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Mercedes-Benz of Columbia
1710 I-70 Drive Southwest
Im interested in 2023 Mercedes-Benz S-Class you have listed on Global Autosports for $135,915. I would like to know more about this vehicle.
Gray 2023 Mercedes-Benz S-Class S 500 4MATIC® 4MATIC® 9-Speed Automatic 3.0L I6 Turbo 4MATIC®, Black Leather.
W1K6G6DB6PA180986
Top Cities for Mercedes-Benz S-Class
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Chicago
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Dallas
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Denver
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Los Angeles
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Miami
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in New York
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Philadelphia
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Phoenix
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Raleigh
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in San Francisco
Mercedes-Benz S-Class in Seattle
Mercedes-Benz S-Class By Year


There never would have been a Ray Charles, or a James Brown. From the mid-twentieth century on, gospel music not only thrived within a separate sphere as vital as the jazz, rock and rhythm and blues worlds; it also constantly intersected with the secular music industry, providing models that countless artists outside the church emulated.
GOSPEL ROOTS OF ROCK AND SOUL, an ongoing series from WXPN, explores these connections as a way of reinstituting gospel's central place within the history of American popular music.
It includes free live performances, dynamic radio programs, and an interactive website featuring exclusive contributions from some of the most acclaimed and authoritative voices in gospel and popular music.
The project is supported with a grant from The Pew Center for Arts & Heritage and will extend through early 2019. It airs on 89.9 through February 24, 2019.


Each academic program has Library staff members assigned to help students and faculty find books, retrieve articles, and effectively search and manage information resources. Your Liaison is your first line of contact with the library and will help you navigate its many resources. Contact your Liaison whenever you have questions about resources, library policies, or instruction. More information can be found at the following page.


If you want to enjoy a blue flag beach, salty air and sea breezes, plus a beautiful nature reserve, then a holiday in Blackpool is for you!
From coastline to countryside, Blackpool has much to offer with its famous golden mile, tower and circus, the Pleasure Beach and Sea Life Centre, and between September and October the illuminations!
Indoor pool and sports facilities.
Outdoor SplashZone and Space Bowl Flume.
Buses to Blackpool from the park at selected times of the year.
Tranquil nature reserve next to the park.
The Boathouse bar and restaurant.
Entertainment complex with family shows and live music.
Note: Funworks Passes may be required for entrance to the Haven Complex. These are NOT included but are available if required.
Choose from Budget, De-Luxe, Prestige and Platinum Grade. Most are with decking including some with ramp decking for the less able.
A welcome pack of refreshments.
All mattresses and pillows have protective covers.
Themed Bedding for the Kids.
We also offer Pet Friendly holiday homes, subject to availability.
Travel Cots and Highchairs available FREE OF CHARGE in all Holiday Homes.
Bedding and Towels are provided and beds made up (excludes Budget). Bedding may vary.


PM Narendra Modi Movie: As everyone knows Narendra Modi our recent Prime Minister and member of Bharatiya Janata Party. He's known for his work, schemes & humanity. Getting inspired by Narendra Modi's life our Indian film director Omung Kumar brings out the beautiful concept of Narendra Modi's biopic. Omung Kumar and producer of the film Suresh Oberoi, Sandip Singh & Anand pandit cast Vivek Anand Oberoi as in lead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The film made in production house Legend Global Studio & Anand Pandit Motion Pictures and by the filmmakers of Mary Kom & Sarabjit. The film set to be released on April 5, 2019.
Vivek Oberoi feels proud to be a part of the movie PM Narendra Modi as a Narendra Modi.
The story is a life story of our present Prime Minister Narendra Modi. From his journey from a "Chai Wala" to be a Prime Minister. His story is very inspiring to our youth generation. Modi's work his dedication, his love for his nation is beyond any limit. Story plot started from his childhood, he belongs from a normal family but never failed himself to be a good son to his mother. Once he lives a life Sanyasi but then trained himself to be a fighter for the nation.
Modi's tried a lot of schemes to make development in India. From his 5 years of being a Prime Minister, Modi connects with other nation for good bonding and for future benefits. Pulwama Attack that held recently brings tears in the eyes of Modi while other parties just try to play a politics in that too. The Biopic contains all his work and love for his nation, towards India. Watch the movie in Theatre's on 5th April on your nearby Cinema Hall.


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Holidaymakers lead to huge spike in South West ambulance calls
The ambulance service has seen an increase of 13.8 per cent compared with this time last year
Anita Merritt
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Holidaymakers visiting Devon and the easing of lockdown restrictions has led to a huge spike in emergency calls, the ambulance service which covers Devon and Cornwall has said.
The high summer demand upon South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust (SWASFT) is far greater than last year, with a significant difference seen this month.
SWASFT dealt with 14,340 incidents over five days between Friday, August 7, and Tuesday, August 11, an increase of 13.8 per cent compared to the same time period last year.
An ambulance service call handler (Image: South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust (SWASFT))
It has promoted the trust to remind people only to call 999 in a medical emergency when someone is seriously ill or injured and their life is at risk, and to make appropriate use of other healthcare options.
It warns that continued high call volumes could delay help to those patients most in need of emergency care.
Yesterday, Devon and Cornwall Police called on communities and tourists to respect the region after a weekend which saw a record number of 999 calls and increased levels of anti-social behaviour and public order incidents.
M5 turns into party as drivers trapped in thunderstorm sing and dance
Met Office issues amber warning for thunderstorms in Devon
Over Saturday and Sunday, August 8 and 9, 2020, the force saw 2,301 999 calls – compared to 1,819 in the same period for 2019 -an increase of 26.5 per cent.
And up to August 10, this month has already seen 9,622 999 calls received – significantly up on the 12 month rolling daily average of 718 999 calls per day.
The force has also seen use of their online web chat demand more than double.
A breakdown of the SWASFT incidents dealt with per day (Image: SWASFT)
A SWASFT spokesperson said: "Our activity levels have been higher in recent weeks, with the easing of lockdown and many visitors coming into the South West.
"In recent days we have experienced a very high level of demand – similar to what would normally be expected between Christmas and New Year.
"We would remind people always to call 999 if someone is seriously ill or injured, or their life is at risk.
"For less-serious medical incidents, please contact NHS 111 by phone or online to make sure you get the right treatment.
"Please think carefully before calling 999 and ask yourself: 'Is it a real emergency?'"
Man taken to hospital after car plunges off road
People should always call 999 if someone has stopped breathing, has severe chest pain, is choking, may be having a stroke, has serious blood loss, or is unconscious.
SWASFT provides emergency and urgent care across an area of 10,000 square miles - covering Cornwall & Isles of Scilly, Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Bristol, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire - which is 20 per cent of mainland England and is predominately rural.
Fury as 102 dog waste bags left at Devon beauty spots
BrixhamHannah Beaumont made the grim discovery while walking on the coast path near Brixham and has blasted 'lazy' walkers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Earth-Sonali War has ended.
Billions perished in the flames.
The Terran Union cannot survive another war.
The only path we have left is to lick our wounds.
We need to find a way forward.
A way to make sure nothing like that happens again.
They goad us into conflict.
They seek to pit us against one another.
To divide us, so that they may conquer.
It's been three years since the war.
A new Galactic Council is forming.
An era of cooperation and progress is at hand.
But only if we survive the coming tests.
If we do, we'll be stronger.
Then this road to galactic peace will lead to interstellar war.


What is the difference between an OBE and an MBE?
If you receive one of the last two, you are given the title "sir".
What is the difference between CBE or OBE or MBE ?
Whats the difference between OBE and MBE?
What's the difference between MBE and OBE?
What's the difference between getting a knighthood, a CBE, an OBE and a MBE?
What is the difference between an OBE and an MBE? Also, is there any difference between these and a knighthood?


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The world's largest ice carousel? That's just the tip of the iceberg for Zwilling clan
After helping make record-setting ice carousels in Finland and Maine, Little Falls man aims to make world's largest ice carousel — for 2nd year in a row
The world's largest ice carousel? That's just the tip of the iceberg for Zwilling clan After helping make record-setting ice carousels in Finland and Maine, Little Falls man aims to make world's largest ice carousel — for 2nd year in a row Check out this story on sctimes.com: https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/local/2019/01/07/ice-carousel-worlds-largest-finland-little-falls-ice-fest-chuck-zwilling-flyer-pride/2472042002/
Jenny Berg, Saint Cloud Times Published 11:49 a.m. CT Jan. 7, 2019
An aerial photo shows ice on Green Prairie Fish Lake scored in preparation for the Sunny Zwilling Memorial Ice Carousel Extravaganza Jan. 12-13. Organizer Chuck Zwilling plans to cut the ice carousel ahead of the event.(Photo: Chuck Zwilling)
LITTLE FALLS — Last year's ice carousel festival was a debacle.
The temperature was below-zero. The chainsaw rig used to cut through the ice didn't work. A skid-loader ended up falling through the ice and into the lake.
But Little Falls resident Chuck Zwilling and his family did finally create an ice carousel and it was the world's largest ice carousel at the time.
This year, Zwilling hopes to do it again at the Sunny Zwilling Memorial Ice Carousel Extravaganza.
And this year, he is equipped with a new ice-cutting rig and insider knowledge on ice-cutting.
"Last year, we made a bunch of mistakes," Zwilling said. "We cut the whole thickness of the ice at one time — or we attempted to — and we did it with two blades instead of one, and we did it at a 90-degree angle instead of a 45- or 60-degree angle. All of those things worked against us last year."
An ice carousel is just what it sound likes: A circle cut into ice on a frozen lake that allows the ice to spin slowly.
The Guinness Book of World Records does not recognize ice carousels. They wrote to Zwilling that "while we certainly do not underestimate your proposal, we think that it is a little too specialised for a body of reference as general as Guinness World Records."
But Zwilling has befriended others in the niche world of ice carousels.
MORE: What's an ice carousel? Family hopes to create the world's largest in 2018
Chuck Zwilling stands next to a custom chainsaw rig in January 2018 at Green Prairie Fish Lake near Little Falls. (Photo: Dave Schwarz, dschwarz@stcloudtimes.com)
Before Zwilling made the 110-meter ice carousel last year, Janne Kapylehto of Finland created what he considered the world's largest ice carousel at 100 meters. Kapylehto was also part of the world's first ice carousel festival in Finland last February.
After creating a 110-meter ice carousel last January, Zwilling was invited to the Finland festival — where he helped create a 120-meter ice carousel.
"Since my whole family couldn't go, they invited me out to be an honorary judge," he said. "I wasn't off the plane, oh, 45 minutes and I was out on the ice cutting."
Then in April, Zwilling's newfound passion took him to the East Coast after a group of people in Maine called and said they were planning to beat his record of 110 meters. But Finland had already one-upped Zwilling's record so the folks in Maine attempted a 130-meter ice carousel.
"So they ... tried to get it to spin in March but didn't have any luck. Then they went back three weeks later," he said. "I decided to go out the second time they were trying it and they did get it to spin quite well."
MORE: Ice, ice, maybe? Ice carousel attempt moves at glacial pace
Volunteers work with chainsaws and shovels to clear around the the edge of a spinning ice carousel on Green Prairie Fish Lake on Jan. 6, 2018 near Camp Ripley. (Photo: Jason Wachter, jwachter@stcloudtimes.com)
Folks from Finland and Maine are planning to come see if Zwilling can capture the title of largest ice carousel Jan. 12-13.
Last year, nearly 500 people attended the event. This year, the event is two days and there will be warming tents, Zwilling assured.
He's also added a gamut of activities for folks of all ages.
"It's a lot of 'learn to' stuff. If people want to try their hand at curling, now they have an opportunity," he said.
Activities include:
Nordic skiing lessons by the Little Falls ski team from 11a.m.-noon Saturday,
curling from Vikingland Curling Club from noon to 4 p.m. both days,
a speedskating demonstration from Greater Minnesota Speedskating Association from 1-3 p.m. Saturday,
fat tire bike rides provided by Touright Bicycle Shop at 5 p.m. Saturday,
a figure skating program from noon-2 p.m. Sunday,
children's bike rides with skis provided by Touright Bicycle Shop at 2 p.m. Sunday,
hockey games and open skating,
mini four-wheel rides provide by Power Lodge,
and an igloo-building contest.
A homemade machine used to carve ice is made using pieces from a snowblower, steel skis and a saw that slides up and down. (Photo: Chuck Zwilling)
This year, Zwilling's son-in-law created a new machine to carve the ice. It is made from a snowblower, steel skis and a saw that slides up and down. After Christmas, they scored the ice to create an outline of the ice carousel. And on Friday, they planned to begin cutting the ice carousel.
"After last year, I thought there is no way I am going to cut ice the weekend of. That's what last year turned into — everyone standing around watching us cut ice," he said.
The idea for the event started two years ago when Zwilling and his family made a 20-meter ice carousel at the annual sibling get-together. Then last year, the siblings invited the public to an event named after their father Sunny, who owned a logging company in Sauk Rapids for many years.
MORE: They did it! Family forged ahead to create 110-foot ice carousel
Volunteers use a chainsaw mounted on skis attached to a cable to mark the circumference of a spinning ice carousel on Green Prairie Fish Lake on Jan. 6, 2018 near Camp Ripley. (Photo: Jason Wachter, jwachter@stcloudtimes.com)
The event is free but people are asked to donate money for Flyer Pride Packs, a program that helps support at-risk children in the Little Falls school district by sending them home with a bag of food that is child-friendly, nutritious, nonperishable and easy to prepare.
Last year, the event drummed up $4,300. This year, Zwilling hopes to raise $12,000.
"That would feed all the kids for one year," he said.
Ice on Green Prairie Fish Lake in Little Falls is scored and will be cut ahead of the Sunny Zwilling Memorial Ice Carousel Extravaganza Jan. 12-13. (Photo: Chuck Zwilling)
And even if Zwilling is successful in recapturing the title of world's largest ice carousel this weekend, he knows the title might be fleeting.
"I would assume Finland will go bigger again at their festival," he said, " and I would assume the guys from Maine would do something bigger in March or April."
That's OK with Zwilling. It just means he has to do it again next year.
Send news tips to Jenny Berg at jberg@stcloudtimes.com or follow her at www.facebook.com/sctimesjenny or on Twitter @bergjenny.
If you go ...
What: I.C.E. Festival — Sunny Zwilling Memorial Ice Carousel Extravaganza.
When: 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Saturday, Jan. 12 and 10 a.m.-6 p.m. Sunday, Jan. 13.
Where: Green Prairie Fish Lake, 12636 Forest Road in Little Falls.
The event is free to attend. Any money raised will go to Flyer Pride Pack, which ensures elementary children in need receive a bag of food for the weekend that is nutritious, nonperishable and easy to prepare or eat.
In addition the ice carousel, the event will feature curling, speed skating, hockey, open skate, fat bikes and children's bikes with skis, cross-country skiing, mini four-wheelers, a figure skating program and an igloo-building contest. Warm beverages and chili will also be available.
Free parking is available at the public access off Forest Road. A free shuttle will run from Main Gate Bar & Grill, 15041 Minnesota Highway 115, Little Falls.
For more information or to donate, visit www.mnicefest.com or www.gofundme.com/2019-spinning-ice-for-kids.
Read or Share this story: https://www.sctimes.com/story/news/local/2019/01/07/ice-carousel-worlds-largest-finland-little-falls-ice-fest-chuck-zwilling-flyer-pride/2472042002/
Woman accused of threatening man with knife


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Q: Calculating cells values in a DataGrid I have the following DataGrid (written in Romanian):

I want to calculate the column "Valoarea" by this formula:

valoarea = Cantitatea * Pret unitar (fara T.V.A.)

My actual code gives me error:
private void produseFacturate_CellValueChanged(object sender, DataGridViewCellEventArgs e)
    {
        switch (e.ColumnIndex)
        {
            case 3:
                var row = produseFacturate.Rows[e.RowIndex];

                double qty, price;

                double.TryParse(row.Cells[2].Value.ToString(), out qty);
                double.TryParse(row.Cells[3].Value.ToString(), out price);

                row.Cells[4].Value = (qty * price).ToString();
                break;
        }
    }

Now, my question is: How can I populate that specific cell on row with the good data?

A: I'm assuming the control is actually a DataGridView?
You could override the CellFormatting event. Here's a simple example:
I created a DataGridView with 3 columns.
this.Column1 = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
this.Column2 = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
this.Column3 = new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn();
this.dataGridView1.Columns.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumn[] {
        this.Column1,
        this.Column2,
        this.Column3});

this.dataGridView1.Name = "dataGridView1";
this.dataGridView1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(405, 150);
this.dataGridView1.TabIndex = 1;
this.dataGridView1.CellFormatting += new System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewCellFormattingEventHandler(this.dataGridView1_CellFormatting);

And I want to make the 3rd column the product of the first two. Here's my method to override the cellformatting.
 private void dataGridView1_CellFormatting(object sender, DataGridViewCellFormattingEventArgs e)
        {

            if (this.dataGridView1.Columns[e.ColumnIndex].Name.Equals("Column3"))
            {
                try {
                    this.dataGridView1.Rows[e.RowIndex].Cells[2].Value =  Convert.ToInt32(this.dataGridView1.Rows[e.RowIndex].Cells[0].Value) * Convert.ToInt32(this.dataGridView1.Rows[e.RowIndex].Cells[1].Value);
                }
                catch (Exception ex) { }
            }
        }

Note that whenever I change a value in the 1st two columns, the 3rd is recalculated.

A: In case someone wondering how to compute value in datagridview's cells and put the result on another column of the same row, at the datagridview's CellEndEdit event you can try this way:
 if (Convert.ToDecimal(datagridPR.CurrentRow.Cells["price_value"].Value) != 0)
        {
            decimal c_Quantity = Convert.ToDecimal(datagridPR.CurrentRow.Cells["quantity"].Value);
            decimal c_Result = c_Quantity * Convert.ToDecimal(datagridPR.CurrentRow.Cells["price_value"].Value);
            datagridPR.CurrentRow.Cells["amount"].Value = c_Result;
        }

Every time you press enter or leave the cell after editing, the result of the computation can be seen at the amount column immediately. You may extend the code to handle null values to avoid a runtime error.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Valley Christian def. Faith Christian 22-25, 25-18, 25-18, 25-8.
Liberty Ranch def. Galt 25-15, 25-6, 25-8.
Inderkum def. Pioneer 25-14, 25-15, 25-15.
El Dorado def. Union Mind 25-17, 25-14, 25-15.
Oak Ridge def. Granite Bay 25-19, 25-11, 25-19.


EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL for tired legs and to strengthen the blood circulation.
The calf muscles in the legs are the so-called second heart and press on the veins. Thus, the blood circulation in the body is maintained.
EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL dilates the veins and protects the vessel wall. EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL improves the pumping function of the calf muscles and the veins in the legs.
EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL strengthens the walls of veins and capillaries of tired legs.
EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL contains herbal extracts with complementary properties and pronounced venous protection with antioxidant properties.
This means a slowing down of oxidation and aging processes in the body and the capture of free radicals by environmental influences.
EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL is characterized by an antiseptic effect. The obstruction of the formation of germs and wounds in the body is intensified.
The extracts penetrate the skin and improve and stimulate blood circulation in the blood vessels, muscles and tendons.
EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL stimulates regenerative processes and reduces the pain and sensation of heavy legs. It reduces the current condition caused by venous insufficiency and varicose veins.
EROL SANDER LEG AND VEIN GEL also has an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect on inflammation of the hemorrhoid and promotes contraction of the peripheral blood vessels. It nourishes, refreshes and makes the skin of the legs and feet supple.


FirstBest Systems announces the release of FirstBest Suite 7.0 for property & casualty insurance. The FirstBest product suite is comprised of underwriting technology with enhanced data analytics, workflow capabilities, and collaboration tools.
Powered by customer feedback, release 7.0 of the FirstBest Suite delivers new and improved features and functionality, enabling insurers to better collaborate with producers, improve efficiency, and more accurately price risks.
FirstBest Suite 7.0 enhances the capabilities that transform the way property & casualty insurers underwrite business.
FirstBest Insight - The newest addition to the FirstBest product suite, FirstBest Insight, allows carriers to evaluate line-of-business performance, underwriter or producer workloads in real time. Developed in partnership with Yodil, FirstBest Insight combines analytics capabilities with valuable data collected from within the underwriting process. Unique to FirstBest Insight analytics is the ability to compare key pricing-related metrics of a current risk to similar risks in the book of business. The solution also facilitates deep awareness about underwriting transactions, workflows, and dependencies.
Outlook Integration - FirstBest Suite 7.0 features new tools to address specific customer needs around real-time workflow collaboration with distributors. Integrating FirstBest UMS with Microsoft Outlook, the FirstBest UMS Email Upload Add-In allows underwriting users to import email messages and attachments directly from their Outlook inbox into the Underwriting Workstation. Once uploaded, the email is stored within each submission in the new Email Collaboration Tool for easy reference. From the submission's email drawer, users can view all sent and received email for the submission, and they can create and send new email messages directly from UMS. With this new tool, carrier users can customize system-generated email before sending them.
Line of Business Configuration - With the introduction of the Product Template Manager in the BA Studio, FirstBest UMS simplifies the ability to add new lines of business to carrier implementations. This capability speeds the time to market for new lines by quickly configuring the rating, quoting, binding, issuance, and endorsement features for each line from a single, easy-to-use interface.
Credit Report Integration - Further expanding the information-gathering capabilities of FirstBest UMS is its new support for credit reports such as the Experian Credit Profile Report. This new integration capability provides carrier access to consumer credit information about the risk, as part of the underwriting workflow within the submission.
FirstBest Integration Services - Supporting custom integration with carrier systems, release 7.0 introduces FirstBest Integration Services (FIS). Through FIS, FirstBest UMS generates XML messages for key underwriting tasks (submittal, clearance, declining a submission, marking a submission as lost, rating, binding, submitting for issuance, and generating section documents). UMS can then update the relevant forms and fields with data that is returned from the carrier systems.
In addition to new capabilities, the FirstBest Suite has recently achieved noteworthy milestones regarding market adoption and customer usage. FirstBest UMS supports more than 12,000 active users. In the past year alone, $5.6 billion worth of customer quotes were processed through FirstBest UMS. All components of the SaaS-based FirstBest Suite continue to run at 100 percent uptime across customer implementations.
"We are excited to introduce the latest version of our product suite to the marketplace. The record levels of premium being written through our underwriting platform every day, and the increasing number of active users, validate the success that FirstBest products deliver to our customers," says John Belizaire, CEO and founder, FirstBest Systems, Inc.


text:
CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
CERTIFICATES OF COMPLIANCE
BOUNDARY CONFIRMATION
STRUCTURAL SURVEYORS
CONDITION & STRUCTURAL SURVEYS
PRE PURCHASE STRUCTURAL SURVEYS
STRUCTURAL MONITORING
CONDITION SURVEYS FOR LARGE PROJECTS
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS
PBA GROUP
ABOUT PJ BRETT & ASSOCIATES
P.J. Brett & Associates has been providing private and public clients with innovative engineering solutions tailor made to suit each project's specific requirements.
P.J. Brett & Associates was founded by P.J. Brett in 2004, with P.J. having previously worked as a senior engineer with a large consultancy practice in Limerick for over a decade.
Since its creation, our firm has grown steadily to meet our ever growing demand. We now employ a number or full time and part time staff at our main office in Nenagh, Co. Tipperary.
Our impressive and diverse portfolio contains a variety of projects, with work being completed across Limerick, Tipperary and Clare for leading developers and public bodies. Some examples include North Tipperary County Council, Shannon Development and the OPW.
As a result of the wide experience of our firm, P.J. Brett & Associates is in a position to provide engineering consultancy services across the full spectrum of construction projects including commercial, industrial, residential and infrastructural projects.
PJ Brett
PJ Brett is Managing Director and Principal of PJ Brett and Associates. P.J. formed the company in 2004, having previously worked as a senior engineer on multi-million euro Civil & Structural engineering projects in Ireland and the UK.
Experienced Manager with a demonstrated history of working in the domestic and commercial construction industry. Skilled in negotiating, budget management and cost control. Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Civil Engineering from Napier University.
Caroline McGrath
Caroline is a highly organised and detail-oriented administration professional with extensive experience in the manufacturing, hospitality and health care industries.
Joe Lupton
Since graduating from LIT in 2009 Joe has worked in the construction industry in a number of differant roles, he now has established himself as an experienced Senior Engineer with PJ Brett and Associates.
PJ Brett & Associates
Tirol House, Tyone
E45 KR64
info@pba.ie
© 2023 P.J. Brett & Associates | Civil & Structural Consulting Engineers & Structural Surveyors | Site by WebMe.ie


BILLIONAIRE LEICESTER CITY OWNER 'DIED IN THE HELICOPTER CRASH ALONGSIDE 'TWO CREW AND TWO OTHER PASSENGERS' ⋆ Olajide TV: NIGERIA NEWS | LIFESTYLE | ENTERTAINMENT PORTAL!
It has been claimed that Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha, the billionaire owner of Premiership club, Leicester City died after his helicopter burst into flames after it crashed yards away from the King Power Stadium after taking off from the pitch, on Saturday night.
Police and the club are yet to release an official statement on the tragedy, but the BBC have reported a source close to the Thai billionaire's family said he and the four others died in the crash.
Mr. Srivaddhanaprabha, 60, was reportedly heading for Luton Airport where he was due to catch a flight to Thailand before his helicopter crashed.
Witnesses say they heard the 'engine stop' in mid-air just after take-off before the aircraft plummeted to the ground in the club's car park at around 8.30pm.
Tearful Leicester City fans have been visiting the King Power Stadium to pay their respect to the owner of the club.


An enchanting New York Times and international bestseller and award-winner about life, art, literature, philosophy, culture, class, privilege, and power, seen through the eyes of a 54-year old French concierge and a precocious but troubled 12-year-old girl.
Renée Michel is the 54-year-old concierge of a luxury Paris apartment building. Her exterior ("short, ugly, and plump") and demeanor ("poor, discreet, and insignificant") belie her keen, questing mind and profound erudition. Paloma Josse is a 12-year-old genius who behaves as everyone expects her to behave: a mediocre pre-teen high on adolescent subculture, a good but not outstanding student, an obedient if obstinate daughter. She plans to kill herself on the sixteenth of June, her thirteenth birthday.
Both Renée and Paloma hide their true talents and finest qualities from the bourgeois families around them, until a wealthy Japanese gentleman named Ozu moves into building. Only he sees through them, perceiving the secret that haunts Renée, winning Paloma's trust, and helping the two discover their kindred souls. Moving, funny, tender, and triumphant, Barbery's novel exalts the quiet victories of the inconspicuous among us.
Probably my new favorite book. While there isn't a lot of traditional "action," there's so much more than that. It's simply beautifully crafted.


text:
Naxos' World Premiere Recordings of Francis Chagrin's two symphonies performed by Martyn Brabbins and the BBC Symphony Orchestra reveal a composer with distinctive ideas and fine orchestration
British composer Francis Chagrin (1905-1972) was born Alexander Paucker in Bucharest, Rumania. He left his country to study in Paris with Nadia Boulanger and Paul Dukas. It was in Paris that he adopted the name Francis Chagrin (translating as grief, sorrow or unhappiness) reflecting his sadness over his failed marriage and disinheritance by his family for pursuing a career in music.
Chagrin arrived in Britain in 1936 where he married again and had two children. He founded the Society for the Promotion of New Music. His own compositions include some 200 film scores as well as songs and orchestral works.
Of his orchestral works there are two symphonies that range across his working life in Britain. These two works now receive their World Premiere Recordings on a new release form Naxos www.naxos.com featuring the BBC Symphony Orchestra www.bbc.co.uk/symphonyorchestra conducted by Martyn Brabbins http://intermusica.co.uk/artist/Martyn-Brabbins
Symphony No.1 (1946-59, rev. 1965) opens ponderously with a Largo in the lower orchestra before rising up into the energetic Allegro, striding forward in broad strokes with a colourful use of brass. Full of breadth and power, it finds its way through passages of varying tempo and drama, later falling to a wistful passage for woodwind over pulsating strings before picking up momentum to lead energetically to the coda that just seems to stop.
The second movement Largo emerges from the basses to reveal a slow, dark theme, full of broad shifting harmonies. There are some lovely woodwind passages before the music suddenly rises in a dramatic, passionate section. There is a brief moment where a solo violin weaves a plaintive theme as well as many individual instrumental details as the music finds its way slowly ahead. Often there is the feel of a heavy burden behind the music. Later, brass raise the music up through a glorious passage, before woodwind take the theme forward, finding a quite affecting sense of grief.
The Presto scherzando opens purposefully with a rising motif that swirls around the orchestra, finding moments of lighter mood in between the drama. The rising theme continually returns before the music reaches a climax. Later there is a slow, delicate woodwind passage that precedes a slower romantic string section, but it is the predominate rising motif that takes the music to the coda.
The Allegro brings a fast moving, dancing staccato theme for woodwind and strings that rises through some striding passages before another rising motif is heard. The woodwind and brass take the dancing theme forward bringing a passage of tremendous forward movement. Soon there is a dark rather menacing passage that slowly expands, leading to the return of the opening theme. The music reaches a peak before falling to a rather reflective moment soon overtaken by percussion and timpani. A harp plays a descending figuration as the strings find the more settled coda.
This is an attractive work that brings a great sense of breadth and freedom.
Symphony No.2 (1965-1971) opens with an aggressive, strident Allegro that soon reduces in thrust as various instrumental ideas are introduced. Chagrin creates some rather magical colours and textures before the music rises again, moving through many varying ideas as the theme is taken forward with further fine orchestral textures. Later the opening stridency returns as drums enter to add to the drama, yet the music has a heavy weight that seems to drag the strident theme down. After reaching a peak of dynamics the music quietens, yet the faster strident theme can be heard in the distance. There are more colourful orchestral textures before the music finds a huge climax after which the music strides to the thundering coda – a moment of tremendous power and drive, offset by moments of beautiful textures.
After the increasingly powerful allegro, the Molto lento opens slowly with orchestral instruments slowly blossoming, first the woodwind, then strings, then brass and then strings again before the woodwind move the music ahead a little. The orchestral blossomings return but again the orchestra tries to lead the music forward in a little theme. There is always a sense of underlying tension in this really distinctive movement. Later the music finds a forward movement as it rises in passion but the opening motif always returns, though now with increased drama. Towards the end there are moments of beautifully translucent orchestration before finding the quieter coda.
Scherzo (Presto) brings a light, good natured theme for woodwind to which brass join, bringing a slight dissonance. Chagrin brings more of his distinctive and finely coloured orchestration and fine textures before the music darts ahead in some more strident passages echoed by gentler responses.
The Andante opens with a repeated rhythmic motif for orchestra before a lighter textured variation arrives. The music moves through a chordal passage of increasing fervour and dynamics before more of Chagrin's by now familiar little rising sequences. This composer brings many subtleties as he slowly develops his theme, rising to a climax before regaining the original rhythmic motif. There are moments of lighter, less intense music before reaching a broader climatic section before the main rhythmic theme brings about a terrific climax to conclude.
This is a terrific symphony from a composer with distinctive ideas and fine orchestration.
Martyn Brabbins and the BBC Symphony Orchestra provide first rate performances. They receive an excellent recording from the BBC's Maida Vale Studio 1, London and there are useful and informative booklet notes.


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Is That MY Baby on the Top of the Refrigerator?
Everyone whose baby likes to climb has had one of these moments.
You and your (barely walking) toddler are playing happily together in the middle of the living room. Something quiet, like puzzles or lacing cards. You need to go to the bathroom and your child seems so involved in his activity that you decide not to bring him into the bathroom with you. You pee, change your tampon, wash your hands, and return to the living room—all in under 52 seconds.
breathless, into the kitchen and there is your baby—on top of the refrigerator eating goldfish crackers.
himself. "I climb, Mommy," he informs you, as you carefully pull him down into your arms.
to my kitchen table. But, ultimately, I decided that it would be too much work at mealtimes.
climbed on the speakers and attempted to rewire our sound system.
trouble. But I think our home became mundane to him and this was a good thing.
always Ringling Brothers. They might keep your toddler for a season if you ask nicely.


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Crystal Wind Communications , Inc., Action Rental Management Realt, Alexander Group Real Estate, Inc.
Parkland College, News-gazette , Inc.
Attorney at Schott, Bublitz & Engel, s.c.
Sec. Treasurer Wilson &Son Construction,Inc.
Heart frontwoman Ann Wilsons husband, Dean Wetter, was arrested early Saturday morning after he allegedly assaulted the twin teenage sons of guitarist Nancy Wilson after the bands concert Friday at the White River Amphitheatre in Auburn, Washington.
Neighbor and protestor Nancy Wilsons initial concern with the project was about safety, but as she got more and more involved with the grassroots groups formed to oppose the pipeline, she has thought more about the impact of projects like this beyond her backyard.
People reports the the twins are Wilsons nephews and the sons of her sister, Nancy Wilson, and her ex, director Cameron Crowe. Ann Wilsons rep told People, Since this is a family matter, it is asked that you respect their privacy.
soon began directing his own films, but was never that separated from rock. He kept writing for Rolling Stone and others. He was married for 24 years to Nancy Wilson of Heart. Many of his films had a rock feel Singles captured the mood and sound of Seattle grunge and some went further.
How obvious can it be that we have to ban assault weapons in our country, the Rev. Nancy Wilson, moderator of Metropolitan Community Churches Worldwide, said at a news conference for Equality Florida late Sunday.
y School), Dr. Justin Tanis (Center for LGBTQ and Gender Studies in Religion), Rev. Dr. Emilie Townes (Vanderbilt Divinity School), Rev. Dr. David Vazquez-Levy (Pacific School of Religion), Rev. Dr. Nancy Wilson (Metropolitan Community Churches), and Ani Zonnevald (Muslims for Progressive Values).
," he said on his website. "The male singers who had the same range I did, when I was growing up, didn't do much for me. But put on Nina Simone, Carmen McRae or Nancy Wilson, and I'd be in seventh heaven. Female vocalists just did more with their voices, and that's why I paid more attention to them.
Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inductees Ann and Nancy Wilson first showed the world that women can rock when their band, Heart, stormed the charts in the 70s with hits like Crazy on You, Magic Man, Barracuda, Straight On, and so many more.
16 March 1954 • San Francisco, U.S.
Two of Nancy's friends who could sing joined Nancy and Ann to form their first music group.
Systems and methods for varying dye loads. A fluid ejection apparatus includes a reservoir and an assembly. The reservoir stores ink with a first dye load and the assembly receives the ink with the first dye load from the reservoir. To obtain ink with higher dye load, the assembly evaporates a portion of the liquid solvent in the ink to obtain ink with a higher dye load.
Liposome reagents used in assays to detect the presence or amount of an analyte in a test sample, particularly where the analyte is antiphospholipid antibodies are described. The liposome reagents comprise a liposome, a ligand chosen to bind specifically with the analyte and associated with the liposome membrane, and a haptenated component associated with the membrane of the liposome where the hapten is chosen to bind specifically to a receptor bound to a solid phase or to a label compound that is an element of a signal detection system and where the liposome reagent is prepared so that during the assay the linkage between the solid phase and ligand of the liposome reagent is maintained.
The present invention provides a first pixel array and a second pixel array disposed along an optical path. The first pixel array is adapted to generate an image. The second pixel array is adapted to adjust an output luminescence of the image.
Disclosed are compositions, kits, and methods related to HIV vaccines and immunogenic compositions. Typically, the compositions include a mixture of individual and separate DNA polynucleotides that encode different HIV polypeptides or fragments thereof. The mixture of polynucleotides is designed to elicit a broad immunogenic response which may be subsequently boosted by administering a second composition such as a recombinant virus vector composition. The compositions, kits, and methods may be utilized for treating or preventing HIV infection or disease.
The present invention relates to the detection of a variety of analytes in a patient sample employing liposomes with associated ligand, where the ligand is capable of binding target analyte in that sample. In another aspect of the invention, the assays employ liposomes as a soluble support matrix where at least a portion of the support is associated with the ligand and the ligand is in a confirmation permitting it to bind to target analyte in a patient sample.
Awesome live performance I'm guessing from 1978, but not for sure. Ann and Nancy Wilson wrote this about Mike Fisher, who was Heart's original guitarist (he eventually stopped performing and became their sound man). He and Ann were dating.
Nancy Wilson's song Sunshine from the album Life, Love and Harmony. Released 1979 on Capitol.
A slideshow of Heart's Nancy Wilson. I used all my fav Nance pics and put them to good use by making this video set to the acoustic version of her biggest and well known Heart lead vocal.."These Dreams". Hope you enjoy!


text:
The Blue House, Salters Lane, Durham
Palace Green Library, Palace Green, Durham
Durham Cathedral, The College, Durham
Radisson Blu Hotel, Frankland Lane, Durham
Oriental Museum, Elvet Hill, Durham
Ebony Champagne & Cocktail Bar, 8 Walkergate, Durham
Freeman's Quay Leisure Centre, Freeman's Place, Durham
The Honest Lawyer Hotel, Croxdale Bridge, Durham
Botanic Garden, South Road, Durham
Psyche Durham , 20-21 Silver Street, Durham
A Norman cathedral, winding streets and a glittering river make Durham one of the UK's prettiest small cities. You could easily spend a few days here exploring the university collections, sipping coffee in the charming cafes, or getting lost in the wonder of the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site on the western peninsula. So, what's disabled access like in Durham?
Accessible accommodation in Durham
With rooms overlooking the River Wear, the Radisson Blu Hotel is a conveniently located city centre hotel that has been rated 4.5 star on Euan's Guide. One guest was impressed with the hotel's disabled access and wrote:
"The Radisson Blu Hotel in Durham is one of the few hotels in Durham which has accessible hotel bedrooms with wet rooms and is also wheeling/pushing distance from the centre of this beautiful city. The accessible bedrooms are huge. These are set up as twin beds with plenty of space around the beds and a further large seating area opposite. The ensuite accessible wet rooms are enormous."
If you'd like to stay close to the university, Honest Lawyer Hotel has been rated 4 star on Euan's Guide. While not fully accessible, one guest enjoyed staying and said:
"Although not perfect (needed more handrails in shower, front door of hotel very tricky in wheelchair etc.) this was a good place to stay. Once inside, no steps and lovely smooth floors with good turning space. Lovely accessible loo in the main bar."
Places to visit in Durham with disabled access
Described as 'one of the great buildings o Europe', Durham Cathedral and the neighbouring castle is a World Heritage Site that was built between the 11th and 12th centuries. The cathedral is an unmistakable feature of the Durham skyline, and has been rated 4.5 stars on Euan's Guide!
"It's the must visit site in Durham, I visited many times and it still takes my breath away. There is a slightly tricky approach to the cathedral, but once you're inside 90% of it is easily accessible. If you ask at reception they have a handy map showing you where all the ramps are in the building. There is a platform lift into the café at the back, which is also where the accessible toilet is located with an automatic entry door."
Founded in the 17th Century, the Palace Green Library is a treasure trove within Durham University! The building is open to the public and has 'over 100 Medieval manuscripts.' One visitor wrote about their experience saying:
"The library has been adapted wherever possible, a platform lift from the main entrance to the reception is available. From the reception there is wheelchair access around the galleries on the ground floor and accessible toilets."
Also part of the university is the Oriental Museum, 'the only museum in the North of England devoted entirely to the art and archaeology of the great cultures of Northern Africa and Asia.' The museum has been rated 4.5 star on Euan's Guide by one visitor who said:
"Small but well put together museum, very interesting and worth a look around. Very helpful and friendly staff! There is one accessible parking space just outside the front door."
Durham also has a champagne and cocktail bar which is popular during the day for lunches and afternoon teas, and at night for a sophisticated atmosphere! Ebony Champagne & Cocktail Bar has been reviewed on Euan's Guide by one guest who said:
"The bar is situated all on one level providing easy access around the whole venue for wheelchair users. A bar with a warm and welcoming environment."
Have you been to Durham?
If you've visited Durham, add your disabled access reviews and ratings to Euan's Guide! That way more disabled people will know what to expect before they go. Write a review >>
Last updated – April 2018
Other Places (2)


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The MCSE credential is one of the most widely recognized technical certifications in the industry—a credential in high demand. By earning the premier MCSE credential, individuals are demonstrating that they have the skills necessary to lead organizations in the successful design, implementation, and administration of the most advanced Microsoft Windows platform and Microsoft server products.
The Windows 2000 track of the MCSE credential is designed for IT professionals working in the typically complex computing environment of medium to large organizations.
Typical network services and applications including file and print, database, messaging, proxy server or firewall, dial-in server, desktop management, and Web hosting.
Implementing and administering a desktop operating system.
For additional requirements to earn the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer credential please see MCSE Requirements.


text:
using SpotifyRecorder.Core.Abstractions.Settings;

namespace SpotifyRecorder.Core.Implementations.Settings
{
    public class InMemorySettings : ISettings
    {
        public BitRate BitRate { get; set; }
        public int MillisecondsToCheckForTrackChanges { get; set; }
        public int SecondsToSkipSongsUnder { get; set; }
        public string RecorderDeviceName { get; set; }
        public string OutputDirectory { get; set; }
        public bool SkipExistingSongs { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


These Stonecast Blueberry Coupe Plates 10.25" are inspired by the changing seasons, with a superior glaze finish and super vitrified body for long lasting use. The blue tone of these coupe plates is deep and vibrant, bringing style and rustic warmth to the tabletop. This catering crockery set is handpainted with a stunning finish, ensuring every plate is truly unique. These Churchill Stonecast coupe plates are sold in cases of 12.
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Having the right dining table within your dining room can pull your entire ensemble together, making the dining room look friendly, attracting and comfortable. On the other hand, the wrong dining room table can completely emit the illusion of devastation, style gone astray, ideas gone bad etc ., etc . Be truthful in your designing style, not denying your own sense of uniqueness. If you were to walk into somebody else's home, and see the design that you just thought would best explain your own sense of design in your own home, would you possibly be able to criticize their ensemble? If not, than the dining area either appears good enough, or you are blinded by the thought that it was your idea of furnishing in the first place. Either way, it's obvious that you defintely won't be happy until you can produce the look that you so have accumulated in your own home. Many people have the misunderstanding that more used space is the foremost. Well, honestly, that is almost never true. For the most part, less is more, especially in a dining room. Many owners buy huge overpowering dining area tables just because they think that is certainly what a dining room is for. A dining room should be used for dining, not having to throw the biscuits from one end of the desk to the next, or have to speak to one another with an intercom system. This may totally go against the whole notion of having a dining table. For the most part, persons purchase dining room tables concerning the elegance in passionate interaction, and not for faraway relations. And you should never acquire a dining table that does not effectively fit into the room you have available as a dining room, as you might find, this kind of also rings true, picturing a pool table within a room that only gives a feet of room on each part.
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text:
Elton Sinitiere
Elton V Sinitiere served his country in World War II with the 13rd AF .
Information on Elton Sinitiere is gathered and extracted from military records. We have many documents and copies of documents, including military award documents. It is from these documents that we have found this information on TSGT Sinitiere. These serviceman's records are not complete and should not be construed as a complete record. We are always looking for more documented material on this and other servicemen. If you can help add to Elton Sinitiere's military record please contact us.
MIA (Missing In Action)
Technical Sergeant Elton Sinitiere was MIA 6 January 1945.
AM Air Medal
Current Rank: TSGT
The information on this page about Elton Sinitiere has been obtained through a possible variety of sources incluging the serviceman themselves, family, copies of military records that are in possession of the Army Air Corps Library and Museum along with data obtained from other researchers and sources including AF Archives at Air Force Historical Research Agency and the U.S. National Archives.
If you have more information concerning the service of Elton Sinitiere, including pictures, documents and other artifacts that we can add to this record, please Contact Us.


Many insurance carriers such as Medicare offer partial coverage for those seeking addiction treatment in Madison, WI. While few if any medical insurance plans will cover the entirety of a course of recovery, Medicare may be able to supplement the cost. Our toll-free helpline advisors can check your insurance eligibility as well as help you locate rehab facilities in Madison, nearby, or further away if you decide to travel outside your current locale.


Ed. Note: This is the tenth and final part of a ten-part wrap-up of Rick Perry's history of cover-up and corruption that will run on Burnt Orange Report today.
There has not been a bigger or more important cover-up this election cycle, and perhaps for decades in Texas, than Rick Perry's refusal to come to grips and be honest about the $25 billion budget shortfall facing the state of Texas. Our state's budget crisis is going to devastate the future of our economy for years, if not longer, unless Texans do something about it immediately.
Texas' GOP leaders, their eyes on the Nov. 2 election, have played down the problem's size, even as the hole in the next two-year cycle has grown in recent weeks to as much as $24 billion to $25 billion. That's about 25 percent of current spending.
The economic downturn isn't helping the shortfall, but it's not driving it, either. The driving factor is a decision by Gov. Rick Perry and the Legislature in 2006 to reduce property taxes by $14 billion every two years and raise only about $9 billion to replace that money. In other words, the Legislature committed $5 billion every two years to holding down property taxes instead of spending that money on education, public safety or other priorities. Then the state's new business tax brought in drastically less than projected, and that $5 billion gap turned into a nearly $9 billion gap.
Perhaps Texas will no longer be able to afford to write textbooks for the rest of the nation.
one of the biggest reasons why Rick Perry was too chicken to debate Bill White and why he avoided all editorial boards at all costs. If Mr. Perry has any fancy ideas about running for U.S. President he'd better get ready to stick himself under a laser focused microscope, something that Texas Republicans have not made him do. Slick Rick can run but he cannot hide from who he is and what he has and has not done.
Let's not forget that, while raising taxes is off the board for the GOP, raising fees is flying under the radar in silence.
No surprise, since the GOP has done that enough in the past decade.
This looks more like a "big state" problem rather than a left-right problem.


text:
An Equal Music Review for Lovers of Classical Piano Music
Nancy M. Williams, Founding Editor June 4, 2012
Michael Holmes, the second violinist of the successful Maggiore String Quartet, by all counts should be happy. Yet ten years before, he abandoned Julia, the love of his life, at their Viennese conservatory. The loss of Julia haunts him.
Michael is the protagonist of Vikram Seth's lyrical novel, An Equal Music (1999), my June Selection of the Month. Despite a few missteps in pacing, I liked this book's humor, its intimate look at the lives of musicians, and most of all, its gorgeous language.
Rehearsals with Michael and the other three members of the Maggiore String Quartet make for some entertaining reading. Piers is the curt first violinist recently dumped by his male lover; Helen, Pier's sister and the viola player, is voluble as her brother is taciturn; and Billy, the cellist, is also a composer who unsuccessfully hints that the quartet ought to play his music.
"It's the weirdest thing, a quartet," Piers muses. "I don't know what to compare it to. A marriage? a firm? a platoon under fire? a self-regarding, self-destructive priesthood? It has so many different tensions mixed in with its pleasures." During rehearsals, the group often quibbles—"Piers comes in like a gobbling turkey at forty-one," Helen complains. Yet the Maggiore's ritual of playing a "very plain, very slow three-octave scale on all four instruments in unison" is all the more sweet for their tussles.
Although the music that appears in the book is primarily ensemble music for quartets and quintets, classical piano music does surface with one character who is a pianist. Vikram Seth, a six-time book author, is not a musician, yet in An Equal Music's dedicatory poem to his life partner, who is a musician, Seth says, "I list your gifts in this creation." The inspiration he received hearkens to other famous life partners and collaborators such as Robert and Clara Schumann.
Much of An Equal Music's action takes place in London, and the city comes alive here, especially musical spots such as Wigmore Hall, the "sacred shoe-box of piano music." Yet Michael's life as a second violinist and music teacher goes awry when he spots Julia on a London bus going in the opposite direction. After he tracks her down, he learns that she is married with a young son. How Michael resolves his unfinished relationship with Julia while continuing to rehearse and perform with the eclectic Maggiore quartet is the book's main thrust.
Another interesting complication is that one character, also a musician, has a progressive hearing loss, a plot line that initially attracted me to the book since I have a high-frequency hearing loss. Michael wonders, "the cawing of a crow, the chacking of a magpie in a plane tree near the Bayswater Road, the buses roaring and sneezing—what can she hear?" Yet this musician refuses to wear her hearing aids because they distort sounds.
The book gets a bit bogged down towards the end when Michael and the Maggiore String Quartet perform in Venice. At this point in the story, rather than reading so much material about Venice's setting (which nonetheless was skillfully rendered), I wanted to see how Michael would resolve the conflicts in his life.
Despite my impatience, I enjoyed this novel. I gained an appreciation for the interpersonal challenges of playing in a quartet, and I relished those laugh-out-loud moments. Most of all, I savored this book's stunning language. "Music, such music, is a sufficient gift," Michael declares at the book's close. "It is enough, it is to be blessed enough, to live from day to day and to hear such music."
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The Piano Shop on the Left Bank: Adult Piano Lessons in Paris
Summer Read for Students of Adult Piano Lessons
A Grand Obsession for Adult Piano Lessons
A Good Yarn for Adult Piano Lessons
High Fidelity for Amateur Pianists
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Jasper Britton and Catherine Russell. Photo: Catherine Ashmore.
What the Butler Saw is a co-production between Curve, Leicester and Theatre Royal Bath staged in March 2017.
50 years since the death of celebrated Leicester playwright Joe Orton, Curve Artistic Director Nikolai Foster brings What the Butler Saw to the stage in a Made At Curve production of Orton's final play, completed just a month before his untimely death.
Cast: Rufus Hound, Dakota Blue Richards, Catherine Russell, Jack Holden, Jasper Britton, Ravi Aujla.
Sound Designer & Composer ADAM McCREADY for POETICAL MACHINES.
Dakota Blue Richards. Photo: Catherine Ashmore.
Rufus Hound and Dakota Blue Richards.
Jack Holden, Ravi Aujla, Catherine Russell and Rufus Hound. Photo: Catherine Ashmore.


text:
Focus Article
FUTURE SHOCKS: Modern Science, Ancient Catastrophes and the Endless Quest to Predict Earthquakes
Kevin Krajick
Photographs by Brian Smale
Dec 2005 | VOL. 30 No. 10 | View Issue
Brian Atwater paddled a battered aluminum canoe up the Copalis River pushed along by a rising Pacific tide. At this point, a 130-mile drive from Seattle, the 100-foot-wide river wound through wide salt marshes fringed with conifers growing on high ground. The scene, softened by gray winter light and drizzle, was so quiet one could hear the whisper of surf a mile away. But then Atwater rounded a bend, and a vision of sudden, violent destruction appeared before him: stranded in the middle of a marsh were dozens of towering western red cedars, weathered like old bones, their gnarly, hollow trunks wide enough to crawl into. "The ghost forest," Atwater said, pulling his paddle from the water. "Earthquake victims."
Atwater beached the canoe and got out to walk among the spectral giants, relics of the last great Pacific Northwest earthquake. The quake generated a vast tsunami that inundated parts of the West Coast and surged across the Pacific, flooding villages some 4,500 miles away in Japan. It was as powerful as the one that killed more than 220,000 people in the Indian Ocean in December 2004. The cedars died after saltwater rushed in, poisoning their roots but leaving their trunks standing. This quake is not noted in any written North American record, but it is clearly written in the earth. The ghost forest stands as perhaps the most conspicuous and haunting warning that it has happened here before—and it will surely happen here again.
"When I started out, a lot of these dangers were not all that clear," says Atwater, a geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) who specializes in the science of paleoseismology, or the study of earthquakes past. "If you look at what we know now, it beats you over the head."
In one of the more remarkable feats of modern geoscience, researchers have pinpointed the date, hour and size of the cataclysm that killed these cedars. In Japan, officials had recorded an "orphan" tsunami—unconnected with any felt earthquake— with waves up to ten feet high along 600 miles of the Honshu coast at midnight, January 27, 1700. Several years ago, Japanese researchers, by estimating the tsunami's speed, path and other properties, concluded that it was triggered by a magnitude 9 earthquake that warped the seafloor off the Washington coast at 9 p.m. Pacific Standard Time on January 26, 1700. To confirm it, U.S. researchers found a few old trees of known age that had survived the earthquake and compared their tree rings with the rings of the ghost forest cedars. The trees had indeed died just before the growing season of 1700.
In the Pacific Northwest, where written records start in the late 1700s, paleoseismologists have spotted many other signs of past disasters, from sands washed far inshore to undersea landslides. In addition to the risk from offshore earthquakes, recent studies show that Seattle and the greater Puget Sound area, with its four million people, is itself underlain by a network of faults in the earth's surface. They also have ruptured catastrophically in the not-very-distant past. Considering all the geologic evidence, scientists now say a major earthquake strikes the Pacific Northwest every few hundred years—give or take a few hundred years. That means the next one could strike tomorrow.
Past is prologue for geology's new breed (Brian Atwater in a Washington State 'ghost forest', created by a 1700 earthquake) who are finding ominous signs that devastating earthquakes are more common than once believed.
The study of the past has taken on paramount importance because scientists still cannot predict earthquakes, though not for lack of effort. One important quake-forecasting experiment has taken place since 1985 in tiny Parkfield, California, the self-proclaimed "earthquake capital of the world." The town sits atop a highly active section of the San Andreas fault, the dangerous crack that cuts the state south to north for 800 miles. Due to underlying geological forces, quakes occur in the same places repeatedly. Until recently, much of modern earthquake theory was based on the idea that intervals between these events were nicely regular. Through most of the 20th century, Parkfield, for example, had one every 22 years or so. But experience now shows that quakes are maddeningly unpredictable. Scientists forecast that a quake would hit Parkfield in 1988, give or take five years. They installed networks of strainmeters, creepmeters, seismometers and other instruments around the town. Their goal was to capture precursors to the expected quake, such as a pattern of subtle tremors, that they could later use to predict when another quake is imminent. The earthquake did come along—in September 2004, with one-twentieth the expected power—and with no warning whatsoever. Looking at all their measurements, scientists still have found no reliable signs that an earthquake is about to strike.
Still, by gathering ever more information about the past, paleoseismologists are becoming adept at mapping danger zones and spreading the warning, even if they can't say when the next one is due. The information, though imprecise, is useful to engineers, city planners and others who can strengthen building codes and educate the public about how to survive a major quake whenever it comes. Art Frankel, a chief architect of the USGS national seismic hazard mapping project, says such geological "hazard maps" are like charts of the most dangerous traffic intersections; they can't predict when the next car accident will happen, but they do tell you to watch out.
Due to these studies of past earthquakes, the world is looking ever more inhospitable. Paleoseismology is turning up portentous signs of past upheavals in the U.S. Midwest, eastern Canada, Australia and Germany. "We're discovering some new hazard every few months," says Brian Sherrod, a USGS geologist investigating the Seattle faults. The Pacific Northwest may not be the only place harboring such nasty surprises, but it is where the geological signs are most dramatic, the science is moving fast, and a future earthquake would be among the most catastrophic.
The earth's crust consists of interlocking tectonic plates that float on the hot, pliable interior of the planet, drifting and colliding with one another. The Pacific Northwest coast is such a dangerous place because it rests on a continental plate that meets, some 30 to 90 miles offshore, a seafloor plate. The boundary between the two plates, stretching 700 miles from British Columbia to Northern California, is called the Cascadia subduction zone. Subduction is the process by which an ocean plate nudges under a continental plate, usually by a few inches a year. Grinding between such plates can bring small temblors, but often the parts lock against each other like sticky watch gears, causing the still advancing seafloor to compress like a spring and the overlying coastline to warp upward. When the pent-up pressure finally pops, the seafloor lunges landward and the coast lunges seaward, with seaside real estate collapsing. The shifting plates displace seawater in all directions, creating a tsunami that travels up to 500 miles an hour. These subduction-zone quakes are the world's largest, dwarfing those that take place in the land's crust. December's subduction quake in Indonesia, a magnitude 9, was about 30 times more powerful than the 1906 San Francisco event that took place in the continental crust near the city. Other major subduction-zone quakes off Alaska in 1946 and 1964 sent tsunamis all the way to Hawaii and Northern California, killing scores of people.
Signs of past seismic activity may be hidden (geologists inspect contorted sediment layers within a fault excavated outside Seattle) or in plain sight (a marine shelf on Puget Sound was lifted about 20 feet by a quake in the year 900).
Downriver of the ghost forest, with heavy rain threatening the tidal estuary of the Copalis River, Atwater stepped from the canoe to stand crotch-deep in cold water and mud. He wore hiking boots and chest waders, having learned long ago that tidal mud can suck hip waders right off of you. Wielding an entrenching tool, a military folding shovel, he chopped at the riverbank to view the sedimentary layers, which can yield a great deal of information about past quakes. Every time a seafloor earthquake occurs here, forests and marshes suddenly drop, and are reburied by later sediments washed in by tides and river drainage. A geologist can dig a hole in search of such buried evidence—or find a riverbank where erosion has done most of the work for him, which was what Atwater had here. His tool kit also included a hunting knife and a nejiri gama, a trowel-size Japanese gardening tool shaped like a hoe.
Atwater kneeled in the shallows and scraped riverbank mud down onto his thighs, then smoothed the bank with the nejiri gama. Below the two and half feet of brownish tidal muck lay a half-inch band of gray sand, which was neatly draped over black peat. The peat was laced with tree roots, even though the nearest visible tree was far across the marsh. "Hoo, that's nice, that's fresh!" Atwater shouted. "Old dependable!" These trees grow only above the tide line and were now below it. Something, he said, had dropped this ecosystem several feet all at once; all signs point to a seafloor quake. Radiocarbon dating has shown the plants died about 300 years ago. The overlying sand sheet was the clincher: only a tsunami could have laid it down.
Atwater, 53, has been combing the region since 1986 for evidence of past earthquakes, and his work at a dozen estuaries— in addition to other scientists' findings—has revealed not only the great 1700 earthquake and tsunami but also a dozen other major quakes over the past 7,000 years. Recent seafloor studies off the Pacific Northwest coast tell the same story. Overall, big subduction- zone quakes strike on average every 500 to 600 years. But the intervals between them range from 200 to 1,000 years. "If we can predict that we're in a short interval, we've essentially used up our time. But we can't predict," says Chris Goldfinger, a marine geologist at Oregon State University. Recent studies using satellite-controlled global-positioning systems and other new technology confirm that the region's tectonic plates are converging and locked together. In some places, the Washington and Oregon coastlines are rising by 1.5 inches a year. As Atwater points out, "That doesn't sound like much until you multiply it by, say, 1,000 years, and you get ten feet." And if the land has risen that far, it could drop that far when a quake comes, just like the layer of peat Atwater uncovered in the tidal estuary. "The bulge will collapse during the next earthquake, and there will be new ghost forests," he says.
Like rain, a certain amount of worry about earthquakes and tsunamis (a sign on the coast) is given in the Pacific North west.
We paddled farther up the Copalis to the mouth of a small creek, where Atwater located the 1700 tsunami sand sheet's continuation in the riverbank. With his nejiri gama, he dug out clumps of perfectly preserved ancient spruce needles, apparently cast up by the great waves. Nearby he uncovered a shard of fire-cracked rock—evidence of a cook fire. "That's spooky," he says. "It makes you wonder what happened to these people." Paleoseismology has shed new light on legends by aboriginal coastal peoples such as the Yurok and the Quileute. Many stories describe times when the earth shook and the ocean crashed in, wiping out villages, stranding canoes in trees and killing everyone but the fastest or luckiest. Storytellers often explained these events as the result of a battle between a great whale and a thunderbird. "Well before settlers came here, Native peoples dealt with earthquakes," says James Rasmussen, a councilman for the Duwamish people in Seattle. Archaeologists have now identified many sites that contain pottery and other artifacts that were submerged by rising waters. Apparently, Native people over the years moved closer to the shore or fled it as thunderbird and whale fought it out.
Today, of course, we're not so light on our feet. A recent study estimates that ten million people on the U.S. West Coast would be affected by a Cascadia subduction-zone quake. Three hundred years of tectonic pressure has now built up. The shaking from such a quake, lasting two to four minutes, would damage 200 highway bridges, put Pacific ports out of business for months, and generate low-frequency shock waves possibly capable of toppling tall buildings and long bridges in Seattle and Portland, Oregon. A tsunami of 30 feet or more would reach parts of the Pacific Coast in little over half an hour. Of special concern to Washington State officials are places like the coastal resort town of Ocean Shores, on a long sand spit with a narrow access road that serves 50,000 visitors on a summer day. Here, the highest ground—26 feet above sea level—would hold only "about 100 people who are very good friends," says Tim Walsh, state geological hazards program manager. He suggests that the town consider "vertical evacuation"—building multistory schools or other public structures in which people on the top floors could escape a tsunami, assuming the buildings themselves could withstand the impact. To flee a tsunami, people need warnings, and the U.S. government has set out Pacific Ocean monitors to pick up signals from known danger spots, not only in the Pacific Northwest, but in Japan, Russia, Chile and Alaska as well. This system is designed to transmit warnings to countries across the basin within minutes. Similar networks are planned for the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
In Washington State, officials are trying to educate a public that has regarded the threat casually—but may now pay a lot more attention with the Indian Ocean tsunami as an object lesson. A warning sign can be seen by the roadside. A few weeks before the disaster, Atwater and Walsh drove to Port Townsend, a Victorian-era seaport on the Strait of Juan de Fuca, about midway between Seattle and the open ocean, where they ran a tsunami workshop that was attended by only a handful of emergency officials and a few dozen residents. Walsh pointed out that a tsunami might take a couple of hours to reach Port Townsend, which has nearby cliffs for retreat. The town is dotted with blue-and white tsunami warning signs. Unfortunately, they are a popular souvenir. "Just please stop stealing the signs," Walsh chided the audience as he handed out free paper replicas of the signs.
"A lot of people think of tsunamis as some kind of cool adventure," Walsh said after the meeting. He re m e m b e red that following a big 1994 seafloor quake off Russia's Kuril Islands, surfers in Hawaii headed for the beaches. A film crew actually set up at the surf line on the Washington coast, hoping to catch a giant wave that, fortunately for them, never came. Walsh said, "I think they won't be doing that next time."
Brian Sherrod, a geologist with the USGS in Seattle, has rush- hour traffic to thank for one discovery. Recently he led some visitors under Interstate 5, a ten-lane raised artery traversing the city's downtown, as thousands of northbound cars and trucks thundered overhead. He pointed to the ground beneath one of the massive concrete supports, where the ruptures of an earthquake fault in prehistoric times had tortured the usually flat sediment layers into broken waves, then smashed and bent them backward so that lower ones were shoved over the upper—as if someone had taken a layer cake and slammed a door on it. This is one of many scary signs from Seattle's past, though one of the few visible to the naked eye. "I spotted this when I was stopped in Friday-afternoon traffic," said Sherrod, pointing to the southbound lanes, 50 feet away at eye level. "I was singing real loud to the radio. Then I stopped singing and yelled, 'Holy sh-t!' "
Earthquakes have long been a fact of life in Seattle. Each year, inland Washington gets a dozen or so quakes big enough to feel, and since 1872 about two dozen have caused damage. Most cluster under the Puget Sound lowland, the heavily developed run of bays, straits, islands and peninsulas running through Seattle south to Olympia. Larger-than-usual quakes in 1949 and 1965 killed 14 people. In the past few decades, building codes have been upgraded and a network of seismometers installed across Washington and Oregon. Those instruments showed that most of the smaller quakes are shallow readjustments of the earth's crust—rarely a big deal. The more sizable events, like quakes in 1949 and 1965, typically emanate from depths of 30 miles or more. Fortunately, this is far enough down that a lot of energy bleeds from the seismic shock waves before they reach the surface. The most recent big deep one was the February 28, 2001, Nisqually quake— magnitude 6.8, as measured at its 32-miledeep point of origin. It damaged older masonry buildings in Seattle's picturesque Pioneer Square shopping district, where unreinforced bricks flattened cars; at the vast nearby cargo harbor, pavement split and sand volcanoes boiled up. Though damage was some $2 billion to $4 billion statewide, many businesses were able to reopen within hours.
"My colleagues and I describe this region as a geological train wreck," says USGS geologist Ray Wells (on Bainbridge Island where researchers have cut away a Seattle fault offshoot).
One of the first hints that monstrous quakes take place near Seattle's surface, where they can do catastrophic damage, came when companies were hunting for oil under Puget Sound in the 1960s, and geophysicists spotted apparent faults in the Sound's floor. Into the 1990s, these were presumed to be inactive relic faults; then scientists looked more closely. At Restoration Point, on populous Bainbridge Island across Puget Sound from downtown Seattle, one USGS scientist recognized evidence of what geologists call a marine terrace. This is a stair-step structure made of a wave-cut sea cliff topped by a flat, dry area that runs up to several hundred feet inland to a similar, but higher cliff. Restoration Point's sharp, uneroded edges, and ancient marine fossils found on the flat step, suggested the whole block had risen more than 20 feet from the water all at once. Several miles north of the point lies a former tideland that apparently had dropped at the same time. These paired formations are the signature of what's known as a reverse fault, in which the earth's crust gets shoved up violently on one side and down on the other. This one is now called the Seattle fault zone. It runs west to east for at least 40 miles, under Puget Sound, downtown Seattle (cutting it in half) and its suburbs, and nearby lakes.
Along the Seattle fault on the east side of the city, Gordon Jacoby, a Columbia University tree-ring specialist, has identified another ghost forest—under 60 feet of water in Lake Washington. The trees did not sink; they rode off a nearby hill on a gigantic quake-induced landslide in the year 900, apparently at the same time that Restoration Point rose. Yet more evidence of that devastating event surfaced a decade ago several miles north of the Seattle fault. The city was digging a sewer, and Atwater spotted in one of the excavations an inland tsunami deposit—the first of many tied to that quake. The tsunami came when the fault thrust up under Puget Sound, sending out waves that smashed what is now the booming metropolitan waterfront.
Geologists have spotted at least five other fault zones in the region, from the Canadian border south to Olympia. The faults bear signs of half a dozen ruptures over the past 2,500 years, and one fault, the Utsalady, just north of Seattle, might have ruptured as recently as the early 1800s. The evidence amassed so far suggests an average repeat time for a major shallow continental earthquake from centuries to millennia.
The USGS has mounted a campaign to map the faults in detail. To do this, scientists use what they call active-source seismics—creating booms, then tracing vibrations through the earth with instruments to detect where subterranean breaks interrupt rock layers. Friendly Seattleites almost always let them dig up their lawn to bury a seismometer, and let them hook it to their electricity. Some neighbors even compete to land one of the instruments, out of what USGS geophysicist Tom Pratt calls "seismometer envy."
To create the vibrations, scientists have used air guns, shotguns, sledgehammers, explosives and "thumpers"—piledriver- type trucks that pound the ground with enough force to rattle dishes. (A few years ago scientists had to apologize in the morning paper after one nighttime blast alarmed residents who thought it was an earthquake.) The USGS also made the most of the city's demolition of its aging Kingdome stadium with explosives in 2000. "We said to ourselves: 'Hey, that's gonna make a big boom!' " says Pratt, who helped plant 200 seismometers to monitor the event.
One day, Atwater and USGS geologist Ray Wells took a ferry to Restoration Point. The flat lower terrace is now a golf course, and on the cliff above people have built expensive homes. From here, the scientists pointed out the invisible path of the fault under Puget Sound toward Seattle, past a ten-mile strip of shipping-container piers, petroleum tank farms and industrial plants, to the city's passenger ferry docks—the country's busiest. As the fault reaches land, it crosses under the waterfront Alaskan Way Viaduct, a 1950s vintage raised double-decked highway that almost collapsed in the 2001 Nisqually quake and is guaranteed to pancake with anything bigger. (Many geologists avoid driving on it.) Next, the fault passes crowds of skyscrapers up to 76 stories high, and under the two new stadiums housing the Seattle Seahawks football team and Mariners baseball team. It cuts beneath I-5, proceeds under a steep knoll topped by the headquarters of Amazon.com and forms the southern shoulder of I-90, and heads out to the rapidly growing suburbs around Lake Sammamish.
Geologists have found active faults (one runs by Puget Sound's Restoration Point, to Seattle).
That is just the Seattle fault; the others zigging across the region could well be connected to it. Many scientists say it is even possible that the faults' activities are connected by some grand mechanism to the great subduction-zone quakes out at sea, for many of the inland quakes seem to have occurred around the same times as those on the seafloor. But the inland mechanics are complicated . According to one currently popular theory, Washington is being pushed by Oregon northward, up against Canada. But Canada is not getting out of the way, so Washington is folding like an accordion, and sometimes those folds—the east-west faults—break violently. "Most people don't want to come right out and say it, but it is all probably linked together in some way we don't understand," says the USGS's Art Frankel.
Geophysicists recently created a stir when they discovered that the deeper part of the ocean slab, subducting from the west under southern British Columbia and northern Washington, slips with uncanny regularity—about every 14 months—without making conventional seismic waves. No one knows if this "silent" slip relieves tension in the offshore subduction zone or increases it—or if it could somehow help trigger inland quakes. This spring, geophysicists funded by the National Science Foundation will drop instruments into eight deep holes bored into the Olympic Peninsula, west of Seattle, in hopes of monitoring these subtle rumblings. In addition, 150 satellite-controlled global-positioning instruments will be set out across the Northwest to measure minute movements in the crust.
In any event, Seattle is one of the world's worst places for an earthquake. A scenario released last month by a joint private-government group estimates the damage from a 6.7 magnitude shallow crustal quake at $33 billion, with 39,000 buildings largely or totally destroyed, 130 fires burning simultaneously and 7,700 people dead or badly hurt. Part of the city sits on a soft basin of poorly consolidated sedimentary rocks, and like a bowl of gelatin this unstable base can jiggle if shocked, amplifying seismic waves up to 16 times. The harbor sits on watery former tidal mud flats, which can liquefy when shaken. One computer model shows a ten-foot tsunami roaring from Puget Sound over the Seattle waterfront to mow down cargo and passenger docks, and advancing toward the U.S. Navy shipyards in Bremerton. Even one major bridge collapse would paralyze the city, and engineers predict dozens. Seattle has a lot of high ground—some hillsides are so precipitous that driving up city streets can make ears pop—so landslides, already common in heavy rains, are predicted by the thousands.
The city is getting ready, says Ines Pearce, a Seattle emergency manager. A stricter building code was adopted last year. Raised-highway supports are being retrofitted to keep them from crumbling. Firehouse door frames are being reinforced to keep trucks from being trapped inside. Some 10,000 residents have been organized into local disaster response teams. Schools have removed overhead flush tanks and other hazards, and students duck under their desks in monthly "drop, cover and hold" earthquake exercises reminiscent of 1950s atomic bomb drills. But the preparations may not be enough. Tom Heaton, a California Institute of Technology geophysicist who first theorized the subduction threat to the Pacific Northwest and is now analyzing Seattle's infrastructure, says that even resistant structures may not survive a major crustal quake or one from the subduction zone. "Earthquake engineers base their designs on past mistakes. No one's ever seen ground shaking like what would occur in a giant earthquake," he says.
Down in the basement of his home, on a leafy Seattle street, Brian Atwater pointed out where he spent $2,000 in the 1990s to reinforce his wooden house frame and bolt it to the concrete foundation, to better secure it. During the Nisqually quake, cracks broke out all over his plaster walls, and his chimney got twisted and had to be replaced. But the house didn't go anywhere. If something worse comes along, he hopes the reinforcing will allow his family to escape alive and salvage their possessions.
But there are some risks Atwater is willing to abide. On the way back from fieldwork one night recently, he was driving toward his house when he swung his pickup truck away from I-5 — the obvious route — onto the dreaded Alaskan Way Viaduct. Wasn't he nervous? "I'd rather take my chances here," said Atwater, bumping along high over the lights of docks and ships in the harbor. "People over on I-5, they drive too crazy."
This article first appeared in the March 2005 issue of SMITHSONIAN and is reprinted here with kind permission of the author.
Kevin Krajick – is a New York City-based author and journalist who specializes in writing about science. Author of more than 250 magazine and newspaper articles, he has written for The New Yorker, Newsweek, National Geographic, Science, Smithsonian, The New York Times and many other publications. He is a graduate of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Among his travels, he has voyaged on an icebreaker through the arctic; traversed glaciers in the Yukon and Peru, and crawled to the bottom of the world's deepest mines, in South Africa. He was a finalist for the National Magazine Award for Public Service, and is two-time winner of the American Geophysical Union's Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism. His 2001 book " Barren Lands: An Epic Search for Diamonds in the North American Arctic," (Henry Holt and Co.), is the basis of the Discovery Channel's 2003 documentary "Diamonds in the Rough." Smithsonian calls "Barren Lands" "gripping" and "eloquent." Says The Economist: "Mr. Krajick, a talented storyteller, strikes it rich."