text:
Geltrude Comensoli (nacida Caterina Comensoli; Bienno, Brescia, 18 de enero de 1847-Bérgamo, 18 de febrero de 1903) fue una religiosa católica italiana, declarada santa por el papa Benedicto XVI.

Biografía
Comensoli nació en Bienno, por entonces Reino de Lombardia-Venecia, siendo la quinta de diez hijos del matrimonio conformado por Carlo Comensoli y Anna Maria Milesi.

Recibió su Primera Comunión a los seis años. Dejó a su familia en 1862 y se unió al convento de las Hermanas de la Caridad, fundado por Santa Bartolomea Capitanio en Lovere, Bérgamo. Ella enfermó gravemente y fue expulsada del Instituto.

Tras su recuperación, abandonó su pueblo debido a la situación económica de su familia y entró a trabajar en el servicio doméstico.

En 1867 ingresó en las Ursulinas de Santa Ángela de Mérici.

En la fiesta del Corpus Christi de 1878, con el permiso de su confesor, hizo el voto de castidad. Sin descuidar sus deberes de empleada doméstica, decidió educar a los niños de Capriate San Gervasio, guiándolos hacia una vida honesta de virtudes cristianas y sociales.

Mediante la oración asidua, la mortificación, una intensa vida interior y la práctica de las obras de caridad, Comensoli se preparó para la vida religiosa. Liberada de las responsabilidades familiares tras la muerte de sus padres, la joven buscó la forma de vivir una vida religiosa.

En 1880, mientras estaba en Roma, Comensoli logró hablar con el papa León XIII sobre sus planes de establecer un instituto religioso dedicado a la adoración de la Eucaristía. El Papa sugirió que también incluyera la educación de las jóvenes trabajadoras de las fábricas.

El 15 de diciembre de 1882 decidió fundar, junto a dos de sus amigas, el instituto de las Adoratrices del Santísimo Sacramento (del que también se originó el de las Sacramentinas). El 15 de diciembre de 1884 tomó el nombre de Sor Gertrudis del Santísimo Sacramento.

Comensoli y sus hermanas, asesoradas por el obispo de Bérgamo, Camillo Guindani, tuvieron que abandonar su primer emplazamiento y se refugiaron en Lodi. El obispo de Lodi les dio la bienvenida y les cedió una casa en Lavagna, que temporalmente se convirtió en la Casa Madre del Instituto.

Superadas innumerables dificultades, el Obispo Rota, mediante decreto del 8 de septiembre de 1891, otorgó el reconocimiento canónico al Instituto. El 28 de marzo de 1892, Comensoli regresó a Bérgamo.

Fallecimiento
Gertrudis Comensoli murió en Bérgamo el 18 de febrero de 1903, a los 56 años de edad. Quienes la habían conocido, especialmente los pobres y los humildes comenzaron a describirla como "santa".

El 9 de agosto de 1926, sus restos fueron trasladados del cementerio de Bérgamo a la Casa Madre del Instituto que ella había establecido.

Beatificación
Fue beatificada en la Basílica de San Pedro por el papa Juan Pablo II, el 1 de octubre de 1989.

Canonización
Comensoli fue declarada santa por el papa Benedicto XVI el 26 de abril de 2009.

El milagro
Para la canonización, la Iglesia Católica consideró milagrosa la curación de Vasco Ricchini, curado en 2001 de un caso grave de meningitis. Ricchini, de cuatro años de edad, comenzó a manifestar un síndrome meníngeo la noche del 29 de septiembre de 2001. Desprovisto de conciencia, ingresó durante la noche en el servicio de urgencias del departamento de cuidados intensivos, donde fue intubado y sometido a ventilación mecánica. El 2 de octubre también se presentó un síndrome de insuficiencia multiorgánica con poliserositis, que hizo que el pronóstico fuera sumamente reservado, con peligro inminente de vida, también por compromiso del tronco encefálico.

Por iniciativa de las Hermanas Sacramentinas, que dirigían la guardería a la que asistía Ricchini, la comunidad de Agnosine se movilizó: comenzaron las oraciones individuales y colectivas, con el inicio el 3 de octubre de una novena a la por entonces Beata Gertrudis. Sus reliquias, junto con una imagen del Padre Pío, se colocaron debajo de la cabeza del niño.

En la noche del 3 al 4 de octubre hubo una mejoría y Ricchini abrió los ojos, el 5 de octubre fue extubado, el 11 fue dado de alta de cuidados intensivos y el 17 de octubre de 2001 fue dado de alta sin secuelas.

El caso, tras el proceso diocesano, fue sometido a la Congregación para las Causas de los Santos que promulgó el decreto sobre el milagro, declarando la inexplicabilidad de la curación rápida, completa y duradera.

Referencias

Nacidos en la provincia de Brescia
Fallecidos en Bérgamo
Religiosas católicas de Italia
Santas
Santos de Italia


These beautiful scale models of the 'Bull nose Morris' were clearly very popular with children of all ages.
The sign behind the track indicates a 'motor museum' which exhibited vintage motorcars and motor-cycles.
Do you remember the rides or the museum? When was it there? Did you visit?
Looks like mid 1960's, I don't remember it at all! Its on top of the Aquarium adjacent to Marine Parade, looking back towards the Old Steine. They seem to have gone to a lot of effort in construction, but I don't think it was there for long!
This one's easy. These were on the roof of the Aquarium, between Marine Parade and Kings Road.
I remember the rides, the ones pictured were on the Aquarium roof I'm sure. I think they were still there in the 80s. I remember another set of these cars at the Peter Pan's Playground area. I can't remember when they disappeared, but I don't think they were there in 1979 when I had a school holiday job on the Ladybirds. I also have a vague memory of the car museum, never visited it though.
I meant Marine Parade and Madeira Drive. I went on these many times when I was a kid. In fact, in the lower picture, that looks like my Mum and Dad, sister and Grandma. I may have been in one of these cars when this photo was taken. It looks like the mid sixties doesn't it?
It's on the tip of my memory but will need more help here. The picture shows us Fortes Resturant on the right behind the cars, and this leads me to think it was after the big roundabout at the sea front, turning left as if to go towards Black Rock. I feel sure I have seen these cars myself but no real memory so far. From the clothing and 'snappit' rain hats I think we are talking late '50s. Will wait curiously for more comments.
These vintage car rides were situated on the top of where the Aquarium is situated, opposite the Palace Pier. The site now is used by a restaurant and amusement arcade.
The Brighton Motor Museum was opened on 17th May 1961 and comprised over 100 exhibits principally supplied by the Montagu Motor Museum at Beaulieu, but there were many vehicles loaned by other benefactors. In order to get them into the site at the aquarium a special lift had to be constructed from Madeira Drive. I have a guidebook and catalogue of the cars if anyone has a specific interest in any particular exhibit they remember.
The motor museum at the Aquarium was a branch of the Montague Motor Museum of Beaulieu which is now the National Motor Museum. It occupied the Aquarium site from the begining of the 1960's but was only there for 2 to 3 years.
I visited Beaulieu in 1963, and recall that the guide booklet referred to the collection in Brighton. I arrived in Brighton in 1969. I recall that the storage units under Dukes Mound had signage referring to Motor Museum or even Montagu Motor Museum. I Don't recall museum exhibits on the Aquarium roof, so perhaps the storage units had been vacated by 1969. This is from memory, so don't quote me.
The 'Bullnose Morris' vintage car rides above the Aquarium were later replaced with some replica American style steam locomotives complete with warning bell that the children could 'ding-ding' while on the ride. The Montagu Motor Museum as it then was had the offshoot at Brighton Aquarium, The Brighton Motor Museum; The curator of this was one Michael Wilcock (F M Wilcock) who owned the Swandean Garage just to the west of Worthing. He came to prominence just after the War when he bought an ex Air Ministry Spitfire aeroplane (£250 then I think) which was parked on the forecourt of his garage and fired up on Sunday mornings. He also purchased several spare new Rolls Royce Merlin and Griffon engines (@ £25 each) one of which he installed in an enormous car that was known as 'The Swandean Spitfire Special' which he ran at Brighton Speed Trials in the early 1950s. I have a movie film of this car at BST when he ran the SSS against the 'Lloyd-Jones Triangle' another Merlin engined car, taken by my father who was a great friend of Michael's. He had quite a collection of his own cars which were on display at the Brighton Motor Museum. After this closed Michael sold the garage and moved to Jersey where he set up the Jersey Motor Museum which he ran until he retired when all the cars and memorabilia were sold. The Swandean Spitfire Special was sold to someone in the USA where it has recently been restored. If you want to see a photo of this car do a search for 'Swandean Spitfire' and look especially at the Findon Village page. Michael died in Jersey in February 2008.
I visited the Brighton Motor Museum in July 1966, There was a big six persons WW2 Mercedes convertible staff car exposed, captured during the Western Desert war. As I remember well, the colour was German military green. Does anyone know where this car went to after closing the museum c.q. are photographs existing? Cheers, Ton Zitman -NL.
We used to call these the old crocs. It must have been the 60s to early 70s. Seeing these brings back lots of memories.
I visited the motor museum in the 1960s, with my father. I still have a catalogue of exhibits dated 1961 in lovely condition, it was founded by Lord Montagu of Beaulieu and F.C.Glover. It was to be found at the aquarium.
I clearly remember riding in these cars. My aunt often took me and my twin brother to this amusement arcade which was situated above the Aquarium. This was in the very early 1970s. More often than not we were given free rides as my cousin (Wendy) was (or still is – we're not in touch) married to one of the Heal brothers who owned this arcade and also Peter Pan's.
Oh, I remember this well! I lived in Harley House Hotel opposite and used to work for Jimmy Heal in the summer months on these rides. This would have been at the start of the 60s. I remember the Heal family well and was great friends with John & Vic as well as the rest of the family.
I worked the thing. There was a power speed box on copper dial, plus foot peddles inside the little hut, so I'd sit and release the cars one by one not letting them get to close & bang. They did bang. I loved working there, 14 years of age.


text:
SHEFFIELD HISTORY CHAT
Watch maker/ jewllery
By Amy Ryder, July 13, 2017 in SHEFFIELD HISTORY CHAT
Amy Ryder 0
Does anyone remember the Jewlers/ watchmaker at the bottom of EcclesallRoad. Name was Osbert Skinner. Used o have a large clock. As a sign post
Edmund 128
Location:Ramsbottom, Lancashire
Osbert was my great great uncle, though I never met him, but passed the shop on hundreds of occasions without knowing he was a relative.
Osbert Skinner was born on 19th August 1885, and baptised 7th October at Highfield, the 5th and youngest son of Charles Skinner. In 1891 Osbert was living with his parents at 24 South Street Moor. He was a watchmaker by 1901, at South Street working for Charles.
His older brother Arthur was a keen cyclist (he was financial secretary of the Upperthorpe Cycling Club in 1892) and passed on his enthusiasm to Osbert. In July 1893 the Independent published an advert selling a cycle:
"Referee, Clincher pneumatic, splendid condition, balls throughout including head, very little used. Skinner, Jeweller, Sheffield moor"
and in 1895:
"Before buying machine call and see '95 pattern new patent detachable Brake: best value in Sheffield Skinner Jewellers, Sheffield moor".
In 1907 Osbert rode an unpaced race from Sheffield to Bridlington gaining a gold medal in a time of 5h 16min. The book of 1908 says this was his first appearance in the medals. He also won a gold standard medal for 50 miles on the road in 2h 52min 12 secs. in 1907. In 1908 he set a district record of 189 3/4 miles for a 12 hour time trial, and a district record of 2h 35 for 50 miles. This would appear to make him the 1st winner of the "Sharrow 50". As well as these 2 gold medals he also won a gold watch for the best performance of the year and a gold chain for the 25 mile club handicap. The 25 mile handicap may still have been a track race at Bramhall Lane as mass start road racing was strictly taboo with the police at this time.
In 1911 Osbert was an own account Watchmaker living at 54 St Marys Road with parents Charles and Ada. On Sunday 4th June 1911 Osbert lost control of his bicycle coming down Baslow Hill and stayed at the Wheat Sheaf Inn recovering for three days (see newspaper cutting. Whites Directory of 1911 shows him at 112 Ecclesall Road.
Osbert married Antonie Ferdinandine Friedrichsen on 12th September 1912 at St Augustines. Antonie was born in German South America in 1888, the daughter of a widowed German Sausage Skin Dealer Ernst Friedrichsen, in 1911 living at 61 Ranby Road, Endcliffe, but at 20 Cowlishaw Road at the time of the marriage. Their son Ernest Osbert was born on 3rd February 1915, and he died aged 88 on 6th May 2003 at 23 Hoober Avenue (a jeweller).
Osbert enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps on 9th February 1917. He was an Instrument Repairer and Wireless Mechanic with 101 Squadron, serving in France from January 1918. No 101 Squadron formed at Farnborough as part of the Royal Flying Corps on 12 July 1917 and was deployed to the Western Front in August as a night bombing unit equipped with F.E.2b aircraft. Its main task was to carry out night attacks on German railheads and airfields. The Squadron flew during the battles of 3rd Ypres in 1917, and throughout the 1918 German Spring offensives on the Somme before supporting the final allied attacks on the Hindenburg Line. Before his transfer to the R.A.F. from the R.F.C. his rank was A. Mech. 2, Trade:- Instr. Repairer, and once in the RAF Air Mechanic 3rd Class (Inst Repairer), His pay was 2s. 0d. Terms of Enlistment:- Duration of War . In March 1919 the squadron returned to the UK and it was disbanded on 31 December 1919.
The last known entry in the telephone book for Osberts Watchmaking business was 1978 - he was aged 93. His wife Antonie died on 8th February 1978 and Osbert died 3 weeks later on 5th March 1978, leaving £55,463 to his son Ernest, who was living at 112 Ecclesall Road. Ernest was still running the business in 1982 where he was photographed by Sheffield Newspapers, possibly on his retirement.
Picture Sheffield,
Ecclesall Road, showing Devonshire Arms Hotel at No. 118 and Osbert Skinner jewellers at No. 112.
Osbert Skinner, jewellers, No.112 Ecclesall Road.
RichardB 18
Sheffield History Team
Location:Upperthorpe, Walkley, Hillsborough, Walkley, the North East since 1981.
Interests:Making this place the best of its kind. Free, polite, helpful. Your input requested via comments, questions, photos, memories etc.
Old rider 41
According to Sharrow Cycling Club records Osbert Skinner's address in 1910 was "24 The Moor". Whilst Osbert beat J.G. Shaw's first 100 Sharrow record by 8 minutes a week after Shaw had set it up the future would be Shaw's. Perhaps it was his 1911 accident on Baslow hill that ended his cycling career? From 1911 racing success was in the hands of J.G. Shaw, J. Crookes and A.C. Baynes (Stainless Stephen). Shaw was to be hailed as "Sheffield's Greatest Long Distance Cyclist" by The Sheffield Telegraph. Shaw's 24 hour record would stand into the 1940's.
In the Sharrow 1914 - 18 Roll of honour there may be a misprint because it records "G. Skinner Royal Flying Corps" From the above I assume it should be O. Skinner.
Yes I remember the shop well. He was my great uncle, although I never met him. My maiden name was Skinner my father was Francis Cyril Skinner. I have been trying to find out about my family for sometime. I was born in Sheffield - Montague Sfreet off Ecclesall Road, spelling may be wrong. I now live in Frodsham.
i remember the clock he had hanging up outside the shop
would love to have contact with other members of family.
Amy Ryder
amy_ryder@sky.com
Edited July 27, 2019 by Amy Ryder
Spelling mistake

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
// Copyright 2014 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package com.google.devtools.build.lib.skyframe;

import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.analysis.TopLevelArtifactContext;
import com.google.devtools.build.lib.skyframe.AspectValue.AspectKey;
import com.google.devtools.build.skyframe.LegacySkyKey;
import com.google.devtools.build.skyframe.SkyKey;
import com.google.devtools.build.skyframe.SkyValue;
import java.util.Collection;

/**
 * The value of an AspectCompletion. Currently this just stores an Aspect.
 */
public class AspectCompletionValue implements SkyValue {
  private final AspectValue aspectValue;

  AspectCompletionValue(AspectValue aspectValue) {
    this.aspectValue = aspectValue;
  }

  public AspectValue getAspectValue() {
    return aspectValue;
  }

  public static Iterable<SkyKey> keys(
      Collection<AspectValue> targets, final TopLevelArtifactContext ctx) {
    return Iterables.transform(
        targets,
        new Function<AspectValue, SkyKey>() {
          @Override
          public SkyKey apply(AspectValue aspectValue) {
            return LegacySkyKey.create(
                SkyFunctions.ASPECT_COMPLETION,
                AspectCompletionKey.create(aspectValue.getKey(), ctx));
          }
        });
  }

 @AutoValue
 abstract static class AspectCompletionKey {
    public static AspectCompletionKey create(
        AspectKey aspectKey, TopLevelArtifactContext topLevelArtifactContext) {
      return new AutoValue_AspectCompletionValue_AspectCompletionKey(
          aspectKey, topLevelArtifactContext);
    }

    public abstract AspectKey aspectKey();
    public abstract TopLevelArtifactContext topLevelArtifactContext();
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
DeepMind AlphaGo – AI's On It's Way To Superiority
Staff Writer	by Staff Writer 24 May 2017 15 March
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AlphaGo, created by Google's DeepMind team, has made a monumental step in positioning artificial intelligence (AI) against the human mind after defeating Lee Sedol, a professional Go player from South Korea. The software won the series against Sedol 4-1.
The bold victory made it clear that AI development continues to advance and improve, and can now compete against the human mind. The contest between a man and a machine was held on March 19, 2016. It was said to be a big turning point as most major South Korean television networks broadcasted the game, and the results made international news.
The Guardian mentioned that Lee commenced the game strong. He took advantage of an early error by AlphaGo. But in spite of the lead, Lee was not able to hold off and the software managed to defeat the professional Go player.
Demis Hassabis, co-founder of Google DeepMind, said that "The contest was one of the most incredible games ever. AlphaGo has mounted a mind-blowing comeback after an early mistake."
Even though Lee was beaten, he shocked the world after creating a bold move in Game Four that no machine would ever expect. It gave him his only win in the series. The move presented that humans still have the capacity to create solutions and work around a problem despite a machine's strong foundation of information and networks.
The Monte Carlo tree search, which is a heuristic search algorithm for decision processes, was applied to assist AlphaGo.
AI managed to progress from time to time. In the year 1990, IBM's Deep Blue computer won a chess match against Garry Kasparov, a chess grandmaster. Back then, Kasparov was widely considered to be the best chess player on Earth.
Brute Force, which is a cryptanalytic attack, has the ability to decrypt any encrypted data. The method was applied to Deep Blue computer, helping it defeat Kasparov. The chess grandmaster did not go down without a fight. He pitched the idea that the match was just a publicity stunt made by IBM.
According to Kasparov, "I'm a human being. When I see something that is well beyond my understanding, I'm afraid." He added that "I lost my fighting spirit."
Live Science stated that the success of Deep Blue against Kasparov has marked a key milestone in the flourishing world of artificial intelligence.
Right now, AlphaGo-like algorithms are being utilized to study protein-folding to speed up new drug discoveries at the UK's Crick Institute. It also analyses medical images in order to allow sharper cancer diagnoses and treatment plans at London's University College Hospital. AlphaGo was reported as saving huge amounts of energy in power-hungry data centers at Google.
Artificial intelligence has become an important stride in modern society's progress and development. The advancements made because of AI are helping society to reach a fuller potential. Now, the technology of AI is being boldly used across industries from healthcare to communications. Humans have no choice but to step up their game because if not, there will come a time where machines may overtake humans.
Posted in Digital Tagged Bold Impact
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by John R. Miles 8 March 2019 16 August
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by Staff Writer 27 June 2017 11 June
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by Staff Writer 28 February 2018 10 March
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by Staff Writer 26 October 2017 17 March


text:
Happy Birthday, Elinor Wylie!
Elinor Wiley. Photo courtesy of poetryfoundation.org
On this day in 1885, poet and novelist Elinor Wylie was born. Wylie's writings were popular in the 1920's and 30's, and lived in Greenwich Village from 1921 until her death.
Born Elinor Morton Hoyt in Somerville, N.J. to a socially prominent family, Wylie was the eldest of five children. Even in her childhood, Wylie was already described as a "bookish" and striking figure:
As a girl she was already bookish—not in the languid or inactive sense but girded, embraced by books, between whose covers lay the word-perfect world she sought. She grew into a tall, dark beauty in the classic 1920s style. Some who knew her claimed she was the most striking woman they ever met.
Jennifer Lorn book cover. Image courtesy of yesterdaysgallery.com.
Wylie's career began when she was encouraged by her friends to submit work to Poetry magazine in 1920. In May of that year, four of her poems were published, including "her most widely anthologized poem, 'Velvet Shoes.'" From then on, her soon to be third husband William Rose Benét began acting as her literary agent. In 1921, she left her second husband, Horace Wylie, and settled in Greenwich Village. Her first commercial book of poetry, Nets to Catch the Wind, was published that year, and many critics still consider it to contain her best poems. It even received praise from Village literary figures such as Edna St. Vincent Millay.
The Orphan Angel book cover. Image courtesy of bookedupac.com.
In 1923 she published her next volume of poetry, Black Armor, as well as her first novel, Jennifer Lorn, both to considerable praise. She worked as the poetry editor of Vanity Fair magazine between 1923 and 1925. She was an editor of Literary Guild, and a contributing editor of The New Republic, from 1926 through 1928. In 1926 she wrote another novel, Orphan Angel, and by 1928 her third book of poetry, Trivial Breath, was released. She died while going over a typescript of Angels and Earthly Creatures, a series of 19 sonnets which she published privately, on a Christmas visit to Benet in New York in 1928.


Sleeps 5 - Pine Cone, like its sister cabins, is a small, one bedroom cabin that has the best of both worlds. You can sit back and enjoy the sound of birds in the trees while rocking on the porch with your morning coffee, but it is still a short distance off the highway, close to many of the area attractions. It is next door to Fish Tail's winery, Adam and Eve's coffee shop, miniature golf, go-carts and more. Your family has an RV but you want a real cabin? Perfect! It sits behind Tiny Town RV park. Pine Cone sleeps 5 in one queen bed, a twin bunkbed, and twin pullout. It offers wifi, and television w/smart Blu-Ray player to stream your favorite services. It's pet friendly (limit of 2), and has a charcoal grill, firepit, picnic table, and coin laundry facilities.


text:
Q: Update table by calculating values from other table of last month In SQL-server database I want to update the table1 with the value of table2, I have two tables pay_tbl and bill_tbl. Those two have the following attributes.
pay_tbl
    pay_ID type int -->pk
    outstanding_amount type int

bill_tbl
    pay_ID type int --> Fk
    amount_to_Pay type int
    amount_paid type int
    paid_date type date
    bill_status type varchar

I want to update the outstanding_amount column of pay_tbl by adding the value of amount_to_pay column of table2
(outstanding_payment+=amount_to_pay)

but just update those where bill status is 'Not Paid' and date is last month with respect to current month, i.e: now month is February then only update table where date is in Janurary. I tried following query but I know it is wrong
UPDATE pay_tbl
SET
    outstanding_payment = outstanding_Payment +
                          (SELECT
                               amount_to_pay
                           FROM bill_tbl INNER JOIN bill_tbl ON
                                bill_tbl.pay_ID = pay_tbl.payID )
WHERE
    MONTH(Date) = DATEPART(MONTH, DATEADD(MONTH, -1, [Date]))
    AND YEAR(Date) = DATEPART(YEAR, DATEADD(MONTH, -1, [Date]))

A:         UPDATE
    TABLE_A
SET
    TABLE_A.OUTSTANDING_PAYMENT = TABLE_A.OUTSTANDING_PAYMENT+TABLE_B.AMOUNT_TO_PAY

FROM
    PAY_TBL AS TABLE_A
    INNER JOIN (SELECT SUM(AMOUNT_TO_PAY) AMOUNT_TO_PAY ,PAY_ID FROM BILL_TBL WHERE  MONTH(DATE) =  DATEPART(MONTH, DATEADD(MONTH, -1, [DATE]))
AND YEAR(DATE) =    DATEPART(YEAR, DATEADD(MONTH, -1, [DATE]))
AND BILL_STATUS='NO PAID'
GROUP BY PAY_ID) AS TABLE_B
        ON TABLE_A.PAY_ID = TABLE_B.PAY_ID

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Treat your house like a show home and you will never be disappointed? Why do we say that? There are plenty of reasons you should act like you will soon be selling your home. Even if you ignore the fact that at some point most likely will sell your house! We love clean homes. We want our family to be safe. We want our neighbours to be jealous. Wondering how on earth we manage a full time job, juggle the kids and keep our home beautiful at the same time. If this is what you want from your home, you need to take this advice. What do we mean exactly?
We know there are some things around the home that you just live with. Is that shed falling down in the garden? Big deal, we never use it anyway. A couple of ants in the conservatory will not stop me enjoying the sun. Okay, but look your home as though you are about to buy it. An unstable shed in the garden is a safety hazard for kids. It needs to be repaired. A couple of ants do not look like much, but one more sugary spill and you will have a bad infestation. Not all the time, you need to check your house because you may be sitting on something far worse than you imagined. Asbestos is deadly and common in older houses. If you think your house has this problem, contact an Asbestos removal team immediately.
●● How Do They Do It?
Do you want your neighbours to be green with envy? Then you need to put the work in. Mow the lawn regularly as short as possible this will make it look naturally. If you have a pet, the little tikes tend to have the magic ability to kill the grass. Buy some grass grower and get rid of those patches. You may want to think about repainting that fence. Remember, you can improve the outside view from working on the inside. Put some flowers in the window and any other touches you would want potential buyers to see.
This is more for you than the neighbours. Odds are passers-by will not be invited in. But a clean house really does result in a clean mind. If you work from home then having a tidy home is crucial. Otherwise you will be distracted by all those things that need doing rather than maintaining focus. Even if you do not work from home, you still want to come back to a place that does not need tidying. You want to relax. Do you know the secret of a tidy home? You get rid of the clutter. Put the things you don't need or use out of site in the attic. Make your home look spacious and it will always look tidy. It goes back to thinking about what a buyer would like to see.
You see what we mean? Treating your home like it is on display for sale really is the best way to live. We hope you agree.


An abstract mixed media piece, one of two in this series inspired by my deep love of the sea. I have used some tissue and fabric along with oil paint and a little silver grey spray paint. It is framed in a white floating frame which is included in the price.
SHIPPING IS FREE WITHIN THE UK AND EUROPE. Buyers from elsewhere will get a discounted shipping rate, so please contact me to discuss.
The painting will be wrapped carefully with palette wrap, bubble wrap and surrounded by card within a tailormade box, to ensure safe arrival.


This unique piece, is one of our best selling models.
It can be worn as a Beautiful Sheer Shawl or veil that feels like a hug, Or it can be worn as a very soft fluttering scarf.
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Samoborec – wieś w Chorwacji, w żupanii zagrzebskiej, w mieście Vrbovec. W 2011 roku liczyła 117 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w żupanii zagrzebskiej

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"All we say to America is be true to what you said on paper," said Martin Luther King in his final moving public speech.
Today, on January 19, 2015 we remember the great man who stood up for all people and spoke to benefit the world.
And he did this knowing his life was beyond being in danger (it had been for some time), but that it inevitably was going to be snuffed out by those wishing to subjugate some of their fellow human beings for their own agendas.
Mr .King would be assassinated the day after this speech was delivered on April 3, 1968, at the Mason Temple in Memphis, Tennessee.
Listen to the power of these words at the end of that speech [video below].
"Somewhere I read that the greatness of America is the right to protest for rights."
There were fire hose beatings and sprayings of protestors and injunctions against their right to assemble going on right up to this day.
There were threats of murder.
And Mr. King fought on.
His words, his peaceful methods, are forever an inspiration for any man, woman or child born on earth, regardless of country of origin or race.
King said: "I don't know what will happen now. We have some difficult days ahead . . . I may not get there with you . . . but we as a people will get to the promised land . . .
"Like anybody I would like to live a long life, longevity has its place, but I'm not concerned about that now."
He ignored the threats against his life and publicly denounced the United States for not abiding by its own Constitution and Bill of Rights.
It is tragic that someone who strove so hard for equality and who could serve as a brilliant beacon of what it is to be human would be killed violently in the prime of his life.
Let us remember Martin Luther King Jr. not as a martyr but as a human willing to peacefully fight until the very end, until his last breath, to better his fellow brother and sisters and to better humanity.


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 Nádor – tumor, často projev rakoviny, ale obecněji i zduření jiného původu
 Hálka – novotvar u rostlin
 Neologismus – nové slovo v jazyce

Reference

Externí odkazy


Girls-n-Science (formerly Chicks in Science) was designed in 2008 to introduce fourth- through eighth-grade girls to science and math in an appealing way. The event attracted nearly 2,000 participants, 250 volunteers and 50 booths of science- and math-based exhibits.
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The Girl Scouts of Montana and Wyoming website features information about how to get involved in girl-led leadership activities in the great outdoors and your local community.
The spectrUM Discovery Area is an interactive science center, located at the University of Montana; the website links to information about summer programs, science podcasts, and events at the discovery center.
The Department of Defense sponsored Starbase Montana has awesome science links, news, and videos for young adults where you can learn about everything from humanoid robots to women aviators and ship design.


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The Witcher Season 2, and more
Yes, there's more to look at this weekend on streaming companies than some Marvel superhero epic on the theaters. Here are some new streaming films and reveals you may catch this weekend. We have the long-awaited return of an grownup fantasy collection, a spin-off of a success cable TV present, and tons more.
The Witcher Season 2 (Netflix)
Thanks partly to the present Covid-19 pandemic, it's been a full two years for the reason that first season of The Witcher debuted on Netflix. Finally, the second season has arrived for us to binge-watch. Henry Cavill returns as Geralt, who will as soon as once more battle all kinds of monsters on this brutal fantasy world, both along with his sword or his personal inhuman skills.
Read more: The Witcher Season 2 — all the pieces it's essential know
Netflix remains to be the main premium streaming service, with over 200 million worldwide subscribers. It affords hundreds of flicks and TV reveals to binge watch, together with its at all times rising listing of unique movies and collection, together with Stranger Things, The Witcher, Bridgerton, and many more.
1883 Season 1 (Paramount Plus)
Yellowstone has been an enormous hit for the Paramount Network cable service. So naturally, the studio needs spin-offs. This Sunday, the primary episode of 1883 debuts as a Paramount Plus unique. As the title suggests, it takes place within the late nineteenth century, because the ancestors of the Dutton household from the Yellowstone collection begin to make the journey from Texas to ascertain their ranch in Montana. Sam Elliott, Tim McGraw, and Faith Hill star on this collection.
Paramount Plus consists of hundreds of flicks and TV reveals from CBS, Showtime, and Paramount Pictures. It additionally consists of new and unique films like The Good Fight, Infinite, and more.
MacGruber Season 1 (Peacock)
Will Forte returns to play tremendous operative MacGruber on this comedy collection on Peacock. Expect plenty of NSFW humor as MacGruber is recruited to battle a brand new enemy for the US authorities. Other forged members embrace Kristen Wiig, Ryan Phillippe, Lawrence Fishburne, Billy Zane, and Sam Elliott (wow, he will get round, doesn't he).
Read more: MacGruber on Peacock – all the pieces it's essential know
NBCUniversal's Peacock streaming service affords a variety of nice films and TV reveals to stream on demand, together with dwell information and sports activities. Best of all, you may watch plenty of its content material free of charge, or watch all of it with a paid subscription beginning at simply $4.99 a month.
Mother/Android (Hulu)
This unique Hulu film takes place in a future with a well-recognized situation. Artificial intelligence has taken over the human-looking androids that used to serve our wants. Now they're looking down and killing their creators. Chloë Grace Moretz performs a younger pregnant girl who, alongside together with her boyfriend, attempt to get away from the killer AI to a protected place the place they'll have their youngster in peace.
Hulu affords not solely hundreds of flicks and TV reveals to stream, it additionally has unique reveals and movies like The Handmaid's Tale. You can improve to Hulu Plus Live TV to get dwell channels, together with your native stations.
Station Eleven Season 1(HBO Max)
Based on the best-selling novel, this HBO Max collection chronicles the lives of various individuals simply after, and then a long time after, an enormous plague has killed practically all human life. We see the struggles of those individuals as they attempt to rebuild society.
HBO Max is your property for Warner Bros-made films and TV reveals like The Lord of the Rings, the DC Comics superheroes, and more. It's additionally the house for brand new and unique films and reveals out there nowhere else.
Swan Song (Apple TV Plus)
This unique Apple TV Plus film stars Mahershala Ali as a person who learns he has a terminal sickness. However, he doesn't wish to reveal this to his spouse and younger youngster. Enter Glenn Close, who affords Ali a solution to hold their household from realizing he's dying. Her firm could make an ideal clone of him that may change the unique with out his household realizing the reality. Will he undergo with this distinctive solution to hold his household collectively?
Apple TV Plus has shortly turn out to be a serious participant within the streaming recreation since its launch in 2019. Its slate of unique programming consists of reveals like Ted Lasso, The Morning Show, Foundation, and For All Mankind in addition to films like The Banker, Greyhound, and Palmer.
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Photos: Vicky Kaushal is back to work after his wedding
When will Raiders vs. Browns be performed? Week 15 game pushed back amid wave of COVID-positive tests
The case for Apple to offer a 15-inch iPad home hub is made clear by devices like the Portal and Echo Show 15, as well as Apple's ~5% smart speaker market share (Mark Gurman/Bloomberg)
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Mall TV fue un canal de televisión por suscripción panameño. Era propiedad de Medcom y su programación consistía en mostrar anuncios de tiendas de compras locales, desarrollo inmobiliario, clínicas de salud e infomerciales.

Historia
El canal comenzó sus transmisiones en el año 1998 y en televisión abierta el 1 de agosto de 2011 (reemplazo de Tele7) luego de estar 12 años en televisión por suscripción. En 2017, deja de emitir por señal abierta.

En marzo de 2017, lanzó oficialmente la señal HD por el cableoperador Cable Onda.

En mayo de 2017 cambia de nombre a Mall, figura como malltv.com.pa.

En marzo de 2020, el canal cesó sus transmisiones. Hasta la fecha se desconocen las causas ya que no existe pronunciamiento alguno, parte de la programación de "Mall" se traslado a su canal hermano Oye TV.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Canales de televisión desaparecidos de Panamá
Canales y estaciones de televisión fundados en 1998
Canales y estaciones de televisión desaparecidos en 2020


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Reveal a little to hide a lot: Acxiom's consumer data portal
Matthew Crain · October 8, 2013
In early September 2013 the consumer marketing data company Acxiom unveiled a new website: AboutTheData.com. The site is billed as a resource for consumers seeking answers to "questions about the data that fuels marketing" and has been received by some as a welcome opportunity to peek under the hood of one of the nation's largest data brokers. In the words of Acxiom's CEO Scott Howe: "Companies like ours haven't historically done a good job of educating people on what we do with data about them. Largely because of that, misperceptions abound."
Much of the site's content purports to address these misperceptions, providing generalized responses to questions such as "Why is data about me important to companies?" (because we expect personalized interactions) and "How do companies get data about me and what do they do with it?" (they get it from public sources and our online activities and use it to show us relevant ads that do not waste our time). The language is sanitized and the design is excellent. No surprises here. But another component of the site offers a much more personalized experience and presents an opportunity to think a bit more deeply about the politics of data brokerage.
The site's data portal invites users to enter their names, addresses and last four digits of their social security numbers to access their very own marketing profiles. For the first time, Acxiom is allowing individuals to see the information the company has collected about them and their households across six categories spanning demographic, residential, vehicle, economic, purchase history, and interest information. Within these categories are specific data points regarding age, gender, marital status, occupation, income, credit, home ownership, property type, and online and offline purchasing records. And this is a non-exhaustive list. Further, the portal allows users to edit their profile information and suppress the use of certain data for marketing purposes. There is also an opt-out option (more on that below).
One valuable way to understand these developments is through the lens of audience labor: the enrollment of consumers into maintaining their own marketing profiles. Acxiom's framing of the portal as a chance for people to edit their data in order to receive more relevant advertising fits squarely within the trajectory of media consumers' accelerating participation in the valorization of surveillance (Cohen, 2008). A related perspective, and the one I focus on here, is the broader political economy (Pickard, 2013) of data brokerage. This approach provides insights into the historical context and structural imperatives behind Acxiom's actions and let's us make some theoretical points about the politics of advertising and marketing more generally.
Advertising, like the commercial media system at large, is fundamentally shaped not only by media markets, but public policy as well. As McChesney (2004) and others have noted, advertising depends generally upon the existence of profit-seeking media, but also upon a set of focused policies ranging from the tax deductibility of ad expenditures to advertisers' broad latitude to make misleading and bombastic claims. As advertising has pivoted around increasingly pervasive consumer surveillance, maintaining a public policy regime based on industry self-regulation and "opt-out" principles has become a top priority for the entire marketing complex.
Data collection practices have come under scrutiny in recent years from regulators, legislators, and the White House itself. In 2012 both the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the White House issued extensive reports calling upon Congress to enact comprehensive consumer privacy legislation. Each stressed the importance of establishing baseline standards for transparency, security, and choice regarding corporate data collection. Indeed, Congress introduced nearly a dozen bills between 2010 and 2012 addressing data security and transparency issues, including broad-based legislation such as the Commercial Privacy Bill of Rights Act and Consumer Privacy Protection Act. While the merits of individual proposals are certainly worth debating and none of these measures gained much traction in Congress, it is clear that Washington has become increasingly interested in the activities of data brokers.
Operating for decades without significant regulatory oversight and relatively unknown to everyday consumers, data brokers like Acxiom have become a particular focus of concern among policymakers. The FTC singled out "information brokers" as a group deserving of specific legislation regarding data transparency, while members of the Congressional Privacy Caucus opened a "sweeping investigation" into nine leading companies in the sector, including Acxiom. Representative Edward Markey of Massachusetts has pledged to "push for whatever steps are necessary to make sure Americans know how this industry operates and are granted control over their own information."
These proposals and inquiries manifested while Acxiom and other data brokers have pursued aggressive expansion, especially into internet-based services. In 2012, Acxiom claimed to possess marketing information about 500 million individuals worldwide with about 1,500 data points per person. A year later the company upgraded these figures to 700 million individuals at 3,000 data points per person (Annual report, p. 8). In February the company announced a partnership with Facebook to allow marketers to match data gathered through shopper loyalty programs to individual Facebook profiles. Perhaps most importantly, the AboutTheData site predated the release of Acxiom's new Audience Operating System (AOS), a cloud-based platform enabling "marketers to connect all types of traditionally disconnected data and – for the first time – to create a truly singular view of the consumer." The AOS is meant to deliver the holy grail of the consumer data industry: one-to-one marketing.
In this context, what has been framed by Acxiom primarily as a proactive move is clearly a defensive measure meant to influence public opinion and fend off government regulation: a public relations parry based on transparency. Described by The New York Times as a "novel" tactic of openness, the transparency parry is a well worn strategy in the business of consumer data collection. Reveal a little to hide a lot.
In the late 1990s, the first generation of online data brokers used this tactic in contests with regulators and privacy advocates to determine what rules, if any, would govern internet data collection and use, broadly conceived (Crain, 2013). Though not as sophisticated as contemporary practices, online consumer data collection was nevertheless rampant by 1998 and completely outside of regulatory purview. Flush with dotcom era finance capital, companies like DoubleClick (now part of Google) and Engage (now part of Microsoft) developed massive consumer profiling and ad targeting capacities, which attracted the attention of privacy advocates, who marshaled policy-makers into action.
Data brokers, online advertising companies, web publishers, and marketers formed coalitions and trade groups to fend off regulatory threats and maintain the status quo of industry self-regulation. Their weapon of choice was the PR parry. When the FTC (reluctant leader of the regulatory effort) found that 85% of major websites collected consumer information while just 14% disclosed such practices, data brokers and the Direct Marketing Association led a campaign to encourage companies to post privacy policies. When most policies proved to be incomprehensible, data brokers created templates for general use. Even then (and still today), rather than providing genuine transparency, privacy policies "let users know as little as possible about data collection activities, in as polite but complex a fashion as possible so that they wouldn't understand what was going on but could feel good about them (Turow, 2011, p. 83)." The introduction of privacy policies forestalled action by the FTC, which was persuaded to give industry more time to develop effective measures of self-regulation. Reveal a little, hide a lot.
The fight escalated as data brokers announced efforts to merge online information with personally identifiable offline data. With increasing public concern regarding internet privacy, Congress considered adopting "opt-in" legislation mandating that companies obtain prior consent from web users regarding data collection. Citing a renewed commitment to transparency, data brokers developed privacy portals like DoubleClick's Privacychoices.org, which provided information about data practices and offered consumers a mechanism to "opt-out" of data collection. Though horribly broken in scope and implementation, opt-out became generalized enough to curtail opt-in proposals.
On the basis of a veneer of transparency and consumer choice, industry self-regulation was established as the default system of governance for online data collection. For a policy-making apparatus unfit to withstand concentrated commercial power, this is to be expected. However, the status quo remains challengeable, especially considering the accelerating scale and scope of corporate and governmental surveillance. Many of the privacy advocates that cut their teeth in the 1990s such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center continue to push for regulatory enforcement of meaningful data protections. For data brokers of all kinds, the PR transparency parry remains as important as ever. In 2009 for example, Google created its Dashboard privacy control center in the midst of renewed FTC investigations and Congressional hearings. Acxiom's efforts are simply the latest installment in this historical progression.
There is a certain degree of instrumental merit to data brokers' efforts to lift the curtain. Acxiom's site does present a jarring, if incomplete, snapshot of the breadth of information collected about us. But the bigger picture here is that because we have an extremely limited political baseline for consumer protections, something like AboutTheData is considered "industry leading" or even progressive. A standard was set that engenders what Andrejevic (2009) identifies as an "asymmetrical loss of privacy." Individuals grow "increasingly transparent to both public and private monitoring agencies, even as the actions of these agencies remain stubbornly opaque in the face of technologies that make collecting, sharing, and analyzing large amounts of information easier than ever before" (p. 7).
The PR transparency parry looks to defuse threats while leaving privacy asymmetry in tact. Most of the information revealed on Acxiom's site falls into the category of "core data," basic bits of information collected from various sources. Much less represented are "derived data," the categories of consumption and lifestyle that are attached to consumers based on algorithmic interpretation of "core data." Moreover, Acxiom's implementation of "opt-out" functionality might be called flawed, but disingenuous is a more accurate descriptor. Even with full understanding that offering opt-out is low risk based on studies of consumer behavior, Acxiom's process is complex and convoluted, requiring a long trail of clicks and multiple forms corresponding to different "services." The online tracking opt-out mechanism uses the industry standard practice of employing a "do not track" browser cookie that gets erased if cookies are ever cleared wholesale.
The asymmetry of privacy, in conjunction with the unabashed invitation to maintain our own marketing profiles betrays the fundamental cynicism that undergirds the business model of the data broker industry. The efforts of privacy advocates and the threat of legislation have forced Acxiom to tip its cards for the first time. As we begin to examine the marketing data that has been newly revealed about ourselves, we should remember that Acxiom still has much to hide.
Tagged with: acxiom, algorithms, data, privacy
Matthew Crain is an adjunct instructor at DePaul University and Post-Doctoral Fellow at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His work examines the transformation of media and advertising systems in the digital age with an emphasis on economics, politics, and technology.


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The Greater Middle East
11.01.2021 | Neglecting the Voice of Azerbaijan in the Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict
15.12.2020 | A few words about anti-Turkish hysteria in Iran
09.12.2020 | UAE opens a Caucasus front against Turkey?
28.11.2020 | An important reason for Israel's support for Azerbaijan
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Region's first vertical farms sprout in Dubai
Keywords:Minister of ClimateThe eco-system created by Badia Farms
Posted By: thegreatmiddleeast 05.03.2018
Dubai: The region's first vertical farm, Basia Farms, was opened on Sunday featuring the latest hydroponic technology and vertical farming techniques.
The farm was officially inaugurated by Thani Ahmad Al Zeyoudi, Minister of Climate Change and Environment.
"Badia Farms is an exceptional example of how the UAE's agricultural industry can thrive while protecting our environment for future generations. The initiative reflects the nation's commitment to becoming more sustainable and helps us achieve our goal of food security," Al Zeyoudi said.
He added that the farm's agricultural concept is aligned with the UAE Vision 2021 to work towards a sustainable future and reduce water usage. He further indicated that supporting innovations and the latest technologies that enable the agricultural industry to adapt to climate change and ensure food security is one of the main outcomes of the fifth edition of the World Government Summit 2017.
"Sustaining food diversity relies heavily on innovation and the employment of cutting-edge technologies. The ministry supports all efforts in this field and works on enhancing its ties with the private sector to explore potential investment opportunities," Al Zeyoudi said
Hydroponic technology will be a major contributor to agricultural sustainability and food diversity and security, as it enhances crop production and lowers cost, he explained, pointing out this is evident in the successful production achieved by Badia Farms in the very short time since its inception in December 2017.
"We commend the successful endeavour of Badia Farms, which reaffirms the UAE's position as a leading incubator for innovation," he said.
The eco-system created by Badia Farms uses 90 per cent less water than open field farming and recycles the water it uses. The farm also combats the carbon footprint of food imports that typically travel an average of 3,000 miles to reach restaurants in Dubai.
The farm produces an extensive range of lettuces, micro-greens, baby leaf herb varieties, which add complex flavours to salads, main dishes, sandwiches and soups. The micro-greens, including arugula, kale, radish, red cabbage, basils, and mustard, are packed with antioxidants and are rich in nutrients.
Meanwhile, Omar Al Jundi, founder and Chief Executive Officer at Badia Farms, said the farm was set up in the UAE with a vision to provide a sustainable solutions for food and to reduce the region's reliance on imports. "Growing crops in the region has always been a challenge due to the hostile climate, and this is where Badia Farms offers a viable solution. Not only can we grow the freshest greens, with no pesticides or chemicals, but we actually do this in the most eco-friendly way possible, using minimal recycled water. This is our way to give back to the UAE and start the new wave of farming in Dubai — the home of innovation," he added.
The farm began production in December 2017 with ambitious plans to pioneer the region's 'green revolution' with innovative agri-tech methods that optimise growing conditions within a controlled indoor environment. Using the latest hydroponic technology and vertical farming techniques, the farm produces nutritious and pesticide-free leafy greens without the need for sunlight, soil or chemicals.
Source: gulfnews.com
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L'hypothalamus (du grec : ὑπό, hypo = dessous et θάλαμος, thálamos = chambre, cavité) est une structure du système nerveux central, située sur la face ventrale de l'encéphale. Cette partie du cerveau est constituée de plusieurs sous-structures, appelées noyaux. Ces noyaux sont des ensembles anatomiquement indépendants de neurones qui assurent diverses fonctions. L'une des fonctions les plus importantes de l'hypothalamus est de réaliser la liaison entre le système nerveux et le système endocrinien par le biais d'une glande endocrine : l'hypophyse.

Comme son nom l'indique, cet organe est situé en dessous du thalamus, juste au-dessus du tronc cérébral et forme la partie ventrale du diencéphale. Tous les vertébrés possèdent un hypothalamus. Chez l'humain, il est à peu près de la taille d'une amande.

Grâce à ses connexions avec l'hypophyse, l'hypothalamus est responsable de plusieurs processus métaboliques et d'autres activités du système nerveux autonome. Il permet la synthèse et la sécrétion de neurohormones hypothalamiques dans la tige hypophysaire (ou tige pituitaire), qui à leur tour stimulent ou inhibent la sécrétion d'hormones hypophysaires. Il intervient ainsi dans la régulation du système nerveux autonome et des fonctions endocrines. Il intervient également dans le contrôle d'une large gamme de fonctions corporelles comportementales, incluant la reproduction, la thermorégulation, le contrôle du rythme circadien ou encore la faim.

Anatomie

L'hypothalamus fait partie de la portion inférieure du diencéphale. Il forme les parois inféro-latérales et le plancher du , situé sous le thalamus (d'où son nom), dont il est séparé par le sillon hypothalamique (de Monro). Il est en rapport, par ailleurs, avec la région sous-thalamique, en dehors via le champ tegmental de Forel, en avant par la lame terminale, et en arrière par le tegmentum mésencéphalique.

L'hypothalamus se compose de trois régions parasagittales adjacentes (périventriculaire, médiale et latérale) lesquelles se subdivisent selon un axe antéro-postérieur en des régions pré-optique, antérieure, tubérale et mamillaire. Se distinguent ainsi les noyaux pairs suivant :
 Aire préoptique (ventrolatéral et médial) ;
 Noyau suprachiasmatique (périventriculaire) ;
Noyaux paraventriculaires  (périventriculaire et médial) ;
 Noyau antérieur (médial) ;
 Noyau infundibulaire ou noyau arqué (périventriculaire) ;
 Noyau ventro-médial ;
 Noyau dorso-médial ;
 Noyau hypothalamique postérieur ;
 Noyaux prémamillaires dorsal et ventral ;
 Noyaux mamillaires latéral et médial ;
 Noyaux tubéro-mamillaires médial et latéral ;
 Noyau hypothalamique latéral.

Les principaux faisceaux centrés sur l'hypothalamus comprennent :
 Le faisceau hypothalamo-hypophysaire issu des noyaux supra-optique et paraventriculaire et se terminant via la tige pituitaire dans la neuro-hypophyse (libérant de la vasopressine et de l'ocytocine) ;
 Le faisceau médial du télencéphale ;
 Le faisceau longitudinal médial ;
 Le fornix ;
 Les faisceaux mamillothalamique et mamillotegmental.

Fonctions
L'hypothalamus est à la fois un capteur et un centre intégrateur du corps : il intègre des stimuli périphériques (hormonaux, humoraux et nerveux), et y répond par la modulation de la sécrétion des hormones hypothalamiques.

L'hypothalamus répond ainsi à divers facteurs comme :
 la lumière : la durée du jour et la photopériode régulent les rythmes circadiens et saisonniers et chez les mammifères c'est dans la partie antérieure de l'hypothalamus qu'est situé le principal stimulateur circadien (dans le noyau suprachiasmatique) ;
 les stimuli olfactifs, notamment les phéromones ;
 les informations nerveuses provenant du cœur, de l'estomac et des organes reproducteurs ;
 les influx du système nerveux autonome ;
 les paramètres du sang comme les taux de leptine, ghréline, angiotensine, insuline, des hormones pituitaires et des cytokines, ainsi que la glycémie et l'osmolarité
 les stéroïdes (corticostéroïdes), indicateur du stress ;
 les signaux d'invasions microbiennes, auxquelles il répond par une élévation de la température générale du corps (élévation du « thermostat »).

C'est notamment grâce à la vasopressine, qui est libérée par l'hypothalamus « alerté » par l'hypophyse quand l'intensité lumineuse baisse le soir, que le corps se met à stocker l'eau (au lieu de remplir la vessie à partir des reins), de manière à conserver un niveau d'hydratation idéal du corps et de ses cellules durant le sommeil. En effet, l'organisme ne recevant pas d'apport d'eau pendant le sommeil, il doit en minimiser les pertes pour rester suffisamment hydraté. Quand l'eau commence à manquer, des neurones osmosensibles activent d'autres neurones qui libèrent davantage de vasopressine dans le sang. Ce système est en partie régulé par l'horloge circadienne de l'organisme.

Le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire

Sécrétion de la GnRH
Une neurohormone, la GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone), est synthétisée par ces neurones puis libérée de manière pulsatile dans le sang : l'hypothalamus envoie des trains de potentiels d'actions à travers le neurone. Par la suite, la GnRH agit sur les cellules de l'hypophyse. La liaison GnRH aux cellules hypophysaires entraîne la libération d'hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSH en anglais) et d'hormone lutéinisante (LH), qui sont de nature glycoprotéique.

Dimorphisme sexuel
Plusieurs noyaux hypothalamiques sont sexuellement dimorphes ; c'est-à-dire qu'ils présentent une nette différence de structure et de fonction selon que le cerveau soit celui d'un mâle ou d'une femelle (homme ou femme au sein de l'espèce humaine). Certaines différences sont visibles macroscopiquement en neuroanatomie, dont le noyau de la zone préoptique, où des changements subtils de connectivité et de sensibilité chimique existent selon le sexe pour certains groupes de neurones. L'attirance du mâle pour l'odeur et l'apparence du sexe opposé observée chez la plupart des espèces y serait liée (si le noyau sexuellement dimorphique est lésé, cette préférence pour les femelles par les mâles diminue). En outre, le modèle de sécrétion de l'hormone de croissance est aussi sexuellement dimorphe, ce pourquoi chez de nombreuses espèces, les mâles adultes se distinguent visiblement des femelles.

Rôle chez la femelle
La FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) et la LH (Luteinizing Hormone), deux hormones hypophysaires stimulent la production d'œstrogènes et de progestérone par les ovaires. On les appelle les gonadonostimulines (ou gonadotropin). La FSH intervient dans la maturation des follicules. Une brusque élévation de la concentration du taux de LH (pic de LH) en fin de phase folliculaire déclenche l'ovulation et provoque la transformation du follicule rompu en corps jaune.

Les sécrétions hypophysaires sont elles-mêmes sous le contrôle de l'hypothalamus qui sécrète une substance neurohormone (GnRH). Les hormones ovariennes (œstrogène et progestérones) exercent un rétrocontrôle sur le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire : elles inhibent la sécrétion de LH et de FSH pendant la majeure partie du cycle. Inversement, les œstrogènes stimulent la sécrétion de LH et de FSH dès qu'ils franchissent une concentration seuil dans le plasma sanguin (environ  de plasma), ce qui est le cas juste avant l'ovulation (rétrocontrôle positif).

Ce sont ces sécrétions cycliques des hormones qui induisent les modifications cycliques de l'appareil reproducteur des femmes. Des stimuli externes provenant de l'environnement peuvent par l'intermédiaire du système nerveux central influencer le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire et donc les cycles sexuels. Le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire prend en compte les variations des hormones ovariennes et les facteurs de l'environnement. Il réalise donc une intégration de multiples messages nerveux et hormonaux afin de contrôler les cycles sexuels, ce qui peut être à l'origine d'un décalage du cycle ovarien normal chez la femme (fortes émotions par exemple).

Rôle chez le mâle
Chez le mâle, la LH agit sur les cellules de Leydig (cellules interstitielles du testicule) et stimule la sécrétion de la testostérone. La FSH agit quant à elle sur une autre partie du testicule, les cellules de Sertoli, rendant ces cellules réceptives aux effets stimulateurs de la testostérone, cellules qui sont, elles, responsables du bon déroulement de la spermatogénèse.

La testostérone ainsi sécrétée verra son taux constamment analysé par le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire. L'augmentation trop importante des concentrations de testostérone et d'inhibine exerce un rétrocontrôle négatif sur l'hypothalamus et l'hypophyse, afin de baisser les sécrétions pulsatiles de GnRH, de FSH et de LH, et permettre un retour à la normale de la testostéronémie.

Régulation de l'appétit
C'est au sein de l'hypothalamus que s'effectue l'intégration de différents types de signaux permettant la régulation de l'appétit. Celle-ci se fait notamment en cohérence avec les besoins énergétiques et la quantité de masse graisseuse du corps. Les signaux — les inputs — sont à la fois des neurotransmetteurs classiques et des neuropeptides. L'effet sur l'appétit — l'output — passe ensuite par différentes voies de signalisation. Cette réponse de l'hypothalamus va agir sur de nombreuses structures cérébrales impliquées dans la mémoire, la motivation, la planification, la prise de décision, l'apprentissage, l'action et le contrôle moteur, qui sont l'ensemble des fonctions requises pour l'alimentation.

La partie latérale extrême du noyau ventromédial de l'hypothalamus est responsable du contrôle de la prise alimentaire. Stimuler cette région augmente la prise de nourriture. Une lésion bilatérale de cette aire induit un arrêt complet de la prise de nourriture. De plus, la partie médiane de ce noyau contrôle l'activité de la partie latérale. Ainsi, une lésion bilatérale à la partie médiane provoque une hyperphagie et une obésité chez l'animal. Si chez le même animal la partie latérale est ensuite lésée, il cesse de se nourrir. Ce qui montre que l'aire latérale est le centre de la prise de nourriture et qu'il est régulé négativement par l'aire médiane du noyau qui est le « centre de la satiété » pour éviter une continuelle sustentation.

Différentes hypothèses concernent le mécanisme de cette régulation de la prise alimentaire :
 Hypothèse lipostatique : cette hypothèse suppose que le tissu adipeux produit un signal humoral qui est proportionnel à la quantité de graisse et agit sur l'hypothalamus pour diminuer la prise alimentaire et augmenter la dépense énergétique. Il a d'ailleurs été montré qu'une hormone, la leptine, agit sur l'hypothalamus pour provoquer cet effet dont le but est de diminuer la masse graisseuse du corps ;
 Hypothèse du peptide gastro-intestinal : certaines hormones du système digestif, comme le Grp, le glucagon ou la cholecystokinine (CCK), semblent inhiber la prise alimentaire. Ce serait l'entrée d'aliment dans le tube digestif qui provoquerait la libération de ces hormones pour induire la sensation de satiété au niveau du cerveau. Celui-ci présente notamment des récepteurs à la CCK-A et la CCK-B ;
 Hypothèse glucostatique : l'activité du centre de la satiété situé dans le noyau ventromédial serait probablement gouvernée par l'utilisation du glucose par les neurones. Il a été postulé que lorsque cette utilisation du glucose est faible — lorsque les taux de glucose entre les artères (à l'entrée) et les veines (à la sortie) sont très peu différent ;
 Hypothèse thermostatique.

Gestion de la peur
La partie médiane de l'hypothalamus fait partie du circuit cérébral qui contrôle les comportements motivés, comme les comportements de défense. Des analyses du marqueur d'activité neuronale c-Fos ont montré l'importance d'une série de noyaux hypothalamiques médians — appartenant à une sorte de « colonne du contrôle du comportement » — dans la régulation des réactions de défense innées ou conditionnées face à un prédateur.

Mécanisme de défense face à un prédateur
Chez le rongeur, la présence d'un prédateur (comme le chat) déclenche des comportements défensifs, même si l'animal n'a jamais croisé de prédateur. Au niveau de l'hypothalamus, cette exposition à un prédateur augmente le nombre de cellules activant c-Fos dans le noyau antérieur, la partie dorsomédiane du noyau ventromédian et le noyau dorsal premammillaire. Ce dernier semble avoir un rôle important dans la régulation des comportements défensifs face à un prédateur, car une lésion de ce noyau abolit ces comportements défensifs, comme l'immobilisation ou la fuite. Le noyau prémamillaire semble réguler uniquement les mécanismes de défense momentanés, face au prédateur, puisque son ablation ne modifie pas, par exemple, les scores d'immobilisation défensives une fois le prédateur retiré. De plus, ce noyau est étroitement connecté à la substance grise périaqueducale, une structure importante de l'expression de la peur.

D'autre part, l'animal montre des comportements de crainte et d'évaluation des risques lorsqu'il est replacé dans un environnement associé à la présence d'un chat. Les marquages c-Fos montre que le noyau premamillaire dorsal est le plus activé au sein de l'hypothalamus lors de ce paradigme. L'inactivation au muscimole, avant l'exposition à ce contexte, abolit ces mécanismes défensifs.

Embryologie
Lors du développement, la totalité du système nerveux central se développe à partir d'une structure appelée le tube neural situé dans la partie dorsale de l'embryon. Ce tube se divise ensuite en 4 parties distinctes selon l'axe antéro-postérieur :
 la moelle spinale (structure la plus caudale) ;
 le rhombencéphale ;
 le mésencéphale ;
 le prosencéphale :
 de cette dernière structure naît le diencéphale (qui donnera naissance notamment au thalamus),
 et le prosencéphale secondaire qui se divise lui aussi en :
 hypothalamus,
 aire préoptique et pédonculaire,
 télencéphale (qui donnera notamment naissance au cortex).

Hormones hypothalamiques
 Corticolibérine (CRH)
 Dopamine
 Somatolibérine
 Somatostatine
 TRH
 GnRH
 Vasopressine
 Ocytocine
 Endorphine
Ces hormones se dirigent vers l'hypophyse grâce au système porte hypothalamo-hypophysaire.

Pathologie de l'hypothalamus
 il serait le siège d'une grande activité lors de crises d'AVF (Algies Vasculaires de la Face) et ce qui expliquerait que les crises soient à fréquences régulières (même heures aux mêmes moments de la journée).

Cerveau, hypothalamus et pilule contraceptive
On sait que les hormones gonadiques influencent l'organisation neuronale et la plasticité cérébrale, et notamment celle de l'hypothalamus. En 2021, on ignore encore si chez la femme, la suppression hormonale ovarienne à moyen ou long terme (en cas de prise de pilule) a des conséquences morphologiques et fonctionnelles sur la fonction cérébrale, mais selon Taylor  (2021), . Des études transversales ont montré que la pilule modifie la taille de certaines régions corticales (plus grandes ou plus petites selon les cas) et induit divers changements d'humeur chez leurs utilisatrices (par rapport aux femmes naturellement cyclées). L'hypothalamus joue un rôle dans la gestion de l'ocytocine et on a montré en 1993 que l'Estradiol modifiait la plasticité des synapses de l'hypothalamus.

Selon le centre de recherche Gruss Magnetic Resonance de l'Université de médecine Albert Einstein de New-York (États-Unis), chez 50 femmes en bonne santé, dont 21 prenant la pilule, présentés au Congrès annuel de la Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), celles prenant la pilule avaient un hypothalamus plus petit, caractéristique semblant associée à un risque accru de colères et/ou dépression.
Une autre étude récente (2020) a montré qu'utiliser la pilule durant la puberté/adolescence se traduit par une réponse au stress émoussée (et une altération de l'activation du cerveau lors du traitement de la mémoire de travail). Le test de stress social de Trier, l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) structurelle et fonctionnelle montrent de effets sur la structure et la fonction du cerveau.

L'hypothalamus n'est pas seul en cause : une étude plus récente encore (2021), croisée randomisée en double aveugle, contrôlée par placebo, basée sur l'IRM montre des différences dans la structure/épaisseur cérébrale corticale préfrontale (connue pour aussi réguler l'humeur) : l'épaisseur corticale diminue des deux côtés dans la pars triangularis et dans la pars opercularis ainsi que dans le pôle frontal de l'hémisphère droit chez les femmes exposées à des hormones contraceptives ( de lévonorgestrel +  d'éthinylestradiol, par rapport au placebo), en lien avec certains symptômes somatiques. Selon Sharma  (2020) De manière générale, utiliser la pilule à la puberté augmente la connectivité dans le réseau limbique SN, CEN, RN et sous-cortical avec des effets sur le traitement des émotions et des récompenses, ce qui pourrait alors augmenter la vulnérabilité à certains problèmes de santé mentale.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Noyau arqué
 Noyau paraventriculaire de l'hypothalamus

Liens externes

 Vidéo diaporamique de l'hypothalamus, par le Dr Dominique Hasboun (cours sous vidéo nécessitant le décodeur vidéo gratuit Distens)
 Le complexe hypothalamo-hypophysaire

Diencéphale
Anatomie du système endocrinien
Anatomie du cerveau
Neuroendocrinologie


On Monday July 23, 2018, I attended the Inaugural Learning + Leadership Summit, presented by the Novak Leadership Institute at the University of Missouri School of Journalism.
In the first session, Alfred Solis of High Tech High in San Diego taught us about Problem-Based Learning and how it builds 21st Century Workplace Skills and Values. I also learned about the Participatory Budgeting Project--a way to harness the creativity of students and give them a stake in the school budgeting process.
I attended sessions on how to identify and bridge fault lines among employees and district patrons, how to lead the rebellious with empathy, how to build effective teams and how to communicate with different types of people. We also learned about the design process and how it's used to build student leaders.


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Game Habitat joins the Nordic and Baltic booth at Gamescom 2022
The Nordic and Baltic booth consists of game clusters and studios from around the Nordics and Baltics, divided into national sections. Northern Europe will have a strong presence at Gamescom 2022.
Several studios from southern Sweden is accompanying Game Habitat in the booth to showcase their new games and to find partners, investors and publishers. Game Habitat will be in place to provide support for the studios while talking to international studios about why south Sweden is the best environment for game development in Europe.
Find out more about the present companies in our booklet.
Find out more about why south Sweden is the best environment for game studios and developers.
Gamescom takes place 23-28 August in Cologne, Germany. However, the business part of the event, which Game Habitat takes part in, is only between 24-26 August. Find out more about Gamescom here.
The Swedish part of the booth and Game Habitat's participation at Gamescom is partly financed by the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Tillväxtverket).


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A DEF statement quoted the fund's director, Abdallah Freij, as saying that the recognition is a message of support to all those who work in the service of Jordan.
The Development and Employment Fund (DEF) "has succeeded in applying its 2014 strategy" aimed at increasing loans to JD31 million, DEF Director General Abdullah Freij said Wednesday.
The Development and Employment Fund (DEF) has announced its JD31 million funding plan for 2014, which will provide more than 10,000 work opportunities, a 30 per cent increase compared to last year.


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Beau keyword Galerie. Sunglasses. Having the ideal summer wedding? Candies and chocolates might not be the best wedding favor to depart for guests in the warm summer sun. Sunglasses are a good showing off to save your guests delightful and to remind them of your special day for years to come. A plus? Frames arrive in a variety of styles and can be personalized in therefore many ways. You are limited forlorn by your imagination! afterward tote bags, sunglasses can as a consequence be personalized professionally by many wedding and party vendors.
S'mores Kits. perfect for weddings in tardy summer or before fall, individual s'mores kits are different creative vary to more up to standard wedding favors. These can be as basic or as decadent as you prefer, and correspondingly they can perform for any budget. every you infatuation are some graham crackers, marshmallows, chocolate bars and attractive craft supplies to create these saintly and unforgettable gifts for your guests.
Candy in Personalized Wrappers. A bit more on the received side, personalized candy wrappers and candy seem to be mainstays afterward it comes to wedding favors. From those oft-present Jordan almonds to the more radical chocolate bars, this is out of the ordinary easy and reasonably priced exaggeration to accumulate a personal adjoin to your wedding. Why mess taking into account a classic? choose your candy and choose out those personalized candy wrappers. It's a great pretentiousness to create an ventilate upon wedding guests as soon as a sweet-tooth, and it as well as makes for a well-appreciated shower or bachelorette party gift.
Individual Bath Salts. Do-it-yourself bath salts are all the rage these days. Whether they are for personal use, a Christmas present for a relative or birthday present for a relative, chances are you've already got a recipe or two on one of your Pinterest boards. Individual bath salts are a unique and affordable pretension to pamper your wedding guests. Luxurious, little jars of bath salt along with create wonderful bridal shower favors.
Hangover Rescue Kits. Hangover rescue kits or "cures" are a must-have if your guests will be drinking. From a personalized bottle of water, to a hangover remedy-packed kit, you can create this wedding favor as simple or as perplexing as you like. As behind the additional do-it-yourself ideas, this concept is energetic and budget friendly. Hangover rescue kits with make good bachelor and bachelorette party favors!
Sachets. You probably already know that sachets are little bags of perfumed flowers or aromatic herbs that people typically place in drawers or closets to make the vent odor pleasant. What you might not know is that these herb and flower-filled pouches make creative wedding favors as well. As subsequently sunglasses or totes, these far ahead wedding party favors can either be bought or made at home.