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Former top Ohio utility regulator was involved with writing tainted nuclear bill, emails show
Posted by Sunny Savron 611pc on January 11, 2021 · Add your reaction
Perry Nuclear Power Plant Marks 30 Years of Safe and Reliable Operation by FirstEnergy Corp. is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0
COLUMBUS -- "While serving as Ohio's top utilities regulator, former Public Utilities Commission of Ohio Chairman Sam Randazzo worked to amend a controversial nuclear bailout bill to hurt renewable energy projects while helping a former client that had just lost a major court case, recently released emails show.
Records released by the Ohio House last month show Randazzo in emails to House staff suggested wording revisions to an early version of House Bill 6, which now is at the center of a federal corruption probe, along with other minor later changes to the bill language.
But they also show Randazzo helped develop new language for the bill to make it harder for wind energy projects to get exceptions to 'setback' rules requiring a certain amount of distance between windmills and adjoining properties. The language, drafted as an amendment that didn't make it into the final bill, would have benefitted Randazzo's former client, a group of Huron County property owners who were fighting state approval for a wind farm. Randazzo had filed the case with the Ohio Supreme Court, and had withdrawn from the case six months before when Gov. Mike DeWine hired him as Ohio's top utility regulator.
Renewable energy advocates, who long have criticized Randazzo, say his involvement with House Bill 6 was inappropriate, given his role approving energy projects and setting utility rates. They've also questioned his impartiality in light of FirstEnergy's disclosure that Akron power company paid $4 million to someone matching Randazzo's description shortly before DeWine hired him. Randazzo as PUCO chairman subsequently issued rulings that benefitted FirstEnergy, including one in November 2019 that rescinded a requirement that FirstEnergy undergo a comprehensive review of its electricity rates in 2024. The company was a driving force behind House Bill 6, which otherwise bailed out two Ohio nuclear plants owned by a former FirstEnergy subsidiary."
-- Andrew J. Tobias, cleveland.com
Sunny Savron published this page in News 2021-01-13 17:02:32 -0500


Earlier this week, AC Milan forward Patrick Cutrone revealed that Chelsea and Spain ace Alvaro Morata is his idol.
The 20-year-old hasn't made a bad start to life with the senior Milan side, scoring 18 goals in 46 appearances last season, while he's got six in 15 outings so far this year.
In turn, the Rossoneri appear to have a real talent on their hands, and given his young age and the new generation of players, Cutrone revealed recently that he sees Morata as his idol having perhaps watched him at Real Madrid and Juventus on his way up through the Milan ranks.
The Chelsea striker heard about it and as seen in the video below, he sent a message to Cutrone which was relayed onto the Milan youngster by DAZN.
It's a nice touch from Morata to send encouragement and support to him, while evidently it was met with real gratitude on Cutrone's part as he appreciated the kind words and will hope to continue to emerge as one of the top young talents in Europe moving forward.
Having Gonzalo Higuain to learn from in training and on the pitch can't be too bad either, but Morata's classy message and gesture will surely go a long way in building his confidence too.


Humphrey Bogart stars as private eye Sam Spade in this Oscar-nominated noir classic that finds the sultry Miss Wonderly (Mary Astor) seeking out protection from a man named Thursby. Spade's partner (Jerome Cowan) takes the case -- but he winds up dead, along with Thursby. Spade's subsequent hunt for the killer leads him into a world of deception and double-crossing, as a trio of criminals searches for a priceless statue known as the Maltese Falcon.
Implication that Spade was having an affair with Archer's wife.
Some suspense, scuffles, threats of violence.
Subtle prejudice against less-than macho Joel Cairo and Wilmer, who are (in the mildest 1940 terms) implied to be gay.


Horti Cet 2019 Currently, the Horticultural College and Research Institute has announced the application form application as a notification for admission to various horticultural courses of the College and the Research Institute as UG PG courses. All candidates or interested students who are seeking a career in the Ministry of Agriculture can complete the application form on the official website. Our team will provide the application form after the official introduction. All eligible students can apply before the last date. Here we provide all important details of the application form of the Academy and the Horticultural Research Institute 2019. Then, all interested candidates carefully read the full article. If a candidate would like to receive more information about the Application Form of the Academy and Research Institute 2019, click here.
All desirable candidates must follow the age rules in accordance with the Horticultural College and the Research Institute listed below.
The easing of age according to the government rules and regulations for the reserved categories.
All interested candidates interested in the Research Institute and the Horticultural College follow the specific rules outlined below.
Then go to the section of the application form and find the application form of the College Horticultural and Research Institute 2019.
Download the application form now and read all instructions carefully.
After reading the instructions, he completed the application form using the correct method.
Then print out the registration form and send it to the specified address with a registration fee.
The Horticultural College and the Research Institute have approved the admission card after processing the application form in 2019or 15 days before the exam date. The admission card is mandatory for the exam. If one of the candidates does not have the admission card, these candidates will not allow the examination of the Research Institute and the University of Horticulture 2019. In order for all applicants to download their admission card before the 3 days of the examination.


By popular demand, the Röcka collection has now been extended to include wall and edging applications. The Röcka wall/edge is a carved-stone with incredibly natural features. Its impressive versatility lends itself to applications such as a double-sided garden walls and edging for flowerbeds. It can also be used as a staircase carriage for Röcka steps by integrating the wall as part of a structural staircase system and to complete/close off the sides.
For more information on this edging, view this Product Guide.


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Is a sticky label the answer to the IoT's security problems?
02 May 2019 7 IoT, Security threats
Previous: Extortionists leak data of huge firms after IT provider refuses to pay
Next: DHS policies allow unlimited, warrantless device search
by John E Dunn
If the security of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is one of tech's big worries, how might this be turned around?
In the UK, the Government just published new details of its surprising and unfashionable answer – a sticky label.
Called 'Secure by Design' since first being mooted in 2018, this won't simply be a nice to have sticker. In time it could become a legal requirement to display it on anything sold with IoT features, such as internet TVs, home security cameras, IoT toys, and home appliances.
Right now, the legal bit remains an aspiration subject to further consultation, but legislation appears to be on the cards at some point, perhaps by next year.
Rather than get mired in complicated security concepts, Secure by Design cleverly zeros in on three fundamental problems that bedevil IoT devices and device security in general.
"IoT device passwords must be unique and not resettable to any universal factory setting."
The industry has been getting better at avoiding this pitfall in recent years (witness the way broadband routers now ship with unique admin and Wi-Fi passwords) but a lot of mass-market IoT gadgets still ignore this simple principle.
"Manufacturers of IoT products provide a public point of contact as part of a vulnerability disclosure policy."
A simple and radical suggestion – if you make something there should be a way for researchers to tell you that something's broken in it that needs fixing. There's plenty of anecdotal evidence that some mass-market manufacturers at least, are completely oblivious to this concept.
"Manufacturers explicitly state the minimum length of time for which the device will receive security updates through an end of life policy."
This is where things become uncomfortable for device makers. The first two above require a change of culture but wouldn't cost much to implement. This one, however, could be a sticking point.
Big brands such as Google, Apple and Microsoft already offer a clear indication on the life expectancy of their products, but they are the exception rather than the rule. For most product makers, the idea of a defined life expectancy with a legally binding update schedule to maintain is anathema, because it adds ongoing costs that play havoc with their investment model.
Notice that Secure by Design doesn't, as it stands, tell makers how long this should be, simply that they should be upfront about their intentions.
Good luck to anyone who can figure out a sure-fire way of putting that into practice. The danger is that device makers come up with clever ways to downplay its importance or hide the information in small print.
A waste of time then?
The idea of government imposing national security standards on equipment is still alien to an industry built on easy investment, time-to-market, and barely any regulation beyond that required for electrical safety.
And yet security standards that get their timing right have a habit of becoming de facto, a good example being the way stringent cybersecurity regulations in tiny Singapore have influenced compliance standards far beyond its borders.
Once a higher standard has been set, larger manufacturers with economies of scale often buckle down and treat it is a useful guide. The fact that the UK Government says it has taken input on Secure by Design from Amazon, Philips, Panasonic, Samsung, Miele, Yale and Legrand is encouraging.
Let's see whether Secure by Design's code of practice gets watered down or ends up being optional. But cynics shouldn't assume it will.
Some will argue that had governments laid out stringent security regulations in advance of IoT being invented, investors would have shied away from investing.
Then again, had that happened there would also be no IoT security problem to worry about. To borrow an old adage: if you think security is expensive try living in a world that doesn't have any.
7 comments on "Is a sticky label the answer to the IoT's security problems?"
Tony Gore says:
Public point of disclosure should not be underestimated. However, it must include an obligation to respond. Twice in the past I came across flaws with a bank's online systems and it took me a year to get them to do anything – I had to report them to the banking ombudsman to get them to talk to me. The three principles make sense, but there also has to be some form of oversight to ensure compliance. And how do we stop non-compliant devices bought by people online? It would be much better if this was an EU wide initiative, then it would have a lot more force behind it.
Requirements like this would be insane. Why not just provide a quick path to something like a certification of compliance allowing manufacturers to put some restricted usage badging on their products? Or, and I don't agree with my own next suggestion here but it's at least simpler and less damaging to commerce than arbitrary requirements which won't necessarily make sense to enshrine forever, require manufactures that do NOT adhere this law to conspicuously disclose in some not less than X% of each packaging face sized badge that saying 'does NOT meet xyz big government requirement'?
David Pottage says:
There needs to be some sort of stick on the minimum commitment to supply security updates, as otherwise vendors will either promise only 30 days, or will conveniently go bust after 6 months only to be replaced with another company at the same address with the same directors & employees.
To prevent stupidly short support time frames, I would allow ISPs to refuse service to end users running IoT devices that our out of support, and encourage them to do that with some legal liabity if case of botnets and the like. It should be easy to create an automatic reporting system with a magic IP address that all devices are required to connect to every week or so reporting their make, model, firmware version and the date when support expires. At the ISP end that IP address would be routed to an ISP owned server that records everything in a database, so in case of a botnet it is easy to get a list of users with vulnerable hardware.
To prevent manufacturers conveniently disappearing to avoid their responsibilities, how about requiring them to put their source code into escrow. If they go bust, or otherwise fail to provide the support they should, their code enters the public domain. That sort of thing would not be a problem in the case of real bankruptcies, but would discourage fake ones.
It's not the source code (though it would surely help) you need, it's the private keys to unlock bootloaders, sign your own firmware, and so forth.
As for regulations requiring ISPs to collect yet more data about me and my network and stuff it into yet more cupboards where it will be kept in case Her Majesty's Government figures out it might be useful in the future…
…I'd rather be more cautious in my hardware purchasing decisions up front and take the risk of buying a device that turns out to have been a waste of money.
I'd like to opt out right now from any process that permits, let alone encourages or mandates, ISPs to cut me off on the basis of telemetry such as 'what version string is in that camera' or 'what firmware version seems to be in that router'. Considering that the router provided for me by my ISP hasn't had any firmware upgrades in more than five years, and ships with a telnet server turned on by default, I'm not convinced they're *quite* the right people to be appointed as anyone's cybersecurity investigator, let alone to be allowed to cut me off for 'perceived firmware offences'.
Wilderness says:
I appreciate both David's and Paul's comments here. It seems that security needs to be more built-into the Internet in order to stop DDoS attacks, sinkhole C&C servers, block fraudulent login attacks at the source, etc. If we don't make security a part of the Internet itself, I don't see how order can win.
John McLeod VII says:
They missed a few, the most glaring of which many IoT manufacturers haven't gotten right.
Device login credentials should never be stored in clear text anywhere at any time.
anonymous coward says:
When "Amazon, Philips, Panasonic, Samsung, Miele, Yale and Legrand" conspire with politicians and civil servants to enact regulations that raise the barrier to entry for upstart manufacturers and innovative developers, we should be alarmed. Nothing good comes from that process.
Can US senators secure the Internet of Things?
The EU's latest idea to secure the Internet of Things? Sticky labels
by Chester Wisniewski
7 tips for securing the Internet of Things

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Is there an iframe-based 'embed' for the Hulu video player? I'm looking to 'embed' the Hulu player on my website, similar to how I would include a YouTube video, but can't seem to find the iframe code to do so anywhere online -- does anyone know what this code looks like or where I might find it? Thank you!

A: You have to have an account to find it. Click the share button below the video player. Then click "Embed this Video" and it will generate a link for you like this <iframe width="512" height="288" src="http://www.hulu.com/embed.html?eid=dg9je7apwgbj0zp8u1klra" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Bubi peut désigner :

 les Bubi, une population de Guinée équatoriale
 le bubi, une langue bantoue
 Hersilia bubi, une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes
 Bubi est le nom du système de vélos en libre service de Budapest
 District de Bubi est un subdivision administrative de Zimbabwe
 Bubi : nom d'une publication humoristique publiée par la garnison allemande de Lambersart (1917) ; consultable aux archives départementales du Nord (dans la série  R Affaire militaires 1800-1940)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Major Cities and Tourist Destinations
Numerous cities throughout Canada are among the most commonly visited, such as Québec City, located in Québec province, Toronto, located in Ontario province, and Victoria, located in British Columbia, and Edmonton, located in Alberta. The Northwest Territories and Yukon provinces are extremely popular to hunters and fishers who come from around the world to enjoy some of the best that the wilds of Canada have to offer. Canada is also known for Nova Scotia, in Halifax, where the victims of the Titanic are buried, as well as Prince Edward Island, rich in history, wildlife, and some of the best fishing in the world.
Hudson Bay is located in Canada, offering a plethora of land-based and water-based activities as well as a rich history in the development of Canada, preferred trade, and British colonization.
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Gadsden County, FL 2021 FHA Loan Limits
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Home Equity Conversion Mortgages allow seniors to relinquish equity in their home in exchange to regular payments to supplement retirement income. In Gadsden County, HECM loan amounts may not exceed the limit above.
Local Loan Limits — Gadsden County, FL
FHA and conventional Loan limits vary based on the number of living-units on the property. FHA loans are only allowed on 1 to 4 living-unit properties. These 1 to 4 unit properties can be purchased with an FHA loan as long as the owner occupies one of the unit. Properties with over 4 units are considered commercial and do not quality for FHA or conventional loans.
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Limits for FHA Loans in Gadsden County, Florida range from $356,362 for 1 living-unit homes to $685,400 for 4 living-units. Conventional Loan Limits in Gadsden County are $548,250 for 1 living-unit homes to $1,054,500 for 4 living-units. The 2021 Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM) limits in Gadsden County is $822,375. HECM limit does not depend on the size of the home.
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Conventional loans (also called "conforming") are loans that conform to the requirements set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac buy home loans from lenders to provide liquidity. This allows lenders to continue lending to home buyers. Otherwise, banks might not have enough money on hand continue lending. Fannie and Freddie set strict standards for the types of loans they will buy.
Gadsden County has standard limits which means loan limits are equal to the 2021 national floor.
FHA Home Appraisal in Gadsden County
To see if a home qualifies for an FHA loan, the property must be appraised by an approved FHA appraiser. Find FHA-approved appraisers in Gadsden County. If you need a home inspector, click here to find FHA-approved inspectors in Gadsden County. You can also save time by looking for FHA Condos that have already been approved.
VA Loan Limits in Gadsden County
VA Loans are similar to FHA Loans in that it allows you to buy a home with very little money down. However VA Loans are only available to veterans of the Armed Forces. With VA loans the Department of Veterans Affairs guarantees the loan on the veteran's behalf. The maximum the VA will guarantee is set to the same amount as the single-family Fannie/Freddie Loan Limit. So the Gadsden County, FL 2021 VA Loan Limit is $548,250
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The minimum loan amount in Gadsden County is $5,000 dollars and may go up to $685,400 depending on home size and loan type. In order to qualify for an FHA loan, you must be planning to live in the home. Although a loan can include some renovation costs, FHA loans cannot be used for real estate investments in Gadsden County.
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The Millington Elementary team is dedicated to providing a quality education with the support of local, state, and federal funding. If you have any questions or comments regarding our Title 1 program, please contact Virginia Rodgers at 901-873-5425.


text:
Apolemichthys is een geslacht van straalvinnige vissen uit de familie van engel- of keizersvissen (Pomacanthidae). Het geslacht is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven in 1933 door Brunner.

Soorten
De volgende soorten zijn bij het geslacht ingedeeld:
 Apolemichthys arcuatus (Gray, 1831)
 Apolemichthys armitagei Smith, 1955
 Apolemichthys griffisi (Carlson & Taylor, 1981)
 Apolemichthys guezei (Randall & Maugé, 1978)
 Apolemichthys kingi Heemstra, 1984
 Apolemichthys trimaculatus (Cuvier, 1831)
 Apolemichthys xanthopunctatus Burgess, 1973
 Apolemichthys xanthotis (Fraser-Brunner, 1950)
 Apolemichthys xanthurus (Bennett, 1833)

Engel- of keizersvissen


Last June it was my pleasure to have a talented photographer as a participant to one of my workshops. Ori Saito-san took a few pictures during the workshop, and she edited and posted them on her Facebook account almost instantly. It was an eye-opener for me and I am determined to update my photography materials and skills by next year!
Saito-san runs photography workshops at her studio Leçon d'une photographie in Jiyugaoka, and you an follow her on her blog (in Japanese).


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Q: Testing the difference between two ratios of Poisson variables I have two ratios of four independent Poisson variables $R_1=\frac{\large Po(\mu_1)}{\large Po(\gamma_1)}, R_2=\frac{\large Po(\mu_2)}{\large Po(\gamma_2)}$.
The Poisson variables are tallies, they are the cardinalities of four sets. $Set_1$ has $\mu_1$ elements, so it's cardinality, $\mu_1$, being a count, it's supposed to be the realization of a Poisson variable with mean $\mu_1$. $Set_2$ has $\gamma_1$ elements, $Set_3$ has $\mu_2$ elements and $Set_3$ has $\gamma_2$ elements. So we have four numbers that, being counts, are supposed to be the realization of four Poisson independent variables.
It's proven that the ratio of two independent Poisson variables has a Normal distribution (Tralissa F. Griffin, 1992). So we have two independent Normal variables: $R_1 \sim N(\frac{\mu_1}{\gamma_1},\frac{\mu_1}{\gamma_1^2}+\frac{\mu_1^2}{\gamma_1^3})$ and $R_2 \sim N(\frac{\mu_2}{\gamma_2},\frac{\mu_2}{\gamma_2^2}+\frac{\mu_2^2}{\gamma_2^3})$.
Now I want to test if $R_1$ and $R_2$ have significantly different means. The statistic difference of means between two Normal variables is Normally distributed with mean the difference of means and variance the sum of variances each divided by the sample size. We standardize the statistic by substracting the mean (zero if the hypotesis is right) and dividing by the standard deviation, so the normalized test statistic is: $Z_{n,m}=\frac{\frac{\mu_1}{\gamma_1}-\frac{\mu_2}{\gamma_2}}{\sqrt{\sigma_1^2/n+\sigma_2^2/m}}$, where $n$ and $m$ are the samples sizes. Hypothesis is rejected at $95\%$ confidence  if $|Z|>1.96$.
Now the question is: what do I use for $n$ and $m$? Since I have one value for $R_1$ and one value for $R_2$ is it correct to say that samples sizes are $n=m=1$?
Edit to add comments information:

*

*Claims about the distribution of $R_1$ (or $R_2$) can tested by generating two vectors v1, v2 from two Poisson distributions with means mu and gamma, calculating the vector $R$ = v1/v2 and verifying that the mean and variance are very close to those predicted. The approximation is higher the higher are mu and gamma.

*The goodness of approximation is not depending on sample size, which is never mentioned, but on the means of the Poisson distributions. Zeros and truncated Poissons are already accounted for and goodness of approximation is the better the higher the Poissons means. Regarding this case the means are far greater than 25, so the Normal approximation holds. So we have two Normal variables, R1 and R2 and we want to test if the difference between their means (for which we can use a Normally distributed statistic) is significantly different from zero, that is, if their means are significantly different (ratio or log ratio of means wouldn't be Normally distributed, would it?).

*We have four independent sets and four tallies, each tally is the cardinality of a set. So we have four independent numbers, each one supposed to be the realization of a Poisson variable, being a count. The objective is that stated, that is calculate the ratios and test whether they are significantly different.

A: I write this as an answer because I think it's the answer, there is code and I think it can be useful to others seraching for the subject.
Following the comment of seanv507 I bootstrapped the difference of means of $R_1$ and $R_2$ and it has the theorically predicted mean and variance: $\overline{R}_1-\overline{R}_2 \sim N(\frac{\mu_1}{\gamma_1}-\frac{\mu_2}{\gamma_2},\sigma_1^2/n+\sigma_2^2/m)$.
With one value for each Poisson the resulting variance has $n=m=1$, with $10$ values for each Poisson the resulting variance has $n=m=10.$
This is the R code for bootstrapping:
#n=m=1
bootstrap1 = function() {
  po1 <- rpois(1, lambda = 8123)
  po2 <- rpois(1, lambda = 10562)
  po3 <- rpois(1, lambda = 529)
  po4 <- rpois(1, lambda = 3899)
  r1 = po1/po2
  r2 = po3/po4
  diff = r1 - r2
  return(diff)
}
diff_means = replicate (1000, bootstrap1())
mean = mean(diff_means)
var = var(diff_means)
predicted_mean = 8123/10562 - 529/3899
var_r1 = 8123/10562^2+8123^2/10562^3 #check the variance expression for R1 and R2 in the question
var_r2 = 529/3899^2+529^2/3899^3
predicted_var = var_r1 + var_r2
#var very close to predictd_var
qqnorm(diff_means)
qqline(diff_means)

#n=m=10
bootstrap2 = function() {
  po1 <- rpois(10, lambda = 8123)
  po2 <- rpois(10, lambda = 10562)
  po3 <- rpois(10, lambda = 529)
  po4 <- rpois(10, lambda = 3899)
  r1 = mean(po1)/mean(po2)
  r2 = mean(po3)/mean(po4)
  diff = r1 - r2
  return(diff)
}
diff_means = replicate (1000, bootstrap2())
mean = mean(diff_means)
var = var(diff_means)
predicted_mean = 8123/10562 - 529/3899
var_r1 = 8123/10562^2+8123^2/10562^3 #check the variance expression for R1 and R2 in the question
var_r2 = 529/3899^2+529^2/3899^3
predicted_var = var_r1/10 + var_r2/10
#var very close to predictd_var
qqnorm(diff_means)
qqline(diff_means)

So, since I have one value for each Poisson, $n=m=1$, as confirmed by bootstrapping.


text:
Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona (2011)
Music · Drama ·
Ranjana Ami Ar Ashbona is a 2011 Bengali language Indian rock musical drama film directed by Anjan Dutt. It won three national film awards in 2011 including best music direction and best feature film in Bengali.
DOWNLOAD [893 MB]
Anjan Dutt
Ushasie Chakraborty
Kanchan Mullick
Abir Chatterjee
Neel Dutt
Sorry we Failed to Collect any Trailers for this movie right now
CAM-RIP	Paglu (2011) 3.8
Paglu (2011)
The movie begins with Paglu (Dev), a college student, meeting Rimi (Koel)– a girl who comes down from the U.S. to take admission in 'Princeton' Coll
DVDSCR-RIP	System (2011) 0.0
System (2011)
Eklavya is a gangster and a feared one at that. His criminal undertakings know no limits and he goes as far as killing the innocent to get what he wan
Baishe Srabon (2011) 8.1
Baishe Srabon (2011)
Several murders have taken place through out the city of Kolkata. A Serial killer is believed to be responsible. The mods operandi being that the kill
Romeo (2011) 5.3
Romeo (2011)
Comedy Drama Romance
Romeo is a romantic Bengali film directed by Sujit Mondol and starring Dev and Subhashree Ganguly in lead roles with Sabyasachi Chakrabarty, Laboni Sa
Chalo Paltai (2011) 7.3
Chalo Paltai (2011)
Subhamoy is a widower and he has two children Munni and Gaurav who is an extremely talented cricketer, but extremely dull when it comes to studies. He
Faande Poriya Boga Kande Re (2011) 6.5
Faande Poriya Boga Kande Re (2011)
The film is filled with hilarious moments and sequences that will entertain the mass audience greatly. The credit for this goes squarely to Soham who
Royal Bengal Rahasya (2011) 7.3
Royal Bengal Rahasya (2011)
Feluda alias Pradosh Mitra, a private detective is invited by a rich former Zamindar (and a retired big game hunter) in North Bengal. The task is to s
Shotru (2011) 6.1
Shotru (2011)
Action Drama Thriller
Shotru is a 2011 Bengali action film directed by Raj Chakraborty and starring Jeet, Supriyo Dutta and Nusrat Jahan. This film was produced by Ashok Dh
DVD-RIP	Takhon Teish (2011) 6.7
Takhon Teish (2011)
DVD-RIP	Tikitiki (2011) 0.0
Tikitiki (2011)
DVD-RIP	Uro Chithi (2011) 5.9
Uro Chithi (2011)
Sorting through a backlog of email proves nostalgic and illuminating for a young alcoholic.
HD-RIP	Street Light (2011) 0.0
Street Light (2011)


Any drawing fans out there?
Share and Discuss Interesting YouTube Videos!
Movies this year so far!
Is Batman A Terrible Superhero?
Burns Family Studios 2nd Film!!!
They announced the cast for Star Wars VII, if anyone cares.
Why Do I (we) Criticize Star Trek So Much?
If this was an actual comic (and it is) how would you react?


The wonderful photograph below, is segment of Enjoy Rug Hooking Patterns High Quality piece of writing which is categorized within Rugs, cool things, decorative things, diy and posted at May 25th, 2016 14:35:21 PM by .
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text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Perciana är ett släkte av fjärilar. Perciana ingår i familjen nattflyn.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

Nattflyn
Perciana


Depending on your needs, there are a variety of ways to contact the Salt Lake City Police Department.
If your inquiry is not an emergency, please consider using one of the following methods of contact.
If you are experiencing an emergency, call 911. This website is not the proper forum to report crimes in progress.
DO NOT USE THIS SERVICE TO SUBMIT A CRIME IN PROGRESS!
If you have a crime tip you would like to submit, you can do so through many avenues including web tips and mobile SMS messages.
or by downloading a free smartphone app for iPhone or Android. The apps accept video and photo tips and automatically route the information to the nearest participating agency.
Did you know you can file police reports online? Browse through our online reporting system to determine if your report is eligible for online filing. Once submitted, you can print a copy for your records.
If you require an officer to respond but it isn't an emergency, call this number. The non-emergency phone number keeps our 911 phone lines open to help those who require an emergency response. You also may want to check out our online reporting options, which generally are good for cases that have no suspect information and no injuries but require a police report for insurance purposes.
If you need directions to the Public Safety Building, lobby hours, or seek to follow-up on an old case and do not recall the case number or investigator's name. This is not the number to start a case or file a complaint.
All media inquiries should be directed to this number, which connects reporters with the on-duty public information officer. Visit the newsroom for the latest news from SLCPD or follow us on Twitter (@SLCPD) or our Facebook fan page (SLCPD).
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When submitting your form, you will be asked for your ID to verify your identity. The desk officer will then require you to sign and date the waiver.


text:
Arkansas Women's Golf and Maria Fassi in Contention after two rounds
The Razorback women finished round two of the NCAA Golf Championships tied for fourth.
Updated: 8:20 PM CDT May 19, 2019
Jourdan Black
Sports Anchor/Reporter
CHAMPIONSHIP CUT SHORT THANKS TO THUNDERSTORMS YESTERDAY.. INSTEAD... THE EVENT SHORTENED TO 54 HOLES AND ROUND 2 FINISHED UP TODAY. MARIA FASSI HAD FOUR HOLES LEFT TO PLAY AFTER YESTERDAY ... SHE FINISHED 2-UNDER... EAGLING NUMBER 7 TO HELP HER FINISH 2 UNDER SHOOTING 71. THAT PYUTS HER TIED FOR SECOND WITH ONE ROUND OF STROKE PLAY REMAINING.. KAYLEE BENTON TIED FOR 6TH AFTER FINISHING TODAY ONE OVER AT 74.. AS THE RAZORBACK WOMEN STAND TIED FOR 4TH AFTER 36 HOLES. Fassi: I don't think we've played it as hard as it's playing this week. It's kinda funny because we thought we had seen it all pretty much and that we had played in really tough conditons and with fast greens, firm greens. It's really hard this week and it's fun to see the course playing like that. I guess the pressure of a golf tournament adds some difficulty to that as well. RIGHT NOW DUKE STANDS IN FIRST.. AFTER SHOOTING 11 UNDER PAR 281.. ALL FIVE BLUE DEVIL GOLFERS SHOOTING UNDER PAR.. U-S-SC AND TEXAS JUST BEHIND.. AND THEN RAZORBACKS AND WILDCATS TIED FOR FOURTH... HOGS 14 OVER THROUGH 2.
After the second round of play was suspended Saturday, Arkansas finished round two of play for the NCAA Women's Golf Championships today. The Razorbacks stand near the top of the leaderboard tied for fourth with Arizona. Maria Fassi, the number three amateur in the world, played the final four holes 2-under and eagled No. 7 to shoot a 71. That puts her tied for second individually, one shot back of the leader. Senior Kaylee Benton is also in the top 10. She stands tied for sixth after shooting 1-over 74.All 24 teams move on to a final round of stroke play Monday that will determine the individual national champion. The top-8 teams after stroke play move on to match play Tuesday and Wednesday with the team champion crowned after the final match.
JOHNSON, Ark. —
After the second round of play was suspended Saturday, Arkansas finished round two of play for the NCAA Women's Golf Championships today. The Razorbacks stand near the top of the leaderboard tied for fourth with Arizona.
Maria Fassi, the number three amateur in the world, played the final four holes 2-under and eagled No. 7 to shoot a 71. That puts her tied for second individually, one shot back of the leader.
Senior Kaylee Benton is also in the top 10. She stands tied for sixth after shooting 1-over 74.
All 24 teams move on to a final round of stroke play Monday that will determine the individual national champion. The top-8 teams after stroke play move on to match play Tuesday and Wednesday with the team champion crowned after the final match.


Most people who seek out LASIK surgery do so because they are looking for a means to make their routine less complicated and to enjoy the activities they love to the fullest extent. We recently saw this sentiment expressed on a world-wide scale by world cup Alpine ski racer Bode Miller, in a USA Today interview following his Olympic downhill run during the 2014 Sochi Olympics.
Miller pointed to a lack of visual acuity during his disappointing downhill performance. The cloud cover created a flat light condition in which it is harder for the racers, especially at high speeds, to read the upcoming terrain. The five-time Olympic medalist finished eighth in the race, which he had hoped would signal his return to the top of the alpine ski world at age 36.
Don't live with regret. . . if LASIK surgery was or is a dream of yours, contact us at 732-774-5566 x239 to schedule an evaluation that will determine if you are a candidate. Attain your full potential, and seize your opportunity to become less dependent on glasses and/or contacts.
If you have been watching the prime time coverage of the 2014 Sochi Olympics, you are probably aware of Bob Costas' epic run-in with an eye infection.
On Friday, February 7th, just as the NBC news anchor's battle was beginning, it was broadcast for all the world to see. According to the Washington Times, Costas had been wearing glasses since the start of the Sochi Olympics due to an infection in his left eye. His eye appeared swollen, pink, irritated, and painful during the early broadcast, and got progressively worse from there. His condition garnered so much attention that it actually spawned its own Twitter account. Social media exploded with a wide range of comments.
Costas told the New York Times that the problem first started on Thursday, February 6th. "You hear it called pinkeye or conjunctivitis, but, as a practical matter, I haven't had it before. You have swelling and stinging and burning and eventually tearing," Costas told the New York Times.
He endured for several days. On Monday's broadcast, it became clear that the infection had spread to his other eye and, when he woke up Tuesday, both eyes were swollen and crusted shut.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Conjunctivitis, often called "pink eye," is a common eye disease that may be caused by a viral or bacterial infection or allergic reaction and can be highly contagious. Many times if you have a cold you might develop a simultaneous conjunctivitis. Cool compresses decrease swelling and itching. Artificial tears dilute the allergens and form a protective barrier over the surface of the eye. Rubbing the eyes makes symptoms worse and should be avoided.
When experiencing redness, sensitivity to light, swelling and/or discharge that makes your lids stick together, or pain, take a cue from Costas and make sure you seek out medical attention. Your course of treatment is dependent upon what you are suffering from—bacterial, viral, or allergic.
Feel free to contact us at 732-774-5566 if you need treatment. Our doctors will get you back on track with individualized treatment and follow-up. This past Sunday, Costas felt well enough to return to the studio while one of his replacements, Matt Lauer, covered for the last time. He returned last night for his prime time and late night hosting duties, thankful for the team who covered for him during his six day absence.


Apple Also Introducing 8GB iPad 2 on March 7?
Apple is set to announce the next-generation iPad on March 7 in San Francisco, but there has been an undercurrent of rumors suggesting the iPad 2 might stick around.
Apple Working on Smaller iPad?
Could Apple be working on a smaller iPad?
An ongoing TabletPCReview survey has revealed that business tablet users value security, I/O flexibility, and devices based on Microsoft's Windows operating system, among other findings.
How Much Will the iPad 3 Cost?
How much can you expect to shell out for Apple's next tablet?
Whatever Happened to the Color eReader?
We were all set to see a wave of color eReaders, but that hasn't manifested. Why?
We've reviewed PressReader before, but now, with new features, we take a look at what could be a news junky's dream application.
ASUS Pegged for Google Nexus Tablet?
Google may have chosen ASUS to build its rumored "Google tablet" according to recent leaks, and we may have already seen the device on display.
New evidence has emerged that Apple won't name its follow up to the iPad 2 the "iPad 3," but rather the "iPad HD", in reference to its high resolution display.
GDC 2012: Putting Tactility Back Into Touch Controls: Is There Hope For Tablet Gaming After All?
The Android Market is no more; Google has rebranded it as part of its Google Play initiative.
Sony Vaio U Slider Coming Soon?
The new Apple iPad will be Apple's first product to support 4G LTE, and now we know how much it will cost month-to-month.
New rumors suggest Amazon is scrapping plans of selling an 8.9-inch Kindle Fire and replacing it with a 10.1-inch model.
In other words, if you haven't yet pre-ordered your Apple iPad and don't want to wait for it to arrive... order it now!
Hardware manufacturer NVIDIA announced this week from GDC in San Francisco that it will be launching its Nvision app, a daily news source for all Tegra-powered Android tablets.
Dell is looking to be one of the first with a Windows 8 tablet.
Rumors are swirling that Google may be working with ASUS to release a 7-inch tablet as early as May. How much would a 7-inch go for from Google??
Apple recently told USA Today that the demand for the new iPad is "off the charts" and that the first pre-order batch of the tablet has been sold out.
MobileDemand has formed a partnership with California-based Seiko Instruments to provide customers with a smooth way to print receipts and labels at the convenience of a tablet.
What is UltraViolet and is it the Future of Video Streaming?
Today, RIM introduced the BlackBerry Mini Keyboard for the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet.
A Vietnamese tech site was able to get their hands on the new iPad and was able to record an unboxing video that shows some of its features.
Didn't get your new iPad pre-order in on time but still want one on launch day? You might have to start lining up Thursday night.
iPad Mini Rumors Heat Up, Could it Be Coming Soon?
More rumors regarding the release of the 7.85-inch iPad have popped up from various sources, just less than a week after the reveal of the new iPad.
Despite Apple's control of the tablet market today, analysts believe that their lead may be gone by 2016.
Barnes & Noble has recently updated its NOOK for Android app, bringing NOOK Comics to Android tablet customers.
According to research by SquareTrade, customers reported iPad 2 accident damage 3.5 times more often than customers reported for iPad 1.
Research in Motion confirmed recently that the BlackBerry 10 OS will be coming to the BlackBerry PlayBook in 2012.
At a press conference in Paris, Archos announced the G10xs tablet line that will be available by the end of this year.
The Lenovo IdeaPad A1 tablet is a budget-friendly 7-inch Gingerbread tablet (1024 x 600) designed to compete with the Amazon Kindle Fire.
The Lenovo IdeaPad A1 tablet is a 7-inch budget device (1024 x 600) running Android Gingerbread (2.3).
Lenovo IdeaPad A1 Tablet Review: Kindle Fire Killer?
Can You Really Trust App Store Ratings?
Hackers often wreak havoc with online rating systems for the Apple App Store, Google Play Store and other vendor outlets. So what's a user to do?
New Apple iPad analysis with Tim Scannell and Jamison Cush.
Sony Preparing a Tegra 3 Android 4.0 Tablet?
An entry on the leaderboard of Android benchmarking app NenaMark seems to indicate that Sony is working on a Tegra 3-powered tablet.
An inside source is claiming that Lenovo intends to be the first manufacturer to release a Windows 8 tablet once the OS becomes available, supposedly in October.
As the new Apple iPad continues to fly off shelves, reports are coming in about Retina Display of the highly-talked about tablet, but it's not without its flaws.
Mass Effect Infiltrator for iOS Review: Worthy Of Its Namesake?
Toshiba just announced a budget-friendly, Android-powered tablet in Italy earlier today. The Toshiba LT170 is an underpowered tablet that matches specs close to the Lenovo IdeaPad A1.
The wireless communications market may be positioned for some dramatic changes in structure, brought about by a variety of disruptive forces that will undermine the current status quo.
Remember that massive 13.3-inch tablet Toshiba showed off at CES 2012? It's back, and it could be the first TV tablet.
Google Nexus Tablet Hiding at ASUS Headquarters?
Acer announced the launch of its new Iconia A510 this morning, their first quad-core tablet, which will be powered by an NVIDIA Tegra 3 processor.
Microsoft Windows 8 will be ready for high-definition displays when it launches later this year.
Rovio's newest time-wasting, bird-flinging, pig-maiming game, Angry Birds Space, is now available for download for iPhone, iPod, iPad, Android devices, and even Macs.
Today, Samsung announced that it will be offering a Premium Suite upgrade for Galaxy Note users worldwide in Q2.
U.S. Cellular has announced that the Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1 is available today, both in stores and online, marking the release of the carrier's first 4G LTE device.
Starting today, the new Apple iPad is now available in 25 more countries, most of which are in Europe.
A recent test showed that the new iPad battery continues to charge even when it says its fully charged at 100 percent.
According to data acquired from mobile analytics platform, Localytics, 3G and 4G usage on the Apple iPad is minuscule compared to Wi-Fi usage.
Maybe it's the big, bright screen, but Apple iPad users spend much more time consuming Web site content than smartphone users do, said speakers at Ignition West.
Samsung announced that the Galaxy Note has hit five million in global sales since its launch in February.
New iPad users in Australia who purchased the Wi-Fi + 4G model will be offered a refund by Apple Australia after some confusion over 4G connectivity.
Three New Amazon Kindle Fires Coming in 2012?
Online retailer Amazon is looking to take over the tablet market with the reported launch of three new Kindles in 2012: two 7-inch devices and an 8.9-inch tablet.
The Motorola Xoom Wi-Fi will finally be joining its LTE-enabled variant in running Android Ice Cream Sandwich.
Apple Looking at 5-inch Screens for iPad Mini?
According to "a reliable Chinese" source, Apple is working with LCD suppliers to get a 5-inch screen capable of a high resolution (Retina) display.
NVIDIA execs are talking tablets, and strongly hinting that the rumored Nexus Tablet, a $150 to $200 tablet made by ASUS with help from NVIDIA and Google, is a reality.
Select Android tablet owners can now watch more streaming TV shows thanks to the arrival of Hulu Plus.
Research in Motion CEO Thorsten Heins reported during a fourth quarter earnings call that there are more than 1 million BlackBerry PlayBook customers in the market today.
As promised last week by ASUS, the Transformer Prime started receiving an OTA firmware update today that offers a variety of enhancements and tweaks for the tablet.


text:
Giants rookie Mauricio Dubón unfazed by…
Giants rookie Mauricio Dubón unfazed by spotlight, 'playing like he belongs here'
SF Giants rookie infielder Mauricio Dubón is unfazed by the bright lights of Dodger Stadium
San Francisco Giants' Mauricio Dubon hits a two-run single during the fifth inning of the team's baseball game against the Los Angeles Dodgers in Los Angeles, Friday, Sept. 6, 2019. (AP Photo/Kelvin Kuo)
By Kerry Crowley | kcrowley@bayareanewsgroup.com | Bay Area News Group
PUBLISHED: September 7, 2019 at 5:26 pm | UPDATED: September 7, 2019 at 5:34 pm
LOS ANGELES — No one is having more fun than Mauricio Dubón.
Ten years after he moved to the United States from Honduras to pursue his dream of playing professional baseball, Dubón was booed as he circled the bases in his first career game at Dodger Stadium.
Dubón loved it.
"That was awesome, that was incredible," Dubón said. "Listening to the boos at Dodger Stadium, Giants-Dodgers, it was really fun."
The Giants' shortstop became the first rookie to record three hits in a game at Dodger Stadium since second baseman Joe Panik went 3-for-5 in a 5-2 Giants win on September 22, 2014. At 25 years and 49 days old, Dubón was the youngest Giants rookie to have three hits, a home run and three RBIs against the Dodgers since Will Clark accomplished the feat on April 23, 1989 at 25 years, 41 days.
"He's playing like he belongs here," manager Bruce Bochy said. "He's a very talented, gifted athlete."
Dubón is the first player born and raised in Honduras to play in the major leagues and he said Saturday that he heard from "everyone" back home following his performance in the Giants' 5-4 win over the Dodgers on Friday.
Dubón said Friday's game between the Giants and Dodgers was broadcast on a Fox Sports channel in Honduras, which allowed family and friends to watch him homer off three-time Cy Young Award winner Clayton Kershaw.
The new Giants infielder revealed after Friday's game that he actually squared off against Kershaw earlier this season. The Dodgers left-hander's first outing of the year was a rehab start for the Triple-A Oklahoma City Dodgers against the Triple-A San Antonio Missions.
Kershaw retired Dubón twice in that game, but their head-to-head experience when Dubón was still a member of the Milwaukee Brewers' organization stuck with him and gave him an idea of what to expect in Los Angeles.
"I went up looking in and if he threw me away, I wasn't going to swing," Dubón said. "He's one of the greatest ever so this one was pretty special."
After doubling off Kershaw in his first at-bat, Dubón launched a solo shot off the left field foul pole to put the Giants on the board in the top of the fourth inning. Dubón motioned toward the Giants dugout to let his club know "we're in this thing" and soaked in the jeers from the Dodgers fans in attendance.
Bochy said Saturday that Dubón's fifth-inning, two-run single through the left side of the infield was as important as either of the rookie's extra-base hits because it gave the Giants insurance that proved valuable in a one-run game.
"That gave us a nice margin of error," Bochy said.
The Giants believe Dubón is still relatively raw at the plate, but they're thrilled with the results he's produced thus far and expect him to become a key contributor to their 2020 squad.
Johnny Cueto throws bullpen
Giants starter Johnny Cueto was optimistic Saturday's bullpen at Dodger Stadium would be his last before he finally makes his 2019 season debut.
After undergoing Tommy John surgery in August, 2018, the right-hander made his sixth and final rehab start last Saturday for Triple-A Sacramento. The Giants were hopeful Cueto would face the Dodgers this weekend, but he suffered a minor setback this week as he felt upper back tightness while throwing a bullpen.
Cueto is expected to meet with reporters postgame Saturday and could rejoin the starting rotation as soon as this week.
Alex Dickerson returns home
The Giants sent outfielder Alex Dickerson back to San Francisco Saturday so Dickerson could receive a cortisone shot in his sore right oblique. A MRI earlier this week revealed no structural damage to Dickerson's oblique, but he was unavailable in each of the team's last three games as he's still dealing with discomfort.
Bochy said the Giants do not expect to shut Dickerson down for the season because they want to continue evaluating how he fits into the organization's plans for next season.
Giants claim Wandy Peralta
The Giants didn't add a single player on waivers during the 2018 season, but this week, they've brought three new players onto the 40-man roster through waiver claims as president of baseball operations Farhan Zaidi continues to search for hidden gems.
The club announced Saturday it has claimed left-handed reliever Wandy Peralta on waivers from the Cincinnati Reds. Peralta, 28, posted a 6.09 ERA in 32 games for the Reds this season, but the Giants will try to help him regain form when he reports to the home clubhouse at Oracle Park on Monday.
To clear a spot for Peralta on the Giants' 40-man roster, the club transferred infielder Zach Green to the 60-day injured list with a hip impingement.
County launches online campaign for Measure G, proposed sales tax hike
Kerry Crowley is a multimedia beat reporter covering the San Francisco Giants. He spent his early days throwing curveballs in San Francisco's youth leagues before studying journalism at Arizona State University. Kerry has covered every level of baseball, from local preps to the Cape Cod League, and is now on a quest to determine which Major League city serves the best cheeseburger.
Follow Kerry Crowley	@KO_Crowley
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Dinosaurs! At The Drive-In! Tonight! FREE!
Tonight at 6pm, MobMov.org and Hollywood MobMov are presenting a FREE sneak preview drive-in screening of the Discovery Channel's new show Clash of the Dinosaurs.
Clash of the Dinosaurs takes a new look at the greatest beasts to ever walk the Earth. Cinematic photo-real 3D graphics are joined with cutting-edge paleontology to reveal the unique inner workings of these prehistoric survival machines.
This early evening event, which will run about an hour, is perfect to bring the whole family to and then still have time to get on with other Saturday night festivities. Hollywood MobMov is truly the "drive in that drives in." The show is projected onto a wall from a car while you, the audience, relax in your own vehicle and tune in you FM radio for the audio. It really is a lot of fun!
The drive-in is at 6pm tonight in the parking lot of the Steve Allen Theater in Hollywood, located at the Center for Inquiry – West, 4773 Hollywood Blvd, Hollywood, CA 90027. Enter the parking lot off of Berendo St., just north of Hollywood Blvd. Did I mention it's FREE?
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St. Louis Globe-Democrat: 274 Dead; 780 Missing After California Flood, 3-14-1928.
274 DEAD; 780 MISSING AFTER CALIFORNIA FLOOD.
TEN MILLION DAMAGE TO RANCHES IN BIG VALLEY.
Sleeping Residents Swept to Death in Box Canyon as 12 Billion Gallons of Water Are Released.
Ranchers Feared Leak and Talked of Impending Disaster for Days, Investigating Officers Learn.
As can be seen in this St. Louis, Missouri newspaper from March 14, 1928, the St. Francis Dam disaster was big news and made huge banner headlines all over the country when first reported in the press. Today this second largest disaster in California history is mostly forgotten in the rest of the country but well remembered in the Santa Clarita Valley.


Temple of Bloom, July 10th, Cinders Gallery.
Participants in DUETS are invited to bring instruments and laptops to Southern Exposure in San Francisco and Cinders Gallery in Brooklyn. Individuals will be paired up (one in SF one in Brooklyn) to make a graphic score to be performed over video conference. Graphic scores are a form of music notation that uses symbols and text to convey information about the performance of a piece of music. 0th will give some instructions on what a graphic score can be, from a dot on a piece of paper to an elaborate landscape, and their history in relation to electronic composition. The duet partners will use a free on-line drawing program that can do real-time edits with multiple users, to create their score and then perform the piece. At the end of the workshop, everyone's scores will be printed out as documentation of the project.
Everyone is welcome to participate, musicians and non-musicians alike. Extra instruments and laptops will be made available for those who do not have them.


Created on 2012-08-22 19:45 by eric.snow, last changed 2018-02-27 13:48 by cwg. This issue is now closed.
While it's too late to go into 3.3, this is a reasonable addition for 3.4.  Perhaps other ImportError subclasses are warranted, but they can be addressed separately.
Should it be ModuleNotFoundError or ModuleNotFound? It's not necessarily an error if a module doesn't exist, so failing to find it isn't quite that negative. It also acts somewhat like StopIteration/GeneratorExit which also don't have the common "Error" suffix of exception names.
Since it subclasses ImportError, it seems like we're already considering it to be an error?  StopIteration and GeneratorExit don't inherit from an "Error" exception type unlike, say, the OSError exception types.
I'd say ModuleNotFoundError.  You could argue that other exception types aren't really errors in certain circumstances.  I'd think that generally this would be an error.
Effectively the exception indicates that the import system had an error.
I prefer ModuleNotFound.  Its meaning is already clear enough, even without the Error suffix.
OTOH we now have FileNotFoundError, but all the other OSError subclasses have that suffix.
In general I think the suffix is necessary when it's not already clear from the name that we are dealing with an exception, otherwise it can be dropped.
To state more explicitly the observation I alluded to in my comment above, we currently follow (without exception -- pun intended :) ) the convention that subclasses of exceptions that end in "Error" also end in "Error".  We also do the same with the suffix "Warning".
The latter is another reason to include the suffix "Error" -- to eliminate ambiguity as to whether the exception type inherits from a Warning class (e.g. from ImportWarning).
That seems indeed to be the case with built-in exceptions.  I'm not sure if it's intentional or just a coincidence.  I agree that warnings should always have a "Warning" suffix to distinguish them from exceptions, but in the stdlib the "Error" suffix is not used consistently. There are exceptions like: FloatOperation, DivisionByZero, InvalidOperation, TimeoutExpired, BrokenProcessPool, BufferTooShort, ImproperConnectionState, UnknownProtocol, InvalidURL, etc..
Anyway I don't have a strong opinion about this, so if you think the name should be ModuleNotFoundError it's OK with me (i.e. I'm -0).
For me, it mostly comes down to whether end-users are expected to see such errors generally or not.  We see ImportErrors all the time, and they are clearly errors.  If we're expected to see and deal with MNF, and if in such cases it's generally considered an error, then MNFError is better.  If it's mostly an internal/hidden thing, then MNF doesn't bother me.
Right, so what's typical? =) I mean do most people see ImportError for optional modules (e.g. not on support platforms), or do most people see ImportError because they messed up and tried to import something that they expected but actually isn't there for some reason.
>expected but actually isn't there for some reason.
ImportErrors in these cases, and you'll always catch them in try/excepts.
they'll be wrapped in try/except.
won't care and will just use ImportError.
Screw it, I'll go with ModuleNotFoundError since it is a subclass of ImportError and so it might come off as weird as saying the superclass is an "Error" but the subclass is not.
+1 on just getting it done with ModuleNotFoundError.  FWIW, I'd be glad to do it.  I'm taking a self-imposed break from the nearly finished C-OrderedDict!
Here bar can be not module, but an attribute of foo (for example, os.path). What error will be raised in this case? Module or attribute - this is an implementation detail; why do we distinguish between these cases?
Serhiy: What exception is raised in that situation is controlled by the eval loop, not importlib so that would be a separate change. But regardless, there is no way to infer whether you expected an attribute or module to be there, just that you were after something that didn't exist. But I would argue most people import at the module level and not the attribute level, and so raising an ModuleNotFoundError would be acceptable.
TL;DR for Antoine: when using a fromlist, import failures from that list are silently ignored. Because ImportError is overloaded in terms of what it means (e.g. bag magic number, module not found) there needs to be a clean way to tell the import failed because the module wasn't found so other ImportError reasons can properly propagate.
>> Here bar can be not module, but an attribute of foo (for example, os.path).
> Serhiy: What exception is raised in that situation is controlled by the eval loop, not importlib so that would be a separate change.
Just to clarify from this exchange, is there a chance we will use this same exception type (perhaps in a later change) in cases where bar is not found?  If so, I think it's worth considering something like "NotFoundImportError" or "ImportNotFoundError" that doesn't single out module.  Importing classes, etc. is quite a common pattern (e.g. examples appear in PEP 8).
The original need was for internal importlib usage, but upon reflection it could also be used by the eval loop for that (http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/83d70dd58fef/Python/ceval.c#l4560), so I'm fine with changing the name to ImportNotFoundError.
> so I'm fine with changing the name to ImportNotFoundError.
not found? ModuleNotFoundError was obvious.
Technically it should be ModuleOrSomeObjectNotFoundBecauseFromListIsTheBaneOfMyExistenceError, but we might be starting to mix paints for paints a shed shortly.
Fine, that's 1 to 1 for ModuleNotFoundError vs. ImportNotFoundError.
If we can promise not to use it in the from-import case :) I'm okay with the more specific name (in fact it is preferable).  From Brett's response, it sounds like we have flexibility there and don't need it to be the same?  For from-import I would prefer the generic ImportError or adding a new type between ImportError and ModuleNotFoundError (like ImportNotFoundError) over using a name that is not entirely correct.
Can this be the same ImportError but with special flag?
>Can this be the same ImportError but with special flag?
> >Can this be the same ImportError but with special flag?
Chris: Having a more generic name for import-from at the eval loop level on top of NoModuleFoundError is breaking the "practicality over purity" rule. ImportSearchFailed might be the closest we can come to a generic name for what occurred.
Serihy & Barry: no. We do that now and it's already a nasty little hack. It would be better to let people catch an exception signaling that an import didn't happen because some module is missing than require introspection on a caught ImportError to tell what is going on (there's a reason why Antoine went to all of that trouble to add new exceptions so we don't have to look at the errno attribute on OSError). Exceptions are structured to work off of inheritance hierarchies (says the man who co-wrote the PEP to make all PEPs inherit from BaseException).
corner case (we've been doing pretty well without it so far).
Right.  Sorry I wasn't more clear.  Existing code will continue to work either way.  The point is in exposing the distinct module/name-not-found case, which I consider to be the common case for catching ImportError.  My examples cover the case where you want to handle the module-not-found case specifically.
Issue #15767: Touch up ModuleNotFoundError usage by import.
Given that it knows that re is not a package, I would have expected  not to raise ModuleNotFoundError, because there is no way that bogus could be a package.  OTOH, I would have expected  to raise ModuleNotFoundError, since this syntax implies that bogus is a submodule.
But perhaps I am missing something and I need to look at the distinction differently?  Sadly the docs don't really help me; they claim to explain why I get ModuleNotFoundError in , but the motivation "as the specific attribute being requested cannot be known a priori to be a module or some other type of object" seems wrong, given that  proves it *does* know.
Obviously no worries for opening this up again; if something isn't clear better to get it sorted out now rather than after 3.4 is out that door.
So I see two questions: why isn't ImportError being raised in the ``import re.bogus`` case and why the subtle difference in exception messages.
As for the ``import re.bogus`` case not raising ModuleNotFoundError, I'm fine with changing it. I don't have a clear recollection as to why I chose to leave it as-is, but I also can't come up with a good reason to not change it.
And to explain why the ``from ... import`` case raises ModuleNotFoundError even when re is a module and obviously not a package is that while that might be true now, that does not necessarily hold in the future. If you have been using something like an object to hold attributes but then decide to switch to a module, this instance would break. Plus ``from ... import`` has never directly distinguished between a missing attribute and a missing module. Once again, something I would like to change in Python 4.
Ok, the history of all that makes sense, except now I wonder if ModuleNotFoundError is useful at all.  I just reviewed a patch for 3.4 and in the latest revision all ImportError checks were replaced with ModuleNotFoundError checks.  What purpose does that have except encouraging code churn?
> I'm fine with changing it.
The impetus of ModuleNotFoundError is the need for something similar in importlib thanks to ``from ... import``. When you do something like __import__('os', fromlist=['path']), any ImportError must be silenced **if** it relates only to the fact that the module can't be found. Other errors directly related to technical errors which also raised ImportError are supposed to propagate.
Before ModuleNotFoundError I was setting a made-up attribute called _not_found on ImportError and then raising the exception. I could then catch the exception and introspect for that case as necessary. See http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3e10025346c1/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py for the last revision that contained _not_found.
Since I had a legitimate case of wanting to differentiate between ImportError (which represents both technical errors and an inability to find a module) and the more specific case of simply not finding a module, I decided to formalize the distinction. It made sense to me so that the old try/except ImportError trick to ignore missing module could not accidentally catch the technical error use of ImportError by accident and mask the problem.
Now if you still think the subclass is not worth it then I probably need a better solution than a faked private attribute on ImportError to delineate the technical error/module not found difference as I had already received one bug report asking to define what _not_found was. ImportError could grow a not_found attribute formally or even a 'reason' attribute which could be set to some enum value representing the fact the exception was triggered because the module simply wasn't found (although that seems unnecessary and more like errno from OSError).
4. Add a 'reason' attribute that can be set to an enum which has a value which represents "module not found"
I can't easily make it a private exception that I prevent from escaping importlib thanks to trying to allow the accelerated version of import to use importlib's fromlist code (see how _handle_fromlist is called with its import_ argument).
I'm sorry, but this seems like it should be an importlib internal affair.  The new exception is too much in everyone's face, because the exception name gets printed on every traceback.
I like #4, #3 is also acceptable.  But #4 seems best because it can obviate a bunch of exception message parsing in user code, I'm sure.  Though we shouldn't go overboard with distinguishing cases, the two different places where you currently raise MNFE should be distinguished IMO.
If most user code should catch a ModuleNotFoundError exception, perhaps it will be better rename old ImportError to ImportlibError (or ImportingError, or ImportMachineryError, or BaseImportError) and new ModuleNotFoundError to ImportError. This will left most existing user code untouched.
>ImportError. This will left most existing user code untouched.
comfortable with an analysis based on testing existing third party code.
OK, I'll revert the changes related to ModuleNotFoundError.
As for adding a 'reason' attribute, I see two sticking points. One is how to set the enum value. There is both the C code issue (specifically so ceval.c and import.c can use the values) as well as importlib's bootstrapping restrictions. I'll have to think about whether there is any reasonable way to make it work.
But the bootstrapping issues for the enum module is probably going to be the showstopper for this. That suggests either adding not_found or figuring out some way to prevent _not_found from leaking outside of importlib (which I now think I can do somewhat reasonably).
> to be the showstopper for this.
Have we succumbed to the enum religion already? Just make it a plain string.
In this instance where there are only a set number of options are expected to be officially valid, yes I think enums are a good fit.
As for strings, the only way I would be okay with that is defining the strings either as attributes on ImportError itself or off of importlib to make it easy to do a comparison. But in that case I might as well just drop _not_found and use ``str(exc).startswith('No module named ')`` to detect what I need and be done with it.
> expected to be officially valid, yes I think enums are a good fit.
They are a good fit, that doesn't mean they're the only one.
> importlib to make it easy to do a comparison.
harder than `exc.reason == ImportReason.MODULE_NOT_FOUND`.
It's not a question of harder but more error-prone since a typo in the string won't be directly noticed while mistyping an attribute name will be.
Ok, agreed. I guess it's ok, if it only adds one or two attributes.
> the exception name gets printed on every traceback.
That's the crux of the issue.  If there isn't much utility outside importlib to distinguishing between module-not-found and other causes of ImportError, then there isn't much point to a new exception.  It just boils down to what the other potential causes of ImportError are and how much people care about them.
Right.  Outside importlib there shouldn't be a need to distinguish between the cases (especially given that the exception works differently than its name suggests).
Issue #15767: Back out 8d28d44f3a9a related to ModuleNotFoundError.
Any chance we could revive ModuleNotFoundError?  It's nice to be able to distinguish between the failure to *find* the module during import from other uses of ImportError.  I'd definitely expect it to work the way Guido explained.  Basically only importlib._bootstrap._find_and_load_unlocked() would raise ModuleNotFoundError (when _find_spec() returns None).
I've found the exception to be very useful while working on the importlib backport (https://bitbucket.org/ericsnowcurrently/importlib2).  My desire for adding ModuleNotFoundError is unrelated to its internal use in importlib that motivated the original request (see msg182332).
ModuleNotFoundError would need to be exposed somewhere sensible since once people see in tracebacks they'll want to catch it. :)  I'd expect that to be either in builtins or as importlib.ModuleNotFoundError.  We may be able to get away with not adding it to builtins, but maybe it would still make sense.
+1 to add this to 3.6b1.
I'm trying to understand why ModuleNotFoundError was added to 3.6.  The "what's new" entry links to this page.
Looking at the discussion, Guido said in 2013: "Right.  Outside importlib there shouldn't be a need to distinguish between the cases (especially given that the exception works differently than its name suggests).".  Then, three years later, he supports the inclusion of the patch, without that any new arguments had been given.
Could someone explain (or link to) what happened inbetween?
Read Eric's message before mine.
> Read Eric's message before mine.
Of course I read it, I wouldn't have asked otherwise.  Eric mentions an older message ("see msg182332") that *predates* your judgment that "outside importlib there shouldn't be a need to distinguish between the cases".  Otherwise Eric says that he finds "the exception to be very useful", but frankly, I don't see why (outside of importlib or backports of it).  What changed since msg192263?
questioning the decision, please come out and say so.
My curiosity was piqued when I saw ModuleNotFoundError, so I decided to look it up.  This led me to this page and I read the complete discussion.  I still did not understand the decision, so I allowed myself to ask,  also because I believe that when new features are introduced it should be clear what they are good for.  That's all.
In the above, please replace "understand the decision" by "understand the usefulness of it".
In the above discussion, as an alternative to a new exception, it was proposed to add an attribute to ImportError ('reason'), but then people seemed to agree that this is quite useless outside of importlib (msg192261).  But then I don't understand why the original idea of the exception was revived.
> It's nice to be able to distinguish between the failure to *find* the module during import from other uses of ImportError.
But you might still want an error if the package is installed, though incorrectly (e.g. fancy_parser is installed, but an old version that doesn't have NewParser). Catching ImportError would swallow this error, whereas ModuleNotFoundError would let it bubble up.
Thank you, Chris, for your reply.  If this is indeed the main use case of ModuleNotFoundError, I respectfully suggest to document it better.  The way things are now, Python users who switch to 3.6 encounter this new exception during their work with the interpreter and invariably wonder "Should I change anything in my code because of this?  If not, why was it introduced?".  In my opinion the current documentation does not answer these questions well.  Note that this is not about some deeply buried detail.  Every Python programmer is bound to encounter this.
Christoph, thanks for your suggestion.  If you think the documentation needs improving, please open a new issue with any suggested wording (or, even better, a doc PR).  This issue (issue15767) has long been closed and any discussion here is likely to not be acted on.
Unfortunately I do not feel competent enough to submit a documentation patch because I still do not understand why ModuleNotFoundError was added.
I don't want to bother you further with this.  Thank you all for your prompt replies.  If you agree with me that there is indeed an issue, please open it yourself.


text:
Over 100 Expert Writers
Water Treatment System Uses Salt and Electricity to Provide Clean Drinking Water to Thousands
Derek Markham
Derek Markham is a green living expert who started writing for Treehugger in 2012.
©. WaterStep
© GE
In many parts of the world, the most basic things are often the most difficult to come by, such as clean drinking water. While efforts to upgrade the local water infrastructure are laudable, sometimes the best solution is the simplest, because it doesn't require a ton of cash and can be implemented with the materials most likely to be on hand.
One great example of this is a collaboration between a GE engineer, a non-profit, and a number of volunteers to provide a rugged, portable water treatment device, made from ordinary materials, that could quickly treat large quantities of water. The answer came from a very basic process, electrolysis, which uses just table salt and the electricity provided by a car battery to produce chlorine gas for disinfecting water.
At the request of WaterStep, a nonprofit working to provide clean water to people in 26 developing countries around the world, GE engineers Steve Froelicher and Sam DuPlessis, along with other volunteers, began developing a water treatment system in his garage. After a year and a number of prototypes, Froelicher and his team had developed a workable design:
"The device fits inside a 10-inch PVC cylinder with two plastic tubes attached at the top. It strips chlorine from salt water by applying battery voltage across a circular membrane, a process called electrolysis. The chlorine bubbles off one of the electrodes and floats to the top where the device captures it and mixes it with contaminated water. The chlorine begins to oxidize organic matter and kills the pathogens in the water. The water is usually safe to drink two hours after chlorination." - GE Reports
This device is now the WaterStep M-100 Chlorinator, which is capable of generating enough chlorine to disinfect 38,000 liters of water per day (enough for about 10,000 people).
© WaterStep
According to GE Reports, these devices are already purifying water for over 127,000 people, include the neighbors of Wesley Korir, winner of the 2012 Boston Marathon, who brought the device to his hometown of Kitali, Kenya.
Right now, the team is working to reduce the power needs of the device so that it can be powered by a solar panel, or even just a smaller battery. They are also working toward eliminating some of the more expensive components of the device to reduce the cost, as well as making the water treatment system faster to set up and easier to use.
Not only can these devices provide for a basic human need, but they can also be used for education, as is happening at the Sisters of Notre Dame School and convent in Uganda, where the nuns are using them as a hands-on chemistry lesson to teach their students about electrolysis.
15 Concepts and Solutions for Providing Clean Drinking Water
Lamp Runs on Nothing but Saltwater*
Researchers Develop a New Way to Remove Greenhouse Gases From the Atmosphere
From Wave Power to Clean Water: SAROS Is a Wave-Powered Desalination System
High Performance Batteries Can Be Made From Metal Scraps & Common Household Chemicals
11 Ways Graphene Could Change the World
Five Best In-Home Water Filters
WaterSaver Technologies Aqus Uses Sink Greywater for Toilet
How Polluted Is U.S. Drinking Water?
Power From Poo: Breakthrough Could Lead to Sustainable Electricity From Sewage
9 Young Inventors Who May Just Save the World
Meet 20 Kids Who Are Changing the World Right Now
10 Impressive Innovations for Cleaning Up Oil Spills Developed Since the Gulf Disaster
SlingShot: Inventor Dean Kamen's 15-Year Quest to Solve the World's Safe Water Crisis
7 Cities With Great Green Projects Others Should Imitate
How to Go Green: Gadgets