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The Medical Implications of Nuclear War (1986)
Chapter: Front Matter
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 1986. The Medical Implications of Nuclear War. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/940.
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The Medical Implitations of NUtIEAR WAR INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Fredric Solomon, M.D., and Robert Q. Marston, M.D. Editors With a Foreword by Lewis Thomas, M.D. NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1986
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 CONSTITUTION AVENUE, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20418 NOTICE: The symposium reported in these proceedings was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the symposium were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. These proceedings have been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Conclusions and views expressed by the authors of papers are their own and do not necessarily represent those of the program sponsor, the Institute of Medicine. The Institute of Medicine was chartered by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy's congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and education. The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by Act of Congress as a private nonprofit, self-governing membership corporation for the furtherance of science and technology required to advise the federal government upon request within its fields of competence. Under its corporate charter the Academy established the National Research Council in 1916, the National Academy of Engineering in 1964, and the Institute of Medicine in 1970. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The medical implications of nuclear war. Based on papers presented at a symposium held at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., Sept. 20-22, 1985 and organized under the auspices of the Institute of Medicine. Includes index. 1. Nuclear warfare-Hygienic aspects-Congresses. 2. Emergency medical services Congresses. 3. Nuclear warfare Environmental aspects Congresses. 4. Nuclear warfare-Psychological aspects Congresses. 5. Nuclear warfare Social aspects Congresses. I. Solomon, Fredric. II. Marston, Robert Q., 1923- . III. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) [DNLM: 1. Nuclear Warfare congresses. 2. Radiation Injuries congresses. 3. Radioactive Fallout-adverse effects congresses. WN 610 M4865 1985] RA648.3.M445 1986 363.3'498 86-18134 ISBN 0-309-03692-5 ISBN 0-309-03636-4 (pbk.) Copyright @) 1986 by the National Academy of Sciences No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or otherwise copied for public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official use by the United States government. Cover photo: Nagasaki, 10 August 1945, 11 A.M. The heavy overcast of smoke from fires cut of the sunlight. The narrow path, along which the wounded are being carried on stretchers, leads to Nagasaki Railway Station. (Photograph by Yosuke Yamahata.) Copyright @) 1981 by Hiroshima City and Nagasaki City. Reprinted by permission of Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. A videotape digest of symposium highlights is available. For information, write the Institute of Medicine, Office of Information, at 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418. Printed in the United States of America First Printing, September 1986 Second Printing, September 1988
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE Steering Committee for the Symposium on the Medical Implications of Nuclear War ROBERT Q. MARSTON, M.D. (IOM), Chairman, President Emeritus, University of Florida, Gainesville HERBERT L. ABRAMS, M.D. ATOMS, Visiting Professor, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Stanford Center for International Security and Anns Control WILLIAM R. BEARDSLEE, M.D., Clinical Director, Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School K. SUNK D. BERGSTROM, M.D., Ph.D. (IOM, NAS), Professor of Chemistry, Karolinska Institute THOMAS C. CHALMERS, M.D. (IOM), Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine, President and Dean Emeritus, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City DAVID S. GREER, M.D. ATOMS, Dean of Medicine and Professor of Community Health, Brown University ALEXANDER LEAF, M.D. (IOM, NAS), Ridley Watts Professor of Preventive Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Chairman, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Massachusetts General Hospital JENNIFER LEANING, M.D., Chief of Emergency Services, Harvard Community Health Plan GILBERT S. OMENN, M.D., Ph.D. (lOM), Dean, School of Public Health and Community Health, and Professor of Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Washington JEANNE PETERSON, United Nations Office of Population CHESTER M. PIERCE, M.D. ATOMS, Professor of Education and Psychiatry in the Faculty of Medicine, the Graduate School of Education, and the Faculty of Public Health, Harvard University THEODORE A. POSTOL, Ph.D., Science Fellow, Stanford Center for International Security and Anns Control lOM, Member of He Institute of Medicine NAS, Member of the National Academy of Sciences . . . lZZ
IV STEERING COMMITTEE FREDERICK C. ROBBlNS, M.D. (IOM, NAS), ex officio President, institute of Medicine ~ 1980- 1985), University Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine ARTHUR C. UPTON, M.D. STOMP, Professor and Chairman, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine FRANK VON HIPPEL, Ph.D., Professor, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, and Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Princeton University Institute of Medicine President SAMUEL O. TH1ER, M.D. Project Staff FREDRIC SOLOMON, M.D. (Project Director), Director, Division of Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, Institute of Medicine MARC MESSING (Deputy Project Director), Staff Consultant, institute of Medicine NANCY WINCHESTER, Editor, National Academy Press
Contents Foreword . e · ~ Lewis Thomas, M.D. Preface	e	x Robert Q. Marston, M.D., and Fredric Solomon, M.D Understanding and Preventing Nuclear War: The Expanding Role of the Scientific Connnnunity ................................ David A. Hamburg, M.D. Part ~ Nuclear War with Modern Weapons: Physical Effects and Environmental Consequences Possible Fatalities from Superf~res Following Nuclear Attacks in or near Urban Areas ............................................. Theodore A. Postol, Ph.D. A Review of the Physics of Large Urban Fires H.~. Brode, Ph.D., and R.D. Small, Ph.D v . . . 1 15 73
Vl Recent Assessments of the Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War ........................................... Richard P. Turco, Ph.D. Nuclear Famine: The Indirect Effects of Nuclear War ....... Mark A. HarweR, Ph.D., and Christine C. Harwell, ].D Nuclear Winter: The State of the Science George F. Carrier, Ph.D. . Atmosphenc Perturbations of Large-Scale Nuclear War Robert C. Malone, Ph.D. Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War John W. Birks, Ph.D., and Sherry L. Stephens Radioactive Fallout ......................... Charles S. Shapiro, Ph.D., Ted F. Harvey, Ph.D., and Kendall R. Peterson, M.S. Part I} Health Consequences of Nuclear War Casualties Due to the Blast, Heat, and Radioactive Fallout from Various Hypothetical Nuclear Attacks on the United States CONTENTS .............	96 .. 117 136 .......	141 .......	155 167 .................	207 William Daugherty, Barbara Levi, Ph.D., and Frank von Hippel, Ph.D. Acute Radiation Mortality in a Nuclear War Joseph Rotblat, Ph.D. 233 Burn and Blast Casualties: Tnage in Nuclear War - 251 Jennifer l caning, M.D. Food and Nutrition in the Aftermath of Nuclear War Alexander Leaf, M.D. ..........	284
CONTENTS Psychological Consequences of Disaster: Analogies for the Nuclear Case ........................................... James Thompson, Ph.D. . . V11 .......	290 The Immunological Impact of Nuclear Warfare 317 David S. Greer, M.D., and Lawrence S. Riflcin Expected Incidence of Cancer Following Nuclear War Nikolai P. Bochkov, M.D., and Per Oftedal, Ph.D. Genetic Consequences of Nuclear War Per Oftedal, Ph.D. ........	329 ..........................	337 Part III Medical Resource Needs and Availability Following Nuclear War Medical Supply and Demand in a Post-Nuclear-War World Herbert L. Abrams, M.D. The Consequences of Nuclear War: An Economic and Social Perspective ....................................... Hal Cochrane, Ph.D., and Dennis Mileti, Ph.D Part IV hnages and Risks of Nuclear War: Psychosocial Perspectives . Children's and Adolescents' Perceptions of the Threat of Nuclear War: Implications of Recent Studies ...................... William R. Beardslee, M.D. Scandinavian Youth View the Future: A Preliminary Report of a Large Questionnaire Survey ............ Magne Raundaten, Ph.D., and Ole Johan Finnoy .. 349 ...........	381 .......	413 .....................	435 Adult Beliefs, Feelings, and Actions Regarding Nuclear War: Evidence from Surveys and Experiments 444 Susan T. Fiske, Ph.D.
· · ~ Vlll Hope and the Denial of Stress in the Nuclear Age Shiomo Breznitz, Ph.D. The Nuclear Arms Race and the Psychology of Power Jerome D. Frank, M.D., Ph.D. Managerial Demands of Modern Weapons Systems John D. Steinbruner, Ph.D. Sources of Human Instability in the Handling of Nuclear Weapons .. Herbert L. Abrams, M.D CONTENTS .............	467 ........	474 485 490 The Impact of Crisis-Induced Stress on Decision Making 529 Alexander L. George, Ph.D. Part V Long-Term Consequences of and Prospects for Recovery from Nuclear War: Two Views View I Car! Sagan, Ph.D. View II Lynn R. Anspaugh, Ph.D. Conclutl~ng Remarks Summary and Perspective: With Some Observations on Informed Consent .................................................. Herbert J. Abrams, M.D. 566 583 Glossary	589 Biographies of Contnbutors Index 607
Foreword I was in Europe at the time of the Institute of Medicine's symposium, and I read the accounts of the meeting in the headlines of the French, German, and British newspapers. Banner headlines, lead stories, front pages every- where. The announcement was that a nuclear war would cause AIDS. No matter that the real AIDS is caused by a virus. The concept of immune deficiency as a consequence for the survivors of radiation, malnutrition, burns, grief, and other assaults of nuclear bombardment was compelling. It was as though the problem of hydrogen bombs had suddenly turned into something the writers could lay hands on. Something to sit down and think about, and compose a front page story about; something different from all those unthinkable matters. To be sure, there were some lines at the bottom of the stories, continued on inside pages, giving some new estimates of the numbers of people to be killed outright by blast and burns, the utter impos- sibility of any health care system doing anything even marginally useful, and some mention of the "nuclear winter" scenario. But it was AIDS that caught the attention of the press, AIDS that made the story. When I got back to New York a few days later, the whole story had vanished from the papers, but I found clippings from most of the earlier reports that had appeared in the national papers and news magazines. Same story: AIDS. And then that was the end of the matter. No more stories in the days and weeks that followed, not about the medical consequences of nuclear war. Back to normal: the stuck inconclusive Geneva talks, the harangues by states- men hungry for television, the talk of new talks, arms control talks, treaty violation talks, editorials saying that neither side can trust the other or ever IX
x FOREWORD will, endless bewildering columns on the SDI and the talk about SDI. Wretched, dishonest, evasive talk, political talk, with no mention anywhere of burnt blasted vaporized human beings in the billions and half the planet frozen and irradiated. The same turning away from real life and real death danger that we have all been tolerating, some of us even encouraging, since we and the Russians began building our "arsenals," as we like to call the things to make it seem like old times, same old clash of arms, same excitements. The British and the French with theirs, and the Chinese and Indians and God only knows who else with theirs, all of humanity caught up in the craziness like lemmings running headlong toward the cliff, everyone muttering unthinkable. We behave as if we really believe these are weapons even, burn our tongues, weapons of "defense." We brandish them, display them like the spears and banners of primitive tribes shouting insults across a river boundary, getting ready to fight, to defend, to burn up the earth for the honor. Maybe holding back, but only for the moment, at the thought of catching AIDS. And then, next day, that thought gone. When I complain, as I bitterly do, to my journalist friends about all this, they say what on earth do you expect us to do? We can't run front page stories every day about the world coming to an end, they say. People won't read things like this, they say. I raise my voice, yell sometimes, what the hell are newspapers for? You're supposed to provide information, real news, and this is the news of the world, the news of the end of the world, print more of it for God's sake before it's too late, I say. Put the nuclear winter up there on the front page every day, give it the biggest blackest headlines you've got, make it the main story, run it and run it. I say all that, and things like that, and they look at me with embarrassment. But AIDS ! And then nothing. And in that one day of stories, down at the bottom, winding things up, a short paragraph saying 56 million Americans would be killed outright in a 100-megaton attack on cities; not much better in an attack on military targets (our "assets," we call them), 38 million if they do that. That's from 100 megatons, the equivalent of a warning shot over the heads of a crowd considering that we and the Soviets have between us 20,000 megatons or whatever the number now is. I complain to my journalist friends in a voice as reasonable as I can make it, even good-natured, can't you at least do more to get the public thinking hard about nuclear winter? Too much uncertainty, they say, you can't be sure about the weather, can't predict it until it really happens. Anyway, people don't want to read about it, be told about it. Not a good thing to think about. And anyway, what can be worse than 2.2 billion sudden human deaths? They ask me that, then say, that's the closest estimate available for the deaths in a really full-scale nuclear war, when everything is let fly. How can you get
FOREWORD Xl i people (the "reading public," they say) to think about a lot of clouds, even the extinction of some other kinds of life on the planet, when you've got a number that is at least half the human species? Then they use the word that has become the cliche of late twentieth century statecraft: unthinkable. That is the center of the trouble, I see that. Nuclear war is for sure, beyond question, dead certainly, literally, figuratively, any way you don't want to think about it: unthinkable. If we go on this way, unthinking, putting it out of our minds, leaving it to statecraft of the kind we've got all over the world, or leaving it to the editorial writers, the columnists, the TV newsmen, or the military people, first thing you know some crafty statesman or some other crafty unbalanced military personage, one side or the other, is going to do something wrong, say something wrong, drop something, misread some printout, and there will go 30,000 years of trying ever since Lascaux right up to Bach and beyond into this benighted century all civilization, gone without a trace. Not even a thin layer of fossils left of us, no trace, no memory. Pay attention to George Kennan and Solly Zuckerman and their books along with this one. They have thought longer and more clearly than most people close to the complexities. Solly Zuckerman, with years of experience as science adviser to the British cabinet, says we're in trouble because of the weapons-scientists ("technicians," he calls them, with austere and adult con- tempt), and the lack of anyone with the authority and power and real brains (brains, not easy cleverness or clever craziness) to tell them what to do, or more importantly what not to do. Tell them: that's enough now, don't improve the technology, don't make anything technically sweeter or smarter, go home and we'll pay you to stay there. Unthinkable is the word for whatever is in front of our eyes but too big to figure out, too frightening. Pay attention, in this book, to the doctors and the scientists here assembled. Everything needed for thinking clearly, wincing all the way but thinking anyway, is written down in these chapters. Anyone, any age, can read what's here and understand what we could be in for if we stay on this road. What to do is another matter, but at least the facts of the matter are laid out here. You'd better bet your life it's thinkable. Lewis Thomas, M.D. President Emeritus Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
Preface On August 6, 1945, a 15-kiloton atomic bomb ignited the center of the Japanese city of Hiroshima, flattening it and killing more than 100,000 people. Just three days later, a second bomb was exploded over the city of Nagasaki, resulting in the deaths of another 70,000. For months after the attack, many survivors developed symptoms that puzzled doctors: blood cell abnormalities, high fevers, chronic fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, and depression. Physicians began to term these symptoms "radiation sickness." It would eventually be revealed that survivors were experiencing an increased incidence of certain forms of cancer. Now, forty-one years later, the destructive power of a 15-kiloton bomb (equivalent to 15,000 tons of TNT) is dwarfed by weapons of megaton force (1 million tons of TNT). Although development of ever more destructive weapons continues, scientific examination of the effects of nuclear weapons upon the short- and long-term health of survivors, as well as upon the en- vironment, has lagged until very recently. In 1981, Paul Crutzen and John Birks calculated the effects on the Earth's atmosphere of large-scale fires that would result from a major nuclear ex- change. A subsequent series of analyses expanded on the concept of a mid- day twilight or "nuclear winter" that might follow in the weeks and months after a nuclear war. This led to a fundamental reassessment of postwar en- vironmental conditions, especially those affecting food production. The early 1980s also saw Me beginning of new efforts by physicians and by scientists from many disciplines and many nations to examine the indirect health-related · · . x'''
XIV PREFACE effects of nuclear war, including intermediate-term consequences for survivors and effects on persons living far away from anticipated war zones. More comprehensive appraisals were produced of the catastrophic social, economic, and psychological sequelae of nuclear war. Scholars began anew to examine the psychosocial dimensions of nuclear arms competition, international con- flict, and the threat of nuclear war. The time seemed propitious, therefore, to convene an international group of scholars in the autumn of 1985 to review the medical implications of these and other new studies. In addition to considering the direct and indirect health effects of nuclear attack, these physicians and scientists were asked to examine the availability of medical resources and the psychological issues surrounding nuclear weapons and war. It was fitting that this conference was organized under the auspices of the Institute of Medicine in Washington, D.C. Since being chartered by the National Academy of Sciences in 1970, the Institute has devoted itself to examining developments in science, health care, and public policy that affect the health of the public. Indeed, it has asserted that nothing can have greater potential impact on health than a nuclear war. A statement adopted by the IOM membership in 1982 reflects that concern: "Nuclear war is the single event that could terminate all our efforts to improve the human condition. That possibility seems particularly ironic at a time when great strides are being made in alleviating human ills, and even greater ad- vances are in prospect.... The only preventive medicine we know that can avoid the medical consequences of nuclear war is to prevent nuclear war itself. " It is also fitting that this symposium occurred during Frederick Robbins's tenure as president of the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Robbins has long been concerned with the threat of nuclear war, and this symposium last fall was an appropriate tribute to his five years of leadership. In fact, the symposium has had the support and guidance of three Institute presidents. David Hamburg, who was Fred Robbins's predecessor, contributed in several ways to the success of the symposium-through the support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which he now heads, through his advice on the program as it was being developed, and through the extraordinary chapter that opens this book. Finally, Samuel Thier, the current president of the Institute, has directed the review and dissemination of the results of the symposium, including this volume. In his opening remarks to the conferees, Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences and chairman of the National Research Coun- cil, emphasized the value of vigorous scientific debate on this topic: "The profundity of the consequences of nuclear war are such that symposia of this type-building up momentum for these issues and for public concern and disseminating the kind of information and knowledge that is generated at a conference like this are a most valuable public service."
PREFACE XV Moreover, Dr. Press reminded the audience that, despite the level of internal government activities, many of the best ideas for the control of nuclear weap- ons and the best estimates of the consequences of nuclear war have come from scientists and scholars working outside official circles. Indeed, during that September weekend, more than 80 scientists from nine countries were joined by concerned members of the general public. Thirty papers were pre- sented which, after subsequent refinement, have become the contents of this volume. The authors come not only from government laboratories but also from private consulting firms, hospitals, and academia. In the months that have passed since the symposium, the failures of U.S. and European space launch vehicles and the accident at the Soviet nuclear power plant have dramatized an important point: there are difficulties inherent in the design, maintenance, and operation of complex fail-safe systems. The tragedies at Cape Canaveral and Chernobyl seem to underscore certain con- clusions in David Hamburg's opening chapter and in Part IV of this volume: namely, we cannot depend indefinitely upon technology, prudence, or good luck to safeguard mankind from the risk of nuclear war. In fact, it is argued, the hazards of nuclear weapons and modern strategic systems are so complex and permit so little margin for human error or misunderstanding in a time of crisis, that even the most sophisticated efforts of crisis management might fail us in a nuclear confrontation. In the long run, strategic military crises must be prevented from developing among the nuclear powers of the world, because neither human judgment nor technology can be relied upon to avoid nuclear war in the event of a prolonged and complex confrontation. This volume is divided into five parts. The first provides an overview of the physical and environmental effects of nuclear war, setting the stage for later sections that address the medical impact of various types of nuclear attack. Among the papers in Part I is a disturbing report by Theodore Postol from the Stanford Center for International Security and Anns Control. Based on the properties of modern nuclear weapons, he estimates that firestorms triggered by nuclear explosions would kill two to four times as many people in or near cities than have been predicted by standard government studies. Unlike Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where many of the survivors were able to walk out of the blast zones and seek help, contemporary weapons would produce vast "hurricanes of fire," making escape impossible over wide areas. Other contributors to Part I review the physics of large urban fires and update projections of nuclear winter. "Nuclear famine" is also described, drawing on the very recent work of SCOPE (The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the International Council of Scientific Unions). Because of the dependence of third-world countries on rice, wheat, and corn harvests, as well as on agricultural support from the world's superpowers, a nuclear attack that destroyed crop harvests and stockpiles and interrupted
XVI PREFACE distribution systems might kill more people in noncombatant nations than in combatant ones. And new ecological concerns are raised for example, the toxicity of an environment laden with the by-products of burning plastics and other man-made materials. In Part II, the consequences of nuclear war are considered from a standpoint of deaths, injuries, and, especially, the health of survivors. In preparation for this symposium, a Princeton University research team developed the first detailed computer model outside the classified literature for calculating U.S. casualties from a nuclear war. This model was then used to examine the sensitivity of casualty estimates to various assumptions about nuclear weapons effects. The work indicates that if some heretofore standard assumptions are revised as proposed in several of the other papers in this volume (e.g., greater lethality of firestorms or of radiation exposure) a "limited" attack solely on strategic nuclear targets would kill tens of millions, a figure much greater than earlier government estimates. The Princeton group also dem- onstrates that it is virtually meaningless for military analysts to distinguish between attacks in which nuclear weapons are used on military-related in- dustries but not on civilian targets and attacks in which cities are targeted per se: the toll is nearly as great in either case because such industries are so frequently located within or adjacent to major population centers. Also in this section, physicians and scientists describe problems of triage and care of the injured survivors of nuclear war. They provide new estimates of the lethality of radiation exposure under wartime conditions, consider the effects of food shortages and malnutrition on the prospects for survival, and discuss the psychological consequences of surviving major disasters. Scien- tists from Norway and the Soviet Union offer estimates of the long-term genetic and carcinogenic effects of nuclear weapons use. In a provocative new synthesis, the combined effects of high levels of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, burns and physical trauma, malnutrition, and psychological stress upon human immunology are examined; investigators from Brown University argue Mat these multiple insults would impair the cell-mediated immune capability of a great many survivors, making them likely to succumb to diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cancer diseases that are prev- alent among today's victims of the virus-caused immune deficiency known as AIDS. Part III reviews the demand for medical resources after a nuclear attack and estimates the actual supply likely to be available. If a single one-megaton bomb were exploded over the city of Detroit, for example, it is calculated that survivors would need about forty times the number of burn beds currently available throughout the entire United States. They would also need twice the number of intensive care beds currently available, and the need for blood transfusions would exceed the existing supply many times over. A more
PREFACE . ~ XV11 extensive nuclear exchange involving the United States, Europe, and the Soviet Union and its allies would wipe out most of the world's supply of pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, and food. Also in Part III, two social scientists offer an economic and social perspective on the consequences of nuclear war. Contributors to Part IV address the nuclear arms race from a psychosocial point of view: How does the threat of nuclear war affect the attitudes and behavior of adults and children? Studies provide evidence that many young children are worried about the possibility of nuclear war; most learn about nuclear war from television or the media and rarely discuss it with their parents. One study indicates that people in their late teens are somewhat less concerned than younger children; and surveys of adult attitudes consistently indicate that although most people believe a nuclear war has a moderate chance of occurring within their lifetime (and also believe they will not survive it), they take no action toward preventing it. The maintenance of hope and the denial of responsibility in the nuclear age are also discussed in Part IV. Furthermore, a review of the demands on managers of nuclear weapons systems leads to serious concern that there might be a breakdown of leadership in the case of a nuclear attack. The attitudes of world leaders toward war and power are examined, as is the history of decision-makers' behavior under the stress of international crises. Finally in this section is a call for improving the screening system used to select nuclear weapons handlers. Although psychological problems are sup- posedly discerned before candidates are chosen, a psychiatric interview for weapons handlers is not required, and more than 3,000 previously screened armed forces personnel are removed each year from weapons handling because of alcohol or drug abuse, mental disorders, and other psychosocial problems. Rounding out the book are remarks by Carl Sagan and Lynn Anspaugh, who offer contrasting viewpoints on the prospects for recovery from nuclear war and on the use of scientific information in policy-oriented discussions in this area. Many scientists, like Sagan, emphasize the importance of assuming "worst-case" analyses as the basis for policy discussions much as military planners assume worst-case scenarios in projecting defense needs while others agree with Anspaugh that the uncertainties in any discussions of the consequences of nuclear war are so numerous, and so fundamental, that they preclude the application of these studies to policy debates. There seems to be wide agreement that the biological and environmental effects of nuclear war are not fully understood and that our knowledge of these issues will continue to grow as research continues; however, compared with research expenditures on the physical aspects of nuclear weapons effects, biological, psychosocial, and ecological studies appear to be underfunded and late in starting.
. . . XV111 PREFACE Herbert Abrams, a member of the symposium's steering committee, closes the volume with a powerful, personal summary of lessons to be learned from the Institute of Medicine's conference. The value of this symposium is, in large part, a credit to the steering committee, which worked many long, hard hours despite ongoing responsi- bilities at universities, hospitals, and research facilities. All the members of the committee, along with the authors of these chapters, share a deep com- mitment to the importance of this work and made many extraordinary efforts to make the symposium successful. Special recognition is due Marc Messing, who served as symposium coordinator, and the staff of the National Academy Press, which transformed the symposium papers into this attractive volume. It was our pleasure to work with them. The symposium could not have taken place nor could this volume have been published without the generous support of the Carnegie Corporation of New York. We also want to thank the National Research Council for its financial assistance. We believe that the papers presented here constitute the most comprehensive and authoritative review to date of health-related issues associated with modern nuclear weapons and the threat of nuclear war. Moreover, as a result of preparation for the symposium and interaction at the conference itself, new calculations and hypotheses emerged that are potentially of far-reaching im- portance. It is our hope that this volume will increase public understanding of the risks and consequences of nuclear war and will inspire scientific efforts and government actions designed to avoid such a catastrophe. Robert Q. Marston, M.D. Chairman Fredric Solomon, M.D. Project Director
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Written by world-renowned scientists, this volume portrays the possible direct and indirect devastation of human health from a nuclear attack. The most comprehensive work yet produced on this subject, The Medical Implications of Nuclear War includes an overview of the potential environmental and physical effects of nuclear bombardment, describes the problems of choosing who among the injured would get the scarce medical care available, addresses the nuclear arms race from a psychosocial perspective, and reviews the medical needs--in contrast to the medical resources likely to be available--after a nuclear attack. "It should serve as the definitive statement on the consequences of nuclear war."--Arms Control Today
Front Matter i–xx
Understanding and Preventing Nuclear War: The Expanding Role of the Scientific Community 1–12
Part I: Nuclear War with Modern Weapons: Physical Effects and Environmental Consequences 13–14
1 Possible Fatalities from Superfires Following Nuclear Attacks in or near Urban Areas 15–72
2 A Review of the Physics of Large Urban Fires 73–95
3 Recent Assessments of the Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War 96–116
4 Nuclear Famine: The Indirect Effects of Nuclear War 117–135
5 Nuclear Winter: The State of the Science 136–140
6 Atmospheric Perturbations of Large-Scale Nuclear War 141–154
7 Possible Toxic Environments Following a Nuclear War 155–166
8 Radioactive Fallout 167–204
Part II: Health Consequences of Nuclear War 205–206
9 Casualties Due to the Blast, Heat, and Radioactive Fallout from Various Hypothetical Nuclear Attacks on the United States 207–232
10 Acute Radiation Mortality in a Nuclear War 233–250
11 Burn and Blast Casualties: Triage in Nuclear War 251–283
12 Food and Nutrition in the Aftermath of Nuclear War 284–289
13 Psychological Consequences of Disaster: Analogies for the Nuclear Case 290–316
14 The Immunological Impact of Nuclear Warfare 317–328
15 Expected Incidence of Cancer Following Nuclear War 329–336
16 Genetic Consequences of Nuclear War 337–346
Part III: Medical Resource Needs and Availability Following Nuclear War 347–348
17 Medical Supply and Demand in a Post-Nuclear-War World 349–380
18 The Consequences of Nuclear War: An Economic and Social Perspective 381–410
Part IV: Images and Risks of Nuclear War: Psychosocial Perspectives 411–412
19 Children's and Adolescents' Perceptions of the Threat of Nuclear War: Implications of Recent Studies 413–434
20 Scandinavian Youth View the Future: A Preliminary Report of a Large Questionnaire Survey 435–443
21 Adult Beliefs, Feelings, and Actions Regarding Nuclear War: Evidence from Surveys and Experiments 444–466
22 Hope and the Denial of Stress in the Nuclear Age 467–473
23 The Nuclear Arms Race and the Psychology of Power 474–484
24 Managerial Demands of Modern Weapons Systems 485–489
25 Sources of Human Instability in the Handling of Nuclear Weapons 490–528
26 The Impact of Crisis-Induced Stress on Decision Making 529–552
Part V: Long-Term Consequences of and Prospects for Recovery from Nuclear War: Two Views 553–554
27 View I 555–565
28 View II 566–580
Concluding Remarks 581–582
Summary and Perspective: With Some Observations on Informed Consent 583–588
Glossary 589–598
Biographies of Contributors 599–606
Index 607–620
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-ISIS. -The findings of Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission in regards to the horrors experienced by Aboriginal people in government-sanctioned residential schools. -Locally, a tragic accident this past weekend taking the life of one person and forever altering the lives of many more.
And I look at the grievances so many of us have in light of such stories and experiences, and I want to shout, "Stop it!" Because so many of the things we are arguing about or fighting over or expressing our disgust about are too often a.) not that important or grievous, and b.) hurting people needlessly.
You know what Jesus said to do? Love God. Treat others the way you want to be treated.
But. But if I'm to treat others and allow myself to be treated based on what comes out of our mouths or across our social media feeds some days? Well, then we'd all better get ready to experience a heaping pile of ridicule, invalidation, ignorance, and other such ilk. AND A LOT OF IT WILL BE SHOUTED AND IN ALL CAPS. BECAUSE THAT MEANS THE OTHER PERSON REALLY, REALLY MEANS IT.
I know there are times when it's really hard to be quiet, to put misconceptions and preconceptions aside, and really listen to someone, to wait and to create a safe place to be shown and to show our hearts. Sure, it was super-easy for Jesus because as God, He sees and knows all (and loves us in spite of it all). But if Jesus could, knowing all He knew beforehand, pay the price for all our awfulness – friends and foes alike – then surely we can show grace and compassion to more of the world around us?


text:
The Traditional Family
Feminism, Children and the Future
May 28, 2017 Aussie Nationalist
Sydney Traditionalist Society, August 20, 2016:
During World War I, Serbia had the most casualties of any country as a percentage of the population; between 16.67% to 27.78%.1 This meant that subsequently there was a very real man shortage in Serbia. In the movie Tears for Sale by Uroš Stojanović,2 a group of women from a Serbian village leave in order to find husbands. After viewing the movie, a female professor with whom I am acquainted said that she found the topic abhorrent. Men are just not that important and penises are nothing to be obsessed about. When it was pointed out to her that what the women were doing was necessary for the survival of the village, the professor said that this was irrelevant and unimportant.
This seems to be an instance of ideology overriding the question of basic survival. The implication is that the death of humanity would be an acceptable alternative to women thinking that men are necessary. Of course, the end of humanity would include the end of women too. So the complete destruction of both sexes is preferable to the idea that the sexes need each other. Related ideas with the same consequences seem to be playing out in most Western countries and Japan.
Liberals in particular are either failing to have children or are having fewer than replacement numbers of them. One element in this lack of concern is our current cultural self-hatred (ethnomasochism) generated in part by elevating imaginary non-Western cultures above our own in order to use them to condemn the West. The West has oscillated between Western triumphalism and the myth of the noble savage for centuries and is currently ensnared in the latter element in the cycle. Cultural suicide does not matter if the culture is evil.
The huge number of movies with apocalyptic themes indicates some kind of awareness and obsession with civilizational destruction, but people are directed towards possible far off consequences while immediate and identifiable realities are ignored. Anthropogenic climate change and its hypothetical consequences is supposed to command our fear and attention, while the fact that many countries, such as Germany, Italy and Spain, all at total fertility rates of 1.4, Japan 1.42, Sweden and the U.K., 1.9 (2.1 is necessary for population maintenance) have below replacement birthrates that threaten economic disaster and cultural annihilation is simply not a topic that the media or liberal elites consider important.3
Another reason for the silence surrounding falling birth rates is the pull of ideology. Feminism has sought to liberate women from the drudgery of a home life devoted to raising children and to give women access to the workplace. The fact that many jobs outside the home are also onerous and that being a breadwinner is a weighty responsibility is downplayed.
The problem is that someone has to look after children. Political correctness requires that differences between men and women be ignored or suppressed, but the truth is that more women are likely to choose to stay home to raise children than men. Most American women – and the same can presumably be said for women of the West generally – who choose to have children prefer to combine working part-time with childcare responsibilities. Some women are careerists determined to claw their way to the top. And some of those driven women have admitted that what they need is a man willing to play the role of a traditional wife. But some of those same women have said that they would be unwilling to date such a man for fear that the woman would be used as a meal ticket. This is a state of affairs that men have always had to stomach. Men know that their earning abilities make them attractive potential spouses and have sought reasonably well-earning occupations accordingly. It seems like the career woman's willingness to reverse roles has its limits.
Being a breadwinner is burdensome and being a housewife is too. Being a breadwinner usually means kowtowing to a boss that an employee may not respect, doing a job that is far from what one would prefer to do, contravening one's conscience at times and bearing the emotional strain of having people who depend on you. On the other hand, raising children is one of the most emotionally demanding of human activities. One's very emotional closeness to a child means that the child affects a parent more strongly than any other person. Suburban life means that as a stay at home parent, a person can become socially isolated, trapped with only the company of the child for long stretches of time. This can make communal cave dwelling with parents interacting with other parents and children with children start to look strangely appealing.
The documentary Commune examines the attempt by free-love fanatics to live without romantic bonds.4 The goal was to abandon exclusive attachments and to pursue a hedonistic ideal. The attempt failed. Couples paired off eventually. The adults concluded that the experiment did not in fact make them happy. But it was the children who really suffered. Interviewees claimed that with their fathers being unknown, and with pleasure obsessed mothers, they felt about as important as the free range chickens running around the commune. They were angry and felt cheated by the total neglect they experienced.
Marriage has its drawbacks. But nearly every culture has arrived at the institution of marriage as the best alternative through a process of trial and error. In the case of anomalies, where having a mistress is tolerated or polygamy is embraced as an alternative family model, the rule has been that the man must be rich enough to provide for the mistress or multiple wives, so the dynamic of a breadwinner and a financially dependent woman is preserved.
The main beneficiaries of marriage are children. Marriage is not about fleeting pleasures. Marriage and children have traditionally been seen as a duty, limiting the choices of both sexes. Fortunately, raising children, while being difficult, is also meaningful. Flourishing offspring is profoundly satisfying. Even if things go wrong, to do everything in one's power to achieve this goal still seems admirable and worthwhile.
In the past, children were the necessary byproduct of sex. But also, any alternatives to procreative sex between a married man and woman were rigorously suppressed. Prostitution, masturbation, homosexuality, pornography, contraception and other alternatives were suppressed and prohibited. The welfare and continued survival of the community depended on doing one's duty and producing and caring for children.
Aldous Huxley's Brave New World is a penetrating critique of liberalism, pointing in the direction that its logic indicates. In Huxley's dystopia, hedonism rules and exclusive romantic relationships which foster genuine love, care and concern are contradictorily forbidden as selfish. The behavior of men and women on Tinder as described by Nancy Jo Sales in Vanity Fair approximates the rejection of romantic exclusivity and the suggestion propounded by characters in the novel that to reject sexual advances is selfish.5 It is one's duty to make oneself sexually available for the happiness of others. Personal hedonism, it would seem, is promoted if each of us gives up some of our own preferences. The fact that personal hedonism is ultimately futile and pointless was pointed out by Plato and Aristotle a long time ago.
The traditional duties of a husband and wife, father and mother, do involve self-sacrifice. But liberalism too pushes men and women to do things in the name of something larger than themselves. Unfortunately, in the case of liberalism, the larger cause is frequently incoherent. For instance, some women have been criticized by other women for being stay-at-home moms. The full-time female parent is seen as regressive and as not promoting the cause of women. In this case, the injunction to join the workforce at all costs involves suppressing one's individual desires and happiness, just as much as tradition. This reveals that liberal feminists are not really concerned with individual happiness, but social engineering in the name of ideology.
Traditional imperatives to have children, on the other hand, involve the continued existence of men and women at all, which in the long term necessarily has to take precedence over ideology and politics. The notion that having children might be a duty is now commonly thought of as obsolete and anachronistic in modern Western democracies. Yet failing to have children is as surefire a method for cultural self-destruction as atom bombs, and we know that providing state of the art maternity leave in countries like Sweden has not meant a return to replacement level birthrates.
It may be that relatively fixed gender roles is in fact necessary for our survival. Some room could be made for particularly nurturing men and especially careerist women but they would need to be the exceptions to the rule. However, there is a good chance that notions of gender equality, or more exactly, gender sameness will continue to be promoted even if they have apocalyptic consequences. The near total silence and complete lack of alarm liberals display concerning falling birthrates indicates as much. The most one hears is that the elderly will become an economic drain and there will not be enough caregivers for them.
Other factors that contribute to the fertility crisis include couples of the young, urban professional variety, getting married at a later age than in the past and then attempting to have children in their mid-thirties. I have a nephew who when asked about marriage and children said that he would like a family "some day." The fact that he is around thirty years old means that, unless he marries someone significantly younger than himself, "some day" better be "almost immediately." The basic biological fact of rapidly declining fertility as women age is frequently ignored as careers are pursued.
Marriage rates are also declining with some increase in the number of couples living together. Presumably couples wish to keep their options open. This is all very well for them, but not for children. A contributing factor to falling marriage rates may be the difficulty many women claim to have finding a suitable husband, with economic factors playing a big role. The misandry of the feminist movement has meant that the relative under-achieving of boys and young men at school and university compared to women has not been addressed. Christina Hoff Sommer's War Against Boys gives details concerning the attempt to raise girl's self-esteem and test scores in the 1990s when girls were already outperforming boys in nearly every academic subject.6 Hoff Sommers outlines the consequences for boys of the exit of males from the teaching profession with women teachers having a harder time relating to male pupils' interests and preferences.
Parity of the sexes in male-dominated subjects, disciplines and jobs continues to be seen as important by feminists as a matter of principle, while areas where women predominate are not mentioned. So, for instance, 75% of psychology majors are women, with the figure being only 28% in philosophy.7 There is no discussion of the imbalance in psychology, but the numbers in philosophy are seen as rampant sexism. The feminist ideal would seem to be 50/50 in areas currently dominated by men and any number over 50% in areas dominated by women being absolutely fine, which would entail parity or dominance of women in every arena. The dictates of social engineering and ideology mean that individual preferences are seen as irrelevant in this area in order to achieve ideological goals, whereas the suggestion that men and women need to make different choices if Western culture is to survive at all is regarded as retrograde or simply not considered at all.
Immigration is sometimes mentioned as a partial remedy for declining fertility rates. However, mass immigration, particularly of non-Westerners, means that cultural death is hastened, not forestalled. If cultural murder is immoral, as can occur in colonialism, then cultural suicide is also wrong.
The insouciance with which below replacement level fertility rates is regarded indicates a core sickness in Western culture. Science and neo-Darwinism, liberals' replacement for Christianity in the West, are silent about meaning and value. John the Savage in Brave New World hangs himself when he realizes that in a world that has obliterated meaning, he cannot find a manner of living that is not pointless. Hollywood churns out one end-of-the-world film after another. The dearth of children and our attitude to this fact is of a piece with a world that seems to do everything it can to point one in the direction of nihilism.
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19 thoughts on "Feminism, Children and the Future"
thosestubbornwaves says:
To state that the alternative for liberalism is nihilism- even with you referencing the suicide in Brave New World- has more to do with your own worldview than facts. As someone more to the center- especially in these rather fractured times- there is certainly value in a more conservative household but to state that the liberal alternative to a Christian/conservative household is automatically nihilism and despair is ludicrous.
Furthermore, as someone who is often in Poland and comes across strict catholic/conservative households, not everyone is capable of being happy there. If you are different (gay for instance) good luck finding happiness there.
Even though you make many good points and I do agree that conservative stances have incredible merit in this time of day, you veer into extremisn, losing all nuance in the end.
Just as a little sidenote: I wrote this reply with little sleep. I don't think I said something too offensive there, but I'm a little irritable. Apologies if I caused offense.
Aussie Conservative says:
No need to apologize for expressing a legitimate opinion. Thankyou and comment anytime!
Fuel For Faith says:
Great piece. Maybe you could sum up the entire problem with one word: selfishness
Precisely
topcat1957 says:
There is a fanatical element to leftist ideologues. As illustrated in the article, they display an almost suicidal devotion to their dogma. The leftist cultural current infecting the Western world promotes anger, outrage, and confrontation and rejects rational discussion. Leftists don't have workable or rational solutions to the issues they see as problematic; they don't build, they tear down. God help us all if they should ever really gain power; demolition is their only skill.
Unfortunately that's what we are getting it seems: demolition
Reblogged this on Topcat1957's Blog and commented:
O.R. Welles says:
The attack on the nobility and the importance of housewives within the last half-century has been tremendously culturally destructive. It's true that business rather than love was the primary instigator of marraige up until recently, but the idea was both for love to evolve over time and for the lives of children to take precedence over the immediate gratification of parents.
Many lower on the economic totem pole throughout history had both parents work and put the children to work as soon as they were able; but that was done out of desperation, not empowerment. If a mother is capable, society should encourage her to be a housewife and for her and others to be proud of such things rather than ashamed.
Fair enough, I personally think it's not an evil thing in itself that women have an alternative life path to pursue in professionalism and can not choose the family life. But this trend should be more of an exception, rather than the rule.
Without contradicting what I said, I think the same.
There are women in the world who should avoid motherhood at all costs. Courtney Love and Yoko Ono, for instance, would have been amongst that group in a better world. I'm also certain there are women who are good human beings who still shouldn't be mothers, but I don't wish to insult their dignity by lumping them together with Love and Ono. But no housewife who's ever been a good housewife should ever be seen as having wasted their life.
Yeah think that last line: "no housewife should ever be seen as having wasted their life" hits it especially right. However, feminism which wants 'equality' for women, consistently seeks the opposite.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Symbolism & Metaphors in "Guests of the Nation"
By Samuel Hamilton
Former Irish Republican Army soldier Frank O'Connor's 1931 short story "Guests of the Nation" confronts the difficulties of the Irish War of Independence of 1919 to 1921. The story focuses on a group of Irish soldiers, Bonaparte, Noble and Jeremiah Donovan and their English captives, Hawkins and Belcher. Though these characters are friendly with each other for much of the story, at the conclusion, the Irish soldiers execute Hawkins and Belcher as an act of retribution. The story's metaphors emerge from the different characters and their relationships with each other. They symbolically represent the relationship between the warring Ireland and England.
Game of Cards
The prisoners and their captors often play cards together in the evening. As the narrator, Bonaparte, explains it, Belcher won all his money from Bonaparte and Noble, while they won all their money from Hawkins, but Hawkins only played with money he borrowed from Belcher. This chain in which money forever circulates back and forth between the characters symbolizes the interconnectedness of the Irish and English soldiers. The card games act as a metaphor for the relationship between the two warring countries.
Religious Divide
While Noble is a devout Irish Catholic, Hawkins identifies himself as a Communist anarchist atheist. In the story these two characters often debate each other on the presence of an afterlife. They continue this debate right up until Jeremiah Donovan kills Hawkins as reprisal for the four Irish soldiers killed by English forces. The constant debates between Noble and Hawkins symbolize one of the primary tensions between the Irish and English that prompted the Irish War of Independence: The divide between Irish Catholicism and English Protestantism. The debates are a metaphor for one aspect of the fighting between these two countries.
Behavior as Metaphor
Both Jeremiah Donovan and Belcher are quiet, stoic characters. Both seem resigned to their respective fates; Donovan accepts that he is obligated to kill Belcher and Hawkins, and Belcher accepts that he must die. The characters differ, however, in that Donovan believes that he is bound by duty to execute the prisoners, while Belcher seems to posses a "come what may" attitude. He states that he never understood the concept of "duty." Donovan and Belcher symbolize the great number of Irish and English soldiers caught up in the War of Independence who felt obligated to serve their respective countries. As such, they are metaphors that represents the general ambivalence a large number of English and Irish people possessed regarding this war.
The Burial Bog
The Irish soldiers execute and bury Belcher and Hawkins in a bog just outside of the town in which they are staying. In the final scene, as he walks back to the house following the Englishmen's execution, Bonaparte reflects on the nature of the bog. He equates it to a kind of trap that has captured not just the two dead Englishmen, but also their executioners. The bog symbolizes the quagmire in which both English and Irish have fallen. It acts as a metaphor of the War of Independence, which the story seems to suggest is a trap out of which neither English nor Irish will ever escape.
A Frank O'Connor Reader: "Guests of the Nation"; Michael Steinman, Editor
Samuel Hamilton has been writing since 2002. His work has appeared in "The Penn," "The Antithesis," "New Growth Arts Review" and "Deek" magazine. Hamilton holds a Master of Arts in English education from the University of Pittsburgh, and a Master of Arts in composition from the University of Florida.


The creatures' complexity does not end here. In addition to complex chlorophyll pigments that enable photosynthesis, these organisms also possess the pigment xanthophyll, which imparts a yellowish color. These single-celled creatures, from which fish derive their greatest source of Vitamin D, have complex structures designed for a specific purpose.89 They are part of a specially created system that could not have come into existence by coincidence.
hroughout this book, we have examined two of the most important features of plants, photosynthesis and the extraordinary properties of leaves. The aim behind providing this information is to show that these living things and the features they possess could not have emerged as the result of coincidences.
Plants are organisms without any traces of consciousness and reason such as decision-making or free will. But as you can see from the information provided this far, the processes carried out by plants do require considerable consciousness and reason. Indeed, plants succeed in performing activities that human beings cannot replicate with their conscious knowledge and advanced technology, and in spaces of time as brief as a millionth of a second. So to whom does this intelligence—which human beings come nowhere near approaching—belong?
In the creation of the heavens and Earth, and the alternation of the night and day, and the ships which sail the seas to people's benefit, and the water which Allah sends down from the sky–by which He brings the earth to life when it was dead and scatters about in it creatures of every kind—and the varying direction of the winds, and the clouds subservient between heaven and Earth, there are Signs for people who use their intellect.


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- Designs by artist Regina Andrew.


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Recent momentum with the economic turnaround in Argentina was evidenced during the Argentina Business & Investment Forum held in September by President Mauricio Macri and the Argentina Investment and Trade Promotion Agency. The forum highlighted investment opportunities, attracted foreign direct investment and marked Argentina's historical return to international markets. Foreign direct investment pledges post the investment forum have totaled more than $32.5 billion with Siemens & GE committing to over $15 billion in combined infrastructure projects in 2016.
In the wake of Argentina's recent economic reforms, the Buenos Aires Herold reports that the city's real estate market has experienced its strongest monthly growth in sales since the inauguration of President Mauricio Macri. Real estate transactions in August were up 43.9% for the same month last year, and up 18.4% from July. Experts believe that a key factor in a successfully booming real estate cycle may be linked to the increased use of mortgages, which is on the rise in Argentina.
The Argentine real estate market is traditionally notable for its all cash transactions, and Algodon Wine Estates is one of the few real estate developments in the country that offers financing.
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Algodon Wine Estates currently operates an award-winning wine-themed real estate development and resort with an 18-hole vineyard golf course that plays through the vines, a professional tennis center with the only grass courts in the Mendoza Province, as well as seven clay courts and one hard court, and a restaurant and members' clubhouse. The vineyard property also includes the world-class winery responsible for producing Algodon's collection of internationally award-winning wines, as well as 325 acres (131 ha) of vineyards, with old vines dating back to 1946, which is instrumental in the winery's ability to produce Malbec wines of the highest international caliber.
Nestled in the southern heart of Argentina wine country, Algodon Wine Estates was recently named one of the world's best vineyard hotels by Frommer's Travel Guide, and one of the world's best wine resorts by Departures Magazine. Most recently the wine estates won the 2016 Vineyard of the Year for San Rafael by Luxury Travel Guide and was also rated by Architectural Digest as one of the world's most Beautiful Hotel Gardens. Algodon Wine Estates' Master Plan model and Brochure can be viewed in person at Sotheby's International Realty's office in New York City and Buenos Aires.
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Prime Minister David Cameron has announced that the government plans to double its investment in dementia research by 2025 to £132 million.
The announcement, made ahead of the G8 summit on dementia, is one of a number of investments into dementia research.
There are currently 44 million people in the world living with dementia, and by 2050 this number is set to treble to 135 million. Dementia is one of the greatest pressures on healthcare systems around the world and costs an estimated £370 billion per year.
Currently, the government has committed to spend £52 million on dementia research in 2012 and 2013, rising to up to £66 million by 2015. The ambition is now to double public, commercial and charitable research in dementia in the UK by 2025 to support scientists, universities and other institutions in seeking the next breakthrough.
In addition, the Medical Research Council (MRC) will invest £50 million to better understand how dementia affects the brain, improve early detection and improve treatments to delay progression of the disease; an extra £25 million will go to the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit to better understand the cognitive mechanisms of the brain and to use imaging techniques to identify early signs of dementia in people that would not be picked up through current diagnostic tests.
Elsewhere, the newly-formed UK Dementia Platform, the world's largest research collaboration into dementia, will bring together researchers and scientists from the public and private sectors. The platform will allow different teams across the UK to share and benefit from each other's data to increase the scale and scope of their own project.
Wider, there will also be action across Europe. The Innovative Medicines Initiative will invest £44 million (€53 million) in Alzheimer's drug trials; the European Commission will also invest £460 million (€550 million) and issue a call for proposals into research on neurodegenerative diseases, including UK research institutions and universities.
Speaking ahead of the G8 summit, Cameron said: "In the past 2 years we've seen £2 billion invested in this country; that will not only mean more jobs and growth, but also more research and greater progress, and it's a huge sign of confidence in our economy.
David Burn, Professor of Movement Disorder Neurology and director of Institute for Ageing and Health at Newcastle University, welcomed the funding boost.
"We all need to step up to the plate and come up with new drugs and treatments to benefit patients with dementia.