text:
\section{Introduction}

The collapsar model of gamma-ray bursts suggests that during
the core collapse of a progenitor massive star to a neutron star or
a black hole, a relativistic jet punctures the stellar envelope and
transports energy to electrons and protons through shock
acceleration \citep{zha04, pir05, mes06, woo93, mac99}. Accelerated
electrons dominate radiation via synchrotron or inverse Compton
mechanism while accelerated protons produce neutrinos by
proton-proton collision and photopion process \citep{wax97, wax99,
rac98, alv00, bah01, gue03, mura06, bec08}. Within this scenario, we
can expect high energy neutrinos originating from different stages
in a GRB event. First, \citet{wax00} and \citet{dai01} proposed
$\epsilon_\nu>10^3\,{\rm TeV}$ neutrinos from an external reverse
shock. Similarly, neutrinos from an external forward shock have
been discussed \citep{li02, der03, raz13}. Second, the prompt
photon emission from GRBs can be correlated to the production of
neutrinos, since protons are also believed to be accelerated in
relativistic internal shocks \citep{vie95, wax97, wax99,
mes00, gue04}. \citet{mur06} obtained a diffuse neutrino background
spectrum from GRBs for specific parameter sets in the internal shock
model. Alternatively, the neutrino emission might arise in a
dissipative jet photosphere \citep{ree05, mur08, wan09, gao12}.
Third, neutrinos could also be produced while the
jet is still propagating in the envelope. Generally, these neutrinos
appear as a precursor burst. \citet{mes01} predicted a neutrino
precursor of $ \epsilon_\nu \geq 5\,{\rm TeV}$, which is produced by
internal shocks at radius $r_{\rm IS} \approx 10^{10}-10^{11}\,{\rm
cm}$. \citet{enb09} presented a new analysis of the neutrino flux of
these internal shocks for two types of source environments: the slow-jet
supernova (SJS) model and the GRB model. Still further,
\citet{mur13} studied high energy neutrino production in collimated
jets inside progenitors of gamma-ray bursts and supernovae,
considering both collimation and internal shocks. \citet{pru03}
discussed the neutrinos produced by inelastic neutron-nucleon
collisions of a relativistic jet propagating through a stellar
envelope. \citet{raz03} dealt with the high energy neutrino
signature in a supernova remnant shell ejected prior to a gamma-ray
burst and then \citet{and05} extended their model and significantly
improved the detection prospects. \citet{hor08} proposed that a
reverse shock at the jet head probably will accelerate protons when
crossing the jet material, and they calculated in detail the
cumulative neutrino event number that may be observed by a ${\rm
km}^2$ scale detector like IceCube.

The jet propagation dynamics has been studied. Assuming a constant
jet velocity, \citet{beg89} discussed the propagation of a galactic
jet in the intergalactic medium. \citet{mes01} analyzed the
propagation in the envelope of a red supergiant star, ignoring the
surrounding cocoon. \citet{mat03} studied the jet-cocoon structure
and jet head velocity that is constrained by ram pressure
balance, but they did not consider the collimation by cocoon
pressure. \citet{laz05} took into account the collimation effect and
meanwhile they assumed that the jet expands adiabatically.
\citet{bro11} considered a collimated shock that forms at the base
of the jet and dissipates parts of the jet's energy to
counterbalance the cocoon's pressure. They figured out the geometry
of a collimated shock, and thus further obtained the requirement for
jet collimation. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that various
numerical simulations of jet propagation in the envelope already
have been performed \citep{zha03, mor07, miz09, miz13}.

In our paper we try to calculate the flux of high energy neutrinos
from the shocks formed at the jet head for low-luminosity GRBs (LL-GRBs)
and ultra-long GRBs (UL-GRBs), when the jet is still propagating
inside the envelope. Most importantly, we take into account the jet
collimation which could largely affect the final neutrino flux
but was ignored in the previous studies. For simplicity, we only
account for jet propagation in the helium core because collimation
mainly happens there. We assume a power law envelope density profile
$\rho(r) =A r^{-\alpha}$, where $A=(3-\alpha)M_{\rm He}/(4\pi r_{\rm
He}^{3-\alpha})$ and $2\leq \alpha < 3$ with $M_{\rm He}$ and
$r_{\rm He}$ being the mass and radius of the helium envelope. We
employ the analytical solutions described in \citet{bro11} to
further calculate the neutrino flux in different collimation
regimes and at last we discuss its dependence on the index $\alpha$,
providing an alternative way to probe the GRB progenitor
through neutrino precursor signal in the future.

This paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we discuss the jet
propagation dynamics. In section 3 we perform detailed calculations
of neutrino flux in each regime and a comparison between
different regimes. Dependence on $\alpha$ is considered in section
4. We make a comparison with previous works in Section 5 and finally
we finish with discussions and conclusions in section 6.

\section{Jet Propagation Dynamics}

According to \cite{mat03}, the head velocity is constrained by ram
pressure balance,
$$\rho_jh_j\Gamma_j^2\Gamma_h^2(\beta_j-\beta_h)^2+P_j=\rho_ah_a\Gamma_h^2\beta_h^2+P_a, \eqno (1)$$
where $\rho, P, \beta, \Gamma$ and $h\equiv1+4P/\rho c^2$ are the
density, pressure, velocity, Lorentz factor and dimensionless
specific enthalpy, and the subscripts $j$ and $a$ refer to jet and
ambient material. Then the jet head velocity is
$$\beta_h=\frac{\beta_j}{1+\tilde{L}^{-1/2}},\eqno (2)$$
with
$$\tilde{L}\equiv\frac{\rho_jh_j\Gamma_j^2}{\rho_a}\simeq\frac{L_j}{\Sigma_j\rho_ac^3}, \eqno (3)$$
where $L_j$ is the jet luminosity and $\Sigma_j=\pi r_j^2$ is the jet's cross section.
\par
The parameter $\tilde{L}$ is crucial for determining collimation
regimes \citep[see][Table 1]{bro11}. While $\tilde{L} \lesssim
\theta_0^{-4/3}$ the jet is strongly collimated by the cocoon
pressure, where $\theta_0$ is the jet opening angle. \cite{bro11}
would further divide it into two situations: $\tilde{L} \ll 1 $ and
$1\ll \tilde{L} \lesssim \theta_0^{-4/3}$. The
uncollimated regime corresponds to $\tilde{L} > \theta_0^{-4/3}$, accordingly.

The internal energy and particle number density of the shocked and
unshocked regions are correlated by \citep{bla76, sar95}
$$\frac{e_f}{n_fm_pc^2}=\Gamma_h-1,     \quad     \frac{n_f}{n_a}=4\Gamma_h+3,$$
$$\frac{e_r}{n_rm_pc^2}=\bar{\Gamma}_h-1,  \quad   \frac{n_r}{n_j}=4\bar{\Gamma}_h+3, \eqno
(4)$$ where the subscripts $f$ and $r$ represent regions that have
been crossed by the forward shock and reverse shock. $\Gamma_h$ is
the Lorentz factor of the head and $\bar{\Gamma}_h$ is the Lorentz
factor of the unshocked jet measured in the jet head frame,
$$\bar{\Gamma}_h=\Gamma_j\Gamma_h(1-\beta_j\beta_h). \eqno (5)$$
Moreover, the density of the unshocked jet materials $\rho_j$ is
determined by
$$ L_j=\Gamma_j^2\pi r_j^2\rho_jc^3. \eqno (6)$$
Based on the above equations, we can carry on our calculation.

\section{Theoretical Calculation of Neutrino Flux}

In this section, we take $\alpha=2$ as our premise, and discuss
the dependence on $\alpha$ later in section 4.
\par
The most promising acceleration process in a GRB is Fermi
acceleration mechanism. But now there are noteworthy arguments
that once the the jet bulk kinetic energy is dissipated
at the collimation shock, the collimated jet would become
radiation dominated and then the reverse shock occurring
at the interface of the jet head and collimated jet would
also be radiation mediated. At such shocks, photons produced
in the downstream diffuse into the upstream and interact with
electrons or pairs. There would not be a strong shock jump
any more and Fermi acceleration no longer works \citep{lev08, kat10, mur13}.
However, this case is changed for LL-GRBs \citep{sod06, tom07, lia07, mur13}
and UL-GRBs \citep{lev13, gen13, mur13}. Because of low power or large radii,
the Thomson optical depth is low even inside a star \citep{mur13}
so that efficient Fermi acceleration would be expected. We consider
LL-GRBs and UL-GRBs separately and they fall into different
collimation regimes, which will be talked about later.
\par
Due to the first order Fermi acceleration, the accelerated proton
spectrum is \citep{ach01, kes05, hor08}:
$$\frac{{\rm d}n_p}{{\rm d} \epsilon_p} \propto \epsilon_p^{-p}, \eqno (7)$$
where $\epsilon_p$ and $n_p$ are the proton energy
and number density. We optimistically take $p=2$ in our
calculation. The minimum proton energy $\epsilon_{p,\min}\sim
\Gamma_jm_pc^2$ and maximum energy $\epsilon_{p,\max}$ is determined
by the balance between proton acceleration and cooling process.

\subsection{$\tilde{L} \ll 1 $}
In this regime, the jet head moves forward with a non-relativistic
velocity, $\Gamma_h\simeq 1$.  The unshocked jet's Lorentz factor in
the head frame is $\bar{\Gamma}_h=\Gamma_j$. We can easily see that
the reverse shock is strong while the forward shock is so weak that
we need not consider. The internal energy of the shocked jet is
$e_r\simeq (\Gamma_j-1)(4\Gamma_j+3)\rho_jc^2$. In addition, we
deduce some crucial terms below analytically \citep[see][Appendix
B]{bro11}.
$$\tilde{L}=\left(\frac{16}{\pi}\right)^{2/3}L_j^{2/3}A^{-2/3}\theta_0^{-8/3}c^{-2},$$
$$\theta_j=2^{-4/3}\pi^{-1/6}L_j^{1/6}A^{-1/6}\theta_0^{8/15}c^{-1/2},$$
$$\rho_j=2^{8/3}\pi^{-2/3}\Gamma_j^{-2}L_j^{2/3}A^{1/3}r^{-2}\theta_0^{-16/15}c^{-2}, \eqno (8)$$
where $\theta_0$ is the initial jet opening angle and $\theta_j$ is the
opening angle after collimation. Fortunately, $\tilde{L}, \theta_j$
do not vary with radius when and only when $\alpha=2$.
\par
The internal energy
$$e_r=2^{8/3}\pi^{-2/3}\frac{(4\Gamma_j+3)(\Gamma_j-1)}{\Gamma_j^2}L_j^{2/3}A^{1/3}r^{-2}\theta_0^{-16/15}. \eqno
(9)$$
We assume the energy equipartition factor
$\varepsilon_e=\varepsilon_B=0.1$ and thus we can get the comoving
magnetic field by
$$\frac{B^2}{8\pi}=\varepsilon_Be_r,$$
$$B=2^{17/6}\pi^{1/6}\sqrt{\varepsilon_B\frac{(4\Gamma_j+3)(\Gamma_j-1)}{\Gamma_j^2}}L_j^{1/3}A^{1/6}r^{-1}\theta_0^{-8/15}. \eqno
(10)$$ Because of the large opacity of the envelope, the radiation of relativistic electrons will be thermalized, with a typical black body temperature
$$\frac{8\pi^5(kT)^4}{15(hc)^3}=\varepsilon_ee_r,$$
$$kT=2^{2/3}\pi^{-1/6}[\frac{15\varepsilon_e(hc)^3}{8\pi^5}\frac{(4\Gamma_j+3)(\Gamma_j-1)}
{\Gamma_j^2}]^{1/4}L_j^{1/6}A^{1/12}r^{-1/2}\theta_0^{-4/15}.\eqno (11)$$
The average number density of thermal photons is
$$n_\gamma=19.232\pi\times\frac{1}{(hc)^3}\times(kT)^3. \eqno (12)$$

\par
Furthermore, in order to get the numerical values, we adopt the typical
values of LL-GRBs, $L_{\rm iso}=10^{46}{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}$, $\theta_0=0.02$, which suggests $L_j=10^{42}{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}$. So the Lorentz factor of collimated jet is $\Gamma_j\sim 1/\theta_0\sim50$\citep{miz13}. According to \citet{heg00} and \citet{woo06}, we assume a typical progenitor with a helium core of mass $\sim 2M_\odot$ and radius $r_{\rm He}=4\times10^{11}\,$cm
so that the ambient envelope density can be expressed as $
\rho_a(r)=7.96\times 10^{20}r^{-2}\;{\rm g\,cm}^{-3}$. From equation (8) we get $\tilde{L}\simeq 0.013 \;,\;\rho_j=4.95\times 10^{-11}\;{\rm g\,cm}^{-3}$ so that this LL-GRB meets the requirement $\tilde{L} \ll 1 $. Moreover, Fermi acceleration is efficient because the Thomson optical depth is $\tau_T=n\sigma_T l= \frac{\rho_j}{m_p}\sigma_T\frac{r_{\rm He}}{\Gamma_j} \simeq0.158(\frac{L_j}{10^{42}{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}})^{\frac{2}{3}}(\frac{\theta_0}{0.02})^{\frac{29}{15}}(\frac{M_{\rm He}}{2M_\odot})^{\frac{1}{3}}(\frac{r_{\rm He}}{4\times10^{11}\rm cm})^{-\frac{4}{3}} \sim 0.1C^{-1}\bar{\Gamma}_h < 1$, where $C=1+2\ln\bar{\Gamma}_h^2$ is the possible effect by pair production \citep{mur13, bud10, nak12}. Now we can get $B=3.33\times10^7$G,
$kT=0.76\,{\rm keV}$, $n_\gamma=1.36\times10^{22}{\rm cm}^{-3}$.
Remember that this is measured in the rest frame of the jet head.
\par
A high energy proton loses its energy through radiative and hadronic
process.  The radiative cooling includes synchrotron and inverse
Compton scattering, with typical cooling timescales \citep{hor08}:
$$t_{\rm sync}=\frac{6\pi m_p^4c^3}{\sigma_Tm_e^2B^2\epsilon_p},$$
$$t_{\rm IC,Th}=\frac{3m_p^4c^3}{4\sigma_Tm_e^2\epsilon_\gamma n_\gamma \epsilon_p},$$
$$t_{\rm IC,KN}=\frac{3\epsilon_\gamma\epsilon_p}{4\sigma_Tm_e^2c^5n_\gamma}, \eqno (13)$$
where the subscripts ${\rm Th, KN}$ represent the Thomson limit and
Klein-Nishina limit of inverse Compton scattering, $\sigma_T$ is the
Thomson cross section and average photon energy
$\bar{\epsilon}_\gamma=2.7kT$. If the proton energy $\epsilon_p$ is in
units of GeV, the numerical values of the timescales given above are
$$t_{\rm sync}=t_{\rm IC,Th}=4.07\times10^{3}\frac{1}{\epsilon_p}\;{\rm s},\;\;\;t_{\rm IC,KN}=2.16\times10^{-8}\epsilon_p\;{\rm s}.$$
Hadronic cooling mechanisms mainly contain proton-proton collision,
the Bethe-Heitler interaction and photopion production
in the following ways respectively,
$$p+p\longrightarrow\pi^{\pm}, K^{\pm}\longrightarrow\mu^{\pm}+\nu_\mu(\bar{\nu}_\mu),$$
$$p+\gamma\longrightarrow p+e^{\pm},$$
$$p+\gamma\longrightarrow p+\pi^{0}\quad {\rm or} \quad p+\gamma\longrightarrow n+\pi^+.$$
We can expect muon neutrinos to be produced in pp and photopion
process, via charged pion or kaon decay. Here we do not consider the
secondary electron neutrino production.
\par
The cooling timescale of pp collision is
$$t_{pp}=\frac{\epsilon_p}{c\sigma_{pp}n_p\Delta{\epsilon_p}}.\eqno (14)$$
We estimate the proton number density in the shocked jet as
$n_p=(4\Gamma_j+3)\rho_j/m_p\sim 6.02\times 10^{15}{\rm cm}^{-3}$.
Assuming in each collision a fraction 20\% of the proton energy is lost and
$\sigma_{pp}=5\times 10^{-26}{\rm cm}^2$ \citep{eid04}, we can get
$t_{pp}=0.55\,{\rm s}$.
\par
At relative higher energy, the protons start to cool through the
Bethe-Heiter interaction,  for which the energy loss every times is
$\Delta{\epsilon_p}=2m_ec^2\gamma_{\rm c.m.}$, where $\gamma_{\rm
c.m.}$ is the Lorentz factor of the center of inertia in the
comoving frame and can be expressed as $\gamma_{\rm
c.m.}=(\epsilon_p+\epsilon_\gamma)/(m_p^2c^4+2\epsilon_p\epsilon_\gamma)^{1/2}$.
The BH cross section is given by $\sigma_{\rm BH}=(28/9)\alpha
r_e^2\ln[(2\epsilon_p\epsilon_\gamma)/(m_pm_ec^4)-106/9]$, so the BH
cooling time is \citep{raz04, hor08}
$$t_{\rm BH}=\frac{\epsilon_p}{2n_\gamma c\sigma_{\rm BH}m_ec^2\gamma_{\rm c.m.}}. \eqno (15)$$
\par
The photopion production dominates the cooling even at higher
energy.  We adopt the photopion cross section described in
\citet{ste68} and \citet{asa05} as a broken power law:
$\sigma(\chi)=5\times10^{-28}(\chi/590)^{3.2}{\rm cm}^2$ for
$290<\chi<590$ and
$\sigma(\chi)=5\times10^{-28}(\chi/590)^{-0.7}{\rm cm}^2$ for
$590<\chi<9800$, where $\chi m_ec^2$ is the photon energy in the
proton rest frame. Thus the cooling timescale is
$$t_{p\gamma}=\frac{\epsilon_p}{c\sigma_{p\gamma}n_\gamma\Delta{\epsilon_p}}, \eqno (16)$$
where the conventional inelasticity
$K=\Delta{\epsilon_p}/\epsilon_p=[1-(m_p^2-m_\pi^2)/s]/2$ and $s$ is
the invariant mass of the system.
\par
The timescale of the first order Fermi acceleration is $t_{\rm
acc}=\theta_F\epsilon_p/(eBc)$. If the diffusion
coefficient is assumed to be proportional to the Bohm diffusion coefficient and
$\theta_F$ is taken to be the common value
$\theta_F=10$ \citep{raz04, ando05, hor08}, then $t_{\rm acc}\sim
3.32\times10^{-11}\epsilon_p\,{\rm s}$.
\par
We now can plot the inverse of all these timescales as functions of
proton energy in Figure~\ref{Figure 1}. The maximum proton energy
can be obtained by $t_{\rm sync}=t_{\rm acc}$, so
$\epsilon_{p,\max}\simeq 1.11\times 10^7{\rm GeV}$. Hence we expect the maximum neutrino energy produced by this LL-GRB as $\epsilon_{\nu,\max}\simeq \frac{1}{10}\epsilon_{p,\max}\simeq 1.11{\rm PeV}$.
\par
We can define two threshold proton energies $\epsilon_{p,\rm
th}^{({\rm BH})}$ and  $\epsilon_{p,\rm th}^{(p\gamma)}$,
corresponding to $t_{pp}=t_{\rm BH}$ and $t_{\rm BH}=t_{p\gamma}$
respectively \citep{hor08}. We know that the proton-proton collision and
photopion process will produce muon neutrinos while the Bethe-Heitler
interaction does not. Hence, if the proton energy $\epsilon_p$ falls
into the range $\epsilon_{p,\rm th}^{({\rm
BH})}<\epsilon_p<\epsilon_{p,\rm th}^{(p\gamma)}$, the BH
interaction dominates and has a strong suppression on the final
neutrino spectrum. This suppression factor can be written as
$\zeta_{\rm BH}$,
\begin{equation*}
\zeta_{\rm BH}=\begin{cases}
\frac{t_{\rm BH}}{t_{pp}+t_{\rm BH}} & \text {if} \quad \epsilon_p<\epsilon_{p,\rm th}^{(p\gamma)},  \\
\frac{t_{\rm BH}}{t_{\rm BH}+t_{p\gamma}} & \text {if} \quad
\epsilon_p>\epsilon_{p,\rm th}^{(p\gamma)}.
\end{cases}
\eqno (17)
\end{equation*}

\par
Further on, the cooling of a meson also needs to be considered. It is
similar to  protons that the radiative and the hadronic cooling
times are
$$t_{\rm rad}=\frac{3m_\pi^4c^3}{4\sigma_Tm_e^2\epsilon(U_\gamma+U_B)},$$
$$t_{\rm had}=\epsilon/(c\sigma n_p \Delta{\epsilon}), \eqno (18)$$
where $\epsilon$ is in units of GeV, the numerical values are $t_{\pi,
\rm rad}=1.0\frac{1}{\epsilon_\pi}\,{\rm s}$, $t_{K,
\rm rad}=1.56\times10^2\frac{1}{\epsilon_K}\,{\rm s}$,  $t_{\pi,
\rm had}=t_{K,\rm had}=0.14\,{\rm s}$. Same as
\citet{hor08}, for our jet parameters, the meson goes from decay dominated to radiation cooling dominated. We can define the break energy for neutrinos,
$\epsilon_{\nu,\rm brk}$ satisfies $\gamma\tau\sim t_{\rm
rad}$, and thus the suppression factor due to meson cooling
is expressed as
\begin{equation*}
\zeta(\epsilon_\nu)=\begin{cases}
1 & \text {if} \quad \epsilon_\nu < \epsilon_{\nu,brk},  \\
\epsilon_{\nu,\rm brk}^{2}/\epsilon_\nu^2 & \text{if} \quad \epsilon_\nu \geq
\epsilon_{\nu,\rm brk}.
\end{cases}
\eqno (19)
\end{equation*}
\par
With the cooling suppression effect of both protons and mesons, we
obtain the final neutrino flux \citep{tot03, hor08}
$$F_\nu=\frac{\langle n \rangle B_\nu}{\kappa}\frac{L_{\rm iso}}{4\pi D_L^2
\ln(\epsilon_{p,\max}/\epsilon_{p,\min})}\frac{\zeta_{\rm
BH}(\epsilon_\nu)\zeta(\epsilon_\nu)}{\epsilon_\nu^2}, \eqno (20)$$
where $\langle n \rangle$ is the meson multiplicity (1 for pions and
0.1 for kaons),  $B_\nu$ is the branching ratio of meson decay into
neutrinos (1 for pions and 0.6 for kaons), and $\kappa^{-1}$ is the
fraction of the primary proton energy carried by neutrinos,
regardless of energy loss (1/8 for pions and 1/4 for kaons). The factor $\ln(\epsilon_{p,\max}/\epsilon_{p,\min})$ normalizes the proton spectrum to the jet power. In this paper, we just assume that the highly efficient acceleration occurs and take the acceleration
efficiency $\zeta_p\simeq 1$ so that $\epsilon_{acc}=\zeta_p(1-\epsilon_e-\epsilon_B)=0.8\sim 1$. This is consistent with the fiducial value of baryon loading parameter $\xi_{acc}\simeq \epsilon_{acc}/\epsilon_e\simeq 10$ according to \citet{mur07}.
\par
So we plot in Figure~\ref{Figure 2} the flux of
neutrinos for the LL-GRB jet mentioned above, with luminosity
$L_j=10^{42}{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}$, initial opening angle $\theta_0=0.02$. We assume that this LL-GRB is at a rather close
distance $D_L=10\,{\rm Mpc}$. We can see that at low energy end, $\epsilon_\nu^2F_\nu\sim {\rm const}$ suggests a power law neutrino spectrum. The neutrino
number from kaon decay is one or two orders of magnitude more than
that from pions at high energy end. It is mainly because kaons are heavier and
experience less energy loss\citep{hor08}.  A sharp jump is obvious in the spectrum
due to the transition of dominance from the BH interaction to photopion
process in proton cooling mechanisms thus prominently more neutrinos are produced, that is to say, it is caused by
$\zeta_{\rm BH}(\epsilon_\nu)$.
\par
We now can simply estimate the neutrino events for this LL-GRB in IceCube. We use the following fitting formula of the probability of detecting muon neutrinos \citep{mur06,ice11}.
$$P(E_\nu)=7\times10^5(\frac{E_\nu}{10^{4.5}\rm GeV})^\beta $$
where $\beta=1.35$ for $E_\nu < 10^{4.5}\rm GeV$, while $\beta=0.55$ for $E_\nu > 10^{4.5}\rm GeV$. The number of muon neutrinos from a burst are given by
$$ N(>E_{\nu,3})=A_{det}\int_{\rm TeV}^{\epsilon_{\nu,\max}}dE_\nu P(E_\nu)\frac{dN_\nu(E_\nu)}{dE_\nu dA}$$
Using a geometrical detector area of $ A_{det} = 1{\rm km}^2$, the expected neutrino number is $N\simeq 4.2\times10^{-3}$ for above LL-GRB with a neutrino emission duration of $T_{dur}\simeq r_{\rm He}/\beta_hc\simeq117\rm s$. Thus it is not easy to be detected now.

\par
\subsection{$1\ll \tilde{L} \lesssim \theta_0^{-4/3}$}

In this case, the jet is still collimated but the head velocity will
become subrelativistic. Similar to the above discussions, we deduce
some crucial terms below,
$$\beta_h \simeq 1,$$
$$\tilde{L}=4(2\pi)^{-2/5}L_j^{2/5}A^{-2/5}\theta_0^{-8/5}c^{-6/5},$$
$$\Gamma_h=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}\tilde{L}^{1/4}=(2\pi)^{-1/10}L_j^{1/10}A^{-1/10}\theta_0^{-2/5}c^{-3/10},$$
$$\bar{\Gamma}_h=\Gamma_j\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}\tilde{L}^{-1/4}=2^{-9/10}\pi^{1/10}\Gamma_jL_j^{-1/10}A^{1/10}\theta_0^{2/5}c^{3/10},$$
$$\theta_j=2^{-4/5}\pi^{-3/10}L_j^{3/10}A^{-3/10}\theta_0^{4/5}c^{-9/10},$$
$$\rho_j=2^{8/5}\pi^{-2/5}L_j^{2/5}\Gamma_j^{-2}A^{3/5}r^{-2}\theta_0^{-8/5}c^{-6/5}. \eqno (21)$$
The internal energy of the shocked ambient medium by FS and the
shocked jet by RS are
$$e_f=(4\Gamma_h+3)(\Gamma_h-1)\rho_ac^2,\quad \quad e_r=(4\bar{\Gamma}_h+3)(\bar{\Gamma}_h-1)\rho_jc^2. \eqno (22)$$
\par
The protons will be accelerated simultaneously by FS and RS, but the forward shock's contribution is negligible for the reason that the FS would be radiation mediated, and the shock acceleration would be inefficient. In this case, we choose an ultra-long GRB with $L_{\rm iso}=10^{49}{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}$ and $\theta_0=0.01$, which suggests $L_j=2.5\times10^{44}{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}$ The extreme long duration $\sim 10^4$s suggests a progenitor like a blue supergiant (BSG) of radii up to $\sim 10^{13}{\rm cm}$. We assume this BSG with a helium core of mass $\sim 2M_\odot$ and radius $r_{\rm He}=5\times10^{13}\,$cm so that the envelope density can be expressed as $
\rho_a(r)=6.37\times 10^{18}r^{-2}\;{\rm g\,cm}^{-3}$. The assumed radius may be relatively larger than that of typical BSG, but we choose this value in order to realize efficient Fermi acceleration here. These parameters are possible according to \citet{woo12} and then we focus on the neutrino emission of this single UL-GRB. From equation (21) we get $\tilde{L}\simeq 14.06 \;,\;\rho_j=3.58\times 10^{-12}\;{\rm g\,cm}^{-3}\;,\;\Gamma_h\simeq1.37\;,\;\bar{\Gamma}_h\simeq36.5 $ thus this UL-GRB satisfies $1\ll \tilde{L} \lesssim \theta_0^{-4/3}$. The Thomson optical depth is $\tau_T=n\sigma_T l=\frac{\rho_j}{m_p}\sigma_T\frac{r_{\rm He}}{\Gamma_j} \simeq0.71(\frac{L_j}{2.5\times10^{44}{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}})^{\frac{2}{5}}(\frac{\theta_0}{0.01})^{\frac{7}{5}}(\frac{M_{\rm He}}{2M_\odot})^{\frac{3}{5}}(\frac{r_{\rm He}}{5\times10^{13}\rm cm})^{-\frac{8}{5}} \sim 0.1C^{-1}\bar{\Gamma}_h < 1$ so Fermi acceleration for RS is efficient. In line with the observation now (see \citet{gen13} ), we assume this UL-GRB at a relatively close distance $D_L=500\rm Mpc$. We calculate the neutrino flux for RS then we plot it in Figure~\ref{Figure 3}. The maximum proton energy $\epsilon_{p,\max}$ can be obtained by $t_{\rm sync}=t_{\rm acc}$, and the maximum neutrino energy produced by this UL-GRB is $\epsilon_{\nu,\max}\simeq\Gamma_h\frac{1}{10}\epsilon_{p,\max}\simeq 3.42{\rm PeV}$. Also, Greater total neutrino fluence is exhibited in this UL-GRB case. Same as before, the expected neutrino number in IceCube for this UL-GRB is $N\simeq8.3\times10^{-2}$, with a neutrino emission duration of $T_{dur}\simeq r_{\rm He}/\beta_hc\simeq2438 \rm s$.

\subsection{$\tilde{L} > \theta_0^{-4/3}$}
This case corresponds to the uncollimated regime. That is, the
collimation  effect is weak and to a good approximation the jet
remains conical. The head will move forward with an relativistic
velocity, $\beta_h=1$. In this case, we have
$$\tilde{L}=\frac{L_j}{\pi A\theta_0^2c^3},$$
$$\Gamma_h=2^{-1/2}\pi^{-1/4}L_j^{1/4}A^{-1/4}\theta_0^{-1/2}c^{-3/4},$$
$$\bar{\Gamma}_h=\Gamma_j\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}\tilde{L}^{-1/4},$$
$$\theta_j=\theta_0,$$
$$\rho_j=\pi^{-1}L_j\Gamma_j^{-2}r^{-2}\theta_0^{-2}c^{-3}. \eqno (23)$$
\par
Unfortunately, this situation is not suitable for high energy
neutrino  production. The reason is that, to meet the requirement
$\tilde{L} > \theta_0^{-4/3}$, we need $L_j=10^{53}{\rm erg\,
s}^{-1}$ for $\theta_0=0.1$ in the helium core we previously
assumed. Leaving aside the existence of such a powerful jet, the Fermi acceleration is no longer efficient and
meson cooling in this jet is so severe that there will be hardly any
high energy neutrinos. Hence we do not need to carry on.

\section{Dependence on $\alpha$}
It is reasonable to argue that the final neutrino flux depends on the density
profile of progenitor envelope. Apparently, with the same assumed envelope mass and radius, different values of the power law index lead to different ambient envelope density, which directly influence the cocoon pressure and the collimation of the jet\citep{bro11}. Moreover, changing the power law index does affect the jet dynamics and result in different dependency on radius (we will see later). These two reasons cause the revision of collimation effect on the final neutrino spectrum being different. For the sake, we would like to study the influence of the different values of the power law index of the density profile. Here we display one situation (UL-GRB) for simplicity and clearness. We
still use the progenitor envelope properties of a helium core of mass $\sim
2M_\odot$ and radius $r_{\rm He}=5\times10^{13}{\rm cm}$, but with
$\alpha=2.5,\; 2.7$. Respectively, we can write them as
$\rho_a(r)=2.25\times10^{25}r^{-2.5}{\rm g\,cm}^{-3}$ and
$\rho_a(r)=7.42\times10^{27}r^{-2.7}{\rm g\,cm}^{-3}$. Surely, we
could repeat all those calculations above for $\alpha=2.5,\;2.7$.
\par
For a successful jet in the condition $1\ll \tilde{L} \lesssim
\theta_0^{-4/3}$, we show the crucial, analytical quantities for
$\alpha=2.5$,
$$\tilde{L}\simeq2.85L_j^{2/5}A^{-2/5}r^{1/5}\theta_0^{-8/5}c^{-6/5},$$
$$\theta_j\simeq0.334L_j^{3/10}A^{-3/10}r^{3/20}\theta_0^{4/5}c^{-9/10},$$
$$\rho_j\simeq2.85L_j^{2/5}\Gamma_j^{-2}A^{3/5}r^{-23/10}\theta_0^{-8/5}c^{-6/5}, \eqno (24)$$
and for $\alpha=2.7$,
$$\tilde{L}\simeq3.66L_j^{2/5}A^{-2/5}r^{7/25}\theta_0^{-8/5}c^{-6/5},$$
$$\theta_j\simeq0.295L_j^{3/10}A^{-3/10}r^{21/100}\theta_0^{4/5}c^{-9/10},$$
$$\rho_j\simeq3.66L_j^{2/5}\Gamma_j^{-2}A^{3/5}r^{-121/50}\theta_0^{-8/5}c^{-6/5}. \eqno (25)$$
In all of three cases $\alpha=2,\;2.5,\;2.7$, we only consider the reverse shock's contribution to the final high energy neutrino flux and we plot it in Figure~\ref{Figure 4}. Same as before, we could get the maximum neutrino energy and it is $3.42{\rm PeV},\; 4.42{\rm PeV},\; 5.31{\rm PeV}$ respectively. Once we could correlate an observed high energy ($\sim \rm PeV$) neutrino precursor with a GRB in the future, we can constrain the envelope property of progenitor by maximum neutrino energy.
\par
We can see in this figure that $\alpha$ has a visible influence on the total neutrino flux, though not so prominent. Differences occur mostly at the high energy end. Also, the energy at which the neutrino spectrum peaks and the maximum neutrino energy in these three cases are a bit different. For a steeper envelope density profile, the density of the jet material and the
outer envelope at which neutrino production begins is generally
smaller. Hence, the steepest $\alpha=2.7$ case encounters the least cooling impact at high energy end thus leading to a highest maximum neutrino energy and a greatest neutrino flux. Anyway, we can make this dependency more striking, for example, by choosing $\alpha=2.9$. This could result in several times distinction compared to $\alpha=2$ case at high energy end. However, given the energy resolution of IceCube now, these differences are so small that we can hardly distinguish. Here we just provide an alternative way to probe the stellar structure and wish to do this if we could realize better energy resolution in the future.

\section{Comparison with Previous Works}
The main calculation of our paper is based on the jet propagation
dynamics developed by \citet{bro11}, and we further consider the
neutrino emission during the jet propagation process. This neutrino emission
serves as a precursor signal prior to GRB prompt emission. We differ from
\citet{mes01, enb09, mur13} at the point that we deal with the high energy
neutrino emission produced by shocks formed at the jet head, while
they focused on internal shocks. We have similar handle on the calculation
with \citet{hor08} but our result may be very different from theirs,
because they adopted a progenitor model from \citet{heg00} with a simplified
dynamics in which the jet opening angle remains constant and thus just
ignored the collimation effect, which should play an important role.
Collimation depends on the jet luminosity $L_j$, initial
opening angle $\theta_0$ and the progenitor density profile.
We calculate in detail the high energy neutrino flux in each
collimation regime, and choose the promising LL-GRBs and UL-GRBs as high energy neutrino sources, leading to a more likely result. And what is more,
we discuss the dependence of maximum neutrino energy and high energy neutrino flux on the
progenitor density profile.

\section{Discussions and Conclusions}
High energy neutrinos can be produced while the jet is still
propagating  in the envelope. These neutrinos appear as a precursor
signal, with energy ranges from GeV to PeV. Analytically, we
calculate this neutrino flux. To handle this, we first need to
determine whether the jet is in collimation regime. Collimation has
a crucial effect on jet propagation dynamics. We adopt the previous
propagation framework developed by \citet{bro11}.  We assume separated cases (LL-GRBs and UL-GRBs) in which Fermi first order acceleration works and they fall into different collimation regimes. With a power law spectrum of accelerated protons with $p=2$, then we calculate the neutrino flux in various situations.
\par
At low energy end, we always get $\epsilon_\nu^2F_\nu\sim {\rm const}$ and this suggests a power law neutrino spectrum. Neutrinos are mainly produced by proton-proton collision. As the neutrino energy goes higher, a sharp jump is obvious in the spectrum because of photopion process starting to dominate thus more neutrinos are expected. Moreover, the neutrino flux from kaon
decay is almost two orders of magnitude more than that from pions at high energy
end. It is mainly because kaons are heavier and experience less energy loss.
\par
In our expectation, the final neutrino flux will depend on the density
profile parameter $\alpha$. We take $\alpha=2,\;2.5,\;2.7$ to
verify this dependence. We get a good result in Figure~\ref{Figure
4}, which shows that the dependence is existing. Besides, the maximum neutrino energy for three cases is $3.42{\rm PeV},\; 4.42{\rm PeV},\; 5.31{\rm PeV}$ respectively. At a given radius,
the density of the jet material is lower for a steeper envelope
density profile. There is less cooling impact so that a higher maximum neutrino energy and a greater high energy neutrino flux is expected.
\par
In this paper, we only calculate the high energy neutrino flux
of one GRB for given parameters, but it is not easy to be detected
by the current instruments. We wish to obtain a diffuse GRB
neutrino background which can be correlated with current
observations in our future work.

\acknowledgments
We thank an anonymous referee for valuable suggestions that have allowed us
to improve this manuscript. This work is supported by the National Basic
Research Program of China (973 Program, grant 2014CB845800) and the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 11033002).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Bespoke Fabric Project for VIVIANO Vol.2
Here is an update about the VIVIANO×KIRYU textile collaboration project. We can now follow the development of each fabric.
MITASHO created a dogtooth Jacquard for VIVIANO. Based on the original sample of black and ecru dogtooth, VIVIANO's version came out in black and bright yellow.
The colour was changed from the original sample.
Mita, the director from MITASHO explained, "The warp is made of micro polyester, the wefts are loose-spun wool and cupro. Weaving two very different wefts together, chunky wool and thin cupro, is always challenging for us, as it requires a special loom and careful manual adjustments."
A milling finish was added to the fabric. It is a process to give a designed shrinkage to wool fabrics by washing them in hot water. "The finished fabric width shrunk to 94cm from the original 130 cm. The wool weft shrinks much more than the two other materials used, polyester and cupro, and this difference creates an interesting volume and texture." The finished fabric width was also discussed with the designer beforehand. With the shrinkage rate taken into the calculation, the milling process was only completed successfully by a keen eye and specialist knowledge, using exactly the right volume of water, the right temperature, and accurate timing.
Milling in progress
The designer was more than happy when the finished piece arrived. "This is just what I wanted. Absolutely divine ! " he said. Due to the pandemic regulations, he only managed to check the finishing process remotely, but that does not seem to have diminished his satisfaction.
Viviano Sue on a remote meeting with MITASHO director.
VIVIANO "The fabric is super lightweight. Did this come from milling?"
MITA "Yes, this fabric is woven with lower density to be milled into shrinkage."
VIVIANO "Woolen overcoats can feel heavy on the shoulders, but this fabric would make thick and light ones. Also the fluffy texture makes it look warm."
MITA "Actually it holds warmth very well, as it is a double-weave fabric, and also contains the loose-spun, warm yarn."
VIVIANO "It is so gorgeous that I would love to make 3 or 4 patterns with this: overcoat, vest, skirt, and probably…jumpsuit !"
On the same day, another collaborative fabric with TSUKUHIRO was also handed to the designer. It was a Jacquard with a plant pattern, again in yellow.
Tsukui, the TUKUHIRO director said, "The designer requested a detailed pattern repeat; 40 cm with the plant pattern, 50 cm of plain weave. The materials used are nylon on the warp, cupro and poly-wool on the weft, in two different shades of yellow. The plant pattern is based on the original blue and yellow sample piece we have shown to the designer."
The original plant pattern sample on the top. VIVIANO's colour variant on the bottom.
As the designer mentioned in the last report, this VIVIANO Jacquard is finished without clipping the excess weft.
"That is a striking feature of this fabric. I had never thought of this myself as Kiryu Jacquard is renowned for it's clipping! This novel attempt will be very creative, I think", Tsukui said.
VIVIANO's fabric was, unusually, finished only with a minimal process of smoothing it. This almost 'freshly woven' Jacquard is full of potential, Tukui remarked with much expectation, wondering what the fabric would look like when made into garments.
The excess weft is left unclipped.
This unclipped Jacquard met the designer's expectations, praised as gorgeous and exquisite as all other TSUKUHIRO pieces. "The first sample made was in black and yellow, matching with my next collection's colour scheme. But it felt slightly too dark and heavier than I expected. Then we changed it to shades of yellow, which resulted in such an amazing piece. Especially the contrast of the two yellows, one a subtle beige and the other bright, is absolutely stunning. The unclipped weft will be covered with a layer of organza so that it won't catch. It should look as if it is covered with a translucent filter to maximize the advantages of the fabric's own quality.
VIVIANO is thinking of clipping the weft by himself as a part of the design. We are very curious about the outcome.
VIVIANO's design work in progress
The next collaborator, KIRYU SEISEN is now working on "the special fabric made of fishing line with reflective sheen." We will feature this new fabric in the following report as well as VIVIANO's lookbook images with items made by this collaborative project. Stay tuned.
VIVIANO SUE
Born in China, grew up in the USA, and living in Tokyo since 2008. After finishing a diploma at Bunka Fashion College (Tokyo), Viviano set up his own brand and started bridal and couture work. The brand moved on to launch Prêt-à-Porter lines. Based on his background in three countries, Viviano draws inspiration from the crossover of Eastern and Western cultures. As seen in the articles of Vogue, Superior Magazine, GlamourUK and L'Officiel, he is much anticipated as an up-and-coming designer.
●If you would like to work with KIRYU textile…
The collaboration with Viviano Sue has already attracted wide attention in the industry, and KIRYU textiles will be happy to meet more emerging fashion designers. You will get the chance to team up with the top weaving manufacturers in Japan, featuring state-of-the-art jacquard fabrics for your ambitious fashion projects. Please leave a message via the contact form on this website.
IHNN and KIRYU textile appear together in London
KIRYU textile×VIVIANO – Video covering original fabric creation has been released

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


He is star attraction at bowling event that provides scholarship money for children of police and firefighters killed in the line of duty.
Steven Matz admits that he isn't a good bowler. But the lefty from Long Island is good at pitching in for a worthy cause.
He was at Bowlmor Lanes in Times Square Thursday night, talking Mets baseball and serving as the star attraction at "Strikes with Steven" for his Tru32 program, which is in honor of New York City first responders and the military. Matz drew 350 people to the bowling event that raised scholarship money for children of NYPD and FDNY members who died in the line of duty.
Matz's Mets finished fourth in the NL East, but they owned the division's best record from July 1, going 45-37. The rotation was a strength with Jacob deGrom, Noah Syndergaard, Zack Wheeler and Matz. The Stony Brook native isn't worrying about whether new general manager Brodie Van Wagenen will deal him in order to try to fix a weakness in another area.
So how important is it to keep this rotation together to contend next season?
DeGrom went only 10-9, but he posted a major-league-leading 1.70 ERA. He could claim the NL Cy Young Award Wednesday night.
"I think Jake's got it," Matz said.
Matz made a career-high 30 starts, and he worked on staying focused in adverse circumstances out there along the way. His record was just 5-11, but his ERA was a respectable 3.97. It was 2.51 over his final six outings.
"This year, I would like to get more innings per start," Matz said.
He's happy that manager Mickey Callaway will be returning to help guide him.


text:
Man walking dog spots 5-foot alligator in Pittsburgh
PITTSBURGH, Pa. -- An alligator was spotting wandering the streets of a Pittsburgh neighborhood Thursday night.
"Somebody was walking their dog in Beechview, looked over toward a garage and saw this guy just hanging out. He's a pretty big guy... so we were pretty shocked to see somebody this size out roaming around," said Humane Animal Rescue CEO Dan Rossi.
Pittsburgh police and animal control took the alligator into custody, reported WTAE. They said he's not very friendly and was hissing, a sign he's afraid or upset. Eventually he'll be moved to an organization in New Jersey that works with reptiles and ultimately end up at a sanctuary in Florida.
No one's put a tape measure to him, but he's about five feet long.
"Apparently he's not a real friendly guy, and again it could be because of being left outside or dumped, or being afraid, we're not exactly sure," Rossi said. "But from what he can see right now, he's not a very friendly guy, so we're taking a lot of cautions while we're dealing with him and working with him here."
pets & animalspennsylvaniaalligator


text:
The tortuous legal wrangling between Gazprom, the Lithuanian government, and Lithuania"s main gas utility, Lietuvos Dujos, continues; Gazprom set to finalise its bid for Greece"s gas distribution system operator, DEPA; Gazprom could construct Baltic LNG terminal
Gazprom rejects an invitation to attend a high level ministerial seminar in Brussels on Ukraine"s energy market, which was jointly organised by the European Commission and the Ukrainian energy ministry; Ukraine could cede control over its gas transit pipelines in exchange for guaranteed transit and a gas price discount
The construction of South Stream in Serbia will begin in late 2013 according to Srbijagas; South Stream Chief Exec, Marcel Kramer, confirms that South Stream is on schedule for financing in early 2014 and construction of the first line in 2015
Gazprom and CNPC aim to sign a gas supply contract by the end of 2013; Gazprom could lose its export monopoly in the Asia-Pacific region; freight deliveries from Northern Russia to China via the Northern Sea Route demonstrate the possibilities of LNG exports from Northern Russian to the Asia-Pacific region.
Rosneft steps up the pressure on Gazprom with its buyout of Itera.


text:
Export Success for TALL Group Business
Sunday Times Lloyds SME Export Track 100
Back in 2000, the thought of export success, and that the TALL Group could become a major exporter, may have been a pipe-dream. With the appointment of a new Export Manager, the Group looked to build on its UK expertise in securely-printed documents and broaden its horizons.
Bill Lamb (l) & Martin Ruda (r)
Now some 18 years on, as major suppliers of international security printing, the longstanding reputation of the TALL Group, for highly secure and top-quality print products and services, has encouraged organisations around the world to rely on a committed work force in the UK to provide a wide range of secure documents. Distance has proved no obstacle when time sensitive documents are required. The Group's three production facilities at TALL Security Print in Runcorn, Checkprint Limited in Hinckley, and DLRT Limited in Lisburn (NI), combined with many years' experience of effective international air and sea shipping arrangements, have ensured that customer requirements are always met.
Government Departments, Electoral Commissions, Universities and Banks across Africa, the Middle East and the Caribbean provide a growing list of international customer references. These include ballot papers and voting lists for National and Regional Elections, Treasury documents and certificates, cheques, drafts and dividend warrants, and a wide range of fully personalised and highly secure degree certificates for many prestigious international universities.
The TALL Group has well established local representatives in many international markets, and regularly hosts inward visits to view design and production facilities.
This level of export business has resulted in a series of awards and commendations. TALL were awarded 'International Business of the Year' in 2016 by Halton Chamber of Commerce; shortlisted for the 'Made in The North West' Export Business award and 'Highly Commended' in the High Sheriff of Cheshire Business Awards Export category in 2017.
The TALL Group sees export success and stands head and shoulders above the rest
The latest major recognition means that the TALL Group is celebrating after being placed 6th in the Sunday Times Lloyds SME Export Track 100 list this week. The list outlines the 100 UK small and medium sized enterprises with the fastest growing international sales.
The TALL Group has undertaken a number of successful projects over the last two years, including the supply, in 2016, of 20 million ballot papers for Uganda's general election, helping exports hit £3.8m.
Martin Ruda, TALL Group's Managing Director, commenting on the recent achievement said "We're delighted to be featured on this renowned list alongside very illustrious company. It's proof that our strategy for growth, which has a very important international aspect, is working well.
"We've taken on some very high-profile and complex contracts over the last year. They have allowed us to demonstrate the skills in designing, printing and finishing major projects through the work of our brilliant dedicated teams across our three sites. I'm very proud to lead this Group of experienced individuals who give everything each day to make sure we help our clients and their customers succeed."
The league table ranks Britain's SMEs by fastest growing international sales. Liam Fox, International Trade Secretary, commented in the Sunday Times: "As the SME Export Track 100 shows, small businesses are the driving force behind the UK's export growth, and we are committed to helping more companies go global."
For more information about the TALL Group, see https://tallgroup.co.uk and about the Sunday Times Lloyds SME Export Track 100, see http://www.fasttrack.co.uk/league-tables/sme-export-track-100/
Images and supplement content reproduced by permission. © Sunday Times Lloyds SME Export track 100


Harry Ward and Jamie Hughes have won tour cards on day one of the UK Qualifying School at the Robin Park Tennis Centre in Wigan.
Hughes was in great form during the day as he produced averages of 109.79, 109.35 and 108.51 in consecutive matches. For a round-up of the day one action please click here.
Scott Baker and Mark McGeeney won their tour cards on day two of UK Qualifying School.
For a round-up of the day two action please click here.
Reece Robinson and Matt Clark won their tour cards on day three of UK Qualifying School.
For a round-up of the day three action please click here.
For a round-up of the day four action please click here.


text:
Days of Our Lives Boss 'Dismayed' by Kristian Alfonso's Sudden Departure
Paul Dailly at August 19, 2020 8:00 am .
Kristian Alfonso's final episode of Days of Our Lives is still two months away, but the actress stepped away from the show several months ago.
Now, the top EP (Ken Corday) on the show is opening up about Alfonso quitting after 37 years.
The actress announced she was exiting the series because of a new storyline that would take her off the air for months.
"I was taken aback," she said when she confirmed her exit.
"It was not something that had ever been discussed but that's what it was. And to come back in five to six months, or four to five months — whatever that time frame was — I just thought, "You know what? It's time to really write a new chapter.'"
In a new interview with EW, Corday said that he was "dismayed" by the announcement from Alfonso, but confirmed the idea to take Hope off the air.
"In order to launch a new story — and we had a great story for her, we still do — I needed her off-camera for three or four months," he explained to the outlet.
"During that time, something very interesting happens so she comes back to Salem with a secret. It doesn't look like that's going to happen."
While Alfonso has departed the series, it sounds like the door is being left open for her return, with Corday saying that a return is "up to Kristian."
Fans will want a conclusion for a character they've spent 37 years getting to know, so it's possible.
However, Alfonso seems to want to draw a line under this chapter and move on.
Victoria Konefal, Alfonso's on-screen daughter is also gearing up to depart the series, but it has been hinted that she could return in a guest role.
Galen Gering, who was also gearing up to depart the series this year, has now been confirmed to be sticking with the soap.
What are your thoughts on this?
Days of Our Lives airs on NBC.
These Shows Should Be Igniting Conversation!
Paul Dailly is the Associate Editor for TV Fanatic. Follow him on Twitter.
Tags: TV News, Days of Our Lives, Casting News
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text:
Petershagen/Eggersdorf est une commune de l'arrondissement de Märkisch-Oderland, dans le Land de Brandebourg, en Allemagne. Sa population s'élevait à environ   habitants en 2019.

Géographie
Petershagen/Eggersdorf se trouve à  à l'est du centre de Berlin et fait partie de la région métropolitaine de Berlin-Brandebourg.

Histoire
La commune fut créée en 1993 avec le regroupement de Petershagen et de Eggersdorf.

Démographie

Personnalité
Albert Einstein se rend souvent à Eggersdorf de 1914 à 1917 pour y retrouver sa cousine Elsa alors qu'il vivait à Caputh. En 1917, c'est au bord du lac d'Eggersdorf qu'il la quittera définitivement.

Jumelages

Notes et références

Ville en Brandebourg

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The show doesn't fall into a "Favorite" anything… well I guess Favorite G.I Joe series, but that seems oddly specific. ANYHOW!
G.I Joe Renegades is a short-lived revival of the G.I Joe brand from 2010. The show essentially was G.I Joes via the A-Team with a band of Joes (Duke, Tunnel Rat, Roadblock, Rip Cord, Snake Eyes and Scarlett) on the run being pursued by the forces of Cobra and the military as they help out where they are needed while trying to clear their name. Yes, via the A-Team may be generous, but let's go with it.
That said, I love the A-Team, who doesn't and to see it given a slightly modern spin (they have a teched out van they travel in for instant) is a ton of fun. Not only that, but it's able to use the G.I Joe lore and characters in new and interesting ways.
The animation is pretty solid. Though it has the overly clean look that a lot of action animated series did back then. Voice-acting is top-notch. And most importantly, even though it only lasted a season it does a good job of wrapping up the main season's arc.


The European regulation will enter into force in May 2018, when entities that do not comply can be penalized with fines of up to 4% of their annual revenues.
ElevenPaths introduces new technology integrations with strategic partners such as Check Point and OpenCloud and a new collaboration program with cybersecurity startups such as Countercraft. ElevenPaths also has the collaboration of Wayra, Telefónica's corporate start-up accelerator.
Michael Shaulov, Director of Product, Mobile Security and Cloud of Check Point, will be the star guest of the ElevenPaths annual event.
Madrid, May 31, 2017.- ElevenPaths, Telefónica's cybersecurity unit, announces that its platform SandaS GRC - the Governance, Risk and Compliance solution - already offers an RGPD Privacy module as established by the new European Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), being the first which complies with these obligations one year earlier than required by law.
The GDPR, aimed at providing European citizens with greater control over their personal data, will compel European Union companies to comply with this regulation before May 25, 2018. This regulation establishes fines of up to 4% of annual revenues for those who do not accomplish it.
Among the latest incorporations to its program, the unit has announced and explained the added value involved in the integration between OpenNAC technology, from OpenCloud Factory, and Mobile Connect, driven by ElevenPaths, for authentic access to WiFi networks, which uses the telephone number as the user's double authentication factor. This service uses the SIM card as a secure element to store user credentials and makes use of the mobile operator's network as a secure channel to access those credentials.
Moreover, the event has been attended by Michael Shaulov, Director of Product, Mobile Security and Cloud at Check Point, one of the leading experts in the mobile security ecosystem who has presented the technological integration of SandBlast Mobile with Tacyt, which is an ElevenPaths' cyber-intelligence tool that fights threats in the mobile world.
ElevenPaths continuously seeks to create and find the best security solutions for its customers and supports collaborative initiatives in the security industry that allow faster progress in the fight against cybercriminals. For this reason, in 2015, ElevenPaths joined forces with other leading companies from the industry, such as Check Point, Cisco, Fortinet, Intel Security, Palo Alto and Symantec, and became part of the CyberThreat Alliance (CTA), a non-profit organization, which aims to improve the early detection of threats and their prevention to better protect clients of the members of the alliance. The Alliance is head by Michael Daniel, former coordinator of cybersecurity at the White House Cybersecurity.
Finally, ElevenPaths has launched for the first time this year a session in collaboration with Wayra Spain - the Telefónica Open Future accelerator – in order to find the most disruptive solutions in the cybersecurity field, as well as to provide continuity to other security-focused entrepreneurial initiatives in which Wayra has invested including 4iQ, Logtrust and Countercraft.
At ElevenPaths, the Telefónica Cybersecurity Unit, we believe in the idea of challenging the current state of security, a feature that should always be present in technology. We continually rethink the relationship between security and people with the aim of creating innovative products that are capable of transforming the concept of security, so we are always one step ahead of our attackers, who are an increasing threat in our digital life.


Research suggests that the development opportunities for children aged from birth to 5 years should reflect (a) the role of key adults, including parents; (b) young children's desire to communicate and explore the world and (c) the importance of the peer group.
The young children's learning environment should be stimulating, exciting, safe and varied. At Little Monsters Day Nursery we ensure that these elements are consistently present in order to offer quality learning experiences to develop children's full potential. We feel it is important for the children to be able to experiment and try things for themselves in safe surroundings.
Each day, our little monsters have the opportunity to take part in a 'focus activity' and have the opportunity to make choices and select activities. The children are at the centre of everything we do and observations form a core part of our daily practice. The outcome of observations inform all future learning opportunities by identifying the next steps to move their learning forward. Observations are made during both Adult Focus and Child Choice activities.
We have very good links with local primary schools, especially The Mosley School in Anslow, John of Rolleston in Rolleston-on-Dove and All Saints Primary School in Rangemore. Every summer term, we invite the Reception teachers of all the schools our graduates will be attending in to nursery to see the children in the nursery environment. We discuss each child's progress towards the Early Learning Goals and anything that we believe will help their transition from nursery to school. This close communication ensures that we are preparing the children for school in a way that is best for them and the teaching staff who will be looking after them.
The children's learning is categorised into 6 areas of development. These are personal, social and emotional development, communication, language and literacy, problem solving, reasoning & numeracy, knowledge and understanding of the world, physical development and creative development. All of the activities for all of the children (whether child-choice or adult-led) encourage development in at least one of these areas.
The Early Years Foundation Stage begins at birth and continues through the first (or Reception / Foundation) year at school. We support this by providing a well-planned and resourced curriculum to take their learning forward and to provide opportunities for all children to succeed in an atmosphere of care and of feeling valued.
At Little Monsters the children are regularly observed and assessed in order to monitor their progression towards the 'Early Learning Goals' (developmental targets).
The children are given lots of opportunities to choose activities / resources throughout the day.
As children grow & develop, we actively begin to prepare them for life in school by helping them to recognise their names, individual letters and numbers, initial word sounds and encouraging emergent writing skills, etc. We do lots of early numeracy activities, from counting the children and working out how many cups / plates we need to measuring and comparing and using all sorts of mathematical language in play. The children are constantly encouraged to think for themselves, with guidance from practitioners. They begin to take responsibility for small tasks, eg setting the tables and helping others to increase their independence, eg putting on their own shoes / coats unaided. We aim for the children to be confident in their own abilities so that school is merely a continuation of what they have experienced in our nursery environment. To this end, we have very close links with The Mosley School in Anslow, and also with other primary schools in the Stretton and Rolleston area.
Even mealtimes and snack times are used as learning opportunities, from comparing full / empty cups to counting plates and children to ensure there are enough for everyone and simple problem-solving questions. Children are also given many opportunities to empower by choosing their favourite stories or activities and develop attention skills & persistence.
For more information on any aspect of the above, see our notice boards or speak to our practitioners.
For more information on the Early Years Foundation Stage, visit the Foundation Years website.
All children are different and, to reflect this, age ranges have been overlapped in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) to create broad developmental phases. This emphasises that each child's progress is individual to them and that different children develop at different rates. The observations we do on the children are centred around them as individuals and used to plan activities to enable them to take their own 'next steps' along their developmental storyline. A child does not suddenly move from one phase to another, and they do not make progress in all areas at the same time. However, there are some important 'steps' for each child to take along their own developmental pathway.
During this period, young children's physical development is very rapid and they gain increasing control of their muscles. They also develop skills in moving their hands, feet, limbs and head, quickly becoming mobile and able to handle and manipulate objects. They are learning from the moment of birth. Even before their first words they find out a lot about language by hearing people talking, and are especially interested when it involves themselves and their daily lives. Sensitive care giving, which responds to children's growing understanding and emotional needs, helps to build secure attachments to special people such as parents, family members or carers. Regular, though flexible, routines help young children to gain a sense of order in the world and to anticipate events. A wide variety of experience, which involves all the senses, encourages learning and an interest in the environment.
As children become mobile new opportunities for exploration and exercise open up. A safe and interesting environment, with age-appropriate resources, helps children to develop curiosity, coordination and physical abilities. This is a time when children can start to learn the beginnings of self-control and how to relate to other people. In this period children can be encouraged to develop their social and mental skills by people to whom they have a positive attachment. Building on their communication skills, children now begin to develop a sense of self and are more able to express their needs and feelings. Alongside non-verbal communication children learn a few simple words for everyday things and people. With encouragement and plenty of interaction with carers, children's communication skills grow and their vocabulary expands very rapidly during this period.
Children in this phase are usually full of energy and need careful support to use it well. Growing physical strengths and skills mean that children need active times for exercise, and quiet times for calmer activities. Playing with other children is an important new area for learning. This helps children to better understand other people's thoughts and feelings, and to learn how to cooperate with others. Exploration and simple self-help builds a sense of self-confidence. Children are also learning about boundaries and how to handle frustration. Play with toys that come apart and fit together encourages problem solving and simple planning. Pretend play helps children to learn about a range of possibilities. Adults are an important source of security and comfort.
Children's fine motor skills continue to develop and they enjoy making marks, using a variety of materials, looking at picture books and listening to stories, important steps in literacy. Self-help and independence soon emerge if adults support and encourage children in areas such as eating, dressing and toileting. Praise for new achievements helps to build their self-esteem. In this phase, children's language is developing rapidly and many are beginning to put sentences together. Joining in conversations with children is an important way for children to learn new things and to begin to think about past, present and future. Developing physical skills mean that children can now usually walk, climb and run, and join in active play with other children. This is an important time for learning about dangers and safe limits.
An increased interest in joint play such as make-believe, construction and games helps children to learn the important social skills of sharing and cooperating. Children also learn more about helping adults in everyday activities and finding a balance between independence and complying with the wishes of others. Children still need the comfort and security of special people. Close, warm relationships with carers form the basis for much learning, such as encouraging children to make healthy choices in food and exercise. At this stage children are becoming more aware of their place in a community. Literacy and numeracy can develop rapidly with the support of a wide range of interesting materials and activities. Children's language is now much more complex, as many become adept at using longer sentences. Conversations with adults become a more important source of information, guidance and reassurance.
During this period children are now building a stronger sense of their own identity and their place in a wider world. Children are learning to recognise the importance of social rules and customs, to show understanding and tolerance of others, and to learn how to be more controlled in their own behaviour. Learning and playing in small groups helps to foster the development of social skills. Children now become better able to plan and undertake more challenging activities with a wider range of materials for making and doing. In this phase children learn effectively in shared activities with more able peers and adults. Literacy and problem solving, reasoning and numeracy skills continue to develop. Children's developing understanding of cause and effect is encouraged by the introduction of a wider variety of equipment, media and technologies.
Ofsted (Office for Standards in Education) is a non-ministerial government department established in 1992 to ensure that childcare providers offer the highest standards of childcare possible. The inspectors visit nurseries with no notice, (as well as schools and childminders with notice) to examine the premises, its facilities and the childcare & education provided by staff.
Little Monsters Day Nursery is registered by Ofsted to care for 60 children at any one time, of which no more than 18 must be under 2 years of age at any one time.
We are not registered for overnight care.
- 'Teaching is good because all staff fully understand how to promote children's learning and have high expectations for their achievements. As a result, children's progress is rapid given their starting points and capabilities.
- The staff provide a range of interesting and stimulating resources and activities in both the indoor and outdoor areas which support children's varying interests over time.
- Engagement between parents and carers and the key persons are positive, which ensures that everyone is well-informed about children's individual development and progress over time. Partnerships with parents and other providers ensure a smooth and successful transition within the nursery and between the nursery, other settings and school.
- Children's emotional well-being is effectively supported through warm, sensitive and loving care, thereby promoting children's ability to settle well in the environment.
For more information about Ofsted's role and responsibilities, visit their website.
All 3 and 4 year olds are entitled to part time, funded sessions through the Nursery Education Funding, provided by Staffordshire County Council and starting the term after your child's 3rd birthday.
The grant is paid each term and covers up to a maximum of 15 hours per week during term time only. The sessions can be spread over several days, with a minimum of 2 hours and a maximum claim of 10 hours in any one day. The funding can also be split between 2 different settings ~ whether private or maintained.
We are able to offer Think 2 funded places for those children who are eligible for up to 11 hours per week all year round.
For more information, For more information, either contact us or the Staffordshire County Council's Family Information Service directly (telephone 0845 650 9876) or visit their website.
In addition to the Nursery Education Funding, Child Tax Credit may be available to families who are earning below a certain threshold. 9 out of 10 families are eligible for this tax credit and it is paid in addition to Child Benefit. There is also a higher payment available for families with at least 1 child under 1 year old (the baby element) and for families with children that have a disability.
The Working Tax Credit provides extra help to those parents in lower paid work with dependent children, if they work at least 16 hours per week. The childcare element of the Working Tax Credit can pay up to 70% of the cost of registered childcare.
For more information on tax credits, contact the tax credit helpline on 0845 300 3900 or visit their website.
Since April 2005, parents have been able to save up to £2,000 per year by paying for childcare in vouchers which are provided by their employer.
You can pay up to £55 per week in childcare vouchers, which gives a saving on tax and NI contributions. These savings can be per person, so that both parents can pay for their Little Monsters childcare with vouchers.
In order to make this saving, your employer must pay part of your salary to you in childcare vouchers, which are redeemable against the cost of the childcare that you would normally pay for. This is known as a 'salary sacrifice' and the terms of your employer's scheme must be approved by the Inland Revenue.
It is not as complicated as it seems! There are several companies who offer the voucher services, such as Busy Bees, Accor Services, All Save, Kids of Wilmslow, Kiddivouchers and You At Work, to name but a few.
The schemes can be accessed by any employer, regardless of size and the employer also benefits by saving money on the NI contributions they would have to pay on your salary too.
From April 2014 we are offering parents the opportunity to spread the funding over the full year. This means that, instead of claiming 15 hours per week over 38 weeks (term-time only), they can have 11 hours of funded education every week for 50 weeks of the year (excluding Xmas and bank holidays, when the nursery is closed).
For more information, contact your employer directly.


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Irv Moss, Denver Post sports reporter for 60…
Irv Moss, Denver Post sports reporter for 60 years, dies at 85
John Leyba, Denver Post file
Denver Post reporter Irv Moss poses for a portrait July 1, 2016 at Coors Field.
Patrick Traylor, The Denver Post
Greg Moore (Right) talks with longtime sports writer Irv Moss, who was honored for an unprecedented sixty years of service at The Denver Post on Monday afternoon, Feb. 8, 2016.
In this Feb. 14, 1970 file photo, trio of Denver Post sports writers try out hockey sticks in variety of positions; Ralph Moore, left, sees if pool is the answer, while Irv Moss, center, tries fishing, and sports editor Bick Lucas tries it out on baseball.
By John Aguilar | jaguilar@denverpost.com | The Denver Post
PUBLISHED: January 9, 2020 at 12:13 pm | UPDATED: January 15, 2020 at 11:31 am
The man many consider to be the encyclopedic authority on Colorado sports, Irv Moss, died Wednesday night at the age of 85. He worked at The Denver Post for 60 years.
Moss died of complications from esophageal cancer, according to his close friend, Gary Sever.
"The last of a vanishing breed in the newsroom," said Mike Judson, a copy editor who worked alongside Moss at The Post for more than two decades.
"Irv covered it all and knew it all, from preps to colleges to pros to the Olympics, and he was the ultimate pro as a sports journalist," Judson said. "He could tell you about University of Denver football, which played its last season in 1960, and knew that the annual CU-DU football game on Thanksgiving once was the biggest sports event in the state."
Jim Saccomano, who served in the Denver Broncos front office for the better part of 40 years until his retirement in 2013, called Moss "a straight shooter and a man of principle."
RELATED: From copyboy to Colorado Classic, Irv Moss did it all in career that spanned more than 60 years
Visitation: Will be held Sunday, Jan. 26, from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Horan & McConaty, 3101 S. Wadsworth Blvd., in Lakewood.
Memorial service: Will be Monday, Jan. 27 at 11 a.m. at Horan & McConaty, after which Moss will be buried at Fort Logan national cemetery at 1 p.m.
"There's something to be said for packing your lunchbox and doing your job," said Saccomano, who first met Moss in 1978 upon joining the Broncos organization. "Irv goes back to a time when the city was a different thing."
Saccomano said when he arrived at Broncos headquarters Moss was there crunching statistics for the football team while also holding down his job with The Post. But Moss' involvement in sports reporting in the city predated the Broncos' arrival in the Mile High City.
"When this city was smaller, once upon a time the biggest events might have been the Denver Bears (minor-league baseball team) and the dog track," said Saccomano, who often ran into Moss at the venerable but now-closed Pagliacci's restaurant in Denver. "I think of Irv as the journalistic foundation of this city."
Moss was born Dec. 14, 1934, in Denver and graduated from West High School 18 years later. He attended Colorado A&M (now Colorado State University) in Fort Collins for a while but left school when his father became ill.
In 1953, Moss debuted at The Post as a copy boy at a time when the paper was headquartered at 15th and California streets. After leaving the paper to do electrician work, he returned on Feb. 8, 1956, for what would be a 60-year run at the newspaper.
Then-Denver Post sports editor Chuck Garrity made Moss part of the paper's coverage of the greyhound races at Mile High Kennel Club, along with the men's fast-pitch softball league at City Park.
"It was an interesting time to watch, and in a way, be part of the changing of Denver as a sports city," Moss told Post sports reporter Terry Frei in 2016 for a story about his retirement. "When I first started down here, City Park softball was the big story. And next thing you know, we're one of the top sports markets in the country."
After a stint with the Army's 160th Signal Group in Germany in the late 1950s, Moss put his skills toward covering high school athletics and later college football at Wyoming and Air Force. He got a front-row seat to the Denver Nuggets franchise's debut in Colorado, having covered the Denver Rockets in the upstart American Basketball Association.
Denver Post file
In this Feb. 16, 1969 photo, Denver Post sports writer Irv Moss, right, presents a plaque to Joe Kerst, left, of Wray, who won the 120-pound championship, and Ken Monger of Steamboat Springs, 175-pound winner in the Class AA State High School Wrestling Tournament.
But Dave Plati, longtime sports information director with the University of Colorado at Boulder who got to know Moss starting in 1982 when Plati did public relations for the Denver Bears, said Moss' true love was baseball.
"He loved baseball and anything to do with baseball the most," Plati said.
Starting in the mid-1980s, Moss got heavily involved covering the sinuous path to landing a Major League Baseball team in Denver. He covered the twists and turns of the selection process until 1991 when Commissioner Fay Vincent announced Denver was getting the nod as an expansion city.
The team began play in Colorado in 1993, and Moss was a Rockies beat writer for 12 years.
"I'd see him in the press box at the Rockies and he always talked baseball," Plati said. "He was assigned for years to do the minor-league reports on the Rockies farm system and truly enjoyed watching what prospects matured to the majors."
After he retired, Moss rarely missed watching a Rockies game on TV. He attended his last Rockies game on Sept. 17 last fall, Sever said, and in one of his last conversations, Moss asked Sever if the Rockies had made any moves this winter.
Moss was decidedly of the nondigital, pre-Facebook generation. Longtime Post sports columnist Mark Kiszla met Moss in 1983.
"I walked into the sports department on California Street, and there Irv was at his desk, with a big phone (landline of course) stuck to his ear," Kiszla recounted. "Nobody loved being a newspaperman more than Irv. Newspaperman. Old school. So old school I still think of him as a member of the cast from a black-and-white movie about newspapers."
That included showing up to games with the Post softball team dressed in his office attire — a short-sleeve dress shirt and khaki slacks, Kiszla said. While he argued balls and strikes at the game, Moss didn't share details about himself with others.
"Irv was an international man of mystery," Kiszla said. "He did not like to reveal any details about himself. His age. His address. The name of family members."
But he had no problems trying to extract information from sources — or even from friends and colleagues.
"Irv would appear out of nowhere, from a baseball dugout to the Press Club bar, when you least expected it, with a Cheshire cat grin on his face, and then he would ask: 'What are you doing here?'" Kiszla recalled. "Bulldog does not begin to describe Irv as a reporter. He liked to begin questions with 'Coach, would you say …'
"And he would ask the same question five different ways, often to the point of irritation of his interview subject, until he got that coach to say something worthwhile."
Kiszla said Moss loved the Olympics. In 1972, with clearance from the Post, Moss accepted an invitation from the United States Olympic Committee to work as a public information officer at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. It was the first of 10 Olympics working in that capacity.
"He would work as a press attache for the U.S. Olympic Committee," Kiszla said. "And he would march in opening ceremonies."
Former Post sports editor Kevin Dale, who worked with Moss for six years starting in 2000, was amazed by Moss' passion for not only the games and teams but the athletes who played in those games.
"He had been witness to every major sports event in Colorado for the last half of the 20th century and well into the 21st," Dale said. "Irv always amazed me with his knowledge of Colorado legends."
But Dale said Moss didn't get his head stuck in the clouds covering the big stuff. He also considered the lesser known players and aspiring athletes to be just as important and deserving of attention.
"Yes, he would want to be at the biggest Broncos or Rockies game, but he also told the stories of countless high school and college athletes," Dale said. "Irv truly did touch all levels of Colorado sports journalism."
Irv Moss
John Aguilar
Denver Post reporter John Aguilar covers hot-button issues such as oil and gas, growth and transportation as they play out in the Denver suburbs. He joined the Post in 2014 after previous work at the Boulder Daily Camera, Rocky Mountain News and the Boulder County Business Report. He hails from Boston and has a master's degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder and a bachelor's from Dartmouth College.
Follow John Aguilar	@abuvthefold
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