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Tags: EU | Britain | Poisoning | Probe
British Police: 2 People Critical near Poisoned Spy Town
LONDON (AP) — British police have declared a "major incident" after two people were exposed to an unknown substance in a town near where a former Russian spy and his daughter were poisoned with nerve agent.
In a statement, Wiltshire police say a man and a woman — both in their 40s — are in critical condition after being found in Amesbury, 8 miles (13 kilometers) from Salisbury, where Sergei and Yulia Skripal were poisoned in March.
Police on Wednesday were cordoning off places the people visited before falling ill, but public health officials say there is not believed to be a wider risk.
They were hospitalized Saturday for suspected drug overdoses.
Britain accuses Russia of poisoning the Skripals with Novichok nerve agent; Moscow denies the allegation.
British police have declared a "major incident" after two people were exposed to an unknown substance in a town near where a former Russian spy and his daughter were poisoned with nerve agent.In a statement, Wiltshire police say a man and a woman - both in their 40s - are...
EU,Britain,Poisoning,Probe


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A Typical Day in the Life of Entrepreneur and TapBike Solutions Founder Sean Elliott
Here's how the founder of the startup fits in all his work to keep growing his business, while at the same time, making sure to get in a little downtime.
Photograph courtesy of Sean Elliott.
Sean Elliott is the founder of TapBike Solutions, a Bluetooth app-based bike share technology found in tourist hubs, community groups and developments around Victoria. As well as running and growing this startup, Elliott continues to work as a senior engineering technologist for the District of Saanich.
How does he manage it all? In a nutshell, he's non-stop with a workweek that "seems like a typhoon" and weekends that feel like "mild wild storms" in comparison.
Sean Elliott, founder of TapBike Solutions
That being said, even as an entrepreneur with a jam-packed workweek, Elliott recognizes the importance of taking breaks to the success of his business, as well as his health. His goal is to find time for one quick escape from work for a breather each day, be that a bike ride, an after-dinner walk or playing ball with his kids.
This is what a typical day would look like for Elliott during a workweek.
Despite being a self-professed night owl, Elliott's workdays begin at 6:30 a.m. with coffee, breakfast (his favourite being Greek yogurt with strawberries and granola), and checking emails and social media.
"As a self-financed entrepreneur, I have a full-time job that fuels TapBike, also a full-time venture. On my days where I can commit all day to TapBike, I often have meetings set up so I'll check my calendar over coffee as well to prepare for the day."
7:00 a.m. to 12 p.m.
On days when Elliott isn't at his day job and is able to commit fully to TapBike, and after he checks emails, his calendar and social media, he spends time responding to time sensitive inquiries, preparing for meetings and prospecting clients. The morning is when he prefers to schedule his meetings and calls.
"I try to schedule my meeting calls between 9 a.m. and noon so that they are not scattered throughout the day, but of course this depends on the schedule of the attendees. Lately, I have had a lot of interest from the east coast of Canada and the USA, so the meetings have been scheduled earlier to accommodate the east coast time zone."
Elliott adds that all the holiday time he's earned over his years spent at his job with the District of Saanich help support his work on TapBike, meaning he can strategically schedule time off to accommodate meetings and program setups.
As well as fitting in a bite to eat, lunchtime is the point in the day when Elliott would start to work on his business' operational tasks like picking up essential supplies or checking on TapBike bikes. If it's a day where he's at his day job, lunchtime is often an opportunity for a quick meeting or call.
Elliott tends to stick to administrative tasks and meetings in the morning, leaving plenty of time for him to perform operational tasks in the afternoon. Typically, an afternoon dedicated entirely to TapBike might involve picking up, ordering or delivering supplies, and visiting the various TapBike hubs around town.
6 p.m. to 11 p.m.
As soon as he returns home from this, he takes a break from TapBike to focus on his kids and partner over dinner and games or a movie.
"I co-parent amazing 11-year-old twins, so when I have them and return home, my priority is first to feed them (because nobody wants "hangry" children) and second, to have some quality family time after dinner. On the evenings where I don't have my kids, I still usually manage some downtime after dinner, by playing a game of crib with my also amazing partner in life and business, TJ."
Winding down might also involve some kind of physical activity for Elliott: during the spring and summer months, Elliott will attend dragon boat practice during the week.
"In my previous life, I would be found mountain biking [in the evenings] but it has been difficult over past year with TapBike going full speed ahead. It is ironic that bike riding is such a passion of mine, but it is the one thing that I have sacrificed during TapBike's startup!"
Depending on how busy things are, the evenings might also involve work for TapBike.
If Elliott isn't working on a new program or app release rollout, this is a typical bedtime for him. "I have tried time and time again to go to bed at a descent hour, just to wake up at 2 a.m. with "squirrelly brain." I have found my sweet spot for bedtime to be 11 p.m., but it is not unusual for bedtime to be 1 a.m. or later."
11 p.m. to 6:30 a.m.
Sleeping, before another busy day begins.
For more information on TapBike, visit tapbike.com.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Why I am getting FALSE for "=FALSE<=100" in excel Hi I am Priya from India,
I am trying to get the logic in excel formula
=FALSE<=100

False will be considered as 0. if it is 0<=100 then expected output is TRUE.
But we are getting FALSE in the Microsoft Excel.
Why I am not getting True?

A: TRUE and FALSE can't be treated directly as numbers on Excel. However, they can be implicitly converted to numbers:
=(FALSE + 0) <= 100

Adding 0 to them does it.

A: The formula you mentioned in the comment, even though it seems to return a correct result - (10> = 50 AND 10 = <- 100) == FALSE, is basically incorrect, because excel calculates it as follows:

*

*=(10>=50 & 10<=100)

*=(10>="5010"<=100)

*=(FALSE<=100)

*= FALSE
If you want the numbers to be compared, you can use the following options:

*

*Use the AND function:

=AND((10>=50),(10<=100))

*Multiply the comparisons and check if the result is greater than zero

=(10>=50)*(10<=100)>0

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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SportsBaseballMets
Subway Series: Yankees one win from sweep after beating Mets
Aaron Judge of the of the Yankees celebrates his home run with teammate Gary Sanchez against the Mets at Citi Field on Wednesday, Aug. 16, 2017. Credit: Jim McIsaac
By Roger Rubin Special to Newsday Updated August 17, 2017 12:11 AM
In many ways it seemed inevitable how Wednesday night's Subway Series game was going to turn out. In the Yankees' dugout was a focused team with a mission to reach the postseason. In the Mets' was a club desperately trying to just field a team while surrounded with palace intrigue.
The Mets had to scratch starters Jose Reyes and Wilmer Flores when both reported rib-cage soreness at batting practice. And Robert Gsellman took the mound just a couple hours after Sandy Alderson admonished him in a news conference for responding to the GM's critique Tuesday with "I don't care."
So the stage was set for the Yankees' 5-3 victory before a sellout crowd of 42,260 at Citi Field. They have beaten the Mets three straight and Thursday night can pull off just the third sweep in the 21-season history of the Subway Series.
In the seventh, Didi Gregorius lined a two-out, bases-loaded double just inside the rightfield line off Paul Sewald (0-5) to score two for the 5-3 lead. He said he'd been fed a steady diet of changeups and expected fastballs this time, so "I was kind of prepared for it."
Watch: Judge crushes HR into third deck at Citi Field
The Yankees went to their endgame, a deep and impressive bullpen, to close it out. Unavailable were closer Aroldis Chapman after he tweaked a hamstring Tuesday and Dellin Betances because he'd pitched three straight days. Adam Warren blanked the Mets in the seventh and eighth, and David Robertson pitched a scoreless ninth for his 14th save and first since returning to the Yankees in a July trade with the White Sox.
"I've used Robbie anywhere from the sixth to the ninth, and that's because he bought in," Joe Girardi said. He said, 'I'll do whatever you want.' "
Said Aaron Judge: "We have probably, if not the best, one of the best bullpens in the game right now. We have our starter go a strong five, a strong six, and just hand it over to them."
Judge hit a mammoth 457-foot home run in the fourth inning. But he also whiffed in the ninth, giving him a record for position players with 33 straight games with at least one strikeout.
The Mets had to get creative just to compete without Reyes and Flores. When the Yankees finished batting practice, Travis d'Arnaud took ground balls at third to prepare for his first start at a position other than catcher.
D'Arnaud plays 3B, 2B with Reyes, Flores scratched
Terry Collins employed a strategy he said he once used at Triple-A Salt Lake City in 1976 in a similar situation. He hid d'Arnaud from the ball by playing him at third against lefthanded hitters and switching him with second baseman Asdrubal Cabrera against righties, except in some double play situations.
It worked. They switched 22 times and d'Arnaud got only one ball hit to him, a ninth-inning pop-up.
"I thought it was really smart on Terry's part — d'Arnaud has never played the infield," Girardi said. "They were trying to give him the least amount of chances as possible. I thought it was pretty brilliant."
Jaime Garcia faced the pressure of seeking his first win in three starts since his deadline acquisition from the Twins. Gsellman faced something quite different.
He did not pitch well during three months in the rotation before a hamstring injury. Healthy again, the Mets left him in the minors because Alderson said he needed to "pitch better" to return to the Mets. He got this chance only because of Seth Lugo's injury, and when asked about Alderson's critique Tuesday he gave his "don't care" response.
Alderson was clearly angered. At a pregame news conference, he said: "I hope he reflects on the implications of that statement and the potential consequences of that statement and has a better response the next time out."
The Yanks led 2-1 when Judge planted his 37th home run in the third deck in left. But they gave up that lead on Rene Rivera's solo homer and yielded a 3-2 edge on a d'Arnaud sacrifice fly.
Girardi said the results are the thing. "We talked about it: Just win games."
By Roger Rubin Special to Newsday
Nick Masi, former Connetquot football coach and phys ed teacher, dies
Latest Mets headlines
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Lindor, Mets get first step out of the way, avoid arbitration
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Alderson: Mets still engaged with Springer 'in a loose sense'
Mets' Carrasco just wants to play baseball


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Jonnie Efraimsson (born 15 August 1958) is a former Swedish football player.

During his club career, Efraimsson played for Hammarby Fotboll, IFK Norrköping and Motala AIF.

Efraimsson made a single appearances for the Sweden national football team, coming in 1981.

External links

1958 births
Swedish footballers
Sweden international footballers
Hammarby Fotboll players
IFK Norrköping players
Motala AIF players
Association football defenders
Living people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Problems with the Back button, possible solutions and a concrete proposal for the Web browser.
(TODO) Examples from iOS, Android, Firefox, etc.
A Back button that does not show its target imposes a cognitive load on the user and makes the system more unpredictable.
Simply displaying an arrow or the word "Back" requires that the user keeps the previous pages on his working memory. Some systems get around this by using a tooltip, which can only convey a little information at a time, is slow to use and can not be used with one's fingers.
Even worse, if the user has forgotten the contents of the page stack, it makes it impossible to guess the outcome of pressing the Back button. This latter case is not as uncommon as it would seem, specially when we think not of the immediately previous page but the ones before it.
GNOME already uses informative Back buttons in many places but the Web browser is not one of them.
These are a couple of sketches for Back and Forward buttons which provide the user with more information about where they would take him. The main idea is to display a portion of the page's title to aid recognition; the favicon might be a good addition, specially as it signals the transition from one web domain to another.
On mouse-over, the Back and Forward buttons would display a tooltip-like window with a thumbnail of the target page. This would be a transient element that is purely informative and not to be interacted with; the main goal of this is to avoid accidentally covering the web content with elements that can be clicked accidentally or that get in the way.


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LOCATION, LOCUTION: Clare Flynn, a well-traveled novelist who specializes in geographical displacement
Leave a comment Posted by The Displaced Nation Team on November 25, 2014
LOCATION, LOCUTION columnist JJ Marsh (left) talks to the novelist Clare Flynn.
In this month's LOCATION, LOCUTION, expat crime writer JJ Marsh interviews Clare Flynn, the author of A Greater World and the just now published Kurinji Flowers.
Born in Liverpool, the eldest of five children, Clare Flynn read English Language and Literature at Manchester University, although spent most of her time exploring the city's bars and nightclubs and founding the Rock 'n' Roll Society.
For many years she worked in consumer marketing, serving as the international marketing director for big global companies selling detergents, diapers, tuna fish and chocolate biscuits. This included stints in Paris, Brussels, Sydney and Milan.
She began her novel A Greater World, which is set in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, in 1998, after the first of many visits to Australia. When Clare had almost completed the first draft, burglars stole her computer. Determined that they would not get the better of her, she sat down and wrote it all again.
Her second novel, Kurinji Flowers, is set in a tea plantation in South India in the 1930s. The inspiration for the book came during a sleepless night in a hotel in Munnar in Kerala. The kurinji flowers of the title grow across this region and are renowned for flowering only once in every 12 years.
Both novels are about people being displaced. In A Greater World Elizabeth Morton and Michael Winterbourne are unwilling emigrants from England for Australia, driven away by tragic events. Ginny Dunbar in Kurinji Flowers, following a scandal that wrecks her future, is catapulted from her life as a debutante into the world of colonial India. None of these people is equipped to deal with what lies ahead.
Which came first, story or location?
Definitely location. My latest book, Kurinji Flowers, is set in a small hill town in South India. While on holiday in Kerala, in 2011, the plot came to me one sleepless night. By morning I'd mapped out the basic elements although, as always when writing, it's changed radically since then. It's set in the 1930s in a fictional hill town called Mudoorayam, loosely based on Munnar. After I'd finished the first draft I went back, alone, to the area and stayed in a former plantation manager's bungalow in the midst of the tea gardens. As well as writing, I sketched and painted (then decided my main character would paint, too).
Photo credit: Kurinji flowers by Suresh Krishna (CC BY-SA 2.0); book cover art.
What's your technique for evoking the atmosphere of a place?
Definitely being there. I try to walk in my characters' steps. A Greater World is set mainly in the Blue Mountains and Sydney. I was lucky enough to work there for six months—the perfect opportunity to imbibe a place. I went back after the first draft was written—again, alone, and just went everywhere, taking photographs and making notes. I do a lot of research as well—and gather pictures, both online and in books. As my novels are historical, old photographs are invaluable.
Photo credit: The Three Sisters, Katoomba, New South Wales, Australia, by JJ Harrison (CC BY-SA 3.0); book cover art.
Which particular features create a sense of location? Landscape, culture, food?
I think they all do. Plus sounds and smells—when the heroine of Kurinji Flowers, Ginny Dunbar, arrives in Bombay from England, the scene is evoked with six different sounds, eleven smells and loads of colours. I also use trees, flowers, birds, architecture—anything that makes the place special and takes you there. Writing about London is hard for me as it's so familiar—but the fact that my plots are historical helps: I have to do a bit of time-travelling. I try to use place as part of the narrative, not as add-on description—it has to have a fundamental impact on the plot.
Can you give a brief example of your work which illustrates place?
From Kurinji Flowers:
We went back to England and a bungalow on the downs outside Eastbourne, where after a while I started to become fond of the sheep, the curving contours of the landscape and the grey-green, chalky sea. But I missed Muddy. I missed the warmth of the late afternoon sun, the intensity of the rains, the bustle of the market, the vast undulating expanse of the tea plantations, the gentle cry of the Nilgiri pigeons, the sluggish, murky river, the blue of the morning glory, and the patchwork of the tea gardens in more shades of green than my palette could do justice.
How well do you need to know the place before using it as a setting?
You don't need to know it well, but you have to feel strongly enough about it to bring it to life on the page. There are people who write beautifully about places they've never visited—finding inspiration in other literature, in photographs and art. Shakespeare never left England as far as I know and it didn't stop him writing about distant places real and imagined. And you can always use some artistic licence if you rename the place, as I did with my hill town.
Which writers do you admire for the way they use location?
So many—but I'll pick Dickens and Chapter 1 of Bleak House, which gives a fabulous evocation of smoggy, muddy, London in "implacable November weather," with a whole page devoted to describing the fog. Read that and you can't help but be there trudging through those streets and coughing up that filthy air. And what's great about it is that the depiction of the fog is also an extended metaphor for the impenetrable fog that is the Court of Chancery.
Next month's Location, Locution: The Rucksack Universe series author Anthony St. Clair, with his travel fantasy books set in Hong Kong, India and Ireland.
JJ Marsh grew up in Wales, Africa and the Middle East, where her curiosity for culture took root and triggered an urge to write. After living in Hong Kong, Nigeria, Dubai, Portugal and France, JJ finally settled in Switzerland, where she is currently halfway through her European crime series, set in compelling locations all over the continent and featuring detective inspector Beatrice Stubbs.
STAY TUNED for our next post!
LOCATION, LOCUTION: Fran Pickering, London-based crime writer and Japanophile
LOCATION, LOCUTION: Catriona Troth, novelist – from Scotland to Canada to a long stay in the Chilterns
LOCATION, LOCUTION: Jessica Bell – Australian contemporary fiction author in Ithaca, Greece
LOCATION, LOCUTION: JJ Marsh looks back on a year with TDN
LOCATION, LOCUTION: Charlotte Otter – South African expat and crime writer living in Germany
Cool Columns, Location, Locution Asia, Australia, Expat novelists, Fiction Writers, India, It's Fiction!, Location Locution, UK, Writers we love
← DIARY OF AN EXPAT WRITER: Turning into Jordan Rivet, writer of post-apocalyptic adventures, for an entire month	For this former flight attendant turned free-spirited solo adventurer, a picture says… →


Credit: Olivia BeeSmashing Pumpkins have premiered the video for their comeback single "Solara," which proves that the reunited rockers still have a penchant for weird visuals.
Eagle VisionLike the official Yes lineup, the Yes spinoff act Yes Featuring Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin and Rick Wakeman is celebrating the band's 50th anniversary this year by mounting an expansive tour.
Mike Pont/Getty ImagesVinnie Paul will be buried in a KISS-branded casket, just like his brother "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott was after he was killed in 2004, TMZ reports.


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HomeSaddened Rabbis Learn They Could Have Gone To Loved Ones' Interfaith Weddings
Saddened Rabbis Learn They Could Have Gone To Loved Ones' Interfaith Weddings
Josh Nathan-KazisFebruary 4, 2018Getty Images
The year after Rabbi Jason Miller graduated from rabbinical school, he skipped the wedding of his first cousin, who was marrying a non-Jew. He regretted it immediately.
"It caused a significant fissure in our relationship," Miller told the Forward.
At the time, Miller thought he was abiding by an ironclad rule that bound all rabbis who serve Conservative Judaism, the liberal denomination that adheres to some aspects of traditional Jewish law.
"If it was found out that we even attended an intermarriage, meaning standing in the back of the venue, wearing a Groucho Marx disguise," Miller said, "we would be kicked out of the Rabbinical Assembly," Conservative Judaism's rabbinical association.
In January, the R.A. admitted that it had never actually enforced the ban on attending intermarriages. Now, some rabbis who abided by the rule, some of whom are still mending family relationships damaged by their decisions, are furious.
Why Did Conservative Rabbis Redo Their Intermarriage Ban — In Secrecy?
Josh Nathan-KazisJanuary 24, 2018
"Had I known this wasn't a real policy I would have been with my family in a heartbeat," said a Conservative rabbi who missed both of his siblings' weddings and asked not to be named because of the personal nature of the issue. "To this day I regret that I put this policy of this organization over my family and my relationships. And if it weren't for the fact that I was a younger and newer colleague at that time and I had a real fear for my livelihood, I would never have complied."
Being kicked out of the R.A. is no joke for a Conservative rabbi. The R.A. controls the job market and the rabbis' pension plan. Outside of it, a career as a pulpit rabbi in a Conservative synagogue is next to impossible. The R.A.'s rules, called the Standards of Rabbinic Practice, are based in Jewish law but function more as membership criteria for the organization. While matters of Jewish law can be argued among rabbis, the Standards of Rabbinic Practice are ostensibly absolute: Break them and you're out. The R.A. does often kick out rabbis who break some of the Standards, including the ban on performing intermarriages.
The original intent of the attendance ban was to keep Conservative rabbis from sanctioning intermarriage by virtue of their presence. While intermarriage is condoned by American Judaism's other liberal movements, the Conservative movement still holds that it is forbidden by Jewish law.
In an email in January, the R.A.'s executive vice president, Rabbi Julie Schonfeld, said the decision to disclose that the rule hadn't been enforced was difficult. "The R.A. struggles mightily with this," Schonfeld said. "The commission was deeply pained by the fact that a recognition that the provision on attendance had fallen into desuetude would cause distress to the many rabbis who, out of fidelity to the standard, did not attend a family wedding but yet decided that it was the right choice to make at this time."
Following rules is deeply embedded in the ethos of Conservative Judaism, which emphasizes the relevance of Jewish law. "I live constantly under rules that are unenforceable," said Rabbi Jonathan Kohn, an Illinois-based Conservative rabbi.
"As Conservative rabbis, law means something to us," said Rabbi Aaron Starr, who leads a Conservative synagogue in Michigan. "Rules matter. I honor Halacha. I accept Halacha. And as a result I'm a rule follower."
The rule against attending intermarriages, however, has been publicly flouted even by the movement's leaders. In 2010, the chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary, the flagship Conservative rabbinical school, attended the wedding of Chelsea Clinton and her Jewish husband, Marc Mezvinsky. Though the chancellor, Arnold M. Eisen, is not a rabbi, and though he said he had skipped the ceremony itself, his decision to attend the celebration set off a wide-ranging debate within Conservative circles.
Top Conservative rabbis, including members of the R.A.'s law committee, also admit openly to having broken the rule. But other rabbis — often younger ones, at earlier stages in their career — have abided by it, feeling as if they had no choice, sometimes at great personal expense.
When Miller's cousin intermarried in 2006, he felt he could not attend. "The Rabbinical Association is my trade union," Miller said. "My pension is through them. So when they say if you do this you will be expelled, which means you'll lose your job, you'll lose your pension — it's a significant statement that they make."
After he recognized that skipping the 2006 wedding had been a mistake, Miller said, he chose to attend a close friend's intermarriage years later. "There were no lighting strikes," he said. "No one called me about it."
The Conservative rabbi who asked not to be named said that his sister had eloped in part because he had told her he wouldn't be able to attend her wedding. He later skipped his brother's wedding ceremony but attended the celebration afterward. The rabbi said he never knew that the policy wasn't enforced.
"Colleagues stewed and sweated and fretted and put relationships with family on the line, and nary word one from the R.A.," the rabbi said. "There was never any type of supportive statement in advance saying, 'We understand this is difficult and that colleagues who follow the call of their conscience need not worry for their livelihoods.'"
That rabbi said that the R.A. should have made some effort to tell its members years ago that the rule wasn't being enforced. He said that it appears as though knowledge of the ban was shared unevenly. "There certainly seems to be an inside/outside dichotomy here," he said.
Intermarriage is a widespread phenomenon among American Jews, but its prevalence varies by denomination. The Pew Research Center found in 2013 that 44% of married Jews had a non-Jewish spouse. Among married Conservative Jews, 73% were married to a Jew.
Last spring, a Conservative rabbi named Daniel Stein published an article in the online journal Zeramim showing that the bans on both performing and attending intermarriages were never properly adopted by the R.A. Partially in response, the R.A. empanelled a commission of leading rabbis to investigate the question. Their report, issued privately to the R.A. membership in January, upheld the ban on performing intermarriages but acknowledged that the ban on attending intermarriages had never been enforced.
"The argument can be made that it is no longer a part of the standard," said the report, written by some of Conservative Judaism's leading rabbis. "We find that the prohibition on attendance has fallen into disuse from the time of its promulgation in the 1970s until the present time." The report recommended that the R.A.'s legal board decide whether it should be officially withdrawn.
It's unclear when the legal board will take up the issue. For now, the ban is still officially in place.
The R.A.'s executive committee emailed the legal board in January, asking it to "review the attendance question in light of the fact that the practice has long fallen into desuetude."
Contact Josh Nathan-Kazis at nathankazis@forward.com or on Twitter, @joshnathankazis
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Josh Nathan-Kazis
Josh Nathan-Kazis is a staff writer for the Forward. He covers charities and politics, and writes investigations and longform.


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text:
La hipòtesi documental és una teoria filològica que proposa aplicar el criticisme textual als primers cinc llibres de la Bíblia (el Pentateuc) per demostrar que són fruit de la unió de diversos textos. Aquesta teoria va ser promulgada per Julius Wellhausen al  (època de l'auge del comparatisme) i va aixecar forta polèmica, ja que topava amb la idea que el creador únic dels llibres era Moisès. Alguns religiosos, acceptant la teoria, van afirmar que Moisès era el refundidor, inspirat per Déu per triar els passatges més propers als fets.

Segons aquesta teoria, hi hauria quatre fonts diferents, recognoscibles per com anomenen Déu o la seva postura davant dels fets: la J (que usa Jahvé), E (Elohim), la P (que recalca el paper dels sacerdots) i D (deuteronomista). Aquests diferents orígens expliquen les repeticions de fragments i les incoherències que es troben en el text bíblic, abans explicades només pel fet que Moisès copiava imperfectament el dictat diví.

La font J
La font J anomena a Déu Jahvé (YHVH en hebreu, ja que el text original no inclou les vocals). És un déu força antropomòrfic i que compleix les seves promeses però se'l pot convèncer per canviar d'opinió, com quan Abraham demana clemència per a Sodoma o Moisès li demana que perdoni els israelites incrèduls de l'Èxode. La J també indica preferència per Judà en la divisió del regne d'Israel en dos. Sembla ser la font més antiga (escrita cap al segle X aC) i el seu estil és molt eloqüent, amb apel·lacions a l'emoció del lector. Respecte a la meravella, els seus personatges acostumen a ser humans i no herois, sobretot Moisès, que apareix com un intermediari entre Déu i la humanitat. En canvi, és la font que fa que els animals parlin, com la serp del Paradís.

Narra l'origen del Gènesi i s'ocupa de les històries que afecten a tota la condició humana, sovint fent versions de mites babilònics, com la Creació. Explica també com Isaac va conèixer la seva dona i la llegenda sobre les ciutats de Sodoma i Gomorra, incloent-hi el paper de Lot. Se centra a justificar el diferent paper de les dotze tribus basant-se en històries dels seus fundadors, legitimant la dinastia del rei David. Inclou també la circumcisió, que passarà a ser una norma per als jueus. Presenta una forta coherència temàtica.

Sembla que aquest text va sorgir d'unir diverses històries explicades oralment a Judà'. El seu compilador, anònim, seria un sacerdot aaronita, ja que posa molt d'èmfasi en els símbols que controlava aquest grup, com l'arca de l'aliança o el temple, i no en menciona d'altres posseïts per les faccions rivals.

La font E
La font E anomena a Déu Elohim, que significa també poder, i explica que es manifesta a través del foc o els núvols. Recolza Israel enfront Judà i té fascinació pels herois, com Josuè o Efraïm, i pels àngels (com per exemple a l'escala de Jacob). El tret que destaca de Josep és la seva capacitat d'interpretar el somnis i no tant la relació amb la dona de Putifar, com feia J. La seva narració, per tant, té tocs més fantàstics que les altres i és propera als llibres dels profetes. Està datada al .

Comença a la migració d'Abraham i se centra en el sacrifici d'Isaac, que J gairebé no explicava (i en canvi sí que detallava les accions d'Isaac adult). Detalla com era la vida a Egipte i la relació de Moisès amb el faraó, on apareix com un líder capaç de convocar el poder diví. Ofereix una versió ampliada dels Deu Manaments i la seva transmissió al poble. Presenta només contradiccions menors amb J (com el nom de certs personatges secundaris).

L'autor seria un sacerdot de Shiloh, i per això és la font que dona més rellevància a Moisès, en contra d'Aaron, el fundador de la facció rival (la de la font J). Conseqüentment explica la història del calze daurat, un passatge on Aaron sembla tolerant amb la idolatria, o el càstig de Miriam, la germana d'Aaron (perdonada justament per la intercessió de Moisès, que veu refermada la seva autoritat pel mateix Déu).

La font D
La font D (deuteronomista, perquè és la font principal d'aquest llibre) va ser escrita per un sol autor al segle VI aC, l'època de l'exili a Babilònia, recollint històries anteriors. Alguns crítics creuen que potser és el mateix autor que el llibre de Jeremies. Narra els fets en desordre cronològic, com una sèrie de records. L'èmfasi està en la dinastia de governants i la seva legitimitat, basada en el desig de Déu. Destaca la importància del monoteisme, que distingeix el poble escollit dels veïns. Anomena a Déu tant Jahvé com Elohim i a vegades barrejant les dues formes per formar "Déu nostre senyor".

Comença als Deu Manaments, perquè vol fer èmfasi en la llei. Presenta els fets negatius d'Aaron, com la font E, però elimina totes les històries de J i d'E que podrien entrar en conflicte amb la situació del moment. L'estil és el d'un predicador i vol subratllar l'Aliança feta entre Déu i el seu poble, el qual a vegades l'oblida i no actua com caldria.

La font P
La font P és la principal del Levític. Recolza Aaron, en una posició similar a la de J, i destaca el canvi patit per Moisès després de baixar de la muntanya (que segons algunes traduccions incorrectes fins i tot tenia banyes, com el dimoni). El seu estil és racional i inclou llargues llistes de genealogies que tallen la narració. No explica les històries que poden fer perillar l'hegemonia de Jerusalem com a ciutat santa. Detalla en canvi fets relatius als rituals i la vida quotidiana o assumptes pràctics com les instruccions per construir l'Arca de Noè. Té una versió més esotèrica i abstracta de la Creació i elimina els trossos meravellosos.

No menciona els profetes (ja que vol donar l'única legitimitat en interpretar i predicar als sacerdots). Aquest fet va suposar que durant un temps es datés erròniament la font, que sembla del segle V aC per l'evolució de l'hebreu usat. La font P és la que ha estat escrita per més gent i això fa que la data sigui imprecisa. Igualment, aquest fet explicaria els talls narratius, ja que nous sacerdots van anar afegint lleis, costums i històries que justificaven un estat de coses concret. Anomena a Déu Elohim o El Shaddai alternativament i destaca els seus càstigs quan els homes incompleixen les lleis.

Unió de les fonts
Les primeres fonts, J i E, haurien estat barrejades en un estadi hipotètic (JE) per unir les històries dels habitants d'Israel amb les de Judà després de la caiguda del primer. Com que les històries són bastant complementàries, la seva fusió va ser senzilla i en els punts de discrepància s'oferien les dues versions o s'intentaven justificar (el punt més conflictiu seria el sacrific d'Isaac i potser va ser el compilador de JE qui va introduir l'àngel que va aturar Abraham).

Aquesta font JE va ser usada per D i P independentment, afegint cadascú les històries orals del seu grup sacerdotal. Sembla, per la llengua, que D va ser composta en dues etapes (D1 i D2) encara que els crítics no són unànimes en aquest punt. La versió final de la Bíblia va ser la fusió de JE, D, P i alguns textos menors posteriors (sovint designats com a conjunt R, pels redactors de la versió final). Aquesta fusió és imperfecta i deixa en la narració final passatges repetits o contradictoris i sembla obra de diverses mans.

Referències

Antic Testament