text:
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Title: Race and ethnicity in the United States
Subject: St. Louis, Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, Demographics of the United States, Social class in the United States, Ethnic groups in the United States
Collection: Demographic Maps, Demographics of the United States, Ethnic Groups in the United States, Maps of the United States, Race in the United States
The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population.[1] The census officially recognizes six ethnic and racial categories: White American, Black or African American, Native American and Alaska Native, Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and people of two or more races; a race called "Some other race" is also used in the census and other surveys, but is not official.[2][3][4] The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that composes the largest minority group in the nation.[2][3][5]
White Americans are the racial majority. African Americans are the largest racial minority, amounting to 13.2% of the population. Hispanic and Latino Americans amount to 17.1% of the population, making up the largest ethnic minority. The White, non-Hispanic or Latino population make up 62.6% of the nation's total.[6]
White Americans are the majority in every region,[4] but contribute the highest proportion of the population in the Midwestern United States, at 85% per the Population Estimates Program (PEP),[4] or 83% per the American Community Survey (ACS).[7] Non-Hispanic Whites make up 79% of the Midwest's population, the highest ratio of any region.[5] However, 35% of White Americans (whether all White Americans or non-Hispanic/Latino only) live in the South, the most of any region.[4][5]
55% of the African American population live in the South.[4] A plurality or majority of the other official groups reside in the West. This region is home to 42% of Hispanic and Latino Americans, 46% of Asian Americans, 48% of American Indians and Alaska Natives, 68% of Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 37% of the "two or more races" population (Multiracial Americans), and 46% of those designated "some other race".[4][8]
Racial and ethnic categories 1
Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino origin 1.1
Social definitions of race 2
Historical trends and influences 3
Racial makeup of the U.S. population 4
White Americans 4.1
African Americans 4.2
Asian Americans 4.3
Two or more races 4.4
Multiracial Americans and admixture 4.4.1
Native Americans and Alaska Natives 4.5
Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders 4.6
Members of other Race 4.7
Hispanic and Latino Americans 5
Analysis by 2000 Federal Population Census 6.1
Ancestry maps 6.3
Major ancestries 6.3.1
European American ancestries 6.3.2
Racial and ethnic categories
In the 2000 Census and subsequent United States Census Bureau surveys, Americans self-described as belonging to these racial groups:[3]
White American, European American, or Middle Eastern American: those having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
Black American or African American: those having origins in any of the original peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Native American or Alaska Native: those having origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central and South America, irrespective of whether they maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
Asian American: those having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Central Asia, North Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Native Hawaiians or Other Pacific Islander: those having origins in any of the original peoples of Polynesia, Melanesia, or Micronesia.
Some other race: respondents may write how they identify themselves, if different from the preceding categories (e.g. Roma or Aborigine). However, 95% of the people who report in this category are Hispanic Mestizos.[3][8][9] This is not a standard OMB race category.[3] Responses have included mixed-race terms such as Métis, Creole, and Mulatto, which are generally considered to be categories of multi-racial ancestry (see below),[10] but, write-in entries reported in the 2000 census also included nationalities (as opposed to ethnicities), such as South African, Belizean, or Puerto Rican, as well as other terms for mixed-race groups like Wesort, Melungeon, mixed, interracial, and others.
Two or more races, widely known as Multiracial: those who check off and/or write in more than one race. There is no option labelled "Two or more races" or "Multiracial" on census and other forms; people who report more than one of the foregoing six options are classified as people of "Two or more races" in subsequent processing. Any respondent may identify with any number, up to all six, of the racial categories.
Each person has two identifying attributes, racial identity and whether or not they are of Hispanic ethnicity.[11] These categories are sociopolitical constructs and should not be interpreted as being scientific or anthropological in nature.[2] They have been changed from one census to another, and the racial categories include both "racial" and national-origin groups.[12][13]
In 2007 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the US Department of Labor finalized its update of the EEO-1 report format and guidelines to come into an effect on September 30, 2007. In particular, this update concerns the definitions of racial/ethnic categories.
Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino origin
The question on Hispanic or Latino origin is separate from the question on race.[3][14] Hispanic and Latino Americans have ethnic origins in the Hispanophone countries of Andorra, Latin America, and Spain. Most of the Latin American countries are, like the United States, racially diverse.[15] Consequently, no separate racial category exists for Hispanic and Latino Americans, as they do not constitute a race, nor a national group. When responding to the race question on the census form, each person is asked to choose from among the same racial categories as all Americans, and are included in the numbers reported for those races.[16]
Each racial category may contain Non-Hispanic or Latino and Hispanic or Latino Americans. For example: the White (European-American) race category contains Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanic Whites (see White Hispanic and Latino Americans); the Black or African-American category contains Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic Blacks (see Black Hispanic and Latino Americans); the Asian-American category contains Non-Hispanic Asians and Hispanic Asians (see Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans); and likewise for all the other categories. See the section on Hispanic and Latino Americans in this article.
Self-identifying as both Hispanic or Latino and not Hispanic or Latino is neither explicitly allowed nor explicitly prohibited.[2]
Social definitions of race
In the United States since its early history, Native Americans, Africans and Europeans were considered to belong to different races. For nearly three centuries, the criteria for membership in these groups were similar, comprising a person's appearance, his social circle (how he lived), and his known non-White ancestry. History played a part, as persons with known slave ancestors were assumed to be African (or, in later usage, black), regardless of whether they also had European ancestry.
The differences between how Native American and Black identities are defined today (blood quantum versus one-drop and political assumptions) have been based on different historical circumstances. According to the anthropologist Gerald Sider, such racial designations were a means to concentrate power, wealth, privilege and land in the hands of Whites in a society of White hegemony and privilege (Sider 1996; see also Fields 1990). The differences had little to do with biology and more to do with the history of slavery and its racism, and specific forms of White supremacy (the social, geopolitical and economic agendas of dominant Whites vis-à-vis subordinate Blacks and Native Americans). They related especially to the different social places which Blacks and Amerindians occupied in White-dominated 19th-century America. Sider suggests that the blood quantum definition of Native American identity enabled mixed-race Whites to acquire Amerindian lands during the allotment process. The one-drop rule of Black identity, enforced legally in the early 20th century, enabled Whites to preserve their agricultural labor force in the South. The contrast emerged because, as peoples transported far from their land and kinship ties on another continent, Black labor was relatively easy to control, and they became reduced to valuable commodities as agricultural laborers. In contrast, Amerindian labor was more difficult to control; moreover, Amerindians occupied large territories that became valuable as agricultural lands, especially with the invention of new technologies such as railroads. Sider thinks the blood quantum definition enhanced White acquisition of Amerindian lands in a doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which subjected Native Americans to marginalization and resulted in numerous conflicts related to American expansionism.
The political economy of race had different consequences for the descendants of aboriginal Americans and African slaves. The 19th-century blood quantum rule meant that it was relatively easier for a person of mixed Euro-Amerindian ancestry to be accepted as White. The offspring of a few generations of intermarriage between Amerindians and Whites likely would not have been considered Amerindian (at least not in a legal sense). Amerindians could have treaty rights to land, but because an individual with only one Amerindian great-grandparent no longer was classified as Amerindian, he lost a legal claim to Amerindian land, under the allotment rules of the day. According to Sider's theory, Whites were more easily able to acquire Amerindian lands. On the other hand, the same individual who could be denied legal standing in a tribe, according to the government, because he was "too White" to claim property rights, might still have enough visually identifiable Amerindian ancestry to be considered socially as a "half-breed" or breed, and stigmatized by both communities.
The 20th-century one-drop rule made it relatively difficult for anyone of known Black ancestry to be accepted as White. The child of an African-American sharecropper and a White person was considered Black by the local communities. In terms of the economics of sharecropping, such a person also would likely become a sharecropper as well, thus adding to the landholder or employer's labor force.
In short, this theory suggests that in a 20th-century economy that benefited from sharecropping, it was useful to have as many Blacks as possible.
Although some scholars of the Stetson Kennedy) considered the one-drop rule a consequence of the need to define Whiteness as being pure, and justifying White-on-Black oppression.
Over the centuries when Whites wielded power over both Blacks and Amerindians and believed in their inherent superiority over people of color, they created a social order of hypodescent, in which they assigned mixed-race children to the lower-status groups. They were often ignorant of the systems among Native American tribes of social classification, including kinship and hypodescent. The Omaha people, for instance, who had a patrilineal kinship system, classified all children with white fathers as "white", and excluded them as members of the clans and tribe, unless one was formally adopted by a male member. Tribal members might care for mixed-race children of white fathers, but considered them outside the hereditary clan and kinship fundamental to tribal society.[17]
The hypodescent social construction related to the racial caste that was associated with African slavery and the conditions of the slave societies. It was made explicit by Virginia and other colonies' laws as early as 1662. Virginia incorporate the Roman principle of partus sequitur ventrem into slave law, saying that children of slave mothers were born into their status. Under English common law for subjects, children's social status was determined by the father, not the mother. But the colonists put Africans outside the category of English subjects. Generally, white men were in positions of power to take sexual advantage of black women slaves. But, historian Paul Heinegg has shown that most free African-American families listed in the censuses of 1790–1810 were, in fact, descended from unions between white women and African men in colonial Virginia, from the years when working classes lived and worked closely together, and before slavery had hardened as a racial caste.[18]
In the United States, social and legal conventions developed over time by whites that classified individuals of mixed ancestry into simplified racial categories,(Gossett 1997) but these were always porous. The decennial censuses conducted since 1790, after slavery was well established in the United States, included classification of persons by race: white, black, mulatto, and Indian.(Nobles 2000) But, the inclusion of mulatto was an explicit acknowledgement of mixed race. In addition, before the Civil War, Virginia and some other states had legal definition of "whiteness" that provided for people being classified as white if no more than 1/8 black. (For example, if not born into slavery, Thomas Jefferson's children by his slave Sally Hemings would have been classified as legally white, as they were 7/8 white by ancestry. Three of the four surviving children entered white society as adults, and their descendants have identified as white.) In the late 18th and 19th centuries, people of mixed race often migrated to frontiers where societies were more open, and they might be accepted as white if satisfying obligations of citizenship.[18]
The more familiar "one-drop rule" was not adopted by Virginia and other states until the 20th century, but it classified persons with any known African ancestry as black (Davis 2001). Passage of such laws was often urged by white supremacists and people promoting "racial purity" through eugenics, having forgotten the long history of multi-racial unions in the South that comprised the ancestry of many families.
In other countries in the Americas, where mixing among groups was overtly more extensive, social categories have tended to be more numerous and fluid. In some cases, people may move into or out of categories on the basis of a combination of socioeconomic status, social class, ancestry, and appearance (Mörner 1967).
The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century with the rise of migration of laborers from Spanish-speaking countries of the western hemisphere to the United States; it includes people who may have been considered racially distinct (Black, White, Amerindian or other mixed groups) in their home countries. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". Even if such categories were earlier understood as racial categories, today they have begun to represent ethno-linguistic categories (regardless of perceived race). Similarly, "Anglo" is now used among many Hispanics to refer to non-Hispanic White Americans or European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not of primarily English descent.
Historical trends and influences
The United States is a racially diverse country. The growth of the Hispanic population through immigration and high birth rates is noted as a partial factor for the US' population gains in the last quarter-century. The 2000 census revealed that Native Americans had reached their highest documented population, 4.5 million, since the U.S was founded in 1776.[3]
The immigrants to the New World came largely from widely separated regions of the Old World. In the Americas, the immigrant populations began to mix among themselves and with the indigenous inhabitants of the continent. In the United States, for example, most people who identify as African American have some European ancestors, as revealed by genetic studies. In one analysis of those genetic markers that have differing frequencies between continents, European ancestry ranged from an estimated 7% for a sample of Jamaicans to ~23% for a sample of African Americans from New Orleans, where there was historically a large class of mixed race (now called Louisiana Creoles) (Parra et al. 1998).
Similarly, many people who identify as European American have some African or Native American ancestors, either through historic interracial marriages or by the gradual inclusion of people with distant mixed ancestry into the majority population. In a survey of college students who self-identified as white in a northeastern U.S. university, ~30% were estimated to have less than 90% European ancestry.[19]
In the United States since its early history, Native Americans, African, and Europeans were classified as belonging to different races. For nearly three centuries, the criteria among whites for membership in these groups were similar, comprising a person's appearance, his known non-European ancestry, and his social circle. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century. During and after Reconstruction, after the emancipation of slaves after the Civil War, in the effort to restore white supremacy in the South, conservative whites began to classify anyone with "one drop" of "black blood", or known African ancestry, to be black. Such a legal definition was not put into law until the early 20th century in most southern states, but many established racial segregation of facilities during the Jim Crow era, after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures in the South.
In the early 20th century, this notion of "invisible" blackness was made statutory in southern states and others outside the former Confederacy, as part of the eugenics movement. Amerindians were defined by the federal government by a certain percentage of "Indian blood" (called blood quantum), related to efforts at tribal assimilation and allotting land to households under the Dawes Act in the late 19th century, and also to financial benefits given to Native Americans on reservations. Given the financial implications, the federal government developed standards for defining a person's membership in a tribe or qualification as Native American. For the past century or so, to be white was assumed to mean persons with nothing but European ancestry, but "whiteness studies" have demonstrated that new immigrant groups, such as the Irish, Italians, and Jews, had to earn their status as whites.
U.S. real median household income by race and ethnicity from 1967 to 2011, with the intra-group differences illustrated through history
Efforts to track mixing between groups led to an earlier proliferation of historical categories (such as "mulatto" and "octaroon" among persons with partial African descent) and "blood quantum" distinctions, which became increasingly untethered from self-reported ancestry. In the 20th century, efforts to classify the increasingly mixed population of the United States into discrete categories generated many difficulties (Spickard 1992). By the standards used in past censuses, many mixed-race children born in the United States were classified as of a different race than one of their biological parents. In addition, a person may change personal racial identification over time because of cultural aspects, and self-ascribed race can differ from assigned race (Kressin et al. 2003).
Until the 2000 census, Latinos were required to identify as one race, and none was Latino. Partly as a result of the confusion generated by the distinction, 32.9% (U.S. census records) of Latino respondents in the 2000 census ignored the specified racial categories and checked "some other race". (Mays et al. 2003 claim a figure of 42%)
Historical trends influencing the ethnic demographics of the United States include:
Patterns of original settlement
settlement of the Americas by a variety of Native American peoples, including Alaska Natives.
settlement of Pacific islands by Polynesian people, including Native Hawaiians, Samoans, the Chamorro people in Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.
settlement of Puerto Rico by the Taíno people.
settlement of the United States Virgin Islands by the Ciboney, Carib, and Arawaks.
Colonization of what is now eastern Canada and the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River as New France. Historical events, including the Expulsion of the Acadians, influenced the ethnic mix, especially in Louisiana, northern New England and New York State.
Colonization of the Thirteen Colonies by the Dutch, British, and later immigrants such as Germans from northern Europe.
Spanish colonization of the Americas, including Florida, the Southwest, and Puerto Rico, later acquired by the US.
The Netherlands and other historical colonial powers influenced the ethnic makeup of what are now the United States Virgin Islands.
The Atlantic slave trade, bringing millions of Africans to the South, Caribbean, and Latin America.
Severe reduction of Native American populations in the contiguous United States, mostly because of new infectious diseases carried by European colonists, combined with warfare
Deportation and flight of United Empire Loyalists to Canada, the Caribbean and Britain after the American Revolution
Forced removal of more than one million African Americans in the domestic slave trade from the Upper South to the Deep South during the early 19th century as Americans developed new lands for plantations
Territorial conflict with Native Americans and the Indian removal policy of the 19th century displaced many remaining native populations from east of the Mississippi River to territories to the west, especially to what is now Oklahoma.
Historical immigration to the United States from all countries of the world and throughout the history of the country, for religious, political and economic reasons. Since the late 19th century, the History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States and illegal immigration to the United States have influenced the ethnic balance of that immigration. Various groups have been denied entry due to discrimination, economic protectionism, and political conflict with their nation of origin. Other groups have received favored status, such as refugees and nationals of allied nations.
Transatlantic migrations from Europe, especially in the 19th century, created ethnic enclaves in many eastern cities and settling many rural areas east of the Mississippi
Immigration from Asia has had the most influence on Hawaii and the West Coast, but has also created predominantly Asian neighborhoods in many major cities across the country.
Immigration from Mexico and other existing Latino populations has strongly influenced the Southwest.
Westward expansion of the United States
The Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted the western boundary of European settlement to the watershed east of the Appalachian Mountains; despite the Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 and Nonintercourse Acts prohibiting private purchase of Native American lands, the territory between the Mississippi River and Appalachian Mountains granted to the United States by the Treaty of Paris (1783) was gradually opened to white settlers through public purchase of Indian lands.
The Homestead Act promoting settlement west of the Mississippi after the Louisiana Purchase
Mormon settlement of Utah
Klondike Gold Rush promoting settlement of Alaska
African Americans escaped from slavery, sometimes via the Underground Railroad, reaching the free North before the American Civil War.
In the 20th century, to seek jobs and escape racial violence, African Americans left the South in the Great Migration and Second Great Migration, moving to Northern, Midwestern, and Western cities, where they had to compete with recent European immigrants.
Especially as transportation systems have improved over the centuries, it has become relatively easy for many Americans to move from one part of the country to another, given the lack of internal borders and dominance of English in most areas. Many do so for reasons of economic opportunity, climate, or culture.
The American Industrial Revolution, promoted urbanization of what was previously a largely agrarian society
Railroads, promoting migration westwards and streetcar suburbs, created significant ethnic shifts in urban areas.
Economics and natural disasters have driven migration, for example during the Dust Bowl, World War II, and since the decline of the Rust Belt
Suburbanization period after World War II, with "White flight" to new housing and away from later social unrest, followed by "black flight"
The majority of Native Hawaiians who moved to the mainland U.S. have settled in California.
Air conditioning has promoted migration from northern areas to the Sun Belt, aided by states' rules against union labor and having low taxes for businesses. The Jet Age promoted vacationing and part-time living in warmer areas (snowbirding).
In some cases, immigrants and migrants form ethnic enclaves; in others, mixture creates ethnically diverse neighborhoods.
Racial makeup of the U.S. population
(For demographics by specific ethnic groups rather than general race, see "Ancestry" below.)
White Americans
The majority of the more than 300 million people currently living in the United States consists of White Americans, who trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.
White Americans are the majority in forty-nine of the fifty states, with Hawaii as the exception. The District of Columbia, which is not a state, has a non-white majority.[20] Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in forty-six states; Hawaii, New Mexico, California, and Texas (and the District of Columbia) are the exceptions.[21] These five jurisdictions have "minority majorities", i.e. minority groups compose the majority of the population.
The non-Hispanic White percentage (63% in 2012[5]) tends to decrease every year, and this sub-group is expected to become a plurality of the overall U.S. population after the year 2043. White Americans overall (non-Hispanic Whites together with White Hispanics) are projected to continue as the majority, at 73.1% (or 303 million out of 420 million) in 2050, from currently 77.1%.
Although a high proportion of the population is known to have multiple ancestries, in the Census 2000, the first with the option to choose more than one, most people still identified with one racial category. Reporting depends on how persons choose to identify.
Numerous individuals (7.2% of the U.S. population) listed their ancestry as American on the 2000 census (see American ethnicity). According to the United States Census Bureau, the number of people in the U.S. who reported American and no other ancestry increased from 12.4 million in 1990 to 20.2 million in 2000. This change in reporting represented the largest "growth" of any ethnic group in the United States during the 1990s, but it represented how people reported themselves more than growth through birth rates, for instance, and certainly did not reflect immigration.
Self-identified German Americans made up 17.1% of the U.S. population, followed by Irish Americans at 12%, as reported in the 2000 U.S. Census. This makes German the largest, and Irish the second-largest, self-reported ancestry groups in the U.S. Both groups had high rates of immigration to the US beginning in the mid-19th century, triggered by the Great Potato Famine in Ireland and the failed 1848 Revolution in Germany. However, English-Americans and British-Americans are still considered the second largest ethnic group due to a serious under count following the 2000 census whereby many English and British Americans self-identified under the new category entry 'American' considering themselves 'indigenous' because their families had resided in the US for so long [22][23][24][25] or, if of mixed European ancestry, identified with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group.[26]
Most French Americans are believed descended from colonists of Catholic New France; exiled Huguenots, much fewer in number and settling in the eastern English colonies in the late 1600s and early 1700s, needed to assimilate into the majority culture and have intermarried over generations.
Isleños of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest have had, in part, direct Spanish ancestry; most self-reported White Hispanics are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origins, each of which are multi-ethnic nations. Hispanic immigration has increased from nations of Central and South America.[27]
According to the 2008 American Community Survey (ACS), a new kind of sampling survey, the 1,573,530 Arab Americans account for 0.5% of the American population.[28] The largest subgroup is the Lebanese Americans, with 501,907,[28] nearly a third of the Arab American population. They are mostly Christian and many are descended by several generations from ancestors who immigrated to the US in the early 20th century. More than 1/4 of all Arab Americans claimed two ancestries, including non-Arab and indicating intermarriage among their ancestors. Assyrians were also listed in the US census under Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac.[28]
Romanian Americans: For the 2000 US Census, 367,310 Americans indicated Romanian as their first ancestry,[29] while 462,526 persons declared to have Romanian ancestry.[30] Other sources provide higher estimates for the numbers of Romanian Americans in the contemporary US; for example, the Romanian-American Network, Inc. reports a rough estimate of 1.2 million.[31]
About 16.3% of Americans or 53,172,250 people are Black only or Black in combination with another race as of 2014 estimates.[32] Also known as Black Americans, the Black or African-American group is the largest racial minority, as opposed to Hispanics and Latinos, who are the largest ethnic minority. Historically, persons with identifiable sub-Saharan African ancestry, even if of majority white ancestry, were classified as "Black", according to hypodescent and the holdover of the racial caste associated with slavery. Today, racial categorization depends on self-ascription.[3]
Three major subgroups come under the rubric of Black American. African Americans form the largest subgroup, and many also have European and Native American ancestry. Their African ancestors were mostly involuntarily transported as slaves to the U.S. from Africa and the Caribbean from 1619 until the de jure end of the slave trade in 1808, or its de facto end in the 1830s-40s. In the early years, some Africans came as indentured servants and earned their freedom in the colonies. Due to this history, the origins of most African Americans are usually untraceable to specific African nations; Africa serves as the general geographic origin.
Historically, most African Americans lived in the Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, although populations remained in the Carolinas and the Upper South.
Beginning about World War I, hundreds of thousands and, eventually millions of black Americans left the rural South in their Great Migration to the industrial Northeast, and Midwest. From World War II until about 1960, they added the West Coast as their destination, drawn to defense jobs. These migrants were concentrated in urban areas. In total, more than 6.5 million blacks left the South through this period, escaping its segregation, Jim Crow laws, and disfranchisement formalized at the end of the 19th century in new constitutions. Since the 1980s, with improving economies in some southern cities, this migration has reversed, and millions of African Americans, many well-educated, are moving to growing metropolitan areas in that region. Today, a majority of African Americans (56%) live in the Southern U.S.;[7] they still live primarily in urban areas, but are increasingly moving to the suburbs.
Starting in the 1970s, immigrants from the West Indies, with origins in Jamaica, Haiti, Trinidad and Tobago, and Barbados, et al. have formed a newer portion of black Americans. This community was 2.5 million strong in 2008.[33] More recently, since the 1990s, there has also been an influx of Sub-Saharan African immigrants to the United States, from nations such as Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya. They are already outnumbered by their U.S.-born descendants. Together, these new African Americans comprised an estimated 2.9 million in 2008.[34]
A third significant minority is the Asian American population, comprising 13.4 million in 2008, or 4.4% of the U.S. population.[7] California is home to 4.5 million Asian Americans, whereas 495,000 live in Hawaii, where they compose the plurality, at 38.5% of the islands' people. This is their largest share of any state.[35] Historically first concentrated on Hawaii and the West Coast, Asian Americans now live across the country, living and working in large numbers in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Houston, and other major urban centers.
Their histories are diverse. As with the new immigration from central and eastern Europe to the East Coast from the mid-19th century on, Asians started immigrating to the United States in large numbers in the 19th century. Chinese and Japanese men were the first to arrive in sizeable numbers, recruited as laborers; they were willing to come because of economic problems in their countries. The Chinese particularly were integral to construction and completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, among other projects. They also came from the Philippines. The sources of immigrants changed over time, especially after the US changed its immigration laws in the 1960s to make entry easier. In addition, immigration fluctuated according to wars and economic conditions in their countries of origin. Today the largest self-identified Asian sub-groups are immigrants or their descendants from the Philippines, China, Pakistan, India, Brunei, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and Thailand.
Self-identified multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population.[7] They have identified as any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "Some other race") and ethnicities.[36] The U.S. has a growing multiracial identity movement.
While the colonies and southern states protected white fathers by making all children born to slave mothers be classified as slaves, regardless of paternity, they also banned miscegenation or interracial marriage, most notably between whites and blacks. This did little to stop interracial relationships, except as legal, consensual unions.
Demographers state that, due to new waves of immigration, the American people through the early 20th century were mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various immigrant nationalities, who maintained cultural distinctiveness until, over time, assimilation, migration and integration took place. The African American Civil Rights Movement through the 20th century gained passage of important legislation to enforce constitutional rights of minorities.
According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 Census, the multiracial population that is part white (which is the largest percentage of the multiracial population), is as follows:
white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017,
white/black at 737,492,
white/Asian at 727,197, and
white/Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander at 125,628.[37]
Multiracial Americans and admixture
Admixture in European-American population (Schriver et al. 2003, sample size n=187)
% European Admixture
90-100 68%
80-89.9 22%
70-79.9 8%
60-69.9 < 1%
0-39.9 0
In a survey of college students who self-identified as 'white' in a northeastern U.S. university, genetic testing revealed that around 30% had less than 90% European ancestry. Through DNA analysis, the study found an average of 0.7% African genetic admixture with a standard error of 0.9%, and 3.2% Native American admixture with a standard error of 1.6%, in a sample of white Americans in State College, Pennsylvania. Most of the non-white admixture was concentrated in 30% of the sample, with African admixture ranging from 2-20%, with an average of 2.3%.[19][38]
In 1958 Robert Stuckert produced a statistical analysis using historical census data and immigration statistics. He concluded that the growth in the White population could not be attributed solely to births in the White population and immigration from Europe, but was also due to people identifying as white who were partly black. He concluded that 21 percent of white Americans had some recent African-American ancestors. He also concluded that the majority of Americans of known African descent were partly European and not entirely sub-Saharan African.[39]
More recently, many different DNA studies have shown that many African Americans have European admixture, reflecting the long history in this country of the various populations. Proportions of European admixture in African-American DNA have been found in studies to be 17%[40] and between 10.6% and 22.5%.[41] Another recent study found the average to be 21.2%, with a standard error of 1.2%.[19]
The Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group of the National Human Genome Research Institute notes that "although genetic analyses of large numbers of loci can produce estimates of the percentage of a person's ancestors coming from various continental populations, these estimates may assume a false distinctiveness of the parental populations, since human groups have exchanged mates from local to continental scales throughout history."[38]
Native Americans and Alaska Natives
Indigenous peoples of the Americas, particularly Native Americans, made up 0.8% of the population in 2008, numbering 2.4 million.[7] An additional 2.3 million persons declared part-American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry.[42]
The legal and official designation of who is Native American has aroused controversy by demographers, tribal nations, and government officials for many decades. Federally recognized tribes and state recognized tribes set their own membership requirements; tribal enrollment may require residency on a reservation, documented lineal descent from recognized records, such as the Dawes Rolls, and other criteria. Some tribes have adopted the use of blood quantum, requiring members to have a certain percentage. The federal government requires individuals to certify documented blood quantum of ancestry for certain federal programs, such as education benefits, available to members of recognized tribes. But Census takers accept any respondent's identification. Genetic scientists estimated that more than 15 million other Americans, including African Americans, may have up to one quarter of American Indian ancestry.
Once thought to face extinction as a race or culture, Native Americans of numerous tribes have achieved revival of aspects of their cultures, together with asserting their sovereignty and direction of their own affairs since the mid-20th century. Many have started language programs to revive use of traditional languages; some have established tribally controlled colleges and other schools on their reservations, so that education is expressive of their cultures. Since the late 20th century, many tribes have developed gaming casinos on their sovereign land to raise revenues for economic development, as well as to promote the education and welfare of their people through health care and construction of improved housing.
Today more than 800,000 to one million persons claim Cherokee descent in part or as full-bloods; of these, an estimated 300,000 live in California, 70,000—160,000 in Oklahoma, and 15,000 in North Carolina in ancestral homelands.
The second largest tribal group is the Navajo, who call themselves Diné and live on a 16-million acre (65,000 km²) Indian reservation covering northeast Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southeast Utah. It is home to half of the 450,000 Navajo Nation members. The third largest group are the Lakota (Sioux) Nation, with distinct federally recognized tribes located in the states of Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming; and North and South Dakota.
Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders
Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders numbered 427,810 in 2008, or 0.1% of the population.[7] Additionally, nearly as many individuals identify as having partial Native Hawaiian ancestry, for a total of 829,949 people of full or part Native Hawaiian ancestry.[43] This group constitutes the smallest minority in the United States. More than half identify as "full-blooded", but historically most Native Hawaiians on the island chain of Hawaii are believed to have admixture with Asian and European ancestries. But, the Census takes reporting by individuals as to how they identify.
Some demographers believe that by the year 2025, the last full-blooded Native Hawaiian will die off, leaving a culturally distinct, but racially mixed population. The total number of persons who have identified as Native Hawaiian in 2008 was more than the estimated Hawaiian population when the US annexed the islands in 1898. Native Hawaiians are receiving ancestral land reparations. Throughout Hawaii, they are working to preserve and assert adaptation of Native Hawaiian customs and Hawaiian language; they have cultural schools solely for legally Native Hawaiian students.
Members of other Race
In the 2000 census, this non-standard category[3] was especially intended to capture responses such as Mestizo and Mulatto,[10] two large multiracial groups in most of the countries of origin of Hispanic and Latino Americans. However, many other responses are captured by the category.
In 2008 15.0 million people, nearly 5% of the total U.S. population, were estimated to be "Some other race",[7] with 95% of them being Hispanic or Latino.[8]
Due to this category's non-standard status, statistics from government agencies other than the Census Bureau (for example: the Centers for Disease Control's data on vital statistics, or the FBI's crime statistics), but also the Bureau's own official Population Estimates, omit the "Some other race" category and include most of the people in this group in the white population, thus including the vast majority (about 90%) of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the white population. For an example of this, see The World Factbook, published by the Central Intelligence Agency.[44]
Hispanic and Latino Americans
Hispanic and Latino Americans by race (2010)[45]
% of all Hispanic
and Latino Americans
White 26,735,713 53.0
Some other race
(mestizo, mulatto, etc.) 18,503,103 36.7
Two or more races 3,042,592 6.0
Black 1,243,471 2.5
American Indian and Alaska Native 685,150 1.4
Asian 209,128 0.4
Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 58,437 0.1
Total 50,477,594 100.0
In 2008, "Hispanic or Latino origin" was the self-identification of 47 million Americans. They chiefly have origins in the Spanish-speaking nations of Latin America. Very few also come from other places, for example: 0.2% of Hispanic and Latino Americans were born in Asia.[46] The group is heterogeneous in race and national ancestry.
The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino origin" thus:
" For Census 2000, American Community Survey: People who identify with the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" are those who classify themselves in one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the Census 2000 or ACS questionnaire - "Mexican," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban" - as well as those who indicate that they are "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino." Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person, or the person's parents or ancestors, before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.[47] "
The leading country-of-origin for Hispanic Americans is Mexico (30.7 million), followed by Puerto Rico (4.2 million) (which actually has a special relationship with the US, of which its people are citizens), and Cuba (1.6 million), as of 2008.[48] However, as of 2010, there were 1,648,968 Salvadorans in the United States, the largest of the U.S-Central American community. Salvadorans are poised to become the third largest Hispanic group by the next census, significantly overtaking and replacing Cubans.[49] Recent estimates already put the Salvadoran population as high as 2 million, as of 2013, the third largest Hispanic-American group.[50]
62.4% of Hispanic and Latino Americans identified as white.[8] 30.5% identified as "Some other race" (other than the ones listed). According to the PEP ( 91.9% of Latinos are white, as these official estimates do not recognize "Some other race".[5] In the official estimates, Black or African American Hispanics are the second-largest group, with 1.9 million, or 4.0% of the whole group. The remaining Hispanics are accounted as follows, first per the PEP: 1.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.5% Two or more races, 0.7% Asian, and 0.03% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. Per the ACS: 3.9% Two or more races, 1.9% Black or African American, 1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.4% Asian, and 0.05% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.[8]
The Hispanic or Latino population is young and fast-growing, due to immigration and higher birth rates.[46] For decades it has contributed significantly to U.S. population increases, and this is expected to continue. The Census Bureau projects that by 2050, one-quarter of the population will be Hispanic or Latino.[51][52]
The plurality (not majority) ethnic background in each county in the US:
German English Norwegian Dutch Finnish Irish French Italian
Mexican Native Spanish American African American Puerto Rican
The ancestry of the people of the United States is widely varied and includes descendants of populations from around the world. In addition to its variation, the ancestry of people of the United States is also marked by varying amounts of intermarriage between ethnic and racial groups.
While some Americans can trace their ancestry back to a single ethnic group or population in Europe, Africa, or Asia, these are often first- and second-generation Americans. Generally, the degree of mixed heritage increases the longer one's ancestors have lived in the United States (see melting pot). In theory, there are several means available to discover the ancestry of the people residing in the United States, including genealogy, genetics, oral and written history, and analysis of Federal Population Census schedules. In practice, only few of these have been used for a larger part of the population.
Analysis by 2000 Federal Population Census
Plurality ancestry in each state, ranging from 11.8% (FL) to 43.9% (ND). German American Mexican Irish African Italian English Japanese Puerto Rican
Fifteen largest ancestries in the United States as self reported in the 2000 Census:[53]
Percent of total
— U.K. (1801–1922) 66,224,627[54] 23.3%[54]
1 Germany 42,841,569 15.2%
2 Ireland 30,524,799 10.8%
3 African 24,903,412 8.8%
4 England 24,509,692 8.7%
5 American 20,188,305 7.2%
6 Mexico 18,382,291 6.5%
7 Italy 15,638,348 5.6%
8 Poland 8,977,235 3.2%
9 France 8,309,666 3.0%
10 Amerindian 7,876,568 2.8%
11 Scotland 4,890,581 1.7%
12 Netherlands 4,541,770 1.6%
13 Norway 4,477,725 1.6%
14 Scotch-Irish 4,319,232 1.5%
15 China 4,010,114 1.4%
Fifteen largest ancestries in the United States in the 2010 census.[55]
2 African 41,284,752 13.6%
4 Mexico 31,789,483 10.9%
14 Puerto Rico 4,607,774 1.5%
Ancestry maps
Major ancestries
These images display frequencies of self-reported ancestries, as of the 2000 U.S. Census. Regional African ancestries are not listed, though an African American map has been added from another source.
Frequency of American ancestry
Density of Asian Americans
Percent of Asian Americans
Density of African Americans
Percent of African Americans
Density of Native Hawaiian Americans
Percent of Native Hawaiian Americans
Density of Native Americans
Percent of Native Americans
Density of White Americans
Percent of White Americans
African ancestry
Arab ancestry
Density of Hispanic ancestry
Percent of Hispanic ancestry
West Indian ancestry
European American ancestries
These images display frequencies of self-reported European American ancestries as of the 2000 U.S. Census.
Czech ancestry
Danish ancestry
Dutch ancestry
English ancestry
Finnish ancestry
French ancestry
French Canadian ancestry
German ancestry
Greek ancestry
Hungarian ancestry
Icelandic ancestry
Lithuanian ancestry
Norwegian ancestry
Polish ancestry
Portuguese ancestry
Romanian ancestry
Russian ancestry
Scots-Irish ancestry
Scottish ancestry
Slovak ancestry
Swedish ancestry
Ukrainian ancestry
Welsh ancestry
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
Race and crime in the United States
Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
Race and health in the United States
Racism in the United States
2009 Louisiana interracial marriage incident
Backgrounds:
European American
White American
Ancestry of the people of the United States
Demographics of the United States
Immigration to the United States
Language Spoken at Home (U.S. Census)
^ a b c d e f g h i
^ a b c d e
^ a b c d e f g
^ The American FactFinder
^ Introduction to Race and Ethnic (Hispanic Origin) Data for the Census 2000 Special EEO File
^ Melvin Randolph Gilmore, "The True Logan Fontenelle", Publications of the Nebraska State Historical Society, Vol. 19, edited by Albert Watkins, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1919, p. 64, at GenNet, accessed 25 August 2011
^ a b , 1995–2006Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and DelawarePaul Heinegg,
^ a b c Mark D. Shriver et al. "Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping." Human Genetics (2003) 112: 387–399.
^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
^ Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.
^ . 2000 U.S. Census, ancestry responses
^ Ro-Am Network, 2002 study on Romanian communities
^ http://blackdemographics.com/population/ Accessed September 30, 2015.
^ http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc
^ a b Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, "The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research"
^ Heather E. Collins-Schramm and others, "Markers that Discriminate Between European and African Ancestry Show Limited Variation Within Africa," Human Genetics 111 (2002): 566-69.
^ Esteban J. Parra, Amy Marcini, Joshua Akey, Jeremy Martinson, Mark A. Batzer, Richard Cooper, Terrence Forrester, David B. Allison, Ranjan Deka, Robert E. Ferrell, Mark D. Shriver, "Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population- Specific Alleles," American Journal of Human Genetics 63:1839–1851, 1998.
^ US Census Bureau 2011 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN retrieved October 28, 2012
^ Salvadorans in the US
^ Ancestry: 2000
^ a b Combining immigrants from the erstwhile United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, i.e. Irish American, English American, Scottish American, Scotch-Irish American, and Welsh American immigrants.
American Factfinder; keyword search for "Ancestry", all programs; United States Census Bureau
For additional county-level U.S. maps on a wide range of ethnic and nationality groups, visit the Map Gallery of Ethnic Groups in the United States, part of the course materials for American Ethnic Geography at Valparaiso University.
Ethno-linguistic group
Ingroups and outgroups
Meta-ethnicity
Minority group
Panethnicity
Ethnobiology
Ethnogeology
Ethnolinguistics
Ethnomathematics
Ethnopoetics
Ethnotaxonomy
Groups by region
Indigenous Oceanian
Europeans in Oceania
Identity and
ethnogenesis
Cross-race effect
Cultural assimilation
Cultural identity
Endonym
Ethnic flag
Lineage-bonded society
Nation-building
Nation state
National language
National myth
Origin myth
Pantribal sodalities
Tribal name
Tribalism
Multiethnic society
Consociationalism
Diaspora politics
Dominant minority
Ethnic democracy
Ethnic interest group
Ethnocracy
Ethnopluralism
Middleman minority
Model minority
Multinational state
Ideology and
Ethnic hatred
Ethnic nationalism
Ethnic nepotism
Ethnic stereotype
Ethnic violence
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocide
Indigenism
Separatist movements
All pages needing factual verification
WorldHeritage articles needing factual verification from May 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012
Articles with dead external links from May 2013
Demographic maps
Ethnic groups in the United States
Maps of the United States
Race in the United States
Barack Obama, American English, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Jazz, African American Vernacular English
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Mexico, Canada, Peru, Bolivia, El Salvador
Mexico, Puerto Rico, California, Texas, Florida
San Juan, Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico, Spanish language, Colombia, Mexico
Missouri, St. Louis County, Missouri, United States, United Kingdom, Greater St. Louis
Hispanic and Latino Americans, Language, Race and ethnicity in the United States, Mulatto, Spanish people
Hispanic and Latino Americans, Western United States, New York City, Southern United States, Midwestern United States
Social class in the United States
Income in the United States, Poverty in the United States, Educational attainment in the United States, Wealth in the United States, United States


The vapour trails that can sometimes be seen behind planes as they land are caused by condensing humidity in the air in certain weather conditions.
You may have heard stories about aircraft dumping fuel on the approach to an airport. Is there any truth in these reports?
has never occurred in the Dresden region in recent years.
To dump fuel aircraft have to maintain a minimum altitude of 1,500 m, and the dumped fuel vaporises in normal weather conditions. It is therefore highly unlikely that fuel particles can be detected on the ground. This has been measured and verified.
The probability of fuel dumping happening at Dresden International Airport is extremely low, because no long-haul aircraft are scheduled to operate here. The vapour trails that can sometimes be seen behind planes as they land are caused by condensing humidity in the air in certain weather conditions.


Datacode presents FOCUS: Deep Chill produced by DJ/Producer Adam K. This amazing collection of samples and loops, sets the mood for those chilled and lazy days on sunny beaches around the world. The pack includes a massive 10 Song Construction Kits to spark inspiration in the studio for your next deep, downtempo summer grooves!
In this pack you can expect to find an eclectic collection of sounds, all the samples were extensively processed to create that warm, noisy vinyl sound with nostalgic, yet modern melodies. Deep Lo-Fi Chords, Dirty Analog Kicks, Pitched Down Piano and Strings, Noisy Synth sounds with Crackles and all the imperfect oddities that will help create those summer vibes in your next Downtempo Chill track.
Includes 10 Song Construction Kits with select drum loop versions and a bonus collection of Drum Hits!


Heart of the matter: Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology's Lalji Singh, who led the research.
Hyderabad: Scientists have found deletions in a gene associated with inheritable cardiomyopathy in the country's population, marking a start to pinning down genetic causes for diseases in India.
Cardiomyopathy, a disease of the heart muscle, is one of the most common causes of sudden death in otherwise healthy young individuals.
Researchers have found deletion of 25 base pairs—pairs of nucleotides that are a measure of the size of a gene—in the myosin binding protein-C gene, or MyBP-C, in a nationally representative sample of 14,000 people, including 800 patients.
In his earlier studies Singh and colleagues have shown that the Andamanese are genetically unique and, indeed, the first descendents of first modern human who migrated out of Africa.
Five years after the human genome was fully sequenced, to which India did not contribute, Indian studies are unravelling what genetic diversity means and how Indian data can contribute to the global understanding of diseases.
By laying the present Indian study over the global population, researchers have found this deletion is restricted only to Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Malaysia. Only these countries are susceptible to cardiomyopathy due to genetic causes.
"This is a very interesting study which, even if not validated in another (Indian) population, provides a good platform for predictive neonatal screening," said Partha P. Majumder, director, Institute of Molecular Medicine at TCG-ISI centre for Population Genomics in Kolkata. Coincidentally, the size of the deletion, 25 base pairs, is ideal for PCR-based diagnostics, he said.
PCR is short for polymerase chain reaction, which allows for early diagnosis for of malignant diseases such as leukaemia and lymphomas. PCR assays can be performed directly on genomic DNA samples to detect malignant cells.
"I can even think of ways how the cost (of technology) can be brought down," said Majumder.
Singh says a diagnostic is feasible as it can help couples abort a fetus if it is homozygous as such children die by five years of age. A homozygous person has two identical forms of the same gene.
However, in a chain reaction that genomics often triggers—one set of data leading to another—researchers are now questioning the evolutionary logic behind this deletion. Their work suggests the mutation (deletion) occurred some 33,000 years ago. "We are now trying to find out if it occurred so long ago, why does it still persist. Does it have any benefit or any correlation to anther gene?" said Singh.
With the democratization of science that genomics has ushered in, says Edison Liu, president of the Human Genome Organization, personalized medicine is inevitable. "Whether it reaches the masses or not is not an issue of science but of economics and distribution," he said.
Meanwhile, Singh, happy with nailing down MyBP-C, is questioning himself: "Can we cure this? Maybe one day, when the stem cell-based therapy arrives."


text:
For Orases, Don't Call It A Comeback
They've been here for years. But their brand identity is as fresh as ever.
Custom software maker, Orases, has given its brand a whole new look and feel. But don't be surprised if something about it feels curiously familiar.
At the center of this re-brand is a new logo. The "O" in the company name uses a modern navy and green treatment (a respectful nod to early CRT monitors). But look closer. There's a deeper meaning in there.
Two brackets
All code begins and ends with a bracket. Everything Orases creates is done between those brackets. That is where the company's industry-disrupting projects find life. Those brackets represent what Orases helps its clients do. It is their purpose, their potential, their vision.
"You can't be in the business of creating custom software without constantly evolving. Our brand identity is no exception," says Orases president, Nick Damoulakis. "But this isn't change for change's sake. This relaunch represents our continuous passion for boldly pushing the industry and empowering our customers' potential."
Damoulakis adds, "As we share our compelling new brand identity with the world, one thing about us has not, and will not, change—our brazen dedication to delivering the absolute highest caliber of service."
Nick Damoulakis ∣ June 26, 2019

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Roald Dahl Day at the Roald Dahl Museum!
16 September 2017 @ 10:00 am - 17 September 2017 @ 4:00 pm (£4.40)
Today is Roald Dahl Day and if you love Roald Dahls' stories, the best place to go is the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden.
That's the village between Aylesbury and High Wycombe where the author lived and wrote for 36 years.
There's three fun galleries to explore!
Find out about Roald Dahl's childhood, his love of chocolate and his schoolboy pranks. Rummage through Roald Dahl's family photos, find the mouse in the gobstopper jar and smell the giant chocolate doors.
You can also see Roald Dahl's actual Writing Hut, make a stop-frame animation, and there's a cafe and shop for you to check out afterwards.
Museum admission is £6.60 per day, children £4.40 per day.
+ Google Calendar + ICal Export
16 September 2017 @ 10:00 am
17 September 2017 @ 4:00 pm
Roald Dahl, roald dahl day
http://www.roalddahl.com/
Roald Dahl Museum
81-83 High St
Great Missenden, HP16 0AL United Kingdom + Google Map
Peanut Butter Pirates
29 January @ 11:00 am - 2:00 pm
Mango & Mr Whatsit
5 February @ 11:00 am - 2:00 pm
Family Dance Party
12 February @ 11:30 am - 2:30 pm
You can ask Amazon Echo or Google Home to play Fun Kids! All you have to do is use the wake word - that could...
Winter Wonderland in...MINECRAFT?!
The amazing open-world covers an area with a representative size of over 155,000 square metres or 38 acres,...
Disney Top 100 Replay
Back in August, you voted for your favourite Disney Songs and we played the 100 most popular! On January...
Take Part in Robot's Travel News!
Robot from the breakfast show has told us all that he's just got hold of a helicopter! He says he's...
Top 10 Facts About Trees
1. You can count the tree rings to find out how old it is! Did you know that you can see how old a tree...
Request a song for Friday Night Party!
Bex is playing all the biggest tunes as chosen by you! Every Friday night from 6pm it's the Friday Night...
Stuff you can do in 2021
This episode of Activity Quest was recorded before the recent announcement of increased restrictions. You...
5. Product & Place
In this episode Holly & Jack spend some time thinking about who they are trying to sell their vacuum...
Fun Kids Radio
« Harvest Weekend at Home of Charles Darwin – Down House
Mister Maker and The Shapes Live at Richmond Theatre! »
Learn Roald Dahl's made up words!
Roald Dahl Day: Top facts about Roald!
Bex's Top 5 books this month!
Roald Dahl Day quiz: Which book is best?


text:
My purple chair
Search mypurplechair.com
Purple Chair TV
Limerick Voice
The purple chair
Print news examples
Royal hoaxer's show officially axed by SCA
The radio presenters who made the prank call to the London based hospital where the pregnant Duchess of Cambridge was convalescing have had their show officially axed by parent company, Southern Cross Austereo.
ABC News reports that the pair will be allowed to return to broadcast on the airwaves, but in different roles that have yet to be decided on.
Mel Greig and Michael Christian were co-hosts on the Hot 30 show on Sydney's 2Day FM radio station when they called the London hospital as a prank, pretending to be the Queen to get an update on the Prince William's wife's medical condition.
The Indian-born nurse, Jacinta Saldanha who put the call through to the Duchess's ward was found dead on December 7 a couple of days after answering the station's prank call.
Saldanha is believed to have committed suicide and was found in her lodgings near the hospital where she worked in Central London.
The prank call was a pre-recorded segment that was passed by producers and included in the show when it went to air.
24-Hour Telephone Counselling
Those seeking support and information about suicide in prevention in Australia can contact:
Lifeline on 13 11 14
Kids Helpline on 1800 551 800
MensLine Australia on 1300 789 978
Suicide Call Back Service on 1300 659 467
Bush Telegraph
I studied a semester of my degree at Murdoch University in Perth. Great times and sunny days!
Perth: I will return some day soon....


text:
Kay & Shi
The Daily Scroll: A Mentorship Recap - July 17th, 2020 Show Notes
Kay:
Hello Questers, and welcome, once again, to The Mentorship Quest! We have Episode 140 coming at you, and today is July 17th. We have a quote which is attributed to a lot of different people, and that quote is this, "Forgive others, not because they deserve forgiveness, but because you deserve peace."
Shi:
So, we've heard this quote attributed most often to Jonathan Lockwood Huie, but it's also been thrown around with Muhammad, Gandhi, and Mark Twain. So...who knows! But, what we do know is, the concept of this quote is gold!
Yep! "Forgive others, not because they deserve forgiveness." I think this line, in this first part of the quote, is probably the one that - if I were first starting out on my personal growth and development journey, and hadn't been really working hard at this for the last decade or so - would scratch me the most. Because, why would I give something to somebody that they don't deserve?
I feel like we, especially here in the USA, run everything off of this "exchange transaction". So - if then, then that - kind of thing. And so, for many of us, we've been taught that if we work hard, we get rewards! And, if you do bad, bad things happen to you. And so, when someone else does something bad - I know for me, I feel a very deep knee jerk reaction to want to pass judgment, to hold it against them, to maybe even wish them ill (so far as wanting to see them brought to justice over whatever the thing is that I think is wrong). And so, I think that maybe you're farther along on your personal growth and development journey than I am when it comes to this part, because, "Forgive others, not because they deserve forgiveness" is something I could get stuck on for hours! But, because you deserve peace, that's what makes it worth it…
Exactly! Well, oftentimes, the forgiveness that would happen to that other person, or the "justice" that you're imagining in your mind that would happen to that other person, isn't something that's going to make YOU feel good. Now, in the extreme cases where someone is murdered, or assaulted, or something horrible happens to them - that person deserves their justice, they need to go to jail, and that justice is deserved. But, if somebody makes a slided comment at you or cuts you off on the freeway and you are allowing your emotions to get SO spiraled out of control that you are no longer peaceful, that act of forgiving that person in the moment (those little tiny forgivenesses) will bring you so much more peace in your day to day existence!
So many of us fight that though, because we feel this righteous indignation to the fact that we witnessed a wrongdoing. And so, we don't even really define it as forgiveness being needed, because it's more about this judgment needing to be passed. And so, realizing that this means we're withholding forgiveness…(which really means we're withholding peace from ourselves)...makes us realize that forgiveness is an inside job.
Now, one of the things that we had to "inside job" on in these last 18 months, was forgiving a common phenomena that occurs when flying. Shila and I travel a lot, (not so much in the last four months, of course!), but, prior to that, we did a lot of plane travel. And, one thing that we've noticed is that there is a certain select group of people that sit in the back of the plane. And, once the plane has stopped and is at the dock, those people like to get up and surge through the middle aisle and beat everybody off the plane as fast as they possibly can. Now, this used to really upset Shi and I - (up to the point where we've even audibly talked trash about the surger to the point where we could see on their faces that they felt embarrassed). But, after realizing this, and learning the message of today's quote, we've had the opportunity to encounter this situation several times and find ways to constructively forgive that person in the moment, and create WAY MORE peace for ourselves and our travel journeys!
WAY more peace! Because, at the end of the day, who cares if somebody surged from the back of the plane and got two passengers in front of you before you deboarded...But, that amount of indignation that you feel towards the unjust act of that person passing in front of you, really just works to destroy your own peace. It's like the phrase goes, "Not forgiving someone is like drinking poison and expecting the other person to get sick." And so, this forgiveness piece is really an inside job, and it is about deserving the peace, and not deserving being "the judge". And, something that's also been really helpful for us, that we first heard (surprise, surprise!) at a Tony Robbins conference, was the ancient, Ho'oponopono, Hawaiian prayer - and it's a forgiveness and reconciliation practice. And, it's more than a prayer alone. It's a process of making things right in your relationship with yourself, with others, with your creator, with your ancestors, with mother nature, and with everything in between! This ancient prayer boils down to four phrases that come together to help you find peace, and give yourself that gift of relaxing your judgement. And, those phrases are, "I am sorry. Forgive me. Thank you. (and) I love you.
So, today's quest is a prayer quest, and it is to: Perform the whole Ho'oponopono prayer out loud, to yourself, or to someone else...Maybe you have someone close to you that could use a little forgiveness from you right now, even if it's just from your car! And so, we're actually going to give you an opportunity to do it with us, right now. You can say it aloud with us! We'll leave a little pause on the backend so you guys can join in with us right now for today's Ho'oponopono, ancient Hawaiian prayer quest. So, say it along with us, "I am sorry. Forgive me. Thank you. I love you....I am sorry. Forgive me. Thank you. I love you." Are you ready?
Kay & Shi:
Let's quest!
The Daily Scroll: A Mentorship Recap - January 21st, 2021 Show Notes
The Daily Scroll: A Mentorship Recap - January 20th, 2021 Show Notes


I've gotta say, I've wanted to get Robot and his surfboard out on the ocean for over two years now. It's great to finally see it happen for real!
Also, I am aware of some issues with my site right now. I will be working to get that fixed today.
Well at least he and the surfboard are at the same place in the water, so that's a plus.
Nice drawings, Matt. Man, you're getting clooooose to that magic 200 comics! Roll on, madman.
How does the surfboard stay afloat like that?
Wait, I'm questioning a comic with a robot in swimming trunks logic, never mind.
They'll patch the surfing program in the next release.
robots in the water can get a little.. wait for it… RUSTY!


text:
SUPER 8 4K Release Details
Home > Movies > SUPER 8 4K Release Details
Writer/director J.J. Abrams and producer Steven Spielberg join forces for the extraordinary tale of youth, mystery, and adventure SUPER 8, debuting on 4K Ultra HD May 25, 2021 from Paramount Home Entertainment.
Originally released on June 10, 2011, SUPER 8 celebrates its 10th anniversary this year. Newly remastered for this 4K Ultra HD release, the critically acclaimed film stars Joel Courtney (The Kissing Booth), Kyle Chandler ("Friday Night Lights"), and Elle Fanning ("The Great"). Hailed upon its release as "the year's most thrilling, feeling mainstream movie" (Richard Corliss, Time), SUPER 8 is Certified Fresh on Rotten Tomatoes.
The 4K Ultra HD release includes access to a digital copy of the film and more than two hours of previously released bonus content as detailed below:
4K Ultra HD Disc
· Feature film in 4K Ultra HD
· Commentary by J.J. Abrams, Bryan Burk, and Larry Fong
· The Dream Behind Super 8 (HD)
· The Search for New Faces (HD)
· Meet Joel Courtney (HD)
· Rediscovering Steel Town (HD)
· The Visitor Lives (HD)
· Scoring Super 8 (HD)
· Do You Believe in Magic? (HD)
· The 8mm Revolution (HD)
· Easter Eggs (HD)
· Deconstructing the Train Crash (HD)
· Deleted Scenes (HD)
SUPER 8 tells the story of six friends who witness a train wreck while making a Super 8 movie, only to discover that something unimaginable escaped during the crash. They soon discover that the only thing more mysterious than what it is, is what it wants.
SUPER 8 4K Release Details 2
Categories Movies Tags JJ Abrams, Super 8
Nominations Announced For The 56th Academy Of Country Music Awards
Paramount+ Docuseries FOR HEAVEN'S SAKE To Debut Thursday, March 4


text:
Verna L. Williams
Verna L. Williams is the Dean and Nippert Professor of Law at the University of Cincinnati College of Law. A founder and co-director of the College's Nathaniel R. Jones Center for Race, Gender, and Social Justice, Professor Williams' research examines the intersection of race, gender, and class in such areas as education law and policy. Prior to joining the faculty in 2001, Professor Williams was Vice President and Director of Educational Opportunities at the National Women's Law Center, where she focused on issues of gender equity in education. In that capacity, Professor Williams was lead counsel and successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, which established that Title IX requires educational institutions to address known complaints of student-to-student sexual harassment. Professor Williams also practiced at the Department of Justice and with the firm of Sidley Austin LLP, and clerked for the Honorable David S. Nelson in the District of Massachusetts. She graduated cum laude from Harvard Law School and Georgetown University.


For many people, a missing tooth can significantly decrease their overall quality of life. It can cause social anxiety, personal physical discomfort, and low self-esteem. Losing a tooth because of an accident or other mishap can be discouraging. It may leave you unsure of what to do next. Thankfully, dental implants can be the solution to restore lost teeth!
Dental implants can restore both the functionality and aesthetic of your smile. Dental implants are considered to be the closest restorative dentistry option to a natural tooth because they have both an artificial tooth root and tooth crown.
The synthetic tooth root is typically made of a special alloy. The artificial tooth root is inserted into your jawbone to fill the missing tooth. Usually, when a tooth is missing, your jawbone starts to deteriorate. A dental implant restores support in your jawbone, helping your jaw to stay strong and healthy.
A porcelain crown is then placed over the synthetic tooth root, making your dental implant look like a real tooth. With an artificial tooth root and crown, this replacement tooth functions just like your natural teeth. It offers you full capability of your mouth again.
Dental implants can also be used to provide greater stability for dentures. The dental implants act as a solid anchor point for your dentures, which helps reduce denture slippage. You shouldn't have to worry about your dentures falling out! Talk to us about implant-supported dentures today!
We are proud to offer dental implants at our San Jose dental practice as a practical treatment for our patients. Dental implants can help strengthen your mouth and give you a full smile again. You don't need to feel self-conscious about your missing teeth anymore. This incredible technological advancement can give you a functional, attractive smile!
If you're interested in dental implants, contact us today. At Beveridge Dental, we can determine if dental implants are the most-effective option for you. Contact us today to schedule your appointment with Dr. Beveridge!


Picture of Gary Cooper from the movie 'Cloak and Dagger' where characters was named as Prof. Alvah Jesper. Picture was taken by MPTV. All rights of this picture holds 1949 - Warner Bros. All rights reserved. Original and main source of picture is mptvimages.com. This is a picture of Gary Cooper, and Lilli Palmer, in Cloak and Dagger, (1946).


Rockstarz Limousine & Party Bus is honored to provide the very best limo and party bus rentals in Allen Park, MI.
Known as one of the more charming middle-class suburbs of Detroit, Allen Park has a lot to offer its residents. Along the same lines, Rockstarz Limousine and Party Bus has a lot to offer the residents of Allen Park as well with high quality, professional limo and party bus reservations. The city of Allen Park is recognized as one of the best small cities in America, and Rockstarz is proud to be the leading limo company in Allen Park.
If you head over to our fleet page, you will see that we have luxury vehicles that can accommodate any amount of passengers for any kind of event. Whether you are headed to the Fairlane Green Shopping Center for a day of shopping or to the Fillmore Detroit for a concert, Rockstarz has the vehicle for you. Grab your friends and hop into one of our state-of-the-art limousines for a day or night of fun and luxury!
Call us today at 734-386-6912 for rates and quotes on limousine and party bus rentals in Allen Park, MI. We are available to answer any and all questions that you have for us, and look forward to earning your trust and satisfaction!


When drawing a line with the GraphicsOverlay class, the map screen turns black when it is a solid line.
※ Please check the attached document for details.
The symbol uses the SimpleLineSymbol class.
I tried this, but could not reproduce (tested on Ubuntu 16.04). Could you upload a small sample project that reproduces the issue? Also, are you able to reproduce the issue on any other platforms? As you might know already, CentOS isn't a supported platform of ours, but I'm guessing it should mostly behave the same as RHEL.
I tried on the small sample projects but an error occurred.
Sorry another platforms until is not tried.
Can you share your project with me please?
It still might work since it is similar to RHEL, but we have not done any testing on this platform.


Data is undeniably the currency of our digital world and companies are wrestling with ways to make better use of their data to innovate and compete. Key technology trends, and changes in the way customers want to consume information, are driving tectonic shifts in the data paradigm - all of which are generating massive amounts of data. Companies must rethink how they harness that data, or risk being left behind.
Smart mobility, the internet of things, digital personalization and cloud computing are changing the way businesses operate, run and achieve objectives. Companies have invested in big data technologies with the vision of enhancing customer experiences, driving product innovation, and harnessing real-time insights for business decision-making and operations.
Data is created, utilized and managed at various locations and at varying speeds. Data can be structured or unstructured, generated by humans or by machines and sensors. Companies are realizing that current approaches to big data architecture fail to achieve a consistent and trusted view of information across their enterprise, let alone reach their vision.
Is your organization experiencing any of these issues?
Enter the Connected Data Fabric Architecture, a modern big data architecture that supports the growing needs of businesses. With a Connected Data Fabric Architecture, organizations can harness real-time insights from a multitude of big data types, sources, and locations. Companies gain a competitive edge by accelerating the delivery of new and actionable insights through advanced automation and intelligence to support new and emerging use cases such as IoT analytics, customer intelligence analytics, proactive fraud prediction, risk analytics, real-time analytics, and multi-dimensional views of the customer.
New systems of insight fed by artificial intelligence, machine learning and distributed deep learning.
Personalized experiences for 1:1 relationships with billions of customers.
Balanced supply chains and the elimination of slack and stock-outs.
Operational efficiencies throughout organizations in every industry and of every size.


Ken Hu, CFA, CPA is in charge of Asia fixed income investments at Invesco Asset Management, based in Hong Kong. He deals in China onshore and offshore bonds and Indian local currency bonds, using a benchmark-aware investment style. He joined the firm in 2014 and prior to this was in charge of global fixed income investments at Bank of China (Hong Kong) Asset Management. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin, Madison and Hong Kong University of Science & Technology with a degree in Finance.


text:
Inka Bell - Z-15
· Screen print on heavy weight coloured card stock (with cut corners)
· 21 x 29,7 cm
· Edition of 17
· Printed signed and numbered by the artist
This artwork looks great in our readymade frame Scandic from Nielsen. Choose between solid oak, black or white.
This artwork is available for shipping everywhere. But if you wish to buy it framed, then shipping is only available in Denmark. You are of course always welcome to pick it up in our shop, which is located at Blågårdsgade 11.B, 2200 Copenhagen. Use the code "NOSHIPPING" at checkout, to avoid the shipping fee.
Inka Bell (born in Espoo, Finland, 1981) is a visual artist mostly working within the expanded field of printmaking. In her practice she explores the relationship between two and three dimensional, through material, color, surface and repetition. The paper plays a central role in her work, which she uses for printing or shaping it into new forms. Inka's practise typically involves a dialog with a machine, such as a computer to create a matrix, or a tool that enables her to work with the material in ways which wouldn't be possible with her bare hands.
The artist lives and works in Helsinki, Finland.


Recent genetic findings in schizophrenia - implications for future drug discovery?
Can we predict clinical response in depressed patients using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging?
Atypical psychotics in bipolar depression: a new major option?


text:
Dbfs est le nom d'un système de fichiers réseaux (comme NFS) créé par Oracle Corporation, basé sur une base de données.

Côté serveur, il s'agit d'une base de données, côté client, il s'agit d'un driver du système d'exploitation permettant de monter la base sur le système.

Ce système de fichiers est apparu avec la version Oracle 11g.

Avantages
L'avantage principal de ce système est qu'il hérite de toutes les fonctionnalités de la base de données Oracle.
 il s'agit d'un système de haute disponibilité si la base est en

Inconvénients
Les inconvénients majeurs, sont :

 une extrême lenteur comparé aux autres systèmes de fichiers réseaux : les optimisations disques ne profitent aucunement du stockage de fichiers dans une base de données. À titre d'exemple, lister un fichier effectue une requête dans la base de données, la commande ls par exemple n'est pas performante. C'est particulièrement le cas si les applications qui utilisent le système de fichiers ouvrent les fichiers en mode append.
 une administration coûteuse : gestion classique d'une base de données Oracle (gestion des archives logs, ...)
 si les tablespaces sont pleins mais qu'ils sont en autoextend, la commande df retourne un taux de remplissage de 100 %. Il faut alors interroger la base de données pour connaître réellement l'espace disponible.
 en , le système est jeune, malgré plusieurs patches corrigeant certains problèmes de corruption de données, des cas de corruption de données persistent.

Notes et références

Système de fichiers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Post a free Request For Proposal for a TERUMO TE-112 Pump IV Infusion and get quotes from our Gold Service Dealers Click here to see the 11 Equipment Listings matching 'TERUMO TE-112 Pump IV... The new, Terumo Terufusion® TE-112 is a lightweight and compact infusion pump, equipped with user-friendly function buttons, an intelligent alarm system for extra safety, and an easy to read LCD. The TE-112 is a high-tech, easy to use, reliable machine.
Infusion Pump TE-LM800 Smart Concept of Advanced Infusion System Volumetric Infusion Pump Syringe Pump TE-SS800 Advanced Infusion System Ease of use Mobility Monitoring Transporting patients is easier and quicker using the integrated handle in Terufusion pumps. Pumps can be removed or attached to a pole or the Terufusion rack quickly and simply using the pole clamp. Volumetric To …... using two syringe infusion pumps (Pump A, Terumo Terufusion Infusion Pump TE-331, and Pump B. Looking for: terumo te 112 infusion pump service manual 13 Item Syringe pumps "TE- 331S/332S" and infusion pumps and other electronic medical.
The Terumo Terufusion® TE-112 is a lightweight and compact infusion pump, equipped with user-friendly function buttons, an intelligent alarm system for extra safety, and an easy to read LCD. The TE-112 is a high-tech, easy to use, reliable machine.


text:
8 mins ago / Politics
43 mins ago / Technology
News Shapers: Foreign Policy
7 hours ago / Events
Axios Autonomous Vehicles: AVs take backseat — Labor talks — Soldiers on hoverboards
Ben Geman updated Mar 26, 2018
Energy markets have gotten more volatile and harder to predict
Power lines in California. Photo: George Rose / Getty Images
Oil, gas and electricity markets in the U.S. showed more yearly volatility and proved tougher for Energy Department analysts to predict from 2005 to 2014 compared to preceding decades, new research published in the journal Nature Energy shows.
Why it matters: The results underscore the challenges facing policymakers, and companies making investment decisions that "influence the cost, and environmental and health impacts of the US energy system for decades," the paper states.
"Understanding historical changes in the projected and actual values of key energy quantities can help decision-makers create robust strategies for a deeply uncertain future," write the three Carnegie Mellon University authors.
"This turbulence may or may not continue. However, this analysis should serve as a stark reminder of the importance of considering the possibility of further surprises when planning for the future," they conclude.
What they did: The paper explores decades of U.S. data on prices, production and use of oil, gas and coal; electricity prices and demand; transportation fuels and more, totaling 17 separate categories.
Their analyses looked at two types of "extreme" changes in these categories. One was the largest cases of year-over-year volatility. The other was the biggest misses in annual Energy Information Administration long-term outlooks — in which the errors were outside of the 95 percent range of prior errors for a given topic.
What they found: "Both volatility and unpredictability have increased in the past decade, compared to the three and two decades before it."
In terms of volatility, data since the mid-20th century shows there were nine extreme changes between 2005 and 2014, compared to just seven from 1975 to 2004.
On the unpredictability front, 2005-2014 showed major forecasting errors that included over-projections of coal production; under-projections of oil production toward the end of the study period; and over-projection of total electricity sales.
To be sure: Some of the findings can be traced to a single, if broad, seismic change — the oil and gas fracking boom over the last decade. It has, for instance, led to much more production than forecast as well as much lower natural gas prices. And the 2007-2008 financial crisis also shook things up.
But that's not enough to explain the results. "[H]igh concentrations of extreme errors begin before both the massive expansion of hydraulic fracturing and the great recession," the authors write.
Their bottom line: "The observed increase in the volatility and unpredictability of key energy-related quantities may suggest complex structural shifts in the U.S. and world economies and energy systems."
The paper's authors are Inês Azevedo, a professor of engineering and public policy; Evan Sherwin, a grad student in that program; and Max Henrion, the CEO of Lumina Decision Systems who is also an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon.


The season's final mixed bill promises intriguing variety. Balanchine's resplendent Theme & Variations represents the height of classical purity and elegance, while his zesty Tarantella pas de deux dazzles with virtuoso fun. In Jose Limon's masterpiece, The Moor's Pavane—a reduction of Shakespeare's Othello—riveting characterizations cast a powerful spell. The line-up is joined by the return of our own Price Suddarth's electric Signature.
This item was available as of the last update on: April 2, 2019 at 9:36 AM. All items listed on this website are subject to prior sale.


We welcome enquiries any time. Contact us by any of the below details and we will respond as soon as possible.
Want to contact us? It's Easy! Just click on Peter Cook's email address above and send him a message.


We are currently looking for experienced dialysis nurses with a sense of adventure to fill anticipated leave/vacancies later in 2013.
Please give Sarah a call to talk about future possibilities!
mobile is the best….on 0448685610.