text:
Q: R: Quantstrat TxnFees Multiplier I am trying to run a backtesting strategy in R's Quantstrat package. The instrument is Wheat futures and is quoted in US cents. The contract size is 5000 bushels. I have therefore added the following code.
future(symbols,
      currency = "USD",
      tick_size = 0.25,
      multiplier = 50)

However, when running the model it seems to draw a loss when the profit is too small, which prompted me to look at how transaction fees are calculated in the blotter package as shown in this code on github.
#' @param ConMult Contract/instrument multiplier for the Symbol if it is not defined in an instrument specification

Does this mean that when I specify .txnfees <- -10, the taxation fee is 50*-10 = -500, in which case I should specify TxnFees to be -0.2. How do I specify a set amount per order?

A: To directly answer your question, setting .txnfees <- -10 in ruleSignal will make the transaction cost for the trade equal to -10, regardless of the quantity of the trade.  The multipliers in the contracts defined by FinancialInstrument do not directly affect the transaction cost calculation.  Here is how you could go about achieving what you expect though...
First a bit of background:  The source code for addTxn in blotter is where transaction costs come into play in quantstrat backtests, which you have correctly identified.  You can pass in TxnFees as a (non positive) numeric value, or a character string that is the name of a function that defines how the fees are calculated.  Look carefully and you'll see that TxnQty, TxnPrice, Symbol are all arguments that are supplied to the TxnFee function. i.e. See this part of the code in addTxn:
if (is.function(TxnFees)) {
      txnfees <- TxnFees(TxnQty, TxnPrice, Symbol)
    } else {
      txnfees<- as.numeric(TxnFees)
    }

In quantstrat, the arguments to ruleSignal include transaction costs via the TxnFees argument (and ruleSignal is an argument to add.rule)
But you can pass in a custom function (giving its name as a string in the argument to ruleSignal) which will model transaction fees in a way you might like.
If you look in the same blotter source file you have linked, there is an example of a transaction cost function (look at the blotter unit tests and you'll see examples of how this transaction cost function is used):
pennyPerShare <- function(TxnQty, ...) {
    return(abs(TxnQty) * -0.01)
}

Below is another fully reproducible example of how you could model fees that are a function of the quantity traded, and just for demonstration I use the contract multiplier argument from the stock object, instead of future object, but obviously the same kind of logic applies for any instrument type.  In the example below, for each transaction, a fee equal to 1.5% of the quantity traded is charged as a transaction cost.  You could also possibly make the fees a function of the TxnPrice too, which is another argument to the function.
#---------------------------------------------------------------
# Define the transaction cost function
txnFUN <- function(TxnQty, TxnPrice, Symbol, pct = 0.015) {
  multiStock <- getInstrument(Symbol)$multiplier
  # Do something with multiStock, here it is equal to 1, so it's effectively meaningless but shows how you could go about using it.

  fees <- abs(TxnQty) * pct * multiStock
  # Fees are a negative deduction for the trade:
  if (fees > 0) fees <- -fees

  fees
}

#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

library(quantstrat)

suppressWarnings(rm("order_book.RSI",pos=.strategy))
suppressWarnings(rm("account.RSI","portfolio.RSI",pos=.blotter))
suppressWarnings(rm("account.st","portfolio.st","stock.str","stratRSI","startDate","initEq",'start_t','end_t'))

strategy.st <- "RSI"

stratRSI <- strategy(strategy.st, store = TRUE)

add.indicator(strategy = strategy.st, name = "RSI", arguments = list(price = quote(getPrice(mktdata))), label="RSI")
add.signal(strategy = strategy.st, name="sigThreshold",arguments = list(threshold=70, column="RSI",relationship="gt", cross=TRUE),label="RSI.gt.70")

add.signal(strategy = strategy.st, name="sigThreshold",arguments = list(threshold=30, column="RSI",relationship="lt",cross=TRUE),label="RSI.lt.30")

add.rule(strategy = strategy.st, name='ruleSignal', arguments = list(sigcol="RSI.lt.30", sigval=TRUE, orderqty= 100, TxnFees="txnFUN", ordertype='market', orderside='long', pricemethod='market', replace=FALSE, osFUN=osMaxPos), type='enter', path.dep=TRUE)
add.rule(strategy = strategy.st, name='ruleSignal', arguments = list(sigcol="RSI.gt.70", sigval=TRUE, orderqty='all', TxnFees="txnFUN", ordertype='market', orderside='long', pricemethod='market', replace=FALSE), type='exit', path.dep=TRUE)

currency("USD")
symbols = c("SPY")
stock.str = symbols

    startDate <- "1987-01-01"
    getSymbols(stock.str,from=startDate, to= Sys.Date())

for(symbol in symbols){
    stock(symbol, currency="USD",multiplier=1)
}
SPY <- SPY["2015/"]

startDate='2005-12-31'
initEq=100000
port.st<-'RSI'

initPortf(port.st, symbols=symbols)
initAcct(port.st, portfolios=port.st, initEq=initEq)
initOrders(portfolio=port.st)
for(symbol in symbols){ addPosLimit(port.st, symbol, startDate, 300, 3 ) }

applyStrategy(strategy=strategy.st , portfolios=port.st, parameters=list(n=2) )

updatePortf(Portfolio=port.st,Dates=paste('::',as.Date(Sys.time()),sep=''))

Check that the fees are as expected in relation to quantity traded:
tail(getTxns(port.st, "SPY"), 15)
#                     Txn.Qty Txn.Price Txn.Fees Txn.Value Txn.Avg.Cost Net.Txn.Realized.PL
# 2017-03-28 20:00:00    -100  234.3969     -1.5 -23439.69     234.3969            178.6209
# 2017-04-05 20:00:00     100  234.2974     -1.5  23429.74     234.2974             -1.5000
# 2017-04-11 20:00:00     100  232.8943     -1.5  23289.43     232.8943             -1.5000
# 2017-04-20 20:00:00    -200  233.4515     -3.0 -46690.31     233.4515            -31.8605
# 2017-05-14 20:00:00     100  239.1338     -1.5  23913.38     239.1338             -1.5000
# 2017-05-15 20:00:00    -100  238.9149     -1.5 -23891.49     238.9149            -23.3933
# 2017-05-17 20:00:00     100  235.6210     -1.5  23562.10     235.6210             -1.5000
# 2017-05-22 20:00:00    -100  238.8851     -1.5 -23888.51     238.8851            324.9084
# 2017-06-12 20:00:00     100  243.3632     -1.5  24336.32     243.3632             -1.5000
# 2017-06-13 20:00:00    -100  243.0547     -1.5 -24305.47     243.0547            -32.3502
# 2017-06-27 20:00:00     100  243.4900     -1.5  24349.00     243.4900             -1.5000
# 2017-06-29 20:00:00     100  241.8000     -1.5  24180.00     241.8000             -1.5000
# 2017-07-05 20:00:00    -200  240.5500     -3.0 -48110.00     240.5500           -422.0002
# 2017-07-06 20:00:00     100  242.1100     -1.5  24211.00     242.1100             -1.5000
# 2017-07-12 20:00:00    -100  244.4200     -1.5 -24442.00     244.4200            229.4997


It looks like I'll be needing a new publisher if I want to continue to write books. I have outlined a few but have been really busy teaching high school classes, online college classes, and taking online classes to pursue a Graduate Certificate in Mathematics.
Ricky's adventures will continue! I just need to do some research and find another publisher willing to give Ricky a chance!
Keep happy thoughts for Ricky!
Official web site of Ricky Adventure Books and author Jeff Keller. Come discover their adventures in colorful Colorado.


With over 70 years of experience designing, building, and installing automation systems and equipment, Arthur G. Russell has helped get thousands of products into the marketplace.
We know that quality and dependability are as important on the assembly line as in the final product. That's why we work with you from the start, custom designing an automation system that will exceed your expectations and be flexible enough to grow with you as your product demands change.
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text:
Air Force of Zimbabwe
Badge of the Air Force of Zimbabwe
Aerial warfare
5,000 personnel (1999)
94 aircraft (2014) [1]
Zimbabwe Defence Forces
Motto(s)
Latin: Alæ Præsidio Patriæ
"Our wings are the fortress of the nation"
Second Congo War
Chief of the Air Force
Air Marshal Elson Moyo[2]
Air Chief Marshal Azim Daudpota
Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai
Roundel
Aircraft flown
Chengdu J-7, Mig-23
Attack helicopter
Mi-35P
Mil Mi-17, Mi-24
Aermacchi F-260, Nanchang K-8, BAE Hawk
Ilyushin Il-76, Antonov An-12, CASA C212 Aviocar, Britten-Norman Islander, Bell 412
The Air Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ) is the air force of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. It was known as the Rhodesian Air Force until 1980. The Air Force of Zimbabwe saw service in the Mozambican Civil War in 1985 and the Second Congo War of 1998–2001.
Formation and early days
The Rhodesian Air Force (RhAF; formerly known, from 1954 until 1970, as the Royal Rhodesian Air Force (RRAF)), was reconstituted into the Air Force of Zimbabwe in 1980. The RhAF's 12 Hunter FGA.MK 9s were joined by other aircraft in 1981, 1984 and in 1987 from Kenya and the British Royal Air Force (RAF). Pakistan Air Force trained most of the Zimbabwean pilots in the initial days along with construction of Thornhill Air Base. Pakistan also sent Air Marshal Azim Daudpota to Zimbabwe as the Chief of Air Staff of the Air and Edias Ntini was a great commander for the ground work Force of Zimbabwe.[3]
In 1981, the Air Force of Zimbabwe ordered 8 eight Hawk MK60s, which were delivered in July 1982. On the night of 25 July 1982 a sabotage attack on Thornhill Airbase damaged four Hawks, nine Hunters and a single FTB-337G. One Hawk was written off, another was repaired on site and the other two were returned to BAE for a rebuild. A follow-up order for five additional Hawks was completed in September 1992.
The first supersonic interceptor operated by the air force was the F7 Airguard, 12 of the IIN and II variants were delivered in 1986. In 1993, a pair of O-2As were delivered for anti-poaching patrols over Zimbabwe's national parks. Two Cougar helicopters were reported to be in use in 1997. One was delivered in April 1995 and the second in September 1996. They were used for VIP duties.
Second Congo War 1998–2003
The Second Congo War, also known as "Coltan War" and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly called Zaire), and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power; although hostilities are currently ongoing. Zimbabwe's well-trained military entered the war as the best-equipped side. In mid-August 1998, the AFZ deployed five or six F-7s, most of the C.212s, at least four Cessna 337G Lynxs, and a dozen or more helicopters, including Alouettes, Bell 412s and Mi-35s, to Congo. All aircraft were flown by Zimbabwean pilots. After receiving an urgent shipment of spare Hawks, the AFZ apparently deployed some of them as well. At the start of the war, the Hawks had been reported to be in unflyable condition. Due to these circumstances the AFZ contingent in the Congo in August and September 1998 consisted of flights from No.3, No.4, No.5, No.7 and No.8 Squadrons, while a flight from No.2 Squadron was to follow later.
The No.2 AFZ Squadron deployed 12 BAe Hawk T.Mk.60/60As, which were used as strike-fighters and equipped with AIM-9B Sidewinder AAMs, Mk.82-series bombs, and Hunting BL.755 cluster-bomber units (CBUs), as well as launchers for unguided rockets. Only six or seven F-7s From No.5 squadron were fully mission-capable. Prior to the war in Congo, Zimbabwe was in the middle of negotiations with China for 12 additional F-7s.
For transport, the AFZ had the No.3 Squadron, flying 12 CASA C-212 Aviocar and six Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander light transports which had already seen heavy service, and were to see even more of this in Congo. Transport and liaison were also duties of the No.7 Squadron, equipped with Aérospatiale SA 316B Alouette IIIs (including ex-Portuguese Air Force – and Romanian IAR-built examples), as well as of the No.8 Squadron, equipped with Agusta-Bell 412SPs which were later armed with rocket launchers for this war. However, the latter unit would soon play a significant role in the war in DRC, as it was only recently equipped with the newest addition to the AFZ: six Mi-35 helicopters (including two Mi-35Ps). The first AFZ Mi-35-crews were trained at Thornhill AB, in Gweru, by Russian instructors. CO of this unit was Sqn. Ldr. Mukotekwa.
The first noted AFZ operation took place on 26 August 1998, where they destroyed a 5 km armoured column of rebels as they were approaching Kinshasa.[4] After defeating the invaders in Kinshasa, the Zimbabweans, in the belief that Kabila's government was already safe, suggested that there was no need to continue the war, and peace should be negotiated. This resulted in the reinforcement of rebel efforts as well as the Rwandans and Ugandans rushing better-equipped units into the battle. The garrisons in eastern Congo that remained loyal to Kabila fell to rebel attacks. The Ndigili airport, in Kibanseke Province, as well as Kitona, both held by Zimbabwean troops, were attacked simultaneously. In both cases, the AFZ responded with fierce air strikes. Rebels claimed that up to 100 civilians were killed by their bombs.
A series of fierce battles were fought between 4 and 13 September 1998, during which the Angolan mechanised forces were finally able to deploy their full firepower. The Chadian contingent was meanwhile deployed in NE Congo, where it participated in re-capture of Lubutu. The AFZ and FAC were active in this area for several days, flying a number of strikes during which cluster-bomb units (CBUs) were used. According to government reports, 45 rebels were killed and 19 captured in this battle.
On 13 September, when the Angolans attacked towards Kamina, the Zimbabweans found themselves under fierce attacks by thousands of rebels in the Manono area. It was in this area that the AFZ suffered its first documented loss of this war: on 4 September the Aermacchi SF.260 flown by wing commander Sharaunga crashed in bad weather, killing the pilot. Nine days later an Alouette III helicopter carrying several high-ranking officers, including Col. Kufa and Sqn. Ldr. Vundla, was shot down by rebels in eastern central Congo. Kufa and Vundla were killed, while Flt. Sgt. Sande was captured by RCD.
In late October 1998, the Zimbabweans launched an offensive in SE Congo. The offensive was made possible owing to the deployment of additional foreign troops in Congo, including some 2,000 Namibians. This began with a series of air strikes, partially flown by BAe Hawk T.Mk.60s of the No.2 Squadron, newly deployed in Congo, and by F-7s of the No.5 Squadron. These units first targeted airfields in Gbadolite, Dongo and Gmena, and then rebel and Rwandan communications and depots in the Kisangani area, on 21 November. On the following day the No.2 Squadron launched a strike package of six aircraft, armed with Mk.82 bombs and Matra 155 rocket launchers for unguided rockets calibre 68mm, which reached out far over central Congo. They deployed over Lake Tanganyika and attacked ferries used to transport Burundi troops and supplies into the war in Congo. According to Zimbabwean reports their strike came as a complete surprise. With machine-guns and light infantry weapons as the only means of air defense, six ferries were sunk and 600 Burundi and Rwandan troops killed. In a similar attack, on 7 December 1998, Zimbabwean planes or helicopters sank two rebel boats on Lake Tanganyika some 40 km north of Moba.[5]
In November 1998, it was reported that a $54 million shipment of helicopters, fighters and spotter aircraft had arrived in Zimbabwe to assist in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is unclear who received the delivered weapons. There were only very few reports about the fighting in the next few days, probably because the Congolese, Zimbabwean and Angolan governments found themselves under heavy pressure from Western powers because of this offensive. The few reports released from sources close to the rebels indicated Zimbabwean and Congolese attacks on Nuyuzu, Kasinge and towards Manono, supported by T-62 tanks and heavy artillery. According to Zimbabwean reports the Hawks and F-7s continued their operations and made additional attacks against Kalemi on 24 November, and a new round of strikes against different airfields in eastern Congo two days late. After the attacks the pilots of No.5 Squadron claimed destruction of an unidentified An-12 transport on the ground.[6]
When Congolese President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in early 2001, the Zimbabwean Air Force deployed five F-6 fighter aircraft to Kinshasa to participate in a fly-past at the state funeral. One of the five fighter planes crashed en route to the event and while four subsequently made the fly-past, two of the remaining aircraft also crashed during the return flight home. The crashes were blamed on low flying hours for pilots in the air force and insufficient training time.[7]
Current organizational structure
The AFZ is subdivided into the Administration Wing, the Engineering Wing, the Flying Wing, and the Regimental Wing.[8] The Administration Wing supports equipment purchasing, recruitment, staff support, food supplies, and related functions. The Engineering Wing maintains and inspects aircraft and related equipment, and covers the School of Technical Training, a tertiary education institution responsible for training aircraft maintenance engineering technicians. The training institute is the only federation aviation school in Africa. The Flying Wing handles aircrew personnel divided into eight squadrons at three primary bases. It also covers the schools for flying and parachute training. The Regimental Wing covers those squadrons specially selected to guard other AFZ assets, such as personnel and installations.[8] and weapon activations.
DIRECTORATES FOUND IN THE AIRFORCE OF ZIMBABWE
Civil Military Relations
It is difficult to ascertain a list of aircraft types operated by the Air force of Zimbabwe because of secrecy. AFZ has been constantly linked to Mikoyan MiG-29 since 1980 and even sent pilots to the then USSR for training. In February 2002 the EU enforced an arms embargo on Zimbabwe in reaction to severe violations of human rights in the nation. Unable to buy spare parts for the British designed and manufactured BAE Systems Hawk, in 2006 the air force received the first K-8. The air force also has Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 fighter jets donated by the late Muammar Gaddafi. In the late 1980s an order for MiG-29s placed with Russia, but was cancelled in 1992.[9] Negotiations to buy 14 MiG-29SMTs from Russia were held again in 2004[10] but an order for JF-17 fighters was apparently placed instead. One BAE Systems Hawk was returned to service in 2019 for the AFZ 40th anniversary mass flypast and was noted in a flypast at the April 2022 Zimbabwe International Trade Fair.[11]
K-8 Karakorum Trainer at Ysterplaat Airshow, Cape Town.
A Mil Mi-8 on takeoff
Chengdu J-7 China fighter 7[12]
Hawker Hunter United Kingdom fighter 2[13] ground attack role
MiG-23 Soviet Union fighter 3[12] employs variable-sweep wing design
CASA C-212 Spain transport 9[12]
BN-2 Islander United Kingdom utility / transport BN-2A 5[12]
Bell 412 United States utility AB-412 8[12]
Mil Mi-17 Russia utility Mi-172 1[12]
Mil Mi-24 Russia attack Mi-35 6[12]
Alouette III France utility 13[12]
AS332 Super Puma France VIP transport AS332 2[14]
Hongdu JL-8 China jet trainer K-8 10[12]
SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 Italy trainer 28[12]
Retired aircraft
Previous notable aircraft operated by the Air Force consisted of the BAE Systems Hawk, English Electric Canberra, de Havilland Vampire, C-47 Dakota, Aermacchi AL-60, Reims 337 Lynx[15] as well as the Chinese-built F-6 fighter aircraft and the Mi-35 helicopter delivered to the air force after independence.[16]
Rank structure
The AFZ's rank structure is similar to the RAF's rank structure from where, via the Rhodesian Air Force, its ranks were derived.
Officers/Commissioned Ranks
Rank group
General/flag officers
Field/senior officers
Junior officers
Officer cadet
Air Force of Zimbabwe[17]
Air chief marshal Air marshal Air vice-marshal Air commodore Group Captain Wing commander Squadron leader Flight lieutenant Air lieutenant Air sub-lieutenant
Airmen/Other ranks/Non Commissioned Ranks
Senior NCOs
Junior NCOs
No insignia
Warrant officer class 1 Master technician Warrant officer class 2 Master sergeant Flight sergeant Sergeant Corporal Senior aircraftman Leading aircraftman Aircraftman
Aircraft losses
Exact figures for the Air Force of Zimbabwe's aircraft losses have not been publicly published. It is believed four Hawks were lost, three F7s and several helicopters.
Michael Enslin, 21 years of age the time, was shot down in a BAe Hawk at 1000 feet while recovering from a dive. He survived for 5 days in the bush until he was rescued. He was the third pilot to be shot down.
SF.260MC flown by Wing Commander. Sharaunga crashed in bad weather, killing the pilot.
The Pilot Wing Commander became disorientated at night while on the way to take part in a flypast at Laurent Kabila's funeral, and the pilot ejected. He was found alive in the jungle by Zimbabwean troops five days later.
Incidents and accidents
The Air Force suffered a major setback on 25 July 1982 when four of their eight ordered Hawks were damaged in a sabotage attack a few days after their arrival at Thornhill Air Base. Plane 602 was written off, plane 601 was kept in Zimbabwe for repairs, whilst planes 600 and 603 were shipped back to British aerospace for repairs to airworthy status[citation needed]
22 July 1985, a UFO was witnessed by dozens of persons on the ground and in the control tower at Bulawayo Airport now Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo International Airport. The air traffic controllers watched it hover and tracked it on radar and two BAE Systems Hawk jets were scrambled to pursue it and the pilots described it as incredibly shiny, reflecting the colours of the sunset they estimated that the UFO was travelling at twice the speed of sound[citation needed]
More than 20 airspace intrusions were reported in the first nine days of October 1992. The violations appeared to be in the vicinity of Thornhill Air Base and the violators are believed to be South African transport planes on their way to Angola.[citation needed]
February 1995, a Chengdu F-7 crashed near Lalapanzi after encountering some engine problems. Flt Lt Zisengwe died in the plane crash[citation needed]
21/22 January 2001, an unnamed Wing Commander flying a Chengdu F7 became disoriented at night while on way to take part in flypast at Laurent Kabila's funeral. He ejected and was found alive in the jungle by Zimbabwean troops five days later.[citation needed]
In 2005, a CASA C212-200 Aviocar military transport plane came down during take-off at the Harare International Airport, killing two pilots – Wing Commander Lysias Charuka and Air Lieutenant Aletini Silaigwana[citation needed]
1 April 2005 Aérospatiale Alouette III Crashed soon after take-off in Gokwe, pilot tried to avoid telephone lines. All four on board survived[citation needed]
5 September 2008, a K-8 Karakoram training jet Crashed into Block 1 Married Quarters flats at Thornhill Air Base in the Midlands town of Gweru during a training sortie. The jet skimmed over trees and houses as it headed for a school before turning sharply and smashing into two high rise residential flats. There were no injuries or deaths other than the two pilots Flight Lieutenant Kudzai Kelvin Majongosi of Chirumanzu and Flight Lieutenant Dumisani Ndlovu of Bulawayo. Both were 28 years old[18]
On 22 September 2010, K-8 serial number 2021C piloted by "Venom" practising for the Africa Aerospace and Defence Expo display burst a tire on landing and rolled to the end of the runway at AFB Ysterplaat, Cape Town. It took some time to get the runway open again and aircraft in the air at the time diverted to Cape Town International Airport[citation needed]
On 4 September 2014 a SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 trainer aircraft crashed into a shanty town soon after takeoff from the Charles Prince Airport on the western outskirts of the capital Harare on a routine training mission over the Mount Hampden area when it suddenly nose-dived and crashed. The two pilots, Squadron leader Taurayi Jombo aged 36 and Air Lieutenant Evidence Edzai Begede aged 28 died on the spot. Such was the force of the impact that one of the pilots was decapitated but there was no further casualties only extensive structural damage to buildings nearby[19]
On the morning of 23 April 2015 a K-8 crashed in an open field a few kilometers from Thronhill Air base after catching fire. Both pilots ejected safely[20]
An SIAI-Marchetti trainer aircraft SF.260 crashed into a compound in Somabhula, about 24 km south-west of Gweru on 24 November 2020 killing Flight Instructor and Squadron Leader Mkhululi Dube and trainee pilot Silungile Sweswe[21]
On 23 April 2021, an Agusta Bell 412 AB-412 helicopter from Number 8 Squadron crashed in Arcturus just 32 km east of Harare. It was on a general handling sortie. Four crew members and one child on the ground died. Among the crew was Annita Mapiye, the country's first female Air Force helicopter pilot. No mayday was transmitted [22]
An Mi-35 helicopter gunship made an emergency landing in an open field in Chitungwiza on 8 July 2021 after the Pilot, a Group Captain tried his luck on an empty tank against the advice of the engineer. Onboard were two pilots and five aircraft technicians. They all survived without injuries.[23]
Fylde Air Base
List of air forces
^ Flightglobal – World Air Forces 2015 (PDF), Flightglobal.com
^ "General Chiwenga Retires As Mnangagwa Promotes Military 'Coup' Leaders". Voice of America.
^ Group Captain (R) Husseini & Pakistan Air Force. PAF over the Years (Revised ed.). Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force.
^ "Curfew in Kinshasa". BBC News. 26 August 1998. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^ Dinar, Ali B. "IRIN-CEA Weekly Round-Up 50–98 1998.12.11". African Studies Center. University of Pennsylvania.
^ Cooper, Tom. "Zaire/DR Congo since 1980". Central Eastern, & Southern Africa Database. ACIG.org.
^ "ANALYSIS: Mugabe's air force disaster".
^ a b "Air Force of Zimbabwe". Aeroflight. 9 March 2003. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
^ Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd. "Zimbabwe – Atlapedia® Online". Atlapedia.com. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
^ "The Zimbabwe Situation". The Zimbabwe Situation. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
^ "Shinn Paper" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "World Air Forces 2022". Flightglobal. 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ "Flying History: Zimbabwe's Proud Aircraft Tradition". Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ "List of Eurocopter Super Puma/Cougar helicopters in Zimbabwe". Helis.com. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
^ "World Air Forces 1983 pg. 380". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ a b "RANKS AND BADGES IN THE AFZ". afz.gov.zw. Air Force of Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ Nkatazo, Lebo. "Zimbabwe Air Force jet crashes, 2 pilots said. old". newzimbabwe.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
^ "Tales of a plane crash in a squatter camp".
^ "Pilots survive Zimbabwean K-8 crash". 29 April 2015.
^ "Pilots killed in Air Force of Zimbabwe SF-260 trainer crash". 10 December 2020.
^ NA, NA. "Airforce Of Zimbabwe Speak On Helicopter Crash".
^ "Incident Mil Mi-35 , 08 Jul 2021".
Roy Nesbit and Dudley Cowdery with Andrew Thomas, Britain's Rebel Air Force: The War from The Air in Rhodesia 1965–1980 (Grub Street, 1998) ISBN 1-902304-05-5 includes an AFZ chapter
World aircraft information files brighstar publishing File 340 Sheet 5
Description of AFZ
News report about AFZ groundings
News report mentioning new aircraft
AFZ Hawk Mk 60 displayed with Sidewiders
Zimbabwe's integrated air defence system (DOC file)
HQ-2
Security forces of Zimbabwe
National Security Council (NSC)
Joint Operations Command (JOC)
Minister for National Security
Central Intelligence Organisation
Fifth Brigade
Military units and formations established in 1980
1980 establishments in Zimbabwe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Kickers Return to City Stadium Saturday Against Chattanooga
By Patrick Wood, 04/26/19, 10:00AM EDT
Gates Open at 5:30 PM for Kickers K-9 Night; Kickoff at 7:00 PM
RICHMOND, Va. – (Friday, April 26, 2019) – The Richmond Kickers (1-2-1) return home to City Stadium for the start of a four match homestand in all competitions, starting this Saturday night as Chattanooga Red Wolves SC (2-2-0) comes to town for a 7:00 p.m. kickoff. It is Kickers K-9 Night presented by Impawsible Pups at City Stadium, with the first 150 dogs that come through the gates starting at 5:30 p.m. receiving a free dog bowl. Plus, Happy Hour drink specials from 5:30 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. with craft beers on tap and a selection of wines from New Kent Winery, live music from the Dirty Runaways and then the Kickers take the field to take on Chattanooga at 7:00 p.m. This match will be available live on ESPN+. Get tickets now at RichmondKickers.com.
Saturday's match against Chattanooga will be the first-ever meeting between the two clubs, and the first of four matches this season.
Richmond come into this match on the heels of a 1-0 road victory at Greenville Triumph SC last Saturday night. Coming out of halftime scoreless, the Kickers took the lead just four minutes into the second half. Conor Shanosky played a long ball forward to Matt Bolduc inside the Greenville end of the pitch. He turned and quickly found Joe Gallardo just ahead of him in space. In a brilliant run, Gallardo was able to get around four Triumph SC defenders and slotted the ball in the near post for the only goal of the match and his second of the season to lift Richmond to their first win. Gallardo, Wahab Ackwei and Josh Hughes were recognized for their efforts in the match, being named to the USL League One Team of the Week for Week 4.
Chattanooga held on to take a 3-2 home win against South Georgia Tormenta FC last Saturday night at David Stanton Field. Steven Beattie put up a USL League One Player of the Week performance scoring two first half goals, with Éamon Zayed adding a goal in between. Red Wolves SC took a commanding 3-0 lead into halftime. Tormenta FC fought back in the second half with two goals from Conner Antley and Christopher Hellman. The Chattanooga defense was able to hold stout to keep Tormenta from getting a third goal and claimed the victory.
The Kickers are back at City Stadium next Saturday night for the third and final meeting with Lansing Ignite FC at 7:00 p.m. The party gets started at 5:30 p.m. for Star Wars Night, with happy hour drink specials for the first 30 minutes after the gates open with craft beer on tap and selections of wine, live music. The players will come out for warm ups in limited edition Star Wars pregame jerseys, which will be auctioned off to benefit Sportable. This match will be available to stream live on ESPN+. Tickets are available now at RichmondKickers.com.
Richmond: Forward Joe Gallardo (#10) scored his second goal of the season and the game winner Saturday night at Greenville. The San Diego native has made four appearances, all of which were starts for Richmond this season. Midfielder Josh Hughes (#7) returned to the Kickers starting lineup in Greenville after dealing with a slight injury. Hughes played an integral part of Richmond's first three points of the season, winning 10 of 14 duels and completing 26 of 33 passes. Making his second appearance in the USL League One Team of the Week, defender Wahab Ackwei (#18) held strong with the Kickers backline to preserve the second clean sheet of the season. The Ghanian recorded a passing percentage of 80% and 8 clearances as the Kickers picked up their second clean sheet of the season.
Chattanooga: Named the USL League One Player of the Week, midfielder Steven Beattie (#10) leads Red Wolves SC in scoring this season with three goals. Beattie netted two goals in their last outing, a 3-2 win against Tormenta FC. Defender Vangjel Zguro (#6) has two assists this season for Chattanooga, including setting up the first goal for Beattie in their last match. The Albanian has played in four matches this season, starting in three of those matches. Defender Richard Dixon (#2) has one goal in four matches for Red Wolves SC. Dixon is a familiar foe for the Kickers after spending 2015-16 with Saint Louis FC before spending time at Oklahoma City Energy FC for the last two seasons.
Kickers Beaten at Home by North Texas
By Patrick Wood 07/13/2019, 10:00pm EDT
Richmond Kickers 0, North Texas SC 2
Midseason Fan Survey
By Patrick Wood 07/12/2019, 4:15pm EDT
Fill Out the Midseason Survey for a Chance to Win Prizes
Kickers Add Richmond United Academy Player Key White
By Patrick Wood 07/12/2019, 11:58am EDT
Will be Available for Selection Saturday Against North Texas SC
Kickers Return to City Stadium to Host North Texas Saturday
By Nathan Heintschel and James Flowers 07/12/2019, 9:00am EDT
Gates Open at 5:30PM for Honoring Our Heroes Night; Kickoff at 7PM
Honoring Our Heroes Night This Saturday
By James Flowers 07/10/2019, 12:45pm EDT
First Responders Show ID At the Gate to Receive Special Ticket Offer
Tag(s): Home News Club
©2019 Richmond Kickers / SportsEngine. All Rights Reserved.


Join in wherever you are to pray for blessing for our nation and the world. Billy Graham in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer The National Day of Prayer web site isn't working this morning. The Presidential Prayer Team - Pray for our current president.


In 2012 the Symphony of Supporters Annual Giving Fund was launched. This fund supports new and existing creative initiatives and supports operating expenses for Four Winds.
In 2013 we had an opportunity to put into practice our desire to be a home for aspiring artists. We hosted a trial residency to nurture young, emerging musicians. The Auric Quartet from the Australian National Academy of Music (ANAM) was in residence, working on their own repertory and performing, teaching, connecting and inspiring local musicians, orchestras, choirs and music educators. Auric will perform at the 2014 Festival and we have since formalised an ongoing partnership with ANAM.
This was made possible with YOUR support.


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18th October 2019 By Beside the Sea Leave a Comment
5 Great Reasons to Visit Sussex for a Seaside Getaway
Rolling beaches. Medieval towns. Ancient woodlands. And crumbling seaside castles. Visit Sussex and you'll discover a county steeped in history and blessed with more than its fair share of natural beauty.
To inspire your next trip, here are five top reasons to visit this treasured corner of the country!
1. Charming Sussex Towns
Enchanting half-timbered houses lean over the cobbled streets of medieval Rye. The town is a must-see anytime you visit Sussex.
Pick up gifts in one-of-kind boutiques, spot diverse birdlife around Rye Harbour, and gaze across the town's rust-coloured rooftops from the summit of the 12th-century St. Mary's Church. In the evening, find a crackling fireside in one of Rye's centuries-old pubs. Our favourites include The Standard and The Mermaid Inn.
In the quaint town of Winchelsea, you can join guided tours of medieval cellars. It's a great experience for anyone interested in medieval history and architecture.
Further afield, the town of Hastings combines historic treasures and classic seaside fun. Stroll around the winding streets and twittens of the preserved Old Town. Take in the salt air while exploring the fishing quarter. Learn about the Battle of 1066 at Hastings Castle. And enjoy family rides and attractions at Flamingo Park.
2. Enchanting Nature
Visit Sussex to glimpse some of the most magnificent woodlands anywhere in the country.
Situated in the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the 647-acre Brede High Woods is a nature lover's delight. Rare wildlife here includes great crested newts, fallow deer, the eel-like brook lamprey, and a species of beetle once believed to be extinct. There are even reports of wild boar roaming Brede's ancient woodlands.
The enchanting Ashdown Forest lets you visit the home of one of the world's most famous bears. The forest helped to inspire A.A. Milne's Winne-the-Pooh books. You can pick up a "Pooh Walks" guide to discover some of the book's best-known spots. Must-visits include the Lone Pine, the North Pole, and Warren Valley ("Eeyore's Sad and Gloomy Place").
3. Ancient Castles
From crumbling medieval ruins to stunning moat-surrounded forts, Sussex has a rich history of castle building.
The Georgian Redoubt Fortress in Eastbourne was first built to defend against Napoleon's armies, later serving as a strategic base during WWI and WWII. Free weekend tours unveil the stories and secrets of this historic landmark.
The 14th-century moated Bodiam Castle is your quintessential medieval castle, complete with imposing stone turrets, towers, and the remains of an iron-clad oak portcullis. And the 15th-century Herstmonceux Castle is another stunning moated castle set within sweeping parkland and Elizabethan gardens.
Both castles offer guided tours. Learn more about their vibrant history and former occupants when you visit Sussex.
4. Beautiful Beaches
From quiet shingle beaches to sweeping expanses of sand, the beaches of Camber Sands and beyond offer something for everyone.
If you're bringing your pet pooch, the top beach when you visit Sussex has to be Camber Sands. The huge shoreline is ideal for Fido to play fetch and crash into the surf, and curious canines will love exploring the grassy dunes that overlook the sea.
Head east to enjoy the quieter Broomhill Sands. This sand and shingle beach is a wonderful place to escape the hustle and bustle, and you'll often see kite surfers gliding and spinning across the waves.
Just 20 minutes' drive west from Camber Sands, you'll find the secluded Pett Level Beach. Largely shingle, the rolling shoreline here is dotted with rock pools and fascinating geological features, including the remains of an ancient sunken forest at low tide.
5. Eclectic Dining Scene
Visit Sussex and you'll be spoilt for choice when it comes to dining options.
Overlooking the dunes of Camber Sands, The award-winning Gallivant offers quality local produce, with favourites including Rye Harbour lobster, Romney salt marsh lamb, and Newhaven sea bream.
Located in a converted redbrick warehouse, Webbe's at the Fish Café in Rye offers fresh-off-the-boat seafood with a ground-floor cafe and a more formal restaurant upstairs.
Also in Rye, you can sample British classics and foraged food at the highly rated Landgate Bistro. While the intimate Tuscan Kitchen Rye offers regional Italian dishes with homemade pastas and olive oil sourced from its family farm in San Gimignano.
Plan to Visit Sussex
Take a bracing stroll along a gorgeous sandy beach. Wander the cobbled streets of a medieval town. Take a nature walk along a leafy woodland trail. And come face-to-face with English history in a crumbling coastal fortress.
Ready to start planning a visit to Sussex? Our two, three, and four-bedroom cottages offer the perfect base for your explorations, and they're just minutes from the beach at Camber Sands.
Book your ideal accommodation today!
Filed Under: Activities, Holiday Ideas
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Visit Sussex For A Magical Winter Getaway
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Seasonal Escapes Sussex
Views from Beside The Sea
Views from White Sand


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text:
package scalation

/** The analytics package contains classes, traits and objects for
 *  analytics including classification, clustering and prediction.
 */
package object analytics { }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Many believe that Steve has been incarnated several hundred times before, most times in the Middle Ages. His current incarnation is punishment for what he did the last time he was there. Steve's first and middle initials are "S" and "M" … say no more. To satisfy his desire to get medieval, Steve plays RPGs and writes stories, and has been doing so since the middle '70s. Nothing truly met the need until Steve discovered a Gate to Breminor. He visits there as frequently as Sattath, and his wife and son, allow.
Matthew likes nothing better than to sit in The Final Rest Inn and drink a couple of tankards of Tauri Shine, arm wrestle the Khaj bouncer, call into question the fighting skills of Dython recruits, trade saucy tales with members of the Church, bet a Soldar or two that Amulon will have taken Nythoria by the next harvest, and generally annoy the clientele all while composing the next great Breminese ballad.
I'm the one with his mouth hanging open on the right. (The good looking one on the left is my lovely wife, Karen, who has done all the terrific illustrations on this site.) I'm a freelance consultant and writer with a graduate degree in Instructional Technology. My wife and l live with our daughter and two terriers outside Boston.
Although Breminor is an entirely collaborative effort, it's useful to know just which of the above rogues can most likely make up a semi-believable answer to your question on short notice. The table below will help you find that person.
Note: Polite questions and comments always welcome and we'll answer them as soon as our schedules allow. Rude or inappropriate e-mail is put into the box labeled "when we have some free time." Since we never have any of that, rude questions are likely to go unanswered.
Note: General comments can be sent to any or all of the above.
I really couldn't offer enough thanks to the kind folks at Profantasy for their support in making the maps that appear on this site. Profantasy has, hands down, the best technical support that I've ever had come accross among software makers. Also, I'd be remiss if I didn't mention a couple of the more influential members of the CC2 news group. In particular, I'd like to thank Ralf Schemmann for the guidance to new CC2 users and the fine examples he's provided. If you visit Ralf's wonderful site at www.jhendor.de, you'll clearly see where a large portion of the inspiration for my maps came from. Many thanks to these people and the many others, unmentioned, who've contributed to these maps and to the betterment of this site.
If you are so inclined, we'd be pleased if you'd sign our guestbook to let us know who's been by.


text:
Q: The chain rule in the case of a product of multivariate function and a function of one variable Given is $F(x(p),y(p),z(p),t)=A(x(p),y(p),z(p))B(t)$
Is it correct to write
$\frac{dF}{dp}=[\frac{\partial A}{\partial x}\frac{dx}{dp}+\frac{\partial A}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{dp}+\frac{\partial A}{\partial z}\frac{dz}{dp}]B(t)$
Is it correct to also write
$\frac{\partial F}{\partial t}=A(x(p),y(p),z(p))\frac{dB}{dt}$
I was reading about the chain rule on Wikipedia and others but couldn't find a case with a similar product of functions.
EDIT: Also given is $B(t)=\frac{dp}{dt}$, thus $p$ depends on $t$, as shown by Fimpellizieri (see below)

A: If $p$ and $t$ are independent, meaning $\frac{d}{dt}p=\frac{d}{dp}t=0$, then yes, both are correct.
EDIT: If $p$ depends on $t$ via $\frac{d}{dt}p=B$, as indicated in the comments, then the chain rule (together with the product rule) for the second expression yields
$$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}F
=\left(\frac{\partial }{\partial t}A\right)B+A\left(\frac{d }{d t}B\right)\\
=\left(\frac{\partial A}{\partial x}\frac{dx}{dp}\frac{dp}{dt}
+\frac{\partial A}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{dp}\frac{dp}{dt}
+\frac{\partial A}{\partial z}\frac{dz}{dp}\frac{dp}{dt}\right)B+A\cdot B'\\
=\left(\frac{\partial A}{\partial x}\frac{dx}{dp}
+\frac{\partial A}{\partial y}\frac{dy}{dp}
+\frac{\partial A}{\partial z}\frac{dz}{dp}\right)B^2+A\cdot B'$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A vintage shirt would be perfect, pair it with a full length skirt, stilettos and a purse. You are good to go.
A light cashmere sweat shirt paired with a cotton flared skirt is covered and soft and its all you need for church.
A monochrome look can give make you look glamorous even though you've kept it simple.
A floral dress is always a good fit for trying to keep things simple, pair with a stiletto and a purse for a dazzling yet simple finish.
A simple knee length dress with the right shoes would go a long way this Sunday.
You don't need to wear heels if you have a lovely flat sandals, pair it with your dress and keep it simple.
This are the simply styling tricks you need this Sunday. What do you think? Share your thoughts in the comment box below.


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Poll watch
Above the Fold
By Alanna Duffield
Australian public favours same-sex marriage in overwhelming majority vote
Same-sex marriage receives an overwhelming vote of favour by the Australian public after 61.6 per cent of its citizens voted for its legalisation.
Following the results of the non-binding postal vote, the country's long dispute around its marriage laws will finally be debated for amendments by the Senate.
The Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said that the people of Australia "voted yes for fairness, yes for commitment, yes for love".
American millennials want third political party
A strong majority of American millennials feel that neither the Republican or Democratic parties represent the people of America and feel that a third party is needed, a poll by NBC News/GenForward has found.
Almost three quarters (71 per cent) of young people across the US feel unrepresented by the country's two leading political parties, with 63 per cent disapproving of the way Donald Trump is handling his presidency.
With 65 per cent of millennials believing the country's politics is disappointing overall, the Democratic party appears to also be falling short of young adult's expectations.
Nine out of 10 Brits condemn corporate tax avoidance
A survey by Christian Aid has confirmed that nine out of 10 people believe tax avoidance by large corporate companies is morally wrong.
The poll also found that 85 per cent of Brits feel it is too easy for big business firms to get away with not paying their fair share.
This overwhelming majority highlights the growing pressure on a government which is struggling to tackle the issue, particularly following the Paradise Papers scandal.
UK confidence in Theresa May's Brexit negotiations plummet
A poll conducted by ORB International has revealed that 61 per cent of Brits are unimpressed by Prime Minister Theresa May's handling of Brexit negotiations.
A lack of British confidence in the withdrawal of the UK from the EU was originally at 46 per cent, but has since shot up in a matter of months.
For the first time in over a year, more people in the UK believe they will end up being worse off after Britain's break from Europe, according to the opinion tracker.
Above the Fold Data Mediaabove the foldmediapolls


Being involved in a DUI offense is often a confusing and troubling one, especially for first-time offenders. You are often left with a lot of questions about what is to be expected or the next move you should make.
Drug substances need to be at a certain minimum level in your body while you are in actual physical control' of your vehicle. When they go beyond that point, you are at the risk of being arrested if stopped by the Police.
The first thing you should do after your arrest is to find yourself a good Attorney.
Criminal charges – these are for DUI charges and other tickets you might have received. You are Innocent until proven Guilty.
Suspension of your driving license – which happens automatically 46 days after your arrest. You are, however, entitled to a hearing to fight the suspension of your license. But this must be done within a specific limited period of time.
On normal situations, you are presented with a court date that requires your appearance. You are also informed of suspension of your driving license by the State Secretary.
You appear on the first day in the court with your DUI attorney who also confirms his presence. Your attorney then requests the pieces of evidence against you.
With the prompt help of your attorney, you can be able to file a petition against the suspension of your driving license. If you lose the petition, you may still be eligible to drive with a Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device (BAIID); but after 30 days period of your suspension.
Your attorney may be able to present motions and petitions to have your case and charges dropped if he/she finds that there is insufficient evidence supporting your case. The attorney will also advise you on the status of your case and tell you if it's a winnable one, or whether you should take a plea of a bargain.
The DUI in Illinois case proceedings takes several months with an average appearance of one time every month. The length is often dependent on whether you choose to fight your case or make a quick plea of agreement.
What Penalties Will You Face?
The penalties may differ depending on how your case turns out. This might be dependent on whether your attorney gets your case charges reduced or dropped.
Under the consent of Illinois DUI laws, motorists are deemed to be given consent to chemical tests if there's a reason to believe the person is under influence of alcohol or other intoxicating compounds.
Under the statutory summary suspension, the secretary of state will automatically suspend the driving license of the DUI offender who fails or refuses to take a chemical testing.
The blood alcohol sample registers over 0.8%.
THC presence of more than 5 nanograms per milliliter of blood. Or more than 10 nanograms per milliliter in any other bodily substances.
Presence of any other controlled substance in the person's blood or other bodily fluids.
It is important to note that drivers who have refused to take this test are not eligible for a monitoring device permit which allows the driver to drive with a BAIID installed vehicle.
First time DUI offenders are classified in class A misdemeanor in Illinois.
It will be imposed on a first DUI offender if BAC was 16% or more and includes a minimum of 100 hours service. If the offender had a passenger below 16 years, he/she must finish 25 days service in a community service program that benefits children.
DUI charges are no joke and it is crucial to get help from the best DUI lawyer available in your town. Your future may depend on it, so make sure you do your research.


Americans at least tend to elide the distinction between the law and ethics. Students, I find, often have a hard time maintaining the distinction and, when questioned about the morality of some action or practice, will respond by asking what the law says about it. Of course, there are important connections between the law and morality. Murder and theft and battery are all illegal and they are immoral.
But, this elision leads to a common problem in our moral thinking. Quite rightly, our laws are premised on negative rights. That is, I have a (legal) right to life and this means that ceteris paribus you may not kill me. I have a legal right to property and this means that ceteris paribus you may not take my property away from me. These rights give me no legal claim for your assistance in my living nor in the acquisition or maintenance of my property. I have relatively few positive (legal) rights.
If you take that as the basis of your moral thinking—if you can't distinguish between legal and moral thinking—you end up with an extremely atomistic account of morality. You end up with a moral minimalism that is indistinguishable from ethical egoism. You end up thinking that my only obligation to another person is to keep out of their way and that there is no deeper connection between us except that requirement.
I fear that's where we've gotten as a society. I think this prevents any real kind of human flourishing. I think it vastly underestimates our intrinsic sociality and the obligations we have to the society through which we have come to be. To put it in the word of a now-prominent figure, I think it is: "Sad!"


The tty module houses the tty.ReadStream and tty.WriteStream classes. In most cases, you will not need to use this module directly.
$ node -p -e "Boolean(process.stdout.isTTY)"
A net.Socket subclass that represents the readable portion of a tty. In normal circumstances, process.stdin will be the only tty.ReadStream instance in any Node.js program (only when isatty(0) is true).
A Boolean that is initialized to false. It represents the current "raw" state of the tty.ReadStream instance.
mode should be true or false. This sets the properties of the tty.ReadStream to act either as a raw device or default. isRaw will be set to the resulting mode.
A net.Socket subclass that represents the writable portion of a tty. In normal circumstances, process.stdout will be the only tty.WriteStream instance ever created (and only when isatty(1) is true).
Emitted by refreshSize() when either of the columns or rows properties has changed.
A Number that gives the number of columns the TTY currently has. This property gets updated on 'resize' events.
A Number that gives the number of rows the TTY currently has. This property gets updated on 'resize' events.
Returns true or false depending on if the fd is associated with a terminal.
Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use tty.ReadStream#setRawMode (i.e. process.stdin.setRawMode) instead.
Node.js is a trademark of Joyent, Inc. and is used with its permission.
We are not endorsed by or affiliated with Joyent.


Sipp Industries Inc New (OTO:SIPC) outpaced most other peers in the directory of the approximately 200 stocks we track in the cannabis industry on January 25, gaining 22.22% to close the day at $0.0099 after opening the trading day at $0.0089. Today's rise came with about 4.69 million shares changing hands, compared to an average of 30-day volume of 2.75 million for Sipp Industries Inc New. Shares moved as high at $0.0101 and as low as $0.0083 in today's action.
The share appreciation gives the company a market capitalization of $4.12 million based upon 508.36 million shares outstanding.
In the past 52 weeks, shares of Sipp Industries Inc New have traded as low as $0.0011 and as high as $0.017. Technical traders will take note that at $0.0099, shares of SIPC are trading above their 50-day moving average (MA) at $0.006 and above their 200-day MA at $0.007. Technical analysts pay close attention to these key moving averages because they often serve as technical support and resistance levels and because a move above them is typically regarded as bullish.
Sipp Industries Inc is engaged in marketing and selling Plasma Lighting solutions for indoor horticulture applications as well as hemp ingredients, CBD supply, co-packing and private labeling services for hemp related products. The company is led by its CEO from its headquarters in Costa Mesa, CA.
For more information on Sipp Industries and other companies focused on the expanding legal cannabis and medical marijuana industries or to considered for contributing content, visit PotNetwork.com today.