Note: This was an article written by Joe Caro that he was generous enough to share with Collectibles readers on About.com. The article has been redirected, so it's being reproduced here for your reading enjoyment.
Levi Jeans — at one time or another, they were called britches, trousers, overalls, pants and finally jeans. They were guaranteed to shrink, fade and wrinkle and were originally made from brown, canvas sail-cloth intended for use as miners' tents and Conestroga wagon covers. Invented by a 24-year old German immigrant dry-goods salesman, they are as American as apple pie! We know them fondly today as "501's".
When a young Levi Strauss arrived in a bustling, noisy San Francisco in 1853, the rush for California gold riches was still in high gear. The son of a Bavarian dry-good peddler, Levi expected that the mining camps would welcome the buttons, scissors, thread and bolts of fabric that he had brought with him, along with yards of canvas sail cloth that he intended to sell for tent-making and as covers for the the Conestoga wagons that dotted every stream and river.
Opening a little store on California Street with his brother-in-law David Stern, they were immediately successful and their reputation and business grew. It is reported that Levi was often found leading a pack-horse, heavily laden with his merchandise, directly into the mining camps throughout the region. The story goes that both prospectors and miners, often complaining about the easily torn cotton "britches" and pockets that "split right out" gave Levi the idea to make a rugged "overall" trouser for the miners to wear. They were fashioned from bolts of brown canvas sailcloth with gold ore storing pockets that were nearly impossible to split.
Exhausting his original supply of canvas, as the demand grew for his long-wearing overalls, Levi switched to a sturdy fabric called serge, which was made in Nimes, France. Originally called serge de Nimes, this name was soon shortened to "denim". And, with the development of an indigo dye, the brown color was soon replaced with the now familiar deep blue, the trademark color of most jeans made today.
Another novel trademark, the riveting process, was patented in 1873 and was used to add even more strength to the pocket corners and stress areas of the pants, in addition to another Levi hallmark, using a double stitching or arcuate pattern on the hip pockets, to further increase pocket strength. In 1886, the Two-Horse brand leather patch was first introduced and in 1890, lot numbers were assigned to all products including lot "501", which contained the first watch pocket.
It is interesting to note that Levi Strauss always disliked the term "jeans" to describe his … well… jeans! The word "jeans" it seems, is derived from the French word genes that was long associated with cotton trousers worn by Italian sailors. It is reported that Levi, and everyone working for him, referred to his denim trousers as waist-high overalls until long after his death in 1902. Not until the mid-1930's did the company ever refer to them as jeans.
Originally designed as cinch pants to be worn with suspenders, the firm added belt loops in 1922, the red Levi's tab in 1936 and removed the crotch rivet in 1941. It's widely rumored that the crotch rivet removal was long overdue and attributed to a troublesome problem suffered by many cowhands while crouching near a roaring campfire on chilly nights out on the range. The story goes that the president of the company, Walter A. Haas, while wearing a new pair of "501's" experienced first-hand what cowboys had been complaining about for years. Crouched down like that, it seems, the rivet at the base of the fly is mostly exposed to the fire and is an excellent conductor of heat. Shortly after his experience, and by executive order, this single offending rivet was removed forever!
Not a company to change its successful line of clothing without good cause, Levi's continued to sell its denim overalls with both suspender buttons and belt loops until 1937 when they discontinued the suspender attachments. The next flurry of changes (after the removal of the crotch rivet in 1941) occurred in the '50's when the pattern was re-cut for a more tapered leg and pre-shrunk overalls were introduced. 1955 was the year that zippers were introduced to Levi Strauss's famous overalls with other lots like "Lighter Blues" that marked the company's entry into the sportswear business. The popularity of the Levi's jeans grew to such an extent that during World War II the government declared them an essential commodity, and sales were restricted only to defense workers. Demand and price skyrocketed!
With the popularity of the Western movie and stars like John Wayne, Gary Cooper, Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, blue jeans were all the rage. What were originally designed as prospectors working britches now gained the irresistible aura of romance and adventure. The bad-boy, devil-may-care image of Marlon Brando and James Dean in the 1950s established blue jeans as the uniform of the day for the baby boomer generation. In 1960, the company dropped the word overalls from all advertising and finally started calling jeans — "jeans".
From the California 49'ers to cowboys who were home on the range, to Rosie the Riveter, James Dean and Garth Brooks, the pants that young Levi made, especially lot "501", have been with us now for well over 100 years. In over 70 countries throughout the world, everyone knows his first name, and continues to eagerly buy millions of of pairs of his pants that are still guaranteed to shrink, wrinkle and fade.
The Quiet is Deafening . . .
Posted on November 2, 2015 by admin | Comments Off on The Quiet is Deafening . . .
The quiet is deafening. My little black shadow isn't following me anymore and my heart is breaking.
And she was the sweetest Schipperke ever. If you know the breed, you know that they are fierce and protective. There is a reason why some folks call them Tasmanian Devils. But not Ali. She loved everyone and was happiest when people were here. Especially Eli. When he came over it was always a party going on and she would go into her happy dance. They would run around the backyard and she would be so excited that her boy came over to play with her.
When it was a Wednesday, I swear she knew the day of the week as she sat by the door waiting for all the ladies of my Wednesday group to come over. We would sit around the table and she would sit at our feet. Often grossing them out with her farts, powerful for just a little thing…but she was always happy to have her friends here.
If there is a Heaven for dogs, I know it was my friend Kathy Taylor who opened the door for her. Anytime Kathy came over the house, as soon as Ali saw her she would head to the back door. She knew Kathy had infinite patience with letting her in and out and in and out. When Kathy passed away, Ali was a little lost. Where was that nice lady who took care of her on Wednesdays?
Jet black, typical of Schipperkes with no tail, a little small for the breed, but the sweetest face. She was a bundle of energy that loved going on half a walk. She always wanted to walk, but about halfway through, she would sit down and not budge. So there I would be taking my dog out for a walk by carrying her home. Up until the last day she would follow me in every room I would go to, up and down the stairs. Like I said, my shadow.
The one thing I did that annoyed her was staying up too late. About midnight she would finally stand up and stare me down . . "Aren't you going to bed yet?" I never could get her to go into the bedroom with Robert. No, she had to stay up with me. After all, I was her Mom.
The hardest thing about being a pet owner/lover is that they live too short compared to our lifespans. I thought I had it all figured out, seriously. She came along when I was 60. Schipperkes are long-lived breeds, so I figure out she wouldn't get too old until I was about 75 or 76… just when I was getting too old. That's the only time she's let me down. She went too young at eleven.
We don't quite know what did her in, but she was having digestive problems for about two months. Problems that we couldn't figure out, but she seemed to be tolerating them well until last week when she wasn't as interested in eating unless I offered her people food. It makes me smile to remember the last thing she ate was part of a Famous Amos cookie (no chocolate!).
Over the weekend she had a seizure or perhaps a small stroke, but it progressed into neurological issues that were steadily getting worse over her last twenty-four hours. So at 10:30 on a Sunday night we went to the hospital, held her in our arms told her how much we loved her and we let her slip away. So hard. So sad, but the right thing to do.
So now I face days that are too quiet, rugs that are not peed on, no more water bowls in four different rooms, no more automatic crumb catcher, no more heavy weight snuggling right next to me all night long. No more happy face running to greet me when she hears the door opening.
My sweet Ali…. Much too short a time on this earth for the happiness she brought us.
Comments Off on The Quiet is Deafening . . .


Patellofemoral instability is a result of the patella (kneecap) moving out of its normal pattern of alignment. This malalignment can damage the muscles and ligaments that hold the knee in place. There are a number of scenarios that cause patellofemoral instability including arthritis and sports-related conditions.
At OrthoAspen we are dedicated to helping our active patients resume the activities to which they are accustomed—as quickly and safely as possible.
Patellofemoral instability can be caused as a result of variations in the shape of the patella or its trochlear groove as the knee bends and straightens. Normally, the patella moves up and down within the trochlear groove when the knee is bent or straightened. Patellofemoral instability occurs when the patella moves either partially (subluxation) or completely (dislocation) out of the trochlear groove. Young active individuals involved in sports activities are more prone to patellofemoral instability.
Flat feet or fallen arches and congenital abnormalities in the shape of the patella bone can cause misalignment of the knee joint.
A high "Q" angle (angle between the hips and knees) often results in abnormal tracking of the patella evidenced, for example, in patients with knock knees (a condition when the knees touch, but the feet/ankles don't).
Patellofemoral arthritis occurs when there is a loss of the articular cartilage on the back of the kneecap. This can eventually lead to abnormal tracking of the patella.
Weak quadriceps (anterior thigh muscles) can lead to abnormal tracking of the patella, causing it subluxate or dislocate.
To effectively diagnose patellofemoral instability your OrthoAspen doctor will go over your medical history and perform a physical examination. Other diagnostic tests such as X-rays, MRIs and CT scans may be done to determine the cause of your knee pain and to rule out other conditions.
Whenever possible, our OrthoAspen sports medicine specialists will apply conservative treatment methods.
If the kneecap has been completely dislocated, it may need to be repositioned back in its proper place in the groove. This process is called closed reduction.
This treatment is only necessary once nonsurgical treatments have failed.
Patellar realignment surgery is broadly classified into proximal realignment procedures and distal realignment procedures.
During this procedure, structures that limit the movements on the outside of the patella are lengthened or ligaments on the inside of the patella are shortened.
During this procedure, the Q angle is decreased by moving the tibial tubercle toward the inner side of the knee.
Surgery begins with your OrthoAspen surgeon applying two or three small cuts around the knee. An arthroscope, a narrow tube with a tiny camera on the end, is inserted through one of the incisions to view the knee joint. Specialized instruments are inserted into the joint through other small incisions.
The camera attached to the arthroscope displays the image of the joint on the monitor. A sterile solution is pumped into the knee to stretch the area and provide a clear view, in addition to providing room for the surgeon to work. With the images from the arthroscope as a guide, your surgeon can look for any pathology or anomaly and repair it through the other incisions with various instruments.
After the evaluation is completed, a larger incision is made over the front of the knee. Depending on the specific situation, a lateral retinacular release may be performed. In this procedure, the tight ligaments on the outer side of the knee are released. This allows the patella to sit properly in the femoral groove. Your surgeon may also tighten the tendons on the inside or medial side of the knee to realign the quadriceps.
At OrthoAspen, we are dedicated to helping you recover as safely and quickly as possible.
If you're concerned that you may be experiencing patellofemoral instability, contact us today to schedule a consultation, or call us at 970-544-1289.


text:
Q: How can we define infinitary proofs? In the first order logic the usual notion of a formal proof for a sentence $\sigma$ from a theory $T$ is a "finite" sequence ($<\omega$ - sequeance) of sentences which each one of them is a valid sentence or an axiom of $T$ or is produced by deduction rules from former sentences. Also this sequence "ends" by $\sigma$.
Question 1: Is it possible to generalize the notion of a formal proof infinitarily? Precisely is it well-defined to discuss about proofs in the lenght of an arbitrary ordinal $\alpha$ by defining an $\alpha$-sequence of sentences? Is it necessary for $\alpha$ to be a successor ordinal ,like $\alpha =\beta +1$ which has an end point $\beta$, in order to define $\beta$ th term of the $\alpha$- sequence as $\sigma$?
Question 2: Is there any first order theory which is consistent by finitary proofs but inconsistent with infinitary proofs? In the other words, is there a theory $T$ such that there is no finitary proof from $T$ for a contradiction but there are two infinitary proofs for two sentences $\theta$ and $\neg\theta$?

A: *

*Yes, of course. We might need to "go one level higher" so to speak, and base our discussion in some given model of set theory (instead of on the metalanguage, where the behaviour of infinite objects is more shaky), but there are no real problems.

*Barring the introduction of new, infinitary proof rules, the answer is no. For, we have:

Let $\Sigma\vdash \Delta$ be a sequent (with the important case $\varnothing \vdash \phi$ corresponding to $\phi$ being a theorem). Suppose there exists a (possibly infinitary) proof of $\Sigma\vdash\Delta$.
Then there exists a finite proof of $\Sigma\vdash\Delta$.

Proof: By transfinite induction on the length $\alpha$ of the proof. For $\alpha<\omega$, there is nothing to prove. Suppose that the result holds for all $\beta<\alpha$, and let $\Sigma_\alpha\vdash\Delta_\alpha$ be the sequent at stage $\alpha$.
Since all proof rules are finite, there must exist $\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_n$ such that

From $\Sigma_{\beta_1}\vdash\Delta_{\beta_1},\ldots \Sigma_{\beta_n}\vdash\Delta_{\beta_n}$ infer $\Sigma_\alpha\vdash\Delta_\alpha$.

is an instance of a proof rule. By induction hypothesis, each of the former sequents has a finite proof. Hence so does $\Sigma_\alpha\vdash\Delta_\alpha$. $\Box$
Basically, a sequent can only depend on finitely many sequents above it. Extracting this finite tree will yield a finite proof.

In conclusion: Yes, infinite proofs are admissible, but we do not gain anything if we don't have any rules to take advantage of them.
On the other hand, infinite proofs do crop up in certain proof systems. A common example is a version of induction:

Given $\Sigma \vdash \phi(S^n 0)$ for all $n \in \Bbb N$, infer $\Sigma \vdash \forall x \phi(x)$.

A: Regarding the second question, "Is there any first order theory which is consistent by finitary proofs but inconsistent with infinitary proofs?"  The answer is yes, when particular additional infinitary inference rules are used. Lord_Farin's answer shows that infinitary inference rules are necessary to make this happen.
It is well known that the set $X$ of formulas that are provable from Peano Arithmetic with the usual deductive system for first-order logic is a proper subset of the set of formulas $T$ that are true in the standard mode of arithmetic. This is a corollary of the incompleteness theorems.
On the other hand, every formula in $T$ is provable from Peano arithmetic with an additional infinitary $\omega$-rule; see here.  Therefore, if we take $\phi \in T \setminus X$, then $X \cup \{\lnot \phi\}$ is consistent in the usual deductive system and inconsistent when we also have the $\omega$-rule.
This also shows that the incompleteness theorems do depend, to some extent, on the finitary nature of the inference rules.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Sustained Release Vitamin C, Vitamin C supplement
Vitamin C is an important vitamin that contributes to the normal function of the immun system. Since it cannot be produced in the body, a daily intake is important. NeoLife Sustained Release Vitamin C has a sustained release mechanism that ensures release over 6-8 hours with one single tablet. Contains 200 mg Vitamin C
Proprietary time-release delivery system assures optimal nutrient level for over 6 hours.
Vitamin C contributes to the normal function of the immune system.
Vitamin C contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress.
Vitamin C contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.
Vitamin C contributes to normal collagen formation for the normal function of gums, teeth, skin and blood vessels.
Vitamin C contributes to maintain the normal function of the immune system during and after intense physical exercise. (The beneficial effect is obtained with a daily intake of 200 mg in addition to the recommended daily intake of vitamin C.)
• Click on label to see information about ingredients and nutrition information.
• Food supplements must not be used as a substitute for a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.
• Do not exceed the stated recommended daily dose.
• Keep out of reach of children.
Wheat Germ Oil with Vitamin...
Kal-Mag Plus D, Mineral foo...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Reduction, which is the most significant step you can make in efficient waste management, means figuring out ways you can reduce the stuff you get in the first place! If only 1,000 citizens of the United States cut their junk mail in half, 170 trees would be saved, 46,000 pounds of carbon dioxide would not evaporate into the atmosphere and 70,000 gallons of water would not be used!
The best way to discover where you can reduce waste is to actually sort through your trash.
What does each family member throw away?
What materials take up the most space?
Is anything reusable or repairable?
Can you reduce the amount of disposable products you use?
Can you substitute products and packaging made of reusable, recyclable, or nonhazardous materials?
If you are throwing away unusable leftover products, can you give them to someone else, or buy these things in smaller sizes?
Purchase durable products instead of those that are disposable or cheaply made.


text:
49.444722222222 7.7688888888889 251Coordinates: 49 ° 27 ' N , 7 ° 46' E
State : Rhineland-Palatinate
Height : 251 m above sea level NHN
Area : 139.74 km 2
Residents: 100,030 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density : 716 inhabitants per km 2
Postcodes : 67655-67663
Primaries : 0631, 06301
License plate : KL
Community key : 07 3 12 000
LOCODE : DE KLT
NUTS : DEB32
City structure: Core city (9 areas) and 9 local districts / districts
City administration address : Willy-Brandt-Platz 1
Website : www.kaiserslautern.de
Lord Mayor : Klaus Weichel ( SPD )
Location of the city of Kaiserslautern in Rhineland-Palatinate
Natural area map: Landstuhler Bruch and Kaiserslauter Basin as well as adjacent landscapes
Kaiserslautern ( listen ? / I , Palatinate : Lautre ) is an independent industrial and university city on the northwestern edge of the Palatinate Forest in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate . It is the seat of the district administration of the district Kaiserslautern .
Kaiserslautern was already a royal court in Carolingian times. The settlement's heyday began in the middle of the 12th century, when Frederick I Barbarossa had the castle built around 1100 expanded into a palace . During the Thirty Years War , the city was conquered successively by Spaniards , Swedes and Imperialists. During the Palatinate and Spanish War of Succession , the French occupied the city and destroyed Barbarossa's castle and the castle built next to it by Johann Casimir in the 16th century. In the middle of the 19th century, the city, now part of the Kingdom of Bavaria , became the center of the Palatinate uprising ; At the same time, thanks to the establishment of numerous companies in the textile , metal and mechanical engineering sectors, alongside Ludwigshafen am Rhein, it developed into the most important industrial location in the Palatinate .
On December 31, 2019, the city had 100,030 inhabitants; it is the fifth largest city in Rhineland-Palatinate.
In terms of area, Kaiserslautern is the largest city in Rhineland-Palatinate.
The Kaiserslautern Military Community with around 50,000 military personnel and civilians is the world's largest US military base outside the United States . People belonging to the military community who live in Kaiserslautern are not taken into account in the population.
1.2 surveys
1.3 Waters
1.4 Climate
1.5 City structure
2.1 Early history
2.2 City foundation and name
2.3 History up to 1900
2.4 20th century
2.5 Kaiserslautern legends
3.1 Population development
3.2.1 Confessional statistics
3.2.2 Christianity
3.2.3 Judaism
4 cityscape
4.1 Middle Ages and early modern times
4.2 The time up to the First World War
4.3 Inter- war period
4.4 Post-war period
4.5 Americans in and around Kaiserslautern
4.6 Other cultural monuments
4.7 Nature, leisure and parks
4.8 wells
5 politics
5.1 City leaders
5.2 City Council
5.3 coat of arms of the city
5.4 Finances
5.5 Town twinning
6 Economy and Infrastructure
6.1 Economic trends
6.2 Company
6.4 Broadcasting facilities
6.5 Authorities
6.6 Social services and offices
6.7 Education and Research
6.8 Traffic
6.8.1 Rail transport
6.8.2 City traffic
6.8.3 Highways and airports
6.8.4 State roads
6.9 Tourism
7.1 Theaters and other cultural institutions
7.2 Museums and libraries
7.3 Music
7.4 Regular events
8 personalities
11 individual evidence
Cityscape seen from the Betzenberg
Kaiserslautern is 251 meters above sea level on the north-western edge of the Palatinate Forest in the Kaiserslautern Basin , which in turn is part of the St. Ingbert-Kaiserslauter Senke . The urban area expands in the west into the Landstuhler Bruch , which is bordered in the south by the Sickinger Höhe . The north-west of the urban area is part of the Reichswald and already extends as far as the North Palatinate Uplands. The next larger cities are Ludwigshafen am Rhein , about 50 km to the east, Mainz about 80 km to the northeast, Saarbrücken about 60 km to the west and Karlsruhe about 50 km to the south-east. Kaiserslautern is located on a red sandstone mountain , which was originally covered by limestone sediments. However, these sediments were later washed out and deposited in the Westrich .
The following cities and municipalities border the city of Kaiserslautern, they are named starting in clockwise direction in the north and are all - except for the municipality of Elmstein , which belongs to the Bad Dürkheim district - in the Kaiserslautern district :
Otterbach , Otterberg , Mehlingen , Enkenbach-Alsenborn , Fischbach , Hochspeyer , Waldleiningen , Elmstein, Trippstadt , Stelzenberg , Schopp , Krickenbach , Queidersbach , Bann , Kindsbach , Landstuhl , Ramstein-Miesenbach , Rodenbach , Weilerbach and Katzweiler .
Southwestern slope of the Kaiserberg
The city is framed in the south and east by wooded heights such as the 285 m high Betzenberg or the approximately 280 m high Lämmchesberg , both of which are located immediately south of the city center and the Little Woodpecker and the Great Steinberg . Further south extends the 427.9 m Humberg as well as the Große , the Middle and the Kleine Krebser and to the southeast the Dammberg , the 450 m high Harte Kopf as well as the Brotpfadkopf and the Felsenbrunnenkopf .
In the east on the boundary to Hochspeyer is the 393.7 m high Heiligenberg , northwest of this the Totenkopf and the Beilsteiner Kopf and in the northeast of the urban area the 394 m high Queitersberg . The 459.8 m high owl head rises within Mölschbach and the Schlossberg at the level of the Hohenecken district .
In the north of the urban area is the Rotenberg, which is already part of the North Palatinate Bergland. The 290 m high Kaiserberg is located in the middle of the northwest of the city center . The 275 m high Stöffelsberg also extends in the middle of the settlement area of the Erfenbach district .
Louder within the Kaiserslautern urban area
The city is traversed by the Lauter, which, however, is underground in the city center. Within the urban area, the Hammerbach flows into this from the left , which previously flows through the Vogelwoog and the Hammerwoog . Other tributaries of the Lauter within the urban area are the Eselsbach , Frauenwiesbach , Kohbach and Eimerbach , with the latter forming the boundary with Katzweiler. The catchment area of the Lauter also includes the sources Dammbrunnen and Hungerbrunnen in the Palatinate Forest .
The Palatinate main watershed runs through the south of the urban area . The Aschbach - called Rambach in this area - rises within the forest area of the Mölschbach district, flows through it and takes on the Eulenmühlbach from the left . Further to the west, it forms for the most part almost the southern city limit and flows through the hunting lodge pond there . On the south-western outskirts there is also the Gelterswoog , which draws its water from several tributaries of the Aschbach, including the Hoheneckermühlbach . The catchment area of the Aschbach also includes the Felsenbrunnen located on the border with Waldleiningen and the Moosbrunnen northwest of Mölschbach .
Kaiserslautern lies within the temperate climate zone with precipitation in all seasons. Compared to other regions in Germany , Kaiserslautern has a very warm and very sunny climate. Due to the location in the lee of the Hunsrück and Eifel , precipitation is usually withheld in north-west weather conditions.
The annual precipitation is 782 mm. Precipitation is in the lower third of the values recorded in Germany ; lower values are recorded at 31 percent of the measuring stations of the German Weather Service . The driest month is April, with the most rainfall in December, about 1.5 times more rainfall than April. Precipitation varies only minimally and is extremely evenly distributed over the year. Lower seasonal fluctuations are recorded at just two percent of the measuring stations .
Monthly averages for Kaiserslautern
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 4th 5 10 13 19th 22nd 25th 25th 20th 15th 9 5 O 14.4
Min. Temperature (° C) −1 −2 2 3 8th 12 14th 13 9 6th 3 1 O 5.7
Temperature (° C) 1.3 2.1 5.7 9.5 13.9 15.0 19.1 18.4 14.3 10.0 5.2 2.3 O 9.8
Precipitation ( mm ) 65 59 65 53 69 64 64 63 59 74 66 81 Σ 782
Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 1.5 2.0 3.8 5.6 6.3 6.9 7.2 6.3 5.1 3.3 1.8 1.2 O 4.3
Rainy days ( d ) 18th 15th 13 15th 14th 14th 15th 14th 13 14th 16 17th Σ 178
Humidity ( % ) 86 83 76 71 70 75 76 79 80 83 88 90 O 79.7
Source: DWD; Wetterkontor.de; Urlaubplanen.org
City structure
→ Main article : List of places in the independent city of Kaiserslautern
The area of the Kaiserslautern core city is traditionally divided into fifths , which are characterized by the colors blue (south-west), white (west), yellow (north-west), red (north-east) and green (south-east). This division is still reflected, for example, in the traditional enamel signs with the house number, which by color also indicate that they belong to the fifth ; The color of the old street signs attached to house walls or names such as Red Pharmacy and Green Pharmacy also refer to the fifth . The structure was introduced by the French occupation administration at the turn of the 19th century. The fifths no longer have any administrative significance.
With the incorporation of the surrounding localities on June 7, 1969, the new districts received a local advisory board and a local councilor ; the local councils were to be heard on important matters affecting the local district. After the state of Rhineland-Palatinate had opened up the possibility of setting up local councils in cities in its municipal law, the entire city was divided into 18 local districts in order to increase proximity to the citizens. The final decision on a measure was then left to the city council of the entire city of Kaiserslautern. The local councils were only able to decide on individual measures under their own authority.
Karl Pfaff settlement
Betzenberg
Hohenecken
Official Num.
Core city
01 Downtown east 11,444
02 Downtown southwest 8,883
03 Downtown West / Kotten 10,935
04 Downtown north / Kaiserberg 9,017
05 Dimple valleys / Volkspark 9,889
06 Betzenberg 4,758
07 Lämmchesberg / Uniwohnstadt 11,048
08 Bännjerrück / Karl-Pfaff-Siedlung 5,360
09 Kaiserslautern-West 8,517
10 Erzhütten-Wiesenthalerhof 2,653
Core city as a whole 79,851
11 Einsiedlerhof 1,322
12 Morlautern 3,145
13 Erlenbach 2.223
14th Mölschbach 1,179
15th Dansenberg 2,644
16 Hohenecken 3,654
17th Siegelbach 2,690
18th Erfenbach 2,875
Total districts 22,385
City overall 102.236
(Population: June 30, 2018)
At the end of 2002 the main statutes of the city were changed and the districts for the core city were dissolved again. Since then, local districts have only existed for Einsiedlerhof, Morlautern, Erlenbach, Mölschbach, Dansenberg, Hohenecken, Siegelbach and Erfenbach. In 2008 the Erzhütten / Wiesenthalerhof district was reintroduced.
→ Main article : History of Kaiserslautern
The area around Kaiserslautern has been populated since the Neolithic in the form of the ceramic band culture - corresponding to the sixth and fifth millennia BC - and Roman settlement can also be proven.
Since the Hallstatt period - the eighth century BC - the Kaiserslautern area was probably inhabited throughout. Several Celtic burial mounds in the urban area date from this time, for example near the lime kiln, in the ditch where excavations took place in the 1930s and north of today's federal motorway 6, as evidenced by excavations carried out in 2003 and 2004.
Remains have also been preserved from Roman times , for example under the collegiate church and the associated monastery; however, they do not allow the character of a settlement to be clarified. The location on a lowland allows for a villa rustica as well as a street station.
Roman road embankments have been found south of Kaiserslautern between the grounds of the Technical University and the northeast slope of the Dansenberg, and remnants of the " via regalis " have been preserved, the military road from Metz to Mainz, which runs roughly parallel to today's Bundesstraße 40 and has been closed since prehistoric times is occupied. There is no evidence of the period after the Roman withdrawal at the beginning of the fifth century.
In the Carolingian era in the seventh century, the increase in the population led to the expansion of the settlement area from the Rhine plain into the forest areas and to develop them with new traffic routes, economic and administrative centers. These newly developed areas included the Kaiserslautern area.
830 which was Villa Luthra of - Old High German luttar , clear, bright and aha , water - in Lorsch Empire reclaimed first mentioned. After 1152, Barbarossa had a palace built here, which is why Kaiserslautern is still considered a Barbarossa city today.
City foundation and name
In 1276 Rudolf von Habsburg granted Lautern city rights .
The status of a Free Imperial City and the rights associated with it cannot be maintained for long. As early as 1313 or 1314, the city was pledged to Count Georg von Veldenz and Gottfried von Leiningen , and in 1322 by the later Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian to King John of Bohemia . The name " Keyserslutern " appears for the first time in this deed of attachment . After further pledging, the city was ceded to Elector Ruprecht I of the Palatinate as an imperial pledge in 1357 and then passed to the Electoral Palatinate. Since 1375, the city, now called Kaiserslautern , was pledged to the Electoral Palatinate and thus the seat of an Electoral Palatinate Office or Upper Office.
Historically, Kaiserslautern was also called by its Latin name: Caesarea lutra . Lutra because of the river that flowed through Kaiserslautern. Today the Lauter runs underground through the city. In 1322 the name Kayserslûtern was first attested in a document . The addition of the word Kaiser probably refers to the work of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, who had the imperial palace built here from 1152 and stayed there five times up to 1186 to prepare for crusades.
View of Kaiserslautern after Matthäus Merian
After 1571 Johann Casimir had a castle built next to the Barbarossaburg as ruler of the Palatinate-Lautern . During the Thirty Years War the city was fought over and occupied several times. In 1688 the city was reoccupied by the French in the War of the Palatinate Succession and then in the War of Spanish Succession in 1703, the palace and castle were then blown up. In 1768 the "Physikalisch-Ökonomische Gesellschaft" (Physical-Economic Society) was founded, from which the Hohe Kameral School emerged in 1774 and which was relocated to Heidelberg in 1784 . After the Napoleonic Wars , Kaiserslautern came under French rule in 1801 and became the seat of a sub-prefecture.
After the Wars of Liberation, the Palatinate, and with it Kaiserslautern, became Bavarian in 1816 . During the revolution of 1849 a provisional government resided in the Fruchthalle , which proclaimed the independence of the Palatinate from Bavaria. After 1850, Kaiserslautern developed into an industrial city. With the establishment of facilities such as the worsted spinning mill and the Pfaff sewing machine factory , the city developed into the most important industrial location in the Palatinate.
After the First World War , the city was under French administration (until 1930), while separatist riots rose in 1923 and 1924.
On March 1, 1920, the city was spun off from the Kaiserslautern District Office and thus became a district.
During the Second World War there were repeated massive air raids from 1940 onwards , and the city was evacuated several times . The city was largely destroyed in several major air raids in 1944/45. On March 20, 1945, the city was captured by the Americans (see Operation Undertone ), which ended the war for Kaiserslautern.
The city became part of the French occupation zone after World War II . The establishment of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate was ordered on August 30, 1946 as the last state in the western occupation zones by ordinance number 57 of the French military government under General Marie-Pierre Kœnig . It was initially referred to as the "Rhineland-Palatinate Land" or "Land Rheinpfalz"; the name Rhineland-Palatinate was only established with the constitution of May 18, 1947. The post-war period was characterized, among other things, by a "traffic-friendly" reconstruction of the city (see also car- friendly city ) and the influx of thousands of displaced persons. At the same time, the Kaiserslautern area became the largest US garrison outside the USA in the form of the Kaiserslautern Military Community
On November 14, 1956, a US Air Force F-86 fighter jet crashed into the district office in the area of Burgstrasse and Maxstrasse. In addition to the pilot, two other people died. Numerous people were injured.
With the incorporation of the previously independent communities of Dansenberg, Erfenbach, Erlenbach, Hohenecken, Mölschbach, Morlautern and Siegelbach on June 7, 1969, Kaiserslautern became a major city . The University of Kaiserslautern was founded in 1970 .
The industry, which flourished again until about the first oil crisis (1973), which was shown by the establishment of Opel in 1966 , was hampered in some places by the military use of large areas. In the 1970s, many industrial companies got into a crisis. In 1981 the worsted spinning mill went bankrupt; Pfaff and Opel fired employees. The downsizing of the American garrison and the withdrawal of the French garrison cost additional jobs.
In the meantime, Kaiserslautern is developing into a science and IT city , supported by the state's conversion projects . Successful projects in this context are the establishment of the PRE Park , two Fraunhofer Institutes ( Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics and Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering ) and the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems near the Technical University as well of the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI). The city of Kaiserslautern is also a "corporate sponsoring member" of the Max Planck Society . At the beginning of the 2010s, construction began on the inner-city shopping center K in Lautern . This was opened as scheduled on March 25, 2015.
In 2015, the Kalkofen social hotspot achieved national recognition through a documentary lasting several hours on the TV station VOX .
Kaiserslautern legends
There are many legends about the history of Kaiserslautern. Some of these are of great importance to the city. The fish in the Kaiserslautern coat of arms can be traced back to the legend of the pike in the Kaiserwoog . Another legend, the so-called legend of Lutrina , tells of the pious woman Lutrina, who came from Trier , who fled into the wilderness at the time of the great persecution of Christians and built an apartment there, which she called Lutrea. This is said to have given Lautern its name. Lutrina is still the name of a street in Kaiserslautern, at the end of which is the Lutrina Clinic. Another legend is the cock's fold .
Population development
→ Main article : Population development in Kaiserslautern
Population development of Kaiserslautern from 1871 to 2018
At the end of 2014, Kaiserslautern had 97,382 inhabitants and is therefore, along with Trier , Mainz , Ludwigshafen am Rhein and Koblenz, a regional center of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate . In addition, there are almost 48,000 Americans; These are either current or soldiers, civil employees and their family members who are on duty in Kaiserslautern and at the Ramstein Air Force Base and who live in the city and the district . The core city, without incorporated villages, has about 85,000 inhabitants.
The population was always between 1000 and 3000 from the middle of the 16th century to around 1800. In 1815 the city had 3757 inhabitants. Between 1802 and 1834 the population doubled to around 7,000. With the onset of industrialization in the mid-19th century, the population grew rapidly ; In 1900 there were already 48,000 people living in the city and in 1937 70,260. At the beginning of the Second World War there were around 70,000 inhabitants, after the end of the war it was still around 56,000.
In 1957 the population had already increased to 86,000 and continued to rise in the following decade as a result of immigration. As a result of the incorporation of several surrounding places, the city exceeded the limit of 100,000 inhabitants in 1969; In 1977 100,100 people lived in Kaiserslautern and in 1997 101,549. In 2000, the city's population fell back below 100,000. A second residence tax of ten percent of the basic rent has been in effect since May 1, 2009 ; the city wanted to bring about more registrations of primary residences in order to raise the population back to over 100,000. On December 31, 2017, the city had 100,747 inhabitants, according to the city administration. The State Statistical Office reported 99,684 inhabitants for the same reference date. Depending on the source, Kaiserslautern would be a big city or not. As of December 31, 2019, the State Statistical Office reported 100,030 inhabitants, making Kaiserslautern a big city again.
Denomination statistics
As of December 31, 2019, 32.3 percent of the 101,063 inhabitants are Protestant, 25.2 percent Catholic, and 42.4 percent belong to other or no religious communities. Two years earlier - 2017 - of the 102,237 inhabitants, 35,320 - corresponding to 35.3 percent - were Protestant and 27,103 - corresponding to 27.1 percent - were Catholic.
At Catholic churches there is the Maria Schutz church in the city center , the branch church of St. Blasius in the Mölschbach district and the Rochuskirche and Rochuskapelle in Hohenecken .
The Protestant churches include the Christ Church , the Small Church and one in Siegelbach .
There is also a so-called willow church on the grounds of the garden show . In the Stockborn settlement belonging to the Erfenbach district, many residents are of the Mennonite faith.
Kaiserslautern was the seat of a district rabbinate . From March 1933, the Nazi era also had an impact in Kaiserslautern. At that time the city had 648 Jewish residents, in 1932 there were still 765. Because of the harassment and economic boycott measures that began in 1933, many Jews left Kaiserslautern.
The synagogue demolished by the National Socialists; the picture was taken between 1890 and 1900
From 1894 to 1896 the synagogue in what was then Frühlingsstraße - currently known as Luisenstraße - was built in the Moorish-Byzantine style according to plans by the architect Ludwig Levy . It shaped the cityscape of Kaiserslautern at that time and was considered a sight. In 1938 the Jewish community was forced to leave the synagogue to the city, which had the building blown up. In August of the same year, its remains were demolished because the National Socialists did not fit it into the cityscape.
During the November pogroms in 1938 , numerous shops and apartments belonging to Jewish citizens were ransacked and looted in front of the police, Jewish citizens were mistreated, and their property was confiscated ( "Aryanized" ).
Most of the Germans of Jewish faith still living in Kaiserslautern were deported to Camp de Gurs in southern France on October 22, 1940 in the Wagner-Bürckel campaign . Only a few managed to escape from there; many died of hunger and disease. In August 1942, transports of the survivors to the gas chambers of Auschwitz and Lublin-Majdanek were arranged. Of the 90 Jews who still lived in Kaiserslautern in 1939, at least 78 were murdered after their deportation. In the east of the city is the Jewish cemetery .
In 1980 the site of the former synagogue was officially renamed Synagogenplatz . In 2001 it was virtually reconstructed in a project by the Technical University of Darmstadt . In 2002 a memorial was erected on the foundation of the blown synagogue in memory of the Jewish victims of National Socialism in Kaiserslautern.
The Catholic Marienkirche is one of the landmarks of Kaiserslautern.
Fruit hall from the north.
Wadgasserhof Kaiserslautern
Theodor Zink Museum Kaiserslautern; rare example of a four-sided courtyard .
Volkspark
Due to its strategically important location on one of the few passes between the Rhine and Moselle ( via regalis ), the city has been repeatedly destroyed in the course of its history. The rapid industrialization of the city in the 19th century, the bombing during the Second World War, the traffic-friendly reconstruction after the war and the redevelopment of the old town (area redevelopment) in the late 1960s and early 1970s led to significant losses of historical building fabric.
Nevertheless, a number of remarkable individual buildings, ensembles and historical floor plans have been preserved, even if they no longer fit into a historical urban ensemble.
Middle Ages and early modern times
Notable buildings from the Middle Ages and early modern times are the Protestant collegiate church and the Catholic Martinskirche as well as the remains of the Barbarossaburg with Casimirsaal . Some remains of the city wall and a side wing of a Gothic patrician house, hidden in the backyard of Marktstrasse 8, have been preserved.
Baroque buildings are located around Martinsplatz , in Klosterstrasse (diocese house), on Rittersberg (Gasthaus Ritters) and in Schillerstrasse (Gasthaus Zum Spinnrädl ). Classicist buildings can be found in Friedenstrasse (former cemetery chapel), Marktstrasse ( Adler pharmacy ), Scheidstrasse / corner of Matzengasse and Steinstrasse 49 ( Villa Karcher ).
The time up to the First World War
The majority of the preserved cultural monuments date from the second half of the 19th century to the end of the German Empire. Typical of the Wilhelminian style is the block development with eaves-facing houses. Noteworthy are the fruit hall, which is now used as a concert hall , the commercial museum (now the Museum Pfalzgalerie Kaiserslautern ), the Marienkirche and the Apostlekirche , as well as the monument zone around the city park and the villa district in Petroloring / Villenstrasse. Representative administrative buildings of the Wilhelminian era are the former main post office in Karl-Marx-Straße (today Deutsche Telekom), the former district command (today police headquarters ) in Logenstraße, the royal main customs office (today tax office) in Eisenbahnstraße, the administrative headquarters of the Palatinate Railways in the Eisenbahnstrasse 73 (now privately used) and the neo-baroque barracks of the 23rd Royal Bavarian Infantry Regiment in the east of the city.
The buildings of the former worsted spinning mill are listed as an industrial monument. The extensive area is now part of the garden show; The Kammgarn cultural center is located in the former boiler house , while parts of the administrative buildings are used by the university of applied sciences.
Art Nouveau monuments are rare in Kaiserslautern. Mention should be made of the former Hotel Brenner across from the train station, the Goetheschule, the residential building at Schumannstrasse 10 and the commercial building at Steinstrasse 15.Notable are two rare examples of cinemas built at a very early stage ( Union from 1911, Kerststrasse; Central from 1913, Osterstrasse) that were still used today as a cinema.
The expansion plans by Eugen Bindewald from 1887 are interesting in terms of urban planning. These go back to: the ring roads in the east of the city area (Barbarossaring, Hilgardring, Petrol ring), the area around today's Kolpingplatz - a roundabout with radial roads - and the city park and in the west of the city the Marienplatz with the Marienkirche. This forms the center of the star-shaped streets converging on it. In 1912 the forest cemetery was laid out according to plans by Hermann Hussong .
Hermann Hussong was one of the personalities who have shaped the cityscape to this day. He created the new version of the Bindewald city expansion plan (1913) and the drafts for the development of the Pfaffenberg and Lämmchesberg.
Starting in 1919, Hussong built the castle-like residential complex on Fischerstrasse , which was paid for as reparations by the German Reich and was originally intended as an officer housing for the French occupation army. After the French renounced the facility, it fell to the non-profit construction company (Bau AG) founded in 1921. On behalf of Bau AG, Hussong built numerous residential buildings to combat the housing shortage. The expressionist colorful block in Königstrasse / Marienplatz, the so-called rotunda (Königstrasse) over a D-shaped, the green block (Altenwoogstrasse / Mannheimer Strasse) over an A-shaped floor plan and the Pfaffsiedlung are of monumental rank. The exhibition hall on the grounds of today's Volkspark also comes from Hussong; The complex was destroyed by bombs in 1945, only the monumental group of figures of the horse tamer has survived.
The idea of the garden city was implemented in Kaiserslautern in the Bahnheim , a settlement in the vicinity of the Reichsbahn repair shop . In 1928, the first steel-framed building was erected on Schillerplatz (the Fleischbein-Haus with the Schillerplatz pharmacy on the ground floor), and the main post office at the train station according to plans by Heinrich Müller was created in 1930, an outstanding example of the Bavarian Post Building School , the most important form of New Building in Bavaria. An interesting interpretation of Gothic style elements in an expressionist spirit is shown by the Catholic Minorite Church of Maria Schutz ( Gelöbniskirche ) from 1928/29 on Messeplatz in the east of the city.
The architecture of the time of National Socialism included large estates in the east and west of the city, and various barracks were built. Structures of monumental rank are extensions to the worsted spinning mill and the motorway bridge over the Waschmühltal. Because of the elevation to the Gau capital in 1939, parade and parade grounds were planned; in anticipation of this, the synagogue was demolished in the summer of 1938. The redesign came to a standstill during the war, when Saarbrücken became the new capital of the Saar Palatinate district .
post war period
Nearly two thirds of the city center of Kaiserslautern was destroyed by bombing attacks towards the end of the war. The reconstruction of the city after 1945 followed the traffic regulations of the American occupation army. Much of the existing building fabric was demolished in order to create breakthroughs and widen the streets. When the buildings were rebuilt, they were mostly restored in simplified forms. The new buildings are a result of the sober reconstruction time and the limited financial resources; they seem banal today. Structurally significant buildings from this period are the Evangelical Christ Church (1957/58) and the Evangelical Paulus Church (1958–60), the vocational school on Martin-Luther-Straße (1954–56), the former French officers' mess on Altenhof (1955/56 ), the office building of the Bayerische Hypotheken- und Wechselbank in Fackelstrasse (1956/57), the district administration (1959–60) and the 84 m high town hall (1963–1968), at the time the highest town hall in the Federal Republic.
In order to create accommodation for the American soldiers and civilians, a residential area with multi-family houses was created with the Vogelweh in the west of the city. The residential area Bännjerrück was built in the neighborhood in the 1960s . Furthermore, the Betzenberg in the south and the Fischerrück in the northwest of the city were built with high-rise housing estates. When the university was founded, the university residential area was designated as a mixture of multi-family and single-family houses.
Americans in and around Kaiserslautern
In addition to the official figures from the registration offices, there are almost 48,000 Americans ( soldiers , former soldiers, American civil servants and their family members) living in the city and district of Kaiserslautern , who are organized in the Kaiserslautern Military Community (KMC ). The strong presence of the Americans (the space Kaiserslautern is the largest American settlement outside the US) is related to the air base Ramstein Air Base in Ramstein-Miesenbach , about 10 km west of Kaiserslautern, as well as other facilities of US Army and US Air Force in space Kaiserslautern together.
New residential areas were created especially for the American soldiers, such as Vogelweh in the west of the city, in which the street names are American and have names such as Third Avenue or Florida Loop .
Active military bases of the Americans in Kaiserslautern (as of 2018) are the 21st Sustainment Command (Exp) , the Community Facility , the Daenner Kaserne (with General Support Center - Europe , Movement Control Team and Support Center ), the Einsiedlerhof Training Anx 49 ° 26 ′ 24 ″ N , 7 ° 39 ′ 54 ″ E , the flight simulation Einsiedlerhof Air Station , Hill 365 Radio Relay Fac , Army Depot , Equip Spt Center , Family Housing Anx No 3 , Kapaun Administration Anx , the Kleber Kaserne (with transportation and Kaiserslautern Legal Center ), the Panzer Kaserne (GE642) , the Pulaski Barracks (with Base Support Battalion ), the Rhine Ordnance Barracks and the Vogelweh Family Housing Annex . 49.44 7665
The Americans are an important economic factor for the city and the district of Kaiserslautern, and the local German economy and administration have adjusted to the Americans as customers, consumers and tenants. Menus in restaurants are very often bilingual, the US dollar is often accepted as a means of payment alongside the euro and bills in restaurants are e.g. Sometimes issued in both currencies. The city administration has also adapted to the situation and is sending traffic fines to American traffic offenders in English with a demand for payment . However, the city does not accept US dollars. In shops, the employees are often bilingual. The name K-Town ('kā' tau̇n) for Kaiserslautern has established itself among American soldiers and their relatives . Some US Army street signs are labeled with it. The name also appears in songs by the songwriters Reinhard Mey ( All soldiers want to go home , album: colors , 1990) and Franz Josef Degenhardt .
Other cultural monuments
→ Main article : List of cultural monuments in Kaiserslautern
In the middle of the Palatinate Forest in the southern urban area is the Humbergturm , which functions as a lookout tower.
The two most famous castles in the urban area are the Hohenecken castles , also located in the Palatinate Forest , which overlooks the southwestern district of the same name, Hohenecken, and Beilstein Castle , which lies to the east of the city and is hidden in the forest .
In the city center there is the Kammgarn cultural center, which is housed in the buildings of the former worsted spinning mill at the current garden show grounds, and the Kaiserbrunnen at Mainzer Tor , which was created by Gernot Rumpf in 1987 .
The Museum Pfalzgalerie Kaiserslautern was originally intended as a commercial museum and today houses works by Palatinate artists. The focus of the collection is on graphics, paintings and sculptures from the 19th and 20th centuries, especially German impressionism and expressionism. There is also a handicraft collection from the 16th to 19th centuries.
Nature, leisure and parks
Dinosaur figure in the garden show
There are numerous natural monuments in the urban area . The south of Kaiserslautern in particular is located in the Palatinate Forest Nature Park , which is part of the cross-border Palatinate Forest-Northern Vosges biosphere reserve .
In the middle of the Palatinate Forest are the wildlife park on the Betzenberg and the Fritz Walter Stadium on the Betzenberg , which is used as a venue for home games for 1. FC Kaiserslautern .
In the city center is the garden show , which emerged from the first state horticultural show in Rhineland-Palatinate and houses the largest dinosaur exhibition in Europe.
In the north of the city in the Siegelbach district are the Kaiserslautern Zoo and a few kilometers east of the Waschmühle outdoor pool with the second largest pool in Europe after the Brentano pool in Frankfurt .
The Japanese Garden in Kaiserslautern is a special attraction . It is one of the largest Japanese gardens in Europe.
Around 50 fountains are open to the public in the city. The best known are shown in the picture gallery below.
Kaiserbrunnen at the Mainzer Tor
Legend of the Kaiserbrunnen
Schwanenbrunnen on Martinsplatz
Spittelmüller fountain on Stiftsplatz
Fountain at Schillerplatz
Fountain at the collegiate church
Giant fountain in the pedestrian zone
Torch well
Town hall Kaiserslautern with a restaurant and a panoramic terrace at a height of 84 m
Theo Vondano, Lord Mayor from 1979 to 1989
For centuries, the head of the city of Kaiserslautern was the mayor as the city's highest judge and administrative officer, who was appointed by the elector or the count palatine. The city council and the citizenship elected a councilor and a community mayor as their respective representatives .
In 1906 Hans Küfner became the first legally qualified and full-time mayor. As head of the city, he has held the title of mayor since 1913 . Since 1999 the mayor is no longer elected by the city council, but directly by the population.
Term of office
1811-1813 Charles Auguste Lufft
1814-1826 Daniel Hummel 1814–1817 with the title of Lord Mayor (before
the Bavarian municipal constitution came into force)
1826-1834 Carl Spaeth
1835-1850 Adam Weber
1850-1852 Valentin Jacob
1852-1853 Carl Orth
1853-1857 Adrian Pletsch
1858-1864 Philipp Hack
1864-1869 Jean (Johann) Gelbert
1870-1874 Carl Hollow
1875-1883 Louis Georg
1883-1884 Joseph von Neumayer
1895-1905 Theodor Orth
1906-1918 Hans Küfner NLP
1918-1932 Franz Xaver Baumann
1932-1938 Hans Weisbrod
1938-1945 Richard Imbt NSDAP
1945 Rudolf Reeber
1945-1956 Alex Müller SPD
1956-1967 Walter Sommer SPD
1967-1979 Hans Jung SPD
1979-1989 Theo Vondano CDU
1989-1999 Gerhard Piontek SPD
1999-2007 Bernhard J. Deubig CDU
2007–0000 Klaus Weichel SPD
Mayor election
The Mayor election of March 11, 2007 was decided in the first ballot. Klaus Weichel took up his post on September 1, 2007. On December 7, 2014, he was confirmed in office again in the first ballot.
Distribution of seats in the Kaiserslautrer City Council 2019
3 1 11 15th 4th 3 13 6th
A total of 56 seats
Left : 3
PARTY : 1
Greens : 11
SPD : 15
FWG : 4
FDP : 3
CDU : 13
AfD : 6
The city council of Kaiserslautern consists of 56 honorary council members, who were elected in a personalized proportional representation in the local elections on May 26, 2019 , and the full-time mayor as chairman.
Because of the special features of the Rhineland-Palatinate electoral system in local elections (personalized proportional representation), the percentages given are shown as weighted results that only represent the voting behavior in arithmetic.
The parties and voter groups achieved the following results:
Parties and groups of voters
SPD 25.9 15th 35.4 19th
CDU 22.3 13 29.4 15th
GREEN 19.4 11 11.6 6th
AfD 10.7 6th - -
FWG 7.0 4th 6.4 3
FDP 6.2 3 6.6 3
THE LEFT 5.5 3 7.4 4th
The party 2.2 1 - -
FBU 0.7 0 1.1 1
NPD - - 2.1 1
total 100.0 56 100.0 52
Voter turnout in% 50.8 41.7
Due to the increased population, the number of seats in the city council was increased from 52 to 56.
See also : Results of the local elections in Kaiserslautern
City coat of arms
Blazon : "In red a silver pole, topped with a vertical blue fish."
The city colors are red and white.
Justification of the coat of arms: The coat of arms of the city of Kaiserslautern shows a silver pole in red, topped with a soaring blue fish, which optionally represents a pike or carp. The stake has been in use since 1266 and represents the Lauter brook. The coat of arms was originally that of the Lauter Reichsschultheißen of Lautern (also written de lutra in documents ), which was probably built in the 13th century after the construction of Hohenecken Castle (today in the same name District of Kaiserslautern) renamed in von Hohenecken (also written de honecken in documents ). From 1373 the fish is documented as a coat of arms figure. The shape of both symbols and the colors of the coat of arms changed several times in the course of history. But the city colors red and white can be traced back to 1545. In its current form, the coat of arms was approved by King Ludwig I of Bavaria on August 3, 1842. In earlier centuries the seal also contained other symbols, for example a battlement wall with buildings interpreted as church towers.
The coat of arms is often mentioned in connection with the local legend of the pike in the Kaiserwoog .
On December 31, 2016, Kaiserslautern had the second highest per capita debt of all cities and municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate at € 11,384. Of the 103 independent cities in Germany, Kaiserslautern has the third highest per capita debt.
Kaiserslautern donated a group of sculptures created by the artist couple Gernot and Barbara Rumpf to the Bunkyo district (Tokyo) , which was set up there in the Kubomachi Higashi Park. (Partial view)
Kaiserslautern maintains a large number of city partnerships and friendships. The first partnership was established in 1960.
City partnerships:
United States Davenport, Iowa , United States , since June 10, 1960
France Douzy , France , since 1967
France Saint-Quentin , France , since 1967
United Kingdom London Borough of Newham , United Kingdom , since 1974
Japan Bunkyō-ku , Japan , since 1988
Germany Brandenburg an der Havel , Germany , since 1988
Bulgaria Pleven , Bulgaria , since 1999
United States Columbia (South Carolina) , USA , since 2000
Denmark Silkeborg , Denmark , since 2000
Portugal Guimarães , Portugal , since 2000
Banja Luka ( Republika Srpska ), Bosnia and Herzegovina , since 2003
City friendships:
North Macedonia Bitola , North Macedonia
Spain Igualada , Spain
United Kingdom Rotherham , UK
Economy and Infrastructure
In 2016, Kaiserslautern achieved a gross domestic product (GDP) of € 4.702 billion within the city limits, making it 66th in the ranking of German cities by economic output . In the same year, GDP per capita was € 47,540 (Rhineland-Palatinate: € 34,118, Germany € 38,180). The GDP per labor force is 66,317. In 2016, the city's GDP grew nominally by 5%, compared to 1.7% in the previous year. In 2017, around 70,900 people were employed in the city. The unemployment rate in December 2018 was 10.8%, twice as high as the average for Rhineland-Palatinate of 4.1% (in the neighboring district of Kaiserslautern it was 3.5%).
In the Future Atlas 2016 , the independent city of Kaiserslautern was ranked 247 out of 402 districts, municipal associations and independent cities in Germany and is therefore one of the regions with a "balanced risk-opportunity mix" for the future.
Manhole cover of the cast and armature works in Kaiserslautern in Sindelfingen , commissioned work with city arms
Kaiserslautern is still an important industrial city with over 11,000 jobs in industry. The most important employer in the region is the US military community of Kaiserslautern with around 28,000 jobs, of which 6,700 are German civilians.
With the Technical University as a power center, Kaiserslautern is increasingly developing into a science location with a focus on information technology (IT for short), as numerous company foundations and settlements in recent years show. With the name Silicon Woods , Kaiserslautern tries to follow the famous Silicon Valley in California, which is considered the birthplace of important IT companies. Kaiserslautern is located on the northern edge of the Palatinate Forest , hence Silicon "Woods" ( Silicon: English silicon , wood: forest ).
The nationally well-known industrial companies based in Kaiserslautern include the Pfaff sewing machine factory , Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern (today under the name General Dynamics European Land Systems-Germany GmbH), which produces, among other things, military floating vehicles and pontoon bridges, Gebr. Pfeiffer SE (machines for Cement and building materials industry) as well as the ACO Group (until 1997 Guss- und Armaturenwerk Kaiserslautern ), which manufactures industrial and construction castings, such as manhole covers. All of these companies were founded in the second half of the 19th century. The former railway repair plant is now part of the Swedish Euromaint Group.
From the formerly flourishing textile industry, only the Spinnerei Lampertsmühle AG (manufacture of fancy and special yarns ) is preserved, other companies such as the worsted yarn spinning company Kaiserslautern GmbH have gone bankrupt. The most important industrial relocation of recent times is the engine and component factory of Adam Opel AG , on whose premises the GKN joint shaft factory Kaiserslautern GmbH and the logistics company Stute Verkehrs GmbH are located; The automotive industry also includes Corning GmbH (production of ceramic catalyst carriers) and Euromaster GmbH (tire service company operating across Europe, which had its headquarters in Kaiserslautern until 2016). In Kaiserslautern there is also a development center of Johnson Controls (formerly Keiper Recaro Group ) for automobile and aircraft seats .
Other large industrial employers are Freudenberg (nonwovens), CP Schmidt GmbH & Co. KG (cardboard packaging), Wessamat Eismaschinenfabrik GmbH and Wipotec GmbH (weighing systems for industrial applications). The distribution and logistics center for Europe for Fruit of the Loom is also located in Kaiserslautern . The food industry includes the large-scale bakery Barbarossa Bäckerei GmbH , Fleischwerke Beck GmbH and a dairy factory belonging to Hochwald Nahrungsmittel-Werke .
Fuchs Lubritech GmbH , which is part of the Fuchs Petrolub Group and the world's largest independent lubricant manufacturer, has also relocated its headquarters from neighboring Weilerbach to Kaiserslautern after expanding the plant in the northern industrial area . The security company WR-Security & Bewachungs GmbH is one of the largest employers with over 800 employees . The oldest company in the security industry in the city is the Wach- und lock company founded in 1954 .
In 2017, Kaiserslautern took part in the "Digital City" competition organized by the Bitkom digital association in cooperation with the German Association of Towns and Municipalities (DStGB). However, the city of Darmstadt received the award as a "digital city". Following the competition, a municipal subsidiary, KL.digital GmbH, was founded in Kaiserslautern. It is intended to advance digitization projects in Kaiserslautern.
The city has a studio of the private broadcaster RPR1 and the Südwestrundfunk (SWR) and is the seat of the private broadcaster Antenne Kaiserslautern and its umbrella organization The Radio Group . Some citizens of the city put together a television program in the Open Channel Kaiserslautern (OK Kaiserslautern).
As a daily newspaper, the Palatinate People's Newspaper appears as a regional or local edition of the Rheinpfalz based in Ludwigshafen , and the weekly newspaper Kaiserslautern as a free weekly newspaper . There are also free, monthly program and scene magazines (e.g. pavilion , line 1 ).
The infrastructure for the distribution of the media is relatively good: In addition to two providers of public WLAN (to supply private households), there is a Wimax test network. Since the 2006 World Cup , DVB-T reception has been possible for public broadcasters from the Dansenberg and Rotenberg locations (towards Gersweilerhof).
Broadcast facilities
A medium-wave transmitter from the AFN is located near Kaiserslautern near Sambach , which uses a 136-meter-high self-radiating transmitter mast that is isolated from the ground as a transmitting antenna . Since 1951 there has been a 120 meter high SWR transmitter mast on the front Rotenberg, north of the federal autobahn 6 . This Rotenberg transmitter is also isolated from earth, as it was used as a self-radiating transmission mast for a medium wave transmitter until 1975. Since 2004 it has been used again as a medium wave transmitter, but in DRM mode.
On the Dansenberg south of Kaiserslautern, the T-Systems subsidiary Media & Broadcast GmbH (M&B) operates the 133-meter-high Kaiserslautern telecommunications tower made of reinforced concrete (type tower), which was built from September 1985 to May 1987 and went into operation on August 30, 1988 . On May 27, 2006, analog television operations were discontinued and replaced by DVB-T . The switch to DVB-T2 is now planned for the end of November 2018 after several postponements.
In addition to the city administration, Kaiserslautern also has the district administration responsible for the Kaiserslautern district . In addition, the administrative headquarters of the Kaiserslautern-Süd community was located here from 1972 to 2019 . The city is the seat of the West Palatinate Police Headquarters as well as several police units which are organizationally subdivided into it; there is an inspection by the federal police and a customs office.
In the new Justice Center at the Central Station, have County Court and the District Court Kaiserslautern , the Labor Court Kaiserslautern and the Attorney Kaiserslautern located. The Employment Agency Kaiserslautern is the main place of employment office district of Kaiserslautern, in addition to the City of Kaiserslautern and the district of Kaiserslautern, the Donnersbergkreis and the county Kusel includes. Furthermore, Kaiserslautern is the seat of a tax office and a district military replacement office . The State Offices for Property and Construction Management (LBB) and Mobility (LBM), which have emerged from the former Rhineland-Palatinate state offices, have branches in Kaiserslautern.
There are also various other offices and offices, including the State Office for Metrology and Calibration and a branch of the Rhineland-Palatinate State Forests .
Social services and offices
Command vehicle of the Kaiserslautern Malteser
Among other things, social services and offices in the city area include the so-called Ecumenical Social Welfare Station Kaiserslautern with two outpatient help centers (AHZ) as well as several old people's and nursing homes from various providers such as the Arbeiterwohlfahrt , Caritas , the Diakonissenanstalt , the DRK , the Gravius- Foundation, the city of Kaiserslautern and others. The so-called Caritas center is also operated by Caritas .
In addition, there is the St. Christophorus overnight and rehabilitation home and the Glockestubb , which serves as a day meeting place for homeless people. The Catholic Church is also committed to the homeless people by distributing a free warm meal at the gate of the St.Franziskus Gymnasium and Realschule (a girls' school run by the Dillinger Franciscan Sisters ). The campaign old - poor - alone is a joint Advent campaign of the local newspaper Die Rheinpfalz as well as the Protestant Apostle Church community and the Catholic community of St. Maria. Monetary donations are collected to help old and single people, for example cleaning assistance is paid or new furniture is purchased, visits to the authorities are accompanied and opportunities for encounters are organized.
The most important hospital is the West Palatinate Clinic , which is also the academic teaching hospital of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. The Palatinate Clinic for Psychiatry and Neurology is also represented with a branch in Kaiserslautern. At the Lutrina Clinic , outpatient orthopedic and surgical operations are primarily performed.
The fire brigade Kaiserslautern consists of the professional fire brigade with 100 employees and the voluntary fire brigade with 250 members in four inner-city trains and seven district trains. The public rescue service in Kaiserslautern is operated by the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund (ASB) and the German Red Cross (DRK) . In addition, the Malteser Hilfsdienst (MHD) also carries out ambulance and repatriation services . The above-mentioned organizations are also integrated into the disaster control of the city of Kaiserslautern, in addition there is one of 668 local branches of the technical relief organization in Kaiserslautern .
Fraunhofer ITWM
In Kaiserslautern there are a total of 36 general, vocational and advanced training schools of all school types, which are attended by over 20,000 students. Particularly noteworthy is the Heinrich-Heine-Gymnasium , which enjoys a supraregional reputation both as a sports school and as a boarding school for the promotion of gifted children. The master school in Kaiserslautern , a vocational school with a vocational school and technical college for technology as well as preparation for the master craftsman's examination, which is sponsored by the Palatinate district association, is also supraregional .
The two universities in the city are the Technical University of Kaiserslautern (TU), which was founded in 1970 as part of the University of Trier-Kaiserslautern and made independent in 1975, and the Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences (since 2014 Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences ). Affiliated to the university is the supraregional center for distance learning and university further education , which is now the second largest distance learning provider in Germany after the distance learning university in Hagen . The only patent information center in Rhineland-Palatinate that is a recognized cooperation partner of the German Patent and Trademark Office is also located at the TU . The Kaiserslautern University of Applied Sciences was established in 1971 through the merging of several educational institutions, some of which had existed since the 19th century, including the State Engineering School for Construction , State Engineering School for Mechanical Engineering and State Engineering School for Textile Technology . The main location is Kaiserslautern, parts of the courses are held in Pirmasens and Zweibrücken .
Important research institutions in Kaiserslautern are the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) , the Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (Fraunhofer IESE) , the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (Fraunhofer ITWM) and the Institute for Surface and Layer Analysis (IFOS) ) and the Institute for Composite Materials (IVW) ; a branch of the Freiburg Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Technology (Terahertz Measurement Technology Department) is located at the TU. The Max Planck Institute for Software Systems is currently under construction . The Technical Academy Südwest e. V. (TAS) offers professional training in the technical field.
The former home office of the Palatinate , supported by the Palatinate District Association , is now called the Institute for Palatinate History and Folklore . The institute conducts historical research, in particular on the history of Palatinate emigration, as well as house and castle research, which resulted in the Palatinate Castle Lexicon (1997–2007, 4 vol.) And, since 2014, the Palatinate Monastery Dictionary . The Palatinate Dictionary Chancellery was also located in the building as a branch of the Mainz Academy of Sciences, which completed the Palatinate Dictionary in 1997 and is now working on a dictionary of the German wine-making language .
Kaiserslautern main train station
The city lies on the Mannheim – Saarbrücken railway, which emerged from the Palatinate Ludwigsbahn Ludwigshafen – Bexbach. To the south the Biebermühlbahn leads to Pirmasens , to the north the so-called Lautertalbahn to Lauterecken and to the northeast the Kaiserslautern – Enkenbach railway line . In the west of the city there is also the Einsiedlerhof marshalling yard , which has lost importance in recent decades. Kaiserslautern is also the seat of the administration union rail transport Rhineland-Palatinate South , which for ordering regional rail - transport services is responsible in the southern Rhineland-Palatinate.
Since the end of 2003, the main station has been the stop of the RheinNeckar S-Bahn , which connects the city with Ludwigshafen am Rhein , Mannheim and Heidelberg in the east and Homburg in the west. It is also a stop on the ICE network of Deutsche Bahn AG. On June 10, 2007, the trans-European high-speed line Paris - Frankfurt ( Rhealys ) went into operation. The travel time between Kaiserslautern and Paris has been 2 hours and 40 minutes since then. In addition, there are a few direct long-distance connections from Kaiserslautern to Leipzig , Stuttgart and Munich .
Former Kaiserslautern West train station
Further stops on the Mannheim-Saarbrücken main line are Kennelgarten , Vogelweh and Einsiedlerhof . The Kaiserslautern repair shop stop , which was used exclusively for the employees of the eponymous institution, has since been left open. The Biebermühlbahn stops at the Galgenschanze and at the Hohenecken stop, which has now been reopened at another location .
The Pfaffwerk and Kaiserslautern West stops are served on the Lautertalbahn . The latter was served by a branch trip until 1969 and then replaced by a stopping point located at the long-standing branch of the branch line. The Kaiserslautern Nord and Eselsfürth stops, which have now been closed, were on the Kaiserslautern-Enkenbach connection , while the now-disused Bach Railway from Lampertsmühle-Otterbach to Reichenbach still served the Siegelbach and Erfenbach districts in what is now the city.
city traffic
Bus station at the main train station
→ Main article : Local transport in Kaiserslautern
After the Kaiserslautern tram, which opened in 1916, had ceased operations in 1935, urban bus transport took over the task of inner-city transport. In the years 1949 to 1985 the Kaiserslautern trolleybus formed the backbone of the city's regular service. The Stadtwerke Kaiserslautern - formerly CDW traffic AG - operate now a city bus network with currently 14 city lines and nine night lines . The central transfer point for all lines is the Stadtmitte stop (Rathaus / Schillerplatz). The surrounding area is served by numerous regional lines of DB Stadtverkehr ( Saar-Pfalz-Bus GmbH until 2015 and since then Südwest Mobil GmbH as well as twice daily bus traffic Rhein-Neckar GmbH ).
Since the integration of the Westpfalz-Verkehrsverbund (WVV) into the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (VRN), its tariffs apply throughout the Palatinate and beyond Mannheim and Heidelberg .
The establishment of a city shuttle between the main train station and the university campus was discussed around the turn of the millennium, but was discarded for reasons of cost. Sketches provided a rail-bound train or a track-guided bus.
Highways and airports
Kaiserslautern motorway triangle
The federal autobahn 6 Saarbrücken - Mannheim runs through the city in a west-east direction with four exits: Kaiserslautern-Einsiedlerhof, Kaiserslautern-West, Kaiserslautern-Centrum / Dreieck Kaiserslautern and Kaiserslautern-Ost. The newly created Kaiserslautern-Ost exit leads to a park-and-ride area that was created for the 2006 World Cup . The A 63 from Mainz also ends here and meets the A 6 in the Kaiserslautern triangle . The following federal highways run through the city: from south to north the B 270 , in west-east direction the B 37 and to the northeast the former B 40 , which was downgraded to a state road in October 2004 as a result of the completion of the motorway connection to Mainz.
The next airfield is Zweibrücken (63 km). A little further away is Saarbrücken Airport (80 km) with charter traffic and some domestic German scheduled connections, followed by the budget airports Frankfurt-Hahn in Hunsrück (105 km) and Baden-Airport near Karlsruhe (113 km). The international hub Frankfurt is 103 km away. There is Airbus A321 Kaiserslautern ( air vehicle registration number : D-AIRN) of Lufthansa stationed.
State roads
State road 395 runs through the center of the city and runs from the Saarland border to Worms and is identical to the former Kaiserstraße within the city . The state road 502 leads south towards Moosalbtal, the state road 503 towards Johanniskreuz and the state road 504 to Waldleiningen.
Nauwaldhütte
The Nauwaldhütte, a hut of the Palatinate Forest Association, has been located in the Morlautern district since 2002 .
Kaiserslautern is the northern end point of the Palatinate Forest Tour cycle path , which leads to Hinterweidenthal , as well as the Pfälzer Waldpfad hiking trail , which connects the city with Schweigen-Rechtenbach . In addition, two other trails, one of which begin on site Red Green with a bar is marked and the way to Kleinkarlbach leads as well, the one with a white-red bar is provided and the connection to Neustadt on the Wine Route and Speyer making
The city is also located on the Barbarossa cycle path and the Donnersberg-Donon long-distance hiking trail . A short section of the Franken-Hessen-Kurpfalz long-distance hiking trail marked with a red cross runs through the south-west of the district , through the west a path marked with a green-yellow bar and through the north-east the route of a hiking path marked with a blue- yellow bar , which creates the connection with Lauterecken and Sankt Germanshof . There is also a hiking trail that is marked with a blue cross and that runs from Niederhausen to Sankt Germanshof. One of the so-called Saar-Rhein hiking trails is one marked with a black dot on a white bar , which runs from Saarbrücken to Rülzheim .
Pfalztheater Kaiserslautern
Rotunda Pfalztheater Kaiserslautern
Theaters and other cultural institutions
The Pfalztheater is a multi-discipline theater for opera, operetta, musical, ballet and drama. It is sponsored by the Palatinate District Association and the City of Kaiserslautern.
The cinemas in Kaiserslautern include the UCI Kinowelt cinema center , the Central Filmpalast and a feature film and art house cinema called Union-Kino .
Social events and concerts take place in the Fruchthalle , rock, jazz, blues and pop concerts, comedy and other similar events in the Kammgarn cultural center . Above that there is also the Barbarossahalle .
In youth and program center cabaret and music are offered. The Irish House is an Irish pub with live music. The Underground is a club for guitar-oriented live music and rock evenings.
The Museum Pfalzgalerie Kaiserslautern is an art gallery that is sponsored by the District Association of the Palatinate . It was founded as a decorative arts establishment, the focus of the collection today is on works from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
In the Theodor-Zink-Museum and the Wadgasserhof , city and regional history are conveyed.
The libraries include the city library , the university library with a central collection and several departmental libraries , the university library (library of the University of Applied Sciences) and the Palatinate Library (a specialist academic library of the Palatinate District Association on Palatinate- specific topics) as well as the library of the Institute for Palatinate History and Folklore. There are also some school libraries, and some parishes also offer small libraries.
Kaiserslautern is one of the seats of the German Radio Philharmonic Saarbrücken Kaiserslautern . Other orchestras in the field of classical music are the orchestra of the Pfalztheater and (as an amateur ensemble) the symphony orchestra of the district of Kaiserslautern . There are various offers of church music from both the Protestant and the Catholic side, and there is also a lively singing scene with some choirs (including the Musikverein Kaiserslautern 1840 ).
The city's Emmerich Smola Music School and the Kaiserslautern District Music School and the Palatinate Music Conservatory provide training .
The city was or is also home to some bands of national importance, including Spermbirds , Vanden Plas , Ivory Night , Walter Elf , Winterland and Headcrash . Alea the Modest, front man of the medieval rock band Saltatio Mortis , comes from Kaiserslautern; the musician and Grammy winner Zedd has his roots here ( Dioramic ).
Christmas market next to the collegiate church
In May every year, the so-called Maikerwe - a fair - takes place on the exhibition grounds.
The AStA summer festival follows in June at the university.
The Kaiserslautern Old Town Festival takes place once a year in July in and around the Kaiserslautern old town between Martinsplatz and Mainzer Tor.
In September there are music events all over the city, which are organized by the Kaiser advertising association in Lautern and run under the name Barbarossafest Swinging Lautern .
Similar to the Maikerwe, the Oktoberkerwe takes place in October .
The Lautrer Advent begins around the first Advent on the Stiftsplatz and Schillerplatz.
View from the 21st floor of the town hall to the Fritz-Walter-Stadion
Fritz Walter Stadium
Plastic "Eleven Friends"
Kaiserslautern is best known for its soccer club 1. FC Kaiserslautern and for its role as one of the venues for the 2006 World Cup . The city's second major football club, VfR Kaiserslautern , played in the Oberliga Südwest during the 1950s .
The TSG Kaiserslautern was one of the founding members of the field hockey league of gentlemen. There is also a baseball team, the Kaiserslautern Bears. The sports bowlers of TSG Kaiserslautern play in the 2nd Bundesliga of the DKBC.
The American football team of the Kaiserslautern Warriors club, which has since been dissolved, played one season in the second Bundesliga in 1993 (since 2008 German Football League 2 , GFL2 for short). The Kaiserslautern Pikes were champions of the Regionalliga Mitte in 2008 and played in the GFL 2 in 2009. After relegation, they were promoted again to the GFL2 in 2011 after a perfect season in the Regionalliga Mitte. The 2012 season ended the Kaiserslautern Pikes with 3rd place in the GFL2 table.
The Saar-Palatinate Braves , who emerged from the basketball department of 1. FC Kaiserslautern, played in the second highest basketball league in Germany, Pro A , but moved to Homburg because there was no suitable hall available in Kaiserslautern.
In wheelchair sports, Kaiserslautern is represented by the FCK Rolling Devils . The wheelchair basketball team, which was founded at 1. FC Kaiserslautern in 2009 and is now an independent wheelchair basketball team, played in the 1. Bundesliga from 2014 to 2016 .
The 1st TKC 1986 Kaiserslautern and its first team were among the best teams in the second Tipp-Kick Bundesliga and in 2006 hosted the German Tipp-Kick Championship. The club won the championship in the second Bundesliga South in the 2012/13 season and is playing in the first Bundesliga of the German Tipp-Kick Association (DTKV) for the first time in the new season .
The first men's team of the handball department of the TuS 04 Kaiserslautern-Dansenberg club from the suburb of the same name played in the 1983/84 and 1991-1993 second handball league .
The SV Morlautern from the district Morlautern rose for the season 2016/17 for the first time in the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz / Saar on. In 2017, the club won the Southwest Cup for the first time .
→ Main article : List of Kaiserslautern personalities
So far, a total of 13 people have received honorary citizenship. It all started with the industrialist Carl von Gienanth in 1847. In 1933 Josef Bürckel , Wilhelm Frick , Paul von Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler received this status without any particular merit in relation to the city. With the exception of Hindenburg, they were stripped of their dignity in 2013. In 1985, the soccer world champion from 1954 Fritz Walter followed . The last honorary citizenship was awarded in 2015 to the former city councilor and president of 1. FC Kaiserslautern Norbert Thines .
Occasionally, Kaiserslautern was the birthplace of famous people such as Prince Bishop Philipp von Flersheim , Palatine Countess Dorothea von Pfalz-Simmern and the natural scientist Johann Adam Pollich during the early modern period . In the 19th century, personalities such as the industrialist Georg Michael Pfaff , the forestry council, government director and founding chairman of the Palatinate Forest Association Karl Albrecht von Ritter , Friedrich and Rudolf Sander from the Sander instrument-making dynasty , the racing cyclist Oskar Breitling , the later Federal Minister Fritz Neumayer and the communist followed and later GDR functionary August Groel .
From the 20th century the city was the birthplace of numerous football players who spent at least part of their professional career at 1. FC Kaiserslautern; In addition to Fritz Walter, these included his brother Ottmar , Werner Kohlmeyer , Werner Liebrich (all world champions from 1954) and Hans-Peter Briegel . Beyond the football of the city archivist came in Kaiserslautern Heinz Friedel , the Holocaust survivor Erna de Vries , the church president Heinrich Kron , the painter Heinrich Steiner , the boxer Emil Schulz , the presenter Stefanie Tücking , the singer Mark Forster and the pole vaulter Raphael Holzdeppe to the world .
In addition to numerous football players who played for 1. FC Kaiserslautern , the city is the place of work for several professors such as the pedagogue Rolf Arnold , the physicist Wolfgang Demtröder and the mathematician Horst W. Hamacher . The architect and town planner Hermann Hussong worked from 1909 to 1933 in the Kaiserslauter City Planning Office . The fashion entrepreneur Otto Kern founded his company on site. The Palatinate dialect poet Paul Münch worked as a teacher in the city for four decades. The author and director Johannes Reitmeier was artistic director at the Pfalztheater from 2002 to 2012.
Jürgen Keddigkeit , Little History of the City of Kaiserslautern, Leinfelden-Echterdingen 2007. ISBN 978-3-7650-8355-6 .
Dieter Barz / Helmut Bernhard / Sidney Dean / Martin Dolch / Jürgen Keddigkeit , Kaiserslautern. In: Palatinate Burgenlexikon Vol. III. I - N. (Contributions to the history of the Palatinate, Vol. 12.3), ed. v. Jürgen Keddigkeit, Ulrich Burkhart, Rolf Übel , Kaiserslautern 2005, ISBN 3-927754-48-X , pp. 102–121, ISSN 0936-7640.
Heinz Stoob u. a. (Ed.): German City Atlas (Volume IV). Acta Collegii Historiae Urbanae Societatis Historicorum Internationalis - Series C. On behalf of the Board of Trustees for Comparative Urban History e. V. and with the support of the German Research Foundation. City map Kaiserslautern. Dortmund-Altenbeken 1989, ISBN 3-89115-037-7 .
Mara Oexner: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Cultural monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate 14 = City of Kaiserslautern . Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft , Worms 1996. ISBN 978-3-88462-131-8
Erhard R. Wiehn: Kaiserslautern - Life in a Palatinate City. Meininger, Neustadt (Wstr.) 1982, ISBN 3-87524-024-3 .
Alexander Thon: Barbarossaburg, Kaiserpfalz, Königspfalz or Casimirschloss? Studies on the relevance and validity of the term "Pfalz" in the High Middle Ages using the example of (Kaisers-) Lautern . In: Kaiserslauter Yearbook for Palatinate History and Folklore 1. 2001, pp. 109–144.
Heinz Friedel : Names of Kaiserslauterer streets and squares. A piece of city history. , Kaiserslautern no year [approx. 1988].
Heinz Friedel: Contributions to the local knowledge of Kaiserslautern. Ed .: Stadtarchiv Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 1967.
Heinz Friedel: Kaiserslautern. Small local dictionary. Ed .: City Archives Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 1966.
Wikinews: Kaiserslautern - in the news
Wikisource: Kaiserslautern - Sources and full texts
Commons : Kaiserslautern - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Kaiserslautern - travel guide
Wiktionary: Kaiserslautern - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Official website of the city of Kaiserslautern
Literature from and about Kaiserslautern in the catalog of the German National Library
Literature about Kaiserslautern in the Rhineland-Palatinate state bibliography
Link catalog about Kaiserslautern at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
Individual evidence
↑ State Statistical Office of Rhineland-Palatinate - population status 2019, districts, communities, association communities ( help on this ).
↑ Lautrer Kerwe. City of Kaiserslautern, accessed on January 21, 2016 .
↑ Web Applications Geographical Names. Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy, accessed on May 16, 2009 .
↑ Climate Data Center. German Weather Service, accessed on July 5, 2019 .
↑ Climate Ramstein, Germany. WetterKontor.de, accessed on July 5, 2019 .
↑ Climate Kaiserslautern / Germany. Urlaubplanen.org, accessed July 5, 2019 .
↑ Latin city names ( Memento from July 14, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) (Lexicum nominum geographicorum latinorum)
^ Wilhelm Volkert (ed.): Handbook of Bavarian offices, communities and courts 1799–1980 . CH Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-406-09669-7 , p. 490 .
^ Official Journal of the French High Command in Germany, No. 35 (1946). dnb.de, p. 292 , accessed on July 5, 2019 .
↑ Constitution for Rhineland-Palatinate of May 18, 1947. verfassungen.de, accessed on July 5, 2019 .
↑ Old City Views. lautringer.de, archived from the original on December 10, 2018 ; accessed on July 5, 2019 .
↑ Locations - Opel Germany. opel.de, accessed on July 5, 2019 .
↑ The time has come ... The Rhine Palatinate, accessed on March 25, 2015 .
↑ Population as of December 31, 2017. City of Kaiserslautern, accessed on February 1, 2018 .
↑ City of Kaiserslautern population statistics , accessed on February 18, 2020
^ Population of the city of Kaiserslautern, statistics. Accessed on July 7, 2019
↑ The night the synagogues burned. State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg, accessed on December 28, 2014 .
↑ "Racial Persecution" and "Euthanasia". VVN-BdA Kaiserslautern, accessed on January 4, 2015 .
↑ Maria Höhn: Americans, Cadillacs and "Negerliebchen". GIs in post-war Germany . Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-86650-264-2 .
↑ Explanation by the Land Returning Officer on weighted results. State Returning Officer Rhineland-Palatinate, accessed on July 5, 2019 .
^ Result of the local elections. State Returning Officer Rhineland-Palatinate, accessed on July 5, 2019 .
↑ How high are the debts of the independent cities? Household control.de, accessed on February 24, 2020 .
↑ Current results - VGR dL. Retrieved January 7, 2019 .
^ Federal State of Rhineland-Palatinate. Federal Employment Agency, accessed on January 7, 2019 .
↑ Future Atlas 2016. Retrieved on April 21, 2019 .
↑ City of Kaiserslautern: "Advertise IT location with a wink" ( Memento from August 3, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
↑ jsb: Kaiserslautern not recognized as a digital city. In: The Rhine Palatinate. June 12, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2018 .
↑ rdz: Kaiserslautern: City founds digital society . In: The Rhine Palatinate. August 30, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2018 .
↑ ok-kl.de
↑ Hohenecken stop | Opening. In: Rhineland-Palatinate Clock. Retrieved October 2, 2018 .
↑ 2. Bundesliga Southwest - table. DTKV, accessed on June 13, 2013 .
↑ Steven Mohr: SV Mettlach missed the league promotion. In: fupa.net. June 5, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2017 .
↑ Pirmasens: SV Morlautern wins Bitburger association cup final. In: metropolnews.info. May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017 .
Districts of the Palatinate city of Kaiserslautern
Districts: Dansenberg | Einsiedlerhof | Erfenbach | Erlenbach | Erzhütten-Wiesenthalerhof | Hohenecken | Mölschbach | Morlautern | Siegelbach
Former districts of the core town: Bännjerrück / Karl-Pfaff-Siedlung | Betzenberg | Dimple valleys / Volkspark | Inner city north / Kaisersberg | Downtown East | Downtown Southwest | Inner City West / Kotten | Kaiserslautern West | Lämmchesberg / university residential town
Neighborhood: Bahnheim | Eselsfürth | Espensteig | Fischerrück | Gallows Hill | Lime kiln | Lampertsmühle | Stockborn | Birdache
Counties and independent cities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Districts:
Ahrweiler | Altenkirchen (Westerwald) | Alzey-Worms | Bad Dürkheim | Bad Kreuznach | Bernkastel-Wittlich | Birkenfeld | Cochem cell | Donnersbergkreis | Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm | Germersheim | Kaiserslautern | Kusel | Mainz-Bingen | Mayen-Koblenz | Neuwied | Rhine-Hunsrück District | Rhein-Lahn district | Rhine-Palatinate District | Southern Wine Route | Southwest Palatinate | Trier-Saarburg | Vulkaneifel | Westerwaldkreis
Independent cities:
Frankenthal (Pfalz) | Kaiserslautern | Koblenz | Landau in the Palatinate | Ludwigshafen am Rhein | Mainz | Neustadt an der Weinstrasse | Pirmasens | Speyer | Trier | Worms | Zweibrücken
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article "Kaiserslautern" (Authors); it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA.


Today for one of my functionality, I need to check whether the Java script variable is an array or not. jQuery provides a method "jQuery.isArray()" to check whether the element is Java script array or not.
In the above jQuery code, I have declared 3 variables x,y and z. And out of 3, x and y variables are array where z is not. When you run this then you will see that for variable x and y it returns true and for z it returns false.
Check this article to find find index of element in array using jQuery.


text:
Measure T appears on its way to passing in South Lake Tahoe
Local | December 1, 2018
Proponents of Measure T hold signs along U.S. 50.
Ryan Hoffman / Tahoe Daily Tribune
A ballot measure that would ban all vacation home rentals in South Lake Tahoe residential areas appears on its way to passing, according to the latest election update posted Friday.
The tally on Measure T stands at 3,517 "yes" votes (50.42 percent) and 3,458 "no" votes (49.58 percent). Turnout at the city level is at 65 percent (7,126 votes out of 10,959 registered voters).
The 59-vote lead is a slight increase compared to the previous update released on Nov. 16. Those results pegged the "yes" votes at 3,284 (50.36 percent) and the "no" votes at 3,237 (49.64 percent).
Linda Webster, assistant registrar of voters for El Dorado County, told the Tribune at the time of the last update that 525 conditional voter registrations and approximately 2,600 provisional ballots remained unprocessed countywide.
Friday's election update marks an increase of 2,907 ballots countywide. The update is the final one before certified election results are released next week.
Final election results must be submitted to the California Secretary of State's Office by Dec. 7.
Once results are certified, the public has five days to request a recount. That must be done in writing to the local election official.
Measure T made its way onto the ballot after a successful citizen-led petition effort. The question asked voters if they wanted to eliminate vacation home rentals outside the tourist core and commercial areas in three years.
Full-time residents would have the ability to rent out their home up to 30 days per year. Any future changes would need to be put to a vote of the people.
As previously reported, the measure generated a great deal of interest and was top of mind for some local voters on Election Day.
Leading up to Election Day, the effort to defeat Measure T garnered hundreds of thousands of dollars, much of which came from large groups and companies including the National Association of Realtors.


WELCOME~ My name is Julia. I am a daughter, wife, mother and mimi. Our family consists of my mother Theresa, my husband, Bruce, our daughter Theresa, her husband, Chris and 2 wonderful grandchildren, William, 11 and Anna ,9 and our two dogs PupPup, Lady and Patches the cat.
I started a clipping service when my mother, Theresa was diagnosed with Alzheimer's 13 years ago. I'm her caregiver 24/7 so I needed to be able to work from home. I sold on Ebay off and on until I heard about CouponFleaMarket. And now the rest is history. I looooove selling CouponFleaMarket style. I live in Goose Creek,SC. I have large quantities each week, usually 1000, and I welcome Priority and Express mail orders.
So that is it for me……just wanted to give a big warm welcome to all the new customers to the site.