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En física y química se observa que, para cualquier sustancia o mezcla, modificando su temperatura o presión, pueden obtenerse distintos estados o fases, denominados estados de agregación de la materia,</u> en relación con las fuerzas de unión de las partículas (moléculas, átomos o iones) que la constituyen.

Todos los estados de agregación poseen propiedades y características diferentes; los más conocidos y observables cotidianamente son cuatro, llamados fases sólida, líquida, gaseosa y plasmática. También son posibles otros estados que no se producen de forma natural en nuestro entorno, por ejemplo: condensado de Bose-Einstein, condensado fermiónico y estrellas de neutrones. Se cree que también son posibles otros, como el plasma de quarks-gluones.

El término «fase» se utiliza a veces como sinónimo de estado de la materia, pero un sistema puede contener varias fases «inmiscibles» del mismo estado de la materia.

Estados convencionales dependientes de presión y temperatura

Estado sólido

Los objetos en estado sólido se presentan como cuerpos de forma definida; sus átomos a menudo se entrelazan formando estructuras estrechas definidas, lo que les confiere la capacidad de soportar fuerzas sin deformación aparente. Son calificados generalmente como duros así como resistentes, y en ellos las fuerzas de atracción son mayores que las de repulsión. En los sólidos cristalinos, la presencia de espacios intermoleculares pequeños da paso a la intervención de las fuerzas de enlace, que ubican a las celdillas en formas geométricas. En los amorfos o vítreos, por el contrario, las partículas que los constituyen carecen de una estructura ordenada.

Las sustancias en estado sólido suelen presentar algunas de las siguientes características:
 Cohesión elevada.
 Tienen una forma definida y memoria de forma.
 A efectos prácticos son incompresibles.
 Resistencia a la fragmentación.
 No poseen fluidez
 Volumen constante
 Algunos de ellos se subliman.
En los  sólidos cristalinos, las partículas (átomos, moléculas o iones) están empaquetadas en un patrón repetitivo y regularmente ordenado. Hay varias estructuras cristalinas diferentes, y una misma sustancia puede tener más de una estructura (o fase sólida). Por ejemplo, el hierro tiene una estructura  cúbica centrada en el cuerpo a temperaturas inferiores a 912 °C (1.674 °F), y una estructura cúbica centrada en la cara entre 912 y 1.394 °C (2.541 °F). El hielo tiene quince estructuras cristalinas conocidas, o quince fases sólidas, que existen a distintas temperaturas y presiones.

Los vidrios y otros sólidos no cristalinos y amorfos sin orden de largo alcance no son estados básicos de equilibrio térmico, por lo que se describen a continuación como «estados no clásicos de la materia».

Los sólidos pueden transformarse en líquidos por fusión, y los líquidos pueden transformarse en sólidos por congelación. Los sólidos también pueden transformarse directamente en gases mediante el proceso de sublimación, y los gases pueden igualmente transformarse directamente en sólidos mediante la  deposición.

Estado líquido

Si se incrementa la temperatura de un sólido, este va perdiendo forma hasta desaparecer la estructura cristalina, alcanzando el estado líquido. Característica principal: la capacidad de fluir y adaptarse a la forma del recipiente que lo contiene. En este caso, aún existe cierta unión entre los átomos del cuerpo, aunque mucho menos intensa que en los sólidos. El estado líquido presenta las siguientes características:
 Cohesión menor.
 Poseen movimiento de  energía cinética.
 Son fluidos, no poseen forma definida, ni memoria de forma por lo que toman la forma de la superficie o el recipiente que lo contiene.
 Suele cambiar a estado sólido en el frío
 Posee fluidez a través de pequeños orificios.
 Puede presentar difusión.
 Son poco compresibles.

Estado gaseoso

Se denomina gas al estado de agregación de la materia compuesto principalmente por moléculas no unidas, expandidas y con poca fuerza de atracción, lo que hace que los gases no tengan volumen definido ni forma definida, y se expandan libremente hasta llenar el recipiente que los contiene. Su densidad es mucho menor que la de los líquidos y sólidos, y las fuerzas gravitatorias y de atracción entre sus moléculas resultan insignificantes. En algunos diccionarios el término gas es considerado como sinónimo de vapor, aunque no hay que confundir sus conceptos: vapor se refiere estrictamente a aquel gas que se puede condensar por presurización a temperatura constante.

Dependiendo de sus contenidos de energía o de las fuerzas que actúan, la materia puede estar en un estado o en otro diferente: se ha hablado durante la historia, de un gas ideal o de un sólido cristalino perfecto, pero ambos son modelos límites ideales y, por tanto, no tienen existencia real.

En un gas, las moléculas están en estado de caos y muestran poca respuesta a la gravedad. Se mueven tan rápidamente que se liberan unas de otras. Ocupan entonces un volumen mucho mayor que en los otros estados porque dejan espacios libres intermedios y están enormemente separadas unas de otras. Por eso es tan fácil comprimir un gas, lo que significa, en este caso, disminuir la distancia entre moléculas. El gas carece de forma y de volumen, porque se comprende que donde tenga espacio libre allí irán sus moléculas errantes y el gas se expandirá hasta llenar por completo cualquier recipiente.

A temperaturas inferiores a su temperatura crítica, un gas también se denomina vapor y puede licuarse sólo por compresión sin necesidad de refrigeración. Un vapor puede existir en equilibrio con un líquido (o sólido), en cuyo caso la presión del gas es igual a la presión de vapor del líquido (o sólido).

Un fluido supercrítico (SCF) es un gas cuya temperatura y presión están por encima de la temperatura y la presión críticas, respectivamente. En este estado, la distinción entre líquido y gas desaparece. Un fluido supercrítico tiene las propiedades físicas de un gas, pero su alta densidad le confiere propiedades de disolvente en algunos casos, lo que da lugar a aplicaciones útiles. Por ejemplo, el dióxido de carbono supercrítico se utiliza para extraer cafeína en la fabricación de café descafeinado.

Estado plasmático

El plasma es un gas ionizado, es decir, que los átomos que lo componen se han separado de algunos de sus electrones. De esta forma el plasma es un estado parecido al gas pero compuesto por aniones y cationes (iones con carga negativa y positiva, respectivamente), separados entre sí y libres, por eso es un excelente conductor. Un ejemplo muy claro es el Sol.

En la baja atmósfera terrestre, cualquier átomo que pierde un electrón (cuando es alcanzado por una partícula cósmica rápida) se dice que está ionizado. Pero a altas temperaturas es muy diferente. Cuanto más caliente está el gas, más rápido se mueven sus moléculas y átomos, (ley de los gases ideales) y a muy altas temperaturas las colisiones entre estos átomos, moviéndose muy rápido, son suficientemente violentas para liberar los electrones. En la atmósfera solar, una gran parte de los átomos están permanentemente «ionizados» por estas colisiones y el gas se comporta como un plasma.

A diferencia de los gases fríos (por ejemplo, el aire a temperatura ambiente), los plasmas conducen la electricidad y son fuertemente influidos por los campos magnéticos. La lámpara fluorescente, contiene plasma (su componente principal es vapor de mercurio) que calienta y agita la electricidad, mediante la línea de fuerza a la que está conectada la lámpara. La línea, positivo eléctricamente un extremo y negativo el otro, causa que los iones positivos se aceleren hacia el extremo negativo, y que los electrones negativos vayan hacia el extremo positivo. Las partículas aceleradas ganan energía, colisionan con los átomos, expulsan electrones adicionales y mantienen el plasma, aunque se recombinen partículas. Las colisiones también hacen que los átomos emitan luz y esta forma de luz es más eficiente que las lámparas tradicionales. Los letreros de neón y las luces urbanas funcionan por un principio similar y también se usaron en electrónicas.

Perfil de la ionosfera
La parte superior de la ionosfera se extiende en el espacio algunos cientos de kilómetros y se combina con la magnetosfera, cuyo plasma está generalmente más rarificado y también más caliente. Los iones y los electrones del plasma de la magnetosfera provienen de la ionosfera que está por debajo y del viento solar y muchos de los pormenores de su entrada y calentamiento no están claros aún.

Existe el plasma interplanetario, el viento solar. La capa más externa del Sol, la corona, está tan caliente que no solo están ionizados todos sus átomos, sino que aquellos que comenzaron una teoría con muchos electrones, tienen arrancados la mayoría (a veces todos), incluidos los electrones de las capas más profundas que están más fuertemente unidos. En la corona del Sol se ha detectado la radiación electromagnética característica del hierro que ha perdido 13 electrones.

Esta temperatura extrema evita que el plasma de la corona permanezca cautivo por la gravedad solar y, así, fluye en todas direcciones, llenando el Sistema Solar más allá de los planetas más distantes.

Propiedades del plasma
Hay que decir que hay 2 tipos de plasma, fríos y calientes:
 En los plasmas fríos, los átomos se encuentran a temperatura ambiente y son los electrones los que se aceleran hasta alcanzar una temperatura de 5000 °C. Pero como los iones, que son muchísimo más masivos, están a temperatura ambiente, no queman al tocarlos.
 En los plasmas calientes, la ionización se produce por los choques de los átomos entre sí Lo que hace es calentar un gas mucho y por los propios choques de los átomos entre sí se ionizan. Estos mismos átomos ionizados también capturan electrones y en ese proceso se genera luz (por eso el Sol brilla, y brilla el fuego, y brillan los plasmas de los laboratorios).

Condensados cuánticos

Condensado de Bose-Einstein

Esta nueva forma de la materia fue obtenida el 5 de julio de 1995 por los físicos Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle y Carl E. Wieman, por lo que fueron galardonados en 2001 con el Premio Nobel de física. Los científicos lograron enfriar los átomos a una temperatura 300 veces más baja de lo que se había logrado anteriormente. Se le ha llamado "BEC, Bose - Einstein Condensado" y es tan frío y denso que aseguran que los átomos pueden quedar inmóviles. Todavía no se sabe cuál será el mejor uso que se le pueda dar a este descubrimiento. Este estado fue predicho por Satyendra Nath Bose y Albert Einstein en 1927.

Condensado de Fermi

Creado en la universidad de Colorado por primera vez en 1999, el primer condensado de Fermi formado por átomos fue creado en 2003. El condensado fermiónico, considerado como el sexto estado de la materia, es una fase superfluida formada por partículas fermiónicas a temperaturas bajas. Está cercanamente relacionado con el condensado de Bose-Einstein. A diferencia de los condensados de Bose-Einstein, los fermiones condensados se forman utilizando fermiones en lugar de bosones.

Dicho de otra forma, el condensado de Fermi es un estado de agregación de la materia en la que la materia adquiere superfluidez. Se crea a muy bajas temperaturas, extremadamente cerca del cero absoluto.

Los primeros condensados fermiónicos describían el estado de los electrones en un superconductor. El primer condensado fermiónico atómico fue creado por Deborah S. Jin en 2003. Un condensado quiral es un ejemplo de un condensado fermiónico que aparece en las teorías de los fermiones sin masa con rotura de simetría quiral.

Supersólido
Este material es un sólido en el sentido de que la totalidad de los átomos del helio-(4) que lo componen están congelados en una película cristalina rígida, de forma similar a como lo están los átomos y las moléculas en un sólido normal como el hielo. La diferencia es que, en este caso, "congelado" no significa "estacionario".

Como la partícula de helio-4 es tan fría (apenas una décima de grado sobre el cero absoluto), comienzan a imperar las leyes de incertidumbre cuántica. En efecto, los átomos de helio comienzan a comportarse como si fueran sólidos y fluidos a la vez. De hecho, en las circunstancias adecuadas, una fracción de los átomos de helio comienza a moverse a través de la película como una sustancia conocida como "superfluido", un líquido que se mueve sin ninguna fricción. De ahí su nombre de "supersólido".

Se demuestra que las partículas de helio aplicadas a temperaturas cercanas al 0 absoluto cambian el momento de inercia y un sólido se convierte en un supersólido, lo que previamente aparece como un estado de la materia.

Estados de alta energía

Materia degenerada

Bajo una presión extremadamente alta, como en los núcleos de las estrellas muertas, la materia ordinaria experimenta una transición a una serie de estados exóticos de la materia conocidos colectivamente como materia degenerada, que se apoyan principalmente en efectos mecánicos cuánticos. En física, "degenerado" se refiere a dos estados que tienen la misma energía y, por tanto, son intercambiables. La materia degenerada se apoya en el principio de exclusión de Pauli, que impide que dos partículas  fermiónicas ocupen el mismo estado cuántico. A diferencia del plasma normal, el plasma degenerado se expande poco cuando se calienta, porque simplemente no quedan estados de momento. En consecuencia, las estrellas degeneradas colapsan en densidades muy altas. Las estrellas degeneradas más masivas son más pequeñas, porque la fuerza gravitatoria aumenta, pero la presión no aumenta proporcionalmente.

La materia degenerada por los electrones se encuentra en el interior de las estrellas enanas blancas. Los electrones permanecen ligados a los átomos, pero pueden transferirse a los átomos adyacentes. La materia degenerada en neutrones se encuentra en las estrellas de neutrones. La enorme presión gravitatoria comprime los átomos con tanta fuerza que los electrones se ven obligados a combinarse con los protones a través de la desintegración beta inversa, lo que da lugar a un conglomerado superdenso de neutrones. Normalmente, los neutrones libres fuera de un núcleo atómico decaen con una vida media de aproximadamente 10 minutos, pero en una estrella de neutrones, la desintegración es superada por la desintegración inversa. La materia fría degenerada también está presente en planetas como Júpiter y en las enanas marrones, aún más masivas, que se espera que tengan un núcleo con hidrógeno metálico. Debido a la degeneración, las enanas marrones más masivas no son significativamente mayores. En los metales, los electrones pueden modelarse como un gas degenerado que se mueve en una red de iones positivos no degenerados.

La materia de los quarks

En la materia fría regular, los quarks, partículas fundamentales de la materia nuclear, están confinados por la fuerza fuerte en  hadrones formados por 2-4 quarks, como los protones y los neutrones. La materia de quarks o materia cromodinámica cuántica (QCD) es un grupo de fases en las que se supera la fuerza fuerte y los quarks quedan desconfinados y libres para moverse. Las fases de materia de quarks se producen a densidades o temperaturas extremadamente altas, y no se conocen formas de producirlas en equilibrio en el laboratorio; en condiciones ordinarias, cualquier materia de quarks que se forme sufre inmediatamente una desintegración radiactiva.

La materia extraña es un tipo de materia de quarks que se sospecha que existe dentro de algunas estrellas de neutrones cercanas al límite de Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (aproximadamente 2-3 masas solares), aunque no hay pruebas directas de su existencia. En la materia extraña, parte de la energía disponible se manifiesta en forma de quarks extraños, un análogo más pesado del quark down común. Es posible que, una vez formada, sea estable en estados de energía más bajos, aunque se desconoce.

El plasma de quarks-gluones es una fase de muy alta temperatura en la que los quarks se liberan y pueden moverse de forma independiente, en lugar de estar perpetuamente unidos en partículas, en un mar de gluones, partículas subatómicas que transmiten la fuerza fuerte que une a los quarks. Esto es análogo a la liberación de los electrones de los átomos en un plasma. Este estado se alcanza brevemente en colisiones de iones pesados de altísima energía en  aceleradores de partículas, y permite a los científicos observar las propiedades de los quarks individuales, y no sólo teorizar. El plasma de quarks-gluones se descubrió en el CERN en el año 2000. A diferencia del plasma, que fluye como un gas, las interacciones dentro del QGP son fuertes y fluye como un líquido.

A altas densidades, pero a temperaturas relativamente bajas, los quarks forman un líquido de quarks cuya naturaleza es actualmente desconocida. A densidades aún más altas, forma una fase distinta de bloqueo de color y sabor (CFL). Esta fase es  superconductora para la carga de color. Estas fases pueden darse en las  estrellas de neutrones, pero actualmente son teóricas.

Condensado de vidrio de color

El condensado de vidrio de color es un tipo de materia que, según la teoría, existe en los núcleos atómicos que viajan a una velocidad cercana a la de la luz. Según la teoría de la relatividad de Einstein, un núcleo de alta energía parece tener una longitud contraída, o comprimida, a lo largo de su dirección de movimiento. Como resultado, los gluones dentro del núcleo aparecen para un observador estacionario como una "pared gluónica" que viaja cerca de la velocidad de la luz. A energías muy altas, la densidad de los gluones en esta pared se ve que aumenta mucho. A diferencia del plasma de quark-gluones que se produce en la colisión de dichas paredes, el condensado de gluones describe las propias paredes, y es una propiedad intrínseca de las partículas que sólo puede observarse en condiciones de alta energía como las del RHIC y posiblemente también en el «Gran Colisionador de Hadrones».

Estados de muy alta energía
Varias teorías predicen nuevos estados de la materia a muy altas energías. Un estado desconocido ha creado la asimetría de bariones en el universo, pero se sabe poco sobre él. En la teoría de cuerdas, se predice una temperatura de Hagedorn para las supercuerdas a unos 1030 K, donde se producen copiosamente. A la temperatura de Planck (1032 K), la gravedad se convierte en una fuerza significativa entre las partículas individuales. Ninguna teoría actual puede describir estos estados y no pueden producirse con ningún experimento previsible. Sin embargo, estos estados son importantes en cosmología porque el universo puede haber pasado por ellos en el Big Bang.

La singularidad gravitacional que la relatividad general predice que existe en el centro de un agujero negro no es una fase de la materia; no es un objeto material en absoluto (aunque la masa-energía de la materia contribuyó a su creación), sino una propiedad del espacio-tiempo. Dado que el espacio-tiempo se rompe allí, la singularidad no debe considerarse una estructura localizada, sino una característica topológica global del espacio-tiempo. Se ha argumentado que las partículas elementales tampoco son fundamentalmente materiales, sino que son propiedades localizadas del espacio-tiempo. En la gravedad cuántica, las singularidades pueden marcar, de hecho, transiciones a una nueva fase de la materia.

Otros posibles estados de la materia
Existen otros posibles estados de la materia; algunos de estos sólo existen bajo condiciones extremas, como en el interior de estrellas muertas, o en el comienzo del universo después del Big Bang o gran explosión:
 Superfluido
 Materia degenerada
 Materia fuertemente simétrica
 Materia débilmente simétrica
 Materia extraña o materia de quarks
 Superfluido polaritón
 Materia fotónica
 Líquido de spin cuántico
 Cristal líquido

Cambios de estado

Para cada elemento o compuesto químico existen determinadas condiciones de presión y temperatura a las que se producen los cambios de estado, debiendo interpretarse, cuando se hace referencia únicamente a la temperatura de cambio de estado, que esta se refiere a la presión de la atm. (la presión atmosférica). De este modo, en "condiciones normales" (presión atmosférica, 0 °C) hay compuestos tanto en estado sólido como líquido y gaseoso (S, L y G).

Los procesos en los que una sustancia cambia de estado son: la sublimación (S-G), la vaporización (L-G), la condensación (G-L), la solidificación (L-S), la fusión (S-L), y la sublimación inversa (G-S). Es importante aclarar que estos cambios de estado tienen varios nombres.

Tipos de cambio de estado

Son los procesos en los que un estado de la materia cambia a otro manteniendo una semejanza en su composición. A continuación se describen los diferentes cambios de estado o transformaciones de fase de la materia:
 Fusión: Es el paso de un sólido al estado líquido por medio del calor; durante este proceso endotérmico (proceso que absorbe energía para llevarse a cabo este cambio) hay un punto en que la temperatura permanece constante. El "punto de fusión" es la temperatura a la cual el sólido se funde, por lo que su valor es particular para cada sustancia. Dichas moléculas se moverán en una forma independiente, transformándose en un líquido. Un ejemplo podría ser un hielo derritiéndose, pues pasa de estado sólido al líquido.

 Solidificación: Es el paso de un líquido a sólido por medio del enfriamiento; el proceso es exotérmico. El "punto de solidificación" o de congelación es la temperatura a la cual el líquido se solidifica y permanece constante durante el cambio, y coincide con el punto de fusión si se realiza de forma lenta (reversible); su valor es también específico.

 Vaporización y ebullición: Son los procesos físicos en los que un líquido pasa a estado gaseoso. Si se realiza cuando la temperatura de la totalidad del líquido iguala al punto de ebullición del líquido a esa presión al continuar calentándose el líquido, este absorbe el calor, pero sin aumentar la temperatura: el calor se emplea en la conversión del agua en estado líquido al de agua en estado gaseoso, hasta que la totalidad de la masa pasa al estado gaseoso. En ese momento es posible aumentar la temperatura del gas.

 Condensación: Se denomina condensación al cambio de estado de la materia que se pasa de forma gaseosa a forma líquida. Es el proceso inverso a la vaporización. Si se produce un paso de estado gaseoso a estado sólido de manera directa, el proceso es llamado sublimación inversa. Si se produce un paso del estado líquido a sólido se denomina solidificación.

 Sublimación: Es el proceso que consiste en el cambio de estado de la materia sólida al estado gaseoso sin pasar por el estado líquido. Un ejemplo clásico de sustancia capaz de sublimarse es el hielo seco.

 Sublimación inversa: Es el paso directo del estado gaseoso al estado sólido.

 Desionización: Es el cambio de un plasma a gas.

 Ionización: Es el cambio de un gas a un plasma.
Es importante hacer notar que en todas las transformaciones de fase de las sustancias, éstas no se transforman en otras sustancias, solo cambia su estado físico.

Los cambios de estado están divididos generalmente en dos tipos: progresivos y regresivos.
 Cambios progresivos: Vaporización, fusión y sublimación progresiva.
 Cambios regresivos: Condensación, solidificación y sublimación regresiva.
La siguiente tabla indica cómo se denominan los cambios de estado:

Véase también
 Lista de estados de la materia
 Sobrefusión
 Materia granular

Referencias

Bibliografía
 D.L. Goodstein (1985). States of Matter. Dover Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-486-49506-4.

Enlaces externos

Materia


text:
(It's Finally) Spring Concert May 23
Our Spring Concert will be Wednesday, May 23 at 7:00 p.m. at the Eckhardt-Gramatté Hall, Rozsa Centre at the University of Calgary. It will be a joint concert with Twelve Mile Coulee School (Grade 7, 8 and 9 Bands) and will feature the Canadian premiere of "Shubaduba" by American composer Dana Wilson. Tickets ($15/$10 Students/Seniors) are available online or at the door.
Location of Eckhardt-Gramatté Hall, Rozsa Centre (206 University Court NW): Google Maps, Apple Maps
Concert Poster (PDF)
Foothills in the Park
Questions? Comments? Contact us at info@foothillsconcertband.ca
© 2016, Foothills Concert Band

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One of the most interesting features promised for the most recent Pokémon titles, Sun and Moon, was the ability to transfer in creatures captured in the eShop versions of Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow.
Nintendo of Hong Kong released some details about the forthcoming update. One of the big questions has been how transferred Pokémon would be updated to fit in with more modern creatures, since monsters caught in the first generation didn't have natures, abilities, or separate stats for Special Attack and Defense. According to Serebii.net, Pokémon transferred from Red, Blue or Yellow will have at least three maxed out Individual Values, or IVs. They'll also have a randomized nature and ability, meaning there's a chance transferred Pokémon may have their hidden ability when they enter the Bank. Pokémon that you transfer in this way will be easy to spot, since they'll have a special GameBoy mark that goes in the same place you'd see a shiny star or Pokérus indicator.
In addition to the information about transfers, Serebii reports that the National Pokédex in each of your games will sync up with the Pokémon Bank, listing the creatures that you've seen and caught in each game and merging them with your Pokédex in every game you access the Bank with. This should make it much, much easier to complete a National Pokédex since you won't necessarily have to have all 802 creatures in one place. Of course, that won't stop crazy people like myself from trying to build a "Living Pokédex."
Finally, there were some details provided about how you'll be able to cross-reference information between your various game cartridges. It seems that Battle Points will be able to be stored in the Bank, which will make it easier to save up for rare items. The Bank will also keep track of a multitude of stats including Pokémon captured and eggs hatched across all the games it's compatible with.
It sounds like there are several quality of life improvements on the way, and I'll be happy to finally have a full Pokédex again when this update drops. Using the Pokémon Bank isn't especially complicated, but you may want to brush up on how it works using our guide now that the patch is live.


If you're like me, your iTunes music collection is a sad mess. It's amazing how many groups recorded a song called "Track 1″, isn't it? Today's MacTrast Deals comes to the rescue with "TuneUp," the app that helps you clean up all those untitled tracks and duplicates in your iTunes library.
TuneUp connects directly to your iTunes or Windows Media Player, where it organizes and categorizes your music from top to bottom. With a mere few clicks, TuneUp will transform your digital music collection into a meticulous, music buff-approved library for the ultimate listening experience.


The Yorke Arms makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of property descriptions on its website, brochures, advertisements and all other promotional literature but given the unique nature of each room, descriptions are for guidance only. The Yorke Arms reserves the right to alter, substitute or withdraw any amenity or facility listed.
The Yorke Arms only accepts accommodation bookings in conjunction with a table reservation. A credit or debit card is required to secure a booking.
If an accommodation booking is cancelled 7 days or more prior to arrival, no cancellation charges will apply. If an accommodation booking is cancelled within 7 days of the arrival date or in the event of a no-show you will be charged the full amount of the booking. You may wish to take out travel insurance to cover any risk.
Where room bookings are made on behalf of others, the person paying the deposit is deemed to have full responsibility for all the rooms they have confirmed.
If for any reason we are required to cancel your booking we will refund any monies taken or, if required, will endeavour to make acceptable alternative arrangements. The Yorke Arms will not be liable for any amount exceeding the value of the booking.
Full payment is required at the time of booking for any Christmas, New Year or Special Event Package. This is non-refundable. You may wish to take out travel insurance to cover any risk.
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Well behaved dogs are welcome in certain bedrooms and selected public areas of The Yorke Arms. Dogs are the sole responsibility of the owner/s, must be in good health and kept on a lead at all times in the building.


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Orlando, Fla. - Ashleen Kaur of Cypress, Texas, wins the 2023 Hilton Grand Vacations ANNIKA Invitational presented by Rolex. Kaur put together rounds of 69 - 66 - 69 for a tournament total 15-under-par 204.
The Baylor University commit earns a spot in the Hilton Grand Vacations Tournament of Champions Pro-Am tomorrow with a chance to advance to play the whole tournament at Lake Nona Golf & Country Club. This will mark Kaur's first professional start.
Kaur put together a final round bogey-free front nine. She went out at 2-under-par 34. As she moved to the back she built on her strong start birdieing No. 10. A bogey on No. 12 set her back a stroke and left the door open for playing partner, Katie Li of Basking Ridge, New Jersey. Kaur birdied No. 14 before bogeying No. 17.
Heading to No. 18 Kaur was one-stroke back of Li. The current senior holed a walk off eagle on No. 18 from 40 feet out to win the tournament.
This week was Kaur's first start at the ANNIKA Invitational. Her score of 15-under-par 204 broke the 54-hole scoring record set for the first time in 2015 by Angel Yin and matched in 2022 by Anna Davis of Spring Valley, California, and eventual champion Yana Wilson of Henderson, Nevada.
"It means a lot to compete in this event hosted by Annika. She was a huge inspiration to me growing up so getting to compete here and win it is incredible."
This is Kaur's first invitational win and second AJGA win. She took home the 2022 C.T. Pan Junior Championship in her hometown of Houston.
Alice Ziyi Zhao of (China) Irvine, California, and Li finished tied for second at 14-under-par 205.
Vanessa Borovilos of Toronto, Ontario, finished in solo fourth at 11-under-par 208.
In solo fifth, Lauren Kim of Surrey, British Columbia, at 10-under-par 209.
Rianne Malixi of (Philippines) San Bernardino, California, shared sixth place with Nika Ito of Chiba, Japan, and Kiara Romero of San Jose, California, at 9-under-par 210. Malixi matched the tournament low round score of 8-under-par 65 set by Davis in 2022.
Thanana Kotchasanmanee of (Thailand) Rome, Georgia, and Trinity Beth of Calvert, City, Kentucky, round out the top-10 with a final score of 8-under-par 211.
The 15th annual Hilton Grand Vacations ANNIKA Invitational presented by Rolex boasted a field featuring the best female junior golfers from around the world. The 72-player field included twenty-nine Rolex Junior All-Americans, 16 of the top-25 girls in the Rolex AJGA Rankings and four within the top-10.
AJGA


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June 15, 2019Inspirational_uspeaker, Speakers, What's on, Whats on
Lets talk about relationships and self care on Wednesday 19th June 2019
Letter to my teen self – Girls Edition – House of Commons March 2019
March 25, 2019Inspirational_uJob opportunities, speaker, Speakers, What's on, Whats on
Inspirational YOU (private event) supported by Janet Daby and Helen Hayes MP International Women's Month Masterclass for young women Letter to my 15 year old self House of Commons Tuesday 26th March 2018 – 5.00pm – 7.30pm Doors 5.00pm (Please note – 5.30pm prompt start) Women at the Top: Letter to my 15-year-old self is...
Apply for an Inspirational YOU mentor
February 2, 2019Inspirational_uNews and Updates, speaker, Speakers, What's on, Whats on
Mentors help you gain self-awareness, confidence, respect your colleagues and a better team player. Benefits of having a mentor You want change professionally Mentors – know how to adapt, and they'll show you how to do the same. By learning new skills and making the right changes, you will be an asset to any employer....
Stylist Magazine – Remarkable Woman Awards 2019 – Sonia Meggie
January 30, 2019Inspirational_uInterviews, Speakers, stylist, What's on, Whats on, Youth
Sonia Meggie shortlisted for 2019 inspirational woman of the year award
Emma Dabiri – House of Commons – Tuesday 27th November 2018
November 27, 2018Inspirational_uspeaker, Speakers, What's on
On Tuesday 27th November we are joined by @emmadabiri at the House of Commons for 'Women at the Top' #EmmaDabiri is a social historian, writer and broadcaster. Her first book A History of Hair will be published by Penguin in 2018. Emma is a teaching fellow in the Africa Department at the School of Oriental...
Funmi Fetto –
November 27, 2018Inspirational_uspeaker, Speakers, What's on, Whats on
Join Funmi Fetto at Inspirstional YOU in the House of Commons on Tuesday 27th November. Funmi Fetto, a former Beauty Director at British Vogue and currently Contributing Beauty Editor at the esteemed title under Edward Enninful, is a highly experienced beauty director and creative consultant that has also worked and written for numerous publications including...
Noëlla Coursaris Musunka – Women at the top – House of Commons
Noëlla Coursaris Musunka joins Inspirational YOU at the House of Commons on Tuesday 27th November 2018. Philanthropist and international model Noëlla Coursaris Musunka is the founder of Malaika, a grassroots nonprofit that works to educate and empower girls and communities in her home country of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Noëlla was discovered and began...
Dora Michail
Joining us at the House of Commons on 27th November Dora Michail. As MD of Commercial Growth at The Telegraph, Dora is responsible for turning the company vision of serving 10M registrants into opportunities for monetisation and revenue growth. With a focus on transformative commercial strategies in the evolving publisher landscape, under her leadership The...
Janet Daby – Women at the top – Tuesday 27th November at the House of Commons
November 19, 2018Inspirational_uSpeakers, What's on, Whats on
Award winning artist and song writer Ray BLK Thursday 2nd March 2017, Girls Edition Masterclass at the House of Commons
Janet Daby – Women at the top – House of Commons – Tuesday 27th November 2018
Janet Daby was elected as the Labour Member of Parliament for Lewisham East on 14 June 2018. Janet has been a Labour Local Councillor in Lewisham East since 2010, and in 2012 was promoted to the Mayor's Cabinet for community safety. She was appointed Lewisham's Deputy Mayor immediately before being elected. Janet is a Founding...
March 25, 2019Inspirational_u


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Prize season again - updated w/ Kavli winners
Once again the Breakthrough Prize and New Horizons Prize in fundamental physics are seeking nominations. See here. I have very mixed feelings about these prizes, given how the high energy theory components seem increasingly disconnected from experiment (and consider that a feature rather than a bug).
On a related note, the Kavli Prizes are being awarded this Thursday. Past nanowinners are Millie Dresselhaus (2012), Don Eigler (love his current affiliation) and Nadrian Seeman (2010), and Louis Brus and Sumio Iijima (2008). Not exactly a bunch of underachievers. Place your bets. Whitesides? Alivisatos and Bawendi?
Update: Thomas Ebbeson (extraordinary transmission through deep sub-wavelength apertures, thanks to plasmons), Stefan Hell (stimulated emission depletion microscopy, for deep subwavelength fluorescence microscopy resolution), and John Pendry (perfect lenses and cloaking). Congratulations all around - all richly deserved. I do think that the Kavli folks are in a sweet spot for nano prizes, as there is a good-sized pool of outstanding people that has built up, few of whom have been honored already by the Nobel. This is a bit like the early days of the Nobel prize, though hopefully with much less political infighting (see this book if you really want to be disillusioned about the Nobel process in the early years).
Workshop on structural and electronic instabilities in oxide nanostructures
I've spent the last two days at a fun "Physics at the Falls" workshop at the University of Buffalo. It's been cool learning about the impressive variety of physics at work in these systems. A few takeaways:
With enough stainless steel and high tech equipment you can grow (and in situ characterize with everything from electron diffraction to photoemission, angle-resolved and otherwise) just about anything these days!
There's a lot of pretty work getting done growing epitaxial complex oxides down to the single unit cell level, and a lot of accompanying extremely high resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Untangling thermal effects from optical effects in nonequilibrium experiments can be tricky. Interesting to see that lower energy photons can be more efficient at kicking systems from one phase to another than photons much more energetic than any energy gap.
There does seem to be some convergence on understanding LAO/STO oxide heterojunctions.
We still don't understand superconductivity in strontium titanate, even though it's been known for decades.
Orbitals really matter, when you are dealing with relatively localized electrons.
Niagara Falls is very impressive!
Slow blogging + interesting links
The end of our academic year + travel + some major writing has cramped my blogging of late. Things should pick back up to a more regular pace in a couple of weeks. In the meantime, here are some links that caught my eye lately:
On Sir Harold Kroto's website, here are some interesting lectures by Richard Feynman. It's absolutely worth browsing around the rest of the site, too - lots of cool videos.
This preprint by Sean Hartnoll looks very interesting. There are materials out there that act like metals (in the sense of having lots of low energy excitations available, and an electrical resistivity that falls with decreasing temperature), but the electrons interact so strongly and in such a complex way that it no longer makes sense to think about "quasiparticles" that act basically like ordinary electrons. The challenge is, if the quasiparticle picture (which works spectacularly well for materials like gold, copper, aluminum, doped semiconductors) fails, what's the right way to treat these systems? This paper tries to look at what features would have to be there in such a system.
This video is cute. The material used in this LED has a bandgap that apparently increases a fair bit upon cooling. As a result, the light emitted from the diode shifts toward the blue when the device is dipped in liquid nitrogen, and comes back toward the red when it's warmed.
We still really don't understand triboelectricity, the "static electricity" you see when you rub a balloon against your hair or rub a glass rod with rabbit fur. News story here. It's amazing to me that we still don't know how this kind of charge transfer works, given that it was discovered thousands of years ago. (As Pauli said, "God made the bulk; surfaces were the work of the devil.")
What are the Kramers-Kronig relations, physically?
Let me pose a puzzle. Suppose you are in a completely dark room. You know that at some point in the future, someone will turn on a light in that room for a few minutes, and then turn it off later. Being a mathematically sophisticated person, it occurs to you that you could think about the time dependence of the electric field in the room. It's zero for a while, oscillating (b/c that's what happens when there is light there) for a few minutes, and then zero again. Being clever, you think about Fourier transforming that time dependence, and thinking about all the frequencies in there - the fact that the room right now is dark is actually because of the amazing cancellation of a whole bunch of frequency components! Therefore, you should be able to put on glasses that are frequency-filtering, block out some of those components, and suddenly be able to see in a dark room! Except that totally doesn't work, even in a completely classical world without photons. Why not?
Think about a material placed in a time-varying (say, harmonically varying, because that's what physicists like) electric field. The material responds in some way - electrons rearrange themselves within the material in response to that electric field; if the field is slow enough, atoms or groups of atoms can even shift their positions. The result is a polarization density (electric dipole moment per unit volume) \(\mathbf{P} \equiv \chi_{e}\mathbf{E}\). Here \( \chi_{e}\) is the electric susceptibility (generally a tensor, meaning that \(\mathbf{P}\) and \(\mathbf{E}\) don't have to point in the same direction). The dielectric function of a material is defined \(\epsilon \equiv \epsilon_{0}(1 + \chi_{e})\). In general, the response of the material depends on the frequency \(\omega\) of the electric field, and it can be out of phase with the external electric field. This is described in mathematical shorthand by considering \(\epsilon(\omega)\) to be complex, having real and imaginary components.
The Kramers-Kronig relations are fairly intimidating looking integral expressions that describe relationships that have to be obeyed between the real and imaginary components of \(\epsilon(\omega)\). These relationships come from the fact that \(\mathbf{P}\) now can only depend on \(\mathbf{E}\) in the past, up until now. This restriction of causality, plus the properties of Fourier transforms, are what leads to the K-K integrals. The wikipedia page about this actually has a very nice description here. So, while the math is not something that most people would think of as obvious, the basic idea (electromagnetic fields influence materials in a causal way, and that places constraints on how materials can respond as a function of frequency) is not too surprising.
National Nano Infrastructure Network - feedback requested
I wrote before about the saga of the NNIN and how painful the outcome was this year - no awards made, after thousands of person-hours invested on the writing and reviewing of proposals. Well, NSF is requesting input, in part because they want guidance on structuring the new solicitation to come out this autumn. So, please give your input if you're in the US and think this kind of support for shared infrastructure is valuable. By the way, if it seems like NSF had already gone through an exercise like this before the last solicitation (the one where they didn't fund anyone), you're right - they even had a two-day workshop and produced a report.
Recurring themes in (condensed matter/nano) physics: Fermi's Golden Rule
Very often in condensed matter (or atomic) physics we are interested in trying to calculate the rate of some quantum process - this could be the absorption of photons by an isolated atom or a solid, for example. In (advanced) undergraduate quantum mechanics, we can apply time-dependent perturbation theory to do such a calculation. Typically you assume that the system starts in some initial state \( |i\rangle \), is subjected to some perturbation \(V\) that turns on at time \(t = 0\), and ends up in final state \( |f\rangle \). If \(V\) has a harmonic time dependence with some (angular) frequency \(\omega\), then you can do a nice bit of math that calculates the rate at which this process happens. You discover that at long times the only allowed transitions are the ones where the energies of the initial and final states differ by \(\hbar \omega\), and that the rate of that process is \( (2\pi/\hbar) |\langle i |V| f\rangle|^{2} \rho \), where \(\rho\) is the number of states per unit energy per unit volume that satisfy the energy constraint.
This result, associated with Enrico Fermi, shows up over and over, with some common motifs in condensed matter and nanoscale physics, at least in spirit (that is, sometimes people apply heuristically even though the perturbation may not be harmonic, for example). First, the \( |\langle i |V| f\rangle|^{2} \) term is what gives us selection rules. If you think about optical transitions in atoms, this is why you get electric dipole transitions from the 2\(p\) state of hydrogen to the 1\(s\) state, rather than from the 2\(s\) state; in the latter, this quantity is zero. In crystalline solids, if the initial and final states are Bloch waves, it's the periodicity of the lattice that makes this quantity zero unless (crystal) momentum is conserved. This is the root of the idea that processes ordinarily forbidden in macroscopic crystals can sometimes take place in nanocrystals or at surfaces.
Similarly, meso- and nanoscale systems can greatly constrain \( \rho \). One reason that you can get very long mean free paths for charge carriers in semiconductor nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, at the edges of quantum Hall systems, etc., is that the density of states available into which carriers can scatter is very restricted. Similarly, enhancing \(\rho\) can pay dividends - this is the source of the Purcell effect, where radiative transition rates can be greatly enhanced by increasing the photon density of states, and is part of the reason for enhanced rates of optical processes near plasmonic nanostructures.
Workshop on structural and electronic instabilitie...
What are the Kramers-Kronig relations, physically?...
National Nano Infrastructure Network - feedback re...
Recurring themes in (condensed matter/nano) physic...


Atmospheric chemistry: Mass and chemical speciation of coarse and fine particles indoors and outdoors.
Study of air pollutants involving the measurement of the levels, diurnal, and seasonal variations of low carbonyls, CO, SO2, and O3 in Lebanon.
Development of new analytical techniques for the determination of i) toxic components in arghileh smoke, and ii) thymoquinone; a preventive anti-cancer food additive, in blood.
Bioprospection research as part of the Initiative of Biodiversity Studies in Arid Regions (IBSAR): Extraction and identification of biologically active components isolated from several Lebanese endemic plants that have been known by folk medicine to have medicinal usage.
Extraction and identification of the chemical profile of essential oils from plants of high commercial value.


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Multi-ribbed seat face provides a positive flange seal.
Shaft drive connects directly to actuation without couplers.
Short neck allows for installation in tight areas.
A phenolic backing ring vulcanized to the elastomer prevents seat creep or other movement of the seat.
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Nagoya University established a new Research Center for Future Earth
This news release originally appeared on the website of the Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo on 23 April 2018.
Nagoya University established a new Research Center for Future Earth on 1 April, 2018. Based on the world-leading accomplishments of Nagoya University in a range of research areas including earth environmental studies, forest ecosystem research, and sustainable regional development, the Research Center for Future Earth is designed to enable Nagoya University to meaningfully participate in the Future Earth (FE), a global academic platform. The center aims to contribute to resolving a variety of global and local-scale issues related to FE, and to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The center will implement the following FE concepts into concrete research topics, providing leading examples for the international academic community: (1) solution-oriented, (2) effective interdisciplinary collaboration, and (3) transdisciplinary research design and initiatives. The Research Center for Future Earth's secretariat will be hosted in the Graduate School of Environmental Studies for the time being. The center is currently planned to exist for the next 5 years (from 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2023).
A preliminary kick-off workshop "Frontier of Future Earth researches in Nagoya University" was held on Monday, 12 March to commemorate the establishment of the Research Center for Future Earth. Kaohei OKAMOTO the Dean of the Graduate School of Environmental Studies explained the aims of the Research Center and gave an overview of the workshop. This was followed by a number of presenters who described the active research areas at Nagoya University related to Future Earth, and concluded by an explanation of the current situation and objectives of Future Earth research in Japan and the world.
At the kick-off workshop
For more details, please refer to the document below.
Research Center for Future Earth, Nagoya University
Future Earth Staff Member
Launch of the New Reorganized Japan Hub Publicly Announced
Learning theory and practice of TD research virtually
Early career researchers in Asia encounter transdisciplinary research in the real world


The Mekong River basin has long been an irreplaceable source of water and fish for the villages along its banks. In recent years, though, demands for industrialization and growth have put new pressures on the Mekong and its habitats. Several countries, including Laos, Thailand and China, have constructed hydroelectric dams on the Mekong River to satisfy their growing needs in energy. While these developments are necessary from an economic standpoint, they can be very detrimental to Mekong's vital ecosystems. For example, the vitality and very existence of Tonle Sap, a river and lake system in Cambodia, depends heavily on annual flooding of the Mekong during the monsoon season. Existence of dams, combined with other detrimental human interference like deforestation and pollution, however, causes the Mekong water level to drop, making flooding less viable. Greater development along the Mekong may eventually lead to complete cessation of the Tonle Sap flooding.
The Mekong River has long played a vital role in the livelihoods of people who live on its banks. It originates in Tibet, then flows through Myanmar (Burma), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, before finally discharging into the South China Sea. Because its exact source cannot be determined, due to existence of several tributaries in inaccessible environments, Mekong's true length is uncertain, but it's estimated at more than 4,800 km, with total area of drainage basin at around 810,000 sq km .
Mekong's potential has been traditionally utilized both as a source of water and of sustenance, but in recent years it has become increasingly important for economic growth of countries it irrigates. A series of major development projects have been completed on the Mekong, and many more are underway. For the most part, governments construct hydroelectric dams on the river to supplement their other sources of electricity generation.
China, which gained notoriety for the colossal and environmentally detrimental Three Gorges Dam project, is also engaged in an extensive program of dam-building on the river: it has already completed two, at Manwan (in 1993) and at Dachaoshan (in 2003), while at least another four are under consideration . Dams inevitably affect the flow of the rivers, especially during the filling stage, and such was the case with the Mekong, when its water level dropped dramatically following the completion of the Manwan dam. But China's upstream position on the Mekong makes the effects of damming much more significant.
Because China's dams are upstream, when they affect the seasonal fluctuations in water volume, the downstream countries feel the effect of reduced flows and fish stocks most acutely. It is feared that in addition to reducing the river volumes, the dams will prevent nutrient-rich sediment from flowing, which would cause serious harm to agriculture and fishing downstream. Among the areas in greatest danger is the Tonle Sap river-and-lake system in Cambodia, which is the largest freshwater lake in South East Asia. Because this area is home to more than 400 species of fish, as well as many species of mammals and reptiles, it is a veritable hotspot of biodiversity that was designated as a UNESCO biosphere in 1997 .
Through a unique natural process, the Tonle Sap, which is fairly small and shallow for the most of the year, increases in size and volume almost nine-fold during the monsoon season when the Mekong floods and pushes water into the lake. Due to its rich biodiversity, the Tonle Sap floodplain is one of the most productive inland fisheries in the world, supporting over 3 million people and providing at least 60% of the Cambodians' protein intake .
The problem is further complicated by the overall decline of the Mekong River, caused by adverse human interference and climate change. While exact origins of the Mekong have not been identified, it is known that its source lies somewhere in the mountains of Tibet. Every spring, when the ice melts the resulting water flows into the river, replenishing it. With Asia becoming hotter and drier as a consequence of climate change, the glaciers that provide Mekong's water may diminish with time, supplying less and less water with each consequent year. Such decline in water supply at the source, exacerbated by excessive demands imposed on the Mekong's flow by filling of dam basins, may lead to severe deterioration of the Tonle Sap and its biosphere.
All countries on the Mekong River watershed, with the notable exceptions of China and Myanmar (Burma), belong to the Mekong River Commission (MRC). Founded in 1995 with the signing of the Agreement of the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin, the organization seeks to ensure "reasonable and equitable" use of international waters and the concept of "sovereign equality" when it comes to development on the river and use of its waters .
In developing upper Mekong for navigation and hydropower projects – the Upper Mekong Navigation Improvement Project (UMNP) and the planned cascade of eight dams in Yunnan – China has acted unilaterally and without consultation with downstream nations. Beijing maintains that China is within its sovereign rights to do what it wants on its portion of the river, and, not being a member of the MRC, China is under no obligation to notify or consult with downstream countries or "to share data on its plans or on its operation of existing dams" . To emphasize this point, China has steadfastly insisted on calling its section of the river Lancang-Jiang (the Chinese name of the Mekong), stressing the fact that the dams are being constructed on a Chinese river and decisions about its use are subject only to Chinese sovereign interests. China's work on the Mekong gained legal status in 2000 with the signing of an Agreement on Commercial Navigation on Lancang-Mekong River by China, Burma, Thailand and Laos . However, many other countries affected, like Cambodia, were not party to this agreement.
Furthermore, the economically and strategically weaker downstream nations have been reluctant to bring criticism against the Chinese Mekong dam cascade for the fear of jeopardizing their economic ties with China: Laos has its own dam-building projects; Thailand plans to buy some of the electricity generated by the Chinese dams; and Cambodia is China's largest aid recipient .
The United Nations' 1997 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses requires nations sharing a waterway to "coordinate development and lessen the effect on downstream communities" . But, here too, China's downstream neighbors are unlikely to seek legal recourse, largely due to their reliance on China's economic assistance.
Location: Mekong River basin, covering China's Yunnan province, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.
While China and Cambodia are primary actors, the transboundary nature of the river's flow does not preclude other countries of the Mekong basin from becoming involved.
Dams generate hydroelectricity and create irrigation reserves for agricultural production by sequestering water in reservoirs, which is then directed into irrigation system or used to power electricity-generating turbines. However, the filling of any reservoir with water requires extended diversions of river flows into the reservoir, diminishing the flows that reach downstream areas, and, in cases of big or multiple dams, can irreversibly change the ecosystem and water table downstream.
As the case of the Laotian dam on the Mekong has already demonstrated, the reduced water flow in the river can also cause an intrusion of saline water, which can greatly harm the farmland and forests, killing vegetation and making agriculture impossible.
More importantly, the drop in water levels and increased salinization can lead to decline in fish populations in the Tonle Sap fishery—an event that threatens dire consequences for Cambodia, since Tonle Sap fish are the main protein source for Cambodia's population, and up to 60 million people in the basin  . Because dams alter the natural environment by changing access to, quantity and quality of water, the number of species affected (from humans to fish) is innumerable.
In 2003, a team of researchers from the Finnish Environment Institute concluded that China's Manwan dam cut the amount of sediment in the water at Chiang Saen, Thailand by one-half. The researchers further established that China's network of dams would likely lead to "lower water levels in the river, less flooding of the Tonle Sap, less transfer of nutrient-rich sediment–and a degraded fishery" .
Like in most of Southeast Asia, Cambodia's climate is dominated by monsoons. As a consequence, Cambodia has roughly two seasons—wet and dry—which occur because of the distinct difference between periods of heavy rainfall and flows of drier, cooler air, respectively.
China Cambodia (Tonle Sap) China builds a new dam on the Mekong, filling of which results in catastrophic drop in the water level, rendering inundation of Tonle Sap impossible, which in turn prevents fish spawning and decimates fish populations.
Although no bullet has been fired up to now over the Mekong River damming and Tonle Sap depletion, any conflict, if it occurs, is bound to be between unequally matched partners. Consider a situation where Cambodia will plead its case before China, the region's economic and military leviathan. Furthermore, it is essential to recognize that the consequences of any clash will be disastrous both for the region's fragile ecosystem and its burgeoning economic development.
The established mechanism through which flooding of the Tonle Sap occurs is a natural process. Water run-offs from melting icecaps in Tibet replenish water in the Mekong, which in turn provides water for the flooding of the Tonle Sap in monsoon season. However, natural and man-made intrusions (climate change and Chinese dams on the upper Mekong) disrupt these natural processes, and have an adverse effect on the Tonle Sap.
Thus, because Asia becomes hotter and drier as a consequence of global climate change, icecaps will grow smaller year after year, and there will be less water released when these smaller icecaps melt. Since less water will be supplied into Mekong, less will be available for flooding of the Tonle Sap. As was described in Section 6, Tonle Sap is an irreplaceable resource for breeding fish stocks and therefore, if Tonle Sap no longer floods, fish stocks will not grow, and Cambodians' protein intake will decline.
Similarly, because filling of dam basins required tremendous amounts of water, building of Chinese dams on the upper Mekong may also serve to decrease the Mekong water level, leading to cessation of Tonle Sap flooding and decline in fish population.
The spatial scope could be considered both bilateral and regional. This dispute is bilateral since it affects economies and environment of China and Cambodia, which are two parties directly involved. At the same time, the damming of the Mekong River is a regional issue, which has a possibility of rapidly escalating into an international crisis if not addressed properly. While China and Cambodia are the primary actors, this issue essentially concerns any nation in the Mekong River watershed, and, by extension, any other countries that border them, if the situation grows volatile. The accesses to water, fish stocks and potential for harvesting of hydroelectric power are all crucial points of this case. It is important to keep in mind that China is not the only country upstream that builds dams on the Mekong, and Cambodia is not the only downstream one that stands to loose because of disruptions in the river's flows. While geographic and cultural proximity and longstanding interactions between the countries will help in the mediation process, these states are not so interconnected that they cannot risk open conflict.
To date, no conflict has occurred between the actors involved. This issue has the potential of being resolved peacefully (either through mutually beneficial negotiation or as a consequence of China, which is economically and militarily stronger, imposing its will on its less powerful downstream neighbors), and it is not yet possible to predict the outcome.
The utility of building a hydroelectric dam Thailand in 1970s, is weighted against the construction's major environmental consequences of deforestation, wildlife destruction, water scarcity, and population displacement.
Access to the Nile's waters has already been defined as a vital national priority by many countries in the Nile basin, and some have stated their willingness to got to war over it. The case considers the destabilizing effects of struggle over water on peace and economic development in the region.
The relationship between environmental resources and conflict is examined using the ongoing dispute between Israel and Jordan over water supply of the Jordan river as example.
The case looks at the struggles between Israel and Lebanon, although not always armed, for the waters of the Litani River. Water is scarce in the Middle East, and therefore, ownership of this valuable resource is a hotly contested topic. Although presently there is not an armed struggle over Litani, there is a history of armed clashes (in the 1967 war, and in 1982) and it is conceivable that in the future the struggles over it may become armed.
The case seeks to evaluate the conflict over water in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through evaluation of the situation created by the construction of the Southeastern Anatolia Development Project (GAP) by Turkey, and the reactions of Syria, Iran and Iraq, which are other riparian parties in the rivers' basin.
The case looks at the environmental and security threats posed to South Korea by the construction of a gigantic dam by North Korea in the Geumgang Mountain.
As the field values and weighting indicate, access to water was deemed as the most important variable, while regional aspects were relegated secondary importance, since conflicts over water are, unfortunately, not particular to any one region of the world, but rather are common wherever two or more sovereign powers cannot agree on sharing this resource.
While none of these cases relate directly to Tonle Sap (and only one to the Mekong river), the overall results are extremely useful for drawing conclusions about how a conflict over water may evolve, regardless of geography or economic situation of the parties involved. The first conclusion is that conflicts are not only possible, they have happened, and therefore, preventive measures must be taken to ensure that animosity between two states over sharing a common water source does to transform into a military clash. The second conclusion is that access to rivers as a source of water for drinking and irrigation is not the sole cause of conflict. Other issues, like sovereign rights and environmental vs. economic needs are extremely relevant. The third conclusion is that sovereign parties can avert armed conflict through negotiation, which can be a happy example for any future disagreements over access to a common water source.
 Zhou Changjin and Guan Zhihua. "Reconfirmation on Identification of True Source and Headwater of Lancang Jiang (Mekong River)", Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Geographical Research, May 2001, Vol. 20, No. 2.
 Pearce, Fred. "Chinese dams blamed for Mekong's bizarre flow." NewScientist.com, Mar. 25, 2004.
 "Tonle Sap." UNESCO – MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory.
 Bonheur, N. and Benjamin Downs Lane. "Biodiversity Conservation and Social Justice in the Tonle Sap Watershed: The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve," presented at the International Conference on Biodiversity and Society, Columbia University Earth Institute, UNESCO, May 22-25, 2001.
 For more information, see Mekong River Commission.
 Hirsch, Philip, Kurt Mørck Jensen et al. "Attachment 1: Case Studies". National Interests and Transboundary Water Governance in the Mekong. Australian Mekong Resource Center, 2006 (pp. 12-16).
 Goodman, Peter S. "Manipulating the Mekong". Washington Post (Dec. 30, 2004): Page E01.
Note on image sources: All images obtained from the Wikimedia Commons, a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. Click image to link to its source. The causal diagram was created by the author, all rights reserved.
Goh, Evelyn. "China in the Mekong River Basin: the regional security implications of resource development on the Lancang Jiang." Singapore: Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, 2004.
"Mekong." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 25 Jan 2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
Milton Osborne. The Mekong, Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2000.
Woods, Kevin. "Transboundary Environmental Governance in the Mekong River Basin: Civil Society Spaces for Transboundary Participation" Presented at "Politics of the Commons: Articulating Development and Strengthening Local Practices", Chiang Mai, Thailand, July 2003. < >.
van Zalinge, Nicolaas, Thuok, Nao, and Touch Seang Tana. "Where There is Water, There is Fish? Fisheries Issues in the Lower Mekong Basin from a Cambodian Perspective." Presented at "Crossing Boundaries", the seventh annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, June 1998.
Vannaara, Tek. "Sustainable Livelihoods of Local People in Community Fisheries, The Upper Mekong River Cambodia, Stung Treng Province: A Case Study 'Au Svay Commune Community Fisheries', Talaborivat District, Stung Treng Province." Presented at "Politics of the Commons: Articulating Development and Strengthening Local Practices", Chiang Mai, Thailand, July 2003.


text:
19 September, 2015 - 03:05 ancient-origins
Hundreds of Bodies of Napoleonic Soldiers Unearthed in Germany
Hundreds of skeletons of soldiers in Napoleon's army have been discovered in the city of Frankfurt at a future construction site thanks to archaeological studies started decades ago.
"We estimate that about 200 people were buried here. According to our preliminary estimates, they are soldiers who belonged to the Grande Armée that died in 1813 " on their way back home after the "painful defeat of Napoleon in his Russian campaign" stated Olaf Cunitz, the Mayor of Frankfurt, in the newspaper ABC.
The graves were uncovered thanks to the excavations performed by a group of archaeologists at the site over several decades. In 1979, they found other bodies of soldiers in an area close to the current discovery, reported Le Figaro .
Simple and Poorly Placed Graves
Andrea Hampel, manager of the supervision of historical monuments of the city of Frankfurt, said that these are a series of quick burials - something that was common in the Grande Armée at the time. The fact that the soldiers were buried in coffins, aligned side by side, has allowed the preservation of the skeletons. Nonetheless, there is no identification for the individual remains .
Archaeologists working on the graves of Napoleonic soldiers discovered in the German city of Frankfurt. ( ABC)
The fact that the bodies are found in a strange orientation, buried in the North/South direction, when at that time it was the Christian custom in Europe to bury the dead in the direction East/West is the evidence provided for the reasoning that the burials were hasty.
The buttons on the uniforms from the skeletons place the time of death around 1813, which confirms the mayor's statements.
Remains of 3,000 of Napoleon's soldiers found in mass grave show signs of starvation
Egyptian Child Mummy Dumped in Garbage in France, Now Restored and Protected
Egyptian Mummies – to unwrap or not to unwrap?
It is probable that the soldiers died because of war wounds or succumbed to the severe typhus epidemic that decimated the great armies of the time, however, these hypotheses have not yet been scientifically verified.
The Nation reported that more than 30 skeletons have already been exhumed and that there are about 200 graves in total to be excavated. Jürgen Langendorf, the lead researcher, expects that archaeological work will continue at the site for the next four to six weeks.
The Battle of Hanau
On their way back to France, Napoleon's armies entered into battle at Hanau (a town near Frankfurt) with Napoleon at the lead, at the end of October 1813. It was a terrible fight which continued throughout the region and in the end it is estimated that about 15,000 men died.
The battle of Hanau took place between October 30-31, 1813. It was a clash between Karl Philipp von Wrede and the Austro-Bavarian army and the French army in retreat with Napoleon, during the War of the Sixth Coalition . The Sixth Coalition (1812-1814) consisted of the United Kingdom, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Austria and a number of German states, and was created with the purpose of fighting the Napoleonic Empire and its allies.
The French grenadiers against the Bavarian light cavalry in one of the decisive moments of the battle of Hanau. Richard Knötel ( Wikimedia Commons )
Bonaparte, in spite of the great successes in battles like that of Dresden, was finally defeated in the Battle of Leipzig in Saxony, between October 16-19, 1813. Also called the " Battle of the Nations ," the battle of Leipzig was the largest armed conflict of all the Napoleonic Wars .
Napoleon Crossing the Alps , Jacques-Louis David. ( Wikimedia Commons )
After defeat at the battle of Leipzig, Napoleon began his withdrawal from German soil towards France. However, Wrede tried to block the line of flight of Napoleon in Hanau on October 30. Unfortunately for Wrede, Napoleon arrived with reinforcements at Hanau before Wrede and thus was prepared and defeated Wrede's troops. By October 31, Hanau and was under French control, which enabled a clean line of retreat to Paris.
In the end, member states of the Sixth Coalition launched a successful invasion of France in 1814, which forced Napoleon to abdicate and paved the way for the restoration of the Bourbons . Napoleon Bonaparte eventually was exiled to Elba island.
Featured image: The soldiers' bodies are oriented in the north/south direction, although in Christian Europe at that time corpses were usually buried in the east/west. Frankfurt, Germany. ( The Nation )
By: Mariló TA
This article was first published in Spanish at https://www.ancient-origins.es/ and has been translated with permission.
Ancient-Origins
This is the Ancient Origins team, and here is our mission: "To inspire open-minded learning about our past for the betterment of our future through the sharing of research, education, and knowledge".
At Ancient Origins we believe that one of... Read More
21 April, 2019 - 14:02 dhwty
What is Chauvinism? Tracing the Term from the Legendary Nicolas Chauvin to Misogyny
In the modern world, a chauvinist is a person who has "excessive or prejudiced support for one's own cause, group, or sex". Before this, the word ' chauvinism ' had a narrower scope, and was used...
Read more about What is Chauvinism? Tracing the Term from the Legendary Nicolas Chauvin to Misogyny
27 February, 2019 - 02:01 dhwty
The Tragic and Spectacular Death of Sophie Blanchard – The First Woman Pilot Balloonist
Sophie Blanchard was the world's first female aeronaut . She is not only remembered for her incredible achievements and bravery in early ballooning, but for her dramatic and tragic death. Sophie...
Read more about The Tragic and Spectacular Death of Sophie Blanchard – The First Woman Pilot Balloonist
3 October, 2018 - 16:41 anand balaji
The Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt: Hasty End of a Powerful Dream – Part II
Even though Napoleon Bonaparte had tasted a series of successes within weeks of setting foot in Egypt, including an important victory against the dreaded Mamluks, his plan to conquer the entire...
Read more about The Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt: Hasty End of a Powerful Dream – Part II
The Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt: The Path to Conquest and Glory – Part I
At the end of the 18th century, Great Britain and France were vying to dominate one another by colonizing several territories across the globe. The English were already ahead in this race – but only...
Read more about The Napoleonic Expedition to Egypt: The Path to Conquest and Glory – Part I
29 September, 2018 - 18:57 ashley cowie
Monumentally Funny Events in History: From Napoléon's Petit Package to Pythagoras' Fear of Farts
History is often presented in grey, rather dry terms, but when you do a bit of digging, our past is full of remarkable people who had wicked senses of humor and died with as much vigor as they lived...
Read more about Monumentally Funny Events in History: From Napoléon's Petit Package to Pythagoras' Fear of Farts
17 September, 2018 - 20:23 anand balaji
Napoleon's Amazing Foresight: Savants, Soldiers and Science
In 1798 the French general, Napoleon Bonaparte, led an expedition to Egypt vowing to annex the country and halt the military and commercial march of the British. But a little over three years later,...
Read more about Napoleon's Amazing Foresight: Savants, Soldiers and Science


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text:
Elizabeth Fosler-Jones
Orient Staff — Class of 2020
First Article: March 4, 2017
Latest Article: November 16, 2018
See previous content
1 photo by Elizabeth Fosler-Jones
NO TOLERANCE FOR INTOLERANCE Students expressed solidarity with trans and nonbinary individuals after the defacement of a Free Flow sign.
Lex Horwitz '19 stresses importance of education about gender on campus
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones and Diego Lasarte • November 16, 2018
"I get messages every day from people saying like, 'You helped me come out to my family' or 'You're the first person I came out to.' I'm giving people the space to have a queer community," said Lex Horwitz '19.
New discussions and programming headline Sexual Respect Week
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • November 2, 2018
Bowdoin Healthy Relationships' (BHeRe) Sexual Respect Week is getting more intimate this year. Yesterday, BHeRe kicked off a week of concentrated programming dedicated to creating discussion and awareness around sexual respect, boundaries and healthy relationships. "The goal of the week is really to get these ideas of sexual respect out there in the open because sometimes it's a very taboo topic or it's talked about only in a very restricted context, so hopefully having this week will make sexual respect something more prominent that students think about in their day-to-day lives," said Monica Xing '19, a co-leader of BHeRe.
Author Heather Abel discusses inspiration, politics and disillusionment
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • September 21, 2018
Rural Colorado becomes the backdrop for a new kind of utopia in veteran journalist Heather Abel's first novel, "The Optimistic Decade," which delves into themes of disillusionment and idealism. On Thursday evening, Abel came to campus to read from the novel and discuss her inspiration, politics and Judaism.
Bolster '19 writes subversive animations for the screen
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • September 7, 2018
Callye Bolster '19 spent her summer following four young recent college graduates as they travel in a van across the country—from Maine to Los Angeles—through the vehicle of her imagination. In her eight-episode animated series, "Vanity," Bolster brings to life four protagonists who are traveling to a Hollywood audition, engaging with themes of fame, politics and gender.
andross
Aging and alone: organizations combat elder abuse in the oldest state
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • May 9, 2018
With a median age of 44.5 years, Maine is the oldest state in the United States. An aging population presents a variety of challenges. Brunswick itself has three senior housing facilities, one of which is Mid Coast Senior Health Center.
Author Michael Paterniti talks process, travel and journalism
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • April 6, 2018
Michael Paterniti's work combines storytelling in its multiplicity of forms, blurring the lines between creative writing, journalism and creative nonfiction. On Wednesday evening Paterniti visited campus to speak about his writing experience and to read from his recent collection of longform essays, "Love and Other Ways of Dying." Paterniti doesn't see his work as strictly falling into any one category.
BSG constitution passes with 76% of votes, low student participation prompts complaints
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • March 30, 2018
The student body approved changes to the Bowdoin Student Government (BSG) constitution on March 5, although low turnout in the vote prompted some concerns about the validity of the voting procedure. A total of 461 students, roughly 25 percent of the student body, participated in the vote.
Eating disorders at Bowdoin: students share stories of pressure and anxiety
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • March 2, 2018
In recognition of National Eating Disorders Awareness Week, the Orient spoke to eight students, who shared their personal stories and thoughts about eating disorders. One name has been changed to protect the identity of the student.
Ashley Gavin: comedy and social commentary
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • February 2, 2018
New York City-based Ashley Gavin has a range of talents: she's primarily a comedian, but is also a writer and an actor, delving into topics like feminism and homophobia. She tours at colleges, hosts open mic nights, acts in the web series "Gay Girl Straight Girl (GGSG)" and has starred in television shows and movies.
Tax bill to impact financial aid, donations
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones and Faria Nasruddin • December 8, 2017
Currently, both the Senate and the House have passed versions of a revised tax code that would hit wealthy private colleges and universities with new taxes and restrictions. While there are significant differences between the Senate and House proposals, both would affect Bowdoin's ability to, among other things, provide financial aid through a proposed tax on endowment earnings and a decrease in the number of taxpayers eligible to itemize charitable donations, which may disincentivize donating to the College.
Maine issues: the Orient's guide to 2017 ballot measures
By Emily Cohen, Elizabeth Fosler-Jones and Horace Wang • November 3, 2017
Q1: Should the Maine Gambling Control Board allow to operation of slot machines or a casino in York County, Maine? If passed, Question 1 would allow for the creation of a gaming and entertainment venue in York County, the most southwestern county in Maine, which includes the towns of Saco, Kennebunk and Old Orchard Beach, among others.
Brooks, Bruni talk receives mixed reviews
By Rohini Kurup and Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • October 13, 2017
Last Monday, Arthur C. Brooks and Frank Bruni participated in a discussion on campus titled "Talking Face-to-Face When You Don't See Eye-to-Eye," the latest installment in the College's efforts to foster open discussion across the political spectrum.
Ammunition belonging to student found in Smith Union
Last Thursday at around 10:30 p.m., a student reported finding a fully loaded, 9mm, 15 round gun clip under a chair on the third floor of David Saul Smith Union to the Office of Safety and Security.
Bowdoin community members respond to Maine's opioid crisis
As Maine and the country experiences an epidemic that is driving down national life expectancy, some at Bowdoin are responding. Drug overdoses in the U.S. have increased by 533 percent over the last 14 years—from 2,089 overdoses in 2002 to 13,219 in 2016—according to data released in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
Trespasser Terry Elwell
On Monday, Randy Nichols, director of safety security, sent out a campus alert warning people of Terry Elwell's return to Brunswick. Elwell has a long history of convictions in Brunswick and has been involved with multiple incidents at Bowdoin.
Schillers donate $10 million toward Coastal Studies Center
On Wednesday, the College announced plans to construct a new dry laboratory and convening center, complete with housing and dining services, at the newly renamed Schiller Coastal Studies Center (SCSC). This marks the College's second major investment in the study of the environment in recent years, with the Roux Center for the Environment expected to open in September 2018.
CS policy to provide clarity on collaboration
In the wake of multiple plagiarism cases last year, the Computer Science Department revamped its collaboration policies this year, implementing a standardized, department-wide system. The system ranks assignments at four different 'levels' where each level corresponds to an allowed amount of collaboration with other students.
Faculty to vote on adding member to J-Board
At their meeting on Monday, faculty will vote on a measure that would increase the number of faculty members on the Judicial Board (J-Board) from four to five for the next two years. This measure was brought up in response to the increase in cases sent to the J-Board over the last two years.
String of J-Board computer science cases prompts concern
By Elizabeth Fosler-Jones • April 27, 2017
Students and professors are concerned about an uptick in academic dishonesty cases brought before the Judicial Board (J-Board) that have originated in the computer science department. Students, who have received punishments ranging from a warning to a four semester suspension from the College, have said they feel the department's plagiarism policies are unclear.
Mainers, poets and friends: Two local writers to read work on campus next week
Two local poets and friends, Christian Barter and Jeffrey Thomson, will be coming to campus to do a reading as part of a three-event book launch for both of their new books, "Bye-Bye Land" and "The Belfast Notebooks," respectively.
Spoken word poet and activist Olivia Gatwood to speak on feminism, sexual assault
With poems ranging from "Ode to My Resting Bitch Face" to "Manic Pixie Dream Girl," feminist spoken word poet Olivia Gatwood will confront topics of sexual assault, rape culture and gender inequity tomorrow evening in a performance in culmination of the Alliance of Sexual Assault Prevention's (ASAP) annual Date Week programming.
Students' Shakespeare clowning adaptation to run Off-Off-Broadway
"15 Villainous Fools," Maggie Seymour '16 and Olivia Atwood's '17 two-woman clowning adaptation of Shakespeare's play "The Comedy of Errors," was recently picked up by the People's Improv Theater (PIT) in New York City. The show will be performed at an off-off-broadway venue for two months this summer starting in July.
Punk guitarist Yonatan Gat to perform experimental set in Ladd House Saturday
Tomorrow night, Israeli punk guitarist Yonatan Gat and his band will bring their improvisational, atmospheric and eclectic sound to Ladd House's living room in what is expected to be an immersive, synergetic performance. The concert is sponsored by WBOR and Bowdoin Hillel.


This week my manager, friend, and mentor retired. Many have called him the best manager in our industry. Today we identify those things that made him great and discuss thoughts on becoming a world class manager.
Posted by Joel Brookman in Management, managing people, Podcasts.


For many people with a secular outlook, decorating the Christmas tree is the essence of Christmas. In Greece, this custom was imported from abroad and was introduced by the Bavarians*. The first time a Christmas tree was decorated was in Otto's palace and thereafter it spread throughout Athens. After World War II, the tree and its multi-coloured balls became a feature of all Greek houses.
Its forerunner was the Yule log, a large piece of wood from a pear or wild cherry tree.
According to popular thinking, trees with needles kept at bay the demonic beings, the kalikantzari. In the old days, the Yule log was placed in the hearth on Christmas eve.
The ash from the logs protected the house and the fields from all evil.
The Yule log was replaced by the Christmas tree, which originated in Germany and spread to other European countries before crossing the Atlantic.
Kostas Kaloyuris, however, a professor of Christian Archeology, claimed that the custom of the tree wasn't of German origin, but came from the Near East. He bases this view on a manuscript in the British Museum. The text refers to a church that was built in 1512 by Anastasios I in Northern Syria, in which church were two large, copper trees.
According to one tradition, decorating the tree was started by Martin Luther who was walking through a forest one night and saw the stars twinkling through the branches in the winter sky. He then conceived the idea of placing, in his own house, a lighted tree which would depict the starry heavens from which Christ came down to earth.
Metropolitan Ierotheos of Nafpaktos sets out an interesting view in his book Δεσποτικές Εορτές (Feasts of the Lord). 'I suspect that the custom of decorating a tree during the Christmas period isn't merely a custom which came to us from the West and which we should replace with something more Orthodox. Of course, I haven't delved much into the history of the Christmas tree and its real meaning and where it came from, but I think it's linked to feast of Christmas and its real meaning. In the first place, there's a connection with the prophecy of Isaiah: "There shall come forth a rod out of the root of Jesse and a blossom shall come up from this root" (11, 1). Kosmas the Hymnographer has this prophecy in mind when he wrote: "You sprang, Christ, from a rod from the root of Jesse and a blossom from the Virgin"'.
The root is Jesse, the father of David, the rod is King David, and the blossom which sprang from the root and the rod is the Mother of God. The fruit which resulted from the blossom of Our Lady, is Christ. That's what is presented in this wonderful icon.
So the Christmas tree can remind you of the family tree of Christ as a person, of God's love and also of the successive cleansings of the forefathers of Christ.
At the top of the tree is a star, which is Christ, Who is God and human.
Then there's the Christmas tree, which recalls both the tree of knowledge and also the tree of life, though principally the latter. It underlines emphatically the truth that Christ is the tree of life and that we can't live, we can't fulfil the purpose of our existence, unless we taste of this tree which gives us life.
You can't imagine Christmas without Holy Communion. And, of course, it's not possible that this should contribute to our deification in Christ unless we defeat the devil when we find ourselves faced by temptation, as regards the tree of knowledge of good and evil, when our freedom is tested.
We rejoice and are glad because the 'tree of life blossomed from the Virgin in the cave'.
*After the successful revolution against the Turks, the Greeks had imposed upon them by the Great Powers a Bavarian king, Otto. He brought with him his Bavarian courtiers and their ideas. His disastrous reign was followed by that of another German dynasty which culminated in the loss, in 1922, of the almost four-thousand-year old presence of Greeks in Asia Minor [WJL].


I love telling stories. Photography is my way of telling them.
As an event photographer I aim not only to capture the speakers on stage or the audience in their seats but also the vibe, the feel & the energy of the event.
As a commercial photographer my aim is to provide clients with images which they can use to help convey their story to their audience in the most beautiful and effective way possible.
As a portrait photographer my aim is to provide you with images that you love. Where you can really see the personality of each subject in the shot.
Every time I work with a client I throughly research and communicate with them so I understand not just what they do or who they are but also why they do what they do what and why they are who they are. I then use photography to bring this to the forefront.
I love working with people who are working to make a positive difference to the world they live in. I also understand that these people, organisations and groups need access to quality content and often don't have the money to invest into it when they are struggling to get by. I do what I can to help these amazing people do the best work they can and therefore if you want to work with me and are worried about the costs please get in touch. I'll do what I can based on how much I love what you're doing and your financial circumstances. If you're doing something I truly believe in we'll find a way to make it work.


Black and Red Satin Striped Tulle Petticoat Crinolines and Slips By: Leg Avenue for the 2015 Costume season.
This Black and Red Satin Striped Tulle Petticoat from Leg Avenue is about 12.5 inches long. and features a tiered skirt of layered black sheer accented with bright stripes of red satin and fluffy ruffled trim. Just the thing for a Little Red Riding Hood costume!


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	public function index(){
		$bread['title1']="Home";
		$bread['title2']="Monitoring";
		$bread['list']=array("Home","Dashboard");

		$data['title']="Sistem Akademik";
		$data['sidebar']=$this->load->view('sidebar','',true);
		$data['breadcumb']=$this->load->view('breadcumb',$bread,true);

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Archive for the 'norway' Category
Norway, Sweden and New Zealand!
We've gone and released eleven Norwegian, Swedish and New Zealand libraries.
Norway gets its first libraries, six in number, as does New Zealand, five. Sweden now has five, up from three. Of course, Norway and Sweden have their own, translated LibraryThings, no.LibraryThing.com and se.LibraryThing.com.
The libraries include The Royal Library of Sweden (LIBRIS), the Oslo Public Library (Deichmanske Bibliotek), the University of Auckland and the National Library of New Zealand. The new batch comes on top of twenty-five Danish and twenty-eight new Australian libraries, raising the new total to 132. Momentum is building. We'll release Finland next week, but just wait until we release new libraries from the USA, Canada and the Spanish-speaking world!
Getting people outside the US to join LibraryThing is all about making it easy for them to enter their books; this should make it a lot easier for Norwegians, Swedes and Kiwis to join the fun.
New features, Monday. We had planned to release some major improvments to book editing and cataloging quality today but at 5:30am last night Chris and I called it a night, frustrated with some Internet Explorer bugs. (Chris is still asleep. I got up at 9. Which one of us has a child, I wonder?) The screen-capture was taken at 3:30 from our video chat. Don't you wish you worked for LibraryThing?
Anyway, I don't like to release really major features late in the week. And we can improve things. So we're going to pile on some more goodness and release everything Sunday night/Monday morning.
Downtime. We're going to go down for much of Saturday morning, changing the database in important ways.
Labels: new libraries, new zealand, norway, sweden