejad is growing, ...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,,1801867,00.html
Woman soldier claims sex harassment in Iraq
A female soldier in the US military has refused to serve in Iraq, accusing some of her superiors of using the war zone as a pretext for sexual harassment. In what is believed to be the first case of a female soldier refusing to serve because she feared sexual harassment, Suzanne Swift, 21, a specialist with the 54th military police company, told the Guardian she did not join her unit when it left for a second tour of duty in Iraq because it meant a return to a regime of harassment. "It was like their goal to get someone to be their girl for their deployment and usually they wanted someone lower ranking so they could have the upper hand or control," Spc Swift said. "It's like some sick power trip."Spc Swift's decision to go public in her charges against three of her superiors - is rare in the US military where veteran advocates say women risk retribution if they complain of harassment. But she joins a growing number of US troops who, having enlisted, are refusing service in Iraq. ...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,1802093,00.html


From left: US Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton, US Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump.
Clinton can still win but faces narrow path to victory.
Markets tumble on prospect of Trump presidency.
World awaits final result of US presidential election.
Global markets hold their breath.
The Republican party have held onto their Senate majority, as Pat Toomey is re-elected to the upper house in Pennsylvania.
It's a bad indicator for Clinton in the state, which is yet to call its 20 electoral votes.
Clinton crowd shocked and tense as Trump nabs swing states.
New York — Thousands of Hillary Clinton supporters who flooded the glass-ceilinged Javits Center Tuesday to watch their candidate become the first woman to be elected president Tuesday night were beginning to show sharp signs of concern as they watched Trump pick up several battleground states on the big screen.
The crowd was nearly silent as they listened to MSNBC's Steve Kornacki map out Trump's path to victory — if he takes Michigan and Florida. The Sunshine State has since been called for Trump.
"It's shocking. I can't believe it's this close. I'm shocked," said Terri, a supporter from Washington, D.C., who didn't want to use her last name. She said she had been fielding texts from family and friends all night, asking her how it could be possible that Trump could win.
Another young woman wearing a pantsuit repeatedly refreshed the New York Times on her phone, a stressed expression on her face. Many supporters sat down near the back, their eyes glued on their phones.
Others turned to gallows humor. "The only consolation is Vladimir Putin is thrilled," one supporter said to another.


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'Franchise Bill of Rights' a cure for…
'Franchise Bill of Rights' a cure for nonexistent problem
By Andrew Puzder | Orange County Register
June 7, 2015 at 12:00 a.m.
With every new legislative session, California's business community awaits with dread the Legislature's next effort to grow the big government regulatory state. Reflecting this dread, Chief Executive magazine's annual CEO survey on business friendliness recently ranked California the worst state for business in America for the 11th year in a row.
It's not that any individual new bill or new regulation debilitates economic growth. Rather, it's the cumulative effect of government overreach that discourages new businesses from opening and encourages existing ones to close.
Already this year, the Assembly has passed a slightly revised version of a bill that was so threatening to business Gov. Jerry Brown vetoed it last year. Misleadingly called the "Franchise Bill of Rights," Assembly Bill 525 would prevent franchisors from terminating contracts with franchise operators without "good cause," meaning that the franchisee has failed "to substantially comply with the franchise agreement" after having had 60 days to cure the breach.
As with much of California's ever-expanding regulatory puzzle, this bill ignores the realities of the underlying business relationships and will hurt people it's intended to protect.
Let's look at a typical quick-service restaurant franchise. The franchisor owns, represents and licenses the brand (for example, Carl's Jr.), but the franchisee actually owns and operates each restaurant.
The franchisor is contractually empowered to protect its brand by setting standards the franchisees must meet to ensure consistency throughout the system. If you're a franchisee, you want to be absolutely sure the franchisor is protecting your investment by requiring each of your fellow franchisees to adhere to standards on, for example, cleanliness, customer service and food quality. Even one bad restaurant can hurt the brand's image, reducing sales throughout the system.
Imagine that you're a small-business owner trying to build security for your family, create jobs in your community and make a profit. You've invested your savings and borrowed some money to open a franchised business with a national restaurant brand. With a lot of hard work and care, your business is thriving.
Then, you start hearing about a nearby franchisee trying to squeeze extra dollars out of the business by underportioning orders to reduce food costs. As a result, customers are getting less than they pay for. Or, this franchisee may be understaffing the restaurant to save on labor costs, resulting in a dirty restaurant with slow or unfriendly service.
This franchisee is damaging consumers' perceptions of the brand in which you've invested your time and savings. The only place you can look for protection is your franchisor. After all, it's the franchisor's job to protect the brand's image.
In most states, the franchisor would send a letter demanding that the offending franchisee immediately comply with the terms of the franchise agreement. But, under California's so-called "Franchise Bill of Rights," to terminate a franchise agreement without the 60-day cure period, the franchisor would first have to show that the offending franchisee's conduct "reflects materially and unfavorably" on the brand's "operation and reputation."
Of course, the offending franchisee would argue that underportioning or understaffing are immaterial infractions, to the extent any even occurred. This would leave the franchisor with a choice between being sued, if it acted immediately to protect the brand, or giving the 60-day notice to cure. To avoid the costs and risks of litigation, most franchisors would choose the cure period, allowing the offending franchisee to continue its brand-damaging conduct for at least another 60 days.
The offending franchisee would then have the opportunity to sue the franchisor during the 60-day cure period, arguing that there was no "good cause" for termination as the franchisee was always in "substantial" compliance with the franchise agreement because any underportioning or understaffing were minor infractions. As the case meanders through the judicial maze, the brand's reputation for food quality, good service and cleanliness would continue to decline, damaging the entire franchise system.
To avoid such protracted and brand-damaging litigation, a number of our franchisees have either sent letters, made calls or traveled to Sacramento to tell legislators about their opposition to a "Franchise Bill of Rights." Our franchisees' association even signed a coalition letter to express its concerns. Franchisees from other brands have undertaken similar efforts. It's these franchisees who are performing responsibly that this legislation would hurt.
The irony is that franchisors aren't looking to terminate good franchisees; we're competing to find and retain them. Burger King has recently increased its percentage of franchised restaurants to nearly 100 percent. McDonald's and Wendy's have announced plans to increase their franchise percentages to 90 percent. At Carl's Jr., over the past year we've increased our franchised percentage from 74 percent to close to 90 percent, and we may go higher.
In my 15 years as CEO, I can't recall when, if ever, we permanently terminated a Carl's Jr. franchisee for failing to comply with the franchise agreement. Industrywide, franchise agreements are renewed more than 90 percent of the time, according to independent consulting firm FRANdata.
The impact of this legislation on franchisees renewing their agreements will come over time. However, we'll never know how many young entrepreneurs looking to open new franchise businesses in California decide not to do so because our state limits the ability of franchisors to protect franchisees' investments.
With all due respect to our elected leaders, there is no problem to fix. AB525 itself is a problem, and one California can easily live without.
Andrew Puzder is CEO of CKE Restaurants, parent of Carl's Jr. and Hardees.
Andrew Puzder


text:
package io.sprint0.cli.configuration;

public interface ConfigurationStoreHolder {

    void setConfigurationStore(ConfigurationStore configurationStore);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Most people are unaware that more than 60% of the immune system is based in the gut. Keeping the gut healthy and maintaining a good balance of the bacteria that reside there is hugely important for your overall health and wellbeing.
Certain types of bacteria that live in your gut not only help digest your food, but also play an important role in protecting your body from infections and disease.
How Does the Immune System Work Inside the Gut?
The bacteria inside your gut stimulate immune cells and molecules in the gut to start responding to injuries and harmful, disease-causing bacteria. The cells lining the gut and the good bacteria living upon them "talk" to each other, working in parallel to grow, survive and together control the immune response.
The immune system requires a number of particular nutrients to function properly including vitamin C, D as well as minerals such as zinc and selenium. By eating the right, nutrient-packed foods you can get such nutrients and give your immune system a lift.
You're likely to know if you have a weak immune system. You'll experience recurrent infections, such as lingering coughs and colds that you can't fight off, or that reappear just when you think you're getting better.
Once your immune system is weakened to this point, it's hard to break the cycle. Repeated infections damage your body's natural defences further each time, meaning your body is less and less able to respond and recover.
Psychological and emotional problems, stress, poor diet, malnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle can all result in lowered immune system function.
We always recommend you to consult your GP or healthcare practitioner if you experience recurrent infections or coughs.


On December 12th, 2012 a UFO was observed near Arona (Italy). A person saw a strange bright object and made a video and photographs. Intrigued by the finding, they informed about the video the Centro Ufologico Mediterraneo (C.UFO.M) whose president, dr. Angelo Carannante, has received the interesting video on the mail of official website, www.centroufologicomediterraneo.it, and alerted the specialists of the research center. The image analyst, Fusco Biagio, has already started his data analysis on the video sent by the witnesses. On official CUFOM youtube channel "CUFOMCHANNEL", it's possible to find the video about this interesting UFO sighting. News updates and further information about the results of the investigations will be given soon.
pure class typical ufo sighting brilliant italy from dr a. carranante what more proof do people require must be part of our universe or pop in & out whenever they need too .
very cool looks like a big metallic or something ball. like the Star Wars Deathstar!


text:
Scotty Davenport loves the Ford Center
Dan Korb
Evansville Courier & Press
It helps his team won its opener, of course, but Bellarmine coach Scotty Davenport went on and on about Evansville and the Ford Center and USI's hosting of the GLVC men's basketball tournament. "Jon Mark Hall (USI's athletic director), Rodney Watson (USI's men's coach) and the people of Evansville, they've all been so friendly, so accomodating. They all deserve a big shout-out," he said. "The Ford Center is a beautiful venue, a beautiful facility." Then he encouraged as many Bellarmine fans to drive over here from Louisville for Saturday's semifinal, which will take place at noon for his Knights and either No. 1 Drury or No. 8 Indianapolis.


This page helps answer: how do I use the word rabid in a sentence? How do you use rabid in a sentence? Can you give me a sentence for the word rabid?
Example sentences with the word rabid, a sentence example for rabid, and rabid in sample sentence.


text:
THE EVENT TIP
Homepage > Case Studies > DUBAI SPORTS COUNCIL
Dubai Sports Council, the governing body of sports events in Dubai, has the ambition of being the best-known sporting city in the world. As such, Dubai Sports Council aspires to not only raise the profile of sports events organised in Dubai but also to ensure that these events are all aligned with the strategies of the Dubai Government and of the Dubai Sports Council.
Our team of advisors developed a targeted event evaluation system that is based on a combination of the Dubai Government 2021 and Dubai Sports Council 2011-2015 strategic plans.The evaluation system operates with five measurement categories: event development, economic development, sport development, social development and branding development. The new measurement system will be implemented as of September 1, 2014 with the first event ranking published by the end of September 2015. This system is called the "Dubai Sports Council Sports Events Ranking System".
"We have big ambitions in terms of hosting national and international sports events, but we are equally ambitious in terms of wanting to make sure we optimise the impact they will have for Dubai. We are developing new tools that will assist us in assessing and creating synergy between all of our activities. We are pleased to have this team of trusted advisors with us as we take this next step."
Nasser Al Rahma
Head of Events, Dubai Sports Council
Email: info@bcw-sport.com
BM Subscribers
© 2021 • Privacy • Conditions of Use
About Burson Cohn & Wolfe
Burson Cohn & Wolfe (BCW) is one of the world's largest full-service global communications agencies.
Founded by the merger of Burson-Marsteller and Cohn & Wolfe BCW delivers digitally and data-driven creative content and integrated communications programs grounded in earned media and scaled across all channels for clients in the B2B, consumer, corporate, crisis management, CSR, healthcare, public affairs, sport and technology sectors.
BCW is headquartered in New York City (USA) and is a part of WPP (NYSE: WPP), the world's leader in communications services.
For more information about BCW: www.bcw-global.com


text:
India's Internet User-Base Will Grow To 627 Million in 2019
CTVKhanhL - Mar 26, 2019, 8:00 am IST
A recent publication by Kantar IMRB suggests that exponential growth in Internet adoption can lead India's Internet user-base to 627 million users in 2019.
Apple To Stop Selling iPhone 6s, 6s, And 6s Plus In India
Indians Expect To Get iPhone XR And iPhone XS With Cheaper Price
Samsung Galaxy Fold Spotted In Delhi Metro, Is This A Hint?
With the spectacular growth and advancement of technology in a few short years and how important Internet has become to virtually all of us, it's no wonder the number of people having access to the Web is rising exponentially.
The number of users in India has already grown past the monumental mark of half a billion. Specifically, it is at 566 million at the moment, driven mostly by the spread of the Internet to rural areas. According to the market research agency Kantar IMRB's publication on March 6th, this number will grow up to about 627 million by the end of 2019.
Kantar IMRB's ICUBE 2018 report which tracks the adoption of the digital world and usage trends in India stated that the country has an annual growth rate of 18%. The current estimation of the total number of Internet users as of December 2018 is holding at 566 million. That is a 40% overall Internet penetration.
The projection for the growth of the Internet for India is optimistic. The number is expected to experience double-digit growth in 2019 and would reach somewhere close to 627 million by the end of the year.
In total, 87% of the country's user-base (roughly 493 million Indians) are defined as regular users. They are the ones having access to the Internet for the last 30 days; in other words, they are active users. Nearly 293 million of this group is from the urban areas. Meanwhile, the other - about 200 million - are in rural India.
The report also indicated that 97% of active users use mobile phones as the 'gateway' to the Internet.
Adoption in urban India is slowing down, probably due to saturation. People in urban areas, for the most part, are already using the Internet one way or another. That is probably the reason why the adoption rate is being spearheaded by those living in rural India. The rate is so high that it accounts for 35% of the past year's growth.
The estimation is that there currently are about 251 million Internet users in rural areas. By the end of 2019, this number will grow to 290 million.
To explain more about the matter, the report also added: "Increased availability of bandwidth, cheap data plans and increased awareness driven by government programmes seem to have rapidly bridged the digital gap between urban and rural India. Consequently, the penetration in rural India has increased from 9% in 2015 to 25% in 2018."
Bihar is registering the highest growth rate in the entire country in both urban and rural areas. It reached a growth of 35% over the last year alone.
Aside from noticing the growth rate between users in the rural and the urban regions, the report also took into account the gender. The revelation is heartening for a country that for a long time has struggled with gender issues. Internet users are becoming more and more gender balanced with women comprising for 42% of the total Internet users.
"It is fascinating to note that the digital revolution is now sweeping small towns and villages perhaps driven by increased accessibility at affordable data costs. The increase in the usage of digital in rural India, where more than two-thirds of active internet users are now accessing the internet daily to meet their entertainment and communication needs," Said Hemant Mehta - Kantar IMRB's managing director.
As an emerging market, marketers will find much use for this data in their attempt to infiltrate users in urban and rural India.
Tags #India#internet users#report#2019
ICT News- Jul 14, 2019, 11:43 am IST
HTC Establishes VIVE Enterprise Solutions, Delivering Complete XR Solutions For Businesses
Taiwan-based electronics company HTC recently announced the foundation of their new business unit named VIVE Enterprise Solutions
Features- Jul 13, 2019, 5:53 pm IST
This Robot Learned To Move On Its Own Despite Being Built From Random Sticks
A robot made from tree branches may represent a future of our robot technology, as it is still able to figure out how to move on its very own.
ICT News- Jul 13, 2019, 9:00 am IST
Under Trump Administration, No US 5G Gear Will Be Made In China
Donald Trump's administration is considering ordering all 5G telecommunications equipment installed in the U.S. be manufactured outside China.
Argo AI Will Invest $15 Million In Building A Self-Driving Car Research Centre
Argo AI, a startup backed by Ford, is investing $15 million in building autonomous vehicles research centre at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU).
May 21, 2019, 8:30 am IST
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TikTok Announces New Safety Measures For Users From India
Mar 27, 2019, 10:25 am IST
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Mar 25, 2019, 3:22 pm IST
Research: Indian Engineers Are Better Than Chinese Ones, But Far Behind..
Indian's Internet Speed Might Not Be Fast Enough For Playing Stadia
Passengers On Mumbai Local Trains Can Soon Watch Movies For Free


Bergen Plastics is the market leader in manufacturing petridishes in Scandinavia.
Bergen Plastics Group, through its subsidiary Heger AS, is the leading producer and supplier of consumables to laboratories in Scandinavia.
In addition to our own production, Heger has a wide range of reputable subcontractors, and is a complete supplier of laboratory equipment for hospitals, universities, research, as well as food and environmental laboratories.
Manufacture of petridishes has been Heger's main product since 1972 and we possess the most modern and technological production equipment available on the market.
We have in recent years focused on niche products, which has led to the position as market leaders in transport containers and containers intended for shipment of biological samples.
The production unit is always subject to satisfactory hygienic control in collaboration with Fjellab AS.
Heger AS is located at Rjukan.
A small excerpt of assorted product lines.


text:
Základné informácie o ECB Médiá Výskum a publikácie Štatistika Menová politika Euro Platobný styk a trhy Kariéra Bankový dohľad
KEDYKOĽVEK
Ukážka
KEDYKOĽVEK MINULÝ MESIAC MINULÝ ROK
Home Médiá ECB vysvetľuje Výskum a publikácie Štatistika Menová politika €uro Platobný styk a trhy Kariéra
relevantnosti dátumu
Nie je k dispozícii v slovenčine.
RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 63
The gender promotion gap: what holds back female economists from making a career in central banking?
By Laura Hospido, Luc Laeven and Ana Lamo[1]
The underrepresentation of women in economics is perhaps nowhere as visible as in central banks. This Research Bulletin article uses anonymised personnel data to analyse the career progression of men and women at the European Central Bank (ECB). Women were less likely to be promoted up until 2010, when the ECB issued a statement supporting diversity and took measures to support gender balance. Following this change, the promotion gap disappeared. This masked a lower probability of women applying for promotion, which is partially explained by an aversion to competing, combined with a higher probability of being selected after having applied. Following promotion, women performed better in terms of salary progression, suggesting that the higher probability of being selected is based on merit, not positive discrimination. Thus, organisations such as the ECB should provide training and services that target the competition-related reasons that discourage women from applying for promotion.
Economics remains a male-dominated field. In the United States, women account for 28.8% of PhD graduates but only 13.9% of full professors in economics (CSWEP, 2017). This underrepresentation of women is perhaps nowhere as visible as in central banks (OMFIF, 2019). For instance, at the time of writing, there is not a single woman on the 30-member General Council of the European Central Bank (ECB).[2] A recent survey conducted by the American Economic Association (2019) on the professional climate in the economics profession paints a disheartening picture of an overly competitive and hostile environment for women. This article takes a closer look at what holds women back from making a career in economics.
What is behind the underrepresentation of women in economics?
Several explanations may account for the lack of women in high-level positions in the economics profession. One possibility is that the pool of potential applicants is male dominated. Despite recent efforts to turn the tide, women remain less likely to study economics in general, and macroeconomics in particular (Ginther and Kahn, 2004). Another explanation is that women are less likely to apply for promotion because of gender differences in preference for competitive environments (Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007) or in bargaining power in the labour market (Blackaby et al., 2005). The presence of children and trade-offs between family and career may also hold back women from pursuing promotion (Bertrand, 2013). Finally, there may be gender-based discrimination in promotion decisions (Goldin and Rouse, 2000).
Which of these explanations is more relevant? And can corporate diversity policies mitigate these biases? Despite a large body of literature on gender differences, there is no agreement on the importance of diversity policies and their impact on labour market outcomes.
Addressing gender balance at the ECB
In a recent ECB working paper (Hospido et al., 2019), we analyse the career progression of men and women at the ECB using confidential anonymised personnel data on professional staff during the period 2003-17. Our analysis focuses on expert staff across four different salary bands representing different levels of seniority (expert, senior expert, principal expert and advisor) in the various policy areas, the research department and the statistics department. These are business areas across which we observe considerable flows of staff over time. With this selected group, we focus on a broadly homogeneous pool of staff in terms of human capital and experience, ensuring comparability across individuals.
We find that women were less likely to be promoted to a higher salary band up until 2010, when the ECB issued a public statement supporting diversity and took several measures to support gender balance. Following this change, the promotion gap disappeared.
Figure 1 shows in more detail that this change in diversity policy had a material impact on gender difference in promotion outcomes. The figure focuses on promotions from salary band F/G, which is the entry-level salary band for professional economists at the ECB. The gender gap in promotions is defined as the difference in the promotion rates of men and women. The promotion gap narrowed from 2011 onwards, following the policy change. Before 2011 the gender promotion gap ten years after entry stood at over 36%, but after 2011 this gap decreased to around 8% on average, a decline of about 80%.
Gender gap in the probability of promotion from salary band F/G (before 2011 and from 2011 onwards)
(percentages)
Note: Gender gap in the average annual probability of promotion (moving from salary band F/G to H or I) over ten years after entry at band F/G before 2011 and from 2011 onwards.
Using 2012-17 data on promotion applications and decisions, we explore the promotion process in depth and confirm that, during this most recent period, women are as likely to be promoted as men. That's the good news. The troubling news is that women are less likely to apply for a promotion in the first place. However, after having applied, they are more likely than men to win promotion.
We coin the term "gender applications gap" for this reluctance to apply for promotion, and test some possible explanations for it. We find that women are less likely to apply for promotion when they expect the level of competition to be high. Women are less likely to apply in a campaign that is open to external candidates and the extent to which they are discouraged from applying increases in line with the proportion of their immediate colleagues with relatively high salary levels. This result supports the view that there are gender differences in preference for competition, with women tending to shy away from competitive environments. Following promotion, women perform better in terms of salary progression, suggesting that the higher probability of being selected is based on merit, not positive discrimination. We do not find evidence that the composition of the selection committee, including the proportion of women on the panel, alters these results. Taken together, these results point to the effectiveness of corporate diversity policies in reducing gender bias in promotions and lend support to supply-side explanations for the existence of remaining gender differences in promotion outcomes.
Our working paper enriches the existing literature on gender gaps in several ways. First, we are the first to use, in a meaningful way, anonymised data from the complete personnel records of a large organisation to analyse gender bias in career progression and promotion decisions. This allows a more comprehensive analysis of career progression across various job levels within an organisation. In contrast, most other studies focus on gender differences at a single level, such as corporate board or leadership level.
Second, in contrast to much of the literature on promotion decisions, we simultaneously consider the roles of promotion applications and decisions when identifying the drivers of the promotion gap.
Third, we take advantage of a change in the ECB's gender policy to assess the impact of broad-based corporate diversity policies on female labour market outcomes.
Policy implications
Our results suggest that institutional efforts to reduce the gender promotion gap may have to include measures aimed at lowering the barriers faced by women when seeking and applying for promotion opportunities. Such measures could range from offering assertiveness and interview training to enhanced child support benefits and services. More generally, efforts to address the overly competitive and adverse environment in the profession seem desirable. Understanding the main drivers of the observed gender promotion gap is critically important to improving our understanding of how we can close the gender gap. Only by doing so can we ensure that women are adequately represented and their talents better utilised.
American Economic Association (2019), "AEA Professional Climate Survey: Main Findings".
Bertrand, M. (2013), "Career, Family, and the Well-Being of College-Educated Women", American Economic Review, Vol. 103(3), pp. 244-50.
Blackaby, D., Booth, A.L. and Frank, J. (2005), "Outside Offers and the Gender Pay Gap: Empirical Evidence from the UK Academic Labour Market", The Economic Journal, Vol. 115(501), pp. F81-F107.
Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession (CSWEP) (2017), "2017 Annual Report", American Economic Association (AEA).
Ginther, D.K. and Kahn, S. (2004), "Women in Economics: Moving Up or Falling Off the Academic Career Ladder?", Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 18(3), pp. 193-214.
Goldin, C. and Rouse, C. (2000), "Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of "Blind" Auditions on Female Musicians", American Economic Review, Vol. 90(4), pp. 715‑741.
Hospido, L., Laeven, L. and Lamo, A. (2019), "The gender promotion gap: evidence from central banking", Working Paper Series, No 2265, ECB, April.
Niederle, M. and Vesterlund, L. (2007), "Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much?", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 122(3), pp. 1067‑1101.
Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum (OMFIF) (2019), "Gender Balance Index 2019 – Banking on balance: diversity in central banks and public investment".
Disclaimer: This article was written by Laura Hospido (Banco de España and Institute of Labor Economics – IZA), Luc Laeven (Director General, Directorate General Research and Centre for Economic Policy Research – CEPR), and Ana Lamo (Senior Economist, Directorate General Research, Monetary Policy Research Division). It is based on a paper entitled "The gender promotion gap: evidence from central banking". The authors gratefully acknowledge the comments of Alberto Martin, Zoë Sprokel and Paul Dudenhefer. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the European Central Bank, the Banco de España or the Eurosystem.
This number will increase to one when Christine Lagarde takes up the office of President of the ECB on 1 November.
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text:
When Florian Lejeune could return for Newcastle as he heads back to 'miracle surgeon' in Rome
Newcastle United defender Florian Lejeune suffered a second serious knee injury of the season and it set for another operation
Chris WaughNUFC Writer
Sign up to FREE daily email alerts from ChronicleLive - Newcastle United FC
Florian Lejeune is set to return to the so-called 'miracle surgeon' who helped the Newcastle United defender get back into competitive action just four-and-a-half months after suffering a serious knee injury.
The Frenchman will not feature during any of the Magpies' final five games of the season after rupturing his left anterior cruciate knee ligament in last weekend's 1-0 defeat to Crystal Palace - eight months after sustaining the exact same injury to his other leg - but there is a chance the 27-year-old could be back fit early in the 2019/20 campaign.
Such injuries usually require six-to-nine-month recovery periods, but Italian surgeon Professor Pier Paolo Mariani conducts a swift operation which allows players to be back playing within half of that time.
Rafa Benitez reveals why Florian Lejeune will be such a big miss for Newcastle after knee injury
Rafa Benitez first used Mariani during his Napoli days, and Lorenzo Insigne returned to play for the Serie A club within four months. Rolando Aarons also visited Mariani in Rome, and was back within a similar timeframe to Lejeune was this term.
And, despite some suggestions that Lejeune was more susceptible to suffering another knee injury as a result of the pace of his return to action, the statistics which United's medical team have seen show that is not the case.
Any player who suffers from an ACL injury has a 20-to-25 per cent chance of sustaining another one to either leg, and so Benitez has no hesitation in sending Lejeune back to Rome.
The Frenchman is provisionally pencilled in for an operation at the Villa Stuart Clinic on Sunday, meaning he could even return to full training by the end of United's pre-season campaign should the surgery and rehabilitation go to plan.
Newcastle United's Florian Lejeune is stretchered off the field (Image: PA)
"It's OK. The first couple of days he was a little bit down, but he knows what he has to do," Benitez said of Lejeune's mood during Newcastle's pre-Leicester City press conference.
"Hopefully it [his recovery period] will be between four and five months if everything is fine. But you have to wait and see what the surgeon is saying. It's bad luck.
"When Florian was not playing [during the first half of the season], we were not doing so well. When he came back, he helped us because he is comfortable on the ball.
"We can play with four or five at the back; we can manage, but it is never good to lose such an important player.
"I was in contact with him [Lejeune] and I have seen him. The point now is to decide when to have the operation. Normally he will go to Rome.
"Last time he came back in four months, and he is unlucky now. We hope he has a good operation and comes back soon."
Balance, Brexit and Benitez: How age profile of Newcastle targets will affect Rafa's contract talks
Is Mo Diame's complex contract situation affecting Newcastle team selection? Rafa Benitez explains
Rafa Benitez
Rolando Aarons


text:
Brazing Brass And Iron
A brazing spelter for small articles of brass consists of 5 parts copper, 3 parts zinc, and 2 parts silver, alloyed as explained on p. 63. If the seams are not required to stand much working after soldering, they may be joined edge to edge. When seams are formed in this way, little nicks, about 1/2 in. apart, should be filed out along the edges, so that the solder flowing through the nicks during the soldering operation will render the joint sound. If the seam is to be worked after soldering, a small lap is necessary to ensure adequate strength. To form seams of this type, first thin the edge of the metal along the end; that are to form the seams, about | in. in from the edge, so that when the two edges are lapped over each other the combined thickness at the seams will be the same as the single thickness of the metal at other parts. Cut a small cramp at the top and bottom of the seam, and fit the opposite edge in these tramps. After preparing the seams by either of the above methods, fasten binding wire round the articles so as to hold the seams securely in position.
Now powder some borax for use as a flux, and soak it in enough water to form a thick paste; place a little of this along the parts to be soldered, and gently heat the article by some suitable means, such as foot bellows and blowpipe, so that it will expand equally, and not disarrange the seam; increase-the temperature until the metal is a dull red, and then take a strip of the solder, dip the end in the borax, and, holding the opposite end with the pliers, rub the solder along the seam until a little melts off. Keep the solder in a molten state, and with a piece of wire flattened at one end gently rub the solder along the seam until every part is joined. Small articles of iron may be joined in a similar way with equal puts of copper and zinc, but if the iron is to be hammered much after soldering, 2 parts of copper and 1 part of zinc would be more suitable. With these solders mix equal parts of the borax paste and grains of solder, and along the seams place sufficient of the mixture to solder them when melted.
Some dry borax should also be kept ready at hand, so that a little may be taken and thrown on the solder at any point where the material does not appear to be flowing freely.
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Used to cover any blemishes of the skin. Concealer is regularly utilized for any additional scope expected to cover imperfections or some other imprints. Concealer is regularly thicker and more strong than establishment, and gives longer enduring, and more itemized scope. A few plans of this kind of cosmetics are implied just for the eye or just for the face.
BB cream remains for imperfection demulcent, and it's better than average for your skin. It covers redness, scars, pimples, and so forth, and relying upon the BB cream, gives saturating, brightening, against maturing, and SPF. When they say brightening, they don't mean blanching your skin, more like simply helping your skin.
A sort of restorative regularly utilized by ladies to blush the cheeks in order to give a more young appearance and to underline the cheekbones.The becomes flushed arrived in a scope of complimenting shades for each skin sort. They are amazingly pigmented, which is the reason you just need the littlest sum, it's durable and worth your each penny.


You want new long boots.
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Diagnosis and...
Diagnosis and management of ankylosing spondylitis
BMJ 2006; 333 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38954.689583.DE (Published 14 September 2006) Cite this as: BMJ 2006;333:581
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Re: Ocular Involvement in Ankylosing Spondylitis
We thank Drs Lobo and Pavesio for highlighting the importance of
uveitis as an extra-articular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis.
They write that we ommitted to mention this in our review, however we
wrote: "patients should be assessed for the presence of extra-articular
manifestations of disease, including anterior uveitis (which occurs in up
to 40% of patients)..". We also included 2 webextra references (w1. Martin
TM, Smith JR, Rosenbaum JT. Anterior uveitis: current concepts of
pathogenesis and interactions with the spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin
Rheumatol. 2002 Jul;14(4):337-41 and w2. Edmunds L, Elswood J, Calin A.
New lights on uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 1991
Jan;18(1):50-2).
We were unable to cover this (or other extra-articular
manifestations) in more detail in our review due to word count
limitations. We agree that anti-TNF therapy has the potential to reduce
the occurence of ankylosing spondylitis-associated uveitis (Guignard S, et
al. Efficacy of tumour necrosis factor blockers in reducing uveitis flares
in patients with spondylarthropathy: a retrospective study. Ann Rheum Dis.
2006 Dec;65(12):1631-4.).
We thank Drs Lobo and Pavesio again for their interest.
None declared
Competing interests: No competing interests
Andrew P Cairns
Consultant Rheumatologist
Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast, BT9 7JB
Ocular Involvement in Ankylosing Spondylitis
We read with interest the paper Diagnosis and Management of
Ankylosing Spondylitis by Claire M McVeigh and Andrew P Cairns BMJ 2006
;333: 581-585.
We were surprised with the omission of ocular involvement as an extra
-articular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis.
Uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis usually is a
unilateral acute anterior uveitis with a high tendency to recur sometimes
in the contralateral eye. Anterior uveitis is associated with the juvenile
onset of the disease and involvement of the lower limbs in AS patients.
The HLA-B*2705 allele is predominant in the anterior uveitis patients,
whilst posterior uveitis is rare and associated to infectious disease.1
The patients with HLA-B27 positive acute anterior uveitis showed the
following characteristics which were significantly different from patients
with HLA-B27 negative acute anterior uveitis: younger age at onset; high
male to female ratio; frequent unilateral alternating eye involvement;
severe ocular symptoms during activity, such as presence of fibrin in the
anterior chamber; absence of mutton fat
keratic precipitates; high incidence of ocular complications; and frequent
association with seronegative spondyloarthropathies. 2
HLA-B27-associated uveitis may be related to severe, sight-
threatening posterior segment manifestations in some patients; this is an
under-recognized phenomenon. These patients may require the use of
aggressive systemic immunosuppressive therapy to control inflammation and
preserve vision. 3
Out of one hundred seventy-five consecutive patients with HLA-B27-
associated uveitis seen in a single centre between January 1996 and March
2001, an HLA-B27-associated extraocular disorder was seen in 136 cases
(77.7%). Of these, ankylosing spondylitis was diagnosed in 81 patients
(46.3%) and presumed in 17 (9.7%). The onset of extraocular symptoms
occurred at a younger age (than the first attack of uveitis. The diagnosis
of an extraocular disease was made only after the appearance of ophthalmic
manifestations in 88 of 136 patients. 4
The prognosis of uveitis usually is excellent with topical treatment,
and only those with posterior pole involvement or a high tendency to recur
or to chronicity might benefit from immunosuppressive therapy.
Treatment of AS patients with biologic agents directed against TNF
α is associated with a significant decrease in the number of anterior
uveitis flares. This reduction was slightly more marked among patients
treated with infliximab, but the difference was not significant.
1.Sampaio-Barros PD, Conde RA, Bonfiglioli R, Bertolo MB, Samara
AM.Characterization and outcome of uveitis in 350 patients with
Spondyloarthropathies. Rheumatol Int. 2006 Oct;26(12):1143-6. Epub 2006
Sep 7.
2.Rothova A, Van Veenedaal WG, Linssen A, Glasius E, Kijlstra A, de
Jong PT. Clinical features of acute anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol.
1987 Feb 15;103(2):137-45
3.Rodriguez A, Akova YA, Pedroza-Seres M, Foster CS. Posterior
segment ocular manifestations in patients with HLA-B27-associated uveitis.
Ophthalmology. 1994 101(7):1267-74.
4.Monnet D, Breban M, Hudry C, Dougados M, Brezin AP. Ophthalmic
findings and frequency of extraocular manifestations in patients with HLA-
B27 uveitis: a study of 175 cases. Ophthalmology. 2004
Aires Lobo
Medical Retina Clinical Fellow
Carlos Pavesio
Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
Ankylosing Spondylitis & Tuberculosis
Extraarticular manifestation of Ankylosing spondylitis like apical
fibrosis of the lung can mimic chronic tuberculosis. The patients may also
have fever, fatigue and weight loss, common features of active
tuberculosis. In a country like ours (i.e. India), tuberculosis being very
common, there is a possibility that the patient may receive
antituberculous drugs,even in abscence of active tuberculosis, based on
the radiological finding and presence of abovementioned constitutional
symptoms.
The advent of anti-TNF-alpha therapy has brought much hope for patients
with ankylosing spondylitis. But at the same time being an
immunosuppressive drug it can activate latent tuberculosis.
Managing ankylosing spondylitis would continue to remain a challenge in
BIMAL K AGRAWAL
M M Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research , Mullana (Ambala Dist)133203.India
Claire M McVeigh, Andrew P Cairns
McVeigh Claire M, Cairns Andrew P. Diagnosis and management of ankylosing spondylitis BMJ 2006; 333 :581
Articles by Claire M McVeigh
Articles by Andrew P Cairns
You are going to email the following Diagnosis and management of ankylosing spondylitis
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Exhibitions Not to be Missed
ART EXHIBITIONS OPENING ON BOTH COASTS (and one museum somewhere in-between) offer something for widely divergent tastes, from Old Masters and 18th-century Japanese woodcut prints to early 20th-century photography, and new work created in the current millennium. There even is a show of artworks inspired by the myth of the wild west cowboy.
Shawcross' monumental 2016 sculpture Monolith (Optic), will be sited outside the Wadsworth Atheneum for the duration of this exhibition.
Conrad Shawcross, Slow Arc Inside a Cube VI, 2013. Powder coated steel, aluminum, light, mechanical system, 220 x 66 x 66 cm.
Conrad Shawcross / MATRIX 179
June 21 – September 9, 2018
Wadsworth Atheneum
600 Main Street, Hartford, CT 06103
thewadsworth.org
The Wadsworth was the first art museum in the United States to start a "matrix" series, regular exhibitions of works by up-and-coming artists. The '179' in the exhibit's title indicates the number of these displays to date, going back more than 30 years. This exhibition of indoor and outdoor welded steel sculptures marks the first museum show for Conrad Shawcross, a British artist, whose work otherwise has been exhibited in museums in the U.K., Italy, Germany, Japan, China, Mexico and Spain.
Clarence H. White (United States, 1871–1925), Drops of Rain [Dew Drops] (detail), 1902, platinum print, 20.2 x 14.9 cm. Library of Congress.
Clarence H. White and His World
The Art and Craft of Photography, 1895–1925
June 22 – September 16, 2018
7 Congress Square, Portland, ME 04101
www.portlandmuseum.org
Not a great exhibition title, but a worthwhile exhibition to see, with more than 100 prints, albums, and illustrated books by Clarence White (1871–1925), who was a founding member of the Photo-Secession, the Alfred Stieglitz-led group of photographers who sought to break away from the soft-focused, storytelling imagery of 19th century photography. This exhibition will include paintings, prints, and drawings by artists who influenced or were influenced by pictorial photography, as well as photographs by White's closest friends, collaborators, and students, including Gertrude Käsebier, Alfred Stieglitz and Alvin L. Colburn.
Kazuki Umezawa (b. 1985, Saitama, Japan; based in Japan), Over the Sky of the Beyond, 2014. Digital print, acrylic, and glitter paste on wood panel, 39-3/8 x 48-7/8 in. Pizzuti Collection. © Kazuki Umezawa.
Chaos and Awe: Painting for the 21st Century
Frist Art Museum
919 Broadway, Nashville, TN 37203
www.fristartmuseum.org
In the event that you don't get depressed or exhausted from listening to political pundits describe the destabilizing effects of such 21st-century forces as globalism, mass migration, radical ideologies and complex technologies, The Frist Art Museum offers the take on many of these issues by artists from around the world. Some artists, yes, express despair at humanity's darker side, while other reveal a feeling of exhilaration at ever-expanding possibilities. This is a show of paintings and, if anyone has been despairing of the death of painting, this exhibition offers a pick-me-up.
Suzuki Harunobu (Japanese, 1725?-1770), Ofuji at the Moto-Yanagiya with a female customer, ca. 1769, color woodblock print on paper, Bequest of Winslow B. Ayer, 35.40.
Suzuki Harunobu and the Culture of Color
1219 SW Park Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97205
www.portlandartmuseum.org
Suzuki Harunobu (Japanese, 1725?–1770) is not as well-known to ukiyo-e enthusiasts as Hiroshige, Hokusai and Utamaro, but this exhibition will offer a first-rate introduction. As his compatriots, his subject was everyday life – going on a date, going to the theater, relaxing at home – and this exhibit highlights his drawing skills and use of saturated color. He was the first to produce full-color prints in 1765, using better woods for the woodblocks, using cherry wood instead of catalpa so that they would hold up longer, and employing not only more expensive colors but also a thicker application of the colors in order to achieve a more opaque effect. His work almost overnight rendered obsolete the former modes of two- and three-color prints.
Carl Rungius, Two Cowboys in the Saddle, 1895-1950. Oil on canvas, 24 x 31-15/16 in. Bequest of William N. Beach. 1960-376.43. Photography by Andy Duback.
Playing Cowboy
June 23 – October 21, 2018
www.shelburnemuseum.org
John Wayne privately told friends that he hated wearing those dirty cowboy outfits and chaps, but he kept getting those Hollywood roles and he kept putting those clothes back on. And he became the mythic American western man. The myth of the west, however, predated John Wayne and Hollywood, and many artists portrayed the cowboy, the Indian, the pioneer, the gun fight, the army scout, including Frederic Remington (1861–1909), N.C. Wyeth (1882–1945), and Carl Rungius (1869–1959). Each ventured west in search of artistic inspiration, translating their experiences into romantic portrayals that continue to influence contemporary understandings of life on the open range. The Shelburne Museum's exhibition reveals the myths they created or perpetuated for good and evil.
Hendrik Goltzius, The Sleeping Danae Being Prepared to Receive Jupiter, 1603, Oil on canvas, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Gift of The Ahmanson Foundation (M.84.191), photo © Museum Associates/LACMA.
To Rome and Back: Individualism and Authority in Art, 1500–1800
June 24, 2018 – March 17, 2019
5905 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90036
www.lacma.org
Before going to Paris was every (non-Parisian) artist's goal, the place to learn about art for artists and non-artists alike was Italy, particularly Rome. The Los Angeles County Museum of Art has brought together 130 objects from its various collecting departments (painting, sculpture, paper, ceramics, glass, cork, tapestries, and costumes) that reveal the importance of Rome to artists and audiences operating in a variety of contexts from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment.
By Daniel Grant
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'Monster Hunter' Is a Collection of Frames Resembling a Movie Directed by Paul W.S. Anderson
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Toronto After Dark Review: 'Paradise Hills' Is Visually Stunning and That's Nearly Enough Directed by Alice Waddington
Director Alice Waddington's feature debut, Paradise Hills, is the very definition of style over substance — but that's not necessarily a bad...
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I have to admit to have been looking forward to this production in the anticipation and hope, that it would be as good as Reza's 'Art'. First thing that has to be said is that it is not another 'Art' and it will not appeal to a large audience as 'Art' does. It is an acquired taste, because the play is generally based on two monologues and not dialogue. However, for me it lived up to all expectations.
While travelling on a train a woman (Eileen Atkins), by chance, ends up sitting opposite to a novelist (Michael Gambon) she admires. What will she do? Will she speak to him? Will she get out the novelists' latest book from her bag and start reading it and see if he reacts? The play concentrates on what each other are thinking while in the carriage together, with both wallowing in memory of their respective lives and both looking for ways to break the ice and speak to one another. There is some beautiful writing by Reza, which captures the mood and situation most of us have experienced when we have nervously sought ways of making conversation with a complete stranger.
The stage design by Mark Thompson, who also did the design for "Art", is again a very simple yet effective set. A few wooden chairs stand on a glass floor through which you can see a railway track, and there is a side of a carriage at the back of the stage. Of course it does not look anything like a carriage but, with the sound of a train in the background, it feels like one.
The play has received a mixed response from the popular press. JOHN PETER of THE SUNDAY TIMES says the play is "Cool" and "Elegant" and goes on to say "The writing is witty and suave, brittle and mascular." NICHOLAS DE JONGH of the EVENING STANDARD liked the play and was particularly impressed by Eileen Atkins performance saying, "She's sheer theatrical delight". CHARLES SPENCER of THE DAILY TELEGRAPH says " No one could describe The Unexpected Man as great drama, but it does offer two of our greatest actors in a work of beguiling wit and charm". However, BILL HAGERTY of the NEWS OF THE WORLD was not impressed calling it "Less than captivating" and going on to say that the combined skills of the actors "cannot craft anything substantial out of Yasmina Reza's fragile piece".
As years pass one acquires a select band of actors who you admire, respect and warm to. Nothing beats the excitement of when you discover a favourite actor of yours is to appear on stage again. To have a play for two actors, of whom both are favourites, is a dream come true. Lasting only 80 minutes without an interval, time flew by as I was mesmerised and transfixed by the standard of acting that is of the highest order, it is simply bliss.


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How To Play ROM Hacks On Android
Yeah, I'm on a Ryzen , 32g of ram with a GTX1660 Super and I still struggle to get a playable frame rate out of the first ratchet and Clank game in some places . There's definitely other games that run perfectly even on much lower end hardware, but not on a slightly over-clocked pi 4. Happy to be proven wrong, but I'm going to need to see a video or something to believe it. I've done a fair bit of googling and I'm struggling to find even one example of someone trying it, let alone having it run with "playable" performance. If you haven't got a video feel free to send your settings/emulator and I'll fire it up on my pi 4 and see how it looks. The game also has updated graphics and new HM's, all built on a new game engine that can rival games on the Nintendo Switch.
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