text:
Home / SEND / Disability & Accessibility
We are committed to providing a fully accessible environment which values and includes all pupils, staff, parents and visitors regardless of their education, physical, sensory, social, spiritual and emotional needs. We are committed to challenging negative attitudes about disability and accessibility and to developing a culture of awareness, tolerance and inclusion.
What we do to prevent pupils with disabilities from being treated less favourably:
At Moorside Primary School we are committed to equality. We aim for every pupil to fulfil their potential no matter what their needs. Our School is committed to anti-discriminatory practice to promote equality of opportunity and valuing diversity for all children and families. We aim to:
Provide a secure and accessible environment in which all our children can flourish and in which all contributions are considered and valued.
Include and value the contribution of all families to our understanding of equality and diversity.
Provide positive non-stereotyping information about gender roles, diverse ethnic and cultural groups and disabled people.
Improve our knowledge and understanding of issues of anti-discriminatory practice, promoting equality and valuing diversity.
Make inclusion a thread that runs through all of the activities of the school
The facilities to assist access are outlined in our Accessibility Plan which you can find in the School Policies section of our website.
Our Accessibility Plan and the short, medium and long term actions, will be reviewed and adjusted on an annual basis and a new Accessibility Plan will be produced every three years.
The Accessibility Plan contains relevant actions to:
Improve access to the physical environment of the school, adding specialist facilities as necessary.
Increase access to the curriculum for pupils with a disability. This covers reasonable adjustments within teaching and learning, specialist aids and equipment and the wider curriculum of the school, such as after school clubs, visits etc,
Improve the provision of information to pupils, staff, parents and visitors with disabilities. All information will be made available in various formats within a reasonable time frame.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
You are here: Home / For Lucas Giolito, throwing inside part of his job
For Lucas Giolito, throwing inside part of his job
June 15, 2019 suntimes Leave a Comment
Lucas Giolito said he wasn't trying to buzz the Yankees' Luke Voit on Friday night. He wasn't too upset that he did. Voit homered off Giolito in the top of the first, and his at-bat in the third started with a 94.8 mph Giolito fastball that went up and in. Voit was displeased moments after the pitch was thrown, and wasn't much happier about it following the game, saying a pitch in that area was "not good." "I go deep on him, then the next pitch (95). I don't even know how it didn't hit me," Voit told reporters Friday. "It's a bunch of BS. It's really frustrating." Giolito said he had seen Voit's comments and didn't sound bothered by what was said. As for the pitch in question, Giolito said it was an accident and was trying to work away from Voit. But that will have no impact on Giolito's game plan. He's going to throw inside, whether the opponents like it or not. "Every once in a while I'm going to throw inside, back a guy off. That's how I pitch," Giolito said. "If you don't like it, then that's your problem. So, whether it be accidental or I'm going in for effect that's how I pitch. It's going to happen. And I mean, that's that." Sox manager Rick Renteria didn't give Voit's quotes much oxygen. "I did not (see them) and I really don't care to hear about them, to be honest," Renteria said. Speaking of Giolito…… [Read full story]
Memories of 'M*A*S*H': Inside Stories of the Most Famous Episodes (and Castings)
White Sox' Lucas Giolito might be in best mental shape of his life
Luke Voit reacts to Lucas Giolito's chin music after home run
Giolito throws 4-hit gem, White Sox blank Astros 4-0
Lucas Giolito loses no-hit bid, but White Sox hold on for first victory
Lucas Giolito's jam becomes a gem, but White Sox fall in 13
White Sox' Lucas Giolito gives credits where credit is due
Lucas Giolito stifles Indians in 2-0 White Sox victory
White Sox' Lucas Giolito: Being good was only a matter of time
Lucas Giolito finds his way with Chicago White Sox
Uncategorized lucas giolito, lucas giolito fangraphs, inside job, insider jobs, the inside job, inside jobs, inside job review, inside job streaming, most cyber attacks are an inside job, meme 911 was a inside job, evidence 911 was an inside job, inside job documentary, 911 inside job, 911 was an inside job, 911 inside job proof, insiders job, best inside sales jobs, inside job meaning, why 911 is not an inside job, inside in job, 911 wasn't an inside job, proof that 9/11 wasn't an inside job, free throw good job champ lyrics, charlie hebdo inside job, inside job pearl jam


Premier is pleased to have been selected to manage a new, fully leased retail center in the Rockville Town Center for an out of state owner. Tenants include Bank of America, a large school, a spa, and several restaurants. The property also includes underground parking. Premier Management Services is an Accredited Management Organization under the auspices of the Institute of Real Estate Managers, and serves properties throughout the Mid-Atlantic region.


Prime Minister Julia Gillard is defending the Labor government's determination to deliver a 2012/13 budget surplus but she can't guarantee the federal coffers won't swing back to deficit in later years.
The minority government has projected a surplus of around $1.5 billion in the next financial year, to meet its 2010 election promise to bring the commonwealth balance sheet back into the black.
Unions, welfare advocates, the Australian Greens and some business groups have warned the government not to tie itself to a surplus promise in case the global economy falters.
But when Ms Gillard addresses a business lunch in Perth on Thursday, she will say the government is committed to fiscal discipline and management, unlike the economies of Europe and the United States which are struggling under mountains of debt.
"It's not a commitment to never have a deficit," she will tell the Chamber of Minerals and Energy of Western Australia and Western Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry function.
"It's a commitment to ensure our budgets are in surplus, on average, over the medium-term - easing in the tough times and then moving to surplus as things improve."
Ms Gillard will point out the Labor government's economic stimulus package helped Australia avoid a recession when the global financial crisis hit in 2008-2009.
"Stimulus was right then. Surplus is right now," she will say.
"It's time to get back in the black.
"A budget surplus is not a political target but a potent economic tool."
In an apparent bid to soothe fears that the 2012/13 budget, to be handed down on May 8, will be tough, Ms Gillard will say it includes "targeted, thoughtful savings that assist the return to surplus and protect frontline services".
As well, delivering a surplus will provide Australia with a buffer against worsening global economic conditions, protect jobs, underline Australia's strength to the world give the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) room to cut interest rates if it chooses to.
"In the current economic environment, should the RBA consider it appropriate to change the cash rate, this could deliver widespread benefits for households and business, noting that a number of sectors of the economy most under strain are arguably more sensitive to interest rates," she will say.
"This is fully consistent with the Reserve Bank's charter obligations to best contribute to economic prosperity and full employment, as well as containing inflation."
The prime minister will tell business groups and others calling for an interest rate cut they should also be publicly advocating a surplus, rather than opposing it.
The projected budget deficit for this 2011/12 financial year is around $36 billion, so the upcoming surplus will represent a massive turnaround, requiring hefty spending cuts.


text:
<repository lastmodified='20141001093931.410'>
  <resource id='org.restlet/2.2.1.v20140506-1533' symbolicname='org.restlet' presentationname='org.restlet' uri='http://maven.restlet.com/org/restlet/osgi/org.restlet/2.2.1/org.restlet-2.2.1.jar' version='2.2.1.v20140506-1533'>
    <size>694824</size>
    <capability name='bundle'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=com.sun.net.httpserver))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package com.sun.net.httpserver;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.net.ssl))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.net.ssl;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.security.auth.x500))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.security.auth.x500;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.xml.parsers))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.xml.parsers;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.osgi.framework))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.osgi.framework;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.w3c.dom))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.w3c.dom;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.w3c.dom.ls))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.w3c.dom.ls;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.xml.sax))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.xml.sax;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.xml.sax.helpers))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.xml.sax.helpers;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='ee' filter='(|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='false'>Execution Environment (|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))</require>
  </resource>
  <resource id='org.restlet.ext.jetty/2.2.1.v20140506-1533' symbolicname='org.restlet.ext.jetty' presentationname='org.restlet.ext.jetty' uri='http://maven.restlet.com/org/restlet/osgi/org.restlet.ext.jetty/2.2.1/org.restlet.ext.jetty-2.2.1.jar' version='2.2.1.v20140506-1533'>
    <size>13690</size>
    <capability name='bundle'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.net.ssl))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.net.ssl;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.servlet))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.servlet;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.servlet.http))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.servlet.http;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.ajp))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.ajp;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.http))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.http;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.io))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.io;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.server))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.server;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.server.bio))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.server.bio;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.server.nio))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.server.nio;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.server.ssl))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.server.ssl;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.util.ssl))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.util.ssl;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.eclipse.jetty.util.thread;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.data))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.data;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.adapter))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.adapter;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.header))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.header;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.ssl))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.ssl;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.representation))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.representation;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.util))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.util;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='ee' filter='(|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='false'>Execution Environment (|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))</require>
  </resource>
  <resource id='org.restlet.ext.osgi/2.2.1.v20140506-1533' symbolicname='org.restlet.ext.osgi' presentationname='org.restlet.ext.osgi' uri='http://maven.restlet.com/org/restlet/osgi/org.restlet.ext.osgi/2.2.1/org.restlet.ext.osgi-2.2.1.jar' version='2.2.1.v20140506-1533'>
    <size>17847</size>
    <capability name='bundle'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.osgi.framework))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.osgi.framework;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.osgi.service.component))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.osgi.service.component;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.osgi.service.http))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.osgi.service.http;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.osgi.service.log))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.osgi.service.log;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.data))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.data;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.local))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.local;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.representation))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.representation;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.resource))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.resource;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.routing))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.routing;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.service))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.service;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='ee' filter='(|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='false'>Execution Environment (|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))</require>
  </resource>
  <resource id='org.restlet.ext.servlet/2.2.1.v20140506-1533' symbolicname='org.restlet.ext.servlet' presentationname='org.restlet.ext.servlet' uri='http://maven.restlet.com/org/restlet/osgi/org.restlet.ext.servlet/2.2.1/org.restlet.ext.servlet-2.2.1.jar' version='2.2.1.v20140506-1533'>
    <size>24987</size>
    <capability name='bundle'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <capability name='package'>

    </capability>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.servlet))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.servlet;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=javax.servlet.http))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package javax.servlet.http;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.osgi.service.http))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.osgi.service.http;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.osgi.service.log))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.osgi.service.log;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.data))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.data;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.adapter))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.adapter;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.component))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.component;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.connector))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.connector;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.header))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.header;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.io))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.io;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.engine.local))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.engine.local;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.ext.osgi))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.ext.osgi;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.representation))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.representation;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.routing))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.routing;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.service))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.service;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='package' filter='(&(package=org.restlet.util))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='true'>Import package org.restlet.util;resolution:=optional</require>
    <require name='ee' filter='(|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))' extend='false' multiple='false' optional='false'>Execution Environment (|(ee=JavaSE-1.6))</require>
  </resource>
</repository>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Daily Trojan Editorial Board
Sharks could make a playoff run
By JOSH COHEN
April 25, 2016 in Columns, Sports
After the San Jose Sharks jumped out to a 2-0 series lead over the Los Angeles Kings, the images of the 2014 first-round matchup likely came flooding back into hockey fans' heads.
The Sharks were off to a flying start in the series, having stolen both games at Staples Center and playing quite well in the process. But Sharks fans had seen this horror film before. In 2014, their team was leading 3-0 in the series and proceeded to lose the next four games. It was an epic collapse — just the fourth time in history an NHL franchise had squandered a three-game postseason lead.
This Sharks team was clearly not in the mood to experience such agony again. San Jose clobbered Los Angeles, downing the Kings in five games.
Los Angeles generated a number of quality scoring chances in this series, but head coach Darryl Sutter's team was denied time and time again by former Kings goalie Martin Jones. The 26-year-old Jones posted a .912 save percentage in the series, averaging nearly 23 saves per game against his old team. Standout play from the Sharks' netminder, as well as the veteran attacking corps really gelling, ought to have fans wondering if this team could win it all this year.
Aside from Jones' sound goaltending, the obvious reason to consider the Sharks a contender is because of the top line. Joe Pavelski, Joe Thornton and Tomas Hertl compose one of the most formidable trios in the league.
The Pavelski-Thornton-Hertl line plays approximately 30 percent of the time. When those three are on the ice, the Sharks seem to have no trouble keeping the puck and pinning opponents in their own territory. Thornton's composure on the puck played a massive role in San Jose's dismantling of the Kings. San Jose enjoyed a healthy amount of possession, as Thornton continued his outstanding run of form. While Jumbo Joe only scored once during this series, he facilitated play and set the tone of the game.
Pavelski, who racked up 78 points in the regular season, scored 5 goals in the first round. The Kings had no response for Pavelski. He continues to dominate alongside Thornton and Hertl. Pavelski also leads the charge on Sharks head coach Peter DeBoer's top power play line, in which he plays alongside Thornton, Logan Couture and Patrick Marleau.
Hertl has thrived alongside veterans Pavelski and Thornton. While he only scored 1 goal in the Kings series, Hertl showcased his playmaking abilities. If Thornton and Hertl can begin to find the back of the net with regularity this postseason, slowing the Sharks' offense may be virtually impossible.
This organization has managed to retain seasoned players like Thornton and Pavelski, but San Jose qualifies as a legitimate contender to hoist Lord Stanley's Cup this season also because of remarkable depth.
Couture and Marleau anchor the second and fourth lines, respectively. It is hard to think of another playoff team with a fourth line that has a player as talented as Marleau. Pittsburgh comes to mind, with Phil Kessel playing on the Penguins' fourth unit, but the Sharks' depth looks like the best in the west at the moment.
Assuming the Sharks can stay healthy, this team looks poised to make a serious run. Elite goal tending and a deep, versatile attack are necessities in terms of winning the Stanley Cup. And after doing quite the opposite of blowing a series lead against the Kings, the 2016 San Jose Sharks have turned a few heads with their convincing play. One of the league's biggest underachievers from the past few seasons has put the pieces together.
Maybe, just maybe, the Warriors will not be the only title contenders from the Bay Area this year.
Josh Cohen is a sophomore majoring in broadcast and digital journalism. His column, "Cohen's Corner," ran Tuesdays.
Daily Trojan
News Tips >
Tweets by @dailytrojan
© University of Southern California/Daily Trojan. All rights reserved.
Classifieds – April 8, 2019
Baseball kicks off lengthy homestand against Irvine Assistant rowing coach embarks on trans-Pacific journey
7ads6x98y Scroll to top


text:
Un drame psychologique est un genre cinématographique ou télévisuel qui se caractérise comme un drame dans lequel l'attention sera particulièrement portée à la psychologie des personnages, à leurs problèmes intimes plus qu'au contexte scénaristique. Les personnages y sont confrontés à des doutes, des dilemmes ou à des conflits intérieurs de personnalités. Les épreuves qu'ils vont rencontrer vont souvent les forcer à réagir, leur faisant faire tout un processus psychologique au cours du film, voire une métamorphose.

Des thèmes qui peuvent toucher le souvenir, l'approche de la mort, la recherche du sens, le couple, la famille, la création ou le social.

Le genre se démarque clairement de la comédie dramatique, puisque le drame psychologique est plutôt dénué d'humour. Quand il y a une notion de suspense, on parle plutôt de thriller psychologique.

Liste de drames psychologiques

France
{{colonnes|taille=|nombre=2|
 1933 : Obsession de Maurice Tourneur
 1934 : Le Bonheur de Marcel L'Herbier
 1935 : Crime et châtiment de Pierre Chenal
 1936 : Jenny de Marcel Carné
 1939 : Nuit de décembre de Kurt Bernhardt
 1948 : Le Silence de la mer de Jean-Pierre Melville
 1949 : Manèges d'Yves Allegret
 1949 : Manon d'Henri-Georges Clouzot
 1950 : Journal d'un curé de campagne de Robert Bresson
 1951 : Agence matrimoniale de Jean-Paul Le Chanois
 1953 : La Vierge du Rhin de Gilles Grangier
 1956 : Le Sang à la tête de Gilles Grangier
 1960 : Moderato cantabile de Peter Brook
 1961 : Léon Morin, prêtre de Jean-Pierre Melville
 1964 : Rue des cascades de Maurice Delbez
 1967 : Les Risques du métier d'André Cayatte
 1969 : More de Barbet Schroeder
 1971 : Le Souffle au cœur de Louis Malle
 1971 : Le Chat de Pierre Granier-Deferre
 1971 : Mourir d'aimer d'André Cayatte
 1973 : Les Granges brûlées de Jean Chapot
 1973 : L'Horloger de Saint-Paul de Bertrand Tavernier
 1976 : La Dentellière de Claude Goretta
 1976 : Monsieur Klein de Joseph Losey
 1976 : Le Locataire de Roman Polanski
 1976 : Un taxi mauve d'Yves Boisset
 1977 : Le Crabe-tambour de Pierre Schoendoerffer
 1977 : Dites-lui que je l'aime de Claude Miller
 1978 : Un papillon sur l'épaule de Jacques Deray
 1979 : La Dérobade de Daniel Duval
 1979 : Le Pull-over rouge de Michel Drach
 1980 : Une semaine de vacances de Bertrand Tavernier
 1980 : Un mauvais fils de Claude Sautet
 1981 : Hôtel des Amériques d'André Téchiné
 1981 : L'Amour nu de Yannick Bellon
 1983 : La Diagonale du fou de Richard Dembo
 1983 : Les Mots pour le dire de José Pinhero
 1983 : Sarah de Maurice Dugowson
 1985 : Péril en la demeure de Michel Deville
 1986 : Taxi Boy d'Alain Page
 1986 : La Femme de ma vie de Régis Wargnier
 1987 : Ennemis intimes de Denis Amar
 1989 : Les Enfants du désordre de Yannick Bellon
 1989 : Nocturne indien d'Alain Corneau
 1990 : Le Petit Criminel de Jacques Doillon
 1990 : Un week-end sur deux de Nicole Garcia
 1990 : Malina de Werner Schroeter
 1991 : J'embrasse pas d'André Téchiné
 1991 : Sale comme un ange de Catherine Breillat
 1991 : Mensonge de François Margolin
 1992 : L'Ombre du doute d'Aline Issermann
 1994 : La Séparation de Christian Vincent
 1996 : L'Élève d'Olivier Schatzky
 1997 : Barracuda de Philippe Haïm
 1998 : La Classe de neige de Claude Miller
 1999 : Mauvaise passe de Michel Blanc
 2001 : Comment j'ai tué mon père d'Anne Fontaine
 2001 : L'Emploi du temps de Laurent Cantet
 2003 : Swimming Pool de François Ozon
 2004 : Clean d'Olivier Assayas
 2005 : Frankie de Fabienne Berthaud
 2007 : Anna M. de Michel Spinosa
 2008 : Je suis heureux que ma mère soit vivante de Nathan et Claude Miller
 2009 : Le Dernier pour la route de Philippe Godeau
 2012 : Le Fils de l'autre de Lorraine Lévy
 2012 : Louise Wimmer de Cyril Mennegun
 2013 : Une autre vie d'Emmanuel Mouret
 2013 : Une histoire banale d'Audrey Estrougo
 2014 : Near death experience de Gustave Kervern et Benoît Delépine
 2016 : L'Économie du couple de Joachim Lafosse
 2019 : Celle que vous croyez de Safy Nebbou
 2019 : L'Adieu à la nuit d'André Téchiné
}}

 Italie
 1961 ; La Nuit (La Notte) de Michelangelo Antonioni
 1968 : Théorème (Teorema) de Pier Paolo Pasolini
 1977 : Une journée particulière (Una giornata particolare) d'Ettore Scola
 1982 : La Fille de Trieste (La ragazza di Trieste'') de Pasquale Festa Campanile

Articles connexes
 Thriller psychologique
 Roman psychologique

Notes et références

Genre cinématographique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Download Download Mp3 Didi Kempot Alun Alun Nganjuk MP3 and MP4. The best collections about Download Mp3 Didi Kempot Alun Alun Nganjuk you can download with easy. Available for MP3 with 128kbps, 192kbps dan 256kbps quality and MP4 Videos with HD and best quality.


Are your Webinars delivering sales? Attend Talant's latest online event aimed at optimizing Webinars.
"Improving Webinar Lead Generation Results"
CLICK HERE to view an archive of this Webinar, recorded previously.
Webinars have become the preferred method for busy executives to educate themselves about new products, services and trends without investing a lot of time and without ceding control of the buying process. Serious buyers and curious browsers alike rely on Webinars to gather the information necessary to make informed judgments without the pressure to engage with a sales rep.
Unfortunately many organizations do not see their investment in Webinars leading to sales. They dedicate most of their effort to event itself, and fail to realize that it's what you do before and after the Webinar that drives registration and converts attendees into pipeline opportunities.
Talant's Webinar Optimization Program combines proven processes and tactics to register target prospects, create compelling content, ensure powerful, trouble-free events and follow-up with attendees and no-shows. The result? Webinar campaigns that generate real sales opportunities and closed deals!


How to choose gray paint colors accent for your rooms, learn how to choose neutral paint colors for your home with the right undertones plus perfect neutrals get you started. All about benjamin moore gray owl undertones and more grays are rarely simple is no exception when my e design clients ask for a the.
Rust oleum ultra matte interior chalked paint oz country gray.


text:
Colossal Cave: The Board Game
Designer Arthur O'Dwyer
Publisher Game Salute
121751/colossal-cave-the-board-game
http://boardgamegeek.com/forum/1215579/colossal-cave-the-board-game/reviews
Somewhere nearby is colossal cave, where it is rumored that others have found fortunes in treasure and gold. Magic, too, is said to work in the cave. But beware! Some who enter are never seen again...
Colossal Cave: The Board Game is an adaptation of the classic text adventure "Colossal Cave Adventure". The basic game mechanism is "draw one, play one"; there is also a game board depicting a simplified map of the cave (14 rooms). Cards represent items, treasures, actions, and "reactions"; you're generally not allowed to play an item or treasure card unless your player token is in a specific room on the map. For example, the Rare Coins are not playable anywhere except in the Hall of the Mountain King. After you play a treasure, you must get it safely back to the surface, where you can deposit it in the Well House.
The winner is the first player to deposit three treasures in the Well House. Depending on the number of players and their willingness to stymie each other from the beginning, a game can last anywhere from 20 to 90 minutes.


Listening to John Kerry, Porky and Yats today during their various press conferences today in Kiev was like watching the entire Iraq WMD debacle of George Bush in re-run. The entire Ukraine fiasco is embarrassing for America, and John Kerry making statements like the ones he made today will be forever remembered in the same way we remember Colin Powell's famous WMD UN speech.
So Kerry and Nuland are in Kiev, and tomorrow Merkel and Hollande will be in Moscow. This is probably the strongest evidence that the Debaltsevo cauldron is closed and the surrounded junta forces desperate and defeated (one Russian military analyst stated in an interview that he believes that about half of all the truly combat capable junta forces are in the Debaltsevo cauldron – in other words, the junta army has been defeated again). In other words, the AngloZionists are again intervening to save their sorry little Nazi buddies and their failed regime in Kiev. How noble of them.


text:
Dr. Zakir Ramazanov, President of National Bioscience and Beloved Husband and Father, Died Suddenly in November
TAGS: Manufacturer and Brand Archive News
Polifenoles Naturales | Jan 27, 2007
Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain -- January 26, 2007
Dr. Zakir Ramazanov, president and owner of National Bioscience Corp. died suddenly last November 30. Dr. Ramazanov was well-known and respected worldwide, especially for his natural product research and development accomplishments.
Dr. Ramazanov applied innovative technology to the extraction of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein from tomatoes and algae; the extraction and standardization of antioxidants from fruits and vegetables; the intensive biotechnological cultivation of Spirulina and marine plants in Africa; and the extraction of health promoting marine natural products. He introduced Siberian Rhodiola rosea to the North American marketplace, supporting this valuable dietary supplement with his characteristically strong scientific documentation and publications.
Dr. Ramazamov's company, National Bioscience Corporation, has been acquired by its sister company, Polifenoles Naturales (Polinat S.A., Gran Canarias, Spain). For more than 10 years, Polinat has been the scale up, commercialization, and manufacturing engine for most of Dr. Ramazanov's innovations, notably his extensive range of fruit, botanical and marine ingredients.
Dr. Zakir Ramazanov was born in the former Soviet Union. In 1978, he received his undergraduate degree from Caucasian State University with a double major in biochemistry and plant physiology. He graduated at the top of his class with a special golden diploma. Later that year, he enlisted in the Soviet Army and served a tour of duty in Afghanistan. He first learned of rhodiola rosea from a fellow soldier, whose mother sent him packets of the powdered herb to improve stamina.
Upon his return to civilian life, Dr. Zakir Ramazanov served as Head Engineer at the Institute of Solar Energy of the Soviet Union. There, he designed and constructed:
Solar batteries and solar energy stations for potential use on orbiting space stations and in deserts.
Solar bioreactors for the cultivation of dunaliella, chlorella, spirulina, and other algae
Dr. Ramazanov became Senior Scientist and Chief of the Department of Biotechnology of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. He was also Deputy Chairman of Biotechnological Programs for the Development of Aquatic Biotechnology for Medicine and Food in East European and Asian Countries. During this period, he developed new methods of cultivating algae for human consumption.
Dr Ramazanov left the Soviet Union in 1989, and worked with Professor Goran Samuelsson at the University of Umea in Sweden. He researched the intracellular mechanisms of carbon dioxide assimilation by aquatic plants and the biochemistry of cell adaptation to low and high carbon dioxide stress. In 1990, Dr. Ramazanov became Research Professor of Plant Biochemistry at the Universidad de Cordoba in Spain. In 1991, Dr. Ramazanov worked as a research fellow with Professor James Moroney at Louisiana State University Baton Rouge.
In late 1991, Dr. Ramazanov joined the Canary Islands-based Institute of Technology and Marine Sciences, becoming the Institute's Director of Science. During the next four years, he developed eight plant-based dietary ingredients and authored two books.
Dr. Ramazanov received grants from:
The Swedish National Science Foundation, the Swedish Institute of Natural Science, and the Swedish Royal Academy of Science, Umea University (1989)
Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Universidad de Cordoba (1990)
SAREC, Sweden (scientific collaboration between Swedish and African Countries), University of Dar Es-Salaam, Marine Science Institute of Zanzibar, Republic of Tanzania (1991)
Universidad de Autonoma de Madrid, Spain (1993)
Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain (1993)
United States USAID for Development of Biotechnology Project in Central Africa (1993)
National Science Foundation (USA), Louisiana State University (1994)
Dr. Ramazanov:
is the inventor of five science and technology patents
has presented more than 40 papers to science meetings
has published over 140 articles.
has authored several popular books on natural products and was an essential contributor to the recent publication of: The Rhodiola Revolution: Transform Your Health with the Herbal Breakthrough of the 21st Century (Hardcover) by Richard P. Brown, Patricia L. Gerbarg, Barbara Graham.
Dr. Ramazanov is survived by his wife Svetlana, their son Arthur and their daughter Larissa.
With heartfelt sympathy,
Dr. Miguel Jimenez
president of Polifenoles Naturales ("POLINAT")
5@5: Biden's climate plan relies on skeptic farmers | Low-carb diet linked to type 2 diabetes remission


Recently, Jezebel analyzed presidential candidates' campaigns to see which have the most significant pay disparities between male and female staffers. You may be a bit surprised to learn who has the "fairest" campaign in terms of the gender pay gap.
At the time of the article's publishing, there were six remaining candidates, so the data includes Senator Marco Rubio's staff … and for good reason. Of the six campaigns analyzed, Rubio's team was the only one that paid women more than men, with women averaging about $5,000 more than men. What's more, six of the 10 top earners on Rubio's campaign were female.
Hillary Clinton: Clinton's campaign has the most female staffers, with 324 women and 202 men. Hers is the only one with more women than men staffers. Four of Clinton's highest-paid staffers are women, with her Director of Communications, Jennifer Palmieri, topping the list at $138,412.04.
Bernie Sanders: On average, Sanders pays women $1,000 less than male staffers, and none of Sanders' top 10 earners are women, despite his staff comprising 104 women and 142 men.
Donald Trump: Out of the 39 staffers on the #MakeAmericaGreatAgain campaign, a measly 11 are women. Not one staffer earns over $100,000 on Trump's campaign, not even his top earner, NH State Director Matthew Ciepielowski, who earns $96,000.
Ted Cruz: His campaign employs 19 women and 27 men, with men making an average of $20,000 more than women staffers, which is the largest gender pay gap out of all the campaigns.
John Kasich: Despite being the only candidate with a female campaign manager, Kasich has the lowest percentage of women staffers out of all the presidential candidates, with only seven women and 25 men.
If there's anything this analysis indicates, it's that even the presidential race isn't immune to the gender pay gap, even when candidates are for eradicating the problem. It's definitely nice to live in an era where a woman is in the running for POTUS; however, it would also be nice to see equal pay for equal work on the campaign trail.
What are you thoughts about the gender pay gap in the presidential race? Share your thoughts on Twitter, or leave a comment below.
Coca-Cola Steps up — or Does It?
Could Your City Be Home to Amazon's Second Headquarters?
The gender pay gap is a nonexistent issue derived from poorly done analysis of reports that look at pay as a whole and not taking into account percentage of genders in given fields of work or pay lost due to time off.
No serious economist will support the idea of a pay gap.
Please stop perpetuating this myth.


text:
Upnor est un village du Kent (Royaume-Uni) situé sur la rive ouest de la rivière Medway. Il est divisé en deux parties, Lower Upnor et Upper Upnor, qui sont essentiellement résidentielles ainsi qu'un port pour les petites embarcations à l'ancre sur la rivière. Le château d'Upnor est un monument préservé datant du  et qui faisait partie des défenses établies sur la Medway.

Village dans le Kent


Free event scheduled for this Friday at Mission Memorial Auditorium. Doors open at 5 p.m.
Honolulu -- Now celebrating three decades of perpetuating the Hawaiian tradition of passing knowledge through spoken word, the Department of Parks and Recreation is proud to host Hawai'i's oldest storytelling event on the grounds of the Honolulu Civic Center.
The entertaining and educational 30th Annual Talk Story Festival is this Friday, October 19, from 5:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. in the Mission Memorial Auditorium.
The event is free and open to all ages. Doors open at 5 p.m., so be sure to get a good seat! For more information, please call Samantha Sun at (808) 768-3032 or visit parks.honolulu.gov.


South African born, Reinhard Heuser has hunted since he was about 8 years old on the family farm, internationally known as Kwalata Wilderness. His well know family worked in conservation and started the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve and being the first farm to receive relocated elephant in South Africa from Kruger National Park. Weekend trips and almost every holiday was spent in the bush at Kwalata. Aged 10 he was allowed the freedom of driving a Land Rover armed with a .22 under the "supervision" of a tracker. A boy's paradise. This passion for the wild and hunting has formed his life's path.
After completing his studies in Johannesburg and the untimely passing of his father, Reinhard moved to Kwalata permanently to take over the running of the farm and to rekindle the hunting operations there. His warm personality and flair attracted many nationalities and most clients became loyal friends.
Reinhard's passion for elephant hunting is well known throughout the industry; this always makes for exciting and interesting camp fire discussions along with his bush tales and experiences.
Wherever life's path may lead Reinhard will undoubtedly be somewhere entertaining and hunting in Africa.
Raised in South Africa's Lowveld in the Mpumalanga province, I spent most of my time on my grandfathers farm and while in school there was a constant overwhelming call from the outdoors.
I started hunting a very young age, armed with an air rifle, I was given the duty to guard my Grandfathers vegetable garden and virtually rid it from small Varmint! As I got older the urge to hunt larger game species became stronger by the day, this led to my first impala at age 6. Meat hunting was part of my life to be replaced by trophy hunting during my early teens.
After completing my Schooling I immediately, pursued my hunting dreams, with completing my Professional hunters course in 2009 to pursue my life long dream of becoming a professional hunter. I started as a Junior Professional hunter with Kwalata safaris and worked my way up through the ranks, gaining constant experiences on not only plains game but dangerous game also.
As a fully operational Dangerous game and plains game guide, I like many other professional hunters have developed a "close" bond with Cape Buffalo hunting, being an avid bow hunter I find it extremely challenging to hunt all game but especially "black death" with bow and arrow, patience, planning and persistence plays an integral part in successful hunts.
Born and bred in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province, I grew up close to nature, joining my parents and they're corporate clients on hunting safaris from a young age. It was only natural for my life to take its course and to follow my feet into the wildlife industry.
After completing high school, I was off to university to pursue a BSc degree in Zoology and Botany, in 1997. Completing my Professional hunting course in 2001 was always on the cards and I was immediately absorbed into the hunting industry. Here I could not only fulfil my hunting dreams, but also spend my days in proximity and completely absorbed in nature and all its bounty.
During my apprenticeship, I gained valuable experience with regards to dangerous game hunting not only within but also outside of South Africa. I was fortunate enough to hunt and learn from the best in the industry at the time, in countries such as Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique as well as South Africa.
It is a well-known fact that I have a strong affinity towards Leopard amongst other species which has only grown stronger and stronger over my 17-year career.
My passion for nature and firm believes in consumptive based management plans as conservation tools, is the basis of all I do. My hardworking never say die attitude contributes immensely to my hunting companions' satisfaction and success.
Growing up on the beautiful South Coast of South Africa in the Kwa-Zulu Natal province, I spent as much time as possible hunting. Joining my father on hunting trips to the Waterberg Mountain Range (Limpopo province) as well as South Africa's Low veld ever since the mid 80's. It is here that my hunting skills where honed, this led to a casual past time turning into a passion which eventually evolved into an obsession and ultimately my career.
As a fully qualified/operational professional hunter, I gained valuable dangerous game experience in Mozambique, being a full time guide and apprentice in country for three consecutive years.
During my 15 year career I have been fortunate in being able to hunt most provinces in South Africa as well as Mozambique. My passion undoubtedly lies with big game hunting, but I have developed quite an affinity for wing shooting. Being an avid shot gun shot I enjoy every minute of it, whether with clients or on my own.
Hunters that join me on safari will have the advantage of my wealth of experience, as well my very particular requirements with regards to Trophy quality. Hunting age appropriate trophy game species is a priority for me along with my outgoing nature and good sense of humour all hunters are guaranteed a consummate memorable hunting safari experience.


Multi-day treks with Farouttrek offer a chance to discover the world's highest mountains.
Options include trips in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal. Ideal for a cross-country adventure in the Himalayas and beyond.
Jazz up your wardrobe at Mark One Tailor, in business since 1992.
You can choose from various styles and quality fabrics for men and women. Options even include leather jackets and wedding gowns.
The shop can also do repairs, at no charge if you get an original garment made there.
Have a happy cycle adventure with Happy Ewe Cycle Tours.
The operator runs guided bicycle tours around central Rotorua. You'll ride at a leisurely pace to some of the area's top cultural and historic sites.
It's a green way to sightsee. And a chance to take loads of photos.
Enticing flavors of Jacques Torres Chocolates will delight your sweet tooth.
Don't miss the hot chocolate, considered the best in NY by many.
You can also take a look at the factory through a viewing window. A chance to see how the goodies are made on site.
Attend a flamenco show at Cafe Ziryab, where entertainment comes with tapas and drink included.
Enjoy a fun event and a chance to learn about local culture and heritage. Check the website for event details and reserve your seats online.
Have fun at Quandary, ideal for teambuilding and private events.
The escape room experience demands creative thinking. As well as imagination and great communication skills.
You'll have just 60 minutes to solve puzzles and find clues placed within the room. There's no time to lose–don't forget to consult your inner Sherlock!
Physics, chemistry, and biology will fascinate you at Swiss Science Center Technorama.
In addition to 500 exhibits, the center offers various experiment stations and interactive activities.
Look for the toy train collection, one of the finest in the world.
Walton's Distillery offers tours to understand the production process. Meanwhile, free tastings ensure you get to try the finished product.
The onsite shop sells souvenirs and antiques. Seasonal events include food tastings, live music, and more.
Wildlife Safari Exploreans Day Trips can help arrange safaris, gorilla trekking, and beach holidays.
The operator works for families, as well as business clients. Various options can be tailored to meet your needs and preferences.
Safaris depart from convenient locations, like Nairobi or Mombasa.
With Barcelona Sailboats, you can sail along the coastline with your loved ones.
It's a chance to see the city's skyline from a different angle.
The operator can also arrange tailored trips for larger groups. So, think of them for a private party or business event.


When 'Ozark' season 2 returns on August 31, Marty Byrde and his family are facing all new obstacles as they settle into their new life away from Chicago.
At the end of 'Ozark' season 1, Marty attempted to squash a beef with local gangsters the Snell family by teaming them up with his drug cartel connection but the end result was disastrous as his contact Del was shot at killed on site.
Now as 'Ozark' season 2 picks up, the Mexican cartel has sent a new contact to deal with Marty while he continues to navigate the murky waters of his relationship with the Snell family. Add to that, Marty's local lieutenant Ruth Langmore is dealing with her own set of problems after her father is released from jail.
Check out the trailer for 'Ozark' season 2 ahead of the show's return with all episodes debuting on Netflix on August 31.


OMNICHROMA is the first universal composite that offers one shade to match all patients. The red-to-yellow structural color generated by OMNICHROMA combines with the reflected color of the surrounding tooth and creates the perfect match for almost every patient. OMNICHROMA uses a standard universal procedure. The paste is opaque-white before curing, allowing for higher visibility and easier placement. After curing, it becomes natural in appearance and matches the color of the surrounding tooth.


Who should have the right to own land, and how much of it? A Squatter's Republic follows the rise and fall of the land question in the Gilded Age—and the rise and fall of a particularly nineteenth-century vision of landed independence. More specifically, the author considers the land question through the anti-monopolist reform movements it inspired in late nineteenth-century California. The Golden State was a squatter's republic—a society of white men who claimed no more land than they could use, and who promised to uphold agrarian republican ideals and resist monopoly, the nemesis of democracy. Their opposition to land monopoly became entwined with public discourse on Mexican land rights, industrial labor relations, immigration from China, and the rise of railroad and other corporate monopolies.
Tamara Venit Shelton is Assistant Professor of History at Claremont McKenna College.


text:
889 F. 2d 224 - Phonetele Inc v. American Telephone & Telegraph Company
889 F2d 224 Phonetele Inc v. American Telephone & Telegraph Company
1989-2 Trade Cases 68,835
PHONETELE, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant,
AMERICAN TELEPHONE & TELEGRAPH COMPANY, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
Argued and Submitted Aug. 11, 1989.
Decided Nov. 6, 1989.
Rick M. Stein, Sanger & Stein, Palm Springs, Cal., for plaintiff-appellant.
George L. Saunders, Jr., Sidley & Austin, Chicago, Ill., for defendants-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California.
Before FLETCHER and NELSON, Circuit Judges, and PRO,* District Judge.
FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:
Phonetele, Inc. appeals the judgment of the district court in favor of AT & T and related defendants (hereafter referred to collectively as "AT & T") on Phonetele's antitrust causes of action. Phonetele's principal claim on appeal is that the district court could not have found, on the evidence presented to it, that AT & T had carried its burden of proof on its affirmative defense of regulatory justification. Phonetele also argues that the district court erred in defining the relevant market, and that Phonetele was deprived of a fair trial because the district court delayed its decision for four years. We affirm.
I. FACTS
Phonetele manufactures and sells the "Phonemaster." The Phonemaster is a device of the type known generically as a "call restrictor," connected between a telephone and the rest of the telephone network to prevent the user from placing calls beyond a predetermined area. Its primary market consists of medium-to-large companies with numerous telephone extensions. The Phonemaster allows the company to restrict phone usage by employees or customers. It is a sophisticated device that not only can prevent unauthorized long-distance calls, but also can allow the company to designate exceptions, for example allowing employees to make long-distance calls only to certain area codes or prefixes.
This dispute first came before us in Phonetele, Inc. v. AT & T, 664 F.2d 716 (9th Cir.1981) (Phonetele I ), where we reversed the district court's dismissal of Phonetele's complaint.1 We held that, although the defendants' status as regulated common carriers did not confer antitrust immunity on them, an affirmative defense based on the realities of regulation was available to them:
While a given regulatory scheme may not amount to the degree of necessity required to confer implied immunity on all activities of a regulated entity, some degree of necessity may be established as a matter of fact in individual cases. When the regulated entity assertedly attempts to respond to its duties as a common carrier by filing and implementing an anticompetitive tariff, the antitrust laws do not apply to the tariff without regard to the technical and legal constraints flowing from the regulatory structure. If a defendant can establish that, at the time the various anticompetitive acts alleged here were taken, it had a reasonable basis to conclude that its actions were necessitated by concrete factual imperatives recognized as legitimate by the regulatory authority, then its actions did not violate the antitrust laws. At this stage in the proceedings, it appears this inquiry will depend largely on whether the facts show the companies did reasonably conclude, given their expertise, that uncontrolled NCSU [Network Control Signal Unit2 ] interconnection would endanger their own equipment or disrupt their own signal transmissions in identifiable ways, and also that the tariff as filed was a reasonable, properly focused mechanism, considering other alternatives then available, to prevent such real harm from occurring.
664 F.2d at 737-38 (emphasis added). The district court assumed throughout this case, and AT & T does not dispute, that AT & T's restrictions on interconnection would be an antitrust violation unless AT & T could justify the restrictions.
Phonetele's appeal accordingly focuses on AT & T's conduct in seeking, opposing and implementing various regulatory measures directly affecting the Phonemaster. A brief history of telephone regulation as it relates to such "ancillary" devices3 is therefore necessary for an understanding of this case.
The Bell System originally had complete responsibility for the operation of the telephone system and ownership of all telephone equipment, including the user's telephone itself. Tariffs existed prohibiting the attachment of any non-Bell equipment to the network. In 1947, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed recording devices to be physically attached to the telephone line on the condition that the equipment necessary to make such physical connection was provided, installed, and maintained by the Bell System. Use of Recording Devices, 11 F.C.C. 1033 (1947). Then, in 1968, the FCC entered its Carterfone decision. Use of the Carterfone Device in Message Toll Telephone Service, 13 F.C.C.2d 420 (1968). That decision announced a broad holding:
[A] customer desiring to use an interconnecting device to improve the utility to him of ... the telephone system ... should be able to do so, so long as the interconnection does not adversely affect the telephone company's operations or the telephone system's utility for others. A tariff which prevents this is unreasonable....
There has been no adequate showing that non-harmful interconnection must be prohibited in order to permit the telephone company to carry out its system responsibilities.... We are not holding that the telephone companies may not prevent the use of devices which actually cause harm, or that they may not set up reasonable standards to be met by interconnection devices. These remedies are appropriate; we believe they are also adequate to fully protect the system.
13 F.C.C.2d at 424.
AT & T was invited to file new tariffs. It responded with new tariffs providing that permission to attach ancillary equipment was conditioned upon attachment through a "connecting arrangement" to be supplied by AT & T. The FCC allowed these tariffs to go into effect without hearing or investigation but refused to approve them expressly. American Telephone and Telegraph Co. "Foreign Attachment" Tariff Revisions, 15 F.C.C.2d 605, 610 (1968).
The FCC appears to have taken this somewhat ambivalent position because of the novelty of its policy requiring the Bell System to permit interconnection. Interconnection posed technical and economic problems of considerable complexity. Carterfone pened up the possibility of a great many manufacturers designing and selling equipment to be attached to the network. The FCC therefore implemented a study period. Two means of preventing harm to the network were readily apparent. One was to require protective connecting arrangements (PCAs), the option selected by AT & T. The other was to develop standards for interconnecting attachments. This latter option had several problems. Either AT & T would have had to set standards and ensure compliance itself (an option subject to anticompetitive problems), or else a federal bureaucracy would have been required to do so.
The FCC requested the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review the technical problems of interconnection and to make recommendations. The NAS issued its report in June, 1970. This report identified four general types of harm which could result from the electrical connection of ancillary devices: (1) dangerously high voltages;4 (2) excessive amplitude;5 (3) improper line balance;6 and (4) improper control signals.7 The NAS concluded that PCAs were a technically acceptable way to prevent these harms from occurring. It also concluded that a registration program would be effective only if it provided for approval of designs, certification of installation methods, testing of equipment, and oversight of maintenance.
The FCC next commissioned a consultant's report on the practical methods by which the NAS recommendations could be implemented. This report was critical of the time, expense, and effort needed to implement a registration program as envisioned by the NAS. Nevertheless, the FCC began studying the possibility of a standards approach for certain types of equipment. It started with a device called the PBX.8 Phonetele asked the FCC to study a standards program for call restrictors, but the FCC declined to do so.
By 1972, it became apparent that the FCC was leaning towards adopting a streamlined registration system without certification of installation, testing or maintenance. AT & T was bitterly opposed to such a system, and openly expressed its opposition. AT & T decided to continue the PCA requirement and to resist the imposition of a streamlined registration program.9
In 1975, the FCC proposed a comprehensive new registration program. Proposals for New or Revised Classes of Interstate and Foreign Message Toll Telephone Service (MTS) and Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS)--First Report and Order, 56 F.C.C.2d 593 (1975), modified in part, 57 F.C.C.2d 1216 (1976), aff'd sub nom. North Carolina Util. Comm'n v. FCC, 552 F.2d 1036 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 874, 98 S.Ct. 222, 54 L.Ed.2d 154 (1977). Under this program, the FCC would set standards for all ancillary electrical devices. The Phonemaster was registered under this program, and since that time it has not been necessary to install a PCA in order to use a Phonemaster.
Meanwhile, proceedings directly involving the Phonemaster were taking place before the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Phonetele was preparing to market the Phonemaster in California in late 1970. It notified AT & T of the need for a PCA. A Bell Labs engineer, under time pressure from Phonetele, designed a PCA, which was denominated the CTD. A schematic drawing was delivered to Phonetele in March 1971. Phonetele indicated the PCA was suitable. The CTD was used only by the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company ("PT & T") in California, where it was redenominated the ZZAGM.10 At some point Phonetele adopted the position that a PCA was unnecessary and that the Phonemaster could be connected directly without harm.
Clashes soon arose in the territory of General Telephone Company of California ("General Telephone") when Phonetele made a connection of the Phonemaster directly into the network. General Telephone sought to disconnect. The matter was presented to the CPUC. The CPUC ordered General Telephone to allow direct interconnection. Phonetele then adopted the same position in the territory of PT & T, which resulted in additional litigation before the CPUC. Phonetele refused to test the ZZAGM with its equipment. In November 1971, the CPUC ruled that the PCA requirement was valid, reversing its prior order to General Telephone. In Phonetele, Inc. v. General Telephone Co. of California, Interim Opinion and Order, Cases No. 9177 & 9265 (1972), the CPUC found that the Phonemaster as it then existed had the potential to cause crosstalk and excessive noise on the network, misdirected telephone calls, improper billings, and high voltage. The CPUC concluded from the existence of these potential harms that General Telephone's PCA requirement was reasonable, until such time as a certification program was implemented. In a subsequent decision by the CPUC, the utilities were ordered to supply the PCA to Phonetele customers without charge. See Phonetele, Inc. v. Publ. Util. Comm'n, 11 Cal.3d 125, 127 n. 1, 113 Cal.Rptr. 16, 520 P.2d 400 (1974).
Upon review of the CPUC decision, the California Supreme Court reversed the CPUC's decision that the PCA requirement was "necessary" to prevent harm to the telephone system because the CPUC had applied the wrong standard. Phonetele, 11 Cal.3d at 128, 113 Cal.Rptr. 16, 520 P.2d 400. The California Supreme Court did not, however, hold that the Phonemaster could be directly connected to the telephone network, or that certification was necessarily preferable to a PCA requirement. According to the Supreme Court, the CPUC should have asked whether the evidence demonstrated that the Phonemaster would have an actual or probable (as opposed to possible ) adverse effect upon the telephone system. 11 Cal.3d at 129-30, 113 Cal.Rptr. 16, 520 P.2d 400. The Supreme Court continued in effect the CPUC's order requiring utilities to supply the protective devices free of charge until the Commission reconsidered the evidence in light of the proper standard or implemented a certification program. 11 Cal.3d at 132-33, 113 Cal.Rptr. 16, 520 P.2d 400.
In April, 1975 the CPUC issued an Order which, like the FCC program, permitted the direct connection of certified devices. This decision became final in May, 1976. In 1977, the CPUC ruled that PCAs were not necessary to prevent actual or probable harm to the telephone network. Order Denying Rehearing and Stay Modifying Decision No. 87620, Decision No. 87920, Case No. 9625 (1977).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
The standard of review of a regulatory justification defense has not yet been decided by this circuit. We referred to the defense in Phonetele I as a "factual justification[ ]," to "be established as a matter of fact in individual cases," 664 F.2d at 737-38. The closely related question of whether there was a business justification for an alleged tying arrangement was submitted to the jury in Mozart Co. v. Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc., 833 F.2d 1342, 1350-51 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 179, 102 L.Ed.2d 148 (1988). We reviewed to see whether there was substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict. Id. We conclude that regulatory justification as a defense to a monopolization claim similarly should be viewed as a factual inquiry and the district court's determination reviewed by us under the clearly erroneous standard. Phonetele also argues that specific facts found by the district court are incorrect or lack support in the record. We review such arguments under the clearly erroneous standard. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). This rule applies equally to facts found from a written record. Id.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Phonetele's appeal challenges AT & T's conduct in the years between Carterfone and the adoption by the FCC and the CPUC of registration programs. Phonetele alleges that AT & T's opposition to registration and insistence on PCAs during this period was intended to prevent Phonetele from entering or succeeding in the market. AT & T argues, conversely, that its concern was to protect the quality of the telephone network.
The district court rejected Phonetele's contention that AT & T acted unreasonably in not establishing a certification program for call restrictors. The district court relied on the fact that the FCC was studying the feasibility of a certification program in a more deliberate manner, and in doing so was following the recommendation of the NAS. In light of the fact that the FCC and CPUC both permitted the requirement of PCAs pending the creation of a certification program, the district court's conclusion that AT & T acted reasonably was not clearly erroneous. That the FCC and CPUC subsequently decided that registration was the best solution to the interconnection problem does not prove that AT & T's PCA requirement was unreasonable prior to those decisions.
The district court read our opinion in Phonetele I as leaving open a central issue in this case: whether the problem of interconnection and the filing of tariffs was to be viewed "from the standpoint of dangers to the system from the interconnection of unknown multitudes of electrical equipment," Excerpt of Record 66, or from the standpoint of the Phonemaster considered on its own. The district court concluded that the relevant inquiry in determining whether AT & T's tariffs were reasonable should focus on whether "ancillary equipment of a particular type poses dangers to the telephone system," rather than "whether a particular manufactured device necessarily poses such dangers." Id. The "particular type" relevant to this case was deemed to be "telephone call restriction equipment in general." Id. Phonetele does not challenge this conclusion.
The district court found that, in enacting its tariffs, AT & T was acting on the basis of its reasonable belief as to how best to provide effective telephone service to the public, based on technical imperatives known to it and recognized as legitimate by the regulating authorities. This finding is not clearly erroneous in light of the regulatory history described above. The CPUC found that direct connection of the Phonemaster could endanger equipment and disrupt signal transmissions in identifiable ways, and both the CPUC and the FCC considered the PCA to be a reasonable, properly focused mechanism to prevent such harms from occurring. True, the California Supreme Court vacated the CPUC's ruling and invited the Commission to investigate the harms further, but even during this period, when the need for a PCA in conjunction with the Phonemaster was in doubt, the local operating companies were permitted to require PCAs to be used, as long as they were provided to the customer free of charge. As a result, even if AT & T was not reasonable in believing PCAs to be necessary with the Phonemaster after the California Supreme Court's remand, Phonemaster cannot demonstrate any injury resulting from the PCA's continued use. Although Phonetele's position ultimately prevailed both before the FCC and before the CPUC, the test we articulated in Phonetele I only requires the defendant to establish that its conclusion "that its actions were necessitated by concrete factual imperatives recognized as legitimate by the regulatory authority" was reasonable at the time its conclusion was reached. Phonetele I, 664 F.2d at 737-38. AT & T was specifically permitted by the regulatory agencies to require a PCA to be used with the Phonemaster during a period when those agencies had not yet resolved the dispute between the merits of certification and protective devices. Until the issue was actually decided against PCAs, AT & T acted reasonably in requiring a PCA.
Phonetele also argues that AT & T and the local operating companies acted unreasonably in applying the tariffs to the Phonemaster. None of Phonetele's arguments in this regard have merit.
During the CPUC proceedings, the CPUC entered an order, never terminated, that the local operating companies could not charge for the use of the ZZAGM. As a result, for much of the relevant time period Phonetele's customers did not have to pay for the ZZAGM, and indeed could have benefitted from additional savings because Phonetele did not have to include duplicative protective circuitry in the Phonemaster itself.11 Thus, as the appropriateness of requiring a PCA to be used with the Phonemaster began to be cast in doubt, the costs of that requirement were imposed on the utilities, minimizing any harm to Phonetele.
The ZZAGM was not approved by AT & T for nationwide use because AT & T determined that the ZZAGM did not provide sufficient protection against "blockage" and "glare."12 The district court found that blockage and glare could degrade the quality of telephone service. The ZZAGM did not protect against these problems because the Bell Labs engineer responsible for the ZZAGM assumed that Phonetele would supply a delay to eliminate glare and did not recognize the blockage problem. In addition, between 1971 and 1974 the ZZAGM failed to correct longitudinal imbalance,13 and in fact added to the problem. This problem was the indirect and unintentional result of disagreement between PT & T and Phonetele over the number of prongs to be used in the Phonemaster's plug. The ZZAGM was originally designed for use with a six-pronged Phonemaster, but was converted to four-prong use when Phonetele insisted on a four-prong plug. It was during this conversion that an engineering error was made, creating the longitudinal imbalance problem.
Phonetele argues that it was thus required to use a defective, not merely unnecessary, PCA. The district court rejected this argument on the grounds that Phonetele's customers did not have to pay for the ZZAGM, and the ZZAGM did protect against other major harms, especially high voltage and excessive amplitude. While it would be irrelevant that the ZZAGM was provided free of charge if it in fact degraded the quality of Phonetele's product, the district court's finding that the ZZAGM was not on balance harmful, but rather did more good than harm, is not clearly erroneous. Also, that the one problem added by the ZZAGM, longitudinal imbalance, affected only the lines of other users rather than the lines of the Phonemaster user, suggests that the utilities were harming themselves more than Phonetele by failing to correct the longitudinal imbalance problem. Phonetele cites no evidence that any of its customers ever complained about their Phonemaster because of problems associated with longitudinal imbalance.
On the national level, AT & T continued to develop the original CTD, achieving an improved final version in 1972.14 The final CTD was designed to be used with a variety of call restricting equipment, including but not limited to the Phonemaster. The district court found that the final CTD was ready for use before Phonetele was ready to enter the national market.15 Phonetele, however, insisted at that time that if a PCA were to be required, it was under no obligation to accommodate its product to a general purpose PCA. The final CTD worked with the Phonemaster except for one wrinkle: the Phonemaster was designed to inform the telephone user that a call was restricted with the opening four-note motive from Beethoven's Fifth Symphony; the final CTD required the substitution of a dial tone or busy signal.16 In the face of Phonetele's opposition to the final CTD, AT & T designed two new PCAs specifically for the Phonemaster, one which was used when a Phonemaster was sold to the New York Times in 1974, and a second, never needed, to be used behind key systems. The district court's finding that Phonetele was not delayed in entering the national market by AT & T's failure to have a compatible PCA ready was not clearly erroneous.
Phonetele also argues that PT & T obtained favorable rulings from the CPUC by presenting its case before that commission fraudulently. The district court found that PT & T did not act fraudulently, and Phonetele does not cite to this court any evidence which would persuade us that the district court's finding in this regard was clearly erroneous.
C. Written Testimony and Delay in Decisionmaking
Phonetele argues that the district court's permission to both sides to use direct written testimony, in combination with the court's delay of almost four years in reaching its decision, requires reversal. According to Phonetele, AT & T's written direct testimony "assumed an importance far eclipsing the testimony of live witnesses and substantial documentary evidence presented by Phonetele" as the years passed and the district judge's memory dimmed. Appellant's Brief at 54. Phonetele concedes, however, that its own exhibits and recorded transcripts of its own evidence were available to the district court, reducing its claim to the argument that AT & T's evidence was prejudicial simply because it was in some way clearer or more easily accessible than Phonetele's testimony. Because Phonetele was also given the opportunity to present its direct testimony in written form, we fail to see how any prejudice resulting from the relative lack of clarity of the record created by Phonetele at trial can in any way be blamed on the ruling of the district court.
The use of written testimony is an accepted and encouraged technique for shortening bench trials. Malone v. U.S. Postal Service, 833 F.2d 128, 133 (9th Cir.1987), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 59, 102 L.Ed.2d 37 (1988) (upholding district court's authority to compel written testimony). Although Phonetele argues it was prejudiced by AT & T's use of written testimony because AT & T had obtained valuable experience from litigating prior antitrust cases, Phonetele could have made an attempt to close this experience gap by reviewing those prior cases itself. More importantly, even if Phonetele could not realistically have undertaken such a review, Phonetele had the undisputed benefit of five days prior notice of what AT & T's direct testimony would be, presumably making it easier for Phonetele to cross-examine AT & T's witnesses.
Nor is our conclusion affected by the district court's delay in rendering its decision. We are appalled by the delay, but we are aware of no case holding that a district court commits reversible error by taking too long to decide a case. Indeed, we doubt that appellate review could ever be an effective means of enforcing district court timeliness. On appeal, this court may take one of three actions: affirm the district court's decision, remand to the district court to reconsider or explain its decision, or reverse the district court's decision. To vacate and remand a decision which the district court has spent several years crafting hardly seems a sensible means to reduce delay. To reverse the decision on the ground of delay would require us to presume that lengthy deliberation inevitably leads to mistake. Phonetele suggests that the district court's delay is evidence of its disinterest in or ignorance of the case. Although we do not condone the long delay, we are not willing to assume without strong independent support that the district court departed from its proper role and considered only the evidence that was easiest to recall. But cf. Ciccarello v. Graham, 296 F.2d 858, 860 (5th Cir.1961) (but noting that remand might be proper if appellant made a convincing showing of prejudice).
D. Relevant Market
Phonetele asserts as its final ground for reversal that the district court erred in limiting the relevant market to "ancillary stand-alone programmable toll restriction equipment electrically connected to the telephone network." Excerpt of Record 59. The definition of the relevant market is a factual inquiry reversible only for clear error. Oltz v. St. Peter's Community Hosp., 861 F.2d 1440, 1446 (9th Cir.1988). We find no clear error in the district court's market definition. The district court applied the correct legal standard in defining the market, limiting the market to include only products which could compete with the Phonemaster, as opposed to including all ancillary equipment whatever its function. See United States v. E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 395, 76 S.Ct. 994, 1007, 100 L.Ed. 1264 (1956). Phonetele does not inform us what it believes the proper market definition should be, arguing only that "the market must be defined as broadly as possible." Appellant's Brief at 60. Nor has Phonetele suggested how a change in the relevant market would affect the outcome of this case under any of its antitrust theories.
After the district court entered its decision in favor of AT & T, Phonetele was left with the impression that "something is seriously wrong with the opinion" of the district court. Appellant's Reply Brief at 24. Phonetele has not, however, succeeded in articulating to this court any reasons for this impression which would require remand or reversal. The district court's findings of fact are not clearly erroneous. Phonetele was not prejudiced by the district court's delay in entering its decision. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Hon. Philip M. Pro, United States District Judge for the District of Nevada, sitting by designation
The district court had dismissed on the grounds that the FCC and state utilities commissions had exclusive jurisdiction and that the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. Secs. 151-609, conferred an implied antitrust immunity on the defendants' activities. Phonetele I, 664 F.2d at 721
Network control signaling consists of the transmission of signals to perform functions such as call supervision, dialing, called number identification, and audible tone signals. The Phonemaster is one type of NCSU
An ancillary device is one, like the Phonemaster, which is attached to the telephone network but does not replace any component of that network
Most household appliances use 110 voltage, but the telephone system uses considerably less. Most devices intended to be connected to the telephone system, including the Phonemaster, use 110 voltage. Telephone lines must be protected from the accidental entry of 110 voltage, because such voltages could result in the death of telephone line workers
Signals of excessive amplitude can leak into neighboring telephone lines causing noise and cross talk
Improper line balance results from the introduction of a higher current into one side of the line than the other. This, too, produces interference on other lines
Control signals direct calls to their intended destination. Improper control signals can cause various problems, including misdirection of calls
A PBX is a Private Branch Exchange, a switching mechanism located on the premises of the telephone customer, through which calls to and from extension telephones are funneled
As previously indicated, any registration system required the cooperation of the FCC, in that it was clear that registration would need to be performed by a body other than AT & T. AT & T was not in a position to enact registration unilaterally, although it was of course in a position to argue more forcefully in favor of a suitable registration system. The district court found that AT & T did not oppose registration until it became clear it could not achieve the sort of registration program it deemed necessary. The district court specifically found that this opposition was not a "sham" engaged in for purposes of delay, and, therefore, was shielded from antitrust liability by the Noerr-Pennington doctrine. See Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., 365 U.S. 127, 81 S.Ct. 523, 5 L.Ed.2d 464 (1961); United Mineworkers v. Pennington, 381 U.S. 657, 85 S.Ct. 1585, 14 L.Ed.2d 626 (1965). See also California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S. 508, 92 S.Ct. 609, 30 L.Ed.2d 642 (1972) (finding that appellees efforts to harass and deter respondents in their use of administrative and judicial proceedings came within the "sham" exception of the Noerr case)
Phonetele argues that the change in designation of the PCA from "CTD" to "ZZAGM" was intended to conceal the fact that the CTD/ZZAGM harmed the network. Phonetele offers no evidence to support this allegation. The district court found that the change in name was nothing more than the result of different nomenclature employed by PT & T and AT & T
It is unclear whether this cost savings was in fact passed on to Phonetele's customers. It is also unclear by how much the cost of the Phonemaster was or could have been reduced
Blockage and glare are technical problems specifically associated with call restriction devices, which operate by opening and closing telephone lines. If the timing is not right, incoming calls can inadvertently be blocked by the device; this is called "blockage." If the line is closed before the user hangs up, incoming calls can be sent to the wrong extension; this is called "glare." These problems are endemic to the Phonemaster but can be minimized by careful timing of the disconnecting sequence
Longitudinal imbalance can result in noise on the telephone lines of other users
This version will be called the "final CTD" to distinguish it from the ZZAGM
Phonetele asserts that the final CTD never actually existed and was never made available for testing with the Phonemaster. This assertion is directly contradicted by one of Phonetele's own memoranda, introduced at trial, discussing the final CTD's compatibility with the Phonemaster
The final CTD was also not usable behind "key systems," smaller systems which did not comprise more than a minimal portion of Phonetele's market because of the expense of the Phonemaster
Phonetele also argues that AT & T's pressure for it to build a 1.5 second time delay into the Phonemaster, in order to reduce the problems of blockage and glare, was undertaken in bad faith. However, Phonetele argues only that the Phonemaster worked without such a delay; it does not cite evidence that use of a 1.5 second delay would not have helped prevent network harm. PT & T in fact allowed the Phonemaster to be installed without the 1.5 second delay. Phonetele's argument also suffers from an internal contradiction: in opposing the 1.5 second delay, Phonetele was resisting AT & T's attempts to suggest or impose standards, despite Phonetele's litigation position that standards rather than PCAs were the proper protective solution.


text:
Solutions Innovation Challenge
The Government is determined to work with private sector partners, social enterprises, civil society and incubators to organize innovation challenges to source ideas and identity sustainable partnerships for addressing chronic development issues in a cost-efficient manner. The Solutions Innovative Challenge will broadly have two categories; one with a focus on solutions for better delivery of public services and social goods, irrespective of region, and as a public good. This stream will catalyze and create incentives for private sector to develop products and platforms for the poor, which the market does not have the incentive to create otherwise. For example, reinventing the traditional Thela for enhanced income generation; micro-credit facility for daily wage earners; online platforms and digital interfaces for daily wage earners, especially women, to seek livelihood opportunities; sourcing developed online content as a public good for all; new models of innovation incubators that are less reliant on physical infrastructure; rickshaw garbage collector that can create jobs and pursue sanitation objectives in low income communities at the same time; clean cooking stoves to address indoor air pollution, etc. The Cabinet has already approved nine Solution Challenges in August, this year.
The other category involves the creation of locally-relevant value chains in geographic clusters (identified by their agriculture output or cultural/artisanal output) for development solutions targeted for lagging districts that suffer from high multidimensional poverty. This category will also include locally-relevant infrastructure solutions. The Policy is currently under development.
Call for Proposals (Oct 11, 2019 – Nov 15, 2019)
Under the fourth pillar of Ehsaas that concentrates on Jobs and Livelihoods, Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Division is launching 5 solutions innovation challenges which are as follows:
. Setting up Langars/systems for ration distribution in Public-Private Partnership mode (details can be accessed here)
. Connecting artisans to fashion houses for value chain development & employment (details can be accessed here)
. Online Platforms for daily wage opportunities (details can be accessed here)
. Online education content (k12) to serve as a public good (details can be accessed here)
. Microcredit platform for daily wage workers to enable purchase of monthly rations (details can be accessed here)
Request for EOIs soliciting applications for Solutions Innovation Challenge can be accessed here.
Prize Funding Challenge (Oct 13, 2019 – Nov 20, 2019)
Ehsaas has announced the first series of Prizes under the Ehsaas Solutions Challenge Policy. In this respect, Prize Funding ideas are being sought to develop innovative solutions for those at the bottom of the pyramid.We are looking for ideas in the following themes:
Institutionalization of a new generation of garbage collection Details Application Form
Institutionalization of a new generation of clean cooking stove Details Application Form
Institutionalization of a new generation of Thela: Designing & Zoning in Railways Details Application Form
For further details about Prize Funding Challenge, please click here.


text:
Q: Excel format cell with its value over another cell's value I have a number in A1 (let's say it is 10). This represents the number of answers in a test.
In B1 I have the number of correct answers from the test (let's say this number is 6).
In B1 I want to be able to type the number 6 and for it to display as 6/10 (the /10 bit being drawn from cell A1).
The value of the cell is still 6 only however. This is just for the visual effect and the actual cell can have formulas done on it and such.
If I select B1 and type the number 7 it should update visually as 7/10
Is this possible without fancy VBA stuff? Many thanks

A: You could use the next cell and add '/10 in it to show /10 So you can see this as visual. Alternatively, you can use this formula in a new cell =TEXT.CONCATENATE(A1,"/10") which will give 6/10 as value, and update this when A1 is changed.
Note that you can have a different sheet where the text.concatenate formula is entered, so that you can have a sheet with all values, and one to view the results. Just make sure both sheets are part of the same workbook.

A: I'm afraid this isn't possible without "fancy VBA stuff". The best you can do without VBA is to assign a custom format to B1 with the value from A1 hard-coded in the format.
To set the format this way, right-click B1 and select Format Cells.... Choose category Custom and type in the following format.
#"/10"

But of course you can achieve what you want with VBA without much hassle.
You'll just need to add the code below to the module associated with the worksheet with these cells.
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
If Not Intersect(Target, Me.Range("A1")) Is Nothing Then
    Me.Range("B1").NumberFormat = "#" & Chr(34) & "/" & CStr(Me.Range("A1").Value) & Chr(34)
End If
End Sub

This code is triggered every time a value changes on the worksheet. If the value that changes is A1, it resets the number format for B1. If the changed value is in a different cell, it does nothing.
For instructions to add this code to your workbook, see my answer here. Be sure to follow the steps for adding code that is triggered by an event.

A: As a work around, you could try to do a custom format
#"/10"

The bad thing though, is the /10 is manual, you can't refer to a cell. However, you can simply select a group of cells and apply this formatting!
To do this, right click on a cell and select format cells.
At the bottom of Category (under the Number tab) select custom
Type in the above code under the type box (over write what is already there as it will automatically save it as a new entry).
Now, apply this formatting to the cells you want. Of course, it won't detect if the values are accurate, such as 12/10!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Regoujście – niezachowany port morski z latarnią morską istniejący przed rokiem 1539 u ujścia Regi do Morza Bałtyckiego.

 Położenie:

Niektóre źródła podają, że prawdopodobnie była tam jedna z dwóch najstarszych latarni morskich (obok Wisłoujścia) na obszarze obecnego wybrzeża Polski.

Historia
Regoujście było wzmiankowane po raz pierwszy w dokumencie z 1250 roku. W 1287 r. książę Bogusław IV oraz przeor klasztoru w Białobokach, Thitboldus, zezwolili na odnowienie i utrzymywanie portu w należytym stanie przez mieszkańców Trzebiatowa. Od 1416 roku Regoujście było portem Hanzy. W XV wieku Regoujście miało ok. 300 mieszkańców.

O porcie Regoujście podają już dokumenty z XIII wieku zezwalające na swobodną żeglugę Regą. W 1309 książę pomorski przekazuje miastu Trzebiatów prawo do ochrony portu Regoujście.

Bliskość konkurencyjnego portu dla Kołobrzegu spowodował zablokowanie ujścia Regi przez kołobrzeskich rajców. Aby znaleźć wyjście z sytuacji mieszkańcy Trzebiatowa przekopali nowe koryto dla Regi i zbudowali nowy port w Mrzeżynie.

Na jej temat zachowały się jedynie bardzo stare źródła pisane oraz mapy z XVI wieku wskazujące na istnienie tam pewnej wieży nawigacyjnej. Prawdopodobnie światło palono na wieży kościoła albo było tak, jak w Wisłoujściu – była to jednocześnie wieża latarni i wieża o charakterze obronnym. Zaznaczona na starych mapach latarnia mogła istnieć jeszcze w starym porcie.

Po XVI w. powstawały w Gdańsku i Kołobrzegu nowsze mapy wybrzeża z zaznaczeniem latarni, ale nie zachowały się, więc tym samym nie potwierdzą istnienia w wiekach późniejszych światła w Regoujściu. Do dziś z niej nic się nie zachowało. Prawdopodobnie kamień pochodzący z latarni użyty został do wybudowania kościoła w Robach (XV wiek, XVII–XVIII wiek).

Zobacz też
 historia Mrzeżyna
 Stara Rega
 Dźwirzyno

Przypisy

Regoujście


Dependable 24-hour emergency services to homeowners in Cleveland.
Having access to a 24-hour plumbing company is imperative when an emergency strikes. Emergencies rarely occur at convenient times, and always seem happen at night or on the weekend. Being able to call somebody to fix the problem right away is key.
Here at WyattWorks Plumbing, we're able to help homeowners in Cleveland and Northeast Ohio 24 hours a day, seven days a week to assist with emergency situations. Don't hesitate to call in order to prevent as much damage to your home as possible.
Save money on your next plumbing service call by browsing our coupons page today.
If you notice any of the indicators above, it's probably a good idea to call a 24-hour plumbing service.
Save yourself some cash and the need to contact a 24-hour plumbing service by following the suggestions above.
Take a look at our latest reviews and customer testimonials to find out what people are saying about us.
Our customers know we're dependable and professional. Delivering award-winning service at a fair price is what we do best. We value the relationships we've built with homeowners in the Cleveland area for over 30 years.
We provide both same-day and emergency plumbing services. All you have to do is pick up the phone and give us a call. Even if it's during the wee hours of the morning or on a weekend, we'll be able to help.
Homeowners in the Cleveland, OH area trust us to be their emergency plumber company. We're available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Pick up the phone and dial (216) 302-3400 for high-quality and affordable emergency service.