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Lithium-ion batteries and other electricity storage news
August 6, 2015 Brian	21 Comments
New Scientist looks at the state of play in battery storage (paywalled)
The momentum at present is with lithium-iron batteries, which are being used in devices from mobile phones to electric cars. Since the technology was commercialised in 1991 its performance has improved immensely – design tweaks have tripled the energy stored in a given volume.
Making the batteries is now a $15 billion industry, which Tesla is about to take to a whole new level by building a "Gigafactory" just outside Reno, Nevada.
By 2020, the company plans to produce as many lithium-ion batteries annually as the entire world produced in 2013 – enough for a fleet of 500,000 electric cars – and with a 30 per cent reduction in production cost per battery.
The Model S Tesla electric car:
is powered by thousands of small lithium-ion batteries arrayed between the car's axles. It can go from zero to 95 kilometres an hour in 3.1 seconds, and can travel about 430 kilometres on a single charge, although charging it can take many hours.
The following graphic illustrates the growth of lithium-ion batteries in context this century:
A small start-up company, 24M, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, has invented a new process which they claim will cut the cost of lithium-ion manufacturing in half.
Nevertheless the technology has limitations. One is that the batteries can be a fire hazard if their cells get overcharged. Also lithium-ion batteries are approaching fundamental electrochemical limits on the density of energy they can store. Thirdly, the end of the road in cutting costs is in sight. Real competition for petrol will most likely come from a new generation of batteries. You need something that can charge up in minutes and run for 500 miles.
One alternative is the lithium-sulphur battery:
that stores and releases energy by forming and breaking chemical bonds, instead of slotting ions into structural gaps. These batteries are less prone to catching fire, and although they're not yet commercially available, they have demonstrated energy densities three times those of the best lithium-ion batteries.
There is a fair amount of lithium in the world, but 23% of it is in Bolivia, which won't allow mining unless the subsequent manufacturing is done there also. So far no-one has taken the bait.
Bolivia's salt flats
Lithium-ion is starting to break into the large storage systems needed for grid electricity. California, where 1.3 gigawatts of storage in the grid by 2022 has been mandated, is planning the largest battery ever built, which will be capable of delivering 100 megawatts of power for four hours, enough to supply 80,000 average homes. It will be lithium-ion.
It's hard to imagine, however, that lithium-ion will solve the problem of grid storage. For example, it has been calculated that to run Nova Scotia Power for 24 hours would take the energy storage capacity of every battery made worldwide this year – and then half as much again. The solution may lie in every home having its own storage, such as the Tesla Powerwall.
One alternative to lithium is magnesium. Magnesium ions have two positive charges compared to lithium's one, doubling their capacity to store energy. Other materials are being scoured systematically, with 16,000 having been tested computationally. One researcher is being distinctly cagey, saying only that his lab is working on a system that uses materials far more common than lithium.
"If I tell you I can develop a battery that can be charged in 15 seconds and last one week, you'd be happy," he says. "That's what we're doing."
So while the momentum is currently with lithium-ion, chances are we'll go on to something else. Perhaps Bolivia's salt flats will stay where they are.
26MW solar farm & battery set for construction in Northern QLD
Cooktown (not Cook Town) is an isolated town of about 2,300 population, 327 km north of Cairns, located right at the very northern-most fringe of the east-coast National Electricity Market grid.
Lyon Infrastructure Investments announced that it expects to commence construction on a 26MW solar PV farm plus 5MWh battery system near Cooktown in the fourth quarter of this year.
David Green, a Partner at Lyon Infrastructure, explained to Climate Spectator that their project was at a very advanced stage in commercial negotiations and he was confident they would finalise financing for the project within a few months. He said that they had spent almost two years trying to progress the project during the period when the future of the Renewable Energy Target was uncertain due to the Abbott Government's decision to review the scheme, but this was now behind them.
The plan is use a 5MWh lithium-ion battery from Samsung which has a rated maximum output of 1.4MW to supply electricity for up to 3 hours.
The facility will be subsidised, essentially by other electricity users in Queensland, but is part of a learning experience to supply remoter settlements around the state.
Norway looks at pumped storage for Europe
Europe has 400 million people in 24 countries connected to a single grid, with power surpluses from one country being exported to neighbours or imported as national needs change. Norway has 937 hydropower plants, which provide 96% of its electricity.
The prospect of using pumped storage in the Norwegian system to even out power supply in the rest of Europe has one major problem – the tunnels are so long that it takes too long for the stored water to reach the turbines.
A study has now been looking at the possibility of creating sealed surge chambers in rock close to the turbines so that the power can be activated immediately.
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21 thoughts on "Lithium-ion batteries and other electricity storage news"
People keep going on about battery charging rates. However, if you want to charge a 7.7kWh battery in 3 mins you need a system that can handle 150 kW.
I think pure electric cars make sense for the daily commute but installing enough battery power to travel hundreds of km on rare occasions just doesn't make sense at current battery costs.
On the domestic scene batteries may make financial sense if they are being used to provide power to cover the evening power surge. However, providing enough storage to cover a run of cloudy days is a lot of capital for not much useage.
Lithium-ion battery technology has a long way to go. We have numerous examples of them catching fire including on aircraft, thereby grounding entire fleets. London's lithium-ion battery buses have been an almost complete failure.
Also note that battery testing is no longer as stringent as it once was, for instance the nail puncture test is no longer used. A terrorist with half a brain and an ounce of mischief could create quite a riotous explosion with these things.
Jumpy says:
Graphene is the frontier in this area I recon.
Big things happening with it, and 3D printable ( also a technological infant )
You could be right, jumpy. This article talks of a graphene supercapacitor which can charge up in four minutes ,
Geoff Henderson says:
Yes graphene may well have a future. Another interesting option developing rapidly and suited to site storage is the flow battery.
Apologies for offering a Wikipedia source but it has a good graphic that is worth a thousand words.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_battery
Flow batteries can be fully discharged and do not have the heat issues of Li batteries.
Karen is right, there is still a lot of work to do on lithium. It is not a plentiful substance nor is it renewable. But a group of PhD students in Melbourne have worked out a way to recycle " used" lithium. Good for them-
http://www.relectrify.com/
Lots more to come I think for both commercial and domestic power storage. Some serious policy issues for the current power suppliers/distributors/governments.
Something else that gets little attention is the aging of our coal-fired generators. At some point (Anyone have insight on a time?) they will be un-economic for a number of reasons. The cost of power produced by new (coal fired) power stations will be much greater than from the " written off" assets currently in use. This will place more pressure on suppliers and more support for renewables and local storage.
Coal fired power plants will last for yonks provided that normal maint schedules are followed. However, over time a power station will become less competitive compared to more modern coal fired power and renewables. Apart from shutting down due to reducing competitiveness many coal fired power stations shut down because they were built for a particular source of coal (which has run out) or because of pressure from the locals who don't like living near a coal fired power station.
It is worth noting that this is the first year when investment in renewables has exceeded investment in fossil fired power.
I think the coal burners are under social and increasing political pressure to wind their emissions back which is doubtless an increase in costs.
I'm not sure about how many coal burners have shut down, but I think the last of the South Australian ones are gone, and some of their gas turbines as well. Queensland cut back its gas use when the export price of gas earned them more money than generating power would. They honour their purchase contract but on-sell the gas for export. I suppose they substitute coal to produce power demand not met by gas, even though gas was usually used to serve peak demands.
Rooftop solar did a lot of damage to the peaking power industry – this is what is ignored by those that claim solar has pushed up power prices.
The older, smaller coal fired power stations are better at handling changing demand than the bigger, newer ones.
Got any data on that John? I think air con has pretty much doubled the domestic consumption.
Graham Bell says:
Just a few idle thoughts:
1. Everyone seems obsessed with building better batteries but how much effort is put into designing devices that need far less power? What about spinoffs from the various space programs. What about reducing friction losses? What about advances made in the understanding of insulation and microclimates in dwellings?
2. Glad to learn that so much effort is being put into finding alternatives to Li-ion. (Though I have joined the stampede and changed my power tools to Li-ion ones). My curiosity has been sparked by mention of Mg-ion. Wonder if anyone has busied themselves revisiting the old Ni-Fe system with a fresh outlook?
3. Correct me if I am wrong but I thought the next biggest supply of Lithium to Bolivia (apart from what's in the sea) was in Afghanistan.
4. Inland Australia doesn't have Norway's wealth of hydroelectric power but there is a goodly supply of really warm sunshine. Wonder if that sunshine could be used to melt a metal in daylight hours and then use the cooling of it to produce electricity at night?
GH: Sorry. No data.
GB: In theory Aluminium based batteries will give better storage than lithium because Al is trivalent. Problem is that no one has worked out how to make then rechargable.
John D.: Thanks for the link. Use of Ammonia sounds interesting.
If Aluminium batteries are cheap enough and can be recycled without serious environmental and financial costs, would they have to be rechargeable? I'm thinking along the lines of South Australia's bottle recycling system.
JD & GB: Re Al batteries, you might find this interesting:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7547/full/nature14340.html I have not read the full article, but here is a link to a more chatty description of the Al battery.
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/march/aluminum-ion-battery-033115.html
It sounds good and the possibility of scaling to grid application is mentioned. The recharge times are amazing but as JD mentioned earlier the charger would need to have massive capacity when scaled to grid sizes.
Worth noting to that Al is one of the most abundant materials on earth and already we are in Oz, recycling around 25% of Al.
A Bauxite recovery !!, Gove and Weipa will be pleased.
( if the greens allow )
No worries Jumpy. Under the terms of the FTA, governments will have enhanced powers to " call in" projects and remove them from the normal checks. Projects set to be scrutinised will be hived off to FTA associates and all impediments, real or imagined will be swept away. Labour will be outsourced to contractors who will be empowered to recruit overseas staff when suitably trained and qualified staff are unavailable locally.
On a more serious note, storage options are becoming more visible. Ergon, who supply about 90% (geographically) of power in Queensland is developing a policy that somehow embraces the new paradigm rather than oppose it. I suspect other utilities are also doing that because some are now offering battery storage to their clients.
Thanks a lot for those links, Geoff. Voltage difference – 0.55V through to 2.0V per cell – isn't an insurmountable problem; though the owners of perfectly good but [stranded 14.5V, 18V, 20V or 32V tools/appliances might get a bit peeved.
I was going to say something about noticing that most of the Stanford team were beneficiaries of The Asian Century but if I did so, Jumpey would only dong me over the head with it for my opposition to this born-loser FTA that is being foisted onto us now. 🙂
I'm wondering if relatively large, stationary power suppliers, larger than a single household solar panel set, could use electricity storage devices that operate at way above or way below ambient temperature. Almost everything I have seen about batteries seems to assume they will be working in a range of, say, – 10 degrees C to +50 degrees C. That's fine for cars and for office, household and personal devices – but does that exclude potential systems that might operate at, say, – 90 degrees C. or , say, + 1200 degrees C?
I can envision a solar or wind system in which part of the electricity generated could be spent on keeping the batteries or other storage devices at an appropriate operating temperature way outside the human comfort range. At first glance, such a system might appear quite wasteful but if the overall cost of generating electricity worked out to be much lower than rival systems then that would be an acceptable waste/inefficiency. Don't worry, I don't have any ambitions of winning a Nobel Prize for the idea: I thought of how the seemingly "inefficient" steam-powered sugar mills ran very well on bagasse, the fibrous part of sugar cane after most of the juice containing sugar had been repeatedly crushed out of it. There are probably many other examples of waste heat or waste material being used to drive a production process.
GB: I dunno that Jumpy would be all over you, his call :). He makes quite original and thoughtful comments. Sometimes he is too succinct perhaps, leaving the B/S to people like me.
Stranded tools – I don't think so. I have no Li tools but lots of Ni-cad that has been supported since Li came to pass. As a matter of interest, Edison was developing Ni-cad for Fords EV car before his battery factory mysteriously burnt down.
Operating temps will have an effect on battery performance either operationally or longevity-wise. It's not an area I have much technical knowledge in. But I expect that for the most part, batteries are used in the " normal" range of temps where homo sapiens are wont to live.
You are right about some power being diverted to self-maintain a system. I think an example would be cold climate wind turbines (e.g. Denmark) where heating is needed to maintain some part of the system.
Sugar mills in NQ have been using bagasse for years to fuel their boilers albeit supplemented by oil as required. One mill (Mackay?) continues to generate power to the grid by burning its stockpile of bagasse and bio-fuels after the harvest ends. A problem some mills have is that their boilers are many decades old and relatively inefficient. Low capital expenditure has been linked with the seasonality of the harvest, unreliability of sugar prices and maybe a lack of foresight. But the old boilers are at best (I think) around 80 % efficient, well short of what is possible. Worth noting too is that they generate a lot of power and need to report that power to the government gods. And they get about 6 cents/KWh for their excess.
I'm not sure about the emissions from mills. I see one mill often and the plume of dark smoke makes me wonder how their numbers stack up. Maybe I should put a VW sign on the gate?
GB sodium suplphur batteries have to operate at temperatures above 200 deg C.
A sodium–sulfur battery is a type of molten-salt battery constructed from liquid sodium (Na) and sulfur (S).[1][2] This type of battery has a high energy density, high efficiency of charge/discharge (89–92%) and long cycle life, and is fabricated from inexpensive materials. However, because of the operating temperatures of 300 to 350 °C and the highly corrosive nature of the sodium polysulfides, such cells are primarily suitable for large-scale non-mobile applications such as grid energy storage.
The same would apply to other systems based on molten salts.
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/aluminium-air-battery-can-power-evs-for-1600km-43055Non-rechargeble aluminium air batteries are also worth looking at.
The aluminium-air batteries are strictly for backup. If you want to make long trips often, these batteries should not be used. They just prevent stranding, and facilitate occasional long trips. This is because these batteries' aluminium electrodes are depleted with use. They have to be replaced more often than conventional EV batteries.
The aluminium-air batteries have an energy density 100 times greater than that of today's lithium-ion batteries, and they are also lighter than backup gasoline-fueled generators.
The aluminium-air battery bank (pack) weighs only 25 kg. Each of the aluminium plates in this battery pack can power the car for 32 km, and the test car has 50 of those plates.
Almost all the travel the Davidson's do in our smaller car could be handled by a rechargeable battery able to handle 40 km. The aluminium battery would remove "range anxiety" and may be a cheaper option than hiring a more conventional car for longer trips. Aluminium battery back-up avoids the cost and weight required to give Tesla ranges of several hundred km or provision of a hybrid style back-up motor.
For here for more details and a picture.
Exciting stuff JD. I did not even know that salt could be used as a battery component. I thought it was just used for transporting heat in solar thermal plants.
The articles that dealt with Aluminum-air storage highlighted the issues with them. But I noticed those articles were several years old. It seems that those issues may have been solved earlier this year. Check the links October 1st above.
After years of incremental improvements it looks like we are seeing some real break-throughs.
Gh and JD: Glad I called in here. Didn't know about Sodium-Sulphur batteries; sounds like jolly good fun.
The other thing that crossed my mind was scale/size. We are so used batteries being between the size of a button to the Olympian weightlifter ones that are used to start earthmoving machinery that I wonder if we might lose sight of the possibilities of stationary batteries the size of a grain-silo.
Do we necessarily need stored electricity for all our applications. Compressed air can be pretty handy too: take the starter of the Wilga single-engine, high-winged monoplane for example.
Then there is mechanical storage too – such as in clockwork devices. Wonder if anyone has ever built a huge clockwork device with a geared winder? Just another idle thought. And no, I'm not seeking perpetual motion; at least not this evening. 🙂
GB: In terms of large scale energy storage the currently working systems that I am aware of are:
1. Pumped storage (excess power is used to pump water up to a dam and then run back down to a generation plant when the power is needed. )
2. Molten salt. Solar tower power plants like the ones used in Spain and elsewhere use the sun to heat molten salt which can be stored in very large tanks. The heat from this salt is used to create steam which drives a standard steam powered generator. A back-up molten salt heater allows the generator to provide power 24/7 if required.
3. Batteries. King Island had a large flow battery at one stage.
Other options are being investigated but I have yet to find a wind up toy like system.
In terms of house sized energy storage systems based on phase change materials are used to store heat or cold without requiring a lot of space.
In terms of transport batteries are OK under some circumstances but they are not going to wok for things like intercontinental travel. If we are unwilling to put up with losing agricultural land for biofuel production commercially available technology is available that will allow renewable energy to be converted transportable fuels such as liquid ammonia and jet-A fuel.
In the past special high speed flywheels were used to run buses.


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Vasilij Petrovič Tugarinov (; 29. prosince 1898 ve vesnici Berezovec v Tverské oblasti – 8. března 1978) byl sovětský filosof, vysokoškolský pedagog, doktor filosofických věd, profesor Petrohradské státní univerzity.

Životopis
Univerzitní studia zahájil na přírodovědecké fakultě Moskevské univerzity, ale brzy je musel přerušit. Ruské občanské války a bojů proti bělogvardějcům a intervenci se zúčastnil jako příslušník Rudé armády. Studia dokončil v roce 1925 v oboru historie a filosofie. Ve třicátých letech působil jako vysokoškolský učitel filosofie a jako ideologický pracovník strany. V roce 1951 ho vysílá Ústřední výbor KSSS na Petrohradskou univerzitu do funkce děkana filosofické fakulty a vedoucího katedry dialektického a historického materialismu. Výstavbě a rozvoji této fakulty se pak věnoval až do konce života.

Jako učitel byl Tugarinov na fakultě velice oblíben. Také mnozí českoslovenští filosofové, kteří absolvovali Petrohradskou univerzitu, na něho vděčně vzpomínají.

Publikace
Tugarinov vytvořil rozsáhlé filosofické dílo a byl autorem více než 140 prací. Jeho posledním dílem byla knižní monografie Příroda, civilizace, člověk, která byla přeložena do češtiny.

 Překlady do češtiny

Odkazy

Literatura

  Хмырова-Пруель И. Б. Концепция ценностей В. П. Тугаринова и ценностная проблематика в отечественной социологии (60 - 90-е годы XX века), СПб., 2002

Reference

Externí odkazy

  Василий Петрович Тугаринов — ценитель жизни и культуры

Sovětští filozofové
Vysokoškolští děkani
Absolventi Lomonosovovy univerzity
Narození v roce 1898
Úmrtí v roce 1978
Úmrtí 8. března
Muži

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Why did White Star settle with Whiteley?
Steward's sensational claims were never tested in court.
Home Titanic Survivors Titanic Research Articles Thomas Arthur Whiteley Why did White Star settle with Whiteley?
Titanica!
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by Senan Molony
THOMAS Whiteley was an unimportant member of crew on the latest White Star liner.
He was only eighteen, a solid and presentable youth with some small experience. He had previously served as a steward on the RMS Olympic.
Whiteley found himself transferred to the second sister for her inaugural crossing. As a first class saloon steward, the Manchester-born manciple might have thought himself ideally placed to enjoy a few nice tips. And maiden voyages always brought the high rollers.
Whiteley's signature in the crew sign on sheets (Crown Copyright)
Of course it all went horribly wrong. Right from the moment when, as he later told the North Berks Herald, old ship's surgeon William O'Loughlin had risen from his seat at the Wideners' dinner party on the Sunday night to propose a toast to the mighty Titanic.
A few hours after that moment of gaiety Whiteley found himself in a maelstrom of life and death on a boundless, malevolent ocean. Somehow he reached the sanctuary of a boat in the darkness. Dawn saw him lifted exhausted aboard the Carpathia.
Thomas Whiteley fractured a limb in the terror. When other crew went home to England, Whiteley remained in St Vincent's Hospital in New York. Ten days after the disaster he was one of only three crew members who were still detained in hospital. The Times claimed he had a broken arm.
But a bedridden Whiteley had already begun to wield a powerful influence on the story of the disaster.
On April 20th, Whiteley was interviewed in hospital by a New York newspaper reporter or reporters. An agency fed the resulting story to the next day's newspapers, where it received most prominence in the New York Herald, which splashed grandly on his tale on the front page:
Whiteley's story, given the full banner-headline treatment, was sensational indeed. He claimed that the Officers of the Watch of the Titanic had been warned in advance by the lookouts of a deadly obstacle course of ice that lay across their path.
This is what Whiteley alleged:
"That three warnings were given to the officer on the bridge of the Titanic that icebergs were ahead, less than half an hour before the fatal crash, was the declaration made last night by Thomas Whiteley, a first [class] saloon steward who now lies in St Vincent's Hospital with frozen and lacerated feet.
Mr Whitney [sic] also says he understands that the first officer of the Titanic, Mr Murdock [sic], did shoot himself after the crash. This has been rumored, but never verified.
Mr Whiteley does not attempt to explain why the warnings were ignored or why the speed of the vessel was never reduced or the course changed, but he is positive, he asserts, that the first officer was warned distinctly three times. The warnings came from the two men in the crow's nest, Mr Whiteley said, and the fact that their warning was unheeded caused the lookouts much indignation and much astonishment.
After being thrown from the Titanic while helping to lift women and children into the small boats, Mr Whiteley finally swam to a small boat and was helped in. It was while there that he heard a conversation between the two lookouts, neither of whom he recalled having seen before, but who, he is confident, were on board the steamship.
WONDERED AT INDIFFERENCE OF OFFICER
The two men talked freely in his hearing and expressed wonderment that their attempts to get the officer to slow up or take other precautionary methods to avoid the bergs had failed. Mr Whiteley says he carefully marked every word they uttered.
"I don't recall the exact words of the men, but I am certain of the sentiment they expressed. They were very indignant. I was particularly astonished when I heard one of them say: -
'No wonder Mr Murdock shot himself.'
Asked if he knew how the reports from the crow's nest to the first officer were made, whether in person or by telephone, the steward said he did nott (sic) know, but his idea was it was done by bells - three bells meaning danger straight ahead, two bells starboard and one bell port.
"My only information is that I heard one of the two men say that he had reported to the first officer that he saw an iceberg."
"I heard one of them say," he said last night in the hospital, "that at a quarter after eleven o'clock on Sunday night, about twenty-five minutes before the great ship struck the berg, that he had told First Officer Murdock that he believed he had seen an iceberg. He said he was not certain, but that he saw the outline of something which he thought must be a berg. A short time later, the lookout said, he noticed what he thought was another mountain of ice. Again, he called the attention of the first officer to it.
"A third time he saw something in the moonlight which he felt certain was an iceberg. The air was cool and there were indications in his mind that there were bergs in the neighborhood. A third time he reported to the first officer that he had seen an iceberg. This time, as I recall it, he did not say merely that he fancied he saw one, but that he had actually seen one.
"His words to the officer, as I remember them, were - 'I saw the iceberg. It was very large, and to me it looked black, or rather a dark gray instead of white."
Mr Whiteley is not in a serious condition and will be out soon. He is a man above the average intelligence and seems very certain of what he says.
There are some obvious problems with Whiteley's allegations.
Leaving aside the question of which boat he himself was saved in, his claim is substantially that the two lookouts on watch at the time of the collision - Fred Fleet and Reg Lee - were together in the same lifeboat.
But in fact Fleet asserted that he was saved in lifeboat 6 whereas Lee escaped in lifeboat 13.
Fleet's presence in number 6, which did not pick up anyone from the water, is corroborated in evidence by Robert Hichens and Arthur Peuchen. Similarly, Lee's presence in 13 seems well grounded. This craft did not pick up anyone either.
There is little basis for belief that any of the other lookouts who were not on duty at the critical time - Hogg, Jewell, Evans or Symons - could have been an 'other lookout' to hear complaints from either Lee or Fleet.
All were in different boats, apart from Hogg and Jewell, who were both saved in lifeboat 7, said to be the first boat away. Neither Hogg nor Jewell could have made the remarks, since neither was on watch at the time, nor could Whiteley have entered their lifeboat.
In any case, Fleet told the US Inquiry that Jewell and Symons, the earlier lookouts, had not reported seeing any bergs, but just passed on the message to keep a keen eye out for them. Nor had Hogg and Evans seen anything, he said.
And - of course - neither Fleet himself nor Reg Lee made any admissions in evidence about having previously warned the bridge of bergs or having seen any prior ice at all:
Senator Smith: Did you see any other icebergs; field ice, or growlers while you were in the crow's nest Sunday or Sunday night?
Fleet: Only the one I reported right ahead.
Senator Smith: Only that one?
Fleet: That is all.
Lee at British Inquiry:
2419. Before half-past eleven on that watch- that is, seven bells-had you reported anything at all, do you remember?
Lee - There was nothing to be reported.
While it could be maintained that Fleet and Lee were upholding a company line by the time they took the stand - "He would say that, wouldn't he?" as Mandy Rice Davies remarked in the Profumo case - it is clear that the same standard could be reversed and applied to Whiteley's second-hand tales.
They would say that, wouldn't they... lookouts who knew that the focus for the disaster was likely to be on them in the first instance would have every reason to deflect the blame onto a stubborn and conveniently deceased officer of the watch. Even if such claims were indeed aired on the Carpathia, rather than in a lifeboat, it would not make the claims true in themselves.
One can see that if Fleet said 'I warned them by ringing the bell three times' [obstruction straight ahead] that this could easily change in the
telling to 'He warned them three times' - a huge difference in meaning.
While Whiteley's story has some accurate detail - about the number of bell-strikes for obstructions in different directions - it is also marred by error, some of it likely to be journalistic failing. One can overlook the moonlight when there was no moon, or the clumsy references to Whitney and even Whitehead when referring to Whiteley, but it is surely impossible for two lookouts, bobbing about in a lifeboat before rescue by the Carpathia, to know that anyone had shot themselves, let alone that it was the first officer.
"No wonder Murdock shot himself" - it simply couldn't have been said by any lookout prior to the beginning of the storytelling on the rescuing Cunarder, and then only once the initial trauma had worn off and various pieces of tittle-tattle had been exchanged.
On the Sunday morning that the Whiteley account first appeared, there was no-one to contradict it. For the following day, Monday April 22, the Herald confidently followed up its story by reporting that Whiteley had brought a "new and startling feature" into the investigation which would be "followed up immediately" by the Senate investigation.
The newspaper went on to declare:
"Whiteley, who is in St Vincent's Hospital in New York, doubtless will be brought here [Washington] in the hope that the men who were on lookout duty and survived may be here. If he can identify them their testimony will be taken to throw light on the discipline aboard the vessel."
But instead of setting the agenda, the Whiteley story promptly did the exact opposite and rapidly withered. He was never brought to Washington, and nor did the Senate Subcommittee follow it up immediately - or directly at any stage. Lookout Fred Fleet was examined by the US Inquiry the following Wednesday, three days after the Whiteley allegations, and the steward's "new and startling" statements simply were not raised.
At the end of Fleet's evidence, Chairman Senator Smith instead made oblique criticisms of the press and declared firmly that the course of his inquiry would not be diverted in any particular direction.
And so passed the Whiteley episode.... that is, it did in America.
In Britain, Whiteley's allegations were not followed up. The home press kept away from the story. While the allegations certainly did nothing for the prestige of the British mercantile marine, it is possible that other newspaper instincts were at work. At a time when stories of the disaster and its ramifications were in spate, the main titles hardly felt the need to throw all caution to the wind in following up the New York Herald. They probably expected the Inquiry to investigate the story, and in the meantime there was plenty to be getting on with.
So Whiteley eventually returned quietly home. By the time he apparently spoke to the North Berks Herald it might be noteworthy to observe that he had no longer been saved in a nondescript lifeboat, but had miraculously survived on the swamped Collapsible B. Never mind that no lookouts shared his precarious perch, Whiteley now remembered that someone had hit him with an oar as he tried to pull himself aboard.
He had not mentioned any of this in New York, but the early reports in that city did relate that Whiteley had been dramatically "whipped overboard" from the Titanic - he knew not how - as he helped to load lifeboats with women and children.
Whiteley never claimed the balance of wages owed to him by the White Star Line, unlike many of those who had returned before him on the Lapland. There is no evidence either that he gave any deposition on the disaster to the Receiver of Wreck or any solicitor for the White Star Line. He was never called to give evidence, nor paid any expenses as a stand-by witness.
But he did do something unique, at least for a surviving crewman.
He sued White Star.
Another Titanic case
In Mr Justice Darling's court yesterday Mr [W. Norman] Raeburn on behalf of the defendants in Whiteley v. Oceanic Steam Navigation Company
(Limited), asked that a date should be fixed for the hearing.
He said that the plaintiff, who was a steward in the Titanic, and was injured, alleged negligent steering and unseaworthiness of the vessel, and it would be necessary for a number of nautical witnesses to attend. He suggested that the case should be heard on March 1st.
Mr Justice Darling said that the only objection was that the date would fall on a Sunday. Monday March 2nd was provisionally fixed for the hearing.
(The Times, Saturday, January 17, 1914, p.3)
This story is an orphan. Nothing transpired in early March. The case does not appear in the advance warning lists in late February, as it should have done. The explanation seems obvious - it was struck out because the OSNC, trading as the White Star Line, settled.
Whiteley's statement of claim cannot at present be located. Thousands of sheaves of affidavits were filed in the period when the young steward might have initiated his action. But it should be remembered that he only nineteen when he embarked on this serious course of action - and the very act of filing suit would appear to demonstrate that Whiteley was a man of strong conviction as well as steely character.
His twin planks of argument, negligent steering and unseaworthiness, may be guessed at. Unseaworthiness possibly related to there being too few lifeboats for all aboard, or perhaps the fire in the bunker, or a deficiency in manning. The Mersey report presented ample grounds for argument, although the legal security of any of them is uncertain. "Negligent steering" appears to echo the New York Herald front page story in using the word 'steering' rather than 'navigation'... the latter being perhaps more encompassing of a conscious decision to enter a suspected ice field at full speed.
'Steering' seems to accept the navigational decisions but object to how they were carried out.
Whether Whiteley believed what he told the New York Herald is ultimately unimportant. Whether it is capable of being true is the nub of the matter. Fleet, the sole surviving lookout following Lee's untimely death in 1913, was unlikely to be of assistance to Whiteley's case, having already given evidence at the company's behest in the landmark case for compensation involving the father of a deceased passenger, Ryan v. OSNC. (qv).
Nor did Fred Fleet at any stage in his life, even when the White Star Line had long since ceased to exist, ever validate the claim that the men in the crow's nest had seen any ice prior to the fatal berg.
It would thus be interesting to know the names of those whom Whiteley's side proposed to call in evidence.
Bluff or not, and the OSNC were certainly capable of going far beyond a threat to call a number of nautical witnesses, it seems that ultimately the young steward won the contest.
True or not, White Star had no need to have lurid claims ventilated that their Officers of the Watch were given to ignoring warning calls from their lookouts. No doubt they took the view that damaging headlines could conceivably affect bookings and their bottom line far more substantially than the relatively small outlay needed to mollify an injured steward. And thus a deal was arrived at.
Honest or not, both parties thus preserved their public name.
And one can only hope that Thomas Whiteley, bona fide victim of the Titanic, lived to sprightly old age.
© Senan Molony 2004
Related Biographies:
Thomas Arthur Whiteley
Senan Molony
Comment and discuss
Paul Rogers said:
I thoroughly enjoyed reading this article and felt that Senan Molony dealt well with the conflicting evidence, with the possible exception of his conclusion. My knowledge of the workings of the Law is practically nil however and, rather than assume that Senan's conclusion is in error, I thought I'd see if anyone out there can shed some further light on the subject. Senan's conclusion to his article is based on the fact that a Court Case appears to have been provisionally arranged with Whiteley suing the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company for "...alleged negligent steering and unseaworthiness... Read full post
View : Reply
Paul Lee said:
Perhaps George Behe could comment on this - after all, he touched on the "pre-collision iceberg sighting" stories in one of his excellent Titanic books? Best wishes Paul
Michael H. Standart said:
>>My question: is the explanation as obvious as Senan states?
Dave Gittins said:
One point that arises is whether Whitely could personally bring an action at all. He was a minor at the time and I think I'm correct in saying that he would have had to sue through his parents or guardian, or through what I recall as somebody called a "next friend". In other words, somebody would have to believe in his case and enable him to bring it to court. I'm open to correction from a British lawyer. If Whiteley had a good case, he could have got a a lawyer, as did Thomas Ryan and others, who were represented by an eminent QC. Although legal aid as we know it did not exist, few... Read full post
George Behe said:
Hi, Paul! >Perhaps George Behe could comment on this.... I presented my own analysis of the various 'early iceberg accounts' -- including Whiteley's -- in my book in 1997, and I can't really add much to what I said at that time unless someone should uncover important new evidence that bears on the subject. By the way, Paul, how is your 'photo reproduction' of the disaster scene coming along? Will we be seeing the results of your research any time soon? All my best, George
Hi George, Great to hear from you, my friend! My little project is coming along slowly, mainly due to holidays, work pressure and family etc. Sigh. Hopefully I'll get something up and running later on in the year. I've had to scale some parts down due to complexity and enhance others to make the programme more "user friendly". The actual Java side of the programme is quite easy - its the graphical/geometry side thats proving hard! Best wishes my friend Paul
Thanks all, esp. Dave G. I hadn't spotted the fact that he was a minor at the time; this surely would have impacted on his ability to bring a case to Court. Interesting information also re: the Workers Compensation Act; I know nothing about this, so I may do a bit of digging. My initial thoughts were that the case was probably dropped, and the information provided by Dave seems to support that hypothesis. I remain open-minded, however, to the "pay-off" scenario. We'll probably never know either way.
Hi, Paul! Thanks very much for the update on your project. Keep plugging away at it, old chap, because you've got an audience out here that is eager to see the results of your research. (I wish I had your ability to work with programming, but I'm just a child lost in the woods when it comes to that sort of thing.) :-) Take care, my friend -- it's great to see you here! All my best, George
>>I remain open-minded, however, to the "pay-off" scenario. We'll probably never know either way.
Encyclopedia Titanica (2004) Why did White Star settle with Whiteley? (Titanica!, ref: #2759, published 26 April 2004, generated 18th January 2021 12:35:59 PM); URL : https://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/white-star-whiteley.html
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Avatar The Last Airbender Why do anda Cinta avatar: the last airbender?
avtr13_extreme posted on Jan 17, 2010 at 05:21PM
Avatar has had about sixty episodes... and we can't get enough. Is it the characters? The couples? The action? The world? The peril??? What do YOU love about avatar, and what parts of the show stick out to you? What could be different... and what would you like to see in the future? (Below- a fan video of avatar)
Avatar The Last Airbender 1 reply
hampir setahun yang lalu 18wanda said…
I love the creativity, the picture, the characters and the plot. Instead of just a cartoon that ends happy at the end of each episode, It goes on to a whole, dramatized series. It is exciting!
Avatar The Last Airbender Kelab Berkaitan
Zuko and Katara
Waterbending
Firebending
Airbending
Blood Bending


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Yago And Betrayal In "Othello"
Yago And Betrayal In "Othello" Essay
Paper type: Essay Pages: 11 (2580 words)
"Othello" is one of the most successful plays in Shakespeare's collection. One of the subjects the tragedy addresses is betrayal which is a crucial part of the play that helps the author develop events to bring it to its climax. Iago's character symbolizes disloyalty, but what are the motives of his treachery? It seems like there is not enough reason for his actions. By creating Iago in "Othello" as perhaps a masterpiece villain comparing to all his other plays, Shakespeare introduces to the audience and reader an evil type of person who unfortunately exists in society, and he suggests that disloyalty is just part of such person's nature, so one could betray for the sake of betrayal itself.
Get Your Custom Essay on Yago And Betrayal In "Othello" Just from $13,9/Page
Iago is one of the main characters in "Othello". Being perhaps the most monstrous villain in Shakespeare, Iago is intriguing for his most awful attribute: disloyalty. From the beginning of the play, Iago is introduced as a deceiving character. As E.
A. J. Honigmann, the editor of the Arden Shakespeare, points out, Iago expresses his anger towards Othello not merely for passing lieutenancy over to Cassio instead of giving it to him, but he is mad because he is not considered to be good enough for being an officer (37).
People who have self esteem and virtues, would probably leave Othello instead of serving him, but for Iago that would not be a wise step to make, "I follow him to serve my turn upon him", (Act 1. scene 1. 41). It is perhaps not a surprise for a sly person like Iago to think higher of himself, "By the faith of man I know my price, I am worth no worse a place" (Act 1. Scene 1. 8). Since Iago was expecting to get the position himself and did not get it, he is holding a grudge and wants revenge from both Othello and Cassio. In order to achieve his goal, Iago is working with an ally whom he manipulates and uses just like he does with everyone else in the play.
Like Honigmann notices, Iago does this under the disguise of loyalty and friendship by which he convinces others to take the path of his schemed plan(37); thus, making others fall into his trap. Knowing that Roderigo is very fond of Desdemona and will do anything to get her heart, Iago uses Roderigo's feelings to extort money from him, "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse" (Act 1. Scene 3. 382). Meanwhile, by mixing up things in Othello's life, Iago is able to punish the Moor and his lieutenant Casio. It seems like he can win in both ways by gaining financially from Roderigo and enjoying the implementation of his treacherous plan.
At first, he raises Desdemona's father Brabantio against Othello. Interestingly, Iago does not directly participate in accomplishment of his deceiving plans; he uses others to do it by "poisoning" their minds to raise against each other. For informing Brabantio about Desdemona's marriage to Othello, Iago uses Roderigo whom he recognizes as a "sick fool" (Act 2. Scene 3. 48). He pairs with Roderigo since they both have common enemies—Othello and Casio whom they plot to destroy together.
Editors Craig and Bevington notice that Iago naturally takes pleasure in his malicious actions; his maneuverings give him both "sport" and "profit" (945). In Cypress, at first Roderigo is being used to make a fight with Cassio to get Othello disapprove his lieutenant. When Othello orders Iago to kill Cassio, what better tool could Iago find for the murder if not using Roderigo? Besides being deceiving, Iago also is a coward, "For I fear Cassio with my night-cap too" (Act 2. Scene 1. 305). He knows he might get killed in the fight with Cassio, so instead he puts his ally Roderigo in danger.
When Roderigo is injured during the fight, Iago kills him to make sure the treachery is not revealed by Roderigo. Cassio is another character appearing in Iago's playground. Although Iago hates Cassio, he never shows any dislike; rather, he is friendly with him. As professor Zender notices in his research, Iago suggests clear segregation between what he says and what he means, "I am not, what I am" (323). The first direct plot against Cassio is built when Iago gets him drunk.
Then he uses Roderigo to engage Cassio into a fight to destroy his reputation. The disturbance displeases Othello who is questioning the cause of the fight. The following long speech that explains this incident, as Honigmann notices, reveals more of Iago's cunning talent (37). As if he does not want to harm Cassio by his words, Iago gladly tells what happened since it was his own plan staged to destroy Cassio, yet he shows like it is his duty to be honest and present the truth to his general, "I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth / Than it should do offence to Michael Cassio, / Yet I persuade myself to speak the truth / Shall nothing wrong him" (Act 2. Scene 3. 218-220). In whatever Iago does, he wins in two or even three fronts.
Cassio is no longer a lieutenant, and Iago gains the trust of Othello even more while meantime Roderigo benefits from this. After this incident, Iago advises Cassio to ask Desdemona to speak with Othello convincing to reinstate the lieutenant. Then by hinting Othello about the possible betrayal of Desdemona with Cassio, Iago takes latter by his nose right into a trap. The masterpiece of Iago's betrayal is the use of Desdemona's handkerchief which he places in Cassio's room. By this one action Iago betrays almost everyone in the play including his own wife. This is why the use of handkerchief in the tragedy plays a crucial role. It is the proof to Othello that his wife is not faithful to him.
Then Iago, after getting an order to kill Cassio, plots the stage for an assault. From this point his plans start going sour since he fails in killing of Cassio. Iago's main goal is focused on taking a revenge from Othello. To be able to accomplish his plan, first Iago provides his "loyal" service to Othello, "In following him I follow but myself" (Act 1. Scene 1. 57). Drama theorist Ferguson notices that Iago is a type of person who knows how to control his emotions when he is told so by his motive in order to present himself as a reliable man (222).
Once he gains the trust of Othello, he starts planting the evil seeds "Hell and night/ Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light"(Act 2. Scene 1. 402-403). After staging the drunk riot and getting Cassio fired from his lieutenancy, Iago starts poisoning Othello's mind with a suspicion that Cassio and Desdemona have a love affair. Iago's perfect plan develops when Desdemona keeps pleading Othello to reinstate Cassio which makes Othello both mad and jealous, "The Moor already changes with my poison" (Act 3. Scene 3. 329).
To secure his strong footing before Othello, Iago makes him go mad because of jealousy from one side, and warns him to take a heed against jealousy from the other side, "O beware my lord of jealousy; / It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock / The meat it feeds on" (Act 3. scene 3. 167). Ferguson analyzes that Iago carefully continues wearing his most compassionate mask, and meantime by gathering any false facts needed, he warns Othello not to jump into any conclusion (223). Further, Ferguson compares Iago and Othello with each other saying they are bound together "in the blind passion of envy and hatred which can only destroy them" (225).
According to Craig and Bevington, sometimes Iago's motives are senseless; although in his soliloquy Iago charges Othello with accusation of sleeping with Emilia (Iago's wife), he is not sure of that, "I know not if 't be true; But I, for mere suspicion of that kind, Will do as if for surety" (945). So Iago is suffering with the plague of jealousy as well. Dr. Magill calls it "an even flimsier fabrication" purpose of which is to conceal the indispensable dishonesty of his soul (4433). Later, to prove Desdemona's "betrayal", Iago fabricates a scene before Othello to show Cassio and Desdemona together talking to insinuate their "secret" relationship.
Then he lies Othello about Desdemona's handkerchief being under Cassio's possession. All the doubts vanish when Iago engineers his conversation with Cassio having Othello hide and listen to Cassio's love affair which is presumed to be with Desdemona while, in fact, it is with Bianca who accidentally comes in during the conversation and gives the handkerchief back to Cassio refusing to copy it. Iago's trap works perfectly well, and now Othello is completely convinced and determined to kill his wife. Each time Desdemona pleads Othello to reinstate Cassio, she loses her trust more and more, "And by how much she strives to do him good / She shall undo her credit with the Moor" (Act 2. scene 3. 353).
Ferguson notices that Iago has a great mind which unfortunately serves to the enthusiasm of abhorrence (222). While describing Iago, Craig and Bevington state that there is nothing else in which Iago looks as evil as in his desires to find Othello ruin the purity and integrity upon which the general's gladness relies (946). By enforcing his wicked plan, Iago betrays his friendship and loyalty to Othello. Ferguson points out that Shakespeare likes to introduce evil as a puzzlement which we are unable to solve (Ferguson 222). Perhaps the best explanation to Iago's actions is given by Dr.
Magill who says that Iago accepts people as merely a prey and instruments to play with, and "He believes that all can be duped and destroyed—and there is no further purpose to his life" (4433). Truly, does it really make sense to fight and seek to plot against everyone just because you did not get a promotion? Is it really worthy to kill so many people because of having doubt that your wife might be betraying you? Iago doesn't even hesitate when plotting the killing of such an innocent person like Desdemona.
Knowing how jealousy can blind the General, Iago pushes him into the murder trap which leads to strangulation of most loyal Desdemona for disloyalty she never committed. Although Ferguson suggests that Iago does not have a comprehensible plan for annihilation of Othello, and by no means he wonders what positive outcome he could possibly get from destroying lives (222), one could argue that Iago is capable of creating a very painstaking plan to make others do what he wants them to do. Although Professor Zender finds Iago lacking verbal fluency towards females which is displayed when Desdemona asks Iago to praise women (324), his capabilities are not limited in betraying them.
Zender mentions that the humiliation Iago gets himself into when he is not able to praise women creates a grudge against Desdemona, and this is the cause of wishing her death at the end (324). Even if it is true, is it a strong reason to wish someone die especially knowing that the humiliation was not done on purpose? Desdemona sincerely loved and respected Iago as well. Zender points out that, "In the final analysis, Iago, like all of us, does what he does because he is what he is"(321). Not only Iago betrays Desdemona, but also he betrays his own wife Emilia. Although he did not say to Emilia why he pleaded her many times to steal the handkerchief from Desdemona, the purpose was to make Cassio have it and Othello look for it.
By making Emilia a participant of his treacherous plan without her knowledge is a betrayal against Emilia. The most wicked action of Iago is perhaps the killing of his own wife. It shows that his treachery does not have any limits; he is a self ego man who does not care about people. As Honigman puts it, "He has neither felt nor understood the spiritual impulses that bind ordinary human beings together, loyalty, friendship, respect, compassion – in a word, love" (40). Although betrayal is not the nature of many people, it is somewhat common these days too.
Many politicians have shown an example of betrayal in our times. A Los Angeles Times article mentions how lately former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger "joined the club" of governmental officials like Bill Clinton, JFK, FDR, John Edwards, Newt Gingrich and others by betraying his wife (Farley). Not surprisingly, they all lost their reputation and trust among millions of Americans. Governor Schwarzenegger who had a loyal and a charming wife (for some reason she reminds me of Desdemona) is not with him any longer.
This separation could be an unbearable loss for a loyal husband, yet it might not be so for Arnold because he, on his part, reminds me of Iago. During the election, people were deceived by his image and trusted him the State. He was the hero, the charming superman, and a role model for so many, yet he turned out to be just a rogue. It is interesting that Iago type of people are attractive and compelling to many of us. In "Othello", the Lawrence Fishburne film produced by Oliver Parker, the role of Iago is played by Kenneth Branagh who does an amazing job by illuminating the true nature of the villain.
It was surprising to see a somewhat good looking guy presenting a wicked character since usually the villain has an evil face in movies. By choosing to show Branagh's honest face, Director Parker perhaps wanted to convey that in reality dishonest people have very sincere looks. This is why they go unnoticed, gain trust, and when their true face of a betrayer is revealed, it is too late, for the harm is done, and sometimes the recovery is impossible like it was in "Othello". A movie review article in New York Times noticed, "Thanks to Mr. Branagh's seductively colloquial performance, this time the character's poisonous nature is revealed in full" (Maslin).
Truly, sometimes we are unfortunate enough to meet an "Iago" in our lives. "Othello", besides being an entertaining play, gives us a good description of a deceitful person warning us about the possibility of having a "friend" like Iago around us. The educational significance of "Othello" is very valuable. By showing the dire consequences of disloyalty, the tragedy cautions us to stay away from wicked acts. Friendship is worth more than anything you might gain from betraying. The lesson to learn is very simple; do not betray!
Craig, Hardin, and Bevington, David, eds. The Complete Works Of Shakespeare. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1973. Print.
Farley, Frank. "What makes politicians stray?". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Web. May 22, 2011. May 25, 2011. Fergusson, Francis. Shakespeare: The Pattern In His Carpet. New York, NY: Delacorte Press. 1970. Print. Honigman, E. A. J, ed. Othello. Croatia: Arden Shakespeare, 2001. Print. Magill, Frank, ed. Masterplots. Vol. 8. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Salem Press, 1976. Print. 12 vols. Maslin, Janet. "Othello (1995): Film Review; Fishburne and Branagh Meet Their Fate in Venice". New York Times. New York Times. Web. Dec. 14, 1995. May 25, 2011. Othello. Dir. Oliver Parker. Perf. Laurence Fishburne, Kenneth Branagh, and Irene Jacob. Castle Rock Entertainment, 1995. Film.
Zender, Karl F. "The humiliation of Iago." Studies in English Literature (Rice) 34.2 (1994): 323. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 27 May 2011.
Yago And Betrayal In "Othello". (2016, May 07). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/yago-and-betrayal-in-othello-essay
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Tangible resources that have physical substance, are used in the operations of the business, and are not intended for sale to customers. > Plant assets are critical to a company's success because they determine the company's capacity and therefore its ability to satisfy customers. > It is important for a company to (1) keep assets... VIEW ESSAY
Starting Carinderia
Capital: You need about P15,000 to open a small carinderia or food kiosk. The money will go to two weeks' worth of inventory of food and ingredients, equipment and utensils, space rentals, and barangay permit fees. You may need a lower amount if you will do business in your own backyard or front yard (deduct... VIEW ESSAY
Pestle Analysis of Germany
Overall, Germany is a stable innovation driven economy with a strong democratic system and a highly competitive economy. The aging population as well as the European sovereign debt crisis pose current and future risks to the development of the country. The very sophisticated business sector and the well-developed technical infrastructure sustain Germany's innovativeness and competitiveness.... VIEW ESSAY
USA Current account deficit Surviving but not thriving Essay topic Number 1Submitted
USA Current account deficit Surviving but not thriving Essay topic Number 1Submitted By Kamal Kaushik Submitted to Prof. Mark Hitti Table of Content1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….. 22. Critical Discussion ……………………………………………………….. 32.1 Situation of current USA Economy………………………………………….. 32.2 Reasons for high debts current account deficit………………………………. 32.3 How is the US economy sustaining such high debts from so long…………..... VIEW ESSAY
Example of a country music paper
For some Americans, country isn't only just music. It's a way of life. In this country music essay, I am going to prove this. From sipping' sweet tea on the yard, drinking lager at a rear end or driving a get down the byways, country music has advanced into the hearts and brains of numerous... VIEW ESSAY


Many moons ago, nearly all of Mississippi was a shallow sea, as evidenced by the shells and fossilized crabs and other sea creatures found throughout the state. The result of this geological history is that most of Mississippi is low and relatively flat – the receding waters dragged soil with them and generally smoothed the landscape.
There are two major exceptions – the first being extreme northeast Mississippi, which is actually the very southwest end of the Appalachians and which rises to over 800 feet above sea level. The second exception to this low and flat rule of thumb is that spread throughout the state there are small areas that have been carved by creeks and rivers to form hills and ridges – sometimes surprisingly steep.
While Mississippi is not generally known as a haven for hikers or mountaineers, there are several regions where you can get some great hill hiking.
The Red Hills area in southeast Mississippi is now part of DeSoto National Forest, and the terrain ranges from about 100 feet to about 250 feet above sea level. The best hiking access to the Red Hills area is to start at Fairley Bridge Landing near Wiggins, MS. This is the Southeastern terminus of the 41-mile long Black Creek National Trail. Walking northward, the trail runs through the Red Hills area for about 6 miles, which can be fairly strenuous, particularly if you are carrying a loaded pack.
The Red Hills area was actually home to a 1800's community that died out or moved on sometime around the turn of the 20th century – (an honest-to-goodness lost civilization!) All that is left of the Red Hills Community is a small graveyard on a Forest Service road in the middle of this 6-mile stretch of trail.
For more info, call the Desoto National Forest Wiggins office at (601) 528-6160.
Clark Creek Natural area is nestled away in the farthest southwest corner of the state near the communities of Fort Adams and Pond. The trails are probably the steepest in Mississippi, ranging from about 120 to about 320 feet above sea level. Many of the steepest trails have been improved with stairs and gravel but the only amenities at the site are restrooms and a water fountain. There is no camping at Clark Creek.
The real showcase that Clark Creek is famous for is waterfalls – perhaps as many as 50 falls ranging between 10 and 30 feet in height!
For more information on Clark Creek Natural Area, call (601) 888-6040.
Vicksburg National Battlefield Park is a 14-mile paved trail that commemorates the participation of both Union and Confederate units at the Siege of Vicksburg – a fascinating battle that took place in the unthinkably miserable heat and humidity of Southwest Mississippi in July!
The parkway is perfect for cycling or hiking, or if you want a more remote hike there is the Al Scheller compass trail through the interior of the park. The terrain for both the road hike and the compass hike ranges from about 260 feet to about 390 feet – so you can get some good exercise!
For more information about hiking at Vicksburg Battlefield, call (601) 636-0583.
A great, hilly hike is nestled into Homochitto National Forest at the Clear Springs Recreation Area. Clear Springs has one of its two hiking loops (Richardson Creek) open and provides maps for it, but last time we were there we saw plenty of hikers on the other loop (Tally Creek), which is ostensibly closed for some unknown reason.
Both trails are 10-11 miles long, and the terrain at Clear Creek ranges from about 300 feet to about 415 feet above sea level.
For more information about hiking at Clear Springs, call the Meadville office of the Homochitto Ranger District at (601) 384-5876.
Tishomingo State Park is truly a marvel because of the immense outcroppings of rock that look as if a giant toddler left his building blocks behind. The Park features seven trails ranging from 3/4 mile to three miles. The terrain, which ranges from about 440 feet to 660 feet above sea level, is considered easy to moderate hiking difficulty.
For more information about hiking at Tishomingo State Park, call (662) 438-6914.
Evidence complacency is no joke!


I've been taking some time to listen to several new albums. I mean really listen to them. I feel like I've made some real progress so far. Expect a few more reviews to come.
First up, I gave a good portion of my time to The Strokes' fourth LP, Angles, and while it was even farther out in the realm of sounds than their last album, First Impressions of Earth, I liked it a lot more. I'm not entirely sure how that happened, but I do. Everything from the delicately crafted guitar play between Albert Hammond, Jr. and Nick Valensi to the backing "oohs" and "ahs" on tracks like "Two Kinds of Happiness" makes this more of a memorable album than it's predecessor. I would say that this album isn't as good as the band's debut, Is This It?, but I honestly don't think that the two should be compared in such a way; there are two completely different bands playing on these albums. Angles is a strong effort in itself; it can dance on two legs like you and I can blink and breathe.
Nice review, I for one do like the new direction the strokes are heading in. i'm glad they decided to just not make the same cd over and over which they could have done after Is this it? I agree their sound has evolved and continues to, but I think that is the sign of a true artist; one who is unfazed by past accomplishments and strives to make music regardless if it will be lauded and fawned over or simply be considered to out there.


I'm not shy about the fact that, uh, my relationship with breastfeeding was, uh, complicated. Adoption. High-risk twin pregnancy resulting in near-death. ICU and NICU stays. Tandem twin feeding. Everything about me and breastfeeding is complicated. However, there is nothing complicated about THIS. I'm still happy that it's National Breastfeeding Month and I honor it with this photo.
In honor of National Breastfeeding month, I made my kids eat their lunch under a blanket just like the old days of when they were infants. It turns out it isn't the ideal way to eat. Who knew?
← Let's Be Okayest Together! Facebook page launch!


Candlelight shines from the cutout design of this lovely, lacy creamy white lantern! It's hexagonal hurricane shape in creamy white is stunning against lush garden greenery, casting a gracious golden glow on a twilit summer's night. 7 3/4" x 6 3/4" x 12 high.
The item "24 lot White Moroccan shabby 12 Candle holder lantern wedding table centerpiece" is in sale since Thursday, July 6, 2017. This item is in the category "Home & Garden\Home Décor\Candle Holders & Accessories". The seller is "gifte-mart" and is located in united states. This item can be shipped to United States.


text:
Q: I can not distinguish between taskbar windows I have a problem with my taskbar.
I am running 5 x chrome windows where each have around 10-30 tabs.
My problem is that the information in the taskbar window change when a new tab is chosen. Therefor I can not find the correct window every time, and often have to run through all 5. This is in the long run pretty time consuming, anyone know a way to "fix" this ?

A: You can use a plug in in Chrome to rename the tabs which may help
Rename tab

This extension lets you change the title of the current tab to something more descriptive. You can even 'lock' a title to a tab, even if you navigate to a different page! Please note that this will not work well on websites which dynamically change the tile of the page, or only change parts of the page while navigating (e.g Facebook), or if you type a new URL in (but I'm trying to find a way around the last one)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
MSYM Camp
The central mission of the Division of Music in the School of Performing Arts is to provide for the education of undergraduate and graduate students majoring in music, as well as that of interested students from the University at large. Through the integration of academics and performance, the division furthers the knowledge and appreciation of music on campus, throughout the state, in the region, and beyond. Primarily, the Division offers the future and present music educators of our state and region degree programs at the Bachelor's and Master's levels. Teaching, service and creative activity are therefore principally focused on the professional degree programs that serve the music education community. In order to further assist our students to attain the goals to which they aspire, we provide the Bachelor of Music degree in performance and the Bachelor of Arts degree. Our Master of Music degree in Music Education with optional emphasis in Conducting serves a vital function for the reaccreditation and promotion of public school music teachers in Maine and in the region. We also offer the Master of Music degree in Performance, providing an additional option for the professional musicians and music educators who seek admission to our School.
The faculty and students of the Division of Music serve as an educational and cultural resource. Our musical and pedagogical skills are available and visible through performance, composition, publication, continuing education efforts and consultation, which keep us actively connected with that population from which our students come and to which they return.
The Music Division is accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM), and works with the UMaine College of Education and Human Development with NCATE and CAEP accreditation.
Learn more about hearing health for musicians.
Entrance Requirements for all Music Degree Programs
In addition to meeting the University's admission standards, applicants to music degree programs must demonstrate musical ability in performance on their major instruments or voice before a jury of the music faculty. Applicants must perform and pass a music audition before the University can review applications for admission to music degree programs. Space is limited in these majors and students need to apply and audition early. To ensure full consideration for admission and scholarships, current students may schedule an audition and apply no later than February 1st for the fall semester. Auditions are arranged through the Music Division office. To schedule an audition, please email or call 207.581.4703.
Music Theory is a significant component of all our undergraduate degree programs. Learn more about our Music Theory program, requirements and expectations.
Complete an Audition Form
BA Music
This program is designed for the study of music within a strong liberal arts curriculum. It offers broad coverage of the field of music with emphasis upon the study of the history and theory of music. It furnishes an appropriate background for prospective candidates for advanced degrees who are preparing for non-performance centered careers. It does not qualify the graduate for certification as a public school music teacher.
BM Music Education
This is a four-year professional degree for students who intend to make music a career whether as a public school teacher or supervisor of music. The degree provides for many professional opportunities and serves also as preparation for graduate study in music. Upon satisfacotry completion of the music education course of study, the student is certified to teach music at both the elementary and secondary levels.
BM Performance
The Bachelor of Music Degree in Performance is designed to assist the music student to prepare for a career in music performance. The degree is offered for the following applied areas: standard orchestral and band instruments, piano, voice, classical guitar, and pipe organ. Emphasis is placed on performance with supporting studies in music theory, music history and the liberal arts.
Music Undergraduate Handbook
DownloadMusic Undergraduate Handbook
The Division of Music offers graduate studies leading to the Master of Music degree with majors in Music Education (with optional emphasis in conducting), and Performance. These majors are fully accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music. Individualized curricula are designed to meet students' interests and needs while offering a balanced program of academic and professional courses.
Graduate Handbook 18-19
DownloadGraduate Handbook 18-19
Minor in Music (18 credits)
The minor in music is designed to give the student a significant educational experience in the musical arts. An audition is not required for admission, however auditions are required for studio instruction and some performing ensembles. A non-music major fee structure applies.
The requirements for the Minor in Music are as follows:
Music Theory and Literature — 6 credits: MUY 101 – Fundamentals of Music, 3 cr. (Note: For qualified students, either MUY 310 or MUY 410 could be substituted for this requirement) MUL 202 – The Art of Listening to Music: Historical Survey, 3 cr.
Music History — 2 credits: MUH 2XX (any 200-level Music History course), or: HTY 484 – History of Jazz, or: WST 250, Women in Music, usually sec. 860. (Note: If the student wishes to take BOTH HTY 484 and WGS 250, 3 of the credit hours would count toward electives)
Music Performance — 4 credits total, any combination of: MUO XXX (performance ensembles), and/or: MUS XXX (private lessons — extra fee required), and/or: MUE 2XX (voice/ins. classes for mus. ed. majors)
Music Electives — 6 credits total, consisting of courses with any MU prefix (MUE XXX, MUH XXX, MUL XXX, MUO XXX, MUP XXX, MUS XXX, and/or MUY XXX), to be selected in consultation with music minor faculty. HTY 484 and WGS 250 (Women in Music) are also acceptable MU as music electives.
No grade lower than a C- will be accepted for any course which constitutes a portion of the minor.
Minor in Jazz Studies (19 credits)
The Minor in Jazz Studies is designed to offer students a significant and in-depth experience with jazz, designated an American National Treasure by the 100th U.S. Congress in 1987.
In addition to a total absence of instrument specificity, the performance and study of jazz allows individuals to access a nearly limitless repertory. For musicians whose available solo repertory is quite limited, this opens the door to a lifetime of personal creativity and participation with music in general and jazz in particular.
The focus of this program is the study of jazz through the art of improvisation, that is, spontaneous musical composition. In addition, highly specific arranging skills (for piano and one other instrument only), as well as sufficient piano skills for the performance of the arrangements created in the coursework, are part of the materials to be covered. The overall purpose is for the students to develop integrated skills in jazz theory, composition, and performance which will allow them to continue to be involved in this music throughout their future musical lives.
Students who elect this program must play a musical instrument of some description in "C," "Bb," "Eb," or "C bass clef" only, that is capable of single-note pitches and a full chromatic scale in tempered tuning. Unpitched percussion is not among these, but percussionists can participate in the coursework on mallet instruments. Vocalists as well will need to play a pitched musical instrument that meets the criteria outlined above. Pianists will need their own portable keyboards.
The requirements for the Minor in Jazz Studies are as follows:
MUY 310 Jazz Improvisation 3 cr.
MUY 311 Jazz Improvisation, II 3 cr.
MUY 410 Chamber Jazz Arranging and Piano, I 3 cr.
MUY 411 Chamber Jazz Arranging and Piano, II 3 cr.
HTY 484 History of Jazz 3 cr.
Performing Organizations (see below): 4 cr.
A maximum of 2 credits of Jazz Ensemble (MUO 143), with the remainder in Chamber Jazz Ensemble
(MUO 155); or 4 credits of Chamber Jazz Ensemble
(MUO 155) _________
Division of Music
Division of Theatre/Dance
The UMaine Arts Magazine
Minsky Recital Hall
Cadenzato
The Gismonti Project
Apply to UMaine!
Class of 1944 Hall, Rm. 208 University of Maine, Orono ME 04469
Tel: (207) 581.4703	Fax:


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Hotels Los Angeles Hotels Price Rate
$155 and also upFor a 92-year-old resort, the Resort Figueroa is really "on fad," as marketing professionals like to say. It was built by the Y.W.C.A. as an exclusively women hostelry a place where single females, including striving actresses, might stay without anxiety of the Harvey Weinsteins of the globe. The Figueroa supposedly even provided the United States its very first women hotel manager: Maude Bouldin, a motorcyle-riding scenic tour de pressure.
Then the long decline of midtown Los Angeles took a toll. By 2014, when brand-new owners started a $60 million deluxe spruce up, the hotel had a Morocco-by-way-of-Sweden style (don't ask) and was accommodating discount German tour groups. The renovation, which was finished previously this year, leans right into the Figueroa's feminist history, with art work from neighborhood female musicians on the wall surfaces and common areas created to host women-centric "salons."The Fig, as residents know it, sits across the road from L.A.
. The Grammy Gallery is also located there. Downtown stretches in the contrary direction, supplying the gentrified food lover holy place Grand Central Market and the brought back Cinema at Ace Hotel, which organizes indie bands and displays art films. The spacious Blossom Market to the south is eye-popping and only costs $1 admission on Saturdays.
Valued at $359.20 for a Saturday evening in very early November, not consisting of tax obligation, our "timeless queen" area on a top flooring felt like a storage room, and the sight was mainly of a wall surface. A kindly stocked minibar occupied most of the actual storage room, leaving no room for a luggage.
(My partner, Joe, sardonically noted that the area did come with two prophylactics, nonetheless.) The thermostat seemed to have a mind of its very own, that made me bloodthirsty. On the bonus side, there was a basket of complimentary treats Oreos, Red Vines and the bed was comfy. The space was also really quiet.
The bare walls looked like incomplete cement and also among the 2 light fixtures next to the mirror was missing out on; a bare bulb just hung there. Switching on the shower called for the navigation of two counterintuitive bars, and it was so dark because edge of the washroom that it was difficult to tell which container was shampoo and also which one was body clean.
Bouldin!Before supper, we stopped for drinks (a martini for Joe and a cucumber mint lemonade for me) at Rick's, a charming indoor-outdoor lounge. As "Juicy" by the Notorious B.I.G. played on the stereo, we by a crackling fire place as well as marveled at the monumental, 50-year-old cactuses lining the hotel's coffin-shaped swimming pool (Hotels Los Angeles Hotels Price Rate).
Our web server, Christopher, patiently answered my 700 inquiries concerning the small plates and also "pintxos" on the menu. We inhaled the fried kale lollipop with dill crme frache ($10) and toy box squash with avocado as well as olives ($14) before moving on to meals, including fried chicken with a smoked peach and jalapeo salad ($29) spicy and also tasty, also if the fruit was inedibly immature – Hotels Los Angeles Hotels Price Rate.
We got room service utilizing an iPad perched on the night table and were given a 35-minute wait time. It took an hour and 14 minutes for our easy order of coffee, yogurt and a ham, egg as well as cheese sandwich to get here. The web server shrugged when I complained and pointed out that the suggestion was currently consisted of.
Pets are welcome to stick with their proprietors for a $50 cost. The hotel has a trendy, 24-hour gym equipped with treadmills, an elliptical exerciser equipment, kettlebells and weights, to name a few things. Personal yoga exercise classes and physical fitness instructors are offered upon demand (Hotels Los Angeles Hotels Price Rate). High-speed Wi-Fi is complimentary. Upscale store hotels are everything about interest to detail, which appears to be an operate in progress at the Figueroa.
"Facilities which it was extremely clean. The bed was outstanding" "Located near Venice coastline" "Also thoughit was little it was cosy as well as it included an extremely, extremely light morning meal" "I liked this hotel quite it was very comfortable, staff were wonderful (Hotels Los Angeles Hotels Price Rate). Food was fantastic" "The entire experience were just fantastic.
It truly seems like you have come residence. The vehicle parking, the treats, the drink maker, the obtain food service – all top noch! The breakfest was also ok. As well as the place is excellent. I had an automobile and could get everywhere uncomplicated. All the major destination are in walking distance though.
An attractive hotel. Team were initial class" "The team are incredible, the place is ideal" # 1 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last review uploaded 3 days ago "This is a top notch resort and also I would happily stay there again." "The Peninsula is pure course." "morning meal is expensive but the amout of food is relatively …" # 2 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last testimonial uploaded 18 days ago "An idyllic begin to our honeymoon in the U.S – a genuinely unbelievable hotel!" "This is a remarkable hotel all the personnel are top class and …" "Exceptional" # 3 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last evaluation published 4 days ago "Love this location!" "Love Tom." "Tom is a fantastic as well as very handy host!" # 4 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last testimonial published 8 days ago "The most effective" "Best in Beverly Hills" "Standard Beverly Hills" # 5 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last evaluation published 3 days ago "Space, breakfast & place" "Had a wonderful keep right here!" "Spacious & clean space." # 6 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last evaluation uploaded 8 days ago "Whatever was outstanding." "Xavier is remarkable!" "Terrific breakfast!" # 7 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last evaluation uploaded 2 week ago "Area" "Great" "Team were extremely friendly and also accommodating with all requests." # 8 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last testimonial uploaded 2 days ago "Location wonderful." "You do not get the room you publication." "Spacious rooms" # 9 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last testimonial uploaded 3 days ago "the worst cleaning personnel ever!" "Terrific Resort with lots of space and also high-end surfaces.
I will be back." "I truly appreciated my stay below because of the numerous facilities …" "Super clean." # 11 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last evaluation published 2 days ago "Great place." "Terrific service, very personal area." "Whatever is excellent one of the most effective resorts in Beverley …" # 12 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last review uploaded 5 days ago "Interesting resort architecture." "7 evening remain in the resort from heaven" "Coastline location." # 13 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last testimonial posted 6 days ago "The staff were incredibly useful." "Central to many places, silent as well as captivating." "Whatever was ideal!" # 14 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last evaluation uploaded 4 days ago "Extremely great and also comfy" "doable" "Noisy in the early morning baggage carts going by" # 15 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last evaluation published 6 days ago "The morning meal is superb and the staff members, especially …" "Wonderful area." "The location is excellent." # 16 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last review posted 4 days ago "The solution was remarkable." "Absolutely nothing" "Outstanding stay when we most likely to call home for an enjoyable weekend.
Excellent breakfast!" "Pretty hotel with terrific gym but unworthy the rate." "Liked LAAC – Will certainly return!" # 24 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last evaluation uploaded 6 days ago "Really amazing, fantastic guys -as well as laid-back- from Front Workdesk to the Cleaning Ladies, wonderful place as well" "It was a in" "PLEASED" # 25 of 389 resorts in Los Angeles Last evaluation published 7 days ago "Will never remain in a hostel once more" "Epic!" "420 pleasant heaven" # 26 of 389 hotels in Los Angeles Last review uploaded 3 days ago "Sign in was so simple an easy, the location itself is fairly …" "Lovely home" "Everything good other than wifi.
That's just how we understand our reviews come from actual guests that have actually stayed at the home. Complied with by a trip When guests remain at the property, they take a look at just how quiet the room is, just how pleasant the team is, and also extra. As well as finally, an evaluation After their trip, visitors inform us about their stay.
If you scheduled with us and intend to leave an evaluation, please sign in first. End of dialog content 758330,1088270,1082010,1073010,1081120,1077860,1079640.
Alyssa Powell/Business Expert When you're a Los Angeles-based home entertainment as well as way of life reporter like me, you typically locate on your own at the 4 Seasons Hotel Los Angeles at Beverly Hills – Hotels Los Angeles Hotels Price Rate. That's since the resort is well understood as one of the most effective seen-and-be seen places for a functioning visit in addition to a power lunch or supper in the area.
However it's not all rigid service and rule. As a 4 Seasons, the hotel rates to families as well as vacationers of all types seeking the consistency of a distinguished global high-end chain. Of program with the passing star as well as bold-faced name, it's also great for people watching. I count myself fortunate to call it something of a second house in town.
I'll never ever forget the time I visited with my other half for a staycation when I was 9 months expectant, or extra lately, over the cheery holiday period when the usual areas were festooned with floral and also decoration installments from celeb floral designer Jeff Leatham. Therefore, it's not a surprise it made our listing of the finest hotels in Los Angeles for 2020. Rates for entry-level spaces right here begin in the $400s, according to on-line search engine result at the time of publication.
On my current Christmas stay, I remained in a mid-tier Deluxe Porch King room, which was comped for evaluation objectives, but usually books for $595. I've constantly seen basic spaces, which are in fact larger, and also with a lower cost factor. Unless you're taking a trip with household or intending to amuse in-room, in my experience, a standard-sized area is the ideal worth for first-class holiday accommodations that are large, extravagant, and also prime for people-watching.


Congratulations, You have arrived at the end of this course. Thank You very much, indeed. Now You have got knowledge in the Neoslavonic language, in the first place in its entire grammar. Now You can try it out in the practice.
Remember that Neoslavonic is only an auxiliary and artificial language. Speak slowly and try to adjust Yourself to your speakers. If they will not understand You, repeat the same idea in another way using other words. If you are not sure about Your understanding, try to repeat your partners using different words and ask about it.
Do not be shy to admit that you speak Neoslavonic. Slavs are friendly people, there is no need to pretend that You speak and understand in some real language. Maybe you will experience, for example, a Bulgarian will think that you speak Croatian or Slovak etc. Tell them the truth. Slavic people will be happy about Your talking in an universal language, which sounds similarly to their own. Explain to Your partners what is Neoslavonic, do not hesitate to present the language background.
Dear learner, we wish You to enjoy big success in the useful interslavic communication!


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Q: Access object created on new thread I have an application that runs a new thread to show a taskbar icon. Now I just can't figure out how I can call the TaskbarIcon (this is created on the new thread) from my main thread to show a balloon tip.
The code I have right now is:
public class NotificationHelper
{
    private TaskbarIcon notifyIcon { get; set; }

    public NotificationHelper()
    {
        Thread thread = new Thread(OnLoad);
        thread.SetApartmentState(ApartmentState.STA); //Set the thread to STA
        thread.Start();
    }

    public void ShowNotification(string text)
    {
        notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip("Demo", text, notifyIcon.Icon);
    }

    public void OnLoad()
    {
        notifyIcon = new TaskbarIcon();
        notifyIcon.Icon =
            new Icon(@".\Icon\super-man-icon.ico");
        //notifyIcon.ToolTipText = "Left-click to open popup";
        notifyIcon.Visibility = Visibility.Visible;

        while (true)
        {
            Thread.Sleep(1000);
        }
    }

    private void ShowBalloon()
    {
        notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip("Demo", Message, notifyIcon.Icon);
    }
}

And when I try to call 'ShowNotification("foobar");' I get this exception:
Object reference not set to an instance of an object.

The reason why I have 'while(true){}' in 'Onload()' is that I need the thread to be running until I close my application.

A: In your main thread, create a dispatcher with:
Dispatcher dispatcher = System.Windows.Threading.Dispatcher.CurrentDispatcher;

Pass it to your NotificationHelper:
Dispatcher FDispatcher;

public NotificationHelper(Dispatcher ADispatcher)
{
     FDispatcher = ADispatcher;
     //...
}

Show the balloon:
private void ShowBalloon()
{
    FDispatcher.invoke(new Action(() => {
        notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip("Demo", Message, notifyIcon.Icon);
    }));
}

A: You could try locking notifyIcon and checking for null like this:
public class NotificationHelper
{
    private readonly object notifyIconLock = new object();
    private TaskbarIcon notifyIcon { get; set; }

    public NotificationHelper()
    {
        Thread thread = new Thread(OnLoad);
        thread.SetApartmentState(ApartmentState.STA); //Set the thread to STA
        thread.Start();
    }

    public void ShowNotification(string text)
    {
        lock (notifyIconLock)
        {
            if (notifyIcon != null)
            {
                notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip("Demo", text, notifyIcon.Icon);
            }
        }
    }

    public void OnLoad()
    {
        lock (notifyIconLock)
        {
            notifyIcon = new TaskbarIcon();
            notifyIcon.Icon =
                new Icon(@".\Icon\super-man-icon.ico");
            //notifyIcon.ToolTipText = "Left-click to open popup";
            notifyIcon.Visibility = Visibility.Visible;
        }
    }

    private void ShowBalloon()
    {
        lock (notifyIconLock)
        {
            if (notifyIcon != null)
            {
                notifyIcon.ShowBalloonTip("Demo", Message, notifyIcon.Icon);
            }
        }
    }
}