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A change of German view?
By | Published: July 13, 2011
Yesterday morning I attended a breakfast seminar. Professor Henkel from Germany told us how he had been a keen exponent of the Euro in the 1990s. As Head of the German equivalent of the CBI he had come to the UK to urge our membership of the currency.
He has recently published a book explaining why he thinks he was wrong. He now sees the force of criticisms of the scheme which we sceptics put forward at the time. He is worried about the future of the single currency, and is now urging his fellow countrymen and women to think again.
He believes the best fix would be for Germany, Finland, Austria and Holland to leave the Euro and create a new stronger currency, which would revalue against the Euro. France would remain as the leader of the Euro group, and that currency could devalue against more successful economic areas, relieving some of the competitive pressures.
He thinks the formation of a transfer union, sending more grants and gifts to the poorer areas, the more likely outcome of EU deliberations. He thinks the German people will grow increasingly unhappy about this, whilst most of their elite leadership will remain fully behind the Euro project.
He thinks the Euro is now worsening German relationships with the weaker countries. He finds resentment of German government lectures on the need for belt tightening in countries like Greece. He thinks the guarantees and support for Euroland now add up to €5000 for every man, woman and child in Germany.
All the time France and germany disagree about the solution, and all the time there are big differences of view between Germany and the European Central Bank, the ride will be rough for the single currency.
WanderingStar
I'm not sure that a gleeful 'I told you so' is a helpful response to the current difficulties in the Eurozone. I am a regular reader on this site and while your views are cloaked in a veil of moderation, those of the majority of the regular posters are not. I'm not sure what purpose is served by stoking up more rabidly anti-european views. Where do all these arguments logically lead? To an isolationist state of warm beer, cricket on the village green and a Midsummer Murders ethnic mix??? This is 2011, not 1951.
No, you haven't quite got it.
I was in Peterborough today and there were more ladies in veils and a lot more black faces than there actually are in Dubai. We went past two mosques. This is my home town where I lived in the 1950s. We had a good lunch with lots of other people at Chimichanga's which, of course, is fajitas and pica de gallo etc.
So no this is not about warm beer and cricket at all.
What it is about is who governs us in a time when government is into even the tiniest details of how you live.
Do we want to be governed by an unelected quango in far away Europe? People who are not under any sort of control, (like elections, real parliament, press or even, would you believe it, any form of auditing of their books and expenses)? Do we want our law, built up over centuries, to be replaced by half trained foreign judges instead of juries working out a law that is made by the unelected people above?
You may have heard of the privacy of the family courts here being seriously under fire. If justice is not fair, then injustice comes along like a lion and eats people – usually the wrong people. Extradition anyone?
Or do we want to be as self sufficient as, say, the Australians or the people of Southern Sudan? Or the people of Singapore? Free to make our own mistakes?
The tree of liberty needs constant care and attention and, perhaps, our blood.
"while your views are cloaked in a veil of moderation" (Unpleasant and potentially libellous etc-ed), aren't you?
The "anti-european" views are not at all anti-european, just anti-large and non democratic, unaccountable government. And they are not stirred up by anything other than common sense.
If the UK withdrew from the EU, there is no sensible reason why it would become isolationist. Lke all economically viable countries, it would have to trade with the world at large to survive. Certainly it used to, being the premier trading nation prior to the Great War which disrupted the world system of the time.
As for "warm beer and cricket on the lawn", surely that is a choice for the people to make individually-but given the generally cosmopolitan tastes of modern Britain, it seems unlikely to be a majority choice.
Incorrect. Most anti-European views are precisely that, mainly by people who don't understand how the EU works or what it does.
The UK isn't a superpower and we can't dictate who we trade with. If we leave the EU we shouldn't be surprised if they refuse to trade with us and the economy collapses because of it.
"Most anti-European views are precisely that, mainly by people who don't understand how the EU works or what it does."
""The European status quo has become untenable, yet it should still be possible to mobilize a "silent majority" in favour of further advance toward a united Europe, said George Soros, the billionaire investor.
Writing in the Financial Times, Soros said the euro was from the start an incomplete currency, in the sense that it had a central bank but no treasury, and its architects thought, wrongly, that markets would correct their own excesses; hence they set up rules designed to stop only public-sector excesses."
I am part of the 'silent majority' who thnks that (Eurocrats and enthusiasts-ed) should have no role in determining my future.
The quote is from Bloomberg, headed, "European Unity Project Mustn't Be Abandoned, Soros Writes in FT".
What a pathertic argument. Do you seriously believe that if we left the EU the Germans, French, Dutch Italians, et al would no longer want to sell us their goods and services? Trade barriers work both ways.
Wandering Star: " .. rabidly anti-european views."
The usual not so subtle slur.
We are not anti European, many of us choose to spend much of our free time and a significant proportion of our disposable income in Europe.
We simply do not see the need to have domestic British affairs determined by Greeks ( who can barely run their own affairs ) in Brussels, or Portugese ( who oddly can barely run their own affairs) in Brussels, or French ( who it will shortly be revealed can barely run their own affairs ) in Brussels.
In short we wish to fraternize with the continentals but govern ourselves. That such sentiments are considered 'rabid' or 'extreme' is really quite odd.
Riddi of England
The rabidly anti european views to which you allude are profoundly not in play by our host JR.
It is the desire of most Englishmen to be on good mutually beneficial trading with our neighbours because it provides a demonstrable win-win for both parties.
What freedom loving European Nations find a trifle irksome is being formed into a chain gang of slave Regions chivied and chastised at every turn by European Commission Regulations , Directives and (in) Competences.
It is wrong to equate Europe with the European Union.
The former is a diverse multicultural continent with Sovereign Nations glittering each in their own way. The latter is supranational construct bent on the enslavement of its peoples ostensibly for their own good and without their agreement which is the essence of tyranny and the antithesis of freedom.
The logical lead would not be isolationist but expansionist ,outward looking and globally inclusive.
As it happens for me warm beer is no hardship in our "globally warmed" summer !
Cricket on the village green … the quintisential essence of heaven on earth if you are batting !
Even in 1851 our global Buccaneers and Traders were a polyglot band that would put even todays ethnic mix to derisory shame .
Apart from the above I note your post with deference.
Warm beer and cricket on the green sounds good to me, but I'm more than happy to include our friends from the subcontinent and Caribbean in the fun.
George Osborne also used the argument that 'I told you so' wasn't a policy when he approved the first Irish bailout.
I think everyone realises that 'I told you so' isn't a policy but what would be sensible would be to take note of the opinions of the people who are consistently right in their predictions so that you can be in the 'I told you so' camp when the next crisis hits.
EJT
Here we see the attempt at mind control by the redefinition of language. Anti-EU ism is "rabid". Support for what we know to be a damaging system, outside of democratic control and imposed on the British people by stealth and lies, becomes by extension is what every reasonable person must think.
Nothing at all wrong with warm beer, cricket on the village green or a moncultural society, although, sadly, leaving the EU would not revive any of them and the idea that before joining the EU Britain was isolationist, or that it would be after leaving, is absurd.
It is not a problem that will solve itself lend and pretend is complete madness.
Chris Huhne in the telegraph yesterday:
"Together these reforms will secure our energy future. They will get us off the fossil fuel hook and on to clean, green and secure energy. Crucially, they will keep bills lower than they would be if we stuck with the existing arrangements."
Is this man completely mad? It reminds me of the Major government's saying there is no alternative to the ERM and if we come out of the ERM then interest rates will have to rise not fall just before we left and interest rates fell like a stone.
There seems to have been no global warming since 1998 anyway and sun activity has reduced also – so perhaps some more CO2 would be a good thing. Certainly his absurd feed in tariffs and market distortions are mad.
Surely France and Belgium are strong enough to join the nothern group and would not want to be lumbered with the fiddlers on their own.
Alison Granger
Why listen to a man that has already been proved wrong now advocating another currency union?
Freely floating national currencies are a check and a counterbalance that has served well for hundreds of years unless interfered with by idealists, politicians or other trouble makers.
Even better than freely floating currencies are those with a gold standard. It served Britain well when it rose to global superpower. However there's no chance of a return because a gold standard prevents governments fiddling, bribing and borrowing to win votes. No way our ignoble leaders would give that up.
Are these not contradictory positions? The fixed exchange rate of a gold standard is not much different to the fixed exchange rate of an ERM or a Common currency.
The crux of the issue as Mr Redwoods blog or commentators have alluded to all along, is that it is not possible for disparate economies and fiscal systems to share a currency except in a transfer union. Such a union would suit some countries, but would likely be extremely unpopular in others – ours and Germany to name only two.
I do not think you have any idea how grateful I am for this blog.
For some reason which I cannot fathom, the EU is almost completely unreported so people at local level never get to hear what is going on there. OK, there are specialist publications, but I for one do not know how to get hold of them. Economics (a pseudo science anyway?) revels in pseudo words which I cannot be bothered to understand or learn.
So when I read about a top German economist talking sense, I am very grateful to him – and of course to you for reporting it so clearly.
His diagnosis is what I suspected.
This brings home to us that we're not alone in being in a less-than-perfect democracy. The day that the German Government proposes a referendum on a hypothecated tax to be sent to weaker Euro members is the day the Germans have some sort of democracy.
Is it too much to hope for some sort of referendum here on our gifts?
Alex Faulconer
German support for the single currency is vital and without it , the Euro would not survive. An easier solution would be for each member state to revert to their former currency and stand or fall on their own merits.
Did he comment on the status of the challenges made to the German Constitutional Court?
Why is it that the EU political class gets so many things so wrong – the euro, fisheries policy, obsession with carbon tax and renewable energy to name but three?
The same question could also be put to the British political class.
Reply: He mentioned them but had nothing new to offer on it.
You ask "Why is it that the EU political class gets so many things so wrong – the euro, fisheries policy, obsession with carbon tax and renewable energy to name but three? The same question could also be put to the British political class."
Because it is a fight for power and money using all the resources available to the powers that be including religion, tax payer funds, state broadcasters and manipulating peoples irrational beliefs. All done in the interests of the state sector, the politicians and bureaucrats. But bearing in mind what it is possible to rob off the tax payer or ram down their throats without too much violent or other resistance.
They may want to think again about including Austria. Austrian banks have a massive exposure to devalued eastern europe real estate.
Does anyone know if George Osborne, in light of Irish bonds being downgraded to junk amid talks of a second bail-out, has changed his view from that of six months ago?
Six months ago he was confidently predicting that we would make £440 million profit from our Irish bail-out (heaven knows how much we're going to be making when you count in the Portuguese, Greek and IMF bail-outs – our projected proift must be in the billions!).
Any tips for the 2.15 at Cheltenham, George? I fancy a flutter and so would be nice to know what not to back. Or I could just bet extravagently with other peoples money then it wouldn't matter!
Perhaps he will be honourable and pay the difference back to the country from his trust fund! More likely he will just repeat the insanity.
Herr Henkel's idea has been around for quite some time: splitting the euro in a North and South currency (neuro and seuro). But German media are now beginning to support the idea of pooling part of the eurozone debt, which is more in line with the political dimension of the euro project.
See: http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,773893,00.html
Where the media start, the public may follow.
Nice theory. But the reality is that PIIGS won't simply be able to borrow and shuffle off their debts to the Germans (and doubtless the British in due course): they will find that the Germans will dictate precisely how much they can borrow, and what they can spend it on. It's really no different than a parent company insisting on taking decisions on investment made by a subsidiary when the subsidiary seeks to borrow using the parent company's credit rating.
[Thank you for writing something that wasn't associated with politicians positioning themselves to tell the free press what to do. I hope the UK does not lose the WSJeurope through the the NI bashing, it is one of the few newspapers that is nearly readable.]
Well the Eurozone could have been choosier about membership early on, and although the concept of a German currency (pop'n ~85 million) adopted by a few smaller countries (pop'n ~ 30 million) sounds workable, I cannot really believe a France-Germany split without a full collapse of the Euro. But I could believe the idea being returned to in 2013-15 if France has sorted out its deficit. If the Eurozone does get re-zoned, I am not clear why the debate would be between 2 zones or 17(25?) zones. There are probably plenty of other (perhaps complicated) configurations [sovereign currencies, a bailed zone currency, a missing the 3% target but unbailed zone, and a hitting the 3% target zone] – or how about an ERM?
And who is to say he is wrong? I suspect, however, from what we are reading and hearing today that the situation might well deteriorate far beyond what he thinks might happen. Fortunately I have 2 wheelbarrows to go shopping with filled with £1 coins to buy a loaf of bread if the worst happens, because the madness bordering on total insanity of Cameron throwing yet more of our rapidly devaluing currency at an obviously insoluble probem is going to break us all if he carries on as he has.
I thought Brown was totally insane, spending, borrowing, taxing, ruining pension schemes and so on and that the Conservatives would learn their lesson and avoid repeating all that. Seems I was wrong…..
I would go for silver dollars.
I think the pressure on Germany will look very much like that of a forced marriage. The expectations will be there for Germant to be "good Europeans". The veiled threats will be there – with Trichet shrugging his shoulders – and threatening the collapse of the German economy.
There IS a wedding day approaching for Germany. My eyes are on German politics to see if they will blink.
Hang about – this chap Hankel now admits that his previous Grand Design was badly wrong, but that doesn't stop him producing a new Grand Design, and we're supposed to take him seriously?
And arguably if we'd been stupid enough to have fallen in with his previous master plan and joined the euro, as he wanted, the present position would be even worse because the eurozone would now include a country which had been adversely affected by euro membership in a rather similar way to Ireland, but on a much larger scale and with no possibility of it being "saved" through illegal bail-outs by the other eurozone states.
"He believes the best fix would be for Germany, Finland, Austria and Holland to leave the Euro and create a new stronger currency, which would revalue against the Euro."
Why should it be presumed that Finland could satisfactorily share a currency with Holland over the long term, even if the Finns wanted to be part of that new smaller currency union?
"France would remain as the leader of the Euro group, and that currency could devalue against more successful economic areas, relieving some of the competitive pressures."
Would the French people have any say on this, or would it just be a case of obeying the latest orders handed down from Berlin to their Vichy government?
And would the British people have any say on the treaty changes necessary to implement the "outcome of EU deliberations", or would Cameron continue to pretend that it's nothing to do with us and so we don't get a referendum?
Bernard Otway
NO different to subsidising the people shown on the bbc documentary called THE SCHEME
watch it on IPLAYER,it makes no sense whatsoever,the more this is done the more likely that drastic measures TOO HORRIBLE to contemplate are taken against these people.
I am slightly glad and also horrified to have watched this
Woodsy42
While it's nice to hear of one sinner who repents it must be noted that he was spectacularly wrong first time around, how much better is his judgement now?
Electro-Kevin
Good ideas from Professor Henkel. Will he be ignored or denounced ?
Off topic if I may. Radio 4 reports that the UK Border Agency is being cut back by 25%. As it is they can't cope and there is an open back door into England via Cherbourg-Ireland-Scotland. Those illegals who are apprehended are allowed free pass on condition that they promise to report to immigration on arrival. Of course none of them ever do.
When asked for numbers the minister in charge declined to give details stating that the situation was 'fluid' – in other words he hasn't a clue.
On the ground we can tell these numbers must be vast.
Is there any situation that the Tories aren't capable of making worse ?
Cut the numbers issuing visas, and take all visa issuing back in house. That would cut immigration significantly.
Martin Adamson
All very reasonable and sensible, but the problem is that France would rather turn the whole continent into a scorched earth of rubble and blasted heath than find itself in the Losers' League.
The best thing for Germany to do would be to leave the Euro and let other countries make their own decisions; his new position is no more than a fig leaf to disguise the fact that he was wrong, wrong, wrong: the Euro is a theory like communism which only functions within the confines of a cloister. Let's hope the Germans get restive at being asked to bail out less successful countries in perpetuity.
Is that E5000 figure per anum?
Reply: no, it is liabilities to date
Surely, the only way out of this mess is a "federal" Eurozone. One currency; one central bank; one treasury issuing one federal fiscal debt; the Eurozone bond. The Eurozone States will then have the status of an English County or any corporate entity that can't issue its own currency or set its own interest rates. The United States of Europe, finally achieved.
BTW. The WGA Accounts get issued today, UK PLC actually gets a proper set of accounts like any other major PLC. Watch out for accrued liabilities like public sector pensions, could sting a bit.
There is a list on a white board on the trading floor that reads …
… as far as Italy is crossed out.
Do expain the significance of crossing them out for us!
I would imagine it means 'don't invest in these even if it is with other peoples money'
Suze Doughty
So this German guy wishes to break links with France? Plus ca change!
Actually that would be very significant. Read Bernard Connolly's book again in which he describes the lengths the German Government went (and has continued to go) to accommodate France in a common currency.
Why Germany felt so weak that it should want to merge with France I cannot imagine. It cannot have been historic guilt this time as France did quite well out of the WW2 compared with most other European nations.
David John Wilson
This seems to resemble the ambitions of a particular dictator seventy five years ago. Would Holland, Finland and Austria accept being part of a currency which would be totally dominated by Germen interests?
Reply: that is not a fair comment on this gentleman. No, the aim would be to proceed only by agreement.
As opposed to the current Euro arrangement which is er…currently dominated by….er Germany !!!
The strong economies are Germany and the Netherlands. Both are export tigers. Their trading prowess supports the strength of the Euro. It may not be good politics to link the two, but the project's flaw was that it was political rather than economically driven in the first place. Why was Greece ever in?
People might like to read the Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism that was signed by eurogroup ministers on July 11th.
This is only a draft I've found on a Finnish website:
http://stuff.samassaveneessa.info/docs/ESM201105draft.pdf
because I haven't yet been able to find the official final version – the European Council website responds with "File not found".
Reading the general provisions, the intention seems to be to create a transnational body which not only enjoys special financial privileges but is effectively above and outside the scope of all normal law.
Well it is nice that he has changed his mind and agreed that "we" were correct all along. But the latest news that the ECB has probably been supporting the bond markets could be very expensive.
If it is costly for Germany, well sorry but you decided to go in and allowed others in who did not qualify and did not even try to converge with the large economies in the Euro.
We decided to stay out but we will pay, partly through guarantees but also as shareholders in the ECB.
"Mr Buiter, a former UK rate-setter, said the ECB can theoretically blitz €1 trillion in the debt markets without risking inflation. The bank would sink deep under water on its €5bn core capital, but that is a book-keeping detail."
Some "book-keeping detail" – it is likely to cost us £billions.
There are German friends I know who are very uncomfortable at being effectively pushed into the leadership role of the Eurozone.
One of the reasons many Germans liked the idea of the Europe wide 'project' was to smooth the spikes of Europe and to allow Germany to keep a low profile and stay peaceful.
What worries my friends is there may come a time when some Germans may start to enjoy their widening leadership role and may relish the lecturing and finger wagging towards other countries.
This is not what they hoped for and they want to bring back the Deutschmark before it is too late.
Dump the PIIGS on France says German professor? That's the funniest thing I've read all week!
My hope that the euro will fail and shut down this third attempt to unify Europe continues. I want my country back.
We should get Spain to join sterling, then we can export the old fogies there and save on fuel/labour/housing costs.
I mostly feel that I have been locked up in a lunatic asylum and the key has been thrown away. BUT at my age 66 I am now capable of behaving like the sectarianists of both sides in
Belfast,after all what have I got to lose I am already in a prison without bars,at least in a real prison I would get fed,watered and entertained and not have to pay a bbc tax.Lotsof my age feel this way, this nasty project [the EU] has taken away a pleasant retirement.Me I have a
very nasty bucket list.


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How Much Do You Know About Chiller System Parameters?
Discharge head
Recall that the pump circulates chilled water from the chiller system and returns it to the chiller system. The pump should circulate the chilled water up to the total height of the building. The maximum height that the pump can circulate is the pump head.
The pump head is the height to which the pump can lift the water directly. It is measured in metres or feet. Pump head is useful because it tells the pump capacity to do a job.
If we want to pump cold water to a building height of 50 metres, but the pump has a head of 30 metres, the cold water will not circulate. We have to choose a pump with more than 50m head or use two pumps with 30m head.
If we choose a larger discharge head than required, it will consume more energy. It can even damage the chilled water pipes.
Delta T
Delta T is the most common term used in the HVAC industry. It indicates the temperature difference between two points. For example, if water enters the evaporator at a temperature of 12°C and leaves the chiller system at 7°C, the Delta T is 5°C.
For example, the cooling system is designed for a delta T of 6°. During chiller operation, water enters the evaporator at 13°C and leaves the chiller system at 6°C. Then the delta T is 7°C. A chiller with an operating delta T higher than the design delta T is called a high delta T.
If the delta T of the chiller system is high, it is working properly. The efficiency of the cooling system is also good.
For example, the cooling system has a design delta T of 6°. During chiller operation, water enters the evaporator at 10°C and leaves the chiller system at 7°C. Then the delta T is 3°C. A chiller with an operating delta T lower than the design delta T is called a low delta T.
If the delta T is lower than the manufacturer's specified value, it is low delta T. This is often referred to as low delta T syndrome, as it causes problems with the chiller system.
Every chiller system will experience low delta at some point during its continuous operation. Low delta T causes the chilled water pump to run at a faster rate to increase flow. Low delta T reduces the efficiency of the cooling system and consumes more energy.
Low delta T syndrome is the result of under-use of chilled water in AHU/FCU. The causes of low delta T can be
Oversized chillers, pumps, coils, control valves and chilled water piping
Dirty air filters or cooling coils that do not allow air to pass through
Water flow
Recall that cold water circulates through water pipes throughout the building. The flow of water through the pipes is measured in GPM. the abbreviation GPM is gallons per minute.
GPM indicates how many gallons of water flow through the pipes in one minute. It is highly dependent on the speed and size of the pump.
Refrigeration tonnage is a measure of the cooling capacity of a chiller system. tr is the abbreviation for one ton of refrigeration. In a chiller system, one ton of refrigeration equals 2.4 GPM. to provide one ton of refrigeration, we need a water flow rate of 2.4 gallons per minute.
The maximum height that a pump can circulate is the pump head. The pump head is useful because it tells the pump capacity to do a job. Delta T represents the temperature difference between two points.
The flow of water in a pipe is measured in GPM. In a chiller system, one ton of cooling equals 2.4 GPM. to provide one ton of cooling, we need a water flow rate of 2.4 gallons per minute.
Previous: A Quick Guide to Choosing the Correct Chiller
Next: How Does a Cooling Tower and Chiller Work Together?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Jonathan Wilkins, marketing director of industrial obsolete parts supplier, EU Automation explores the pros and cons of using traditional programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and newer programmable automation controllers (PACs).


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text:
Q: Stack crashed when pushed value to a struct Hey guys im learning c and im currently working on stack, structure and pointer. Im using visual studio to do my the program and whenever i enter my input the program will crash. I'm able to scope down that the error is coming from the product name. I am also quite confused since it includes pointer character. Anyone can point out my mistakes? thank you
HERE ARE MY CODES
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#define MAX 10
int top = -1;

struct Product {

    int prodId;
    char *prodName;

};
struct Product arrP[MAX];
struct Product pop();
void push(int id, char *name);
int isFull();
int isEmpty();

struct Product pop()
{
    struct Product temp;

    temp = arrP[top];
    top--;

    return temp;
}

void push(int id, char *name)
{
    top++;
    arrP[top].prodId = id;
    strcpy(arrP[top].prodName,name);
}

int isFull()
{
    if (top == MAX)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}

int isEmpty()
{
    if (top == -1)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}

int main()
{
    int myID;
    char *myName;

    //Push the value
    printf("Enter the Product id: ");
    scanf("%d", &myID);

    printf("Enter the Product Name: ");
    scanf("%s", &myName);

    push(myID, &myName);
    printf("%d %s", arrP[top].prodId ,arrP[top].prodName);

}

A: There are few simple bugs which you can  avoid my listening to compiler warning while compiling with -Wall flag.
Case 1:-  variable myId suppose to be a integer variable, not a pointer variable. If you want it to be pointer variable then you should allocate memory for it first.
int *myID;
printf("Enter the Product id: ");
scanf("%d", &myID);
Replace with
int myID;
printf("Enter the Product id: ");
scanf("%d", &myID);
Case 2:-  variable myName supposed to be array of characters as you want to store product name into it.
char myName;
printf("Enter the Product Name: ");
scanf("%s", &myName);
Replace with
char myName[50];
printf("Enter the Product Name: ");
scanf("%s", myName);
While calling push() function just pass the myName. For e.g
push(myID, myName);
Also this statement
strcpy(arrP[top].prodName,name);
causes problem as prodName is pointer member in of structure, you should allocate memory dynamically for  this and then do copy.
arrP[top].prodName = malloc(SIZE);
strcpy(arrP[top].prodName,name);

A: When you are getting the input using %s  in character type variable, the memory adjacent to the address of the char variable gets overwritten thus can cause program crash. if you want to enter a string, you can try it by defining an array of characters (as char my name[MAX], MAX can be a size suitable to you).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Hassan Yousuf (Arabic:حسن يوسف) (born 29 January 1992) is an Emirati footballer. He currently plays as a winger for Emirates.

Career

Al-Wasl
Hassan Yousuf started his career at Al-Wasl and is a product of the Al-Wasl's youth system. On 24 April 2011, Hassan Yousuf made his professional debut for Al-Wasl against Ittihad Kalba in the Pro League, replacing Alexandre Oliveira.

Al-Fujairah
On 8 August 2014, left Al-Wasl and signed with Al-Fujairah. On 15 September 2014, Hassan Yousuf made his professional debut for Al-Fujairah against Emirates Club in the Pro League .

Al Urooba
On Season 2016, left Al-Fujairah and signed with Al Urooba.

Ittihad Kalba
On 27 May 2018, left Al Urooba and signed with Ittihad Kalba. On 14 August 2018, Hassan Yousuf made his professional debut for Ittihad Kalba against Emirates Club in the Pro League.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Emirati footballers
Al-Wasl F.C. players
Fujairah FC players
Al Urooba Club players
Al-Ittihad Kalba SC players
Emirates Club players
UAE Pro League players
UAE First Division League players
Association football wingers
Place of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Portable Assembly
Sun, May 28, 2017 4:45 PM
So, then, what is a portable assembler?
One major variable of a processor architecture is the number of registers, and what you can do with them. On one side of the spectrum, we have PICs or 6502 with pretty much no registers, on the other side, there's things like x86_64 or ARM64 with plenty 64-bit registers. Using an abstraction like C to let the compiler handle the distinction (which register to use, when to spill) sounds like a pretty good idea to me. If you were more close to assembler, you'd either limit yourself to an unuseful subset that works everywhere, or to a set that works only in one or two places.
Dimiter_Popoff
One which is not tied to a particular architecture, rather to an idealized machine model. It makes sense to use this assuming that processors evolve towards better, larger register sets - which has been the case last few decades. It would be impractical to try to assemble something written once for say 68k and then assemble it for a 6502 - perhaps doable but insane.
Using a phrase book is of course a good idea if you want to conduct a quick conversation. It is a terrible idea if you try to use the language for years and choose to stay confined within the phrases you have in the book.
Like I said before, there is no point to write code which can work on any processor ever made. I have no time to waste on that, I just need my code to be working on what is the best silicon available. This used to be 68k, now it is power. You have to program with some constraints - e.g. knowing that the "assembler" (which in reality is more a compiler) may use r3-r4 as it wishes and not preserve them on a per line basis etc. Since the only person who could make a comparison between a HLL and my vpa is me, I can say it has made me orders of magnitude more efficient. Obviously you can take my word for that or ignore it, I can only say what I know.
Dimiter
------------------------------------------------------ Dimiter Popoff, TGI
Grant Edwards
Mon, May 29, 2017 1:59 AM
1) It's what Unicorns use when writing code to run the automation equipment used by Elves to mass-produce cookies inside hollow trees. 2) It's a trigger phrase that indicates the person using it is delusional and is about to lure you into a time-sink of relativistic proportions.
If I were you, I'd either smile politely and change the topic or just turn and run.
Oh smile as much as you want. Then try to match 10% of what I have made and try to smile again.
Not so much. Perhaps Fortran plus say, LINPACK.
"I am returning this tobacconist; it is scratched." - Monty Python.
It has been a long time since C presented a serious constraint in performance for me.
Mostly, I've seen the source code outlast the company for which it was written :)
I would personally view "megabytes of source" as an opportunity to infuse a system with better ideas through a total rewrite. I understand that this view is rarely shared; people prefer the arbitrage of technical debt.
L'il MCU projects are essentially disposable. Too many heresies.
I have used some very good portable C code across three or four different architectures (depending on whether you view a 188 and a 286 as different architectures). This all in one company over the span of 9 years or so.
So -- perhaps your scope is limited?
www.wescottdesign.com
Sometimes people call C a "portable assembly" - they are wrong. But one of the purposes of C is so that you don't /need/ assembly, portable or not.
What has been discussed so far in this branch (I haven't read the whole thread yet) has been a retargetable assembler - a way to generate an assembler program for different processors without going through all the work each time. Such tools have existed for many years, and are an efficient way to make an assembler if you need to cover more than one target. They don't help much for writing the actual target assembly code, however - though usually you can share the same directives (commands for sections, macros, etc.). GNU binutils "gas" is the most widely used example.
As far as a portable assembly language is concerned, that does not and cannot exist. Assembly language is by definition too tightly connected to the ISA of the target. It is possible to have a language that is higher abstraction than assembler, but still lower level and with tighter control than C, and which can be translated/compiled to different target assemblies. LLVM is a prime example.
Writing a game involves a great deal more than just the coding. Usually, the coding is in fact just a small part of the whole effort - all the design of the gameplay, the storyline, the graphics, the music, the algorithms for interaction, etc., is inherently cross-platform. The code structure and design is also mostly cross-platform. Some parts (the graphics and the music) need adapted to suit the limitations of the different target platforms. The final coding in assembly would be done by hand for each target.
Exactly - you use a programming language appropriate for the job. For most low-level work, that is C (or perhaps C++, if you /really/ know what you are doing). Some parts of your code will be target-specific C, some parts will be portable C. And a few tiny bits will be assembly or "intrinsic functions" that are assembly made to look like C functions.
Most of the assembly used will actually be written by the toolchain provider (startup code, library code, etc.) - and if you are using a half-decent processor, this would almost certainly have been better written in C than assembly.
C is /not/ a "portable assembly" - it means you don't /need/ a portable assembly.
No, it is not a "portable assembler". It is just a translator to generate PPC assembly from 68K assembly, because you had invested so much time and code in 68K assembly and wanted to avoid re-writing everything for the PPC. That's a reasonable enough business strategy, and an alternative to writing an emulator for the 68K on the PPC, or some sort of re-compiler.
But it is not a "portable assembler". If you can take code written in your VPA and translate it into PIC, 8051, msp430, ARM, and x86 assembly, in a way that gives near-optimal efficiency on each target, while letting you write your VPA code knowing exactly which instructions will be generated on the target, /then/ you would have a portable assembler. But such a language cannot be made, for obvious reasons.
What you have is a two-target sort-of assembler that gives you reasonable code on two different targets. You could also say that you have your own personal low-level programming language with compiler backends for two different targets. Again, that's fair enough - and if it lets you write the code you want, great. But it is not a portable assembly.
Spoken like a true fanatic (or salesman).
For embedded systems (before we called them that), yes. There were few compilers that were really worth the media they were delivered on -- and few meant to generate code for bare iron.
Speaking from the standpoint of the *arcade* game industry, games were developed on hardware specific to that particular game (trying, where possible, to leverage as much of a previous design as possible -- for reasons of economy).
Most games were coded from scratch in ASM; very little "lifted" from Game X to act as a basis for Game Y (this slowly changed, over time -- but, mainly in terms of core services... runtime executives predating "real" OS's).
Often, the hardware was *very* specific to the game (e.g., a vector graphic display didn't draw vectors in a frame buffer but, rather, directly controlled the deflection amplifiers -- X & Y -- of the monitor to move the "beam" around the display tube in a particular path). As such, the "display I/O" wasn't really portable in an economic sense -- no reason to make a Z80 version of a 6502-based game with that same wonky display hardware. E.g., Atari had a vector graphic display system (basically, a programmable display controller) that could ONLY draw curves -- because curves were so hard to draw with a typical vector graphic processor! (You'd note that every "line segment" on the display was actually a curve of a particular radius)
Also, games taxed their hardware to the limit. There typically wasn't an "idle task" that burned excess CPU cycles; all cycles were used to make the game "do more" (players are demanding). The hardware was designed to leverage whatever features the host CPU (often more than one CPU for different aspects of the game -- e.g., "sound" was its own processor, etc.) to the greatest advantage. E.g., 680x processors were a delight to interface to a frame buffer as the bus timing directly lent itself to "display controller gets access to the frame buffer for THIS half clock cycle... and the CPU gets access for the OTHER half cycle" (no wait states as would be the case with a processor having variable bus cycle timings (e.g., Z80).
Many manufacturers invested in full custom chips to add value (and make the games harder to counterfeit).
A port of a game to another processor (and perhaps entire hardware platform) typically meant rewriting the entire game, from scratch. But, 1980's games (arcade pieces) weren't terribly big -- tens of KB of executables. Note that any graphics for the game were directly portable (many of the driving games and some of the Japanese pseudo-3D games had HUGE image ROMs that were displayed by dedicated hardware -- under the control of the host CPU).
In practical terms, these were small enough projects that *seeing* one that already works (that YOU coded or someone at your firm/affiliate coded) was the biggest hurdle to overcome; you know how the game world operates, the algorithms for the "robots", what the effects should look like, etc.
If you look at emulations of these games (e.g., MAME), you will see that they aren't literal copies but, rather, just intended to make you THINK you're playing the original game (because the timing of the algorithms in the emulations isn't the same as that in the original game). E.g., the host (application) typically synchronized its actions to the position of the "beam" repainting the display from the frame buffer (in the case of a raster game; similar concepts for vector games) to minimize visual artifacts (like "object tearing") and provide other visual features ("OK, the beam has passed this portion of the display, we can now go in and alter it in preparation for its next pass, through")
In a sense, the games were small systems, by today's standards. Indeed, many could be *emulated* on SoC's, today -- for far less money than their original hardware and far less development time!
Or, the platform on which it was originally intended to run!
OTOH, there are many "regulated" industries where change is NOT seen as "good". Where even trivial changes can have huge associated costs (e.g., formal validation, reestablishing performance and reliability data, etc.)
[I've seen products that required the manufacturer to scour the "used equipment" markets in order to build more devices simply because the *new* equipment on which the design was based was no longer being sold!] [[I've a friend here who hordes big, antique (Sun) iron because his enterprise systems *run* on old SPARCservers and the cost of replacing/redesigning the software to run on new/commodity hardware and software is simply too far beyond the company's means!]]
I've never seen this done, successfully. The "second system" effect seems to sabotage these attempts -- even for veteran developers! Instead of reimplementing the *same* system, they let feeping creaturism take over. The more developers, the more "pet features" try to weasel their way into the new design.
As each *seems* like a tiny little change, no one ever approaches any of them with a serious evaluation of their impact(s) on the overall system. And, everyone is chagrined at how much *harder* it is to actually fold these changes into the new design -- because the new design was conceived with the OLD design in mind (i.e., WITHOUT these additions -- wasn't that the whole point of this effort?).
Meanwhile, your (existing) market is waiting on the new release of the OLD product (with or without the new features) instead of a truly NEW product.
And, your competitors are focused on their implementations of "better" products (no one wants to play "catch-up"; they all aim to "leap-frog").
Save your new designs for new products!
Mon, May 29, 2017 12:08 PM
I might agree with that - if we understand "portable" as "universally portable".
Well who in his right mind would try to port serious 68020 or sort of code to a PIC or MSP430 etc. I am talking about what is practical and has worked for me. It would be a pain to port back from code I have written for power to something with fewer registers but within reason it is possible and can even be practical. Yet porting to power has been easier because it had more registers than the original 68k and many other things, it is just more powerful and very well thought, whoever did it knew what he was doing. It even has little endian load and store opcodes... (I wonder of ARM have big endian load/store opcodes).
Yet I agree it is not an "assembler" I suppose. I myself refer to it at times as a compiler, then as an assembler... It can generate many lines per statement - many opcodes, e.g. the 64/32 bit divide the 68020 has is done in a loop, no way around that (17 opcodes, just counted it). Practically the same what any other compiler would have to do.
It comes pretty close to that as long as your CPU has 32 registers, but you need to know exactly what each line does only during debugging, running step by step through the native code.
It may sound so but it is not what I intended. VPA has made me a lot more efficient than anyone else I have been able to compare myself with. Since I also am only human it can't be down to me, not by *that* much. It has to be down to something else; in all likelihood it is the toolchain I use. My "phrasebook" comment stays I'm afraid.
Mon, May 29, 2017 1:06 PM
"Universally portable" is perhaps a bit ambitious :-) But to be called a "portable assembly", I would expect a good deal more than two architectures that are relatively closely related (32-bit, reasonably orthogonal instruction sets, big endian). I would imagine that translating 68K assembly into PPC assembly is mostly straightforward - unlike translating it into x86, or even ARM. (The extra registers on the PPC give you the freedom you need for converting complex addressing modes on the 68K into reasonable PPC code - while the ARM has fewer registers available.)
If the code were /portable/ assembly, then it would be possible. Standard C code will work fine on the msp430, ARM, x86, 68K and PPC - though it is unlikely to be efficient on a PIC or 8051.
(I agree that the PPC is a fine ISA, and have enjoyed using it on a couple of projects. ARM Cortex M, the most prevalent cores for microcontrollers, does not have big endian load or store opcodes. But it has byte-reverse instructions for both 16-bit and 32-bit values. The traditional ARM instruction set may have them - I am not as familiar with that.)
If it were /portable/ assembly, then your code that works well for the PPC would automatically work well for the 68K.
The three key points about assembly, compared to other languages, are that you know /exactly/ what instructions will be generated, including the ordering, register choices, etc., that you can access /all/ features of the target cpu, and that you can write code that is as efficient as possible for the target. There is simply no way for this to portable. Code written for the 68k may use complex addressing modes - they need multiple instructions in PPC assembly. If you do this mechanically, you will know exactly what instructions this generates - but the result will not be as efficient as code that re-uses registers or re-orders instructions for better pipelining. Code written for the PPC may use more registers than are available on the 68K - /something/ has to give.
Thus your VLA may be a fantastic low-level programming language (having never used it or seen it, I can't be sure - but I'm sure you would not have stuck with it if it were not good!). But it is not a portable assembly language - it cannot let you write assembly-style code for more than one target.
That's fine - you have a low-level language and a compiler, not a portable assembler.
Some time it might be fun to look at some example functions, compiled for either the 68K or the PPC (or, better still, both) and compare both the source code and the generated object code to modern C and modern C compilers. (Noting that the state of C compilers has changed a great deal since you started making VLA.)
Good comparisons are, of course, extremely difficult - and not least, extremely expensive. You would need to do large scale experiments with at least dozens of programmers working on a serious project before you could compare efficiency properly.
Yet, that's what a "Universal Assembler" would be able to do.
And it is not anything close to a "Universal Assembler".
So, to what *is* it tied then? What is its *concrete* machine model?
Doable and not insane with C.
Actually, you can programm the 6502 in C++17.
My point being: if you work on assembler level, that is: registers, you'll not have anything more than a phrase book. A C compiler can use knowledge from one phrase^Wstatement and carry it into the next, and it can use grammar to generate not only "a = b + c" and "x = y * z", but also "a = b + (y*z)".
I am not an expert in either of these two architectures, but 68k has 8 data + 8 address registers whereas Power has 32 GPRs. If you work on a virtual pseudo-assembler level you probably ignore most of your Power.
A classic compiler will happily use as many registers as it finds useful.
The only possible gripe with C would be that it has no easy way to write a memory cell by number. But a simple macro fixes that.
Indeed, having more registers is of huge help. But it is not as straight forward as it might seem at first glance. Then while at it I did a lot more than just emulate the 68k - on power we have a lot more on offer, I wanted to take advantage of it, like adding syntax to not touch the CCR - as the 68k unavoidably does on moves, add and many others, use the 3 address mode - source1,source2, destination - and have this available not just as registers but as any addressing mode etc. If you assemble plain CPU32 code the resulting power object code size is about 3.5 times the native CPU32 code size. If you write with power in mind - e.g. you discourage all the unnecessary CCR (CR in power) updates - code sizes get pretty close. I have designed in a pass for optimizing that automatically, 1.5 decades later still waiting to happen... :-). No need for it which would deflect me from more pressing issues I suppose.
This is semantics - but since user level 68k code assembles directly I think it is fair enough to borrow the word "assembler". Not what everyone understands under it every time of course but must have sounded OK to me back then. Then I am a practical person and tend not to waste much time on names as long as they do not look outright ugly or misleading (well I might go on purpose for "ugly" of course but have not done it for vpa).
Well yes, if we accept that we have to accept that VPA (Virtual Processor Assembler) is not exactly an assembler. But I think the name is telling enough what to expect.
That is completely possible with vpa for power, nothing is stopping you from using native to power opcodes (I use rwlinm and rlwimi quite often, realizing there might be no efficient way to emulate them but I do what I can do best, if I get stuck in a world with x86 processors only which have just the few original 8086 registers I'll switch occupation to herding kangaroos or something. Until then I'll change to a new architecture only if I see why it is better than the one I use now, for me portability is just a means, not a goal).
Yes but they run in fewer cycles. Apart from the PC relative - there is no direct access to the PC on power, takes 2-3 opcodes to get to it alone - the rest works faster. And say the An,Dn.l*4 mode can take not just powers of 2... etc., it is pretty powerful.
Oh yes, backward porting would be quite painful. I do use all registers I have - rarely resorting to r4-r7, they are used for addressing mode calculations, intermediate operands etc., use one of them and you have something to work on when porting later. I still do it at times when I think it is justified... may well bite me one day.
Hmmm, not for any target - yes. For more than one target with the code not losing efficiency - it certainly can, if the new target is right (as was the case 68k -> power). Basically I have never been after a "universal assembler", I just wanted to do what you already know I wanted. How we call it is of secondary interest to me to be fair :-).
Yes, I would also be curious to see that. Not just a function - as it will likely have been written in assembly by the compiler author - but some sort of standard thing, say a base64 encoder/decoder or some vnc server thing etc. (the vnc server under dps is about 8 kilobytes, just looked at it. Does one type of compression (RRE misused as RLE) and raw).
====================================================== Dimiter Popoff, TGI
"Only" gripe?
Every language choice makes implicit tradeoffs in abstraction management. The sorts of data types and the operations that can be performed on them are baked into the underlying assumptions of the language.
What C construct maps to the NS16032's native *bit* array instructions? Or, the test-and-set capability present in many architectures? Or, x86 BCD data types? Support for 12 or 60 bit integers? 24b floats? How is the PSW exposed? Why pointers in some languages and not others?
Why do we have to *worry* about atomic operations in the language in a different way than on the underlying hardware? Why doesn't the language explicitly acknowledge the idea of multiple tasks, foreground/background, etc.?
Folks designing languages make the 90-10 (%) decisions and hope the
10 aren't unduly burdened by the wins afforded to the 90. Or, that the applications addressed by the 10 can tolerate the contortions they must endure as a necessary cost to gain *any* of the benefits granted to the 90.
When did the "embedded system" term become popular ?
Of course, there were some military system (such as SAGE) that used purpose built computers in the 1950s.
In the 1970s the PDP-11/34 was very popular as a single purpose computer and the PDP-11/23 in the 1980's. After that 8080/Z80/6800 became popular as the low end processors.
No idea. I was "surprised" when told that this is what I did for a living (and HAD been doing all along!).
I now tell people that I design "computers that don't LOOK like computers" (cuz everyone thinks they KNOW what a "computer" looks like!) "things that you know have a computer *in* them but don't look like the stereotype you think of..."
11's were used a lot as they were reasonably affordable and widely available (along with folks who could code for them). E.g., the Therac was 11-based.
The i4004 was the first real chance to put "smarts" into something that didn't also have a big, noisey box attached. I recall thinking the i8080 (and 85) were pure luxury coming from that more crippled world ("Oooh! Kilobytes of memory!!!")
To be practical, it /should/ be a function - or no more than a few functions. (I don't know why you think functions might be written in assembly by the compiler author - the compiler author is only going to provide compiler-assist functions such as division routines, floating point emulation, etc.) And it should be something that has a clear algorithm, so no one can "cheat" by using a better algorithm for the job.
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By the way didnt know there was separate entrances for men and women:O shocked!!!
Don't worry its only a matter of time sweety, hang in there Inshallah Khiar.
Oh my god! the place looks amazing! mashallah...i love the template.
I envy you your experience...*sigh* i so wish i could go back to saudi and would do anything(within reasonable limits) to see the kaabah again. Fortunate you are my dear..truely fortunate.
ps. I LOVE THE TEMPLATE!! i so cant get over how hot it is!


text:
Activists' urgent call to Southeast Governors, others: Act fast before Army collapses Niger Bridge, cripples life in Igboland
Posted by News Express | 5 December 2016 | 2,020 times
The International Society for Civil Liberties and the Rule of Law (Intersociety) in collaboration with the Southeast Based Coalition of Human Rights Organizations (SBCHROs), an umbrella body of 10 social rights groups has drawn the attention of Governors of the five South Eastern states and the Deputy President of the Senate, Ike Ekweremadu, to what it called "a clear case of Army of Occupation by Jihadist elements in the Nigerian Army in the Southeast Geopolitical Zone or Igbo Land as well as orchestrated plans by them to collapse the 51years Old Onitsha Niger Bridge; a major gateway to Igbo Land."
This comes on the heels of the deployment of troops to the South East, in an exercise the Ministry high command tagged "Operation Python Dance".
In a statement issued on Sunday, signed by Emeka Umeagbalasi, Intersociety Board Chairman; Chinwe Umeche, Head, Democracy & Good Governance Programme; Obianuju Igboeli, Head, Civil Liberties and Rule of Law; and10 other South East-based rights groups, the activists alleged that there are "ulterior motives behind the referenced despicable and condemnable operations are for the purpose of Jihadism and Ethnic Cleansing.
"Others are to cause social and economic strangulation of the Southeast Zone and collapse of Onitsha Niger Bridge built since 1965; for the purpose of cutting off the Igbo Land from the rest of the country; using the Southeast Roads as illegitimate money making venture by way of collection of illegal roadblock tolls and extortion; depriving the Christian dominated people of the Southeast and the South-south Zones particularly those living outside the zones of their sacred and constitutionally guaranteed rights to worship and commemorate the birth of their Savior Jesus Christ by blocking and torturing them from returning to their ancestral homes by way of total blockage of the ailing Niger Bridge and deliberate creation of indiscriminate roadblocks; pushing the law abiding Igbo Race to the wall and forcing them to adopt radical reprisal approaches to pave way for full blown genocidal Jihadism against the Race.
"It is recalled that on Monday, 28th of November 2016, the Nigerian Army, dominated by Jihadist elements; dubiously announced the mass deployment of troops and equipment to all strategic roads and commercial centers including motor parks in Igbo Land, in the guise of "Operation or Exercise Python Dance"; saying it is targeting "MASSOB, IPOB, Fulani Herdsmen, Kidnappers and Armed Robbers". Before the dubious announcement, the Southeast or Igbo Land was laid under siege with not less than one hundred military and navy roadblocks and not more than 1000 police roadblocks scattered on all strategic roads and routes in the Zone. The link below contains the first army statement under reference: http://newsexpressngr.com/news/31295-Army-reads-Riot-Act-to-IPOB-MASSOB-herdsmen-others.
"In response, the Southeast Based Coalition of Human Rights Organizations (SBCHROs) and the Intersociety, issued a joint statement, dated 30th of November 2016, condemning in its entirety and totality the action of the Jihadist Nigerian Army. The said statement of ours triggered off public outcries and more informed reactions; forcing the army through its 82nd Division in Enugu to issue another contradictory, defenseless and watery statement; claiming professionalism and routine in-service exercise. The link below contains the second army statement, issued on Friday, 2nd December 2016: http://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/31490-Army-clears-air-over-operation-Python-Dance-in-South-East-16. In all these, the more the Jihadist army tries to justify its claims behind the atrocious operations, the more its ulterior motives are exposed.
"We have, contrary to the claims of the Jihadist Army, investigated, found and come out with the following 37-Points Of Facts; shaming, rubbishing and exposing the false claims and ulterior motives of the Jihadist Nigerian Army and the Police: (1) That the Jihadist Nigerian Army raised false insecurity alarms in the Southeast with ulterior or dubious intents; (2) that street protests are not armed rebellion or traditional street crimes of kidnapping, armed robbery or murder, etc; (3) that IPOB and MASSOB are not armed opposition groups waging war against the Federal Republic of Nigeria or any part thereof; (4) that Southeast Zone is the most peaceful Zone to live in Nigeria; as clearly attested to by a recent UN Report and it is not a war zone or a zone at war with the Federal Government or Federal Republic of Nigeria; (5) that there are no security threats of unprecedented proportion or Northeast magnitude in the Southeast Zone warranting the present military siege or police state in the Zone.
"(6) That the Jihadist Nigerian Army is crude and an illiterate army with no knowledge of the meaning and definition of Rules of Engagement; (7) that the Jihadist Nigerian Army has continued to criminalise and stigmatise the nonviolent activities of IPOB to the point of saddening and alarming proportions; (8) that while the Southeast, which is a Zone in peace and non war Zone is being hunted, persecuted and pushed to the wall; the troubled Zones like Northeast and violent groups like the Fulani Janjaweed are being cuddled, petted and protected (i.e. see military roadblocks along Umuahia-Aba Federal Road and blanket protections provided to Fulani cattle rearers and their herds of cattle where cattle are valued more than lives of road users on Southeast Roads).
"(9) That the Jihadist Nigerian Army and its Commander-in-Chief are killing, wounding, torturing and persecuting citizens of the Southeast Zone that have chosen nonviolence and law abiding living; whereas violent entities and Zones including Boko Haram and Fulani Janjaweed are being rewarded and given presidential treat and protection; (10) that there are no credible official crime statistics from the Nigeria Police Force in the Southeast Zone, detailing the patterns and trends of violent crimes such as kidnapping and armed robbery in the Zone; showing increase or decrease; warranting the involvement of the Jihadist Nigerian Army in the flooding of the Zone with troops and weapons.
"(11) That soldiers are not professionally trained to catch kidnappers and armed robbers or arsonists or burglars or rapists; or engage in fighting street crimes and they do not have mental and ICT expertise to do same; (12) that hiding under the guise of "fighting kidnappers and armed robbers" as a cover to actualise their Jihadist intents have been exposed and shamed; (13) that the Jihadist Nigerian Army resorted to such useless and mockery excuses as a cover to execute their Jihadist and ethnic cleansing operations; (14) that the use of Fulani Herdsmen by the Jihadist Nigerian Army as one of the excuses for invasion of the Southeast is deliberate and a further cover to be hidden under to perpetrate its planned unprovoked war or mass killing and torture mission.
"(15) That the Fulani Janjaweed or Herdsmen have massacred over 140 defenceless Christians in Southern Kaduna alone, in the past six months; yet the Army turns blind eyes; likewise similar massacring of hundreds of others in Agatu (Benue State), Nimbo (Enugu State), Akokwa (Imo State), Asaba and its environs (Delta State) and reported ongoing massacre in Abia communities of Abia State, etc; with the Jihadist Nigerian Army looking the other way; but wasting unnecessary energy and weaponry chasing, massacring, wounding, torturing and persecuting defenceless Igbo-Christians in furtherance of its Jihadist and ethnic cleansing.
"(16) That the Jihadist Nigerian Army operation by way of total blockage of the 51years Old Onitsha Bridge; a major gateway to Igbo Land, is solely meant to collapse and sink the Bridge so as to cut the Southeast Zone off from the rest of the country; when it ought to know that the Bridge critically needs round-the-clock decongestion and lesser traffic gridlock especially in this critical festive period; (17) that the operations of the Jihadist Nigerian Army are deliberately commenced this crucial festive period in Igbo Land so as to punish, torture and persecute the Igbo Race for being predominant Christians and deprive them of their sacred rights to commemorate the birth of their Saviour Jesus Christ; (18) that the Army operations are also meant to strangulate the Igbo Race or Southeast Zone socially, culturally and economically.
"(19) That the Jihadist Nigerian Army operations commenced in this crucial festive period in Igbo Land are geared towards creation of a sort of "Concentration Camp" by way of total blockage of the Onitsha Niger Bridge; particularly along Asaba-Niger Bridge and Niger Bridge-Onitsha Upper Iweka axis by trapping and jam-packing thousands of Xmas returnees with their families and livestock and other perishable items, so as to get them suffocated, fainted or died in their large numbers; (20) that the Jihadist Nigerian Army operations are also in crude and shameless response to the recent Amnesty International Report on massacre of at least 150 Pro Biafra Campaigners by the Jihadist Army; a confirmation of Intersociety's earlier findings of the massacre by army and others of at least 250 nonviolent and unarmed Pro Biafra campaigners between July/August 2015 and May 2016.
"(21) That the Jihadist Nigerian Army's response is in the form of show of shame, force and impunity; (22) that the Jihadist Nigerian Amy operations are designed to inflict the Igbo Race with psychological torture and permanently treat them as a conquered people and further massacre them on the road with impunity in addition to over 250 unarmed and defenceless Igbo citizens and over 300 others it massacred or terminally wounded since July/August 2015; (23) that the Army operations are purely an army of occupation designed to occupy the Southeast permanently with attendant atrocious and butchery outcomes.
"(24) That Intersociety and SBCHROs' reason for referring to the Nigerian Army as 'Jihadist Nigerian Army' particularly in the Southeast Zone, follows total takeover and domination of its command and rank and file by officers and citizens of northern Muslim background or Hausa-Fulani hegemony who are filled with intolerance, crude and butchery mindsets; whereby the GOC of the 82nd Division in Enugu: Major Gen. Ibrahim Attahiru; the Deputy Army Spokesman of the 82nd Division: Col. Sagir Musa and his predecessor, Col. Hamza Gambo; the Commandant of the 302 Artillery Regiment, Onitsha, Col. Isa Abdullahi Maigari; the leader of the military massacre operation of 29th and 30th of May 2016 at Nkpor, Onitsha and Asaba; Major M.I. Ibrahim of the Military Police; and the Commander of the 144 Battalion of the Nigerian Army at Ukwa in Abia State; Lt. Col. Kasim Sidi Umar; who spearheaded the 9th of February 2016 massacre of over 30 IPOB members in Aba, are all from Hausa-Fulani Muslim background; likewise domination of other strategic command positions and over 70% of the rank and file or combatants by citizens of northern Muslim background.
"(25) That another ulterior motive behind the Jihadist Nigerian Army operations in Igbo Land or Southeast Zone is for the purpose of criminal enrichment or illegitimate pocketing of hundreds of millions of naira from the Southeast Roads by way of organised road crime or roadblock extortion through open and closed sources; (26) that recent update of the Intersociety on road crimes committed by police and military personnel (i.e. army and navy) clearly showed that there are not less than 200 military roadblocks and 1000 police roadblocks on Southeast Roads as at 4th of December 2016; (27) that in those roadblocks, various forms of extortion are applied to rob the motorists and other road users at official gunpoint.
"(28) That while soldiers and navy use structured form of extortion (i.e. hiring of civilians or garage touts to forcefully collect tolls on their behalf), the police use open method or direct extortion at gunpoint; (29) that the choice of Southeast Roads is because of its blue-collar nature or high commercial and cash transactions; (30) that as a result, the Jihadist Nigerian Army commanders and their foot soldiers in the Southeast Zone; with transmission of routine monthly brown envelopes (returns) to their superiors in Abuja; collectively and crookedly smile to bank on daily basis with tens of millions of naira derived from roadblock extortion; (31) that empirical evidence at our investigative disposal shows that the Nigeria Police in the Southeast Zone and its Roads had in the past 14 months or between October 2015 and December 2016, criminally collected and pocketed a total of N9.1 billion from roadblock extortion on Southeast Roads.
"(32) That our updated checks as at today show that there are not less than 250 police roadblocks on Anambra's Federal and State Roads as well as its city roads and that each police roadblock extorts minimum of N50 note and average of N100 note from each commercial motorist; translating to at least N30,000 for each police roadblock; N7.5 million daily from not less than 250 police roadblocks; N225 million monthly and N2.7 billion per year; (33) that the same facts and circumstances are applicable to Abia State; another major blue-collar State after Anambra State; with its 250 police roadblocks criminally pocketing N2.7 billion per year; (34) that Imo State; a lesser blue-collar State, has at least 200 police roadblocks to its name; with each police roadblock pocketing not less than N15,000 daily; N3 million for its 200 police roadblocks per day, N90 million per month and N1.08 billion per annum.
"(35) That Enugu and Ebonyi states with relatively white-collar or civil service sub culture, have at least 300 police roadblocks to their names on average of 150 each; and each of the police roadblock criminally pockets at least N15,000 pay day and N4.5 million for the 300 police roadblocks per day; N135 million per month and N1.62 billion per year; on average of N810 million for each of the two states; (36) that in all, the police personnel at over 1000 police roadblocks mounted on Southeast Roads have between January 2016 and December 2016 criminally collected and pocketed from Southeast commercial road users a total of N8.1Billion; with Anambra State accounting for N2.7 billion; Abia State N2.7 billion; Imo State N1.08 billion; Enugu State N810 million; and Ebonyi State N810 million; (37) that added to N1.03 billion criminally collected and pocketed between 21st October and 21st December 2015 by not less than 750 police roadblocks then on Southeast Roads; the total roadblock theft by the Nigeria Police Force in the past 14 months from Southeast Roads is N9.13 billion.
"In view of the foregoing, therefore, we boldly demand that the Southeast Public Office Holders particularly the elected Governors of Anambra, Imo, Abia, Enugu and Ebonyi states and Deputy Senate President, Ike Ekweremadu, should proactively rise to the occasion and take firm charge as Chief Security Officers and Highest Legislative Officer of the Southeast Zone.
"That in view of the Chief of Army Staff's Conference kicking off in Owerri, Imo State from today, Monday, 5th of December 2016, expected to last for days; the above mentioned public office holders should make maximum use of the opportunity to register their strong displeasure and disapproval against unwarranted militarisation of the Southeast or Igbo Land by Buratai led Jihadist Nigerian Army.
"That the COAS, Lt. Gen. Turkur Buratai, should be boldly engaged and asked to explain the rationale behind out-right domination of the command structure of the Nigerian Army in the Southeast as well as its rank and file by officers and citizens of Hausa-Fulani Muslim background.
"That the COAS must be made to reverse the dangerous trend and de-Hausanize the art of combatant or infantry soldiering in the Southeast Zone or Igbo Land.
"That the COAS must be told in strong and unmistakable language that Southeast will no longer condone and tolerate the age-long maltreatment by Nigerian Army as 'a conquered territory and people'.
"That the Southeast Public Office Holders above mentioned should meet President Muhammadu Buhari with a fluent Hausa Language interpreter to demand his inexplicable hostility towards the Igbo Land and Igbo Race and prevail on him to demilitarise the Southeast Zone.
"That the Southeast Public Office Holders must insist during the COAS visit to Imo that he must order for the de-blockage of the ailing Onitsha Niger Bridge before he leaves the Igbo Land so as to save the Bridge from imminent collapse and facilitate free movement of people and vehicular particularly during Xmas and New Year period.
"That we understand that the said Jihadist Army commanders including the Commandant of Onitsha 302 Artillery, Col Isa Abdullahi Maigari and the 82nd Division Deputy Army Spokesman, Col Sagir Musa visited the ailing Niger Bridge this morning (Sunday, 4th December 2016) between 10.30am and 11.30am following our advocacy pressures and "offered to reduce the blockage for their safety"; this we totally reject and insist on total removal of all the military drums and freeing and decongesting of the all routes into and out of the ailing Bridge. This is a matter of must; not palliative or adhoc.
"That the COAS must be prevailed upon to order his "Dogari" combatants at the ailing Niger Bridge to disappear from the centre of the roads linking the ailing Bridge and retire to tents built for them beside the Ojukwu Statue to watch over people and vehicular movements.
"That the Southeast Public Office Holders under reference should firmly engage the COAS, the Chief of Naval Staff and the Inspector General of Police concerning the extortionist and other criminal activities of their personnel deployed to Southeast Roads; for the purpose of abolishing all forms of criminal tolls or roadblock extortions.
"That all the military and police roadblocks on Southeast Roads should be reduced to 5%, if not total abolition because empirical evidence has clearly shown that the more increase in military and police roadblocks in the Zone, the more increase in State-actor and non-State actor crimes (i.e. steady increase in Fulani Janjaweed attacks despite indiscriminate security roadblocks).
"That the Southeast Public Office Holders under reference should set up a joint commission of enquiry to look into the army led massacre of not less than 250 Pro Biafra Campaigners as well as killings by the Fulani Janjaweed or armed Herdsmen in various parts of the Southeast Zone or Igbo Land."
•Photo shows heavy traffic on Niger Bridge as a result of Army roadblack.
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Amid rising global interest in dark tourism, historic graveyards across Australia are being transformed from underutilised public spaces to travel hotspots. Offering theatrical night-time tours that double as history lessons, Melbourne General Cemetery is making death a less taboo topic. Canvas8.


Camp program includes sightseeing in Estonian capital, visits to museums, meetings with organizations, social and sport games, performances in the open air, actions for peace and nature protection, discussions at the round table, team projects, presentations of the countries camp which participants and volunteers represent, etc. Each day of the camp will have a country presentation, a subject to learn or discuss and a related activity. Teenagers will stay in the camp activities zone from 10.00 to 17.00. There will be one day off in the camp and at least one day of travel outside Tallinn. The day off is spent in the host family. Camp activities will take place in a learning centre situated in the centre of the city. To activate teenagers and run the program there will be 8 international volunteers and members of a local school staff.
In the apartments of the host families in Tallinn and suburbs. Travel cards will be provided, pick up service is provided upon request. Participants will stay in a separate or shared room. You do NOT need a sleeping bag. Participants will have breakfasts and dinners in their host families, lunches i all together in the city.
Tallinn is the capital of Estonia, country s largest city with 430 000 inhabitants and nearly as many tourists during summer. You can get a lot of information on Tallinn on www.tallinn.ee LEISUREThere are a lot of possibilities for leisure time activities since camp will take place in the Estonian capital Tallinn where one can find attractions for any taste: sightseeing, museums, festivals, concerts, etc.
We will welcome any ideas to improve the program and your active participation in it. English is the camp language. The age of participants is 14 i 17. As you will be requested to make your country presentation, we ask you to bring some materials: postcards, posters, maps, symbols of your country or region, music or popular national games etc typical for your country or region which can be used by you during your country presentation. PARTICIPATION FEEUnlike the traditional voluntary camp there will be mostly informal educational activities and alternative language practice. Camp program implementation involves costs for board, lodging, domestic transport, materials, excursions, visits, cultural activities and general administration. Since neither EstYES nor its partner ALPS receives any financial support for this camp from state or municipality, to make the camp happened we have to charge participation fee of 250 Euro, which is different fee from your sending organization s fee paid at home. It has to be paid by participants upon arrival to the camp or by bank transfer prior to the start of the camp.
Camp program includes sightseeing in Estonian capital, meetings with organizations, social games, performances in the open air, actions for peace and nature protection, discussions at the round table, presentations of the countries camp participants and volunteers represent, team projects, etc. Each day of the camp will have a country presentation, a subject to learn or discuss and a related activity. Teenagers will stay in the camp activities zone from 10.00 to 17.00.There is at least one day of travel outside Tallinn. Camp activities will take place in a learning centre situated in the centre of the city. To activate teenagers and run the program there will be 3 international volunteers and members of a local school staff.
We will welcome any ideas to improve the program and your active participation in it. Some knowledge of spoken French or German or Spanish is required in this camp. The age of participants is 14 - 17. We ask you to bring some materials like postcards or posters and maps, any symbols of your country, music or popular national games, etc which are typical for your country or region. PARTICIPATION FEEUnlike the traditional voluntary camp there will be mostly informal educational activities and alternative language practice. Camp program implementation involves costs for board, lodging, domestic transport, materials, excursions, visits, cultural activities and general administration. Since neither EstYES nor its partner ALPS receives any financial support for this camp from state or municipality, to make the camp happened we have to charge participation fee of 180 Euro, which is different fee from your sending organization s fee paid at home. It has to be paid by participants upon arrival to the camp or by bank transfer prior to the start of the camp.


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When you go to a dentist, there are a few things you generally expect. A sterilizing atmosphere to the whole thing, a chair to sit in with a blinding lamp hanging above, but most of all, a set of tools laying next to you on a tray. These tools change depending on the nature of your appointment, although there are some that carry over. If you're curious about the basic tools of general dentistry in Charleston SC, here is a short list of the most basic tools given to your average dentist.
And scalers, used to dig out loose gunk in the gums and between the teeth.
These are the tools you see laying on the tray when you go in for your checkup every 3-6 months. They require no electricity to operate, but a deft hand and a keen eye to keep from injuring the patient. Therefore, the dentist tells you to be still, and open your mouth wide. Most need a still target, and a lot of wiggle room in order to avoid injury.
These are tools like drills or polishers. Small electric devices, meant to perform high performance tasks on the teeth in a short amount of time. This can be polishing the teeth and cleaning off gunk quickly and efficiently. Or it could be drilling into the teeth to get out a cavity. Or it could even be burs, meant to cut into the teeth for filling a cavity or removing carious materials.
These are tools used when the dentist finds built up plaque, gunk, or cavities in your teeth, that don't require real surgery to remove, but should be removed nonetheless. Scalers fit into this category, as do excavators, chisels and hatchets. Their function is to scrape out surface level buildup on your teeth, in order to prevent cavities, or more long-term damage.
The mouth is a complicated organ, and thus requires many tools to tackle. Luckily, a dentist is more than equipped to handle anything your mouth can throw at them. Knowing more about the tools that are generally used by a dentist, the more at ease you will feel.