text:
\section{Introduction}
Nuclear reactions at intermediate energies as, e.g., provided by the
heavy-ion synchrotron SIS at GSI have been investigated for several
decades but the physics governing their mechanisms are not yet
thoroughly understood and further investigations seem necessary.
Recently the two experimental collaborations INDRA and FOPI have
published a series of systematic observations made in experiments at
the GSI laboratory regarding several physical quantities such as the
collective flows, the nuclear stopping, and the light cluster and
produced-particle, i.e. mostly pion, production
\cite{Lukasik:2004df,Andronic:2006ra,Reisdorf:2006ie,Reisdorf:2010ab}.
Comparisons with model calculations (mainly performed with the
Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model), revealed some discrepancies
which deserve deeper investigations, mainly concerning dynamical
observables. The excitation functions of the directed and elliptic
collective flows and the nuclear stopping cannot be satisfactorily
described with the same equation of state (EoS) of nuclear matter
(see e.g. \cite{Danielewicz:2002pu,lukasik_unpublished}).

Important progress in nuclear physics at intermediate energies was
made recently by reaching consensus on the soft nature of the EoS of
nuclear matter
\cite{Magestro:2000ba,Li:2008gp,Fuchs:2007vt,Danielewicz:2002pu,Hartnack:2005tr}.
However, according to the theory of quantum hydrodynamics (QHD),
both the mean field and the two-body collisions have the same
origin, the effective Lagrangian density, based on which the medium
modifications of both the collisions and the mean-field transport
between the collisions should be considered self-consistently
\cite{Danielewicz:1982kk,Danielewicz:1982ca,Chou:1984es,Mao:1994zza,Li:2000sha}.
More explicitly, the medium-modified terms should take the density
dependence, the isospin asymmetry, and the momentum constraints into
account. In past investigations, these medium effects were
considered mainly in the mean-field part but usually not in the
collision part, leading to an obvious lack of self-consistency.
Hence, conclusions based on these treatments are not fully reliable,
and it is easy to understand why new difficulties arose in the
recent comparisons of data with model calculations.

In the lower range of SIS energies, the collision rate is known to
increase with beam energy and the interplay between mean field and
two-body collisions leads to a colorful phenomenology of the nuclear
dynamics as, e.g., apparent in the excitation functions of
collective
flows~\cite{Bertsch:1987ja,Lemmon:1999aa,Cussol:2002,Andronic:2006ra,Reisdorf:2006ie,Reisdorf:2010ab}:
with the increase of beam energy beyond the INDRA range ($\le
150$~MeV/nucleon), the slope, near mid-rapidity and with respect to
rapidity, of the directed flow of free protons or light clusters
changes sign from negative to positive, while the value of the
elliptic flow at mid-rapidity changes from positive (in-plane) to
negative (squeeze-out). These transitions of the directed and
elliptic flows imply clearly that the strength of two-body
collisions and the nuclear stopping power increase, which has been
observed in recent INDRA experiments as
well~\cite{Lukasik:2004df,Andronic:2006ra,Lehaut:2010}.
Theoretically, in addition to the well-known density-dependent
modifications of binary cross sections, the momentum constraints
will have to be considered seriously in order to describe these data
systematically~\cite{Mao:1994et,Li:2003vd,Sammarruca:2005ch,Sammarruca:2005tk,Li:2005jy,Li:1993rwa,Li:1993ef,Giansiracusa:1996zz,Li:2006ez,Zhang:2007gd,Danielewicz:2009eu,Li:2009px}.

In our previous work, we have attempted to build up a microscopic transport
model in which the dynamic process of heavy ion collisions (HICs) is
described in a more consistent and complete manner. The
Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model is
adopted as a microscopic transport basis~\cite{Bass98,
Bleicher99,Bratkovskaya:2004kv}. In Refs.
\cite{Li:2005zza,LI:2005zi,Li:2005gfa,Li:2008bk}, both the
mean-field potentials and the relativistic effects on the relative
distance and momentum in potentials are treated comprehensively.
In Refs.~\cite{Li:2006ez,Li:2009px}, the medium modifications of the
nucleon-nucleon elastic cross sections (NNECS) are further taken
into account. With the so improved version of the UrQMD model, several
experimental observables at SIS and AGS energies were successfully
described~\cite{Li:2005gfa,Li:2008bk,Petersen:2006vm,Yuan:2010ad,Trautmann:2009kq,Trautmann:2010at}.
With the further consideration of the ``pre-formed'' hadron
potentials, the well-known HBT time-related puzzle throughout the
beam energy range from SIS up to RHIC is well understood~\cite{Li:2007yd,Li:2008ge}.
It is also found, however, that further investigation is still needed at the lower SIS
energies~\cite{Yuan:2010ad}. This will become evident in this work from the study of
collective flows and nuclear stopping.

The paper is arranged as follows: Section II presents the new
updates in the UrQMD transport model. Results for collective flows
and nuclear stopping in the energy range covered by INDRA and FOPI
experiments are then shown in Section III. Finally, a conclusion and
an outlook are given in Section IV.

\section{UrQMD transport model and updates}

The UrQMD model is based on analogous principles as the QMD model
\cite{Aichelin:1986wa,Aichelin:1991xy} and the Relativistic Quantum
Molecular Dynamics (RQMD) model \cite{Sorge:1989dy}. The first
formal version (ver1.0) of the UrQMD transport model was published
at the end of last century  \cite{Bass:1997xw,Bass98, Bleicher99}.
Since then, a large number of successful theoretical analyses,
predictions, and comparisons with data have been accomplished with
this transport model for {\it pp}, {\it p}A and AA reactions and over a
large range of beam energies, essentially from SIS over AGS, SPS, RHIC, up to
LHC energies~\cite{urqmdweb1}.

\subsection{Potential updates}

In the UrQMD, similar to the QMD, hadrons are represented by
Gaussian wave packets in phase space. After the initialization of
projectile and target nuclei for which the Hard-Sphere (H-S) or the
Woods-Saxon (W-S) mode may be selected, the phase space of hadron
$i$ is propagated according to Hamilton's equations of motion:

\begin{equation}
{\bf \dot{r}}_i=\frac{\partial H}{\partial {\bf p}_i},
\hspace{1.5cm} \mathrm{and} \hspace{1.5cm} {\bf
\dot{p}}_i=-\frac{\partial H}{\partial {\bf r}_i}. \label{Hemrp}
\end{equation}
Here ${\bf {r}}$ and ${\bf {p}}$ are the coordinate and momentum of
hadron $i$. The Hamiltonian $H$ consists of the kinetic energy $T$
and the effective two-body interaction potential energy $V$,

\begin{equation}
H=T+V, \label{Hamifunc}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
T=\sum_i (E_i-m_i)=\sum_i (\sqrt{m_i^2+{\bf p}_i^2}-m_i). \label{HT}
\end{equation}
In the standard version of the UrQMD model \cite{Bass:1997xw,Bass98,
Bleicher99}, the potential energies include the two-body and
three-body Skyrme-, and the Yukawa-, Coulomb-, and Pauli-terms as a
base,

\begin{equation}
V=V_{sky}^{(2)}+V_{sky}^{(3)}+V_{Yuk}+V_{Cou}+V_{Pau}. \label{HV}
\end{equation}
The three-body terms of the Skyrme force can be approximately written in the form of
two-body interactions, the so-called density dependent terms.
Only the Coulomb force between charged baryons is considered in the default version.
However, when also considered for charged mesons it was found indispensable for
reproducing certain observables~\cite{Li:2005zza,Li:2008bk}.

The single particle potential follows from $U= \delta V/\delta
f$, where $f$ is the phase-space Wigner distribution function which
reads as

\begin{equation}
f({\bf r},{\bf p})=\sum_i f_i({\bf r},{\bf p})=\sum_i \frac{1}{(\pi
\hbar)^3}e^{-({\bf r}-{\bf r}_i)^2/2L^2}e^{-({\bf p}-{\bf
p}_i)^2\cdot 2L^2/\hbar^2}, \label{wigfunc}
\end{equation}
where $L$ is the width parameter of the wave packet.  It is known
that the width affects the stability of initialized nuclei and
the production of clusters at later reaction stages \cite{Hartnack:1997ez}.
Empirically, the value of the wave packet width should grow
from about 1 fm to 2 fm as the total mass of the colliding system increases
from light to heavy. As an example, for Au+Au collisions a
value of $L = 2$ fm is chosen while for Ca+Ca and lighter nuclei $L = 1$
fm is found more appropriate.

Recently, in order to permit more successful applications in the
intermediate energy regime ($0.1A \lesssim E_{lab} \lesssim 2A$
GeV), more potential terms have been incorporated into the UrQMD~\cite{Li:2005gfa}.
The first addition is the density-dependent average symmetry potential energy term
$V_{sym}^{pot}\delta^2$, where $\delta=(\rho_n-\rho_p)/\rho_0$ is the isospin-asymmetry.
In this work, the form

\begin{equation}
V_{sym}^{pot}=(S_0-\frac{\epsilon_F}{3})u^\gamma
\label{sympot}
\end{equation}
introduced in Ref.~\cite{Li:2002qx} is used. Here $S_0$ is the
symmetry energy at the normal nuclear density $\rho_0$, $\epsilon_F$
is the Fermi kinetic energy at normal nuclear density,
$u=\rho/\rho_0$ is the reduced nuclear density, and $\gamma$ is the
strength of the density dependence of the symmetry potential. In
this work, the value $S_0=34$ MeV is chosen. The symmetry potential
is important for isospin-asymmetric reactions at intermediate and
low energies since the uncertainties existing in the symmetry energy
based on various theories were found to be large at densities away
from the normal density \cite{Brown:2000pd}. Here, a soft
($\gamma=0.5$) density dependent symmetry potential is adopted.
Recent investigations indicate that the density dependence of the
symmetry energy at subnormal densities might be soft
\cite{Li:2005jy,Famiano:2006rb,Tsang:2008fd}. However, this will
still have to be confirmed by further studies.

The second addition is the momentum-dependent term \cite{Bass:1995pj}
\begin{equation}
U_{md}=t_{md} \ln^2[1+a_{md}({\bf p}_i-{\bf p}_j)^2]\rho_i/\rho_0,
\label{umd}
\end{equation}
where $t_{md}=1.57$ MeV and $a_{md}=500$ c$^2/$GeV$^2$ are selected
as in previous calculations within the QMD family. It has to be
noted, however, that this form may also have to be refined in order
to obtain improved fits of the real part of the optical
potential~\cite{Isse:2005nk,Li:2008gp}.

At beam energies higher than the AGS regime, potentials for ``pre-formed''
particles (string fragments) and relativistic effects regarding the
relative distance and the relative momentum employed in the two-body
potentials (Lorentz transformation) are, furthermore, considered
\cite{Li:2007yd,Li:2008bk}. They can be neglected in this work here.

\subsection{New Pauli-blocking treatment for two-body collision}
Regarding the collision term, it is well-known that the rate of
collisions is reduced by the quantum Pauli-blocking. However, in the
default version of the UrQMD, for simplicity, the Pauli-blocking
criteria are realized with an algorithm based on fitted parameters:
for the same type of particles, the binary scattering will be
blocked under the form

\begin{equation}
\eta<\psi , \label{pbdef}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\psi=\sum_{i}e^{-\frac{({\bf r}-{\bf r_i})^2}{4L^2}}e^{-\frac{({\bf
p}-{\bf p_i})^2 \cdot L^2}{\hbar^2}} ,\label{fbl}
\end{equation}
and

\begin{equation}
\eta=a_{fit}+b_{fit}\varrho \label{pbdefault1}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}
 \varrho=\sum_{i}e^{-\frac{({\bf r}-{\bf r_i})^2}{2L^2}} .\label{rhobl}
\end{equation}
The parameters $a_{fit}$ and $b_{fit}$ in Eq.\ (\ref{pbdefault1})
are set to be 1.49641 and 0.208736, respectively. It will be shown
below that, for descriptions of experimental observables at the
lower energies, the default Pauli-blocking treatment is not precise
enough. Therefore, an updated new version of the Pauli-blocking
routine is introduced here. For the same type of particles and for
each collision, firstly, the phase space densities in the final
states are determined in order to assure that they are in agreement
with the Pauli principle and, secondly, the following two criteria
are considered at the same time:

\begin{equation}
\frac{4\pi}{3}r_{ij}^3\cdot \frac{4\pi}{3}p_{ij}^3 \geq (2s+1)\cdot
(\frac{h}{2})^3 \label{newbl1}
\end{equation}

and
\begin{equation}
P_{block}=1-(1-f_i)(1-f_j) < \xi . \label{newbl2}
\end{equation}
On the left-hand side of Eq.\ (\ref{newbl1}), the $r_{ij}$ and
$p_{ij}$ are the relative distance and momentum of the two particles
at the final states $i$ and $j$. The factor $(2s+1)$ on the right
side of Eq.\ (\ref{newbl1}) denotes the summation of the spins of
the two particles. In Eq.\ (\ref{newbl2}), $\xi$ represents a random
number between 0 and 1. If one of the criteria is not fulfilled the
collision is not allowed and the two particles remain with their
original momenta.

\subsection{Medium modifications and momentum dependence of NNECS}

It is also known that the cross sections will be modified by the
nuclear medium, according to the QHD theory (see, e.g., Refs.\
\cite{Chou:1984es,Brockmann:1990cn,Li:1993rwa,Li:1993ef,Mao:1994zza,Hofmann:2000vz,Li:2000sha,Li:2003vd}.
As in previous work, the in-medium NNECS $\sigma_{el}^{*}$ are
treated to be factorized as the product of a medium correction
factor $F(u,\alpha,p)$ and the free NNECS
$\sigma_{el}^{free}$~\cite{Li:2006ez}. For the inelastic channels,
we still use the experimental free-space cross sections
$\sigma_{in}^{free}$. It is believed that this assumption does not
have strong influence on our present study at low SIS energies.
Therefore, the total two-body scattering cross section of nucleons,
$\sigma_{tot}^{*}$, will be modified according to
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{tot}^{*}=\sigma_{in}+\sigma_{el}^{*}=\sigma_{in}^{free}+F(u,\alpha,p)
\sigma_{el}^{free}.
\label{ecsf}
\end{equation}
As for the medium correction factor $F(u,\alpha,p)$, it is
proportional to both the isospin-scalar density effect $F_u$ and the
isospin-vector mass-splitting effect $F_\alpha$. Studies of the
isospin-related splitting effect on NNECS which is represented by
the $F_\alpha$ factor have been reported in Refs.\
\cite{Li:2006ez,Li:2009px}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|}\hline
\bf Set & $\lambda$ & $\zeta$ \\\hline\hline
\tt FU1 \ \ &\  1/3 \  & \ 0.54568  \    \\
\tt FU2 \ \ &\  1/4 \  & \ 0.54568  \      \\
\tt FU3 \ \  &\  1/6 \  & \ 1/3    \    \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{The three parameter sets FU1, FU2, and FU3 used for the
density-dependent correction factor $F_u$ of NNECS.} \label{tabfu}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|}\hline
\bf Set & $f_0$ & $p_0$ [GeV c$^{-1}$]   & $\kappa$  \\\hline\hline
\tt FP1 & 1   & 0.425 & \ 5  \        \\
\tt FP2 & 1   & 0.225 & 3        \\
\tt FP3 & 1   & 0.625 & 8        \\ \hline
\tt no $p_{NN}$ limit & $F(u)$ & / &/  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{The three parameter sets FP1, FP2, and FP3 used for
describing the momentum dependence of $F_u$. The fourth case,
without a $p_{NN}$ limit, is obtained by setting $f_0$ equal to
$F(u)$ in Eq.\ (\ref{fdpup}).} \label{tabfp}
\end{table}

Furthermore, the factors $F_u$ and $F_\alpha$ should be functions
of the relative momentum $p_{NN}$ of the two colliding particles in the NN
center-of-mass system.
In Ref.~\cite{Li:2006ez}, they are formulated as

\begin{equation}
F_{\alpha,u}^{\rm p}=\left\{
\begin{array}{l}
f_0 \hspace{3.45cm} p_{NN}>1 {\rm GeV}/c \\
\frac{F_{\alpha,u} -f_0}{1+(p_{NN}/p_0)^\kappa}+f_0 \hspace{1cm}
p_{NN} \leq 1 {\rm GeV}/c.
\end{array}
\right.
\label{fdpup}
\end{equation}
The factor $F_u$ can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
F_u=\lambda+(1-\lambda)\exp[-u/\zeta]. \label{fr}
\end{equation}
Here $\zeta$ and $\lambda$ are parameters which determine the
density dependence of the cross sections. In this work, we select
several parameter sets which are shown in Table \ref{tabfu} and
illustrated in the left panel of Fig.\ \ref{fig1}. The reduction of
the NNECS as a function of density becomes increasingly more
pronounced as the parameterization is changed from FU1 to FU3. At
the reduced density $u=2$, e.g., the values of FU1, FU2, and FU3 are
0.35, 0.27, and 0.17, respectively. We note here that the density
dependence of the FU1 parameterization is in qualitative agreement
with previous work based on the Dirac-Brueckner approach
\cite{Li:1993rwa,Li:1993ef,Fuchs:2001fp}. However, in our previous
investigations of the NNECS, based on the effective Lagrangian of
density-dependent relativistic hadron theory in which the $\sigma$,
$\omega$, $\rho$ and $\delta~[a_0(980)]$ mesons are included
\cite{Li:2003vd}, it was shown that especially the neutron-proton
cross sections $\sigma_{el,np}^*$ might be largely reduced in the
neutron-rich nuclear medium; the corresponding reduction factor
might be as low as $\sim 0.1$ at $u=2$. Therefore, the other
parameter sets FU2 and FU3 (Table \ref{tabfu}) are still to be
considered reasonable assumptions.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.8\textwidth]{fig1.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Correction factor $F$ obtained with the
parameterizations FU1, FU2, and FU3 given in Table \ref{tabfu} (left
panel) and the momentum dependence obtained with the four options
FP1, FP2, FP3, and ``no p$_{NN}$ limit'' given in Table \ref{tabfp}
for the example of FU1 at $u=2$ (right panel).} \label{fig1}
\end{figure}

The parameters $f_0$, $p_0$ and $\kappa$ in Eq.\ (\ref{fdpup}) can
be varied in order to obtain various momentum dependences of $F_u$.
In this work, we select several parameter sets which are shown in
Table~\ref{tabfp}. The corresponding $F_u^p$ functions are
illustrated in the right panel of Fig.\ \ref{fig1} for FU1 at a
reduced density $u=2$. The FP1 set was used in our previous work in
which the medium modifications of cross sections were
considered~\cite{Li:2006ez}. The parameterizations FP2 or FP3 result
in a rise of the correction factor $F$ at smaller or at larger
$p_{NN}$ than obtained with FP1. It illustrates the present
uncertainty associated with treating the momentum dependence of the
density-dependent cross sections. With a certain set of isospin
dependent EoS, the NNECS might even be enhanced at large momenta, in
comparison to the cross sections at free space. It arises from the
differences between the isoscalar and isovector
channels\cite{Li:2000sha}. An indication of this enhancement was
obtained from a recent calculation of flow observables by Zhang {\it
et al.}~\cite{Zhang:2007gd}. But it will not be discussed in the
current work since the effect is related to collisions at large
$p_{NN}$ and it becomes increasingly important for heavy-ion
collisions at higher beam energies. And, for completeness, the case
without any momentum constraint on $F_u$ (``no p$_{NN}$ limit'') is
listed in Table~\ref{tabfp}.

\section{Calculations and Observables}

\subsection{Colliding system and the after-burner}

About 120 thousand events of $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions for
each of the energies $E_{lab}=40$, $50$, $60$, $80$, $100$, $150$,
and $400$~MeV/nucleon are calculated randomly within the impact
parameter region 0-7.5 fm. For each beam energy, the calculations
are divided into three groups according to impact parameter
representing the central (0-2 fm), the semi-central (2-5.5 fm), and
the semi-peripheral (5.5-7.5 fm) group of collisions. Fourteen
parameterizations of the UrQMD transport model differing in the
treatments of the Pauli-blocking of two-body collisions (P-B), of
the potential terms (EoS), of the medium-modified NNECS with the
density-dependent factor $F_u$ and the momentum modification $F^p$
of $F_u$, and of the initialization (ini.) are shown in
Table~\ref{tab3} and will be discussed in the following section. The
UrQMD transport program stops and produces the output after a
collision time of 150 fm$/c$. Several more outputs are produced, as
the calculations evolve, at different reaction times before the stop
time. For each output, a conventional phase-space coalescence
model~\cite{Kruse:1985pg} with two parameters is used to construct
clusters. Nucleons with relative momenta smaller than $P_0$ and
relative distances smaller than $R_0$ are considered to belong to
one cluster. In this work, $P_0$ and $R_0$ are chosen to be 0.2
GeV$/c$ and 2.8 fm, respectively. It is evident and well-known that
the criteria chosen for constructing clusters affect their yields
and, consequently, also related observables~\cite{Li:2008fn}.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline
\bf Set        &   P-B  &  EoS            &  $F_u$   &  $F^p$   &
ini. \\\hline\hline
\tt UrQMD-0    &   default  &  SM             &  FU1     &  FP1     &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-I    &   new  &  SM             &  FU1     &  FP2     &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-II   &   new  &  SM             &  FU1     &  FP1     &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-III  &   new  &  SM             &  FU1     &  FP1     &  W-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-IV   &   new  &  Cascade        &  FU1     &  FP1     &  W-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-V    &   new  &  SM(no $V_{sym}$+$V_{Cou})$ &  FU1     &  FP1     &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-VI   &   new  &  SM             &  no Collisions &  no Collisions &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-VII  &   new  &  SM             &  FU1     &  FP3     &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-VIII &   new  &  SM             &  FU1     &  no $p_{NN}$ limit       &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-IX   &   new  &  S              &  FU1     &  FP1     &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-X    &   new  &  S              &  FU1     &  no $p_{NN}$ limit       &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-XI   &   new  &  S              &  FU2     &  no $p_{NN}$ limit       &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-XII  &   new  &  S              &  FU3     &  no $p_{NN}$ limit       &  H-S  \\
\tt UrQMD-XIII  &   new  &  SM             &  FU3     &  FP1     &  H-S  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Fourteen parameterizations of the UrQMD transport model
differing in the treatments of the Pauli-blocking of two-body
collisions (P-B), of the potential terms (EoS), of the
medium-modified NNECS with the density-dependent factor $F_u$ and
the momentum modification $F^p$ of $F_u$, and of the initialization
(ini.). See text for details.} \label{tab3}
\end{table}

\subsection{Collective flows and the stopping $vartl$}

In this work, we will focus on the parameters describing the strength and orientation of
directed and elliptic collective flows
defined as

\begin{equation}
v_1\equiv <cos(\phi-\Phi_{RP})>=<\frac{p_x}{p_t}>, \label{eqv1}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
v_2\equiv <cos[2(\phi-\Phi_{RP})]>=<\frac{p_x^2-p_y^2}{p_t^2}>.
\label{eqv2}
\end{equation}
Here $\phi$ denotes the azimuthal angle of the considered outgoing particle;
$\Psi_{RP}$ is the azimuthal angle of the reaction plane which is pre-configured
in the calculations, $\Psi_{RP}=0$, but has to be determined in experiments;
$p_x$ and $p_y$ are the two components of the transverse
momentum $p_t=\sqrt{p_x^2+p_y^2}$. The angular brackets denote an
average over all considered particles from all events.

The nuclear stopping is described with the quantity
$vartl$~\cite{Reisdorf:2004wg} defined as

\begin{equation}
vartl=\frac{\Gamma_{dN/dy_x}}{\Gamma_{dN/dy_z}} . \label{eqvartl}
\end{equation}
Here
\begin{equation}
\Gamma_{dN/dy_{x,z}}=<y_{x,z}^2>=\frac{\sum(y^2_{x,z}N_{y_{x,z}})}{\sum
N_{y_{x,z}}}, \label{eqgm}
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma_{dN/dy_{x}}$ and $\Gamma_{dN/dy_{z}}$ are the
variances of the rapidity distributions of fragments in the $x$ and
$z$ directions, respectively. They are obtained as weighted averages
of $y^2$ over the considered ranges in rapidity with $N_{y_{x}}$ and
$N_{y_{z}}$ denoting the yields of fragments in each of the $y_x$
and $y_z$ rapidity bins.

Directed  and elliptic flows and the nuclear stopping quantity
$vartl$ were measured by the INDRA and FOPI collaborations at
GSI/Darmstadt
\cite{Lukasik:2004df,Andronic:2006ra,Reisdorf:2006ie,Reisdorf:2010ab}.
In the following, the predictions of the UrQMD model for these
observables will be analyzed, while the directed flow is chosen for
the comparison with the experimental data at INDRA energies
($E_{lab}\leq 150$~MeV/nucleon).

\section{Results}

\subsection{Pauli-Blocking effects on flows}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.8\textwidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Parameters $v_1$ of directed flow (top
panels) and $v_2$ of elliptic flow (bottom panels) for free protons
from semi-peripheral ($b=5.5--7.5$~fm) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
collisions at $E_{\rm lab}=40$ (left), 80 (middle), and 400
MeV/nucleon (right), calculated with the versions UrQMD-0 (squares)
and UrQMD-II (circles), as a function of the reduced rapidity
$y_z/y_{\rm pro}$. } \label{fig2}
\end{figure}

As stated before, the Pauli-blocking treated in the default UrQMD
model is an effective one. The advantage of this treatment is the
high-speed to calculate it. However, it is found that it is not
quite suitable for nuclear reactions at low SIS energies. In
Fig.~\ref{fig2} we present the reduced longitudinal rapidity
distribution of directed ($v_1$, top plots) and elliptic ($v_2$,
bottom plots) flows of free protons from semi-peripheral (b=5.5-7.5
fm) Au+Au collisions at $E_{lab}=40$, 80, and 400 MeV/nucleon. The
calculations with the default treatment of Pauli-blocking used in
UrQMD-0 and with the new treatment incorporated in UrQMD-II (the
only difference between the two versions, cf. Table~\ref{tab3}) are
shown in Fig.~\ref{fig2}.

Considerable differences exist in the rapidity distribution of both
flow parameters at the lower SIS energies $E_{\rm lab}=40$ and 80
MeV/nucleon. With the default treatment, the slope of $v_1$ is
significantly positive at mid-rapidity and the value of $v_2$ is
rather small. Experimentally it is known that the slope of the
directed flow of $Z=1$ particles from semi-central/peripheral
collisions of heavy systems at 40 MeV/nucleon is slightly negative
at mid-rapidity and that the elliptic flow is positive with values
near $v_2 =0.08$~\cite{Lukasik:2004df}, values much closer to the
results obtained with the new treatment of Pauli-blocking
(Fig.~\ref{fig2}, left panels). It is, therefore, concluded that
this modification of the UrQMD is more suitable for this energy
range, and the new treatment of Pauli-blocking is chosen for the
following investigations. The differences start to disappear at the
higher energy 400 MeV/nucleon (right panels of Fig.~\ref{fig2}).

\subsection{Causes of collective phenomena}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.8\textwidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Parameters $v_1$ of directed flow (top
panels) and $v_2$ of elliptic flow (bottom panels) for free protons
from semi-peripheral ($b=5.5-7.5$~fm) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
collisions at $E_{\rm lab}=40$ (left) and 80 MeV/nucleon (right) as
a function of the reduced rapidity $y_z/y_{\rm pro}$. The
calculations performed with versions UrQMD-II, UrQMD-III, UrQMD-IV,
UrQMD-V, and UrQMD-VI (see Table \ref{tab3}) are distinguished by
their symbols as indicated.} \label{fig3}
\end{figure}

In order to understand how the initialization, the mean-field
potentials and collisions influence collective flows, calculations
were performed with the versions UrQMD-II, UrQMD-III, UrQMD-IV,
UrQMD-V, and UrQMD-VI (Fig.\ \ref{fig3}). Several interesting
phenomena are observed: comparing first the results obtained with
UrQMD-II and UrQMD-III which differ only in the initialization,
small differences are seen but the directed flow is slightly less
positive at 40 MeV/nucleon and slightly more positive at 80
MeV/nucleon with the Hard-Sphere treatment of UrQMD-II than with the
Wood-Saxon initialization of UrQMD-III. This is due to the fact that
at 40 (80) MeV/nucleon the net-contribution of both mean-field
potentials and two-body collisions is more attractive (positive) and
the Hard-Sphere initialization may lead to stronger attraction
(repulsion). Actually, this effect of different initializations was
seen before in calculations with the IQMD model
\cite{Hartnack:1997ez}. Since its effect on final flows is very
small, mainly the Hard-Sphere initialization will be used in the
following calculations. It is the default initialization in the
UrQMD model.

Secondly, if the mean-field potentials are ignored as in the
cascade-type version UrQMD-IV, a large positive slope of $v_1$ is
seen at both beam energies. It implies that the net contribution of
the collision term to the directed flow is repulsive. The elliptic
flow has almost vanished which should be due to both, a relatively
weak contribution of the collision term and the almost isotropic
differential NNECS. On the other hand, if the collision term is
switched off and only the mean-field potentials are active as in
UrQMD-VI, a strong negative directed flow is seen at both beam
energies. The elliptic flow $v_2$ is largest in this case,
indicating that the mean-field potentials contribute to the
collective flows much more strongly than the collision term at lower
SIS energies, a fact that is well-known. It is also found that the
net contributions of the mean-field and of two-body collisions to
the directed flow are attractive and repulsive, respectively. The
positive elliptic flow induced by the mean-field is caused by the
in-plane geometry at early reaction times.

The isospin-scalar and isospin-vector related parts of the
potentials may yield different contributions to the final flows.
This was tested with the results of UrQMD-II, UrQMD-IV, and UrQMD-V
in which a soft-EoS with momentum dependence (SM-EoS, the
corresponding incompressibility $K=200$ MeV) is considered, not
considered, and partially considered, respectively, while the same
collision term is adopted. It is found that the iso-scalar part of
the potentials produces a strong attractive force (comparison of
UrQMD-IV and UrQMD-V) while the iso-vector related part gives a
relatively weak repulsive force to the directed flow (see from
UrQMD-V to UrQMD-II). The repulsion caused by the iso-vector
potentials (symmetry and Coulomb potentials) is obvious since the
Coulomb potential of protons is always repulsive and much stronger
than the symmetry potential, regardless of whether the total effect
of the symmetry term is attractive or repulsive. The latter depends
on the isospin-asymmetry of the nuclear medium during the whole
dynamic process of HICs.

Summarizing this analysis, one finds clearly that 1) the balance of
contributions between mean-field potentials and the collision term
determines the vanishing of the directed flow at low SIS energies
with roughly equal strength; 2) in the mean-field potentials, the
iso-scalar part behaves as an attractive effect which is due to the
overall rather low densities of heavy-ion collisions at such low
beam energies. The iso-vector part is repulsive which is mainly due
to the mutual Coulomb repulsion of the protons.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.75\textwidth]{fig4.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Parameters $v_1$ of directed flow (top
panels) and $v_2$ of elliptic flow (bottom panels) for free protons
from semi-peripheral ($b=5.5-7.5$~fm) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au
collisions at $E_{\rm lab}=40$ (left) and 400~MeV/nucleon (right) as
functions of the reduced rapidity $y_z/y_{\rm pro}$. The
calculations performed with versions UrQMD-I, UrQMD-II, UrQMD-VIII,
and UrQMD-IX (see Table \ref{tab3}) are distinguished by their
symbols as indicated.} \label{fig4}
\end{figure}

Another set of comparisons of flow results, calculated with versions
UrQMD-I, UrQMD-II, UrQMD-VIII, and UrQMD-IX is shown in Fig.\
\ref{fig4}. Two beam energies 40 and 400~MeV/nucleon are selected.
The comparison of UrQMD-I, UrQMD-II, UrQMD-VIII shows the effects on
the flow parameters resulting from different momentum-modified NNECS
while the comparison of UrQMD-II and UrQMD-IX shows those of the
momentum-dependent terms in the potentials (with or without momentum
dependence). It is, first of all, noticed that both effects, the
momentum modification of the density-dependent NNECS in the
collision term and the momentum dependence of the potentials affect
both flow variables $v_1$ and $v_2$. Secondly, when studied in more
detail, these flow effects are found to behave differently at
different beam energies: (1) regarding the contribution of
medium-modified cross sections, we see that for the directed flow at
40~MeV/nucleon the difference is large between the UrQMD-I and
UrQMD-II results, while at 400~MeV/nucleon the largest difference
exists between the UrQMD-I and UrQMD-VIII results. It is obviously
caused by the difference of the momentum modifications of cross
sections (FP1, FP2, and no $P_{NN}$ limit) as they appear at
different energies; (2) for the elliptic flow at 40~MeV/nucleon, a
difference is seen between the UrQMD-VIII and UrQMD-IX results,
while this is no longer the case at 400~MeV. It implies that, at
40~MeV/nucleon,  the momentum-dependent term in the potentials is
more important than the momentum modification of the density
dependent NNECS. They become equally important at 400~MeV/nucleon.

A rough comparison of the calculations with INDRA and FOPI data for $Z=1$ particles
from the same system shows that the effect of the momentum-dependent terms
in the potentials is repulsive, i.e. not suitable for describing the measured
negative slope of the $v_1$ flow and the largely positive $v_2$ (in-plane flow)
at mid-rapidity and at the beam energy 40~MeV/nucleon. At
400~MeV/nucleon, the consideration of the momentum dependence in both, the
mean-field and collision terms, is important to describe the measured
largely positive slope of $v_1$ and largely negative $v_2$ (squeeze-out)
at mid-rapidity. Therefore, the uncertainties existing in the
momentum modification of NNECS will largely influence the
excitation functions of flows, even only at low SIS energies.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.8\textwidth]{fig5.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Yield distributions of free protons as
functions of the reduced longitudinal ($y_z/y_{\rm pro}$, squares)
and transverse ($y_x/y_{\rm pro}$, circles) rapidities from central
($b=0-2$~fm) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions at $E_{\rm
lab}=80$~MeV/nucleon. Calculations with UrQMD-0, UrQMD-I, UrQMD-II,
and UrQMD-VIII (see Table \ref{tab3}) are shown in the top-left,
bottom-left, top-right, and bottom-right panels, respectively. The
corresponding values obtained for the stopping observable $vartl$
for free protons are also indicated in each panel.} \label{fig5}
\end{figure}

The yield distributions of free protons as functions of the reduced
longitudinal ($y_z/y_{\rm pro}$) and transverse ($y_x/y_{\rm pro}$)
rapidities from central Au+Au collisions at $E_{\rm
lab}=80$~MeV/nucleon are shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig5}. Calculations
with the default Pauli-blocking treatment in UrQMD-0 (top-left) are
compared to those with the new Pauli-blocking treatment combined
with the same (UrQMD-II, top-right) or alternative momentum
modifications of NNECS (UrQMD-I, bottom-left and UrQMD-VIII,
bottom-right). The corresponding values of $vartl$, for the full
range of rapidities, are also given for each of the UrQMD versions.
We first notice that, in the UrQMD-0 mode, the relative maximum of
the proton yield is higher at mid-longitudinal-rapidity than at
mid-transverse-rapidity, which leads to $vartl>1$.  In contrast,
calculations with the new treatment of the Pauli-blocking, despite
of uncertainties in the cross sections, the values of $vartl$ are
always smaller than unity, in line with the experimental data.

Secondly, with decreasing cross sections (the reduction of NNECS due
to the momentum modifications increases successively going from
UrQMD-I to UrQMD-II and UrQMD-VIII), the calculated values of
$vartl$ become smaller and approach the experimental value $0.80\pm
0.03$ \cite{lukasik_unpublished} measured with INDRA at $E_{\rm
lab}=80$~MeV/nucleon (note, however, that one can not compare
directly with data since the experimentally selected clusters ($Z
\le 3$) and rapidity bins are different from the current
calculations performed for $Z=1$ particles). Together with the flow
results shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig4}, these comparisons clearly show
that the momentum modification of NNECS are important for describing
the collective flows and the nuclear stopping at the low SIS
energies at the same time. Thirdly, in the analyses related to
Figs.\ \ref{fig3}, \ref{fig4}, and \ref{fig5}, one finds that the
results for flows and for the nuclear stopping always follow in the
same order when different treatments of the mean-field and the
collisions terms are chosen. It, therefore, seems sufficient to
select one of the observables, the slope of the directed flow at
mid-rapidity, for the following more precise comparison with
experimental data.

\subsection{Comparison of the excitation function of the $v_1$ slope with INDRA data}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.8\textwidth]{fig6.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Values of the slope of directed flow at
mid-rapidity ($|y_z/y_{\rm pro}|<0.4$) for $Z=1$ particles from
semi-central ($b=2-5.5$~fm) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions at
$E_{lab}=40$~MeV/nucleon (negative values, left) and
$150$~MeV/nucleon (positive values, right). The INDRA results at
both beam energies are compared with UrQMD calculations performed
with the indicated versions (see Table \ref{tab3}), all represented
by the bars with different shadings. } \label{fig6}
\end{figure}

A modification of the density dependence might be considered as an
additional alternative to the momentum modification of NNECS in
order to achieve their stronger reduction in heavy-ion collisions at
lower energies and a weaker reduction at higher energies. In the
left half of Fig.\ \ref{fig6}, we show values of the slope of
directed flow at mid-rapidity ($|y_z/y_{\rm pro}|<0.4$) for $Z=1$
particles from semi-central ($b=2-5.5$~fm) Au+Au collisions at
$E_{\rm lab}=40$~MeV/nucleon. Calculations with UrQMD-VI, UrQMD-X,
UrQMD-XI, and UrQMD-XII are compared to the INDRA data. When the
collision term is turned off (UrQMD-VI), the absolute value of the
$v_1$ slope is larger than the data, indicating that collisions
start to become important for heavy-ion collisions at such low beam
energies. When the collision term is present and larger reductions
of NNECS are considered by choosing UrQMD-X, UrQMD-XI, and UrQMD-XII
(with increasingly larger density dependence but without momentum
modification), the obtained $v_1$ slopes clearly approach the
measured INDRA value.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.6\textwidth]{fig7.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Time evolution of the slope of directed flow
at mid-rapidity ($|y_z/y_{\rm pro}|<0.4$) for $Z=1$ particles from
semi-central ($b=2-5.5$~fm) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions at
$E_{\rm lab}=40$~MeV/nucleon (top) and 150~MeV/nucleon (bottom).
Calculations with UrQMD-X and UrQMD-XIII (see Table \ref{tab3}) are
represented by the squares and circles, respectively. The INDRA
results for both beam energies are indicated by the stars positioned
at the UrQMD stop time of 150 fm/c. The dashed horizontal lines
representing zero slopes are included for comparison.} \label{fig7}
\end{figure}

On the right side of Fig.\ \ref{fig6}, again values of the slope of
directed flow at mid-rapidity for $Z=1$ particles from semi-central
Au+Au collisions but for an incident energy
$E_{lab}=150$~MeV/nucleon are presented. Calculations with UrQMD-I,
UrQMD-II, UrQMD-VII, and UrQMD-X are compared to the INDRA data.
Obviously, with the increasingly weaker momentum modification of
NNECS (as realized with UrQMD-I, UrQMD-II, and UrQMD-VII in that
sequence), the large reduction induced by the density dependence of
the NNECS is less compensated, leading to a weaker repulsion and,
hence, to the decreasing value of the $v_1$ slope shown in the
figure. Alternatively, if we switch off both the momentum-dependent
term in the potentials and the momentum modification of NNECS in the
collision term, realized with the UrQMD-X calculation, the value of
the $v_1$ slope is pushed down further and approaches the INDRA
data. As a result of these tests, one may reach a deeper
understanding of the difficulties in theoretically describing
experimental data and of the importance of treating
self-consistently the dynamic process of heavy-ion collisions.
Furthermore, it is evident from Fig.\ \ref{fig6} that even the
version UrQMD-X is still not good enough to permit the description
of the directed flow over the whole range of INDRA energies. Further
refinements and tests will be needed.

The time evolution of the slope of directed flow at mid-rapidity for
$Z=1$ particles from semi-central Au+Au collisions at $E_{lab}=40$
(top) and 150~MeV/nucleon (bottom) are shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig7}.
The versions chosen for the comparison are UrQMD-X, closest to the
INDRA data at 150~MeV/nucleon (Fig.~\ref{fig6}), and UrQMD-XIII. The
latter differs from UrQMD-XII, closest to the data at
40~MeV/nucleon, in that the SM-EoS and the FP1 momentum modification
of NNECS (the standard in previous investigations~\cite{Li:2006ez})
are adopted and from UrQMD-X by the stronger density dependence FU3
for NNECS (same as in UrQMD-XII). At about $t<30$~fm$/c$, the
pre-equilibrated protons are emitted with a small positive flow due
to the initial geometry. With increasing time, up to about
60~fm$/c$, the value of the $v_1$ slope increases or decreases,
depending on the balance between strong attractive and repulsive
effects on particles during the rescattering process. At
40~MeV/nucleon, the net contribution is attractive, whereas at
150~MeV/nucleon it is repulsive, leading to the corresponding
negative and positive flows. After 60~fm$/c$, the final-state
interactions (FSI) still affect the collisions at the low beam
energy 40~MeV/nucleon, and the contributions of two-body scatterings
start to become stronger than those of the mean field potentials. It
is found that, although the FSI affects the final flow results, the
UrQMD-X can not describe well the data at 40~MeV/nucleon. The
UrQMD-XIII calculations can describe reasonably well both results at
40 and 150~MeV/nucleon.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=0.8\textwidth]{fig8.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Excitation function of the slope of directed
flow at mid-rapidity ($|y_z/y_{\rm pro}|<0.4$) for $Z=1$ particles
from semi-central ($b=2-5.5$~fm) $^{197}$Au+$^{197}$Au collisions in
the range of INDRA energies from 40 to 150~MeV/nucleon. Calculations
with UrQMD-X (dashed) and UrQMD-XIII (full line) are compared with
the INDRA data (stars). The dotted horizontal line representing the
zero slope is included for comparison.} \label{fig8}
\end{figure}

Finally, in Fig.\ \ref{fig8}, the excitation function of
the slope of directed flow at mid-rapidity for $Z=1$ particles from semi-central
Au+Au collisions is shown for the range of INDRA energies from
40 to 150~MeV/nucleon. The data are from Ref.~\cite{Andronic:2006ra} and compared
to the results obtained with the same UrQMD-X and UrQMD-XIII whose time evolution has
just been discussed. It is seen clearly that the UrQMD-XIII calculations
describe the data well over the whole energy range including the location of
the transition energy which is closely reproduced. It has to be noticed, however,
that, in the energy range 90-150~MeV/nucleon covered also by FOPI experiments,
the FOPI result for the $v_1$~slope of $Z=1$ particles is higher by up to 0.05 than
the INDRA data~\cite{Andronic:2006ra}.
Thus, in order to pin down the exact form of the medium modifications
on both the mean-field potentials and the collision terms, it will also be necessary to
further reduce remaining uncertainties on the experimental side

\section{Conclusions and Outlook}

In summary, by using the microscopic transport model UrQMD, we have
performed a systematic investigation on the effects of the momentum
dependence of the mean field and the corrections from various
aspects in the collision term, especially the modification of the
density and momentum dependence of nucleon-nucleon elastic cross
sections (NNECS) on the observables, such as the directed and
elliptic flow and the stopping in HICs at low SIS energies. It is
clearly seen that the collective flows and the nuclear stopping are
sensitive to all these effects, meaning that they are important to
the non-equilibrium dynamic process in HICs at low SIS energies.

Further, in order to describe experimental observables
systematically, a consistent consideration of the uncertainties
associated with both, the mean-field and the two-body collisions, is
extremely important and should be paid more attention. The momentum
dependence of the mean field potentials and of the density-dependent
NNECS is found to be sensitive to the collectivity exhibited by the
collision dynamics of HICs. At INDRA energies (40-150~MeV/nucleon),
the dynamic transport with a soft equation-of-state with momentum
dependence (SM-EoS) and with momentum-dependent and density-modified
NNECS ($\sigma^*_{el}(\rho,p_{NN},\delta)$) describes the slope of
the directed flow of $Z=1$ particles at mid-rapidity rather well.

From Ref.\ \cite{Andronic:2006ra} we learned that the cluster
charge-Z dependence of the transition energy of flows has been
discovered. However, the verification by the theoretical side is
still absent since in many previous theoretical investigations the
vanishing flow was studied with a cluster charge-Z {\it independent}
global quantity
--- the so-called directed transverse momentum $<p_x^{dir}>$.
In addition, the isospin effect should be visible in (the time
evolution and the excitation function of) collective flows at low
SIS energies. The knowledge of the effect of isospin asymmetry on
both the mean field and the NNECS might be renewed under the new
version of the UrQMD. These studies are currently underway and will
be addressed in a forthcoming paper.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
We acknowledge support by the computing server C3S2 in Huzhou Teachers
College. The work is supported in part by the key project of the
Ministry of Education of China (No. 209053), the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10905021,10979023, 10979024), the
Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
Y6090210), and the Qian-Jiang Talents Project of Zhejiang Province
(No. 2010R10102).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Tag Archives: Jermichael Finely
2013 Preseason Week 2: Green Bay @ St Louis
We've been hearing all camp about TE Jermichael Finely and it's tough for me to buy the hype given Finely's last 2 and a half seasons of dropped passes and terrible attitude. But, with the injuries to WR Jordy Nelson and WR Randal Cobb (both injuries that could linger into the season) there's no doubt Finley should get increased opportunities. He looked great in this one catching 4 passes for 78 yards and I'm beginning to think he's a real value sleeper if his ADP continues to trend in about the 8th or 9th round.
RB Ed Lacy made his debut in this one – he ran hard, and he even caught a pass complete with a nice spin move. The debate on how high to draft whomever wins the Green Bay starting RB job is a hot one (their scheme doesn't ooze rushing success), but the path towards early down work is becoming clearer. Lacy threw a nice opening punch in this fight, and he seems to have the lead on securing touches in this offense.
RB James Starks had a fumble which may ultimately be his knockout blow. With 5 players competing for RB slots on the team, any mistake is crucial – and I would not expect to see much of him in the crucial Preseason Week 3 game.
WR Chris Givens continues to look strong for the Rams in a WR competition for touches that is anybody's guess for 2013. He pulled in a 57 yarder in this one – which was a great sign for him and QB Sam Bradford that the Rams might finally be airing it out this year after multiple seasons of captain checkdown time.
Of course the guy the Rams drafted to be a deep threat (among other things) WR Tavon Austin seems to be easing his way into the NFL, and after not getting into their 1st preseason game, he followed that up with a 4 catch for 28 yard performance in this one. As a critic of Tavon's game, even I wouldn't read too much into his camp so far – the young WR's are often eased in this way – but this certainly doesn't stop me from worrying about his ceiling.
I'll say it, the Rams backfield is a mess – and potentially the weakest in football. When RB Darryl Richardson is your lead back – mostly because of his speed, there are issues. Richardson is an ok "try hard" player, and while others (like Ron of this site) are higher on him, this guy would be relegated to a back-up role on at least 30 other teams in the NFL.
Fortunately, for Richardson his competition for touches in 2013 doesn't seem to have any major roadblocks. RB Isiah Pead looks slow and tentative he had a whopping 1.7 yards per carry in this one, and he begins 2013 suspended for 2 games for PED use.
RB Zac Stacey who was a big name after April's draft, has had a mixed camp – and an average preason game 1 debut. But he's also banged up at the moment and did not make an appearance this week. I'm not saying he's out of the competition for the Rams lead job, but I think I am saying that the Rams will use a heavy rotation of guys – mostly because all of the guys they have for that job are flawed.
Posted in Articles, Green Bay Packers, Preseason, St. Louis Rams
Tagged Chris Givens, Darryl Richardson, Ed Lacy, Jermichael Finely, Packers, Rams, sleeper, Tavon Austin
Preseason Week 1: Arizona at Green Bay
QB Carson Palmer's strange odyssey through the NFL opened a new chapter with an efficient and effective debut for the Cardinals. I would champion Palmer as a sneaky top 12 fantasy QB this year, but for his health and playing behind a traditionally awful Arizona O- Line. Toss in new coach Bruce Arians who loves to throw deep and gets his QB hit a ton (last year in Indy his scheme was at least partly responsible for rookie QB Andrew Luck taking the most hits in the league) and I just can't get too excited about Palmer. He has the weapons, and the arm strength, and the experience – but he doesn't have the Oline, a safe scheme, or a young body – and playing San Fran, Seattle, and St Louis for over 1/3 of his schedule is bound to get him hurt…if not killed.
The Cardinals started RB Alfonso Smith in this one while RB Rashard Mendenhall and RB Ryan Williams sat with injuries. There was nothing to like about Smith's performance and nothing to like about the lack of the 2 guys ahead of him who sat out. Mendenhall should be back for the next preseason game, but Ryan Williams looks like he may be headed down a similar career path as former Cards RB Beanie Wells – who is a FA with no interest from teams this season due to his chronic injuries.
Rookie RB Stephan Taylor got a massive 20 carry workload (64 yards total) in this one. Over such a sample size of course he had ups and downs – and my evaluation of him is that way as well – he seems to have good vision, makes solid cuts and above average choices – but he seems to lack some fluidity and speed. Often times he got where he was going, but it looked like it was painful to develop – against NFL starters I'm not sure he would have even the limited success he did here.
WR James Jones and TE Jermichael Finely have been two players I've always been down on because of inconsistent play. And I'm not talking about inconsistent fantasy production- that can be dependent on a lot of things – I'm talking about dropping the football. Jones caught a 50 yarder in this one, and was targeted on a bad throw in the endzone, on the 1st play when the Packers were inside the 10. So with WR Jordy Nelson out with injury, and Randal Cobb expected to be battling his biceps injury most of the season, Jones will see his stock continue to trend up. If he can hang on to the ball he could be as a high as a WR 2 on your fantasy team in 2013. You'll want to draft him like he's a WR3 however and hope for that upside.
Finley has been said to be having an excellent camp, and Rodgers looked for him early in the 1st drive on a nice 7 yard quick timing route. But, just when I start believing even a little in him Finley drops a TD pass from Rodgers on the Packers 2nd play inside the 5 yard line. I don't think Finely ever gets it together and becomes a fantasy dominant TE, ever since he burst on to the scene he's regressed season after season – I'm starting to think players like Jared Cook have a chance to pass him this season. It's just tough to like a guy with stone hands.
If you feel uneasy about the Broncos potential RB mess – welcome to Green Bay 2013. They started this one with RB James Starks who is said to be on the roster bubble this year. Starks ran hard (12 carries for 38 yards), but he did get stuffed at the goaline, and running hard in Green Bay has these past few years meant modest production at best.
RB Jonathan Frankin was next up, the "other" rookie RB that Green Bay drafted. Franklin looked like an all around RB – threw a nice block in pass protection on LB Darryl Washington, caught 2 passes for 12 yards, and ran ok without much results (6 carries for 14 yards) he had all of his carries behind the 2nd unit OL.
RB Alex Green the "other" veteran said to be on the roster bubble was next. I like Green – but I admit he's probably going to be a roster causality. It wasn't a good sign for him when in his 1st series they gave him the ball once on a shotgun draw which had no blocking, and then he didn't get another carry for over a quarter (Franklin rotated back in during this time). He mostly encountered no blocking with the 3rd and 4th stringers – and it will be tough for him to move up the depth chart.
RB Ed Lacy and RB Dujan Harris who might both be the real starting candidates for this team did not play. When they get added to the mix you'll be looking at a true 5 man competition – for a job where the RB might be better than the OL.
Posted in Arizona Cardinals, Articles, Green Bay Packers, Preseason
Tagged Arizona Cardinals, Carson Palmer, Green Bay Packers, James Jones, Jermichael Finely, Stephan Taylor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There is a growing need to implement anticipatory climate change adaptation measures, particularly in vulnerable sectors, such as in agriculture. However, setting goals to adapt is wrought with several challenges. This paper discusses two sets of challenges to goals of anticipatory adaptation, of (1) empirical and (2) normative character. The first set of challenges concern issues such as the extent to which the climate will change, the local impacts of such changes, and available adaptive responses. In the second set of uncertainties are issues such as the distribution of burdens to enhance adaptive capacities in vulnerable agents with a legitimate claim to such resources, and what anticipatory adaptation ideally should result in. While previous discussions have been limited to either discuss the first or second set of uncertainties, this paper suggests that both dimensions should be considered when setting goals in social planning with long time frames. A taxonomy will be suggested that combines both dimensions. Furthermore, strategies for managing situations in which there are either empirical, or normative, uncertainties will be proposed which could be used in social decision-making with long planning time-frames in which goals must be set.
In this thesis, the framework within which long-term goals are set and subsequently achieved or approached is analyzed. Sustainable development and climate change are areas in which goals have tobe set despite uncertainties. The analysis is divided into the normative motivations for setting such goals, what forms of goals could be set given the empirical and normative uncertainties, and how tomanage doubts regarding achievability or values after a goal has been set.
Paper I discusses a set of questions that moral theories intended to guide goal-setting should respond to. It is often claimed that existent normative theories provide only modest guidance regarding climate change, and consequently have to be revised or supplemented. Two such suggested revisions or supplements are analyzed in order to determine whether they provide such guidance.
Paper II applies the deep ecological framework to survey the extent to which it can be utilized to discuss issues concerning the management of climate change. It is suggested that the deep ecological framework can provide guidance by establishing a normative framework and an analysis of how the overarching values and principles can be specified to be relevant for actions.
Paper III is focused on normative political theory, and explicates the two dimensions of empirical and normative uncertainty. By applying recent discussions in normative political theory on ideal/non-ideal theory, political realism, and the relation between normative demands and empirical constraints,strategies for managing the proposed goals are suggested.
Paper IV suggests a form of goal that incorporates uncertainties. Cautious utopias allow greater uncertainty than realistic goals (goals that are known to be achievable or approachable, and desirable),but not to the same extent as utopian goals (goals wherein it is highly uncertain whether the goal can actually be achieved). Such goals have a performance-enhancing function. A definition and quality criteria for such goals are proposed.
Paper V considers whether a goal that is becoming all the more unlikely to be achievable should be reconsidered. The paper focuses on the two degrees Celsius target, and asks whether it could still be a sensible goal to aspire to. By applying the principle that 'ought' implies 'can', the role of such obligations is investigated.
Paper VI surveys how to treat circumstances in which an already set goal should be reconsidered and possibly revised, and what would evoke doubt in the belief upon which those goals have been set.Two situations are analyzed: (i) a problematic or surprising event occurs, upsetting confidence in one's relevant beliefs, or (ii) respectable but dissenting views are voiced concerning one's means and/or values. It is suggested that the validity of doubt has to be considered, in addition to the level in a goal-means hierarchy towards which doubt is raised.
Sustainable ecosystem management often requires setting goals despite uncertainty regarding the achievability and desirability of the intended state of affairs. Coming to doubt the achievability or desirability of a previously set goal might sometimes, but not always, require reconsidering that goal. There is, however, a need to strike a balance between responsiveness to new information and knowing when to retain goals despite doubts. By critically engaging with adaptive ecosystem management (AEM), as advocated by environmental pragmatist Bryan G. Norton, criteria for warranted reconsideration of long-term goals are investigated.
Despite the awareness that climate change is an increasingly urgent issue to manage, little is being done to adequately achieve mitigation targets and ambitions. It has been suggested that this is due to ill-equipped normative frameworks and that common concepts, such as responsibility, harm, and justice, collapse when applied to climate change. One perspective has however been missing from this debate – the deep ecological perspective. The paper will investigate the deep ecological view and will argue that it can provide a valuable contribution to normative issues pertaining to climate change.
Social decision-making involving risks ideally results in obligations to avoid expected harms or keep them within acceptable limits. Ambitious goals aimed at avoiding or greatly reducing risks might not to be feasible, forcing the acceptance of higher degrees of risk (i.e., unrealistic levels of risk reduction are revised to comport with beliefs regarding abilities). In this paper, the philosophical principle 'ought implies can' is applied to the management of complex risks, exemplified by the risks associated with climate change. In its common interpretation, the principle states that we cannot expect an agent to perform something that lies beyond his or her abilities. However, it is here argued that this principle requires setting thresholds for legitimate claims of inabilities that justify the waiving of normative demands. This paper discuss three claims: (1) that caution is required before revising a risk-reducing goal that is perhaps exceedingly ambitious; (2) that claims on abilities are not only descriptive, but also value-laden; and (3) that the function of a goal has to be clarified before risk-reducing goals are revised. Risk-reducing goals that initially seem unrealistic arguably serve performance-enhancing purposes in risk management. Neglecting such goals could lead to choosing less desirable, but certainly feasible, risk-reducing goals.
The general aim of this licentiate thesis is to analyze the framework in which long-term goals are set and subsequently achieved. It is often claimed that goals should be realistic, meaning that they should be adjusted to known abilities. This thesis will argue that this might be very difficult in areas related to sustainable development and climate change adaptation, and that goals that are, to an acceptable degree, unrealistic, can have important functions.
Essay I discusses long-term goal setting. When there is a great temporal discrepancy between the point in time of setting and achieving a goal, many uncertainties have to be considered. The surrounding world and the agent's abilities and values might change. This is an ontological uncertainty. We often form beliefs regarding how abilities and values might change, but this belief is always uncertain. This is an epistemological uncertainty. A form of goal called cautiously utopian goals is proposed, which incorporate such uncertainties, but enables goal setting with long time-frames.
Essay II discusses the issue of goals intended to reduce great risks. We cannot expect an agent to do something that lies beyond this agent's abilities, as exemplified in the principle 'ought implies can'. Adjusting goals to what we currently, with a high degree of certainty know could be done is difficult. If not including an estimation of how abilities can change, important performance-enhancing functions of goals might be lost. It is argued that very ambitious goals should be set. This is partly due to the great magnitude and likelihood of unwanted consequences and partly due to the difficulty of delineating what lies in agents' capacity to manage complex risks.
Essay III discusses a decision-facilitating tool Sustainability Analysis to be used by Swedish municipal planners. One sub-part of the tool, Goal Conflict Analysis, can be used to identify how the consequences of a planned adaptation measure will affect other long-term municipal goals. Identified goal conflicts can then be used in order to determine whether the conflicts are acceptable, or whether a different adaptation measure should be worked out. The paper discusses a workshop in a Swedish municipality in which the tool has been tested.
Sustainable development is a common goal in the public sector but may be difficult to implement due to epistemic uncertainties and required long time frames. This paper proposes that some of these problems can be solved by formulating cautious utopias, entailing a relationship between means and goals differing from both utopian and realistic goal-setting. Cautiously utopian goals are believed, but not certain, to be achievable and to remain desirable, but are open to future adjustments due to changing desires and/or factual circumstances. Quality criteria for such goals are suggested.
Adaptation to climate change often involves long-time frames and uncertainties over the consequences of chosen adaptation measures. In this study, two tools designed for assisting local decision-makers in adaptation planning were tested: socio-economic scenarios and sustainability analysis. The objective was to study whether these tools could be of practical relevance to Swedish municipalities and facilitate local-level climate change adaptation. We found that the municipal planners who participated in the testing generally considered the tools useful and of high relevance, but that more time was needed to use the tools than was provided during the test process.
I investigate whether tobacco health warnings' interference with autonomy is ethically justifiable in order to deter people from smoking. I dissociate first the informational role and the persuasive role of tobacco health warnings and show that both roles enable typical addicted smokers to better rule themselves, fostering their autonomy. The fact that some messages address people's non-deliberative faculties is therefore compensated by a larger positive influence on their autonomy. However, misleading messages are not ethically justified and should be avoided. Tobacco health warnings' effect on autonomy highlights an important difference between libertarian paternalism and classical paternalism.
We investigate how probabilities can be assigned to dispositions in ontologies, building on Popper's propensity approach. We show that if D is a disposition universal associated with a trigger T and a realization R, and d is an instance of D, then one can assign a probability to the triplets (d,T,R) and (D,T,R). These probabilities measure the causal power of dispositions, which can be defined as limits of relative frequencies of possible instances of T triggering an instance of R over a hypothetical infinite random sequence of possible instances of T satisfying certain conditions. Adopting a fallibilist methodology, these probability values can be estimated by relative frequencies in actual finite sequences.
This paper starts with the assumption that it ismorally problematic when people in need are offered money in exchange forresearch participation if the amount offered is unfair. Such offers are called"coercive", and the degree of coerciveness is said to be determined by theoffer's potential to cause exploitation and its irresistibility. Depending onwhat view we take on the possibility to compensate for the sacrifices made byresearch participants, a wish to avoid "coercive offers" leads to policyrecommendations concerning payment for participation. For sacrifices consideredcompensable we ought to offer either no payment or payment at a level deemedfair, while for sacrifices deemed incompensable we always ought to offer nopayment.
It is commonly thought that transactions that are the result of voluntary gift-giving do not constitute exploitation. This paper argues that exploitation is indeed possible in such situations, by showing how gift-giving can fulfil the two commonly proposed criteria for exploitation, namely that in an interaction between two persons one receives disproportionally little and the other disproportionally much of the resulting benefits, and that this disproportion is caused by the latter making inappropriate use of a disadvantage of the former. A theoretical approach to what such inappropriate use would amount to in cases of gift-giving is lacking. The paper therefore aims at spelling out such an approach. The method of reflective equilibrium inspires this endeavour, which proceeds by testing intuitions about examples that embody a set of possible conditions. It is concluded that three of the conditions are necessary for exploitation of gift-giving, namely (1) the giver incurs a loss, (2) the recipient has aimed for the gift, and (3) the gift is undeserved.
Essay 1: Traffic research shares a fundamental dilemma with other areas of empirical research in which humans are potentially put at risk. Research is justified because it can improve safety in the long run. Nevertheless, people can be harmed in the research situation. Hence, we need to balance short-term risks against long-term safety improvements, much as in other areas of research with human subjects. In this paper we focus on ethical issues that arise when human beings are directly affected in the performance of research by examining how the ethical requirements in biomedical research can inform traffic research. After introducing the basic ethical requirements on biomedical research, each of the major requirements is discussed in relation to traffic research. We identify the main areas where biomedical research and traffic research differ, and where the ethical requirements from the former cannot easily be transferred to the latter. We then point to some of the issues that need to be addressed for a systematic approach to the ethics of traffic research.
Essay 2: The requirement of always obtaining participants' informed consent in research with human subjects cannot always be met, for a variety of reasons. In this paper, research situations where informed consent is unobtainable are described and categorised. Some of these kinds of situations, common in biomedicine and psychology, have been previously much discussed, whereas others, more prevalent in for example infrastructure research, introduce new perspectives. The advancement of new technology may lead to an increase in research of these kinds. The paper also provides a review of methods intended to compensate for a lack of consent and their applicability and usefulness for the different categories of situations are discussed, thereby providing insights into one important aspect of relevance for the question of permitting research without informed consent: how well that which informed consent is meant to safeguard can be achieved by other means.
Essay 3: This paper starts with the assumption that it is morally problematic when people in need are offered money in exchange for research participation if the amount offered is unfair. Such offers are called "coercive", and the degree of coerciveness is said to be determined by the offer's potential to cause exploitation and its irresistibility. Depending on what view we take on the possibility to compensate for the sacrifices made by research participants, a wish to avoid "coercive offers" leads to policy recommendations concerning payment for participation. For sacrifices considered compensable we ought to offer either no payment or payment at a level deemed fair, while for sacrifices deemed incompensable we always ought to offer no payment.
Essay 4: It is commonly thought that transactions that are the result of voluntary gift-giving do not constitute exploitation. This paper argues that exploitation is indeed possible in such situations, by showing how gift-giving can fulfil the two commonly proposed criteria for exploitation, namely that in an interaction between two persons one receives disproportionally little and the other disproportionally much of the resulting benefits, and that this disproportion is caused by the latter making inappropriate use of a disadvantage of the former. A theoretical approach to what such inappropriate use would amount to in cases of gift-giving is lacking. The paper therefore aims at spelling out such an approach. The method of reflective equilibrium inspires this endeavour, which proceeds by testing intuitions about examples that embody a set of possible conditions. It is concluded that three of the conditions are necessary for exploitation of gift-giving, namely (1) the giver incurs a loss, (2) the recipient has aimed for the gift, and (3) the gift is undeserved.
The requirement of always obtaining participants' informed consent in research with human subjects cannot always be met, for a variety of reasons. This paper describes and categorises research situations where informed consent is unobtainable. Some of these kinds of situations, common in biomedicine and psychology, have been previously discussed, whereas others, for example, those more prevalent in infrastructure research, introduce new perspectives. The advancement of new technology may lead to an increase in research of these kinds. The paper also provides a review of methods intended to compensate for lack of consent, and their applicability and usefulness for the different categories of situations are discussed. The aim of this is to provide insights into one important aspect of the question of permitting research without informed consent, namely, how well that which informed consent is meant to safeguard can be achieved by other means.
Safety goals are defined in different ways in different countries and also used differently. Many countries are presently developing them in connection to the transfer to risk-informed regulation of both operating nuclear power plants (NPP) and new designs. However, it is far from self-evident how probabilistic safety criteria should be defined and used. On one hand, experience indicates that safety goals are valuable tools for the interpretation of results from a probabilistic safety assessment (PSA), and they tend to enhance the realism of a risk assessment. On the other hand, strict use of probabilistic criteria is usually avoided. A major problem is the large number of different uncertainties in a PSA model, which makes it difficult to demonstrate the compliance with a probabilistic criterion. Further, it has been seen that PSA results can change a lot over time due to scope extensions, revised operating experience data, method development, changes in system requirements, or increases of level of detail, mostly leading to an increase of the frequency of the calculated risk. This can cause a problem of consistency in the judgments.
This report presents the results from the second, third and fourth phases of the project (2007–2009), which have dealt with providing guidance related to the resolution of some specific problems, such as the problem of consistency in judgement, comparability of safety goals used in different industries, the relationship between criteria on different levels, and relations between criteria for level 2 and 3 PSA. In parallel, additional context information has been provided. This was achieved by extending the international overview by contributing to and benefiting from a survey on PSA safety criteria which was initiated in 2006 within the OECD/NEA Working Group Risk.
The results from the project can be used as a platform for discussions at the utilities on how to define and use quantitative safety goals. The results can also be used by safety authorities as a reference for risk-informed regulation. The outcome can have an impact on the requirements on PSA, e.g., regarding quality, scope, level of detail, and documen¬tation. Finally, the results can be expected to support on-going activities concerning risk-informed applications.
The project provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art description and has contributed to clarifying the history of safety goals both nationally and internationally, the concepts involved in defining and applying probabilistic safety criteria, and the international status and trends in general. It has identified critical issues and the main problem areas. Finally, the project provides useful recommendations and guidance on the definition and application of criteria.
Furthermore, the project makes it possible to define criteria stringently, improving the possibilities of argumentation on safety. Generally, this supports efficient use of criteria, yielding more useful PSA results. In this connection, the introduction of ALARP type criteria is judged to provide a very useful way of balancing stringency with the necessary flexibility. There is a possibility of making more active use of lower level criteria. This makes the connection to defence in depth more evident, and opens the perspective of increased control of defence in depth by use of probabilistic methods, including the use as design tools. There is an opportunity for comparison of risk of different NPPs, as well as of comparison of NPP risk with other risks in society. This is judged to provide an opportunity for improved communication on risks with non-PSA experts and with the public in general. However, a necessary condition for meaningful comparisons is to agree on the scope of PSA and methods applied.
Obviously, there will also be challenges in the future definition and application of probabilistic safety criteria. These include very general aspects, such as the interpretation of the probability, quality aspects of PSA, and the definition of meaningful and consistent risk criteria for different usages. The need and usefulness of subsidiary criteria has been stressed in the project, but there is obviously also a challenge in defining a relevant set of criteria on different levels. Defining criteria for L(E)RF is complex, especially if release criteria are defined as subsidiary for societal and individual risk. Finally, it will be a challenge to develop coherent application procedures relative to the criteria defined.
The complex biology and toxicology of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) makes toxicity testing as well as evaluation of data for risk assessment difficult. Standardized test guidelines have previously been questioned as to their applicability for evaluating EDC toxicity. However, several guidelines have been updated and enhanced in an effort to better cover EDCs. Also, EDC toxicity is a very active research field and a lot of toxicological data are generated in research studies NOT conducted according to standardized guidelines. Our previous work indicates that differences in how the reliability and relevance of toxicity studies are judged may vary greatly between risk assessments of the same compound and may result in different conclusions about the size and nature of health risks. Further, the process of data evaluation is in many cases in-transparent. The purpose of this on-going study is to contribute to making health risk assessments of EDCs more transparent, systematic, and predictable. The investigation is conducted as a literature study using the EDC bisphenol A (BPA) for a case study. We scrutinize and compare the strengths and weaknesses of both guideline and non-guideline studies evaluating developmental neurotoxicity of BPA. One goal is to further assess the applicability of standardized guidelines in this case. Another aim is to propose improvements in the process of data reporting of non-guideline studies and recommend criteria for the evaluation of data in order to facilitate risk assessment of EDCs.
In this chapter, four European regulatory frameworks are compared concerning how they cope with identifying and risk assessing endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This comparison is performed by using four example chemicals, bisphenol A, dioxins, ethinyl estradiol and vinclozolin, representing four different regulatory categories. It is concluded that within these regulations, there are no general test requirements that specifically enable identification of endocrine disruptors, and there seem to be little conformity in the risk assessment processes even though the route of exposure and the mode of toxicity are similar. Further development of risk assessment guidance for endocrine disruptors requires continued cooperation between experimental scientists, risk assessors, regulators and industry.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor for which health risk assessment has proven controversial. Conclusions regarding health risks of BPA vary between assessments from "there is no risk to any part of the population" to "there is risk to the entire population". We have carried out a literature study investigating what might be the scientific and/or policy-related reasons for these differences. Ten risk assessments for BPA were scrutinized and several factors were compared between assessments, including estimations of exposure levels, identification of critical study and NOAEL, assessment factors and significance attributed to reports of low-dose effects. Differences in conclusions were mainly influenced by the evaluation of low-dose effects and the uncertainties surrounding the significance of these data for health risk assessment. The results illustrate the impact of differences in risk assessment policy and expert judgment on the risk assessment process and highlight the importance of transparency in this process.
Maastricht Univ, Maastricht, Netherlands .
Drawing on a social construction theory of ownership in biological material this paper discusses which differences in biological material might motivate differences in treatment and ownership rights. The analysis covers both the perspective of the person from whom the material originates and that of the potential recipient. Seven components of bundles of rights, drawing on the analytical tradition of Tony Honore, and their relationship to various types of biological material are investigated. To exemplify these categories the cases of a heart, a kidney, stem cells and hair are used.
The overall aim of this thesis is to show how some ideas in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics can be interpreted and used as a productive way to approach a number of pressing issues in bioethics. Articles I-II introduce, and endorse, a social constructivist perspective on rights (as opposed to the more traditional natural rights idea). It is investigated if the existence of property-like rights to biological material would include the moral right to commodification and even commercialisation. Articles III-V discuss similar questions and more specifically champion the application of an Aristotelian virtue ethics perspective. The articles are preceded by an introductory essay on some of the central themes in the Nicomachean Ethics. This section also includes a very brief account of what the connection between virtue ethics and a theory of social construction, including rights, could look like. The thesis seeks to show that if read somewhat creatively many of the ideas in the Nicomachean Ethics make for a highly useful approach to modern moral problems. It should be noted, however, that this thesis in no way claims to be an exegetic, or a complete, study of the Nicomachean Ethics.
Article I deals with ownership of biological material from a philosophical, as opposed to a legal, perspective. It is argued that a strand in liberal political theory that treats property relations as socially constructed bundles of rights, as developed by e.g. Felix Cohen and Tony Honoré, is well suited for discussions on ownership of biological material.
Article II investigates which differences in biological material might motivate differences in treatment and ownership rights. The article draws on the social constructivist theory of ownership which was developed in Article I.
Article III employs virtue ethics to explain why it is morally permissible to donate but not to sell organs such as kidneys. It is suggested that the former action will bring the agent closer to a state of human flourishing.
Article IV argues that virtues like philia, justice, beneficence and generosity — traditionally all seen as other-regarding — contain strong self-regarding aspects. The central claim is that these self-regarding aspects of the other-regarding virtues are necessary components of complete virtue and thus that the fully virtuous agent has to act virtuously both in her dealings with herself and others.
Article V applies the ideas that were developed in Article IV to the case of living organ donations to next of kin. It is proposed that such an act, although noble and fine, is supererogatory, rather than obligatory, as the donor is morally entitled to be partial to herself. This argument is made against the backdrop of a discussion on some Aristotelian ideas on philia and partiality.


text:
test("run() boolean for match found", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
    });
    router.add('itemsnomatch', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    ok(router.run('items') === true);
});

test("run() boolean for no match found", function () {
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {});
    ok(router.run('users') === false);
});

test("Single-part fixed path", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.add('itemsnomatch', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items');
});

test("Multi-part fixed path", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/top', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.add('itemsnomatch', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('item', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items');
});

test("Ignore leading slash in URL", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.add('itemsnomatch', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('/items');
});

test("Ignore leading slash in rules", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('/items', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.add('/itemsnomatch', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items');
});

test("Ignore trailing slash in URL", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(this.itemID == undefined);
    });
    router.run('items/');
});

test("Root path ('/' URL, empty rule)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/top', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('items/', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.run('/');
});

test("Root path (empty URL, empty rule)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/top', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('items/', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.run('/');
});

test("Root path (empty URL, '/' rule)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/top', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('items/', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('/', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.run('');
});

test("Root path (empty URL with query string, empty rule)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/top', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('items/', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('/', function () {
        ok(this.q == 'foo');
    });
    router.run('?q=foo');
});

test("Root path ('/' URL with query string, empty rule)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/top', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('items/', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.add('/', function () {
        ok(this.q == 'foo');
    });
    router.run('/?q=foo');
});

test("Named parameter", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/:itemID', function () {
        ok(this.itemID == 2);
    });
    router.run('items/2');
});

test("Named parameters are optional", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/:itemID', function () {
        ok(this.itemID == undefined);
    });
    router.run('items');
});

test("First match wins (named parameter)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/:itemID', function () {
        ok(this.itemID == undefined);
    });
    router.add('items', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items');
});

test("First match wins (named parameter before exact match)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/:itemID', function () {
        ok(this.itemID == 1);
    });
    router.add('items/1', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items/1');
});

test("First match wins (duplicate rule)", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(this.itemID == undefined);
    });
    router.add('items', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items');
});

test("Query string parameters", function () {
    expect(2);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(this.id == 1);
        ok(this.q == 'foo');
    });
    router.run('items?id=1&q=foo');
});

test("Query string parameters don't override named parameters", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/:id', function () {
        ok(this.id == 1);
    });
    router.run('items/1?id=2');
});

test("Query string parameters don't override missing named parameters", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items/:id', function () {
        ok(this.id === undefined);
    });
    router.run('items?id=2');
});

test("Ignore fragment identifier", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(true);
    });
    router.add('item', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items#item2');
});

test("Ignore fragment identifier after query string", function () {
    expect(1);
    var router = new PathParser;
    router.add('items', function () {
        ok(this.q == 'foo');
    });
    router.add('item', function () {
        throw "Incorrect match";
    });
    router.run('items?q=foo#item2');
});

test("Automatic parameter assignment", function () {
    var params = {};
    var router = new PathParser(params);
    router.add('items/:itemID/:subset');
    router.run('items/1?q=foo');
    ok(params.itemID == 1);
    ok(params.subset == undefined);
    ok(params.q == 'foo');
});

test("Parameters set in handlers always win", function () {
    var params = {};
    var router = new PathParser(params);
    router.add('items/:itemID', function () {
        params.controller = 'items';
    });
    router.run('items/1?controller=groups');
    ok(params.controller == 'items');
    ok(params.itemID == 1);
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
admin / September 14, 2018 / No Comment
Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu calls on COAS Gen Bajwa
RAWALPINDI: Foreign Minister of Turkey, Mevlut Cavusoglu called on Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Qamar Javed Bajwa at the General Headquarters (GHQ) on Friday, said a statement issued here by Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR).
Focus of the discussion remained on Pakistan and Turkey relations, regional security including evolving situation in the Middle East, management of defence and security cooperation between both the countries.
Turkish Foreign Minister acknowledged and appreciated Pakistan's contributions for conflict prevention in the region and also pledged to keep working for better relations between the two brotherly countries.
Turkish FM meets Shah Mehmood Qureshi
Pakistan and Turkey have agreed to further bolster their trade, economic, investment and defense relations.
The understanding came during talks between both the countries in Islamabad on Friday in which Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi represented Pakistani side while the Turkish side by its Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu.
Addressing a joint news conference with the Turkish counterpart, Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi said the meeting also provided an opportunity to discuss the progress on Free Trade Agreement.
In his remarks on the occasion, the Turkish FM termed the friendship of both the countries 'everlasting' while saying that Pakistan is his second home.
Describing talks with Shah Mahmood Qureshi as fruitful, he declared that they have agreed to further strengthen their relations. He said his country will encourage the Turkish companies to invest in different sectors in Pakistan. The Turkish Foreign Minister added that they also desire to further deepen our defense relations.
Before the conference, delegation level talks were also held between the two delegations at the foreign office during which the entire gamut of bilateral relations was discussed.
The Pakistani side was led by Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi while the Turkish side by his counterpart Mevlut Cavusoglu. The two delagations exchanged views on the ways and means to further promote economic and trade relations.
The two foreign ministers also held a one-on-one meeting.
Meeting with President, PM
The Turkish Foreign Ministry said in a statement that apart from meeting his Pakistani counterpart, he will also call on President Arif Alvi and Prime Minister Imran Khan.
During the meetings, the relations between Turkey and Pakistan will be discussed and views will be exchanged on regional and international developments.
Mevlut Cavusoglu will also extend the message of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to Pakistani leadership.
ECP fully empowered after Election Act 2017, Said Ali Zafar
NAB and courts are independent, Said CM Buzdar
Pakistani diplomat placed on wanted list by India
Leave Your Reply Cancel reply
https://youtu.be/Ph9WRLQyDL4
Most Winning Party
Winning Seats of Parties
Projected NA Results
Projected PP Results
Copyright 2017 Rtilive Pakistan.