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Drug Agents for Respiratory Care
Duane Reed, EdD, RRT, RCP
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Editor's note: This text-based course is an edited transcript of the webinar, Drug Agents for Respiratory Care, presented by Dr. Duane Reed, EdD, RRT, RCP.
After this course, participants will be able to:
Identify short-acting and long-acting beta-agonist drugs
Discuss the pharmacological effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs
Identify anticholinergic, surfactants, and mucus-controlling agents
In today's course, we talk about respiratory drugs, why we use them, and which patient populations benefit from certain drug agents. The drug categories are listed as follows:
Short-Acting Beta Agonist (SABA)
Long-Acting Beta Agonist (LABA)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Xanthines
Mucus-controlling drugs
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs)
Short-Acting Beta Agonist
Let's start by talking about Short-Acting Beta Agonist drugs (SABA). SABA's are indicated for acute reversible airway obstruction and obstructive diseases, e.g., emphysema, chronic bronchitis. SABA's are also called "relievers" or "rescue drugs." They are called rescue drugs because the drug agents provide bronchodilation during an acute exacerbation of Asthma or COPD, but mainly Asthma. During an Asthma attack, the lungs are constricting, and we need to do something quickly to help alleviate bronchoconstriction. Albuterol and Levalbuterol (Xopenex) are examples of rescue drugs.
Short-Acting Beta Agonist: Onset, Peak, and Duration
Figure 1 shows the examples of SABA drugs and their onset, peak, and duration times.
SABAs
4-12 HR
Levalbuterol
5-8 HR
Figure 1. Short-Acting Beta Agonist drug onset, peak, and duration times.
The onset is how quickly the drug will start to work. The peak is when the maximum potency of the drug is happening. The duration is how long that drug lasts, stays in the system, and causes a reaction. The onset for Albuterol and Levalbuterol is the same, about 15 minutes. Albuterol peaks at about 30 to 60 minutes, and Levalbuterol peaks at about 20 to 30 minutes. The duration is 4-12 hours for Albuterol and 5 to 8 hours for Levalbuterol. If the drug peaks at a faster rate, it will not last as long. When a drug has a quick onset and peak, the duration has to be shorter.
Long-Acting Beta Agonist Drugs
Long-Acting Beta Agonist drugs (LABAs) are for the maintenance of bronchodilation in patients with Asthma and COPD. They are also called "maintenance" drugs or "controllers." The two categories that you hear most often are rescue drugs and controllers. LABA's are maintenance-type drugs to keep the patient out of the emergency room or the hospital with acute exacerbations. Figure 2 shows the examples of Long-Acting Beta Agonist drugs and device delivery.
LABAs Device delivery
Salmeterol
Formoterol
Arformoterol
Indacaterol
Olodaterol
Vilanterol
Figure 2. Long-Acting Beta Agonist Drugs and device delivery.
Long-Acting Beta Agonist drugs are an important class of drugs that we use as respiratory therapists. Usually, LABA's are given for maintenance therapy as a dry powder inhaler (DPI) or small volume nebulizer (SVN). Remember, when you give a patient a DPI, their inspiratory flow rate must be adequate to get the powder down far enough in their lungs to take effect. You do not want the powder in the back of their throat because it will not reach the lungs in order for the drug to take effect. Keep that in mind when delivering specific types of drugs to your patients.
Long-Acting Beta Agonist Drugs: Onset and Duration
Most LABA's have a short onset, but their duration lasts longer about 12 to 24 hours. We know drugs have side effects. A longer duration can be a good thing for a maintenance type drug. If you can give a patient a drug that lasts longer, there is a better chance of diminishing the side effects.
Corticosteroids are given for maintenance and control therapy in chronic persistent Asthma. Corticosteroids help patients with increased inflammation in the airway and are given for chronic disease management, not for an acute situation or exacerbation. An example of an oral steroid is Prednisone. Clinical research shows during an acute Asthma attack, bronchoconstriction and inflammation are present. Your body sends different types of fighting mechanisms to what it perceives to be an injured area, but in turn, causing increased inflammation in an area where there is already inflammation occurring. It is imperative to know when you have inflammation in your airway, it means you cannot breathe as well as you should because you cannot get airflow in. Examples of aerosolized corticosteroids are as follows in Figure 3.
Aerosolized Corticosteroids Device delivery
Beclomethasone
Flunisolide
Mometasone Furoate
Ciclesonide
Figure 3. Aerosolized Corticosteroids and device delivery.
We have different brand names, and most are delivered as metered-dose inhalers (MDI). Take note many steroidal medicines have side effects. We have Beclomethasone, also called Qvar, which is a metered-dose inhaler. Aerospan is the brand name for Flunisolide and Flovent is the brand name for Fluticasone. Budesonide is Pulmicort. Mometasone is also known as Nasonex, and Ciclesonide is Alvesco. We can give Budesonide in what we call Respules, and administer it in a small volume nebulizer. Although you cannot administer many steroids in a small volume nebulizer, Pulmicort Respules is an exception.
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are indicated for maintenance and control of chronic persistent Asthma. We aim to use NSAIDs over steroids. Corticosteroids have a long list of side effects. We can use NSAIDs with steroids to reduce the dosage, but it is better to replace the steroids whenever possible. When feasible, we try to use a substitute with the same properties, helping the patient control inflammation without the various side effects of corticosteroids. When we give patients external steroids, the body will stop producing its own steroids. NSAIDs block many different types of inflammatory properties. Categories of NSAIDs are cromolyn-like agents, antileukotriene agents, and monoclonal antibodies.
Categories of NSAIDs
Cromolyn-like agents
Antileukotriene
Cromolyn-like agents are called mast cell stabilizers. The mast cell contains anti-inflammatory or inflammatory agents that go to the lungs to help out what it perceives as danger. However, when the mast cells go to specific areas, it causes more inflammation. The cromolyn-like agents keep the mast cell intact by stabilizing those cells in the body. The primary cromolyn-like agent is called Cromolyn Sodium. The drug agent can eliminate some inflammation in patients with Asthma, and it can be an alternative to low-dose corticosteroid therapy. Cromolyn Sodium is administered orally or by a small volume nebulizer. For respiratory therapists, giving the drug agent using a small volume nebulizer is typical instead of administering a drug agent orally. When Cromolyn Sodium is administered orally, the drug routes through the stomach lining and lipid layers to take effect. When we administer the Cromolyn Sodium by a small volume nebulizer, the drug travels directly contacting the lungs and helps alleviate the inflammation. Most of the time, we will give these drugs in combination with steroids to reduce the overall dose of steroids. Keep in mind, the benefit of this category of drugs we are discussing, and anytime we can use the drug agents to help with inflammation, we should.
Antileukotrienes
Antileukotrienes drug agents block the release of leukotriene, which is a form of inflammation in Asthma. Leukotrienes consist of fatty acids, and when those fatty acids go to the specific area of inflammation, it creates a problem. For example, during bronchoconstriction, the body senses something and sends leukotrienes to the inflamed area to help, but this action creates further inflammation in an already aggravated area. Antileukotrienes not only protect the fatty acids but is a potent bronchodilator. We will continue to hear more about antileukotrienes as we are starting to discover the causes of inflammation in current research.
You may have heard about monoclonal antibodies when talking about COVID-19 patients. The monoclonal antibodies are administered in patients with COVID-19 to treat inflammation around the heart. Immunoglobulins are classified into five categories: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Immunoglobulin IgG mainly blocks the "G" antibodies. When the body releases the IgG antibodies, it goes to the lungs and causes inflammation. Typically, the monoclonal antibodies are used to treat severe Asthma inflammation in the lungs by controlling the IgG antibodies.
What Are Some Examples of Monoclonal Antibodies?
Mepolizumab
There are several monoclonal antibodies available. Let's look at Mepolizumab and Dupilumab. Mepolizumab (Nucala) and Dupilumab (Dupixent) are both injections. It is given subcutaneous every two to four weeks. Patients may receive a dose of monoclonal antibiotics every 30 days to protect them from the IgG antibodies and inflammation. As a result, patients have weaned off the use of steroids. It is important to note the monthly monoclonal antibody injections help the patients have fewer complications than steroids.
Anti-cholinergic
When given by themselves, an anti-cholinergic bronchodilator is considered a maintenance treatment for patients with both COPD and Asthma. Atrovent, an anti-cholinergic drug, can be given to a patient with COPD because it is not categorized as a rescue drug but as a maintenance drug. Both anti-cholinergic and Beta-2 Agonist drugs can be administered together. Primarily, anti-cholinergics are the maintenance drug of choice.
What Are Some Examples of Anti-Cholinergic Drugs?
Ipratropium bromide – Atrovent
Tiotropium bromide – Spiriva
Aclidinium bromide - Pressair
Glycopyrrolate – Robinul
Remember that anti-cholinergic drugs block the parasympathetic system, which will cause bronchodilation. That is why these drugs can be used in combination with sympathetic drugs. When administered along with a bronchodilator, you have bronchodilation on one side and constriction on the other, which we call synergy, two drugs that make one drug work better. That is why these drugs can be used in combination with sympathetic drugs like Beta-2 Agonist, e.g., Albuterol. The MDI form is called Combivent, and when provided by a small volume nebulizer, it is known as Duoneb. It is the same drug agents provided in different forms of delivery.
Although sometimes questionable, Xanthines have been clinically used to treat 1) Asthma as the third line of treatment 2) COPD 3) the treatment of Apnea of Prematurity in newborns. When giving Xanthines, we have to make sure it is not a rescue drug but "adding on" to better support bronchodilation. The drugs that you are going to see most commonly are listed below. Methylxanthines is a derivative of Xanthines that consist of the following drugs used for clinical respiratory purposes:
Theobromine
Theophylline is used to treat Asthma because of its bronchodilator effects. Although not as strong as a Beta-2 Agonist, it can be a good supplement. It also has anti-inflammatory properties. Theophylline can be used to help stimulate the respiratory drive in patients with COPD. It is an excellent drug agent to have on hand when patients with COPD use accessory muscles for breathing, they often get tired. We can eliminate some of that accessory muscle use by using Theophylline. Theophylline can help strengthen the diaphragm, a major muscle for breathing. Theophylline comes in two forms, Theo-Dur tablets or Aminophylline drip IV.
Caffeine can help stimulate the breathing of infants who have Apnea of Prematurity. When born prematurely, infants have apneic episodes, which means they stop breathing from time to time. We can give Caffeine Citrate to help stimulate an infant's breathing when an apneic episode occurs. Usually hanging on an IV bag, a Caffeine Citrate drip is provided over time, according to how many apneic episodes the baby has.
Theobromine has bronchodilation effects often used in pediatrics. The research shows it seems to work better on children than adults. We tend to use it to help with their Asthma episodes, along with the other drug combinations. We give them different types of Beta Agonist drugs, along with Theobromine. We try to stay away from the steroids, but sometimes we have to give corticosteroids as well. It is a drug known to help with bronchodilation by relieving bronchoconstriction.
Toxic Levels
An important thing to remember is high levels of Theophylline can be toxic. When we give Theophylline, we have to check the serum in the blood because if it becomes elevated, past what we call a therapeutic level, the effects can be toxic. Normally, the average levels are between 10 - 20. When it starts to increase over the average level, it can cause problems. We have seen patients with high levels of Theophylline undetected in the blood given Theophylline type drugs. Adversely, high levels of Theophylline cause patients to have seizures and can lead to a critical situation for the patient. Before the doctor orders Theophylline, it is crucial they check the Aminophylline and Theophylline levels by drawing blood and checking the levels. If the levels are within the therapeutic level, we can safely administer Theophylline to help with difficulty breathing. Note when a patient cannot breathe, everything goes out the window. We need to try everything we can, but with caution, especially with the use of Theophylline.
Mucus Controlling Drugs
Let's talk about mucus-controlling drugs. We call them mucoactive drugs which are indicated for patients with thick tenacious secretions after infection control measures are complete. Patients with bacterial infections will accumulate multitudinous secretions. Although this is not the only population, note the significance of their secretions and what we need to do to control mucus production. First, we have to control what is causing the patient to produce mucus e.g., the bacteria. Second, we start the mucoactive agents to cause the mucus to thin out but not altogether remove the mucus completely.
Mucoactive Drug Uses
Mucoactive agents are used for patients with chronic bronchitis, Cystic Fibrosis, bronchiectasis, Asthma- all of which will have increased secretions. For example, bronchiectasis is a disease that accumulates an extreme amount of secretions, so much so that it separates into three different layers. Patients with these illnesses have difficulty breathing because of the increase in airway resistance. If the quantity of secretions is high within the airway, it will block the flow of air that is trying to get in the airway, which would decrease the patient's tidal volume. Breathing will be difficult. Our goal is to try to clear some of the excess secretions for ease of breathing. The best way is to make the mucus thin enough for the patient to cough it up or suction it out.
What Are Some Examples of Mucoactive Agents?
Acetylcysteine 10% or 20% solution
Acetylcysteine comes in 10% and 20% solutions and is delivered in a small volume nebulizer. Acetylcysteine is combined with a bronchodilator because if given by itself, it causes bronchoconstriction. Dornase alfa is utilized for patients with Cystic Fibrosis, an inherited disease. Usually, Mannitol is given to patients with head injuries but can also be applied as a mucoactive thinning agent, and the same goes for saline.
We use the term surface tension in respiratory because the definition of surface tension- is the pressure trying to collapse a bubble. Natural surfactants are produced in the body to reduce the surface tension in the lungs. Premature infants are often delivered before surfactant production has taken place naturally. When an infant is born premature, before 28 weeks gestation, there is not enough time for surfactant production in utero. In cases where this happens, we administer surfactant medications. Exogenous or artificial surfactants are indicated for infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). When an infant is born prematurely, the job of the surfactant is to try to break the surface tension by keeping the lungs open so it is easier to ventilate. When we provide the infant with artificial surfactants, the infant can breathe in oxygen and exchange carbon dioxide, generally like a full-term.
What Are Some Examples of Surfactants?
Beractant (Survanta)
Calfactant (Infasurf)
Poractant Alfa (Curosurf)
All surfactant drug agents use the "surf" suffix. It lets us know we are talking about surfactant-type medication. Examples of surfactant medications like Beractant, Calfactant, Poractant Alfa are given via direct tracheal instillation. The patient is usually intubated and has an endotracheal tube in place during artificial surfactant administration. We can bag-mask ventilate or use the ventilator with a side port to instill the medication. We must administer the medicine directly to the lungs, including saturating all the lobes with the surfactant. Very important to remember, and we need to be careful when doing so.
Hazards and Complications
Airway occlusion
Desaturation
High arterial oxygen values
Overventilation
Hypocapnia
Pulmonary hemorrhage
There are some hazards and complications with giving surfactants. Think about an airway or endotracheal tube size for a neonate or preemie. It is extremely small, and we have to be careful about airway occlusion. Placing the surfactant medication into the endotracheal tube may cause occlusion of the airway, increasing airway resistance, desaturation, or bradycardic episodes. High arterial oxygen values can occur because of all the surfactant medication placed. Too much oxygen for newborns can cause blindness. We have to remember that our oxygen concentrates on the ventilator have to be reduced quickly to counteract this effect. Hypocapnia, apnea, and pulmonary hemorrhage are other complications that we must be aware of when we instill artificial surfactants. Once we start opening up the lung, we start to ventilate more. We have to make sure that the ABGs are within acceptable limits to keep from over ventilating the infant. Surfactant medications require considerable attention.
Nitric Oxide (NO) therapy is indicated for persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) in newborns. Nitric oxide is an inhaled gas, a vasodilator. It penetrates the lower airways, reaches the lungs, and causes vasodilation of the blood vessels. Consequently, decreasing pulmonary arterial pressure and increasing oxygenation status. Additionally, vasodilation in the lungs improves perfusion and helps to correct ventilation-perfusion (VQ) mismatch in infants. In a related situation, patients with specific heart conditions are given nitro patches in the same family of NO, including Nitric and Nitroglycerin, to improve blood flow to and from the heart. Always confirm when the doctor orders NO, the situation, and the goals. Currently, there are ongoing studies on Nitric Oxide for approval on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in adults.
How Is It Used?
Various Nitric oxide delivery devices are available. There are several different systems and different manufacturers, including tankless applications. We call it inhaled Nitric Oxide (INO) therapy. Tankless devices have a built-in application, and it is easier to transport the patient to and from different procedures without worrying about changing out tanks. The device can be set to deliver the standard dosage recommended, which is 20 parts per million.
There are some contraindications and precautions with Nitric Oxide therapy. Nitric Oxide should not be administered to neonates who are known to have a right to left shunt. INO is contraindicated in infants with a right to left shunting of blood. Right to left shunting is associated with congenital heart diseases such as Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome or an interrupted aortic arch. INO may adversely increase the risk of embolism and clots traveling to the brain in neonates who have right to left shunting. Obtaining an echocardiogram before INO therapy is critical to document diagnosis of PPHN, shunting, and rule out congenital heart diseases.
Some indications for neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) involve providing muscle paralysis during surgery, during endotracheal intubation, and when a patient is on mechanical ventilation. The closed head injury population can quickly become agitated with increased movements, leading to higher intracranial pressures (ICP) and complications. We administer NMBAs to assist in paralyzing muscle movements to maintain acceptable ICP pressures. Besides closed head injuries, trauma patients can also develop epileptic seizures that consume high oxygen amounts. The use of NMBAs reduces the patient's oxygen consumption during such seizures.
Types of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Depolarizing
Succinylcholine
Nondepolarizing
Vecuronium
Rocuronium
Atracurium
Cisatracurium
Mivacurium
There are different types of neuromuscular blocking agents. NMBAs are categorized into two categories, depolarizing and nondepolarizing. Note that some NMBAs can cross the blood-brain barrier or are reversible, but others are not. There is only one depolarizing agent, Succinylcholine. Succinylcholine crosses the blood-brain barrier. It has a shorter onset and duration, which makes it ideal for intubation. The nondepolarizing agents do not cross the blood-brain barrier and have a more prolonged onset and duration. Nondepolarizing agents are practical for long-term use and are reversible. When we use a depolarizing agent for patients in surgery or on the mechanical ventilator, we can also deliver a nondepolarizing agent for long-term needs. Then when the patient is ready to wake up, we can administer the appropriate drug agent to reverse the effects.
When Do We Use Neuromuscular Blocking Agents?
Most patients in the ICU are on nondepolarizing drugs, usually on a drip, as they may have multiple things going on. Because a neuromuscular blocking agent only paralyzes the muscles, patients can still feel pain. Therefore, we need to remember that an analgesic or sedation must also be administered along with the neuromuscular blocking agents. When patients are ready to wean off the ventilator, they require tapering off both NMBAs and sedation medications.
Final thoughts as respiratory therapists, we go beyond just basic bronchodilator therapy. We know many other therapies are involved, and inflammation is a big part of what we treat. Furthermore, we can provide patient education on drug alternatives when we start administering steroids, especially for patients dependent on long-term steroidal use. The primary goal is to reduce long-term dependency on steroids. The drug categories discussed today provide a great "maintenance type" situation for our patients. There are commercials on television talking about several different types of respiratory drug agents. Consider this as the "new wave of the future," striving to combat inflammation as part of a patient's "breathing problems." If inflammation is controlled, there is a higher chance of keeping patients out of the hospitals. Of course, some patients will still have acute exacerbations, but once we establish the cause, we can focus on the maintenance side of these drugs. We can help reduce their hospitalizations and length of stay.
When talking to the family members about treatments and ways to help them, start mentioning the different drug agents for respiratory care. Make sure to stay abreast of the various newer drugs coming out. We may have to keep updating this type of presentation to keep up with changes in respiratory drug agents. Our knowledge base will continue to improve as new drugs are certainly continuing to be developed. We did not mention all of the categories but primarily focused on the mainstream respiratory drugs and how the lungs operate with these various drug agents.
Walker, J. K., Penn, R. B., Hanania, N. A., Dickey, B. F., & Bond, R. A. (2011). New perspectives regarding β(2) -adrenoceptor ligands in the treatment of Asthma. British journal of pharmacology, 163(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01178.x
Welhengama, C., Hall, A., & Hunter, J. M. (2021). Neuromuscular blocking drugs in the critically ill. BJA Education, 21(7), 258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjae.2021.02.002.
Reed, D. (2021). Drug agents for respiratory care. Continued.com - Respiratory Therapy, Article 90. Available at www.continued.com/respiratory-therapy
Dr. Duane Reed received his Doctoral degree in Education from Walden University. He completed his Master's degree in Adult Education from Central Michigan University and a Bachelor's degree in Advanced Respiratory Care from Weber State University. He is the Respiratory Care Program Director at Southern Crescent Technical College. His clinical experience entails over 20+ years as a Respiratory Care Practitioner at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, working in critical care areas of surgical, cardiac, medical, and neuro intensive care units. Over the last ten years, Dr. Reed has contributed to educational publishing companies as a clinical editor and senior reviewer. Additionally, Dr. Reed owns Pulmonary Education Consultants, LLC, a company providing respiratory care educational materials and tutoring services. He has authored study cards in areas of mechanical ventilation, which are nationally published helping respiratory therapists around the country.
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AARC - CRCE/1.0; CE Broker/1.0 Direct Delivery Of Respiratory Care Services, CE Broker #20-964548; IACET/0.1
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3 /respiratory-therapy/ceus/course/mechanical-ventilation-weaning-process-1541 Mechanical Ventilation: Weaning Process The course introduces the practitioner to criteria and procedures for standard weaning in mechanical ventilation. The course discusses indicators used to predict weaning success and failure in mechanical ventilation. auditory, textual, visual
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5 /respiratory-therapy/ceus/course/back-to-basics-respiratory-care-1291 Back to Basics: Respiratory Care Pharmacology This course provides an overview of respiratory pharmacology, including a discussion on the pharmacology effects on the nervous system, along with the management of most common airway issues. auditory, textual, visual
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3. In large mixing bowl, combine drained mixed vegetables, cheese macaroni, onion, pepper, and beans.
4. Pour mixture into casserole dish.
5. Bake 30 to 35 minutes.
Adding beans to this casserole adds additional protein without adding unhealthy fats. It can also be made with ground turkey!


text:
Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment
Koraly Pérez-Edgar, Louis A. Schmidt, Heather A. Henderson, Jay Schulkin, Nathan A. Fox
Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Department of Psychology
Behavioral problems in young children can take on a variety of forms, which are linked to distinct antecedents and co-occurring markers. Internalizing difficulties in young children, for example, have been linked to individual differences in infant temperament and cortisol levels. In addition, there is growing evidence that these biobehavioral mechanisms are also shaped by gender. Four-year-old children participated in a study examining the relations between salivary cortisol and behavioral maladjustment as a function of gender and temperament. Both longitudinal (maternal report of infant temperament at 9 months) and concurrent (morning salivary cortisol at age 4) data were used to predict two forms of maladjustment: 'Withdrawal' (maternal report of internalizing behavior and laboratory observation of social reticence) and 'Acting Out' (maternal report of externalizing behavior and laboratory observation of solitary active play). High basal cortisol levels were strongly associated with Withdrawal in male participants. However, the relation was significant only in boys who exhibited high levels of negative temperament in infancy. There were no comparable findings with 'Acting Out' beyond a main effect of gender reflecting greater difficulty in boys. The data suggested that there are unique biobehavioral mechanisms shaping specific patterns of maladjustment in childhood.
Psychoneuroendocrinology
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018
Acting Out
Behavior Observation Techniques
Socioemotional Behavior
Pérez-Edgar, K., Schmidt, L. A., Henderson, H. A., Schulkin, J., & Fox, N. A. (2008). Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(7), 916-925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018
Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment. / Pérez-Edgar, Koraly; Schmidt, Louis A.; Henderson, Heather A.; Schulkin, Jay; Fox, Nathan A.
In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol. 33, No. 7, 01.08.2008, p. 916-925.
Pérez-Edgar, K, Schmidt, LA, Henderson, HA, Schulkin, J & Fox, NA 2008, 'Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment', Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 916-925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018
Pérez-Edgar K, Schmidt LA, Henderson HA, Schulkin J, Fox NA. Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Aug 1;33(7):916-925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018
Pérez-Edgar, Koraly ; Schmidt, Louis A. ; Henderson, Heather A. ; Schulkin, Jay ; Fox, Nathan A. / Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment. In: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 ; Vol. 33, No. 7. pp. 916-925.
@article{f55c00571c964ad480211bd4993b3184,
title = "Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment",
abstract = "Behavioral problems in young children can take on a variety of forms, which are linked to distinct antecedents and co-occurring markers. Internalizing difficulties in young children, for example, have been linked to individual differences in infant temperament and cortisol levels. In addition, there is growing evidence that these biobehavioral mechanisms are also shaped by gender. Four-year-old children participated in a study examining the relations between salivary cortisol and behavioral maladjustment as a function of gender and temperament. Both longitudinal (maternal report of infant temperament at 9 months) and concurrent (morning salivary cortisol at age 4) data were used to predict two forms of maladjustment: 'Withdrawal' (maternal report of internalizing behavior and laboratory observation of social reticence) and 'Acting Out' (maternal report of externalizing behavior and laboratory observation of solitary active play). High basal cortisol levels were strongly associated with Withdrawal in male participants. However, the relation was significant only in boys who exhibited high levels of negative temperament in infancy. There were no comparable findings with 'Acting Out' beyond a main effect of gender reflecting greater difficulty in boys. The data suggested that there are unique biobehavioral mechanisms shaping specific patterns of maladjustment in childhood.",
keywords = "Cortisol, Early childhood, Gender, Infancy, Socioemotional Behavior, Temperament",
author = "Koraly P{\'e}rez-Edgar and Schmidt, {Louis A.} and Henderson, {Heather A.} and Jay Schulkin and Fox, {Nathan A.}",
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T1 - Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment
AU - Pérez-Edgar, Koraly
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AU - Schulkin, Jay
AU - Fox, Nathan A.
N2 - Behavioral problems in young children can take on a variety of forms, which are linked to distinct antecedents and co-occurring markers. Internalizing difficulties in young children, for example, have been linked to individual differences in infant temperament and cortisol levels. In addition, there is growing evidence that these biobehavioral mechanisms are also shaped by gender. Four-year-old children participated in a study examining the relations between salivary cortisol and behavioral maladjustment as a function of gender and temperament. Both longitudinal (maternal report of infant temperament at 9 months) and concurrent (morning salivary cortisol at age 4) data were used to predict two forms of maladjustment: 'Withdrawal' (maternal report of internalizing behavior and laboratory observation of social reticence) and 'Acting Out' (maternal report of externalizing behavior and laboratory observation of solitary active play). High basal cortisol levels were strongly associated with Withdrawal in male participants. However, the relation was significant only in boys who exhibited high levels of negative temperament in infancy. There were no comparable findings with 'Acting Out' beyond a main effect of gender reflecting greater difficulty in boys. The data suggested that there are unique biobehavioral mechanisms shaping specific patterns of maladjustment in childhood.
AB - Behavioral problems in young children can take on a variety of forms, which are linked to distinct antecedents and co-occurring markers. Internalizing difficulties in young children, for example, have been linked to individual differences in infant temperament and cortisol levels. In addition, there is growing evidence that these biobehavioral mechanisms are also shaped by gender. Four-year-old children participated in a study examining the relations between salivary cortisol and behavioral maladjustment as a function of gender and temperament. Both longitudinal (maternal report of infant temperament at 9 months) and concurrent (morning salivary cortisol at age 4) data were used to predict two forms of maladjustment: 'Withdrawal' (maternal report of internalizing behavior and laboratory observation of social reticence) and 'Acting Out' (maternal report of externalizing behavior and laboratory observation of solitary active play). High basal cortisol levels were strongly associated with Withdrawal in male participants. However, the relation was significant only in boys who exhibited high levels of negative temperament in infancy. There were no comparable findings with 'Acting Out' beyond a main effect of gender reflecting greater difficulty in boys. The data suggested that there are unique biobehavioral mechanisms shaping specific patterns of maladjustment in childhood.
KW - Early childhood
KW - Infancy
KW - Socioemotional Behavior
KW - Temperament
U2 - 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018
DO - 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018
JO - Psychoneuroendocrinology
JF - Psychoneuroendocrinology
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
class Podcast < ActiveRecord::Base
    validates :name, presence: true
    validates :slug, presence: true
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Beach soccer will enjoy another milestone this year as the African Beach Games are set to take place on the pristine island of Sal, with our beloved sport as one of the main attractions.
The event dates are confirmed as 19th until 23rd June 2019.
Organized by the Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA), the event will see various beach soccer teams from across Africa battle to qualify to the ANOC World Beach Games 2019, to be held in San Diego, California, as well as one group of four women's teams.
For men, there will be two available places in the ANOC World Beach Games 2019, while only the winner of the women's group will qualify.
The men's competition will be played over all five days, consisting of three days of round robin, followed by the semi-finals and then the final. The tournament will most likely be played between 12 teams split into three groups, 11 of which are already confirmed (see list below).
The women's competition will be structured into three days of a round robin system, and the four teams taking part are yet to be defined.
This is yet more great news for beach soccer, as we form an ever-stronger bond with the world's Olympic committees.
Stay tuned for more information on the African Beach Games on the Beach Soccer Worldwide website.


Commercialization has the ability to expand ritual practices. On the other hand, it has the power to cheapen these sacred rituals by making their true purpose less apparent. 'Holy Crap' imagines how various rituals from across the globe would be commodified in current times.


John Sedaghatfar was born in 1943 in Tehran, Iran. In 1970, he received his bachelor's degree in architecture, and later received his master's degree in City Planning from Kent University in Ohio. In all his architectural and City planning projects, he has incorporated cultural, traditional, and environmental aspects of architecture. He is the author of many technical and literary articles in Persian as well as a research paper in English titled Entopia.
Mr. Sedaghatfar's work as a poet started at an early age as a member of the Bialik Literary Society in Koorosh Kabir Cultural Center and grew after his immigration to the U.S. He believes that his poetry has reached new heights in the recent years. His early poems were composed in the classic Persian form, but tlater he adopted a modern form and these poems t have been widely reflected in the Persian press outside of Iran.
His poetry is transpired by philosophical, social, emotional, national and humanitarian issues. He says, love that transcends all creative expression, is the source of his artistic motivation. Also the sadness of separation from his homeland that he still experiences is reflected in his poetry.
His first collection of poems, Gharibaneh [Allienation] was published in Los Angels by Eqbal Publishers in 1995.
His other work, Azmoun-e-Bargozidegy [The Trial of the Chosen] was published under the auspices of The Graduate Society Foundation. This book of poems is accompanied by a CD of poems recited by the poet himself.
Mr. Sedaghatfar is preparing more collections of poems for print. The first of these series if Khatab-e-ye Kofr [Tribune to Blasphemy] that will be soon published.


E2open's Sales and Operations Planning/Financial Planning solution is designed for medium to large enterprises in the discrete manufacturing, consumer goods and chemicals industries.
E2open features advanced supply chain planning, business analytics and visualization functionality. It is also able to integrate with many other enterprise resource planning, supply chain management and customer relationship management platforms, so users can leverage data through their systems. Its front-end interface is based on Microsoft Excel and Outlook templates, so team members can typically start using the software with little or no training.
It also features mobile support on iOS devices through its Insight Mobile app. It is available in North America, Western Europe, India and Japan.


We've been here before. What are the consequences of imbuing brains with a special mystique?
Every time I sat down to read—or to do anything that required sustained attention—I found I could only focus on a task for a few minutes. It felt like my brain had changed—for the worse.
Strategies to avoid the pitfalls of distractions and interruptions, improve your cognitive control, reduce goal interference, and aid your distracted mind.


To each and every site.
Flows from all that he did here.
Is he ever really gone?
And you hear the bowstring sing.
This passion that we share.
Have you seen Laura Ann?
Adding fire to our tears.
And we claim him for our own.


text:
Événements
 Publication de la Bibliotheca Hispana nova de Nicolás Antonio par le cardinal José Sáenz de Aguirre à Rome.

Essais
 Rééditions des Caractères de Jean de La Bruyère, revus et augmentés de nouveaux portraits.
 Correspondance, de Madame de Sévigné.
 Abrégé de l'Histoire de Port-Royal de Jean Racine (publié de 1742 à 1767).
 Dictionnaire historique et critique de Pierre Bayle.
 Christianity non mysterious, de l'Irlandais converti au protestantisme John Toland, qui attaque les fondements même du christianisme.

Romans
Charlotte-Rose Caumont de La Force, Histoire de Marguerite de Valois, reine de Navarre, sœur de François Ier, Paris, Simon Benard, 1696, 2 vol./ Lyon, Léonard Plaignard, 1697, 2 vol.

Théâtre
 Le Joueur, pièce de Jean-François Regnard.

Poésie

Principales naissances

Principaux décès
 17 avril : Madame de Sévigné, femme de lettres française (° ).
 11 mai : Jean de La Bruyère, écrivain moraliste français (° ).

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Chronologie de la littérature
XVIIe siècle en littérature

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: c++ when creating new object: iterator not incrementable I am dealing with a task to create a troop of bunnies where they can multiply at each round. So I define a class of Bunny (individual), and then define a class of Troop with a vector point to different bunnies.
My problem is, every time I use new to create an object Bunny in a loop, it will come out an error says:
"Debug assertion failed!!...vector iterator not incrementable..."
Here is a sample of my code:
class Bunny {
private:
    string sex;
    string color;
    string name;
    int age;
public:
    string getname() { return name;};
    Bunny(); // constructor
};

class Troop {
private:
    vector<Bunny *> bunpointer;
    vector<Bunny *>::iterator it;
public:
    void newbunny();
    void multiply();
};

void Troop::newbunny() {
    Bunny * bun;  // pointer to the Bunny class
    bun = new Bunny;
    cout << "Bunny " << bun->getname() << " is born! \n";
    bunpointer.push_back(bun);
}

void Troop::multiply() {
    it = bunpointer.begin();
    while(it!=bunpointer.end()) {
        cout << (*it)->getname() << " gave a birth. ";
        newbunny();
        ++it;
    }
    it = bunpointer.begin();
}

So if I create 5 bunnies at the beginning, and call function Troop::multiply, there should be 10 bunnies. An interesting observation is, the error will occur after 2 bunnies being born.
I think the problem may lie in the use of new to create new objects in a iterator loop. The new may somehow interrupt the iterator pointer *it. But I am not sure if this is the case, and if it really is, how to deal with this.
modified: so it is actually a problem of using push_back(), which will probably invalidate the iterator!!
Thank you in advance!!

A: It appears that you are trying to modify the std::vector while iterating over it. This is generally not a good idea, for a variety of reasons.
In particular, when you call newbunny() inside the iterator's loop, it is possible that the iterator you used to hold will be invalidated, because the vector may be resized during the push_back.
See this question for details.

A: As mentioned by others, the push_back() is your culprit, not the new.
One way to palliate would be this:
size_t const max(bunpointer.size());
for(size_t i(0); i < max; ++i)
{
    cout << bunpointer[i]->getname() << " gave a birth. ";
    newbunny();
}

This works because you are only adding new bunnies at the end of your existing vector. These new bunnies are not taken in account by the loop (max doesn't change because you call newbunny()...) and the [i] access makes use of the vector in its current state.
That loop would not work if you were deleting items...
As a side note: the name "bunpointer" is not very clear... it's not a pointer, it's a vector of pointers.

A: 1) Unless you have a reason to, your code does not need to use new at all.  The code becomes easier, and no chance of memory leaks.  Also, I don't see the need for an iterator member in the Troop class, unless you can justify the reason for it.
2) As to your immediate problem, just use a non-iterator reliant loop.  In other words, a simple loop that goes from 0 to the number of current bunnies, less 1.
Here is an example:
#include <vector>
//...
class Troop {
   private:
       std::vector<Bunny> bunpointer;
   public:
       void newbunny();
       void multiply();
};

void Troop::newbunny() {
   bunpointer.push_back(Bunny());
}

void Troop::multiply() {
    size_t siz = bunpoiner.size();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < siz; ++i ) {
       newbunny();
       cout << (*it)->getname() << " gave a birth. ";
    }
}

The newbunny() function simply creates a Bunny() using a default constructor and adds the item to the vector.
If you want to use a container that doesn't invalidate iterators when inserting items, then you can use a std::list as opposed to a std::vector.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: get image Object by path on mobile (Ionic + Cordova + Angular ) I am building a mobile app with Ionic/Cordova/Angular and I don't know how to get a image file by path (to be sent it to the server).
I'm using this example (http://devdactic.com/how-to-capture-and-store-images-with-ionic/ ) to get and save the image in app folder.
So I have an image name and an image path and I want to get somehow the image object to be able to convert it in base64 and send it to the server.
Any ideas ?
UPDATE:
    `window.resolveLocalFileSystemURL($scope.user.image, onSuccess, onError);
    function onSuccess(entry) {
        /* Here:  entry look like this :
            "isFile":true, "isDirectory":false, "name":"myImgName1234", "fullPath": "/myImgName1234", "filesystem":"FileSystem:files>", "nativeURL":"file:///data/data/com.example.DemoApp/files/myImgName1234"
        */
        $cordovaFile.readAsDataURL(cordova.file.dataDirectory, entry.name)
        // I also tried : $cordovaFile.readAsDataURL(entry.nativeURL, entry.name) or $cordovaFile.readAsDataURL(entry.fullPath, entry.name)
        .then(function (success) {
            // success
            window.alert('Succes read= '+ JSON.stringify(success));
        }, function (error) {
            // error
            window.alert('Error read= '+ JSON.stringify(error));
        });
    }
    function onError(error){
        window.alert('error' + JSON.stringify(error));
    }`

What I have also tried
    Error code: 5    <- $cordovaFile.readAsDataURL(cordova.file.dataDirectory, entry.name)
    Error code: 5    <- $cordovaFile.readAsDataURL(entry.nativeURL, entry.name)
    Error code: 1000 <- $cordovaFile.readAsDataURL(entry.fullPath, entry.name)
    Error code: 1    <- $cordovaFile.readAsDataURL(entry.name)
Is there any way to get the image Object (binary) if you know the path with cordova ? not just the image properties object (fileEntry)

A: use this plugin to get the file from the device: http://ngcordova.com/docs/plugins/file/
and then do what ever you want with it.
have you used the ngCordova plugin? your code should look something like this:
module.controller('MyCtrl', function($scope, $cordovaFile) {
     $cordovaFile.checkFile(cordova.file.dataDirectory, "file_name.txt")
         .then(function (success) {
             console.log(success);
         }, function (error) {
             console.log(error);
     });
});


MCP23017 based i2c I/O pins expander for Arduino or Raspberry Pi.
The MCP23017 device provides 16-bit, general purpose parallel I/O expansion for I2C bus.
If you are running low with your Arduino or Raspberry pins this board is for you! The board can increase I/O pins up to 128 - you can connect up to 8 boards to each i2c bus.
If you buy more than 4 pcs. I can provide 16 roller shutter (16 up and 16 down egnines) and 32 buttons (16 up and 16 down) program for Arduino Uno.
Boards selling without goldpins soldered. If you want me to solder it choose goldpin product option.


Like many of you out there I'm not seeing the upside of the TPPA for Indigenous People. Sure we might get to sell a bit more wood, meat and milk (unprocessed and without value add) but at the expense of Treaty Rights. We know Governments come and go and like the wind their promises tend to be more blow than substance but we can't just say no to trade because its part of a healthy and vibrant society so what do we do? Yes reject the TPPA but let's offer an alternative option, trade based on Indigenous values. Ideas like respecting the value of culture and language in building strong cohesive societies; approaches which look after our planet rather than using unsustainable practices to increase profits for a small few and commitments which secure a future for our children and the generations to come.
So here's an idea, lets get the Indigenous People covered by the TPPA together to sign our own Trade and Cooperation Treaties, get them sanctioned under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples which supports economic independence of Indigenous People and provide the alternative vision for business that is done the right way. Be leaders that actually make a difference.
So today we at Indigenous Traders are committing to supporting a campaign called "Take Back Trade" (+b+). Its initial goal is to ask Indigenous leaders from the 12 counties covered by the TPPA to convene a meeting to work together to provide an alternative trade agreement that protects our indigenous rights and supports trade and development done right, based on shared values that protects our language and culture, our planet and our future generations. Very much a seed of an idea so we need your support to grow. If you are a seasoned campaigner help us make this campaign work or if you just want to help let us know. And as long as you want an alternative to TPPA promote +B+ to make it happen.
So today NZBusiness published an article about Indigenous Traders and its work on promoting Indigenous to Indigenous Trade. Good on them and I am hoping it leads to more awareness of the potential waiting to be tapped by Māori business if it can just think beyond milk, fish and wood and more about the underlying relationships that actually builds value trade. So how can we use our IP (Indigenous Potential) to help other Indigenous People and in doing so build trade and business links that add value to both societies.
Believe me we have been busy but obviously a bit slow to keep you updated. But this is going to change as we have a number of events and news stories coming up which will see us posting more often. We will also be looking for more community input so if you have stories or news you want to share then let us know so we can add it to this site. And as our headlines says this is our year of action. TPPA has arrived, what are you going to do about? We want you to support Indigenous Entrepreneurs because they are our future worriers and don't forget sovereignty doesn't stop at the boarder, Indigenous People are global citizens so lets act like it. Reach out, create alliances and support Indigenous trade to chanage the world.
Isn't this the truth. An article on the Canadian paper website of Globe & Mail is talking about the World Indigenous Games which took place in Brazil. Indigenous People from all around the world connecting and sharing their cultures, alongside playing traditional games. And a great place to discuss the issues that confront us all.
World Indigenous Games- conversations between nations.
First to use the mark.
We are pleased to see the first use of the Indigenous Traders trade mark. āria foods is the first company to use the mark on its Awazibi Maple Syrup. The initiative is a joint venture between Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg, a First Nations band from Quebec, Canada and āria foods, a Māori owned New Zealand food cooperative, to jointly export/import between two international indigenous communities. It is still early days, but we will look to build on the lessons learned as we work with other indigenous communities to adopt the Indigenous Traders trade mark. So please support these two organizations as they deliver the best maple syrup to the world.
New Zealand signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) this week with Taiwan and though you have to be wary when Government's sign first and then provide Parliament with a fait accompli, there is something in the agreement that is interesting from an indigenous perspective. There is a section in the FTA, which talks about indigenous people from both Taiwan and Aotearoa New Zealand forging closer economic and cultural ties. I haven't yet seen a copy, sorry not in the know, but it will eventually come out and I will cover it when it does.
So what does this mean? While it is unique in so far as it explicitly recognizes indigenous to indigenous trade and it is in the context of an international agreement, it is a start and I can see more indigenous recognition happening because it is an expression of sovereignty and you know we can't get enough of that. Where to next? I can see more trade agreements including these types of clauses because hey, it is good for business, but ultimately we should have the confidence to have indigenous people sign trade agreements directly with each other. Our values, priorities and commitment to a sustainable future. Now that would be a true demonstration of sovereignty. Making FTA about the people and not just Big Business, makes sense to me. I have added a link to the story on the WSJ website blog. Let me know what you think.


Not much transformations a room such as a lovely bit of toronto map wall art. A carefully opted for photo or printing may raise your environments and transform the impression of an interior. But how do you discover the right item? The map wall art will undoubtedly be as unique as individuals taste. This means you will find effortless and quickly rules to picking map wall art for your decor, it really must be something you prefer.
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Don't get map wall art because friend or some artist informed it will be great. We know that pretty and beauty is actually subjective. What might look amazing to other people may possibly certainly not something you prefer. The ideal requirement you need to use in picking toronto map wall art is whether reviewing it enables you truly feel cheerful or thrilled, or not. If that doesn't make an impression on your senses, then it might be better you check at other map wall art. After all, it is likely to be for your house, not theirs, so it's better you move and pick something that comfortable for you.
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I like hiking, play sometimes sudoku, and love mathematics.
I speak Finnish, Swedish, English and German, and have basic skills to read Russian.
Since 1976 I have been involved in nuclear measurements and analyses within the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Finland. Initially I worked as a scientist devoted to health impact of ionizing radiation. Later I served as the Head of Laboratory for Airborne Radioactivity and for Security Technology. Under my leadership several innovative technologies were discovered and implemented for the Finnish national safety and security. My most prominent recent achievement is the development of reachback technology which truly puts the nuclear analysts virtually to middle of field operations although all data processing happens far away in an analysis centre.
I bring enthusiasm to continue R&D in the private sector together with the universities. I continually solicit novel ideas keeping abreast of the competition towards new safety and security solutions for authorities and citizens. I keep touch with my domestic and foreign colleagues to pursue novel technologies for safety and security, including safeguards and nuclear arms control.
By education I am a doctor of physics, PhD, in nuclear engineering. I have served five years as the evaluation officer in the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), Vienna. I have been the key person to pursue novel approaches and technologies for the European Safeguards Research and Development Association (ESARDA). I have been involved in writing several international documents on nuclear security for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT). Now I am a coordinator working for EC/JRC/ERNICIP on Radiological and Nuclear Threats to Critical Infrastructure.


Bean Bag Lap Desk With Storage Tag: Being Active and Trendy with Bean Bag Lap Desk, What Do You Think about Your Makeup Table?, The Elegant Brown Leather Couch.
Having an elegant living room means you should have to complete it with the classy brown leather couch. Some people may leave this one style of couch because they think that it is too 80s and not match to the modern interior concept. Actually, they are wrong about their opinion. This kind of couch style is forever awesome.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The gravitational shock wave (GSW) of a black hole is a solution
that is  obtained by the black hole moving at the limit of light
velocity.
Recently, we have calculated the metrics both for  Schwarzschild and Kerr
black holes \cite{HS94}.
Comparing with the GSW metric derived by Aichelburg and Sexl
\cite{AS71}(below AS), our metrics are interesting for the point that the
mass of the black hole is finite.

As physical applications of these metrics, two cases have been considered:
the gravitational waves emission when two black holes collide \cite{DP92},
and the scattering of particles at Planck scale as a model of quantum
gravity \cite{QG}.
In these papers, these applications had been calculated using only the AS
metric.
We have also investigated these using our metric \cite{HS94b}.

In this paper, we apply the Newman -- Penrose (NP) formalism
for GSW metrics and calculate various physical quantities in perturbations.
The usual approach to obtain perturbed solution is
perturbing the metric directly and solving for the resulting perturbed
field equation. However, it is in general very difficult to obtain
the direct solution for metric perturbation equation
except for simple cases.

On the other hand, the approach of the NP formalism provides soluble
perturbation equations for much wider cases. The perturbations of the
complicated metrics like
the Kerr black hole or Reissner -- Nordstr\"om one are successful
by this approach. In the NP formalism, the perturbation equations for
Weyl tensors
decouple to independent equations, for which the partial wave analysis
are posible using suitable radial
functions and spin weighted spherical harmonics.

When perturbed solutions are obtained, we can deal with
astrophysical applications: e.g. stability of a black hole,
tidal friction effects, superradiant scatterings, and gravitational
wave
processes.
The NP formalism of the GSW metrics derived in this paper is not
similary
another mathematical method to obtain the results by ordinary
procedures,
but the motivations which would shed new lights on physics exist.
Especially, this approach is suitable to treat the
scattering problem at the Plankian energies.
Moreover, we can challenge to several unsolved
problems by this method: the scattering of particles with spin,
the collision of two GSW's,
the scattering of a particle moving near a  black hole, the
spontaneous emission of radiation, and so on.

In this paper, we show the first step to these approaches.
In section 2, we choose a simple NP tetrad of GSW metric,
then, the spin coefficients, the Wely tensors, the Ricci tensors
and the scalar
tensor are calculated.
The field equation of a scalar field in flat space--time is given by
the Klein -- Gordon equation, $(\Box + m^2) \phi=0$.
In the curved space--time, this is modified to
$( \nabla_\alpha \nabla^\alpha + m^2) \phi =0$,
using covariant derivatives.
For the metric of GSW, the solution of this equation is given by
't Hooft \cite{QG}, and we can see the effects of GSW metric on the
behavior of the scalar field.
How about the other fields with spin?
This is the main subject of this paper.
We calculate the effects of GSW metric on various fields with spin
by perturbations.
In section 3, we derive the differential equations
for a test nertrino field (spin $= 1/2$), a test electromagnetic
field
(spin $= 1$) and a gravitational perturbation (spin $= 2$) in the
background metric of GSW, Exact solutions of these equations
are given. Section 4 is devoted
to conclusious and discussions.

\section{Newman -- Penrose Formalism}

In the Newman-Penrose (NP) formalism, a set of null tetrad
{\boldmath$\ell$}, {\boldmath$n$}, {\boldmath$m$}
and {\boldmath${\overline{m}}$} is to be introdeced, where
{\boldmath$\ell$}, {\boldmath$n$} are real, and
{\boldmath$m$}, {\boldmath${\overline{m}}$} are complex
conjugates of each other.
These must satisfy the orthogonality conditions:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}\cdot\mbox{\boldmath$m$}~=~
\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}\cdot
\mbox{\boldmath${\overline{m}}$}
{}~=~\mbox{\boldmath$n$}\cdot\mbox{\boldmath$m$}~=~
\mbox{\boldmath$n$}\cdot
\mbox{\boldmath${\overline{m}}$}
{}~=~0~~,
\label{eqn:1}
\end{eqnarray}
null conditions:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}\cdot\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}~=~
\mbox{\boldmath$n$}\cdot\mbox{\boldmath$n$}
{}~=~\mbox{\boldmath$m$}\cdot\mbox{\boldmath$m$}~=~
\mbox{\boldmath${\overline{m}}$}\cdot
\mbox{\boldmath${\overline{m}}$}
{}~=~0~~,
\label{eqn:2}
\end{eqnarray}
and the normalization conditions:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}\cdot\mbox{\boldmath$n$}~=~1~~
{\rm{and}}~~
\mbox{\boldmath$m$}\cdot\mbox{\boldmath${\overline{m}}$}~=~-1~~.
\label{eqn:3}
\end{eqnarray}

Now, we will investigate the NP formalism of the gravitational
shock wave (GSW) metrics which are derived by us \cite{HS94}.
For the construction of a null -- tetrad frame for the NP
formalism, we must find the null tangent vectors for geodesics.
The GSW metric is generally written by:
\begin{eqnarray}
ds^2~=~du~dv-d\rho^2-\rho^2d\varphi^2-A(\rho)~\delta\left(u\right)~du^2~~,
\label{eqn:4}
\end{eqnarray}
where $u=t-z, v=t+z$, and the concrete forms of $A(\rho)$ are
given in the previous paper. The null geodesic of (\ref{eqn:4})
satisfy:
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{2} \dot{u}~&=&~{\rm{constant}}~\left( =\frac{1}{2} \right)
\nonumber\\
\frac{1}{2} \dot{v}+A(\rho)~\delta(u)~\dot{u}
        ~&=&~{\rm{constant}}~\left( =0 \right) \nonumber\\
\rho^2 {\dot{\varphi}}~&=&~{\rm{constant}}~\left( =0 \right)
\nonumber\\
\ddot{\rho}~=~\rho {\dot{\varphi}}^2&-&\frac{1}{2}A'
\left( \rho \right) \delta \left( u \right) \dot{u}^2~~,
\label{eqn:5}
\end{eqnarray}
where dot and dash denotes the derivative with respect to the
affine parameter $\lambda$,
and $\rho$, respectively.
With no loss of generality, we take the constants of the RHS
of (\ref{eqn:5}) to the numbers in the parenthesis.
With this choice, $\dot{u}=1$, so that $u$ can be identified as
the affine parameter $\lambda$ itself.
The equations in (\ref{eqn:5}) are rewritten as
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{u}~&=&~1\nonumber\\
\dot{v}~&=&~-2A\delta\nonumber\\
{\dot{\varphi}}~&=&~0\nonumber\\
\dot{\rho}~&=&~-\frac{1}{2}A'\theta~~,
\label{eqn:5-1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\theta$ is the step function.
For simplicity we put $A(\rho)$, $\delta(u)$,
$\theta\left(u\right)$, and $\left.A' \left( \rho \right)
\right|_{\rho=\rho_0}$ as
$A$, $\delta$, $\theta$ and $A'$, respectively.

Then since the null tangent vector is
\begin{eqnarray}
v^i~=~\left(\dot{u},~\dot{v},~\dot{\rho},~\dot{\varphi}\right)
{}~=~\left(1,~-2A\delta,~-\frac{1}{2}A'\theta,~0 \right)~~,
\label{eqn:6}
\end{eqnarray}
the vector {\boldmath$\ell$} of the NP formalism is taken as
$v^i$ itself:
\begin{eqnarray}
\ell^i~&=&~\left(\ell^u,~\ell^v,~\ell^{\rho},~\ell^{\varphi} \right)
{}~=~\left(1,~-2A\delta,~-\frac{1}{2}A'\theta,~0 \right)~~,\nonumber\\
\ell_i~&=&~\left(0,~\frac{1}{2},~\frac{1}{2}A'\theta,~0 \right)~~.
\label{eqn:7}
\end{eqnarray}
It is to be noted that $\ell^i \ell_i~=~-A\delta-(\dot\rho)^2~=~0$,
since the derivative of the equation ${\dot{\rho}}^2=-A\delta$
with respect to $\lambda$ gives exactly the last equations in
(\ref{eqn:5}).

For the null vector {\boldmath$n$} and {\boldmath$m$} we will
take
\begin{eqnarray}
n^i~&=&~\left(a~,b~,c~,d~\right)~~,\nonumber\\
m^i~&=&~\left(0~,\alpha~,\beta~,{\rm{i}}\gamma~\right)~~.
\label{eqn:8}
\end{eqnarray}
 From conditions of (1)(2)(3), $m^i$ is determined uniquely:
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha~=~-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}A'\theta,~~\beta~=~\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},
{}~~\gamma~=~\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}\rho}~~,
\label{eqn:9}
\end{eqnarray}
while for $n^i$, the following equations are obtained:
\begin{eqnarray}
&&b+A'\theta c~=~2 \nonumber\\
&&A'\theta a+2 c~=~0 \nonumber\\
&&c^2~=~ab+A\delta a^2~~.
\label{eqn:10}
\end{eqnarray}
The simplest solution is
\begin{eqnarray}
a~=~0,~~b~=~2,~~c~=~0~~.
\label{eqn:11}
\end{eqnarray}

Let us summarize the null vectors of NP formalism which
we have chosen:
\begin{eqnarray}
\ell^i~&=&~\left(1,~-2A\delta,~-\frac{1}{2}A'\theta,~0 \right)~~,
\nonumber\\
n^i~&=&~\left( 0,~2~,0~,~0 \right)~~,\nonumber\\
m^i~&=&~\left(0,~-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}A'\theta,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},
{}~\frac{\rm{i}}{\sqrt{2}\rho} \right)~~.
\label{eqn:12}
\end{eqnarray}
and corresponding covariant vectors are
\begin{eqnarray}
\ell_i~&=&~\left(0,\frac{1}{2},~\frac{1}{2}A'\theta,~0 \right)~~,
\nonumber\\
n_i~&=&~\left( 1,~0~,0~,0~ \right)~~,\nonumber\\
m_i~&=&~\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}A'\theta,~0,~-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},
{}~-\frac{\rm{i\rho}}{\sqrt{2}} \right)~~.
\label{eqn:13}
\end{eqnarray}

The nonvanising spin coefficients (for example, see (286) in
Chapter 1 of
Chandrasekhar \cite{Chandra83}) are
\begin{eqnarray}
\kappa~=~\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}A'\delta,~~\rho~=~-\sigma~=~
\frac{1}{4\rho}A'\theta,
{}~~\alpha~=~-\beta~=~-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}\rho}~~.
\label{eqn:14}
\end{eqnarray}
Here, note that $A'$ is a constant.

Finally, we can calculate the components of the Wely tensor,
$\Psi_i$, Ricci
tensor, $\Phi_{ij}$, and scalar tensor, $\Lambda$
 (see (294) and (300) in Chap.1 of \cite{Chandra83}).
Then we see all components of these tensors vanish:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi_i~=~\Phi_{ij}~=~\Lambda~=0~~\left( i,j=0~\sim~4 \right)
{}~~\left( {\rm{For}}~u\neq0 \right).
\label{eqn:15}
\end{eqnarray}
Since the space -- time of GSW is empty except for $u=0$,
this is rather a natural result.
The whole space -- time is the patchwork of two flat
Minkowskii spaces pasted at $u=0$, where the continuity is
destroyed.
Because of this discontinuity, (\ref{eqn:14}) is obtained and
physics are not trivial even with (\ref{eqn:15}).
In the next section we consider the perturbation over this
background space -- time.
Although this is almost flat, it reflects this discontinuity
through (\ref{eqn:14}).

\section{Perturbations on the Gravitational Shock Waves
Background}

The NP equations are system of first -- order differential
equations linking the tetrad, the spin coefficients, Wely tensors,
Ricci tensors and the scalar curvature. The perturbed
geometries in NP
formalism are specified by:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}~=~\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}^u+
\mbox{\boldmath$\ell$}^p,~~
\mbox{\boldmath$n$}~=~\mbox{\boldmath$n$}^u+
\mbox{\boldmath$n$}^p,~~
\mbox{\boldmath$m$}~=~\mbox{\boldmath$m$}^u+
\mbox{\boldmath$m$}^p,
\label{eqn:16}
\end{eqnarray}
where the supersuffix $u$ and $p$ means "unperturbed"
and "perturbed", respectively. All the NP quantities can be
written in
this form. The spin coefficients $\kappa$, $\rho$, $\sigma$,
$\alpha$
and $\beta$ have both the unperturbed quantities and the perturbed
ones. The other spin coefficients, all Wely tensors, Ricci tensors
and the scalar curvature have only the unperturbed quantities.
The
complete set of perturbation equations are obtained from the
NP equations
by keeping perturbed terms only to first order.

In this section, we will derive the
source free perturbation equations for two component neutrino
fields,
electromagnetic fields, and gravitational fields on the GSW
background.

\subsection{Neutrino equations}

In the NP formalism for the GSW space -- time, the Dirac
equations of the
massless particle are written by the following equations
(see (108) in
Chap.10 of \cite{Chandra83}):
\begin{eqnarray}
\left( D-\rho \right) F_1+\left( \delta ^\ast-\alpha \right)
F_2~=~0
\label{eqn:17}\\
\left( \delta-\alpha \right) F_1+\Delta F_2~=~0~~,
\label{eqn:18}
\end{eqnarray}
where $F_1$ and $F_2$ are 2--spinors.
When we consider the realistic problem of the scattering of a
massless neutrino off
the GSW background, the $F$'s can be treated as the first order
test fields.
$D$, $\delta$ and $\Delta$ are directional derivatives along the
basis
null vectors defined by:
\begin{eqnarray}
DF~=~F_{;\mu}~\ell^\mu~~,~\Delta F ~=~F_{;\mu}~n^\mu~~, \delta
F~=~F_{;\mu} n^\mu~~.
\label{eqn:19}
\end{eqnarray}
Eliminating $F_2$ from (18) and (\ref{eqn:18}), we obtain the
equation for
$F_1$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\left[ \Delta \left( D - \rho \right) - \left( \delta^\ast - \alpha
\right) \left( \delta - \alpha \right) \right] F_1~=~0~~,
\label{eqn:20}
\end{eqnarray}
where we have used the relation, $\Delta \left( \delta^\ast -
\alpha \right) -
\left( \delta^\ast - \alpha \right) \Delta =0$.

We want to find the solution for $F_i$ which have the form:
\begin{eqnarray}
F_i~=~{\rm{e}}^{ {\rm{i}} \left( k_u u +k_v v+ m \varphi\right)}
f_i \left( \rho
\right)~~.
\label{eqn:22}
\end{eqnarray}
where $k_u$ and $k_v$ are constants and m is an integer,
General solutions are
to be obtained by superpositions of them.
When $u>0$, the equation of $F_1$ is given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
f_{1,\rho,\rho}+\frac{1}{\rho} f_{1,\rho} +
\left[ \left( 4 k_u k_v -
k_v^2 A^{'2} \right) - \frac{\left(m - 1/2 \right)^2}{\rho^2}
\right] f_1
{}~=~0~~,
\label{eqn:23}
\end{eqnarray}
and the solution of it is:
\begin{eqnarray}
f_1 \left( \rho \right)~=~J_{m-1/2} \left( y \right)~~~
\left( \rm{for}~
u>0 \right)~~,
\label{eqn:24}
\end{eqnarray}
where $J$ is the Bessel function, $y=\Omega \rho$ and $\Omega =
\sqrt{ 4
k_u k_v - k_v^2 A'}$.

For $u<0$, $f_1(\rho)$ is similarly obtained:
\begin{eqnarray}
f_1\left( \rho \right)~=~J_{m-1/2} \left( y' \right)~~
\left( {\rm{for}}~u<0 \right)~~,
\label{eqn:25}
\end{eqnarray}
where $y'=\Omega'\rho$ and $\Omega'=\sqrt{4k_uk_v}$.

Next, we will give the $F_2$. From (\ref{eqn:18}) and (\ref{eqn:22}),
$f_2$, which is the $\rho$--direction field of $F_2$, is
represented by
$f_1$:
\begin{eqnarray}
2 \sqrt{2}{\rm{i}}k_v f_2 ~=~-f_{1,\rho}+{\rm{i}}A'k_vf_1 +
\frac{m-1/2}{\rho}f_1~~\left( {\rm{for}}~u>0 \right)~~.
\label{eqn:26}
\end{eqnarray}
Using the formula, $J'_\nu(z) =-J_{\nu+1}(z)+
\nu/zJ_\nu(z)$, $f_2$ for $u>0$ is given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
f_2 \left( \rho \right) ~=~ \frac{\Omega}{2\sqrt{2}{\rm{i}}k_v}
\left\{J_{m+1/2}
\left( y \right) +\frac{{\rm{i}}k_vA'}{\Omega}J_{m-1/2}
\left( y \right)
\right\}~~
\left( {\rm{for}}~u>0 \right)~~,
\label{eqn:27}
\end{eqnarray}
while for $u<0$,
\begin{eqnarray}
f_2 \left( \rho \right) ~=~ \frac{\Omega'}{2\sqrt{2}{\rm{i}}k_v}
J_{m+1/2}
\left( y' \right) ~~
\left( {\rm{for}}~u<0 \right)~~.
\label{eqn:27-2}
\end{eqnarray}

It is to be noted that these solutions are the exact solutions for
the neutrino fields.

\subsection{Electromagnetic and Gravitational Equations}

Maxwell equations in the NP formalism
of the GSW geometry can be written by (see (330)--(333) in Chap.1 of
\cite{Chandra83}):
\begin{eqnarray}
\left( D-\rho \right) \phi_2-\delta^* \phi_1 ~&=&~0
\label{eqn:28}\\
\left( \delta-2\alpha \right) \phi_2-\Delta\phi_1  ~&=&~0
\label{eqn:29}\\
\delta \phi_1 -\Delta \phi_0 +\sigma \phi_2 ~&=&~0
\label{eqn:30}\\
\left( \delta-2\rho \right) \phi_1-\left( \delta^* -2\alpha
\right) \phi_0  ~&=&~0~~,
\label{eqn:31}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\phi$'s are Maxwell field strengths.
With $\Delta
\times$(29)$-\delta^*\times$(30), the equation for
$\phi_2$ is given by the following equation:
\begin{eqnarray}
\left[ \Delta \left( \Delta - \rho \right) - \delta^\ast
\left( \delta - 2\alpha \right) \right] \phi_2~=~0~~,
\label{eqn:32}
\end{eqnarray}
As in the previous subsection, we put
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_i~=~{\it{e}}^{ {\rm{i}} \left( k_u u +k_v v+ m \varphi\right)}
R_i \left( \rho
\right)~~.
\label{eqn:33}
\end{eqnarray}
Then (\ref{eqn:32}) is written by the following differential
equation for
$u>0$:
\begin{eqnarray}
R_{2,\rho,\rho}+\frac{1}{\rho} R_{2,\rho} + \left[ \left( 4 k_u k_v -
k_v^2 A^{'2} \right) - \frac{\left(m - 1 \right)^2}{\rho^2} \right] R_2
{}~=~0~~.
\label{eqn:34}
\end{eqnarray}
The equation is easily solved:
\begin{eqnarray}
R_2 \left( \rho \right)~=~J_{m-1} \left( y \right)~~~ \left( \rm{for}~
u>0 \right)~~,
\label{eqn:35}
\end{eqnarray}
as before. On the other hand, the solution for $u<0$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
R_2 \left( \rho \right)~=~J_{m-1} \left( y' \right)~~~ \left( \rm{for}~
u<0 \right)~~,
\label{eqn:36}
\end{eqnarray}
where $y$ and $y'$ are given by (\ref{eqn:24}) and (\ref{eqn:25}).
As $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ are related by (30),
$R_1$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
R_1 \left( \rho \right) ~=~ \left( - \frac{\Omega}
{2\sqrt{2}{\rm{i}}k_v} \right)
\left\{ J_{m}
\left( y \right) +\frac{{\rm{i}}k_vA'}{\Omega}J_{m-1}
\left( y \right)
\right\}~~
\left( {\rm{for}}~u>0 \right)~~,
\label{eqn:37}
\end{eqnarray}
while for $u<0$, it is:
\begin{eqnarray}
R_1 \left( \rho \right) ~=~ \left( -\frac{\Omega'}
{2\sqrt{2}{\rm{i}}k_v} \right) J_{m}
\left( y' \right) ~~
\left( {\rm{for}}~u<0 \right)~~.
\label{eqn:38}
\end{eqnarray}
Finally, $R_0$ is given from (\ref{eqn:30})
\begin{eqnarray}
R_0 \left( \rho \right) ~&=&~\left( - \frac{\Omega}
{2\sqrt{2}{\rm{i}}k_v}
\right)^2 \left\{ J_{m+1}
\left( y \right)+\frac{2{\rm{i}}k_vA'}{\Omega}J_{m}
\left( y \right)
\right. \nonumber\\
&&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\left. +\left( \frac{{\rm{i}}k_vA'}
{\Omega} \right)^2 J_{m-1}\left( y \right)
\right\}~~\left( {\rm{for}}~u>0 \right)~~\\
\label{eqn:39}
R_0 \left( \rho \right) ~&=&~\left( - \frac{\Omega'}
{2\sqrt{2}{\rm{i}}k_v}
\right)^2 J_{m+1}
\left( y' \right) ~~
\left( {\rm{for}}~u<0 \right)~~.
\label{eqn:40}
\end{eqnarray}

Now we want to discuss about the first -- order perturbations of the
gravitational field itself.
We find that four of the eight NP Bianchi identities provide the
following
linear homogeneous equations to first order in the perturbations
(see (321) in Chap.1 of \cite{Chandra83}):
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(\delta^* + 2\alpha \right) \Psi_3 - \left( D -\rho \right)
\Psi_4~=~0 \\
\label{eqn:41}
-\Delta \Psi_0 +\left( \delta -2\beta \right) \Psi_1 +3\sigma
\Psi_2~=~0 \\
\label{eqn:42}
-\Delta \Psi_1 + \delta \Psi_2 +2\sigma \Psi_3~=~0\\
\label{eqn:43}
-\Delta \Psi_2 +\left( \delta+2\beta \right) \Psi_3 +\sigma
\Psi_4 ~=~0\\
\label{eqn:44}
-\Delta \Psi_3 +\left( \delta +4\beta \right) \Psi_4~=~0
\label{eqn:45}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Psi$'s are the perturbed Wely tensors. We can calculate
$\Psi$'s by the same procedure as neutrino and electromagnetic cases,
and the final forms of $\Psi$'s are:
\begin{eqnarray}
\Psi _n &=& \exp(ik_u u+ik_v v+im\varphi)~B^{4-n}~J_{m-n+2}
        (y')~~\nonumber\\
&&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~({\rm{for}}~u<0)~~,\\
\label{eqn:46}
\Psi _n &=& \exp(ik_u u+ik_v v+im\varphi)~
        B^{4-n}\sum^{5-n}_{l=1} {}_4{\rm{C}}_l D^{l-1} J_{m-n+3-l}
(y)~~\nonumber\\
&&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~({\rm{for}}~u>0)~~,
\label{eqn:47}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
B = -\frac{\Omega'}{2\sqrt{2} i k_v}~~, D = \frac{ik_v A'}{\Omega}~~,
\nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}
and ${}_4{\rm{C}}_l$ represents the binomial coefficient.

\section{Conclusions}

We have derived the first order perturbations for fields with
spin on the background metric of GSW.
Exact solutions of fields are obtained.
 From these, we can find the behavior of the field crossing
the discontinuity of GSW at $u=0$.
Especially, we can find, for example, the refraction angles and
scattering cross sections of various fields near the black hole which
is moving with a relativistic speed.
For particle physics, this would be one approach to the physics
at Planck
energy.
These physics are now under investigations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
package org.twig4j.core.syntax;

import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.twig4j.core.syntax.operator.BinaryAdd;
import org.twig4j.core.syntax.operator.BinaryIn;
import org.twig4j.core.syntax.operator.BinaryNotIn;
import org.twig4j.core.syntax.operator.Operator;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class LexerRegexesTests {
    @Test
    public void canCreateOperators() {
        HashMap<String, Operator> binaryOperators = new HashMap<>();
        binaryOperators.put("+", new BinaryAdd());

        LexerRegexes regexes = new LexerRegexes(new LexerOptions(), new HashMap<>(), binaryOperators);

        Assert.assertEquals("Correct regex should be returned", "^(\\Q+\\E|=)", regexes.getOperators().toString());
    }

    @Test
    public void canCreateOperatorsThatEndWithCharacter() {
        HashMap<String, Operator> binaryOperators = new HashMap<>();
        binaryOperators.put("in", new BinaryIn());

        LexerRegexes regexes = new LexerRegexes(new LexerOptions(), new HashMap<>(), binaryOperators);

        Assert.assertEquals("Correct regex should be returned", "^(\\Qin\\E(?=\\s+)|=)", regexes.getOperators().toString());
    }

    @Test
    public void sortsOperatorsCorrectly() {
        HashMap<String, Operator> binaryOperators = new HashMap<>();
        binaryOperators.put("in", new BinaryIn());
        binaryOperators.put("not in", new BinaryNotIn());

        LexerRegexes regexes = new LexerRegexes(new LexerOptions(), new HashMap<>(), binaryOperators);

        Assert.assertEquals("Correct regex should be returned", "^(\\Qnot in\\E(?=\\s+)|\\Qin\\E(?=\\s+)|=)", regexes.getOperators().toString());
    }
}


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Video essay looks at the alien perspective in Jonathan Glazer's cult sci-fi drama.
Jonathan Glazer's Under the Skin tells the story of an alien who lands in Scotland in the guise of Scarlett Johansson. Initially on our planet to harvest the populace, the alien is gradually influenced by humanity.
A new video essay by The Discarded Image examines how Glazer tells the story from this unique perspective.


text:
'Game of Thrones' Ending Will Leave Fans Divided Says Emilia Clarke
Game of Thrones Ending Will Leave Fans Divided Says Emilia Clarke
Kevin Burwick
in TV News
The upcoming 8th and final season of Game of Thrones will be divisive, according to Daenerys Targaryen actress Emilia Clarke. Production is currently underway for HBO's massively popular series and details are scarce at the moment due to the intense security that the show puts in place to keep leaks from occurring. The intense security on the set was spoofed by Clarke in a recent video promoting a charity event /contest that allows the winner to go visit the set of Game of Thrones and have lunch with the cast.
Emilia Clarke is currently out promoting Solo: A Star Wars Story, which is just as secretive as Game of Thrones. Discussions about the latest Star Wars movie are usually followed up with requests for updates on the show, putting the cast in awkward situations. However, they're all used to it by now and Clarke is a total pro when asked about the upcoming Season 8 of Game of Thrones. Instead of giving anything away, Emilia Clarke speaks about the ending in very broad terms that still seem very intriguing. She had this to say.
"People will scream and people will say, that's exactly what I wanted. And some people will go, Huh? - My mum, probably."
If Game of Thrones has taught its fans anything, it's that things don't always go the way that you expect or want them to. Basically, it seems that the ending of the series will not go out on a happy note with everybody celebrating. Even if it does end up with a semi-happy ending, there will be the deaths of some beloved characters along the way, which will certainly divide fans of the hit HBO show.
As for when we'll be able to see the end of Game of Thrones, that has not been officially announced by HBO at this time. It is believed that Season 8 will debut sometime in 2019, with many fans praying that it premieres in very early 2019. The season will be shorter, but the 6 episodes will make up for it by being a lot longer than we've seen in the past to properly tell the story. It's been rumored that some of the episodes could be up to 90 minutes long, which is pretty exciting.
RELATED: What Drogon Did with Daenerys' Body in Game of Thrones Finale Revealed
While no real specifics about Game of Thrones Season 8 have been revealed, we do know that the final season will contain the biggest battle that has ever been seen on the show, even beating out the legendary Battle of the Bastards from Season 6. Other than that, there's a whole load of possibilities that the final season can get into. Just don't expect everybody to die in a frozen zombie apocalypse. That rumor was laid to rest by Game of Thrones author George R.R. Martin. But according to Martin and Emilia Clarke, fans will be treated to a bittersweet ending to the series. You can check out the rest of what Emilia Clarke had to say about the final season of Game of Thrones over at LRM.
Topics: Game of Thrones
Writer for Movieweb since 2017. Enjoys playing Catan when not writing about superheroes and Star Wars.
Game of Thrones Prequel House of the Dragon Expected to Hit HBO in 2022
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The above percentages represent the quarter-to-quarter change in the Gross Domestic Product for the United States. The "predicted" figure is what Wall Street forecasters were expecting, while the "actual" is the real figure. The GDP report is produced by the U.S. Commerce Department's Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Today's GDP "third estimate" report contains the most authoritative data for the third quarter of 2013.


text:
Home » Dish » Goodbye, Tapas. Hello, South American Street Food.
Goodbye, Tapas. Hello, South American Street Food.
The Hunger Block offers a taste of Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Argentina
Posted on May 3, 2019 (May 3, 2019) by Vera Lynn Petersen
Hearts ache while remembering the loss of Omaha's dearest Tapas restaurant, Little Espana in Rockbrook. The closure, however, allowed for a new concept by the same owners, chef Carlos Mendez and his family. Welcome to The Hunger Block at 11036 Elm Street.
Mendez closed Little Espana in April 2018 after working 15 years in the Tapas industry and becoming burnt out from the challenge of midwestern expectations of large-portion sizes. Little Espana became a place for celebrating birthdays and anniversaries, but Mendez wanted to own a restaurant where the community could afford to dine any day of the week.
Mendez met his current business partner, Rognny Diaz, after both moved to Omaha from Caracas, Venezuela. Diaz shared his inspiration after visiting a place in Miami that served Venezuelan street food. Mendez loved the idea but wanted to expand from strictly Venezuelan food to a mix of different South American street foods from Colombia, Peru, Brazil, and Argentina.
"Back home, 'La Calle El Hambre' translates to 'the hunger street or block.' It is the best place to go to eat street food late at night or really any time of the day. Usually there are little carts that serve food. They open for lunch and stay open at night after the parties," said Mendez. He found the best food vendors were the ones with slippery sidewalks from the sauce and food drippings left behind by people eating in the street.
While developing the concept of The Hunger Block, Mendez had the opportunity to test a few dishes out on the public at Dandelion Pop-up, a seasonal downtown event run by Nick Bartholomew to promote local chefs. Mendez was nervous about how the public would react to Latin food, as it is often confused with Mexican and Tex-Mex foods. He offered his version of a shredded beef Philly sandwich similar to the Pepito on his menu, and round cheese-filled empanadas drizzled in a variety of sauces. To his surprise, customers loved it all. Mendez remembers the biggest compliment that day was his colleague, Tim Maides, shouting, "I don't know what I ate, but it was delicious!" Mendez knew he could trust Maides about good food and that his concept for The Hunger Block was on track.
Just a month after Little Espana closed, The Hunger Block opened in May 2018. The restaurant was painted, lighting updated, and more casual seating options were added, including an eight- to ten-person picnic table. They also prepared a party room that seats up to 20 people, and a patio for the warmer months. What gives the space an extra fun vibe is the mixture of Latin and American music. Mendez explained that it is common for a broader variety of the top of the charts to be played at South American restaurants and bars.
The drink menu lists an assortment of house cocktails such as flavored margaritas, mojitos, sangrias, and specialty cocktails including a Pisco Sour and a Smoky Rosemary Flower (an earthy mix of mezcal and hibiscus rosemary tea, garnished with a pink flower).
Along with a complimentary round of chips and salsa, appetizers include the familiar taquitos and nachos, and the less familiar tequenos, which are a Venezuelan version of gooey mozzarella sticks, wrapped in dough and served with house sauces. The freshest appetizer is the Peruvian Ceviche, a new menu item made of cilantro, pickled red onions, citrus marinated white fish, and two types of corn (canchas, similar to corn nuts, and choclo, a large kernel similar in texture to a garbanzo bean).
The rest of the menu is sectioned into salads, street food, and main courses. Mendez wanted to offer a few basic dishes for the less adventurous eaters, so he chose to serve build-your-own tacos and his take on a cheeseburger, which includes your choice of chicken, pork belly, or a beef patty topped with slaw, lettuce, onion, tomato, crushed potato chips, and a fried egg. It is monstrous. And to make it even larger, diners can double or triple their meat options.
From the list of street foods, my favorite would be the Pepito, a sandwich with the choice of carne asada or shredded chicken, topped with slaw, crushed potato chips, cheese, ketchup and mayo. A similar version of this sandwich is the Patacon, which has the same toppings served open-faced on top of crispy fried plantains. Both dishes made me reminisce about my childhood, and drizzling on the additional house sauces elevated them into the ideal comfort food.
There are two main house sauces to request, along with a third secret sauce for those who crave spice. Guasacaca is a green sauce made of guacamole. The garlic sauce is a white sauce with the base of mayo, cilantro, and garlic. The off-menu hot sauce is spicy enough to come with a verbal heat warning. Each of these sauces was created to change the flavor profile of every bite. Mendez referred to this concept as "sauce then eat." He said using a sauce to elevate a dish comes naturally in his culture, especially when eating arepas and experiencing the beauty of the crunch of the cornmeal with the flavor of the sauces. He has 15 other sauces he wants to add to the menu, one being a sweet corn sauce that specifically compliments the burger.
The best-selling main dishes would be the Bandeja Paisa, a rice and beans plate including seasoned ground beef, fried pork belly, a fried egg, avocado, plantains, and arepa, or the Parrilla Mixta, a grilled meat platter featuring a variety of meats and sauces, french fries, and fried arepas. Both are perfect for the adventurous eater who wishes to try a little bit of everything.
Milkshakes have been a huge part of Venezuelan culture and Mendez loves featuring milkshakes inspired by current events and holidays, such as Christmas, Husker football, and the World Cup. These towering milkshakes start with a base of chocolate or vanilla milkshake topped with a heap of Nutella, more ice cream, and a rotation of donuts, ice cream bars, and the envied Tres Leches Cake. Another secret, the Tres Leches Cake is made in-house, and when available, can be ordered on its own. Mendez said his favorite reason for offering milkshakes is he loves seeing everyone's eyes pop. "Even a 60-year-old looks at the milkshake the same way a 4-year-old would."
Along with the joy-filled milkshakes, Mendez is overwhelmed by the response Omaha has made to his restaurant. "A family of five were all eating arepas and I almost cried seeing it as this was the food that I ate as a kid." He explained that arepas are made to be eaten any meal of the day. The dough is made simply, but the filling is what makes it special, and that is why the restaurant offers a variety of fillings for its arepas, including a vegan arepa stuffed with black beans, plantains, avocado and slaw.
Recently, The Hunger Block began offering takeout orders through Door Dash and will be part of Uber Eats soon. A weekend brunch menu will be coming in a few months, and it will feature build-your-own breakfast tacos and arepas. Catering is another recent option.
Mendez said he would not be surprised if there were additional locations of The Hunger Block in the future, or even more restaurant concepts opened by him as well. He has considered the possibility of Espana being part of the city again, too. "When creating concepts and seeing people react to it, believing in the dream that you had years ago or a month ago when you were at home scratching your head about the risk, the best payback that you get is when people see and understand the vision, and enjoy it."
Tags: Food Review, Little Espana, Omaha Dining, Street Food
Tagged Food Review, Little Espana, Omaha Dining, Street Food
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