direct current stimulation devices, and neural prostheses. Some of these devices are wearable and removable, while others are implanted.
feminist philosophers have re-analyzed and critiqued. They also suggest new areas of inquiry relating to disability, normality, embodiment and aesthetics.
in the field of neural technology development.
and to expand the range of critical feminist perspectives on neural technologies.
Anonymous review: All submissions are subject to double anonymous peer review.
The Editorial Office aims to return an initial decision to authors within eight weeks. Authors are frequently asked to revise and resubmit based on extensive reviewer comments.
indicating special issue " Feminist Perspectives on Neural Technologies" in the subject heading.
All submissions should conform to IJFAB style guidelines. Please find details here.
The special issue editors are happy to discuss possible topic areas in advance of the deadline.


"Radio double technicals leading to the of Kevin Durant and Patrick Beverley, certainly one of the main talking points going into game two tonight for each team. And then, of course, you've got stuff. Curry's performance that can't go unnoticed for head coach Steve Kerr who earlier spoke with marquess to share Rick. Thanks a lot coach impressive game one win. Steph got the three point all-time shooting record, fifteen rebounds in the game. But was his biggest contribution. How stabilize things in the late? I yeah. That was a key part of the game where the clippers had climbed back and taking the lead mid second quarter. And that's frequently at time when Steph kinda goes nuts, you know, the end of the end of quarter. And so I thought he did a great job as did Kevin. You know, getting us going authencity and overall defensively we were really good all night. We got some things to clean up, but a semaine thing defensive intensity when we talked with you before game one, you would hold us when your concerns turnovers, obviously there were twenty one of them a lot of them that were frustrating hair pulling out turnovers. What was the discussion at practice yesterday? Don't do that anymore. You know, we just showed some of the agreed. One's Kevin tossing the ball in the air and the back court, and it just goes out of bounds. Because nobody's watching."


NIU Weather, part of the Department of Environmental Health and Safety, was named last week as a Weather-Ready Nation Ambassador by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Weather Service (NWS).
The Weather-Ready Nation Ambassador initiative is an effort to formally recognize NOAA partners who are improving the nation's readiness against extreme weather, water and climate events. As a Weather-Ready Nation Ambassador, NIU is committed to working with NOAA and other ambassadors to strengthen national resilience against extreme weather.
As an ambassador, Sebenste said, NIU is ready to handle severe weather quickly and effectively, before, during and after weather incidents occur.
When Mother Nature strikes, Sebenste and his team are ready.


text:
layout: post
title: Video - Bitcoin Q and A Scaling is a moving target
description: Video - Bitcoin Q and A Scaling is a moving target
author: Andreas M. Antonopoulos
authorurl: /andreas-antonopoulos-bitcoin-expert/
published: true
---

Scaling solutions, advantages and disadvantages. I won't take a position on scaling options for a simple reason: I think we will do all of them. SegWit, second layer implements like Lightning Network, increasing the base block size with 4-8 Mb of capacity, Schnorr signatures, Spoonnet.

Scaling is not something that is solved once; scaling is a moving target, an aspiration. As you achieve each level of scale, that opens the door for new applications; solving current problems creates the opportunity for new problems. The internet has been failing to scale for 25 years.

Email, image attachments, audio, video, high-definition video, livestreaming, holographic virtual reality, etc. We have a system that allows for global transactions, without borders, a level of planetary scale immutability. As soon as we make it faster and cheaper, people will want to put _more_ data on the blockchain.

We will reach Visa scale and then surpass Visa scale on an exponential curve. We can never "fix" scaling. All we can do is hope to continue to fail to scale gracefully. Solutions that are technically sensible, maintainable, and don't violate the core principles of decentralisation. We can change the rules as often as we like, but we should not appoint rulers.

TRANSCRIPT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Bomgaars To Open Store In Fairmont
FAIRMONT — Bomgaars will be opening a new store in Fairmont, having purchased the former Shopko building at 1001 S. Highway 15.
"We are coming to town," Aaron Bomgaars, vice president of property management and store development for the family-owned business, said Tuesday. "We're looking forward to joining with other local businesses in town and supporting the community."
He was unable as yet to offer specific information about the store's opening date or the number of employees that would be hired, but the Fairmont Holiday Inn has confirmed that the company will hold a job fair there.
The company currently operates 86 stores in Minnesota, Iowa, Colorado, Idaho, Nebraska, South Dakota and Wyoming, employing approximately 2,400 people. Minnesota has six stores including one in Blue Earth. The corporate office and distribution center are located in Sioux City, where the company began in 1952.
The Fairmont Economic Development Authority (FEDA) coordinates and administers economic development initiatives for the City of Fairmont, MN. It serves as a comprehensive and premier resource for businesses seeking to startup, grow and locate in the area. FEDA's priorities include business retention and expansion, financing, workforce development, recruitment, site development, housing and business startup. FEDA prides itself as a growing resource for Fairmont, MN news.
In a tight labor market, Greater Minnesota businesses think creatively about how to hang on to workers
For the past several years, manufacturers and other large employers throughout Greater Minnesota have been dealing with a shortage of workers – a scenario that has only found staying power in a strong economy with low unemployment. MinnPost chronicled the issue two years ago, noting that many companies were either operating short-staffed o...Continue Reading
Redi Haul marking 50 years in business
FAIRMONT — Fifty years in business is no small accomplishment, and Redi Haul Trailers, Inc. of Fairmont is marking just such an occasion. First known as Fairmont Steel Products, Inc., the company was founded in 1969 by Clayton Leach, and is now owned and operated by his son, Duane. According to informatio...Continue Reading
CRPD hears from child care providers
Results of a statewide survey of child care providers The Center first started looking into the matter of the child care shortage in 2015. In the process of this initial research, we found a corresponding shortage of information on just why providers were leaving the business. As a result, we conclude...Continue Reading

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Aramark Uniform Services has established a 10 step Total HACCP Solution designed to launder and deliver hygienically clean uniforms to the food processing industry. This award-winning system includes features such as documentation and routine audits. Aramark is setting new standards for food safety and sanitation.


By: almotamar.net - SANA'A- Dr. Mohammed Al-Tareeqi, general supervisor of the Middle East Center for Human Development and Human Rights praised the democratic approach of Yemen's political leadership. He especially lauded its "forward looking vision of its people's future," as he commented.
At the concluding ceremony of the Saudi Arabia-based center's handicap care and rehabilitation program held yesterday in Sana'a, Al-Tareeqi described HE Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of the Republic, as the "Arab Democracy's man." He pointed out that the Yemeni government is "working from Yemen for the world, and working with the world for Yemen."
Al-Tareeqi reviewed the humanitarian reasons behind the opening an office for the center in Sana'a. he stressed that Yemen is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's companion in achieving the paramount goal of improving our peoples and eradicate illiteracy."
He added, "We are heading towards all that can improve the situation. Yemen is our indispensable partner especially under the endlessly unlimited support of the Arab democracy's man – President Ali Abdullah Saleh."
He said that the handicap care and rehabilitation and human rights program carried out in Yemen is a model of the desired homogony and linkage between NGOs and private sector.
Some 260 trainees, from 50 Yemeni NGOs, participated in the program organized by the center in collaboration with the International Help Organization and the Modern Science University.
International expert Ayid Al-Sultani, who took part in training the participants, told almotamar.net that the program included five main courses and nine workshops all of which aimed at enhancing the Yemeni personnel's abilities in terms of taking care and dealing with the handicaps as well as ways of human development and management of social and human rights establishment.
Berlin Saleh Al-Dhubri, a female participant from the Arab Human Rights Organization, said that she had benefited much as she could increase her knowledge on human rights, taking care of handicaps and running voluntary activities.


I did a reading for someone else..
Ah yes, I can't say I have had that experience with cards. Though, I can say that I would imagine that it would be difficult. I have attempted a reading on a romantic interest by other means. The fact that you went into a trance like state is a positive sign, from my own experience. I think when our "energy" interferes is when we let our reason into the reading. Colouring the reading with judgement. Sorry I couldn't be of more help, I hope someone else can answer this.
I have two sets of cards- not tarot, but oracle cards. I have the Hidden Realms set which is so in depth that I do have to look up the meaning and try to figure out how that fits into my question. The second set I have is the dolphin and mermaid oracle cards which are fantastic. They're pretty straight forward, so I can pretty much pick up the message by simply reading the title of the card such as "Mother healing" or "accept heaven's help" lol but I do always read the interpretation just to see all the little details. I find it easier to read for others than for myself. I never really considered the idea of my energy interupting with their reading. I'm an Empath so I'm used to tuning into others and "becoming" them. I do, however, cleanse the cards, the space, and both me and the other person with sage before doing a reading. I then do some visualization to clear myself and the other person and create a bubble to create a "sacred" space. After the sacred space is created I put a bubble over either just me so that their energy is free to pour out into the space or I shield both of us to stop our energies from mingling (something that unintentionally happens with Empathy), it depends on the day. But I do form a link through the heart so that their intuition and guidance and the energy of their questions and all can flow into the cards. I always felt this worked, it was something I never really doubted. I just listen to my inner voice, I let my imagination and intuition guide me. And also- I set my intent out to the universe, like affirmations and I just...believe it I guess, I know it, trust it and have faith in it. People have said that the readings I did for them made sense but now thinking back on it I can't stop wondering if maybe I did interfere without realising it. Hmmm, I don't know... The way I stay focused is pretty similar to how I do empathic readings, I guess. I detach from myself and tune into their energy except instead of becoming it, experiencing it and knowing it, I try to...I don't know hmmm...nurture it. That's the only word that popped into my mind sorry haha. No, I connect to it. I guess the empath instinct comes out a lot in my readings. I both connect to them so that I can help channel their energy to the cards while keeping my own self back and I nurture them at the same time, empathically trying to clear their space and their minds and all so that they can connect to themselves. Does that make sense? Sorry, it's 3am here so I'm rambling. But reading back on your question- I see that you're talking about drawing the cards from a distance which I've never done. I've never had that barrier, the person is always present with me. Usually I just guide them through it. They will hold a question in mind- whether they tell me or not is optional- and I will start placing the cards down in a pile and they will tell me to stop when they feel they have reached the right card/s. But like I said, I find it easier to read for others than for myself because there's less doubt there I suppose and I trust myself and the universe more. It takes me forever to choose cards for myself. But when doing readings for others I have had many moments where I would instantly see a card and feel it's meant for them or I will feel an emotion from the card (Weird, I know), but I do detach myself from those feelings and they will end up choosing them. That's why I'm starting to wonder- did I interfere? By connecting with them, did my feelings transfer to them? But they were happy with their reading and it was simply practice so hakuna matata haha hope I didn't bore you. I did just have a thought though that with my being an empath and all that I didn't interfere, I just picked up on their own wisdom but I don't know, was just a thought that occured.
Time of birth and a forever changing astrology chart, help please?
Thank you for your replies, much appreciated. Phew...guess I got that out of the way. And thank you philosphersgate for running my chart- the themes you pointed out are quite accurate. I should have been more observant when running my charts as I probably calculated my Vedic chart without realising it haha.
Hey guys, I just need help with my chart. You see...site's are forever displaying my chart with different placements...and I think that's due to my time of birth. One minute I'm told I have a gemini moon, another says I have a taurus moon. I discover new things like a planet from the 6th house decides to sneak into the 7th. Etc etc, so it has me wondering....have I been living a lie?! So I've had enough and would like to know what my true chart is and hoping someone here may be able to help me :P I was born in Auckland, New Zealand. October 12th, 1995. Well actually...this is the confusing bit. I was born between the 11th and 12th of October. Exactly at 12:00am (00:00) so I'm never sure whether to enter the 11th or 12th. Also note that it was daylight savings when I was born so the time was an hour fast.
Interesting. Yeah, I like it when the card falls out. I had instances when I first started using cards where one would fall out so i'd put it back in, shuffle, and then end up drawing that same card. :) I guess there is no "set" way of doing it, but more something that works for that moment in time. Either way, the results are the same. I stick to shuffling until a card falls out if my mind is a little too cluttered.
Don't know if this was in reply to me (I don't think so) but anyways- Well, try to get a hold of your birth time if you're interested in doing a chart reading! There's some free online sites that will draw your chart for free...I did that and I went and individually researched the different aspects. :D it's really interesting.
hahaha I thought it might be a little late, I really need to learn how to use this forum thing -_- haha thanks for reading anyways!
I don't know much about it, but from what I feel myself...I would say yes, it's very possible. Astrologers have been mentioning this themselves. Taking my spiritual beliefs into account as well as my brief studying of sociology- I would say it's very possible..ahhh, hold on how would I explain this. .... I think that we were intentionally born with astrological similarities with our close family ties for the purpose of having a part of ourselves reflected back to us for "strengthening" or "benefiting" from on our journey...if that makes sense? hahaha I tried. My spiritual perspective shines through this answer in the sense that I believe in the whole evolution of the soul, life plans and what not. But the sociology comes in through the theory that "We are all born with the ability to develop the self- but the self must be developed through the social." Also, there are similarities within my own family. My mum is a Libra, my brother is a Libra, and I am a Libra. My brother and I were born on the same date except four years apart. My eldest brother missed out on the Libra season by a couple of weeks ;) that's just speaking of sun signs. The only other similarity that I share with my mum (that I know of) is our moon signs. I haven't really done of full chart reading for them. Anyways that's just my thoughts.
I believe that it's not about being born under the "Wrong" sign. I believe that being born prematurely is merely our soul making last minute decisions...altering the course previously chosen for whatever reason. Yes, the rest of his chart is important too. I mean...different aspects of ourselves come out under different influences. Not only that, but also our chart's dominant planets and signs. I'm a Libra sun...I always felt though that Libra wasn't "me" to a large degree. I always felt a little more scorpion though my Libran was still there beneath all the noise. Suprise surprise, Scorpio is my first dominant sign and Libra is my second. And I mean...him being your ex, he may have showed his venus/mars sign more than his sun (I'm pretty sure it's mars for a male - How he expresses himself in love and relationships. Maybe try looking that up on cafeastrology.com. You don't need an exact birth time unless he was born in a sign transition. Time always makes things accurate though, adds that extra oomph lol. But in saying all that...you can't take bits and pieces from astrology to define a person. It's about merging the little tiny bits together to form the whole :) It's late...I've rambled enough.


As Krista stated a few weeks back, we're constantly using the food we eat (fats and carbohydrates) as fuel, both during exercise and at rest. Understanding how our body uses that fuel can make a huge impact in knowing how to tailor exercise to create an effective weight loss program.
During lower intensity cardiovascular exercise, we mostly burn fat. However, we can't burn huge amounts of calories in short periods of time at low intensity. Contrarily, during higher intensity cardiovascular exercise, we use a much higher percentage of carbohydrates, but we also use all of the fat that is expended at the lower intensities as well. Therefore, we burn more of calories. During resistance training, we utilize a much larger amount of carbohydrates, even at moderate intensities, and the maximum amount of carbohydrates at higher intensities. So, how can we use this information to our benefit?
Theoretically, if we exercise at maximum intensities for extended periods of time, we would be using a large amount of carbohydrates, as well as fats. In this way, we burn the most calories and therefore lose the largest amount of weight loss. Unfortunately, this doesn't always work, because of many reasons.
First of all, exercising at high intensities for extended periods of time can be a hassle and is certainly not enjoyable day after day. Secondly, exercising this hard, coupled with resistance training can use a large amount of the carbohydrate stores. This, in turn, lowers blood glucose, which is a good thing for people with prediabetes or diabetes, but not good for those of us with normal blood glucose. Low blood glucose can cause hunger, which we all know is difficult to ignore. The hunger associated with low blood sugar usually results in a person eating all the calories back in a desperate frenzy. Lastly, using such high amounts of carbohydrates causes muscular fatigue and lowers the pH of our body, which results in even more fatigue. Therefore, even if we wanted to exercise at high intensities every day, our bodies could not handle it due to soreness and fatigue.
The alternative option is to exercise at lower intensities and just burn fats, but this isn't a realistic option. Most of us don't have three hours to spend on the exercise it would take to burn the amount of calories required to lose weight.
Armed with this information, how can we make the most efficient workout for weight loss?
The answer is that everyone is truly different, and the workout that works for YOU is the best! Don't trust anyone that says they have the perfect exercise program if they don't know the physiology of your body. Everyone is different, and their bodies use different amounts of fuels for different exercise intensities.
That being said, a very effective approach for new exercisers is to start slow. This will make things manageable in the short term and reduce muscular fatigue and soreness. As you become acclimated, work towards a moderate intensity program for large portions of your workouts. Moderate intensity will burn fat, of which we have an essentially endless supply (~20,000 calories). Then, integrate intervals which burn high amounts of carbohydrates for shorter periods. This causes the body to burn large amounts of calories, along with forcing the body to adapt to a higher intensity exercise.
Physiologically, the reason our bodies can adapt to this high intensity is due to increased capillarization: the increased ability of the muscle to remove wastes, along with increased mitochondria. In layman's terms, mitochondria are energy factories within every cell in the body, with the sole purpose of using oxygen to convert food to fuel for cells. By increasing mitochondria, we have a greater capacity to utilize fats instead of carbohydrates, even when exercising at higher intensity for longer periods of time.
The bottom line is that a balanced approach to fitness will yield results without being so intense that you hate it. I've had clients who hated exercise and hated to be pushed. But, because we started slow, they can do things today that they never imagined possible. And that continued participation yields results 100% of the time.


text:
Kohlegewinnung steht für:
 Braunkohlebergbau
 Steinkohlenbergbau

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Queue-mergesort
Mordecai J. Golin, Robert Sedgewick
Mergesort is one of the oldest and most venerable sorting algorithms and exists in many different flavors. In this short note we present yet another mergesort variant, queue-mergesort. We show that, like top-down mergesort but unlike bottom-up mergesort, this new variant performs an optimal number of comparisons in the worst case.
Information Processing Letters
https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(93)90088-Q
Binary trees
Mergesort
10.1016/0020-0190(93)90088-Q
Dive into the research topics of 'Queue-mergesort'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Sorting algorithm Mathematics 100%
Bottom-up Mathematics 91%
Flavors Engineering & Materials Science 89%
Queue Mathematics 68%
Sorting Engineering & Materials Science 67%
Golin, M. J., & Sedgewick, R. (1993). Queue-mergesort. Information Processing Letters, 48(5), 253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(93)90088-Q
Golin, Mordecai J. ; Sedgewick, Robert. / Queue-mergesort. In: Information Processing Letters. 1993 ; Vol. 48, No. 5. pp. 253-259.
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abstract = "Mergesort is one of the oldest and most venerable sorting algorithms and exists in many different flavors. In this short note we present yet another mergesort variant, queue-mergesort. We show that, like top-down mergesort but unlike bottom-up mergesort, this new variant performs an optimal number of comparisons in the worst case.",
keywords = "Algorithms, Binary trees, Huffman encoding, Mergesort",
author = "Golin, {Mordecai J.} and Robert Sedgewick",
note = "Funding Information: * Corresponding author. This research was performed while the author was at Princeton University. It was supported by National Science Foundation grant DCR-8605962 and Office of Naval Research grant N00014-87-K-0460. * * This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant DCR-8605962 and Office of Naval Research grant N00014-87-K-0460.",
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In: Information Processing Letters, Vol. 48, No. 5, 10.12.1993, p. 253-259.
T1 - Queue-mergesort
AU - Golin, Mordecai J.
AU - Sedgewick, Robert
N1 - Funding Information: * Corresponding author. This research was performed while the author was at Princeton University. It was supported by National Science Foundation grant DCR-8605962 and Office of Naval Research grant N00014-87-K-0460. * * This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant DCR-8605962 and Office of Naval Research grant N00014-87-K-0460.
N2 - Mergesort is one of the oldest and most venerable sorting algorithms and exists in many different flavors. In this short note we present yet another mergesort variant, queue-mergesort. We show that, like top-down mergesort but unlike bottom-up mergesort, this new variant performs an optimal number of comparisons in the worst case.
AB - Mergesort is one of the oldest and most venerable sorting algorithms and exists in many different flavors. In this short note we present yet another mergesort variant, queue-mergesort. We show that, like top-down mergesort but unlike bottom-up mergesort, this new variant performs an optimal number of comparisons in the worst case.
KW - Algorithms
KW - Binary trees
KW - Huffman encoding
KW - Mergesort
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JO - Information Processing Letters
JF - Information Processing Letters
Golin MJ, Sedgewick R. Queue-mergesort. Information Processing Letters. 1993 Dec 10;48(5):253-259. doi: 10.1016/0020-0190(93)90088-Q


text:
Australian archbishop convicted of child sex abuse cover-up
Originally published May 22, 2018 at 4:34 am Updated May 22, 2018 at 8:52 am
ROD McGUIRK
CANBERRA, Australia (AP) — An Australian archbishop on Tuesday became the most senior Roman Catholic cleric in the world convicted of covering up child sex abuse in a test case that holds to account church hierarchy that kept silent in the face of an international pedophile crisis.
Magistrate Robert Stone handed down the verdict against Archbishop of Adelaide Philip Wilson in Newcastle Local Court, north of Sydney, following a magistrate-only trial.
Wilson, 67, had pleaded not guilty to concealing a serious crime committed by another person — the sexual abuse of children by pedophile priest James Fletcher in the 1970s.
He had made four attempts in the past three years to have the charge struck out without a trial.
The conviction is another step toward holding the church to account for a global abuse crisis that has also engulfed Pope Francis' financial minister, Australian Cardinal George Pell.
Frank Brennan, an Australian Jesuit priest, human rights lawyer and academic, said Wilson had to stand aside as archbishop of the South Australian state capital.
"I would think that the mind of Pope Francis at this stage would be that if there be a conviction of a bishop in relation to a failure to disclose abuse in circumstances where the state thought that was criminal activity, then I would think the mind of the pope would be that that doesn't measure up in church terms either and that therefore it would be impossible for someone to remain in the job as a bishop," Brennan said.
Brennan said Wilson had complied with the nondisclosure culture of the church in the 1970s.
"There's no doubt that Archbishop Wilson in recent years … has been one of the good guys. He has been one of the bishops in the Catholic Church who have been trying to clean things up," Brennan said.
"But this relates to when he was a young priest. Even someone like him who later got it back in those years was so confined by our culture that it would seem there was no disclosure," he added.
Jason Parkinson, a former police detective who is now a Canberra lawyer who specializes in representing victims of clergy child sexual abuse, said he hoped police would now pursue Catholic orders of teaching brothers that responded to families' complaints by transferring perpetrators to other schools.
"Hopefully this conviction means that more prosecutions can be launched against the brothers of various teaching orders," Parkinson said in a text message. "These brothers/headmasters should be investigated — starting with the ones still in the teaching system."
An Australian inquiry into child abuse recommended in December that the Catholic Church lift its demand of celibacy from clergy and that priests be prosecuted for failing to report evidence of pedophilia heard in the confessional.
Australia's longest-running royal commission — which is the country's highest form of inquiry — had been investigating since 2012 how the Catholic Church and other institutions responded to sexual abuse of children in Australia over 90 years.
The report heard testimony from more than 8,000 survivors of child sex abuse. Of those who were abused in religious institutions, 62 percent were Catholics.
On Tuesday, Magistrate Stone told the court that Wilson had concealed the abuse of two altar boys in the Hunter Valley region, north of Sydney, by Fletcher by failing to report the allegations to police.
Stone said he was satisfied that one of the altar boys, Peter Creigh, had been a "truthful and reliable" witness.
Wilson was released on bail until he appears at a sentencing hearing on June 19. Prosecutors will argue for a custodial sentence.
In a statement issued by the Catholic Church, Wilson said he was disappointed by the conviction.
"I will now have to consider the reasons and consult closely with my lawyers to determine the next steps," he said.
Prosecutor Gareth Harrison had submitted that Wilson was involved in a cover-up to protect the church's reputation and that there were doubts about his honesty.
Harrison argued that in Wilson's mind, victims came second.
Wilson, who is suffering from the early stages of Alzheimer's disease but maintains that medication has helped his memory, told the court last month during his trial that he could not remember Creigh and another altar boy telling him in 1976 that they were abused by Fletcher.
The court has ruled that Creigh can be named in media reports, but that the second accuser cannot be named for legal reasons.
The prosecution argued that Wilson failed to give details to police about a serious crime after Fletcher was arrested in 2004 and went on trial for preying on another boy.
Fletcher was found guilty of nine counts of child sexual abuse and died in prison of a stroke in 2006 while serving an almost eight-year sentence.
Defense lawyers had argued that Wilson could not be found guilty because the case was circumstantial and there was no evidence to prove the archbishop was told about the abuse, believed it was true or remembered being told about it.
One of Fletcher's victims, Daniel Feenan, said if Wilson had gone to the police in 1976 — the year he was born — the pedophile "would never have got to me" and his life would have been very different.


SAN DIEGO (AP) � They come for anime and original comic-book art. They come for video games, collectible figurines and to show off their �Star Wars� or �Lord of the Rings� costumes. They might even come to buy a winged helmet or a suit of armor.
But many of the 120,000 fans who descend on Comic-Con, the nation�s largest pop-culture convention, come for a glimpse of Hollywood�s latest offerings and biggest stars.
The four-day festival, which began in a hotel basement in 1970, fills the San Diego Convention Center. The floor buzzes with big screens flashing trailers for upcoming films and TV shows. Stations where players can try new video games are wedged between booksellers and T-shirt shops. A life-size Lego Batman sits in one corner, a replica ship from �Pirates of the Caribbean� in another. Collectible figurines of all kinds, arranged in museum-worthy displays, watch the action from behind glass.
Paramount showed early footage from �Beowulf,� set for release in November, as well as this summer�s �Stardust.� Fans of the �Indiana Jones� franchise learned that Karen Allen would reprise her role as Marion Ravenwood in the film�s fourth installment. Warner Bros. planned to feature five upcoming films, including �Get Smart,� due next summer. Lionsgate had four films on the docket. The Walt Disney Co. was set to screen first-look footage of its new �Narnia� film and the latest Pixar project, �Wall-E.� New Line and Universal were also on hand, as were a slew of TV networks touting new shows.
They make the two-hour drive from Los Angeles for a chance to speak directly to viewers, said Paul Dergarabedian, president of box-office tracker Media By Numbers.
The 17-year-old, who said he�s most excited about the preview of �Indiana Jones 4,� bristles at the event�s nerdy reputation.
�When people hear Comic-Con, they think it�s kind of geeky, but it�s really an entertainment expo of all mediums,� he said.
Entertainment attorney Marc Greenberg, 54, said he and his wife come every year for the movies, the artwork and the overall spectacle.


text:
10 January 1992 < < < One-Off Performances (overview) All Shows > > > 12 January 1992 (a.m.)
Venue Glam Slam
City, Country Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Band Prince (vox, guitar), Michael B. (drums), Sonny T. (bass), Levi Seacer, Jr. (guitar), Tommy Barbarella (keyboards), Rosie Gaines (keyboards, vox), Tony M. (dance, rap), Damon Dickson (dance, vox), Kirk Johnson (dance, percussion) (Dancers together as Game Boyz), Michael Nelson (trombone), Brian Gallagher (tenor saxophone), Kathy J. (baritone saxophone), Dave Jensen (trumpet), Steve Strand (trumpet), Mayte (dance), Lori Elle (Werner) (dance) & Robia LaMorte (dance) (Together as Diamond & Pearl), William 'Diamond J.' Graves (turntables)
Guest(s) Jevetta Steele, Fred Steele, JD Steele, Jearlyn Steele (vox) (Together as The Steeles)
Daddy Pop
Willing And Able
Jughead
Gett Off
The Sacrifice Of Victor The Steeles backing vox
Nothing Compares 2 U
Thieves In The Temple
Sexy M.F.
Cream incl. Well Done, I Want U & Hit U In The Socket
1999 / Baby I'm A Star / Push incl. Gett Off [Int] & My Name Is Prince [Int]
? / ? 115 minutes ? / ? ?
This show included the first live performances of Thunder, Willing And Able, The Sacrifice Of Victor, Sexy M.F. and Insatiable, as well as the first performance, as an interpolation, of My Name Is Prince.
10 January 1992 < < < 11 January 1992 > > > 12 January 1992 (a.m.)
Retrieved from "http://www.princevault.com/index.php?title=11_January_1992&oldid=244906"


text: export { default } from 'ember-tetris/components/ttr-game';


"There's nothing aggressive or hostile about Bellicose from Harrow!"
There's nothing aggressive or hostile about this all female four piece band from Harrow.
Nothing apart from their name that is, because 'Bellicose' are sweetly pensive, expressive and melodic as well as harmonically and musically gifted.
They display all the necessary elements essential for success and would appreciate your involvement as a valid, appreciative audience member this Friday night at the Crown and Treaty pub on Oxford Road, Uxbridge. Be sure to check out the enigmatic tune 'Saffron' by Bellicose on YouTube.
Treaty regulars Wave Upon Wave share the bill with their catchy chorused repertoire of as yet undiscovered classic indie anthems. Based in Uxbridge come Arcade Fortress.
They've played Kilburn's Good Ship, they've played the Fiddler's Elbow and they've even played on my humble Tuesday night radio show. They're back at the Treaty this Friday to complete the menu with their unique brand of gritty and grimy, hard hitting, no nonsense indie-punk twinged rock and roll.
Turn up before 10pm and you'll benefit from free entry but it's just a fiver after 10. So get there early and you're good for an extra pint.The live music starts at about 11pm but Yuck Indie DJ Steven will dazzle you with delights from the 60s to the present day from around 9pm.
Be sure to tune into my interactive HayesFM radio show EVERY Tuesday at 9pm to hear live and original performers. PLUS more local live music news. You can find HayesFM on 91.8FM in London or GLOBAL online.


text:
Two Members Added to NJPGA Hall of Fame, Celebration of Golf Date Announced
The New Jersey PGA and Hall of Fame Committee have added two members to its Hall of Fame, with the induction of Brent Studer and Lloyd Monroe. The New Jersey PGA's Hall of Fame honors the most accomplished PGA Professionals that have served as members in the New Jersey Section. To date, there are now 36 inductees.
Studer spent over 20 years at Manasquan River Golf Club as the Head PGA Professional and Director of Golf and currently serves as the Director of Golf at Metedeconk National Golf Club. His victories include the 1989 NJPGA Assistant Championship, 1998, 2008, and 2015 NJPGA Championship, and the Clambake in 2003 and 2014.
The 52-year-old also competed in the 1994 U.S. Open and 2015 U.S. Senior Open. A 2003 NJPGA Player of the Year, Studer has received several NJPGA Special Awards, including the 1999 NJPGA Golf Professional of the Year and 2003 and 2012 NJPGA Private Merchandiser of the Year.
Monroe, a former Head PGA Professional at Spring Brook Country Club from 1968-71 and Teaching Professional at Upper Montclair Country Club in 1973-79, competed in five U.S. Opens and two PGA Championships. In addition to his seven major championships, Monroe also competed in two Senior PGA Championships and two U.S. Senior Opens. He won the Dodge Open, one of the Sections major championships, in 1974 and 1978. Monroe, 78, is also a four-time NJPGA Pro Scratch Championship winner and is currently a PGA Life Member residing in Spring Lake, N.J.
PGA Professionals that are considered are admitted on their criteria of playing and service achievements. This includes majors and senior major victories, National and NJPGA Special Awards and positions served on the Section and National level. The Section's Hall of Fame is located at Fiddler's Elbow Country Club.
Glen Ridge Country Club, which completed its 40,000 square foot clubhouse renovation this year, will host the annual Celebration of Golf October 26th. The Celebration of Golf, hosted by the New Jersey PGA and New Jersey State Golf Association, will bring together members and golfers around the state. Both Studer and Monroe, along with Distinguished Service Award winner and longtime Baltusrol PGA Head Professional Bob Ross will be recognized. A live band will be the newest addition in this year's format.
"This is my favorite time of the year, when we come together as friends and colleagues to celebrate another great season in New Jersey golf history and highlight the achievements so wholly deserved by our fellow Professionals, both on the course and at their facilities," PR Committee Chairman Mike Holiday said. "I hope you will be able to join us this year at Glen Ridge Country Club for an evening of laughter, camaraderie and recognition."
To purchase tickets, please contact the Section office, 732-465-1212. Tickets are $150 per individual.


Niroshan Dickwella has been suspended for two limited-over matches after his accumulated demerit points reached five within a 24-month period following his latest breach of the ICC Code of Conduct for which he received a 30 per cent fine and two demerit points.
During the second Twenty20 International against Australia in Geelong on Sunday, Dickwella was found guilty of breaching article 2.1.5 of the ICC Code of Conduct for Player and Player Support Personnel, which relates to "showing dissent at an umpire's decision during an international match".
As Dickwella had received a 50 per cent fine and three demerit points in the fourth One-Day International against South Africa in Cape Town on 8 February 2017, with the addition of these two demerit points, he has reached the minimum threshold of four demerit points, which, pursuant to article 7.6 of the Code, have now been converted into two suspension points. Two suspension points equate to a ban from one Test or two ODIs or two T20Is, whatever comes first for the player. As such, Dickwella has been suspended from his side's third Twenty20 International against Australia to be played in Adelaide on 22 February as well as the next limited overs match he is likely to play, which is currently scheduled to be the first One-Day International against Bangladesh on 25 March.
The five demerit points will remain on Dickwella's disciplinary record for a period of twenty-four months from their imposition and if he reaches eight or more demerit points within a 24-month period, then they will be converted into four suspension points. Four suspension points equate to a ban from two Tests or four ODIs or four T20Is, whatever comes first for the player.
The incident happened when Paine used inappropriate words after Dickwella had been given caught behind. The charges were leveled by on-field umpires Simon Fry and Sam Nogajski, third umpire Joel Wilson and fourth official Michael Graham-Smith. For all first offences, Level 1 breaches carry a minimum penalty of an official reprimand, a maximum penalty of 50 per cent of a player's match fee, and one or two demerit points.


Merlo Telehandlers Sales from Barlows Agri Ltd.
Merlo were formed in 1964 and today has over 600 dealers world-wide. Renowned for their high build quality, innovative features and rugged build, many farmers, contractors and construction companies place their complete trust in the Merlo product range due to their efficient engines, exceptional build quality and their revolutionary technology.
Combining the features of a traditional agricultural telehandler and a tractor this 'crossover' provides excellent visibility, engine power up to 156HP, operating heights up to 9 metres and a capacity up to 40 quintals. The Multifarmer is perfect for performing all the jobs in and around the farm delivering high levels of performance every time.
Designed to operate in the most demanding operating environments, the Professional Series telehandlers provide extremely high levels of operator comfort, a 140HP engine, capacity up to 75 quintals and operating heights up to 9 metres. Throw in a patented CS cab suspension, excellent visibility and hydrostatic transmission and you have a you get the perfect telehandler for any application.
These models are ideal for confined environments and small spaces but still over high performance and superb comfort. The smallest of the range stands at just 1 metre eighty in width by 1 metre ninety two in height and with high ground clearance and the most spacious cab on the market, there's nothing small about this telehandler. With a maximum speed of 40km/h, braking on 4 wheels, a capacity up to 32 quintals and operating heights up to 8 metres, these Compact models can deal with even the smallest of spaces with ease.
As the name suggests, these telehandlers are designed for the most demanding of jobs and can handle very heavy loads, but have high operating stability and speed of manoeuvre. With a 145HP engine, a capacity up to 120 quintals and operating heights up to a massive 18 metres, these telehandlers are perfect for large material handling both with forks and with winches and loaders.
Designed for agriculture, equipped with certification for towing trailers on the road at a speed of 40km/h, the Turbofarmer range is the ideal solutions for today's modern farmer. With capacities between 3400kg and 5000kg, lifting heights between 7 and 10 metres and turbo engines between 100 and 156HP, this telehandler performs time and time again with effortless precision.
For more information on the Merlo Telehandler sales range, contact our sales team on 01625 422489 or visit the Merlo website.


BUFFALO, N.Y. – Michel Bruneau, PhD, professor of civil, structural and environmental engineering in the University at Buffalo's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, is the 2012 recipient of the prestigious American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) T.R. Higgins Lectureship Award.
Bruneau is being honored for papers on steel plate shear wall design published in AISC's Engineering Journal and the proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
Each year, the AISC T.R. Higgins Lectureship Award recognizes an outstanding lecturer and author whose technical paper(s) are considered an outstanding contribution to the engineering literature on fabricated structural steel. The award, which includes a $15,000 prize, will be presented at the 2012 NASCC: The Steel Conference at the Gaylord Texan Convention Center in Dallas in April.
Bruneau's research covers a broad range, from the evaluation and retrofit of existing steel bridges and buildings subjected to large destructive forces up to collapse, to the development of new design concepts capable of providing satisfactory seismic-resistance, blast-resistance or both simultaneously as multi-hazard resistant concepts. His research has contributed to the development and large-scale experimental validation of various energy-dissipating design concepts to enhance the resilience of structures against extreme events, such as ductile steel plate shear walls, ductile bridge diaphragms, tubular eccentrically braced frames, structural fuses and controlled-rocking piers.
Bruneau is the former director and deputy director of MCEER, the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research headquartered at UB, a national center of excellence in advanced technology applications dedicated to reducing losses from earthquakes and other hazards, and to improving disaster resilience. One of three such centers in the nation established by the National Science Foundation, MCEER has been funded principally over the past two decades by the National Science Foundation, the Federal Highway Administration and others.
Bruneau came to MCEER and UB from the University of Ottawa, where he headed that institution's Ottawa-Carleton Earthquake Engineering Research Centre. He is author and co-author of numerous research articles and one book on earthquake-engineering principles, and he has participated in several reconnaissance visits to assess structural damage caused by earthquakes and other disasters, most recently to Christchurch, New Zealand, following the earthquake in February 2011. In 2001, Bruneau was part of an MCEER team that investigated structural damage to buildings near the World Trade Center towers after their collapse on Sept. 11.
Bruneau is a member of several professional and technical code-writing committees. His past service to the profession includes participation in expert peer review panels, project advisory committees, special project design teams, conference advisory committees and journal editorial boards. Prior to his appointment in academia, he practiced as a consultant for architecture and engineering firms Morrison Hershfield Limited (Toronto), and Buckland and Taylor (Vancouver).
Bruneau is author and co-author of numerous research articles, books and book-chapters, and is the lead author of a textbook on the design of steel structures to resist earthquakes and other extreme events, as well as two books of fiction. He has received several awards for his technical work, as well as for his latest novel.
The AISC T.R. Higgins Award is named for Theodore R. Higgins, PhD, former AISC director of engineering and research, who was widely acclaimed for his many contributions to the advancement of engineering technology related to fabricated structural steel.
Bruneau is a resident of Clarence.


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November 9, 2010 By John P.
Joshua Allen Harris did some amazing street art in New York back in 2008, and I've been wondering where he has been since then. I can't find him on Twitter, Facebook, or even a Web page for him. So if anyone out there knows where to find the real Joshua Allen Harris please leave a comment below!
In the meantime, take a gander at his unique and beautiful designs. He creates mythical creatures out of bags and then uses the hot air rising from steam grates in New York City to inflate them. Simply amazing!
Not neat but awesome, I wonder where has he dissappeared.


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The plot thickens: Is the CCM on the warpath?
September 25, 2012	0 Comments
On the evening of Tuesday September 18 on the weekly Let's Talk programme, one of the heavy weights, Mr Conrad 'Niah' Liburd uttered words which right thinking citizens feel should have been given to the police under cover of confidentiality. But he chose VON radio which is broadcast to the entire world.
"I mean in Nevis today it is almost to the point where something is gonna take place and of course there are the voices out there that are saying if something happens they gonna blame the Hon Mark Brantley," said Mr Liburd.
That is a very serious allegation whichever way one looks at it. For him to state that he knows that when whatever is supposed to happen and by whomever that the Hon. Mark Brantley will be blamed, does it mean that Mr Liburd has information that could assist the police in investigating it and possibly avert a catastrophe taking place in Nevis?
He was addressing Mr Evered 'Webbo' Herbert, in his capacity as the host of the programme. He (Herbert) is also the manager of the Voice of Nevis radio.
However, it was an elected opposition Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM) parliamentarian, in the Nevis Island Assembly, the Hon Alexis Jeffers who pushed the envelope even further when the following evening, Wednesday September 19, he sat as host of the programme On the Mark, also on VON.
Saying that they (CCM) want to see the backs of the NRP as soon as possible, Hon Jeffers warned: "And you know I, I, in realising a situation or scenario down there in the Ivory Coast I hope we are not heading towards that at all. I mentioned that last week on the platform, I must mention it here now again.
"There is a particular gentleman by the name of Laurent Gbagbo, many of you would have followed the news regarding Laurent Gbagbo on the radio, on the TV or whatever the case might be. He went into office, or was elected into office in 2000.
"After five year term this gentleman Gbagbo refused to call elections. So because he refused to call the elections, there was unrest and turmoil in the Ivory Coast. The international community came down on the Ivory Coast, imposed sanctions and all the other things that could have been done to get this gentleman to call elections.
"He did eventually call elections in 2010, and even after losing the election, he received 45% of the votes, the other gentleman received, I think 54% of the votes, and even though Gbagbo lost the election, he just didn't want to go. And if I were to take what is happening in Nevis now it seems as though we are headed down that road, and I do not want that for Nevis."
He did mention that he had said it on a platform on Saturday September 15, and this was collaborated by a contributor to the CCM website, Nevis Politics, when one writing under the name 'Texan', commented on September 19 under the title 'Stop The Talking and ACT;'
"Nevisians are just like Kittitians;;; They just talk and do not re-act. Imagine Parry is still going to Gov't headquarters as Premier and U folks are allowing that?"
Another person writing as 'New Blogger' wrote back on September 20 and said: "Exactly Texan. I am starting to lose faith in my CCM leadership and team. The only one seem ready for the fight is Alexis after hearing him on Saturday night."
Unless we are reading mischief, one cannot compare the situation in Ivory Coast with the situation in Nevis. It would be like comparing oranges with avocados. But Hon Jeffers went on to build up his story, which I would suggest that the Commissioner of Police pays attention to so as to protect a section of Nevisians when the CCM finally executes what it thinks is the right thing to do.
It is important to note that at the start and also at the end of the talk shows on VON radio, there is always a disclaimer to the effect that whatever is discussed on the programme does not reflect the views of VON radio or its advertisers.
It is however rather difficult to divorce at least Let's Talk programme from the Voice of Nevis radio. The host of this programme, Mr Evered 'Webbo' Herbert' is also the manager of the radio station. Let us look at a scenario on Tuesday May 29.
On his own programme, Morning Inspiration (which is not a talk show) he brought in the matter of Arab Spring and what was happening to the leaders and their followers in some Arab countries. When as a host of the Let's Talk programme in the evening, he brought back the same subject.
What is even more telling is that after the Let's Talk programme every Tuesday evenings, he comes on his Morning Inspiration programme on Wednesday mornings and advertises how great the programme was, and how passions flowed, and reminds his listeners to listen to its rebroadcast at 10:00 am.
The same goes with 'On The Mark' programme, aired on Wednesday evenings. He comes on his Morning Inspiration programme on Thursday mornings and tells people what a great show it was and advises those who missed it to tune to its rebroadcast at 1:00 pm.
But I am still wondering out what inspiration Mr Herbert's Morning Inspiration programme brings to some of his listeners. After he would have explained how the song Coward of County plays out, he was on radio on Thursday (September 20) this time with the poem Desiderata.
Everyone who has read the poem cannot fail to see and understand its overarching message, which is summed up by the statement "without surrender". And as if to tell Nevisians opposed to him 'take that' he played his 'message song' Coward of the County at 6:44 am on Monday September 24.
At the end of the song, he advised the listeners to always walk away when in trouble. That is poetic justice as dispensed by Mr Herbert: Does he forget what he told the same listeners after playing the same song on Friday September 14? People do not have short memories Mr Herbert.
Is the CCM is warning us that something is brewing up in their camp and that it is only a matter of time before it explodes? Are CCM and their overzealous apologists saying it themselves, or as we say: They have let the cat out of the bag?
It is now worrying many innocent Nevisians as to the real meaning of what the leader of the CCM Hon Vance Amory said on Monday August 27: "We are not going to pick out you know, we might put out some people."
Many are now arguing that the use of the term 'put out some people' is much stronger than just referring to removal from jobs. They are telling Hon Amory that he should have said that they will "fire some people". Any labour union anywhere in the world will understand and go with 'fire some people'.
But what is the real problem here? The problem is that they have no respect for the Constitution of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis and its custodian, His Excellency Sir Dr Cuthbert Sebastian.
Listening to Hon Jeffers and others I am wondering loudly if they are out to incite Nevisians to cause chaos. He cannot compare the situation in Nevis with what took place in the Ivory Coast. Premier Parry is working within the parameters of the Constitution which gives him ninety days (from August 27, 2012) to call a by-election or a general election when he so wishes.
I am writing this note on Tuesday September 25, which is under 30 days since the court ruling and nowhere near ninety days. Or are the CCM sticking with what they have been preaching all along and even telling his Excellency the Governor General that they want elections in 30 days?
Are they telling the Governor General that if he would not have acted with the 30 days they will cause chaos?
This is what Hon Alexis Jeffers said on Wednesday September 18 when he sat in for the Hon Mark Brantley on his (Brantley's) show On the Mark on VON Radio: "The power lies in the hands of the Governor General, to revoke Joseph Parry's premiership, and we are at that point where I think our patience is wearing thin."
Hon Jeffers asked two callers to the programme: "Let me ask you, if we have a scenario where we go down to the Governor General to petition him, meaning you know, mass numbers would you be a part of those numbers?"
He further threw jabs at the Governor General: "I do not know why we are not hearing from the Governor General, but I am going to say this, without divulging any more.
"We would have spoken to the Governor General and we have asked him, just as you asked him to address the nation or address Nevisians directly so that Nevisians can know exactly where we are headed to and what would happen and what the next move would be."
He capped his lack of respect to the Governor General by stating: "We are calling on the Governor General, and if anyone is hearing this programme I suppose they can take a radio up to his residence and turn it on and let him hear how the people of Nevis feel, how we expect him to act so that we can have a resolution to this situation as soon as possible."
The Good Doctor is too poor to afford a radio and CCM is making arrangements for him to have one. Oh, how charitable!
They are playing with people's emotions instead of educating them on the role of the Governor General. It is grotesquely incompressible; it is insulting to the Head of State of this our country, St. Kitts and Nevis.
They are even allowing callers to the programmes to show disrespect to the Governor General. On the Let's Talk programme, on Tuesday September 11, a well known CCM activist from Gingerland suggested that there has to be an age limit for the Governor General and volunteered for it to be 62 or 65 years.
Give us a break CCM. How young is your leader, the Hon Vance Amory?
The CCM and its cheerleaders are behaving like a West African chief who warns his subjects, "When in the middle of a river, do not insult the crocodile". Who is the crocodile? From my uneducated guess, it is they (CCM and its cheerleaders) — they could bite.
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Previous (Skandha)
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Heart of Neolithic Orkney*
State Party Scotland
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iii, iv
Reference 514
Region** Europe and North America
Inscription history
Inscription 1999 (23rd Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List.
** Region as classified by UNESCO.
Skara Brae is a stone-built Neolithic settlement, located on the Bay of Skaill on the west coast of Mainland, the largest island in the Orkney archipelago of Scotland. It consists of several clustered houses, and was occupied from roughly 3180 B.C.E.–2200 B.C.E. Europe's most complete Neolithic village, Skara Brae gained UNESCO World Heritage Site status as one of four sites making up "The Heart of Neolithic Orkney." The site is one of four World Heritage Sites in Scotland, the others being the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh; New Lanark in South Lanarkshire; and St Kilda in the Western Isles.
1 Discovery and Exploration
2 Description of the site
3 Artifacts
4 Neolithic lifestyle
5 Abandonment
6 World Heritage status
7 Related sites in Orkney
This ancient settlement, established 5,000 years ago (before Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids), is extremely well preserved, hidden under sand for four millennia. It provides an unparalleled opportunity to understand the lives of our remote ancestors. Its importance requires that it continue to be protected while still allowing researchers and tourists access to the site.
Discovery and Exploration
House at Skara Brae
In the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland causing widespread damage. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, known as "Skerrabra." When the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs.[1]
William Watt of Skaill, the local laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses the work was abandoned in 1868.[1] The site remained undisturbed for many years. In 1925 another storm swept away part of one of the houses and it was determined the site should be made secure. While constructing a sea-wall to protect the settlement, more ancient buildings were discovered.[1]
It was decided that more serious investigation was needed, and the job was given to University of Edinburgh Professor Vere Gordon Childe. Childe worked on the site from 1927 to 1930, publishing his findings in 1931.[2]
Childe originally believed that the settlement dated from around 500 B.C.E. and that it was inhabited by Picts.[2] However, radiocarbon dating of samples gathered during new excavations in 1972–1973 revealed that occupation of Skara Brae began about 3180 B.C.E.[3] This makes the site older that than Stonehenge and the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Description of the site
Houses at Skara Brae
Four stone houses were revealed as a result of the storm in 1850, and later excavations revealed a total of six more structures, built into a large mound of domestic waste known as a midden. All the houses are built of closely fitting stone slabs forming one large rectangular room with rounded corners. Each house has a doorway which linked it to the other houses by means of low, covered passageways. The doorways were closed by stone slabs. This clustering, and the way the houses were sunk into the midden, provided good protection from the weather.[4] A sophisticated drainage system was even incorporated into the village's design, one that included a primitive form of toilet in each dwelling that drained into a communal sewer.
The houses had a fireplace as well as interior fittings comprising a stone dresser, two beds, shelves, and storage tanks. The covering of sand preserved the houses and their contents so well that Skara Brae is the best preserved Neolithic village in northern Europe, earning the nickname of the "Pompeii" of Scotland.[5]
Symbols found at Skara Brae and other Neolithic sites.
Artifacts discovered at the site include tools, pottery, jewelry, and carved stone objects. No weapons have been found. Among the carved stone objects are a number of enigmatic Carved Stone Balls, some of which are on display in the museum.[6] Similar objects have been found throughout northern Scotland. The spiral ornamentation on some of these "balls" has been stylistically linked to objects found in the Boyne Valley in Ireland.[7] Similar symbols were found carved into stone lintels and bed posts.[2]
Other artifacts made of animal, fish, bird, and whalebone, whale and walrus ivory, and killer whale teeth included awls, needles, knives, beads, adzes, shovels, small bowls and ivory pins up to 10 inches (25 cm) long.[8] These pins are very similar to examples found in passage graves in the Boyne Valley, another piece of evidence suggesting a linkage between the two cultures.[9] So-called Skaill knives, a type of knife found throughout Orkney and Shetland consisting of large flakes knocked off sandstone cobbles, were also found in Skara Brae.[10]
Nodules of haematite with highly polished surfaces were also found. The shiny surfaces suggest that the nodules were used to finish leather.[10] The 1972 excavations reached layers that had remained waterlogged and had preserved items that otherwise would have been destroyed. These include a twisted skein of heather, one of a very few known examples of Neolithic rope.[11]
Neolithic lifestyle
Evidence of home furnishings
The houses used earth sheltering, sunk into the ground they were built into their middens. Although the midden provided the houses with a small degree of stability, its most important purpose was to act as a layer of insulation against Orkney's harsh winter climate. It is not clear what fuels the inhabitants used in the stone hearths. Gordon Childe was sure that the fuel was peat,[2] but a detailed analysis of vegetation patterns and trends suggests that climatic conditions conducive to the development of thick beds of peat did not develop in this part of Orkney until after Skara Brae was abandoned.[12] Other obvious possible fuel sources include driftwood and animal dung, and there is evidence that dried seaweed may have been a significant source.[13]
Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae
The dwellings contain a number of stone-built pieces of furniture, including cupboards, dressers, seats, and storage boxes. Each dwelling was entered through a low doorway that had a stone slab door that could be closed "by a bar that slid in bar-holes cut in the stone door jambs".[14] Seven of the houses have similar furniture, with the beds and dresser in the same places in each house. The dresser stands against the wall opposite the door, and would have been the first thing seen by anyone entering the dwelling. Each of these houses has the larger bed on the right side of the doorway and the smaller on the left. This pattern is in accord with Hebridean custom up to the early twentieth century where the husband's bed was the larger and the wife's was the smaller.[15] The discovery of beads and paint-pots in some of the smaller beds also supports this interpretation. At the front of each bed lie the stumps of stone pillars that may have supported a canopy of fur; another link with recent Hebridean style.[3]
The eighth house has no storage boxes or dresser, but has been divided into something resembling small cubicles. When this house was excavated, fragments of stone, bone, and antler were found. It is possible that this building was used as a house to make simple tools such as bone needles or flint axes.[16] The presence of heat-damaged volcanic rocks and what appears to be a flue, support this interpretation. House 8 is distinctive in other ways as well. It is a stand-alone structure not surrounded by midden,[8] instead there is a "porch" protecting the entrance through walls that are over 2 meters (6.6 ft) thick.
Skara Brae's inhabitants were apparently makers and users of grooved ware, a distinctive style of pottery that appeared in northern Scotland not long before the establishment of the village.[17] These people who built Skara Brae were primarily pastoralists who raised cattle and sheep.[2] Childe originally believed that the inhabitants did not practice agriculture, but excavations in 1972 unearthed seed grains from a midden suggesting that barley was cultivated.[15] Fish bones and shells are common in the middens indicating that dwellers supplemented their diet with seafood. Limpet shells are common and may have been fish-bait that was kept in stone boxes in the homes.[3] These boxes were formed from thin slabs with joints carefully sealed with clay to render them waterproof.
The lack of weapons, presence of Carved Stone Balls and other possible religious artifacts, as well as the quantity of jewelry led to speculation that Skara Brae might have been the home of a privileged theocratic class of wise men who engaged in astronomical and magical ceremonies at nearby sites like the Ring of Brodgar and the Standing Stones of Stenness.[18] The presence of a Neolithic "low road" connecting Skara Brae with the magnificent chambered tomb of Maeshowe, passing near both of these ceremonial sites,[4] supports this interpretation since low roads connect Neolithic ceremonial sites throughout Britain. However, there is no other archaeological evidence for such a claim, making it more likely that Skara Brae was inhabited by a pastoral community.[9]
View over the settlement, showing covering to house No. 7 and proximity to modern shore line
Occupation of the Skara Brae houses continued for about six hundred years, ending in 2200 B.C.E.[4] There are many theories as to why the people of Skara Brae left, particularly popular interpretations involve a major storm. Evan Hadingham combined evidence from found objects with the storm scenario to imagine a dramatic end to the settlement:
As was the case at Pompeii, the inhabitants seem to have been taken by surprise and fled in haste, for many of their prized possessions, such as necklaces made from animal teeth and bone, or pins of walrus ivory, were left behind. The remains of choice meat joints were discovered in some of the beds, presumably forming part of the villagers' last supper. One woman was in such haste that her necklace broke as she squeezed through the narrow doorway of her home, scattering a stream of beads along the passageway outside as she fled the encroaching sand.[19]
Others disagree with catastrophic interpretations of the village's abandonment, suggesting a more gradual process:
A popular myth would have the village abandoned during a massive storm that threatened to bury it in sand instantly, but the truth is that its burial was gradual and that it had already been abandoned—for what reason, no one can tell.[10]
The site was farther from the sea than it is today, and it is possible that Skara Brae was built adjacent to a freshwater lagoon protected by dunes.[3] Although the visible buildings give an impression of an organic whole, it is certain that an unknown quantity of additional structures had already been lost to sea erosion before the site's rediscovery and subsequent protection by a seawall.[8] Uncovered remains are known to exist immediately adjacent to the ancient monument in areas presently covered by fields, and others, of uncertain date, can be seen eroding out of the cliff edge a little to the south of the enclosed area.
World Heritage status
"The Heart of Neolithic Orkney" was inscribed as a World Heritage site in December 1999, recognizing the importance of this 5,000 year-old settlement that is so well preserved. In addition to Skara Brae the site includes several other nearby sites.[20] It is managed by Historic Scotland.
In addition to Skara Brae the site includes:
Maeshowe – a unique chambered cairn and passage grave, aligned so that its central chamber is illuminated on the winter solstice. It was looted by Vikings who left one of the largest collections of runic inscriptions in the world.[21]
Standing Stones of Stenness – the four remaining megaliths of a henge, the largest of which is 6 metres (19 ft) high.[22]
Ring of Brodgar – a stone circle 104 metres in diameter, originally composed of 60 stones set within a circular ditch up to 3 metres deep and 10 metres wide, forming a henge monument. Today only 27 stones remain standing. It is generally assumed to have been erected between 2500 B.C.E. and 2000 B.C.E. [23]
Ness of Brodgar - between the Ring of Brodgar and the Stones of Stenness, a site that has provided evidence of housing, decorated stone slabs, a massive stone wall with foundations, and a large building described as a Neolithic "cathedral".[24]
Due to the threat of coastal erosion from the ocean and damage by tourists, the site is monitored and steps have been taken to minimize damage, in an effort to preserve this significant site.[20] The Skara Brae site includes a visitor center and museum and a replica construction that allows visitors to fully understand the interior of these houses. The visitor center provides touch-screen presentations and artifacts discovered during archaeological excavations in the 1970s are on display.[25]
Related sites in Orkney
A comparable, though smaller, site exists at Rinyo on Rousay. The site was discovered in the winter of 1837-1938 on the lands of Bigland Farm in the north east of the island. It was excavated in 1938 and 1946 by Vere Gordon Childe and by W.G. Grant. Finds included flint implements, stone axes and balls, pottery and a stone mace-head.[26]
Knap of Howar on the Orkney island of Papa Westray, is a well preserved Neolithic farmstead. Dating from 3600 B.C.E. to 3100 B.C.E., it is similar in design to Skara Brae, but from an earlier period, and it is thought to be the oldest preserved standing building in northern Europe.[27]
There is also a site under excavation at Links of Noltland on Westray that appears to have similarities to Skara Brae. Findings at this site include a lozenge-shaped figurine believed to be the earliest representations of a human face ever found in Scotland.[28] Two further figurines were subsequently found at the site, one in 2010 and the other in 2012.[29] Other finds include polished bone beads, tools, and grooved ware pottery. The full extent of the site is believed to exceed the size of Skara Brae on the Orkney mainland.[30]
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Skara Brae: The Discovery of the Village". Orkneyjar. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 V. Gordon Childe, Skara Brae, a Pictish Village in Orkney (Monograph of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, 1931).
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 V. Gordon Childe and D.V. Clarke, Skara Brae (Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983, ISBN 978-0114917555).
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rodney Castleden, The Stonehenge People (New York, NY: Routledge, 1987, ISBN 978-0710209689).
↑ Keith Savage, Scotland's Pompeii: The Neolithic Village of Skara Brae. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ Skara Brae BBC Scotland's History. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ Stuart Piggott, Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, ISBN 978-0521077811).
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 D.V. Clarke and Niall Sharples, "Settlements and Subsistence in the Third Millennium B.C.E.," in Colin Renfrew (ed.), The Prehistory of Orkney B.C.E. 4000-1000 C.E. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1985, ISBN 978-0852244562)
↑ 9.0 9.1 Graham Ritchie and Anna Ritchie, Scotland: Archaeology and Early History (New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1981, ISBN 978-0500273654).
↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Anna Ritchie, Prehistoric Orkney (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1995, ISBN 978-0713475937).
↑ Aubrey Burl, Prehistoric Avebury (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979, ISBN 978-0300023688), 144.
↑ T.H. Keatinge and J.H. Dickson, "Mid Flandrian Changes in Vegetation in Mainland Orkney." New Phytol 82(2) (1979): 585–612.
↑ Alexander Fenton, Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland (John Donald Publishers Ltd, 1978, ISBN 978-0859760195), 206–209.
↑ V. Gordon Childe and W. Douglas Simpson, Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments: Vol. VI Scotland (Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952).
↑ 15.0 15.1 Lloyd Laing, Orkney and Shetland: An Archaeological Guide (Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1974, ISBN 978-0715363058).
↑ Roger B. Beck, Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, and Dahia Ibo Shabaka, World History: Patterns of Interaction (Evanston, IL: McDougal Littel, 2005, ISBN 978-0618187744).
↑ Timothy Darvill, Prehistoric Britain (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0300039511), 85.
↑ Euan MacKie, Science and Society in Prehistoric Britain (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1977, ISBN 978-0312702458).
↑ Evan Hadingham, Circles and Standing Stones: An Illustrated Exploration of the Megalith Mysteries of Early Britain (New York, NY: Walker and Company, 1975, ISBN 978-0802704634), 66.
↑ 20.0 20.1 Jane Downes, Description and status of The Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site Retrieved June 21, 2013.
↑ "Maeshowe". Orkneyjar. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ "The Standing Stones o' Stenness". Orkneyjar. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ The Ring o' Brodgar, Stenness Orkneyjar. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ John Ross and David Hartley, " 'Cathedral' as old as Stonehenge unearthed." Edinburgh. The Scotsman, August 13, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ Skara Brae Prehistoric Village Historic Scotland. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
↑ "Rousay, Rinyo" RCAHMS. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ The Knap o' Howar, Papay Orkneyjar. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ Face to face with the 5,000-year-old 'first Scot' The Scotsman August 20, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ Third 5,000-year-old figurine found at Orkney dig BBC News, August 28, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
↑ Caroline Lewis, Archaeologists Find Mysterious Neolithic Structure In Orkney Links Of Noltland Dig Culture24, December 19, 2007. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
Beck, Roger B., Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, and Dahia Ibo Shabaka. World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littel, 2005. ISBN 978-0618187744
Burl, Aubrey. The Stone Circles of the British Isles. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976. ISBN 978-0300019728
Burl, Aubrey. Prehistoric Avebury. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0300023688
Castleden, Rodney. The Stonehenge People. New York, NY: Routledge, 1987. ISBN 978-0710209689
Childe, V. Gordon. Skara Brae, a Pictish Village in Orkney. Monograph of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, 1931. ASIN B002A6UOWQ
Childe, V. Gordon, and W. Douglas Simpson. Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments: Vol. VI Scotland. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952.
Childe, V. Gordon, and D.V. Clarke. Skara Brae. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1983. ISBN 978-0114917555
Clarke, D. V., Patrick Maguire, and C.J. Tabraham. Skara Brae : Northern Europe's Best Preserved Neolithic Village. Historic Scotland, 2000. ISBN 978-1900168977
Darvill, Timothy. Prehistoric Britain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0300039511
Fenton, Alexander. Northern Isles: Orkney and Shetland. John Donald Publishers Ltd, 1978. ISBN 978-0859760195
Hadingham, Evan. Circles and Standing Stones: An Illustrated Exploration of the Megalith Mysteries of Early Britain. New York, NY: Walker and Company, 1975. ISBN 978-0802704634
Hedges, John W. Tomb of the Eagles: Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe. New York, NY: New Amsterdam, 1984. ISBN 978-0941533058
Keatinge, T.H., and J.H. Dickson. "Mid Flandrian Changes in Vegetation in Mainland Orkney." New Phytol 82(2) (1979): 585–612.
Laing, Lloyd. Orkney and Shetland: An Archaeological Guide. Newton Abbott: David & Charles, 1974. ISBN 978-0715363058
Laing, Lloyd, and Jennifer Laing. The Origins of Britain. London: Paladin, 1982. ISBN 978-0586083703
MacKie, Euan. Science and Society in Prehistoric Britain. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0312702458
Piggott, Stuart. Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. ISBN 978-0521077811
Renfrew, Colin (ed.). The Prehistory of Orkney B.C.E. 4000-1000 C.E. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0852244562
Ritchie, Graham, and Anna Ritchie. Scotland: Archaeology and Early History. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1981. ISBN 978-0500273654
Ritchie, Anna. Prehistoric Orkney. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1995. ISBN 978-0713475937
All links retrieved July 22, 2014.
Scotland's Pompeii: The Neolithic Village of Skara Brae by Keith Savage.
Historic Scotland: Skara Brae Prehistoric Village.
Skara Brae: The discovery of the village Orkneyjar.
Skara Brae Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland.
Skara Brae BBC Scotland's History.
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Blenheim Palace · Canterbury Cathedral – St. Augustine's Abbey – St. Martin's Church · Bath · Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape · Derwent Valley Mills · Durham Castle and Cathedral · Ironbridge Gorge · Jurassic Coast · Frontiers of the Roman Empire (Hadrian's Wall) · Kew Gardens · Liverpool · Maritime Greenwich · Westminster Palace – Westminster Abbey – St. Margaret's Church · Saltaire · Stonehenge and Avebury · Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey · Tower of London
Edinburgh Old Town and New Town · Heart of Neolithic Orkney (Maeshowe • Ring of Brodgar • Skara Brae • Standing Stones of Stenness) · New Lanark · St. Kilda
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd (Beaumaris Castle • Caernarfon Castle • Conwy Castle • Harlech Castle) · Blaenavon
Giant's Causeway
Henderson Island · Gough Island and Inaccessible Island · St. George's Town
Skara_Brae history
History of "Skara Brae"
Retrieved from http://web.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Skara_Brae&oldid=982991


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