text:
Mobile Registration Team
Mobile Registration Teams* will station at different locations to facilitate members of the public to register with eHRSS.
HK Island
Date(DD-MM-YYYY)
17-06-2019 - 21-06-2019 9:00am to 1:00pm
2:00pm to 5:00pm Sai Ying Pun Maternal and Child Health Centre
4/F, Sai Ying Pun Jockey Club Polyclinic, 134 Queen's Road West, Sai Ying Pun, HK
2:00pm to 5:00pm Ap Lei Chau Maternal & Child Health Centre
2/F, Ap Lei Chau Clinic, 161 Ap Lei Chau Main Street, Ap Lei Chau, HK
02-07-2019 - 27-09-2019# 9:00am to 1:00pm
2:00pm to 5:00pm Queen Mary Hospital Specialist Out-patient Clinic
JKL Junction, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pok Fu Lam Road, HK
2:00pm to 5:00pm Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital Specialist Out-patient Clinic
G/F, Specialist Out-patient Block, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, HK
01-04-2019 - 28-06-2019# 9:00am to 5:00pm Princess Margaret Hospital Specialist Out-patient Clinic
G/F, Block K, 2-10 Princess Margaret Hospital Rd, Lai Chi Kok, Kln
2:00pm to 5:00pm East Kowloon General Out-patient Clinic
160 Hammer Hill Road, Diamond Hill, Kln
2:00pm to 5:00pm Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital Specialist Out-patient Clinic
118 Shatin Pass Road, Wong Tai Sin, Kln
2:00pm to 5:00pm Central Kowloon Health Centre
147A, Argyle Street, Kln
06-05-2019 - 30-08-2019# 9:00am to 5:00pm Queen Elizabeth Hospital Specialist Out-patient Clinic, Ambulatory Care Centre
3/F, Ambulatory Care Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Yau Ma Tei, Kln
03-06-2019 - 06-06-2019 10:00am to 6:00pm Kowloon City Home Affairs Enquiry Centre
LG/F, Kowloon City Government Offices, 42 Bailey Street, Hung Hom, Kln
10-06-2019 - 14-06-2019 10:00am to 6:00pm Cheung Sha Wan Government Offices
G/F, Cheung Sha Wan Government Offices, 303 Cheung Sha Wan Road, Sham Shui Po, Kln
New Territories and Islands
06-05-2019 - 21-08-2019# 9:00am to 5:00pm North District Hospital Specialist Out-patient Clinic
G/F, Specialist Out-patient Department, 9 Po Kin Road, Sheung Shui, NT
2:00pm to 5:00pm Pok Oi Hospital Specialist Out-patient Clinic
Specialist Out-patient Clinic, North Wing, M/F, Pok Oi Hospital, Au Tau, Yuen Long, NT
2:00pm to 4:30pm Yuen Chau Kok General Out-patient Clinic
G/F, 29 Chap Wai Kon Street, Shatin, NT
* The service hours and locations of Mobile Registration for the coming two months are provided. The arrangement may be subject to adjustment on account of operational need.
# Service is only available from Monday to Friday (except public holidays).
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The action at Waffle Houses never seems to end, this time a fight broke out at a Memphis Waffle House and was captured on video. The video depicts workers at the restaurant arguing over whose turn it is to do the dishes when all of a sudden a physical altercation breaks out. Police responded to a call of a simple assault in the 4300 block of American Way.
According to the manager, two employees got into an argument over washing dishes. They went on to tell police the alleged victim was not on the clock when another employee tried telling her to wash the dishes. The aggressor began the altercation when she pushed the victim in the back of the head while she was walking away.
Other employees can be seen trying to intervene in the slap fest between the two employees. The suspect's version of events is that the other woman hit her first but the video footage is pretty clear as to who started the altercation. Police have not announced whether charges will be filed against the aggressor.
The video of the altercation has gone viral and was uploaded to Facebook by Eric Cole where it has gathered over 100,000 views and 2,000 shares. Local news Fox 13 contacted Waffle House and received this statement: "The manager handled the situation immediately."
People, we eat in the Jackson GA WH 2 or 3 times a week and these are incidents are very far and in between given 2000+ locations and 24/7/365 .
Maybe its because we are Small town country people (White, Black and Hispanic) and understand rules for behavior in public.
Maybe they need you to come up there and show them how to hire and run a good Waffle House?


text:
Applied Economics and Data Science
international course, full time
expired (EU), expired (Non-EU)
Applied Economics, Data Science
1. Bachelor's degree or equivalent degree in a suitable previous degree course in sustainability economics, economics, business administration, economics, business informatics or another suitable degree programme of at least 180 CP. see admission regulations) 2. Command of English at CEFR level B2.
Application via uni-assist!
Enrollment deadline for Germans and foreign students
Expired (Universitywide deadline)
io@uol.de
https://uol.de/io/
Zentrale Studien- und Karriereberatung
studium@uol.de
http://www.uni-oldenburg.de/zskb
Aesthetics and Media Science
March 2023 (EU)
March 2023 (Non-EU)
Applied Sciences and Social Studies at Primary Level - Interdisciplinary Specialist Training
July 2023 (Germans and inhabitants)
July 2023 (EU)
July 2023 (Non-EU)
August 2023 (Germans and inhabitants)
August 2023 (EU)
August 2023 (Non-EU)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Quality-wise it was somehow acceptable. Since I was new to this, I am not aware on what Affordablepapers.com can do for me. I wanted an excellently-made paper in 3 days since I sort of procrastinated (something which I considered as my fault). The submitted work sent to me really impressed my instructor. I'm not providing a higher mark than '7' on this Affordablepapers.com review since I felt that they could have done something more superior. The writing style was really average that I had to make a few edits myself such that it flows exactly as I have written it myself. Once again, please be reminded that I had only wanted the paper made due to my procrastination. I am an excellent writer myself (it is obvious on this review).
Their options were really just regular. It wasn't hard to search for them and to utilize the site. There was also a chat platform in case you prefer to use it. The fees for the services are readily available (which I actually find unusual if you had checked my other reviews for other paper writing organizations). Also, the choice sort of annoyed me. For instance, what exactly is the difference between premium and basic? Shouldn't all writing style be at its most excellent? This was somehow frustrating. Adding to my exasperation are those random chat which would pop out every now and then. I was chatting with someone named "Jessy" but in the end I realized that these are just automated messages urging me to place my order. If you have checked other Affordablepapers.com reviews you'll know that others didn't like just how assertive it is.
It was rather satisfactory but then again, I was expecting an excellently-made paper. What was submitted to me was not as well worth the amount which I had to pay. I even have a colleague who spent as much as $100 on Affordablepapers. She thought that it was really costly compared to what they are giving. You'll see several of these cited in several Affordablepapers.com reviews not only from her. If you've allotted a bigger amount then you'll be fine. But if you happen to be a student, like in my case, who barely has enough budget to finance both my rent and allowance (I can even hardly come up with this review) then you'll just settle with the basic option or go with another writing company.
Putting aside the fact that they are too assertive before you even shell out money with them, the Affordablepapers support staff is really excellent. They help just minutes after you have sent your questions. They're as well eager to assist (probably it could just be the automated messages.) I like the idea of having a chat platform since you obtain assistance instantly. I am apprehensive about the idea of providing my email to others.
This was submitted to me in an ordinary zip file. It was a bit of an issue since I could not get it to open. I was thinking that David (the assigned writer) had inadvertently sent me the wrong file. I had to request for him to send me different one but it took almost a day for me get the file I needed. I usually wouldn't mind except during that time I had a deadline to beat and this has really made things difficult. This is the reason I am giving this part of the process just a '5'.
As a whole, I can say that I wasn't really too happy with Affordablepapers. They can deliver reliable quality but at a really costly price. They have this user-friendly website although the random pop up chats can be really irritating. I had an excellent time with the support team but had a not-so satisfying one in terms of the delivery phase. I'd recommend anyone to go over several Affordablepapers.com reviews prior to choosing on whether they would opt for their services or not.


text:
Q: Reading values from BLE device I'm owning a Polar H10 chest strap which operates with blueooth low energy and provides heart rate and heart rate variability.
I want to read out these values with an Android app. I'm able to connect to the device thanks to the help in the official BLE tutorial. The problem now is to read out the heart rate and heart rate variability values from the device. Everytime a new value is available on the device I want to read out this value (and there are at least every second new values).
I have found the following pieces of code:
private static double extractHeartRate(
            BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {

        int flag = characteristic.getProperties();
        Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate flag: " + flag);
        int format = -1;
        // Heart rate bit number format
        if ((flag & 0x01) != 0) {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.");
        } else {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.");
        }
        final int heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1);
        Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received heart rate: %d", heartRate));
        return heartRate;
    }

private static Integer[] extractBeatToBeatInterval(
            BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {

        int flag = characteristic.getIntValue(BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8, 0);
        int format = -1;
        int energy = -1;
        int offset = 1; // This depends on hear rate value format and if there is energy data
        int rr_count = 0;

        if ((flag & 0x01) != 0) {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.");
            offset = 3;
        } else {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.");
            offset = 2;
        }
        if ((flag & 0x08) != 0) {
            // calories present
            energy = characteristic.getIntValue(BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16, offset);
            offset += 2;
            Log.d(TAG, "Received energy: {}"+ energy);
        }
        if ((flag & 0x16) != 0){
            // RR stuff.
            Log.d(TAG, "RR stuff found at offset: "+ offset);
            Log.d(TAG, "RR length: "+ (characteristic.getValue()).length);
            rr_count = ((characteristic.getValue()).length - offset) / 2;
            Log.d(TAG, "RR length: "+ (characteristic.getValue()).length);
            Log.d(TAG, "rr_count: "+ rr_count);
            if (rr_count > 0) {
                Integer[] mRr_values = new Integer[rr_count];
                for (int i = 0; i < rr_count; i++) {
                    mRr_values[i] = characteristic.getIntValue(
                            BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16, offset);
                    offset += 2;
                    Log.d(TAG, "Received RR: " + mRr_values[i]);
                }
                return mRr_values;
            }
        }
        Log.d(TAG, "No RR data on this update: ");
        return null;
    }

How can I use it to extract the heart rate and r-r intervals (beat to beat intervals) assuming that I have a connection to the device? I would be happy if somebody could make a short example. Addtionally, I would like to use a service so that it runs in the background and I can do other work and it drains less battery. But the service should have highest priority so that it get not killed.
In the extractBeatToBeatInterval() method there is a int offset = 1; with the description

This depends on hear rate value format and if there is energy data

I don't understand the meaning of this offest. What offset value should I use?
Second, if the connection breaks I would like to get a notification so that I can handle it (e.g. displaying a message). How can I do that?

A: I can help you with a few things on this matter.
For connection breaks you can handle it like this
public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {
            if (newState == BluetoothGatt.STATE_CONNECTED) {
                Log.e(Constants.TAGGattConnectThread, "Connected to the GATT Server " + status + " " +newState);
                Log.e(Constants.TAGGattConnectThread, "Attempting to discover services");
                bluetoothGatt.discoverServices();
            }
            else if(newState == BluetoothGatt.STATE_DISCONNECTED)
            {
                Log.e(Constants.TAGGattConnectThread,"Band disconnected");
               //Write you disconnect handling code here
            }

Also you can set the 'AutoConnect option to 'True' while connecting to Gatt
bluetoothGatt = bluetoothDevice.connectGatt(context, true, bluetoothGattCallback);

For creating a service, You can create a Sticky service that will restart itself unless force stopped.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Office Interiors – A Better Way
Wednesday 7 January 2009 PDF Print
How to achieve cost effective office relocation and refurbishment projects in the downturn is explored in a new seminar from Morgan Lovell.
'Office Interiors – A Better Way,' has been organised by the leading workplace interior design, fit out and refurbishment specialist, at their London headquarters, in Noel Street, Soho.
The seminar will look at the concept of 'design and build' - the time and money saving method to create office interiors.
Morgan Lovell's project director, Ed Howden, will take delegates through the steps and benefits of design and build, showing how the process can control cost and quality.
Then Peter Hudson, site controller for ITV, will present a case study on how the media giant embraced design and build to refurbish their 200,000 square foot London office portfolio, in record time and on budget.
Starting at 08:30 am the seminar takes place on Wednesday, January 28, and finishes at 10.30 am.
Registration is free, but places are limited. To register go to www.morganlovell.co.uk/seminars or call 01462 490609.
David Henderson, managing director of Morgan Lovell, said: "Proven to be cheaper and faster for construction projects, more companies are adopting design and build as a way to save money and keep control of budgets and quality."
The seminar is the latest from Morgan Lovell, which in 2008 held a series of popular events covering topics including the sustainable workplaceand office relocation.
Morgan Lovell also offers a free office relocation checklist - a step-by-step guide to managing the complexities of business relocations - available for free download at www.morganlovell.co.uk/office-relocation-checklist
About Morgan Lovell
Located in London, Birmingham and the Thames Valley, Morgan Lovell is the UK's leading office interior design, fit out and refurbishment specialist. With its own teams of designers, surveyors and project managers, the company can design and deliver entire projects, with the benefit of just one point of contact. www.morganlovell.co.uk
It is part of Morgan Sindall plc, a top UK construction and regeneration group which operates through five specialist divisions of fit out, construction, infrastructure services, affordable housing and urban regeneration.
Morgan Lovell is a licensed BREEAM Offices Assessment Organisation. This means it is now licensed to measure the sustainability score of an office in order to identify ways companies can reduce high energy usage and waste, whilst increasing comfort and satisfaction for users of the building.
Contact Jane Shepherd or Jo Foster, Shepherd PR Limited. Tel 01538 308685/308099. Mobile 07985 129315
jane@shepherd-pr.com
jo@shepherd-pr.com
This press release was distributed by ResponseSource Press Release Wire on behalf of Shepherd PR Limited in the following categories: Environment & Nature, Business & Finance, Construction & Property, for more information visit https://pressreleasewire.responsesource.com/about.
Release from
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Alterations & Addition to a Two-Family Residence Building Belonging to Mr. Louis Chatel on Jackson Ave. Plainfield N.J.
Plans and elevations for a two-storey rear extension, including bedrooms.
Title Alterations & Addition to a Two-Family Residence Building Belonging to Mr. Louis Chatel on Jackson Ave. Plainfield N.J.
Description Plans and elevations for a two-storey rear extension, including bedrooms.
Add tags for Alterations & Addition to a Two-Family Residence Building Belonging to Mr. Louis Chatel on Jackson Ave. Plainfield N.J.
Post a Comment for Alterations & Addition to a Two-Family Residence Building Belonging to Mr. Louis Chatel on Jackson Ave. Plainfield N.J.


text:
Dam Engineering
Earth / Rockfill Dams
Rockfill & Earthfill Material Definition
Contents [hideshow]
Historic Definition of Rockfill Material
Early Rockfill Classification
Visual Rock Gradation Estimates
Early Rockfill Gradation Tests
USBR Rock Definition
Suggested Definition for Rockfill Materials
Upper Rock Fragment Limit for Compacted Rockfills
Lower Rock Fragment Limit for Compacted Rockfills
Rockfill Gradation Limitations
by Allan J. Breitenbach, P.E., AB Engineering Inc. Littleton, Colorado, US Tel: 1/720-981-5244. fax: 1/720-981-5245. Email: ajbreitenbach@hotmail.com.
Part 1 summarized rockfill placement and compaction guidelines for mine structures, including dams and structure foundations. Part 2 provided an historical perspective to rockfill dam construction. Part 3 for this article defines rockfill versus earthfill materials. The terms "rockfill" and "earthfill" are commonly used in the geotechnical engineering profession, but the transition between the two types of fill, to this author's knowledge, has not been accurately defined to the present day.
An earthfill material with various mixtures of clay, silt, sand or fine-grained gravel sizes is well defined by the Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM D-2487-00). As larger sized rock fragments are added to an earthfill, at some point the "earthfill" becomes a "rockfill" with predominantly coarse-grained gravel, cobble and boulder sized rock fragments. A review of past rockfill definitions and suggested upper and lower rock fragment size boundary limits are presented in this article for compacted rockfills.
Modern day rockfill dam construction must rely heavily on past experiences for guidance pertaining to the placement and compaction of large rock fragments in a compacted fill structure. Special rock equipment and procedures are required for rock borrow development, hauling, placing, and compacting to produce a stable and acceptable engineered fill structure. The conventional earthfill test methods for controlling lift thickness, gradation, moisture content, and compaction are not applicable to rockfills and must be modified to a site specific compactive effort specification using test fills and large vibratory roller compactors. This article presents a suggested definition of rockfill versus earthfill material. Typical rockfill and earthfill materials in stockpiles, waste dumps and fills are shown on Photos 1 to 4.
In 1952, the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the Corps of Engineers (COE), with Professor Arthur Casagrande as consultant, developed the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). This classification system is used extensively world-wide to the present day for soils, but excludes rock particles larger than the 3 inch (76.2 mm) square mesh screen size.
In a 1960 symposium on rockfill dams sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), a rockfill dam was defined as "one that relies on rock either dumped in the lifts or compacted in layers as a major structural element." Rockfills at that time were either placed in a single thick lift without compaction or placed in typical 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) thick lifts and compacted by dozer tracks or large non-vibrating steel drum and pneumatic rubber-tired rollers. The single rock dump lifts, typically of the order of 35 to 165 feet (11 to 50 m) in height, were generally flooded with water at two to four times the rock volume to consolidate the fill to about 85 percent of its total self-weight settlement. Limited information was available at that time on defining rock sizes for use in rockfill construction or establishing engineered procedures for placement and compaction. Large-scale in-place bulk gradations were not performed on the rock dump fills, and the gradation limit between rockfills and earthfills remained undefined.
In 1963, Sherard et al, published Earth and Earth-Rock Dams, which classified dams primarily constructed of rockfill with thin clay cores as "earth-rock" dams. The term "rockfill dam" described embankments constructed wholly of rockfill materials with an upstream impervious facing.
Visual rock gradation estimates were conducted by the engineers in the field using measured grid patterns or other types of visual aids for determining maximum, average and minimum rock sizes. The rock fragment sizes were estimated either by volume or by weight.
The visual gradation estimates were generally not used in early rock dump dam construction, where the large rock fragments in the thick loose lifts were physically impractical to test. In addition to variations in the quarried large rock borrow material sizes, the rock dump fill material sizes varied from top to bottom on the advancing dump slopes due to material segregation. Rock segregation occurred along the front face of the advancing rock dump lifts with the larger rock fragments rolling to the bottom of the relatively high lifts. The segregation of fine rock material sizes at the top to coarse rock material sizes at the bottom of the thick lifts made it difficult to determine a representative gradation size for the overall rockfill lift thickness. Examples of rock segregation on stockpile and fill slopes can be seen in Photos 1 and 2, respectively.
Photo 1: Segregated Earthfill at Top and Rockfill at Bottom of Stockpile Slope.
Photo 2: Earthfill and Rockfill Placed in Rock Dump Fill Lift Thickness.
Photo 3: Predominantly Earthfill Waste Dump with Boulders at Downhill Toe.
Photo 4: Predominantly Rockfill Waste Dump from Top to Bottom of Slope.
Large rock fragments were also used for dam embankment upstream slope protection and spillway channels. Selective borrow rock quality and sizing in combination with controlled placement of thinner fill lifts made visual gradation estimates for these type of less segregated rockfill structures more approximate.
The visual gradation estimates by volume were generally specified as the largest and smallest permissable rock fragment sizes in cubic yards or cubic feet (cubic meters). The visual gradation estimates by weight were generally specified as D85, D50 and D15 sizes representing the rock size by dry weight passing 85, 50 and 15 percent of the total rock sample dry weight, respectively. As an example, the D50 size represents the estimated rock fragment size at which half of the total sample dry weight is larger or smaller than the rock size determined by visual gradation estimates or by large-scale bulk gradation testing as 50%.
The transition from rock dumps to compacted rockfills reduced the lift thickness and limited the maximum rock fragment size allowable for controlled lift placement and compaction. By the late 1950's the more controlled rockfill lifts made it possible to physically conduct large-scale gradation tests on the compacted rockfills.
By the late 1950's, rock dump construction in thick lifts was changing to thinner rockfill lifts leveled by dozers for tracking the surface or for loaded haul truck and heavy rubber-tired roller compaction. The earliest reported large-scale rockfill gradation tests were being conducted on these type of rockfills by 1959.
In 1963 and 1964, the Corps of Engineers first experimented with vibratory roller compactors on test fills at Cougar Dam, a 445 feet (136 m) high earth and rockfill dam near Eugene, Oregon. Large-scale bulk gradation tests were conducted along with other testing to evaluate the performance of the compactors. Prior to this time period, a limited mount of large-scale gradations had been performed on other rockfill dams.
The large-scale test fill gradations for the first time established a basis for defining rockfill materials according to measured rock fragment screen sizes, rather than by visual estimations. The large-scale screen mesh gradations are significant from the standpoint that geotechnical engineers, from this author's experience, have a tendency to over estimate the visual size of rock fragments in a rockfill. As an example, an elongated rock fragment can be more than 12 inches (0.3 m) in length and yet pass through a 6 inch by 6 inch (0.15 m by 0.15 m) square mesh screen opening, therefore classifying the fragment as a minus 6 inch (0.15 m) rock fragment.
Another error that commonly occurs in visual rockfill gradation estimates is to under estimate the percentage of large rock fragment sizes to small earthfill particle sizes by dry weight passing a given screen size. A rockfill can appear visually to have a larger percentage of clay, silt, sand or fine to medium grained gravel earthfill materials versus larger coarse gravel, cobble and boulder rockfill sizes. However, if a large-scale gradation test is conducted on a bulk sample of the material, the test results by dry weight passing the various square mesh screen sizes will generally show a larger percentage of rockfill to earthfill materials, when compared to the visual estimate.
In 1968, the USBR published the Earth Manual, which further defined cobble and boulder rock particles as follows: "Rounded particles are called cobbles, if they are between 3 and 12 inches (0.07 to 0.30 m) in size, and boulders, if they are greater than 12 inches (0.30 m) in size. Angular particles above 3 inches (0.07 m) in size are classified as rock fragments." No further distinction was made about the rock fragment quality or gradation required for defining rockfill structures. From this author's experience, the "cobble" definition is commonly used by engineers to the present day for defining both rounded and angular rock fragments falling within the 3 to 12 inch (0.07 to 0.30 m) square mesh size range. The term "rock fragment" is defined for this article as any rock (rounded to angular in shape) retained on the ¾ inch (19 mm) square mesh screen size.
From the original rockfill dams in the 1850's to the present day, it appears that rockfills have been loosely defined by the engineering community as predominantly rock fragment materials larger than gravel sizes containing some sand and gravel and minimal fines (silt and clay sizes).
Rock dump fills constructed by massive lift thickness placement generally had no limit on the maximum rock fragment size. The largest rock fragment in rock dumps was the largest rock size that the available construction equipment could move and dump in the fill by large loaders, haul trucks and draglines. The largest rock fragment sizes shown in Photo 3 at the downhill toe of the 400 feet ( 60 m) high dump were in the range of 8 to 12 feet (2.4 to 3.7 m) rock fragment sizes. The blasted rock fragment rubble shown in Photo 4 contained rock fragments larger than 20 feet (6 m) at the downhill toe of the dump slope.
Rock dump fill construction for large dams essentially ended by 1965 in favor of compacted rockfills, where rock materials were placed in thinner controlled lifts for compaction by heavy rollers. This limited the maximum allowable rock fragment sizes within the compacted rockfills to where any over sized rocks greater than the lift thickness were raked or dozed to the downstream slope outside of the roller compacted rockfill limits.
With the development of vibratory steel drum compactors in the last 40 years, rockfill dams are now constructed in controlled lift thickness placement, typically less than 5 feet (1.5 m) in loose lift thickness, and compacted with a determined number of passes by conventional vibratory compactor rollers. With the development of large rock haul trucks in recent years capable of hauling more than 240 tons (218 tonnes) of mined rock material, the comparable lift thickness for loaded rubber-tired haul truck compaction can approach 10 feet (3 m) in depth. The greater depth of rockfill compaction requires more control of moisture conditioning and a followup large-scale density test in test fills to confirm the effective depth of compaction.
The maximum target rock fragment size in past practice from this author's experience has been 2/3 of the maximum loose lift thickness with some allowance for larger rocks that do not protrude from the rockfill lift. Therefore, the upper limit of rock fragment size for compacted rockfills is controlled by the lift thickness and available construction equipment at a general range of 2 to 5 feet (0.6 to 1.5 m) in rockfill loose lift thickness with the use of conventional vibratory steel drum compaction equipment. The upper limit of rock fragment size increases at a general range of 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 m) in rockfill loose lift thickness with the use of large loaded rock haul trucks for rubber-tired compaction.
Applying the "2/3 lift height rule of thumb" for the upper rock fragment limit is recommended to minimize the potential for zones of less compaction around the flanks of the larger rock fragments.
The transition from earthfill to rockfill materials for geotechnical engineers is readily defined as the point at which standard field and laboratory soils testing methods are no longer applicable to earthfill soils that contain excessive rock fragments.
The American Standards for Testing Materials (ASTM) defines the upper rock limit for determining laboratory maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of soil materials as no more than 30 percent of the sample retained by dry weight on a 3/4 inch (19 mm) square mesh sieve size. Rock correction procedures and compaction methods are specified for determining the measured field and laboratory soil densities (ASTM D-698 and D-1557) for the oversized rock fragments up to the 30 percent rock limit.
Fills with rock fragment content above the 30 percent limit are generally controlled by large-scale rock test fills to establish placement and compactive effort procedures, discussed in Part 4 of this series of rockfill articles.
Based on established ASTM field and laboratory test standards, the lower rock fragment limit for defining rockfills versus earthfills is suggested to be defined as in-place granular fills with a minimum of 30 percent by dry weight of clean rock fragments retained on the 3/4 inch (19 mm) sieve screen size. The definition of the rockfill lower limit is also suggested to limit the fine particle size to contain less than 15 percent silt and clay materials passing the No. 200 (0.074 mm) sieve size. This fine particle limitation is required from past observations and experience for maintaining a high strength granular rock-to-rock skeleton structure conducive to drainage and vibratory compaction efficiency. The reduction in fines content also allows compaction by large loaded haul trucks without rutting of the wetted fill surface.
Rock fragments that break down to finer material sizes during excavation, placement, and compaction, and are below the defined lower rock fragment limits, are considered to be earthfills amenable to standard soil testing procedures and laboratory compaction methods.
Gradations for rockfill fragments are based on dry weight square mesh screen size openings, similar to gradation sieve sizes for earthfill particles (ASTM D-422). For example, an 8 inch (0.2 m) maximum rock size refers to all rock passing through an 8 inch by 8 inch (0.2 m by 0.2 m) square mesh screen opening.
Clean rock materials retained on the 3/4 inch (19 mm) sieve can be oven or air-dried rock fragments. A clean rock fragment refers to rock retained on the sieve after hand rubbing or washing to remove clay balls and sand, silt, and clay-sized particles that adhere to the rock fragment surface.
In the borderline case of weathered rock materials susceptible to breakdown during screening, clean rock is suggested to be defined as intact dry rock fragments remaining on the square mesh screen after hand rubbing to remove finer soil particles that become attached during rock borrow and fill placement operations.
The terms "rockfill" and "earthfill" are commonly used in the geotechical engineering profession, but the transition between the two types of fill, to this author's knowledge, has not been accurately defined to the present day.
The historic definition of rockfill material was primarily limited to visual estimates by volume or weight. Early rockfill dam construction by rock dump techniques allowed rock segregation to occur on advancing thick rock dump lifts. No known gradation tests were performed for these type of fills due to the physical rock size limitations and the variation in thick fill lift gradations from the top to bottom of the advancing fill slope surface due to segregation.
The construction practice for rockfill dams changed in the late 1950's to thinner controlled lift placement and compaction by conventional dozer and roller equipment. Vibratory roller compaction was adopted in the early 1960's to the present day. The controlled rockfill lifts for compaction allowed the start of large-scale gradation testing in 1959 to confirm visual gradation estimates.
The suggested definition for rockfill materials includes an upper and lower rock fragment limit. The upper rock fragment limit is defined by the allowable loose lift thickness for adequate compaction using conventional vibratory rollers or large loaded haul truck rollers for rubber-tired compaction. The target maximum rock fragment size for rockfills is suggested to be 2/3 of the maximum loose lift thickness with some allowance for larger rock fragments, as long as the rock fragment does not protrude from the lift and hinder compaction.
The lower rock fragment limit is defined as the point at which standard field and laboratory soils testing methods are no longer applicable to earthfill materials that contain excessive rock fragments. This earthfill soil limit is defined by ASTM test methods as no more than 30 percent of the sample retained by dry weight on a ¾ inch (19 mm) square mesh sieve size. The definition of the rockfill lower limit is also suggested to limit the fine particle size to contain less than 15 percent silt and clay materials passing the No. 200 (0.074 mm) sieve size. This fine particle limitation is required from past observations and experience for maintaining a high strength granular rock-to-rock skeleton structure conducive to drainage and vibratory compaction efficiency. The reduction in fines content also allows compaction by large loaded haul trucks without rutting of the wetted fill surface.
American Society for Testing and Materials; 1978, Standard Test Methods for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures, ASTM.
Pope, R. J., 1966, "Evaluation of Cougar Dam Embankment Performance", ASCE Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division Conference, Berkeley, CA; ASCE, New York.
Sherard, J. L., Woodward, R. J., Gizienski, S. F., and Clevenger, W. A, 1963, Earth and Earth-Rock Dams, Wiley, London.
Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division Conference, 1966, "Stability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments" Proceedings of the ASCE, Berkeley, Califorina, ASCE, New York.
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1968, Earth Manual, Water Resources Technical Publication, Denver, Colorado.
Rock Mass Characterization
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Remediation Technology
Contaminated sites can pose a considerable threat...
Landfill Engineering
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Contaminant Transport
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text:
Digicel promises LTE for mid-year deployment
May 31, 2018 Press Release Press Releases
Following recent successful efforts to fine tune its network, Digicel is preparing for the introduction of superfast LTE mobile data technology by this summer.
On the way to this milestone, Digicel has accelerated the optimisation of its cell sites across the country to deliver LTE speeds up to 10 times faster than exiting 4G technology.
The robust deployment plan will see upgraded sites all across Trinidad and Tobago. So far, Digicel has optimised LTE equipment in Diego Martin, Carenage, Chaguaramas, Port of Spain, Maraval and St. Ann's. Improvement work has also been done recently in Barataria, El Soccoro, Aranguez, Couva, Freeport, Sangre Grande, Valencia Champs Fleurs and St. Joseph.
The immediate benefit is that customers in these areas are able to get the right amount of signal to make calls, send texts and experience a more consistent stream of data. However, some customers may experience issues when making or receiving calls from areas where improvement work is ongoing.
By the end of May, Piarco, Charlieville, Arima, D'Abadie, Santa Rosa, Chaguanas, Claxton Bay, Tunapuna, Trincity, Couva, Lopinot and our sister isle of Tobago will all be optimised. The work will continue in June as summer comes around for Digicel to light up Trinidad and Tobago with the country's newest LTE network.
The shiny, new network will also deliver expanded coverage, greater reliability and superior availability. This will allow customers in more places to have the smoothest streaming experience, while using multiple apps and internet-based services on their smartphones or other internet-enabled devices.
"We want to thank our customers for their patience and understanding. Our network transformation is now in full swing and we have stepped up the pace to begin deploying LTE within a few months, so that our personal and business customers can connect to the future of advanced mobile data."
"With faster speeds and ultra-low latency, our LTE will ultimately deliver and enhance experiences like virtual reality, wearable fitness trackers, remote monitoring, immersive 4K video and more," commented Chandrika Samaroo, General Manager, Home Entertainment, Digicel Trinidad and Tobago.
The Digicel LTE network will also enable a new generation of 'Internet of Things' applications that can power the creation of smart homes and smart cities in T&T.
"Our island-wide LTE rollout is another example of Digicel's continued investment and leadership in delivering an amazing network experience to our customers," Samaroo said. He reassured, "We are in it for the long haul and are very excited about reaching more people in more places and connecting them new things at prices that will continue to be affordable."
Ahead of launch, Digicel will be helping customers to get ready for LTE with information about handset compatibility and upgrading their existing SIM cards to access the technology. Customers can also look forward to great deals on LTE handsets and plans.
Tagged: Broadband Digicel LTE Mobile
A Caribbean YouTube strategy
Samsung announces software update for Icon X action earbuds


text:
Die Primera División 1977/78 war die 47. Spielzeit der höchsten spanischen Fußballliga. Sie startete am 3. September 1977 und endete am 7. Mai 1978.

Vor der Saison
 Als Titelverteidiger ging der 8-fache Meister Atlético Madrid ins Rennen. Letztjähriger Vizemeister wurde der FC Barcelona.
 Aufgestiegen aus der Segunda División sind Sporting Gijón, FC Cádiz und Rayo Vallecano.

Vereine

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle

Nach der Saison
Internationale Wettbewerbe
 1. – Real Madrid – Europapokal der Landesmeister
 3. – Athletic Bilbao – UEFA-Pokal
 4. – FC Valencia – UEFA-Pokal
 5. – Sporting Gijón – UEFA-Pokal
 Gewinner der Copa del Rey – FC Barcelona – Europapokal der Pokalsieger

Absteiger in die Segunda División
 16. – Betis Sevilla
 17. – FC Elche
 18. – FC Cádiz

Aufsteiger in die Primera División
 Real Saragossa
 Recreativo Huelva
 Celta Vigo

Pichichi-Trophäe
Die Pichichi-Trophäe wird jährlich für den besten Torschützen der Spielzeit vergeben.

Die Meistermannschaft von Real Madrid

Weblinks
 Spain - List of Champions rsssf.com

Einzelnachweise

Fußballsaison 1977/78
1977 78

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Variations in the source, metal content and bioreactivity of technogenic aerosols: a case study from Port Talbot, Wales, UK
Moreno, Teresa, Merolla, Luciano Luigi, Gibbons, Wes, Greenwell, L., Jones, Timothy Peter and Richards, Roy J. 2004. Variations in the source, metal content and bioreactivity of technogenic aerosols: a case study from Port Talbot, Wales, UK. Science of the Total Environment 333 (1-3) , pp. 59-73. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.019
Official URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S...
Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected during different prevailing wind directions from a site located close to a busy motorway, a major steelworks, and the town of PortTalbot (Wales, UK). A high-volume collector was used (1100 l/min), enabling relatively large amounts of particulate matter (PM10–2.5 and PM2.5) samples to be obtained on a polyurethane foam [PUF, H2N–C(O)O–CH2CH3] substrate over periods of 2–7 days. Four samples were chosen to exemplify different particle mixtures: SE- and NE-derived samples for particles moving along and across the motorway, a NW-derived sample from the town, and a mixed SW/SE-derived sample containing a mixture of particles from both steelworks and motorway. The latter sample showed the highest average collection rate (0.9 mg/h, 13 μg/m3) and included a prominent pollution episode when rainy winds were blowing from the direction of the steelworks. Both NW and SE samples were collected under dry conditions and show the same collection rate (0.7 mg/h, 10 μg/m3), whereas the NE sample was collected during wetter weather and shows the lowest rate (0.3 mg/h, 5 μg/m3). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis system (EDX) analyses show all samples are dominated by elemental and organic carbon compounds (EOCC) and nitrates, with lesser amounts of sulphates, felsic silicates, chlorides and metals. ICP–MS analyses show the SW/SE sample to be richest in metals, especially Fe, Zn, Ni, and Mn, these being attributed to an origin from the steelworks. The SE sample, blown along the motorway corridor, shows enhanced levels of Pb, V, Ti, As, and Ce, these metals being interpreted as defining a traffic-related chemical fingerprint. The NW sample shows a very low metalcontent. DNA plasmid assay data on the samples show TM50 values varying from 66 to 175 μg/ml for the adjusted whole sample and 89 to 203 μg/ml for the soluble fraction. The SW/SE-mixed metalliferous sample is the most bioreactive (both whole and soluble) and the soluble fraction of the metal-depleted NW sample is the least bioreactive. The metalcontent of the aerosol samples, especially soluble metals such as Zn, is suggested to be the primary component responsible for oxidative damage of the DNA, and therefore most implicated in any health effects arising from the inhalation of these particulate cocktails.
Earth and Ocean Sciences
Source identification; PM10–2.5; PM2.5; Wind direction; Airborne metal; DNA; Port Talbot


I am a Senior Lecturer in Computing at the Department of Electronics,Computing and Mathematics in the College of Engineering and Technology at the University of Derby, UK. I am the Programme Leader for MSc Advanced Computer Networks and BSc (Hons) Computer Networks and Security.
I am also the Cisco Legal Main Contact for the Cisco Networking Academy at the University of Derby. My teaching and research are mainly on the subject areas of computer networks and security. Currently, I teach Advanced Network Switching, Advanced Network Routing, Securing Networks, Wide Area Networks and Network Routing and Switching, Ethical Hacking and Networking fundamentals. I have published numerous conference and journal papers and edited several books on a range of research areas including networking, cybersecurity and image processing.
Workshop co-chair of Workshop on Emerging Trends on Softwarized Networks (ETSN 2018) in conjunction with the Fourth IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft 2018), 25-29 June, 2018, at Montreal, Canada.
M. Kazim and S. Zhu (2015) "A Survey on Top security threats in cloud computing", International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol.6, issue 3.
R. Whitfield, S. Zhu (2015) "A Comparison of OSPFv3 and EIGRPv6 in a Small IPv6 Enterprise Network",Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol.6, issue 1.
A. Balogan and S. Zhu (2013) "Privacy Impacts of Data Encryption on the Efficiency of Digital Forensics Technology", Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 4, issue 5.
G. Schaefer, R.J. Tait, A. Merla and S. Zhu (2010) "Automated Overlay of Visual and Thermal Medical Images Using Skin Detection and Image Registration", Int. Journal for Computational Vision and Biomechanics, ISSN 0973-6778, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 81-87.
S. Zhu, G. Schaefer (2009) "Using Network Simulation Tools to Support Teaching in Computer Networks", The International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 2439-2444.


I was introduced to bats, up close and personal, last year at a cookout. Paul, the homeowner and bat enthusiast, showed us his two bat houses at the perimeter of his suburban yard. When I aimed the flashlight directly above into one of the bat houses, I could see a large family of bats. There were probably 30 or so bats hanging upside-down looking all cute…well, as cute as bats can look.
Photo courtesy of Paul Franklin.
At dusk, Paul had us watching the sky in the general vicinity of the bat houses. One by one the bats dove out of their house and up in the air for their nightly feeding. Paul and his wife commented how mosquito bites are a thing of the past for them, thanks to the bats' diet.
A Tupperware container of guano (bat droppings)… read on to see why.
He gave me the guano to apply to the base of the bat house so bats would smell it and know the bat house is a safe place to nest.
We'll be hanging the bat house this spring and patiently awaiting the gradual arrival of our new "neighbors". Since we occasionally see bats flying around our house, I'm hoping that will help expedite the move-in process.
MOSQUITOS – Do you need MORE reasons than that?!
According to Bat Conservation International in their Intro to Bats, "A single little brown bat can eat up to 1,000 mosquito-sized insects in a single hour, while a pregnant or lactating female bat typically eats the equivalent of her entire body weight in insects each night." Okay…the "mosquito-sized" insects are not ALL mosquitos, but they are part of that 1,000 insect nightly diet. Now that's my kind of insect zapper.
The bats provide you with FREE plant fertilizer – all in a neat, compact pile directly below the bat house.
The bats are a lot of fun to watch and, if you have kids (especially boys), watching them fly out of their house provides a great evening activity for the whole family.
They're a wonderful non-conventional "pet" that provides their own food – no need for budgeting pet food in the family grocery budget!
It's another way to feel surrounded by nature (not that I shouldn't ALREADY feel that way living in the woods).
Some bats are excellent pollinators.
So… do I now have you thinking about attracting bats to your back yard?
I've been wanting Pete to make a bat house! Can you show a photo of yours???
Absolutely! I'll get a photo out there in the next few days. Great suggestion.
I never thought of bats as something I'd want to attract, but the mosquito diet alone makes it worth it. I'll check with my husband and make sure he agrees. My kids would love to help build it. If I can get my daughter past some fears, she will probably be excited…our own scooby doo scene in the back yard.
Are there any disease dangers with bats around pets, kids, or gardens?
I don't know what all diseases bats may carry or specific risks to having them around the home, but on the subject of bats and rabies, I found a post out on Associated Content from Yahoo by Matthew Howard on bats that you may find very informative. Howard mentions, "While it is true they can carry rabies there are currently more dogs in the US that carry rabies compared to bats…". He, like the man who built my bat house, gives a great testimony on their effectiveness as mosquito eaters.
I thought of something else that might help in your decision as to whether or not to attract bats to your yard.
We usually think of birds (robbins, blue jays, cardinals, turtle doves, crows, etc.) as filthy creatures and possible carriers of diseases. These same birds are the beautiful creatures we also go to great links to encourage their presence in our back yards. We purchase all kinds of bird feeders, bird food, and try to keep squirrels out of these feeders to make sure the birds will continue to feast in our yard.
While I'm not saying it's impossible to catch a disease from bats, I think there's a few reasons we don't get too concerned about getting a disease from birds: 1) we're use to them, 2) they're beautiful, and 3) we don't physically interact with the birds – we don't pet them. We simply enjoy watching them.
Just some food for thought – I hope that helps.


text:
Characterization and chemical composition of fatty acids content of watermelon and muskmelon cultivars in Saudi Arabia using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
Hassan M Albishri1, Omar A Almaghrabi2, Tarek A. A. Moussa2
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
2 Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science (North Jeddah), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Tarek A. A. Moussa
Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science (North Jeddah), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589
Background: The growth in the production of biodiesel, which is principally fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), has been phenomenal in the last ten years because of the general desire to cut down on the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and also as a result of the increasing cost of fossil fuels. Objective: Establish whether there is any relationship between two different species (watermelon and muskmelon) within the same family (Cucurbitaceae) on fatty acid compositions and enumerate the different fatty acids in the two species. Materials and Methods: Extraction of fatty acids from the two species and preparation the extract to gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis to determine the fatty acids compositions qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: The analyzed plants (watermelon and muskmelon) contain five saturated fatty acids; tetrdecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid with different concentrations, while muskmelon contains an extra saturated fatty acid named eicosanoic acid. The watermelon plant contains five unsaturated fatty acids while muskmelon contains three only, the two plants share in two unsaturated fatty acids named 9-hexadecenoic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid, the muskmelon plant contains higher amounts of these two acids (2.04% and 10.12%, respectively) over watermelon plant (0.88% and 0.25%, respectively). Conclusion: The chemical analysis of watermelon and muskmelon revealed that they are similar in saturated fatty acids but differ in unsaturated fatty acids which may be a criterion of differentiation between the two plants.
Keywords: Citrullus lanatus , Cucumis melo, fatty acids, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
Albishri HM, Almaghrabi OA, Moussa TA. Characterization and chemical composition of fatty acids content of watermelon and muskmelon cultivars in Saudi Arabia using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Phcog Mag 2013;9:58-66
Albishri HM, Almaghrabi OA, Moussa TA. Characterization and chemical composition of fatty acids content of watermelon and muskmelon cultivars in Saudi Arabia using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Phcog Mag [serial online] 2013 [cited 2022 Jan 22];9:58-66. Available from: http://www.phcog.com/text.asp?2013/9/33/58/108142
The growth in the production of biodiesel, which is principally fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), has been phenomenal in the last ten years because of the general desire to cut down on the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and also as a result of the increasing cost of fossil fuels. Thus vegetable oil producing countries are under pressure to expand production to meet the ever increasing demand. At the same time there is also concern about the strain on the world's supply of vegetable oils for food uses as more vegetable oils resources are diverted towards production of biodiesel. [1]
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is taxonomically classified as a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, which is also known as the gourd family. Other gourds include pumpkins, cucumbers, squash, and other melons. It prefers warm climate growing conditions and is produced worldwide where conditions permit. Watermelon seeds are consumed as snack food worldwide and are used to prepare edible oil in some countries. Watermelon seed oil was prepared and evaluated for its physicochemical properties. [2],[3] The seed oil consisted of 59.6% linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and 78.4% total unsaturated fatty acids. The predominant fatty acid in the oil was linoleic acid, which was followed by oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids.
Linolenic, palmitoleic, and myristic acids were minor constituents. The refractive index, acid value, peroxide value, and free fatty acids of watermelon seed oil were determined to be 1.4696 (25°C), 2.82 (mgKOH/g oil), 3.40 (mequiv oxygen/kg oil), and 1.41 (% as oleic acid), respectively. The saponification value of watermelon seed oil was 201 (mg KOH/g oil), and its iodine value was 115 (g iodine/100-g oil), which was significantly higher than pumpkin at 109 (g iodine/100-g oil). [2],[3]
Muskmelon, Cucumis melo, is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and grows best in tropical regions. The pulp of the fruit has pleasant flavor and taste, and the seeds are generally treated as waste; however, medicinal effects have been reported for the seeds. [4],[5] Hexane-extracted seed oil of Cucumis melo hybrid AF-522 was determined to contain 64g of linoleic acid per 100g of total fatty acids. [4] Significant amounts of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were also detected in the melon seed oil. Earlier in 1986, the oil extracted from Cucumis melo seeds and examined its physicochemical properties. [5]
Total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL, "bad cholesterol") concentrations were similar with palmitoleic and palmitic acids and significantly higher than with oleic acid. [6] High density lipoprotein (HDL, "good cholesterol") was significantly lower with almitoleic than with palmitic acid. The study provides evidence that, at least in males with high blood cholesterol, a modest increase in palmitic acid raises LDL cholesterol relative to oleic acid, even when dietary cholesterol is low. Palmitoleic acid behaves like a saturated and not a monounsaturated fatty acid in its effect on LDL cholesterol. This work is consistent with previous observations that palmitoleic acid, among other fatty acids available in the diet, may be used by enzymes affecting fat oxidation. [7]
In this study, we aimed to establish whether there is any relationship between two different species (watermelon and muskmelon) within the same family (Cucurbitaceae) on fatty acid compositions and enumerate the different fatty acids in the two species.
Collection of plant materials
The whole plant materials of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.), muskmelon (Cucumis melo) were collected from the private fields in Assfan village (60 km East Jeddah). The plant materials were ground with blender to fine powder. The samples collected early summer 2011 (April 2011) and identified through reference samples in the herbarium.
Extraction of oils
The plant samples of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), muskmelon (Cucumis melo) used in this study were ground in a grinder in the presence of anhydrous sodium sulphate and accurately weighed. The ground plant materials (approximately 10g for each) were macerated with 300 ml of n-hexane at room temperature for 2 days, the macerates were shaken occasionally. Following filtration of the organic phases, the n-hexane phases of each sample was concentrated in vacuo at 40°C to obtain the oily residue.
Methyl esterification of the fatty acids
Three replicates comprising of healthy looking plants were analyzed. The oils were independently placed in 25 ml of volumetric flasks, then saponified by adding 12 ml 0.5 N methanolic sodium hydroxide to each mixture, and were heated on a steam bath until the fat globules disappeared. 2 ml of BF 3 /MeOH was added to each flask and the mixtures were boiled for 2 min. After the solutions were cooled down at room temperature, they were filled up to 25 ml with saturated sodium chloride solution and the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were prepared for each sample. [8] The obtained FAMEs were dissolved in n-hexane and 1 μl of samples was injected and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).
Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis conditions
Chromatographic analysis by GC-MS analysis was carried out on Agilent HP 6890 Series combined with Agilent HP 5973 Mass Selective Detector (GC-MS). The capillary column used was Thermo Scientific (TR-5MS Capillary; 30.0 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm film). Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with 1 μl injection volume. Samples were analyzed with the column held initially at 140°C for 1 min after injection, then increased to 200°C with 5°C/min heating ramp with 3.0 min hold and increased to 215°C with 5°C/min heating ramp for 5 min. Then final temperature was increased to 240°C with 10°C/min heating ramp for 10.5 min. The injection was performed in split mode (20:1) at 270 °C. Detector and injector temperatures were 220°C and 200°C, respectively. Run time was 35 min. MS scan range was (m/z): 35-450 atomic mass units (AMU) under electron impact (EI) ionization (70 eV).
Identification of the fatty acids
Fatty acid components of the oils of the two plants were determined by comparing their retention times to authentic fatty acid samples obtained by GC and mass fragmentations with those of mass spectra database search (Wiley 7 n.1 and PMW_Tox 3.1).
In our study, the fatty acid profiles of the two vegetative plants (watermelon and muskmelon) samples. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and non-fatty acid compounds in the two plants were detected by GC analysis and molecular ion (m/z) and identification of these compounds were determined using Mass Specrtroscopy (MS).
The saturated fatty acids composition of watermelon plant were tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptdecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid with retention times 7.28, 8.85, 10.02, 12.00 and 13.60 min, respectively [Table 1], [Figure 1]a,[Figure 2],[Figure 3] and [Figure 4]; while the saturated fatty acid derivatives were 5, 9, 13-trimethyl tetradecanoic acid, 2-methy octadecanoic acid, 2-hexyl cyclopropane octanoic acid and 3-pentyl oxirane undecanoic acid with retention times 9.56, 11.62, 11.90 and 12.48 [Figure 4]. The most abundant fatty acid was hexadecanoic acid with concentration percentage 48.36%, followed by octadecanoic acid with concentration percentage 12.73% [Figure 2] and [Figure 4]. The other fatty acids were minor in concentrations [Table 1].
Figure 1: Gas chromatography profile for the extract of two the plants Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) (a) and Cucumis melo (Muskmelon) (b)
Figure 2: Mass spectra of the most abundant fatty acids in extracts of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) plant. (a) Tetradecanoic acid, (b) Hexadecanoic acid, (c) Heptadecanoic acid, (d) 8,11-Octadecadienoic acid, (e) 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid and (f) Octadecanoic acid
Figure 3: Mass spectra of the most abundant fatty acids in extracts of Cucumis melo (Muskmelon) plant. (a) Tetradecanoic acid, (b) 6,10,14-trimethyl- 2-Pentadecanone, (c) Hexadecanoic acid, (d) Methyl-2,4-dimethyl-Tetradecanoate, (e) Heptadecanoic acid, (f) 3-hydroxy-Hexadecanoic acid, (g) 9-Octadecenoic acid, (h) 11-Octadecenoic acid, (i) Octadecanoic acid and (j) 4,8,12,16-tetramethyl-Heptadecan-4-olide
Figure 4: Fourteen saturated fatty acids found in the two plants Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) and Cucumis melo (Muskmelon)
Table 1: Saturated fatty acids and their derivatives composition of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) and Cucumis melo (Muskmelon) detected by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
The watermelon plant contains five unsaturated fatty acids called 9-hexadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), 8, 11-octadecadienoic acid and 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid at 9.96, 10.8411.78, 13.02 and 13.21 min retention times, respectively [Table 2]. The most abundant unsaturated fatty acid was 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid with concentration percentage 17.48%, followed by 8,11-octadecadienoic acid with 10.76% concentration [Figure 2] and [Figure 5].
Figure 5: Six unsaturated fatty acids found in the two plants Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) and Cucumis melo (Muskmelon)
Table 2: Unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives composition of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) and Cucumis melo (Muskmelon) detected by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
There are 6 non-fatty acid compounds 1-octadecene, 8-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z), 6, 10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 1-heptadecene, 4,6-dimethyl-undecane and 6-heptyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one, with retention times 8.22, 8.68, 9.25, 11.36, 12.83 and 14.68 in watermelon plant, respectively [Table 3]; [Figure 1]a,[Figure 2],[Figure 3],[Figure 4],[Figure 5] and [Figure 6].
Figure 6: Ten non-fatty acids found in the two plants Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) and Cucumis melo (Muskmelon)
Table 3: Non-fatty acids compounds composition of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon) and Cucumis melo (Muskmelon) detected by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy
The muskmelon plant contained 6 saturated fatty acids called tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid and octadecanoic acid at 7.37, 9.00, 10.33, 12.19, 12.60 and 13.91 min retention time, respectively [Table 1]; [Figure 1]b and [Figure 4]. The most abundant one is hexadecanoic acid with 39.36%, followed by octadecanoic acid with 10.45% [Figure 3], while the rest of fatty acids were minor. The saturated fatty acid derivatives of musckmelon plant were 5, 9, 13-trimethyl tetradecanoic acid, 14-methyl pentadecanoic acid, methyl-2,4-dimethyltetradecanoic acid, 10-methyl nonadecanoic acid and 3-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid at 9.75, 9.98, 11.79, 12.40 and 13.18 min. the most dominant one was 3-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid with 5.72% [Table 1], [Figure 4].
There are three unsaturated fatty acid in muskmelon plant named 9-hexadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z) and 11-octadecanoic acid at 10.23, 13.44 and 13.70 min, respectively. The most abundant one is 9-octadecenoic acid (Z) with 10.12% [Table 2]; [Figure 3] and [Figure 5].
The muskmelon plant contained four non-fatty acid compounds 15-heptadecenal (E), 6, 10, 14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, 1-eicosene and 4, 8, 12, 16-tetramethyl-heptadecan-4-olide at 8.91, 9.41, 11.49 and 14.27 min, respectively. The most dominant one is 4, 8, 12, 16-tetramethyl-geptadecan-4-olide with 9.21% [Table 3]; [Figure 6].
Fatty Acids are aliphatic carboxylic acid with varying hydrocarbon lengths at one end of the chain joined to terminal carboxyl (-COOH) group at the other end. The general formula is R-(CH 2 ) n -COOH. Fatty acids are predominantly unbranched and those with even numbers of carbon atoms between 12 and 22 carbons long react with glycerol to form lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants, animals, and microorganisms. The terminal carbon atom is called the omega carbon atom. The term "omega-3 or omega-6" signifies that their single solid bond is occurred at carbon number 3 or 6 respectively counted from and including the omega carbon. Human bodies are not capable of synthesizing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids which are called essential fatty acids must be obtained through the diet. These fatty acids were designated as "Vitamin F", until it was realized that they must be classified with the fats. Fatty acids are converted to energy through the process called fatty acid oxidation in liver cells. Fatty acids are used as basic building blocks of biological membranes, for long-term energy storage (the major components of triglycerides) as well as for the precursors of eicosanoid hormones. [9],[10],[11],[12]
In this study, both two plants (watermelon and muskmelon) contained five saturated fatty acids named tetrdecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid with different concentrations, while muskmelon contains an extra saturated fatty acid named eicosanoic acid. The watermelon plant contains five unsaturated fatty acids while muskmelon contains three only, the two plants share in two unsaturated fatty acids named 9-hexadecenoic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid, the muskmelon plant contains higher amounts of these two acids (2.04% and 10.12%, respectively) over watermelon plant (0.88% and 0.25%, respectively).
Composition of glyceridic fraction of four cucurbitaceae seed species from congo brazzaville was studied in order to evaluate intra et inter specific variability. This is a pre-condition to any selection work because seeds with lower variability lead to constant quality oils. It shows that two species (Cucurbita moschata (cm) and Citrullus lanatus (cl)) have lowest intra specific variability, considering all of fatty acids, fa (cv < 20%). their seeds lead to homogenous population. If one takes in account linoleic acid (c18:2), the most important essential fatty acid of edible oils, this variability falls respectively to 20 and 10%; consequently the seeds of the four species (Cucurbita moschata, Citrullus lanatus (cl), Cucurbita pepo (cp) and Lagenaria siceraria (ls)) present the same nutritional interest. Inter specific variability which is higher than intra one, leads to a good separation of the species. Multivariate analysis (analysis in principal components (acp), ascending hierarchical clustering (ahc) confirms this results and highlights the homogeneity of each species seeds and the good discrimination of the different species. [13]
Some chemical properties of Cucurbitaceae seed oils from different areas in Cameroon. These seeds are Cucumeropsis mannii (egusi melon), Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin or squash gourd), Cucurbita moschata (musk melσn), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd or calabash) and Cucumis sativus ("Ibo"egusi). The values for the indices are within recommended levels for edible oils. These oils have four main fatty acids: Linoleic acid, C18:2 (49-69%); oleic acid, C18:1 (9-25%); stearic acid, C18:O (7-11%) and palmitic acid, C16:O (10- 19%). [14]
Winter melon (Benincasa hispida), locally known as Kundur, is a vegetable crop, popular, especially among Asian communities both for nutritional and medicinal attributes. According to the GLC analysis linoleic acid (C18:2) was established to be the principal fatty acid (63.10-70.64%) followed by C16:0 (12.45-17.59), C18:1 (8.46-12.87%) and C18:0 (5.13-7.48%). Analysis of oil sterol fractions, using GC and GC-MS, revealed the presence of β-sitosterol (54.62-60.50%), campesterol (15.10-18.50%), stigmasterol (11.00-14.30% and Delta(5)-avenasterol (6.40-8.14%) as the four main components. Most of the properties of the seed oils analyzed varied significantly among fruit cultivars tested. [15]
Physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acids composition of kakri (Cucumis momordica L.) seeds oil were determined. Oil contents, protein contents, moisture content, free fatty acid, saponification values, iodine values, refractive index, specific gravity, unsaponifiable matter and fatty acids composition of oils extracted from seeds were determined. The oil content was 22.22%. The oil consists of 68.16% of unsaturated fatty acids and the main fatty acids are linoleic acid (52.63%), palmitic acid (21.05%), oleic acid (14.33%), stearic acid (10.79%) and linolenic acid (1.20%). [16]
The seeds from Kundur [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.], a fruit vegetable plant with high functional properties (especially in medicinal treatment), were analysed for nutritive parameters (dietary fiber, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and energy) and oil fatty acids composition. The contents of crude fat and crude protein were found to be 20.70 and 11.63%, respectively. The extracted Kundur seed oil mainly consisted of linoleic acid (C18:2ω6), accounting for 67.37% of the total fatty acids. Other important fatty acid detected were palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1 cis) and stearic (C18:0) acids with contribution of 17.11, 10.21 and 4.83%, respectively. The fatty acids profile of the tested Kundur seed oil was quite comparable to those of previously reported cucurbitaceae seed oils and some other wholesome oils, revealing that it can be used as a potential seed oil crop. [17]
Examination of lipid extracts from photodegraded senescent phytoplanktonic cells demonstrates that autoxidation of vitamin E operated in phytodetritus, affording 4, 8, 12, 16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide. In vitro, autoxidation of vitamin E is a rapid process under environmental conditions. [18]
In order to evaluate the differences and similarities between the liposoluble constituents in Cynomorium songaricum populations, stem liposoluble constituents in five populations of C. songaricum collected from three different geographic regions and four different hosts were obtained by solvent extraction and analyzed by GC-MS. Cluster analysis of the percentage composition of 80 compounds showed differences in chemical composition which were related to the geographic origin rather than the host. Hexadecanoic acid was the most abundant compound in the essential oils of C. songaricum from hosts Nitraria sibirica and Nitraria tanguticum. Whereas (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid was accumulated in the oils of C. songaricum from Zygophyllum xanthoxylum and Peganum harmala. Four of the five populations had characteristic components, which were specific to each population. [19]
Sabra et al. [20] investigated that the characteristic phytochemical profile of caffeic acid derivatives, alkamides and/or ketones was not affected by salinity. However, significant changes in their relative amount were found depending on the species and salinity intensity. In contrast, in Echinacea pallida, caftaric acid, echinacoside, and major ketones 22, 24, 25 and pentadeca-8Z, 11Z-dien-2-one levels were reduced at 50 and/or 75 mM NaCl. The highest concentration of salt (100 mM NaCl) reduced the level of cynarin, cichoric acid, cichoric acid derivative and alkamides 1, 3, 6, 7, 8/9 in E. purpurea and caftaric acid, alkamide 2, ketones 24, 25 in E. pallida, as well as alkamides 1, 2, 11 in E. angustifolia.
Low oil accumulation was observed during the first 35 days after the fruiting (DAF) date (from 1.83% to 2.57%). After that, two phases were distinguished (35th until the 60th and 105th to the 145th DAF), where the rate of oil accumulation increased significantly. At the last stage of maturation, the lentisc fruits had the highest percentage of lipid content, 42.54%. The changing profile of fatty acids during maturation had been marked mainly by an increase in oleic acid content (from 19.49% to 50.72%) paralleling a decrease in linoleic acid content (from 42.5% to 21.75%). At the 15th DAF, the alpha-linolenic acid was found with a maximum of 13.81%. At full maturity, the main fatty acids were oleic acid, followed by palmitic and linoleic acid. Other fatty acids were present in trace proportions, such as palmitoleic, stearic, linolenic, gadoleic and arachidic acid. In all stages of ripening only four sterols were identified and quantified. β-Sitosterol was the major 4-desmethylsterol in samples tested, followed by campesterol. Cholesterol and stigmasterol were detected in trace amounts. During the first stage of ripening, the amount of total sterols was about 5.19/100 g of oil. It decreased to 0.43/100 g in the last stage. Sitosterol and campesterol showed nearly the same profile during the ripening of P. lentiscus fruit which could be linked to the relation between these compounds during their biosynthesis. [21]
The essential oil composition of Calendula arvensis was established for the first time using GC and GC/MS. Eighty-five essential oil components were identified, which accounted for 90.3 g/100 g of essential oil. The oil contained a high concentration of sesquiterpenes, of which δ-cadinene and α-cadinol were the main components. The chemical composition of 25 Corsican C. arvensis oils was analyzed to determine intraspecies variation in essential oil composition. A matrix linking essential oil composition to sample location was composed to identify relationships between concentrations of volatile samples and the geographical origins of samples. Two main groups of compounds were identified according to the amount of sesquiterpenic compounds (hydrocarbons and alcohols) and soil characteristics. Seasonal variation (winter vs. spring) in the concentrations of two major compounds during the flowering period was observed. [22]
An isotope labeling study in humans, it was concluded that the fraction of dietary stearic acid oxidatively desaturated to oleic acid was 2.4 times higher than the fraction of palmitic acid analogously converted to palmitoleic acid. Also, stearic acid was less likely to be incorporated into cholesterol esters. In epidemiologic and clinical studies stearic acid was associated with lowered LDL cholesterol in comparison with other saturated fatty acids. [23] These findings may indicate that stearic acid is healthier than other saturated fatty acids.
1. Mitei YC, Ngila JC, Yeboah SO, Wessjohann L, Schmidt J. NMR, GC-MS and ESI-FTICR-MS Profiling of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols in Some Botswana Seed Oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2008;85:1021-32.
2. El-Adaway TA, Taha K. Characteristics and composition of watermelon, pumpkin, and paprika seed oils and flours. J Agric Food Chem 2001a;49:1253-9.
3. El-Adaway TA, Taha K. Characteristics and composition of different seed oils and flours. Food Chem 2001b;74:47-54.
4. De Melo MLS, Narain N, Bora PS. Characterization of some nutritional constituents of melon (Cucumis melo hybrid AF-522) seeds. Food Chem 2000;68:411-.
5. Lazos ES. Certain functional properties of defatted pumpkin seed flour. J Food Sci 1986;51:1382-3.
6. Nestel P, Clifton P, Noakes M. Effects of increasing dietary palmitoleic acid compared with palmitic and oleic acids on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic men. J Lipid Res 1994 ; 35:656-62.
7. Power GW, Cake MH, Newsholme EA. The influence of diet on the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 toward a range of acyl CoA esters. Lipids 1997;32:31-7.
8. Morrison WR, Smith LM. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron trifluoride-methanol. J Lipid Res 1964;5:600-8.
9. Gunstone FD, Padley FB. Lipid Technologies and Applications, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1997.
10. Gunstone FD, Harwood JL, Padley FB. The Lipid Handbook, 2 nd ed., London, U.K.: Chapman and Hall; 1994.
11. Whitney EN, Cataldo CB, Rolfes SR. Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition, 5 th ed. Belmont, CA: West/Wadsworth, 1998. p. 141-75.
12. Jones PJ, Papamandjaris AA. "Chapter 10- Lipids: Cellular Metabolism" IN Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 8 th ed. In: Bowman BA, Russell RM, editors. Washington, DC: ILSI Press; 2001. p. 104-14.
13. Silou T, Tsieri MM, Makany R, Tremolieres A, Heron S, Tchapla A. Composition and variability of glycerioic fraction of four species of edible cucurbitacee from congo brazzaville. Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grass 2008;85:229-38.
14. Fokou E, Achu MB, Kansci G, Ponka R, Fotso M, Tchiégang C, et al. Chemical Properties of Some Cucurbitaceae Oils from Cameroon. Pak J Nutr 2009;8:1325-34.
15. Anwar F, Mohammad NA, Othman F, Saari N. Inter-varietal variation in the composition of seeds and seed oils from winter melon [benincasa hispida (thunb.) cogn.] fruit. Pak J Bot 2011;43:2029-37.
16. Rathore S, Sherwani MR. Studies on physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition of kakri (Cucumis momordica L.) seeds oil from the arid zone of Rajasthan. Asian J Chem 2010;22 : 4261-4.
17. Sew CC, Zaini NA, Anwar F, Abdul Hamid A, Saari N. Nutritional composition and oil fatty acids of kundur [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] seed. Pak J Bot 2010;42:3247-55.
18. Rontani JF, Nassiry M, Mouzdahir A. Free radical oxidation (autoxidation) of α-tocopherol (vitamin E): A potential source of 4, 8, 12, 16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide in the environment. Organic Geochem 2007;38:37-47.
19. Zhou YB, Ye RR, Lu XF, Lin PC, Yang SB, Yue PP, et al. GC-MS analysis of liposoluble constituents from the stems of Cynomorium songaricum. J Pharma Biomed Anal 2009;49:1097-100.
20. Sabra A, Adam L, Daayf F, Renault S. Salinity-induced changes in caffeic acid derivatives, alkamides and ketones in three Echinacea species. Environ Exp Bot 2012;77:234-41.
21. Trabelsi H, Cherif OA, Sakouhi F, Villeneuve P, Renaud J, Barouh N, et al. Total lipid content, fatty acids and 4-desmethylsterols accumulation in developing fruit of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in Tunisia. Food Chem 2012;131:434-40.
22. Paolini J, Barboni T, Desjobert JM, Djabou N, Muselli A, Costa J. Chemical composition, intraspecies variation and seasonal variation in essential oils of Calendula arvensis L. Biochem. Systematics Ecol 2010;38:865-74.
23. Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM. Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:46-63.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]
1 Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Lysurus mokusin extract against Pestalotiopsis neglecta and GC–MS analysis of the active components
Lian-Nan Lin, Jing Yang, Guo-Cai Zhang, Xiao-Bo Zhang, Ting-Yu Wang, De-Dong Wu
Journal of Plant Pathology. 2021; 103(4): 1295
2 Biodiesel production by two step process from an energy source of Chrysophyllum albidum oil using homogeneous catalyst
Ramachandran Kasirajan
South African Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2021; 37: 161
3 Evaluation of nutritional composition of Citrullus lanatus Linn. (watermelon) seed and biochemical assessment of the seed oil in rats
Rita Eke, Emmanuel Ejiofor, Sunday Oyedemi, Samuel Onoja, Ndukaku Omeh
Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2021; 45(6)
4 Recent Advancement in Plant Oil Derived Polyol-Based Polyurethane Foam for Future Perspective: A Review
Indrajeet Singh, Sushanta K. Samal, Smita Mohanty, Sanjay K. Nayak
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 2020; 122(3): 1900225
5 Bioconversion of Plant Hydrolysate Biomass into Biofuels Using an Engineered Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli Mixed-whole Cell Biotransformation
Seo Yeong Kim, Yung-Hun Yang, Kwon-Young Choi
Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering. 2020; 25(3): 477
6 Pectin from muskmelon (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus) peels: extraction optimization and physicochemical properties
Chandrasekaran Muthukumaran,Loganathan Banupriya,Somasundharam Harinee,Sivagurunathan Sivaranjani,Govindasamy Sharmila,Vinayagam Rajasekar,Narasimhan Manoj Kumar
3 Biotech. 2017; 7(1)
7 Suppression of phagocytic oxidative burst, cytotoxic effect, and computational prediction of oral toxicity of dietary fatty acids of Clerodendrum volubile stem
Ochuko L. Erukainure,Moses Z. Zaruwa,Ahmed M. Mesaik,Aliyu Muhammad,Jeffery O. Adoga,Ibukun O. Ogunyemi,Osaretin A.T. Ebuehi,Gloria N. Elemo
Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2017;
8 Edible seeds from Cucurbitaceae family as potential functional foods: Immense promises, few concerns
Seema Patel,Abdur Rauf
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 91: 330
9 Physicochemical Properties and Mineral Compositions of Pawpaw and Watermelon Seed Oils
Banji Adaramola,Adebayo Onigbinde
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2016; 15(1): 23
10 Proximate composition of seeds and seed oils from melon (Cucumis meloL.) cultivated in Bulgaria
Zhana Petkova,Ginka Antova
Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2015; 1(1): 1018779
11 Phyllanthus wightianus Müll. Arg.: A Potential Source for Natural Antimicrobial Agents
D. Natarajan,R. Srinivasan,M. S. Shivakumar
12 Nondestructive Evaluation for the Viability of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seeds Using Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Santosh Lohumi,Changyeun Mo,Jum-Soon Kang,Soon-Jung Hong,Byoung-Kwan Cho
Journal of Biosystems Engineering. 2013; 38(4): 312
Albishri HM
Almaghrabi OA
Moussa TA
Citrullus lanatus
Cucumis melo
gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy


The new signature fragrance for women from BOSS Orange. A captivating scent inspired by the multiple expressions that characterise modern femininity. Powerfully enchanting with a smooth, velvety texture. Passionate, carefree and soulful.
Sandalwood, Olive Wood and Vanilla.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Emídio Santana (Lisboa, 4 de Julho de 1906 — Lisboa, 16 de Outubro de 1988) foi um dos mais importantes militantes portugueses do anarcossindicalismo nos anos 20, durante a clandestinidade e o pós-25 de Abril.  Foi autor de diversos artigos e ensaios sobre o anarcossindicalismo e o mutualismo.

Biografia
Em criança estudou na Escola Oficina n.º 1 da Confederação Metalúrgica, uma escola moderna segundo os princípios de Franscisco Ferrer, onde também estudaram os filhos de Neno Vasco (Ciro, Fantina e Ondina) e Germinal de Sousa, filho de Manuel Joaquim de Sousa.

Emídio Santana militou no núcleo de Lisboa das Juventudes Sindicalistas, onde foi Secretário da Propaganda, e posteriormente, em 1925 e 1926, Secretário Geral das Juventudes Sindicalistas.

Foi membro e Secretário Geral do Sindicato Nacional dos Metalúrgicos, filiado na antiga Confederação Geral do Trabalho (CGT) portuguesa.

No seguimento do golpe militar de 28 de Maio de 1926, desenvolveu uma actividade de resistência contra a ditadura e actividade sindical clandestina.

Em 1936, representou a CGT portuguesa no congresso da Confederación Nacional del Trabajo de Espanha.

Em 4 de Julho de 1937 foi um dos autores do atentado a Salazar quando este se deslocava à capela particular do seu amigo Josué Trocado, na Avenida Barbosa du Bocage, em Lisboa, para assistir à missa.

Na sequência do atentado, Emídio Santana é procurado pela PIDE e foge para o Reino Unido, acabando por ser encontrado em Southampton pela polícia inglesa que o prende e o envia para Portugal onde foi condenado a 8 anos de prisão e 12 de deportação. Acabaria por ser libertado a 23 de Maio de 1953. Foi quatro vezes preso pela PIDE.

Em 1964 integrou a Associação dos Inquilinos Lisbonenses, a cuja direcção presidiu (1965). Participou em comícios da CDE e CEUD, abordando temas sindicais (legislativas de 1969).

A partir do fim da ditadura (1974), Emídio Santana retoma a vida militante activa, nomeadamente como director do jornal A Batalha.

Sendo um forte crítico do controlo político da CGTP por parte do PCP, qualificando o congresso de 1977 de um "espectáculo amorfo" com um "numeroso auditório presidido por um vultuoso colégio que do princípio ao fim dirigiu os trabalhadores e o controlou segundo um programa rigoroso e inalterável. Afinal uma caixa de ressonância". Onde "as votações estavam asseguradas; os cartões de voto inúteis". "O congresso apenas consagrou as propostas da Comissão Organizadora elaboradas sob inspiração e uma providência conhecida". Critica também o facto de um suposto congresso de operários ter como som "A Portuguesa" em vez do "legítimo e inconfundível hino", a Internacional. Já sobre o IV Congresso da CGTP (1983), para Emídio Santana não passou de "um comício em que a assistência funcionava como aparelho de aplausos" e "uma missa de fiéis voltados para Moscou".

Em 1985, Emídio Santana escreveu Memórias de um militante anarcossindicalista: tempos de luta de adversidade e de esperança, livro onde recorda momentos importantes da sua vida de militância política.

O seu espólio documental encontra-se depositado do Arquivo Histórico-Social.

Obras
Prefácio e anotações a Sousa, Manuel Joaquim de. O sindicalismo em Portugal. Porto, Afrontamento, 1974.
História de um atentado: o atentado a Salazar. Mem Martins, Forum, 1976.
Memórias de um militante anarco-sindicalista : tempos de luta de adversidade e de esperança. Lisboa, Perspectivas & Realidades, 1987.
Onde o homem acaba e a maldição começa: crónicas do mundo dos ex-homens. Lisboa, Assírio e Alvim, 1989. ISBN 972-37-0115-4.

Naturais de Lisboa
Anarquistas de Portugal
Santana, Emidio
Sindicalistas de Portugal
Anarcossindicalistas
Revolucionários de Portugal
Antifascistas de Portugal
Opositores à ditadura portuguesa


text:
Update: Four arrested, suspect's mother among wounded in West End shootout
James Cullum April 23, 2021 at 1:15pm
An Alexandria Police cruiser (Staff photo by James Cullum)
A shootout was reported on September 13 in the 3100 block of S. 28th Street on September 13, 2020. (Map via Google Maps)
More details have emerged regarding a West End shootout last fall. Four adult males have been arrested in connection with the incident, and ALXnow has discovered that a mother of one of the suspects was shot in the arm and didn't report it to police.
As previously reported, at around 5 p.m. on September 13, Alexandria Police responded to reports of 10-15 gunshots fired in the 3100 block of S. 28th Street near Ft. Ward Park.
A man was shot in the stomach and another man was also injured while driving with his girlfriend nearby at West Braddock Road and N. Van Dorn Street.
Witnesses told police that the shooting was sparked by a FaceTime argument between the suspects, according to a search warrant affidavit.
Alexandria Police arrested the following suspects, all of whom are being held without bond:
Alexandria resident Adham Heiba, 18, who was booked on September 16 for discharging a firearm in public, use of a firearm in commission of a felony and attempted malicious wounding
Prince William County resident Jamari Ankrah, 20, who was booked into jail on February 25 without bond for possession of a weapon by a convicted felon and resisting arrest
Prince William County resident Rashine Dainkay, 18, who was booked into jail on January 26 for distributing or possession with intent to distribute marijuana, distributing or possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance and possession of firearms while in possession of certain substances
Alexandria resident Terrell Talley, 19, who was charged with shooting into an occupied dwelling and discharging a firearm in a public place
Ankhrah was allegedly seen shooting at a group of 10-15 people from inside of one of the cars. He was later arrested on Feb. 25, and allegedly attempted to elude police in a foot chase.
"When Mr. Ankrah was arrested he was… in possession of a handgun that was tucked in his waistband," police reported.
Ankrah then allegedly told police that "he witnessed the offense and that an unknown subject shot at him, which ultimately led to his mother being shot in the arm," according to police. "Mr. Ankrah stated that they did not report her injury or this offense to police."
Dainkay was allegedly seen driving from the scene in a black Mercedes. A search of the vehicle later yielded an AK-47 assault rifle, according to police.
Map via Google Maps
crime police shooting West End
Just Listed in AlexandriaChief says April 6 chase investigation ongoing, discusses 2020 crime wave


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UCharCharacterIterator::~UCharCharacterIterator() {
}

bool
UCharCharacterIterator::operator==(const ForwardCharacterIterator& that) const {
    if (this == &that) {
        return true;
    }
    if (typeid(*this) != typeid(that)) {
        return false;
    }

    UCharCharacterIterator&    realThat = (UCharCharacterIterator&)that;

    return text == realThat.text
        && textLength == realThat.textLength
        && pos == realThat.pos
        && begin == realThat.begin
        && end == realThat.end;
}

int32_t
UCharCharacterIterator::hashCode() const {
    return ustr_hashUCharsN(text, textLength) ^ pos ^ begin ^ end;
}

UCharCharacterIterator*
UCharCharacterIterator::clone() const {
    return new UCharCharacterIterator(*this);
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::first() {
    pos = begin;
    if(pos < end) {
        return text[pos];
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::firstPostInc() {
    pos = begin;
    if(pos < end) {
        return text[pos++];
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::last() {
    pos = end;
    if(pos > begin) {
        return text[--pos];
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::setIndex(int32_t position) {
    if(position < begin) {
        pos = begin;
    } else if(position > end) {
        pos = end;
    } else {
        pos = position;
    }
    if(pos < end) {
        return text[pos];
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::current() const {
    if (pos >= begin && pos < end) {
        return text[pos];
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::next() {
    if (pos + 1 < end) {
        return text[++pos];
    } else {
        /* make current() return DONE */
        pos = end;
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::nextPostInc() {
    if (pos < end) {
        return text[pos++];
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UBool
UCharCharacterIterator::hasNext() {
    return (UBool)(pos < end ? true : false);
}

UChar
UCharCharacterIterator::previous() {
    if (pos > begin) {
        return text[--pos];
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UBool
UCharCharacterIterator::hasPrevious() {
    return (UBool)(pos > begin ? true : false);
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::first32() {
    pos = begin;
    if(pos < end) {
        int32_t i = pos;
        UChar32 c;
        U16_NEXT(text, i, end, c);
        return c;
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::first32PostInc() {
    pos = begin;
    if(pos < end) {
        UChar32 c;
        U16_NEXT(text, pos, end, c);
        return c;
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::last32() {
    pos = end;
    if(pos > begin) {
        UChar32 c;
        U16_PREV(text, begin, pos, c);
        return c;
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::setIndex32(int32_t position) {
    if(position < begin) {
        position = begin;
    } else if(position > end) {
        position = end;
    }
    if(position < end) {
        U16_SET_CP_START(text, begin, position);
        int32_t i = this->pos = position;
        UChar32 c;
        U16_NEXT(text, i, end, c);
        return c;
    } else {
        this->pos = position;
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::current32() const {
    if (pos >= begin && pos < end) {
        UChar32 c;
        U16_GET(text, begin, pos, end, c);
        return c;
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::next32() {
    if (pos < end) {
        U16_FWD_1(text, pos, end);
        if(pos < end) {
            int32_t i = pos;
            UChar32 c;
            U16_NEXT(text, i, end, c);
            return c;
        }
    }
    /* make current() return DONE */
    pos = end;
    return DONE;
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::next32PostInc() {
    if (pos < end) {
        UChar32 c;
        U16_NEXT(text, pos, end, c);
        return c;
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

UChar32
UCharCharacterIterator::previous32() {
    if (pos > begin) {
        UChar32 c;
        U16_PREV(text, begin, pos, c);
        return c;
    } else {
        return DONE;
    }
}

int32_t
UCharCharacterIterator::move(int32_t delta, CharacterIterator::EOrigin origin) {
    switch(origin) {
    case kStart:
        pos = begin + delta;
        break;
    case kCurrent:
        pos += delta;
        break;
    case kEnd:
        pos = end + delta;
        break;
    default:
        break;
    }

    if(pos < begin) {
        pos = begin;
    } else if(pos > end) {
        pos = end;
    }

    return pos;
}

int32_t
UCharCharacterIterator::move32(int32_t delta, CharacterIterator::EOrigin origin) {
    // this implementation relies on the "safe" version of the UTF macros
    // (or the trustworthiness of the caller)
    switch(origin) {
    case kStart:
        pos = begin;
        if(delta > 0) {
            U16_FWD_N(text, pos, end, delta);
        }
        break;
    case kCurrent:
        if(delta > 0) {
            U16_FWD_N(text, pos, end, delta);
        } else {
            U16_BACK_N(text, begin, pos, -delta);
        }
        break;
    case kEnd:
        pos = end;
        if(delta < 0) {
            U16_BACK_N(text, begin, pos, -delta);
        }
        break;
    default:
        break;
    }

    return pos;
}

void UCharCharacterIterator::setText(ConstChar16Ptr newText,
                                     int32_t      newTextLength) {
    text = newText;
    if(newText == 0 || newTextLength < 0) {
        newTextLength = 0;
    }
    end = textLength = newTextLength;
    pos = begin = 0;
}

void
UCharCharacterIterator::getText(UnicodeString& result) {
    result = UnicodeString(text, textLength);
}

U_NAMESPACE_END