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Optical Integration Without Compromises
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by Dr. János Pálhalmi (PhD) and Jan-Hein Broeders Download PDF
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a common technology for measuring oxygen saturation (SPO2) levels in blood. Light is sent by a light emitter into the body, and the amount of reflective or unabsorbed light is measured with a photoreceiver. Depending on the ratio between two wavelengths, the amount of oxygenated hemoglobin can be measured. Comparable technologies are also used to measure heart rate with an optical technology or heart rate variability.
All these systems require one or more photoemitters, which need to be controlled, and a photodetector to measure the amount of photocurrent as a measure for the received light. This receive signal finally needs to be amplified, conditioned, and digitized. Such an optical system might sound straightforward; however, with a missing dose of optical knowledge, it is very easy to retrieve an optical signal, which doesn't have anything to do with the signals the user is looking for.
To help companies achieve their optical objectives, a new, fully integrated optical module has been introduced. It has been tested and compared to a well-proven discrete optical system with outstanding results. You will read more about the results and methodologies behind this exercise.
Theory and Introduction to PPG Measurement
With an increased focus on home health, wellness, and prevention, a new market has been born around smart devices for tracking several vital parameters. Initially this started with chest straps—monitoring heart rate using a biopotential technology—but the last five to eight years have brought a big shift toward optical systems, making use of photoplethysmography (PPG). The big advantage of this technology is that we can measure at a single spot on the body, whereas biopotential systems require at least two electrodes that measure across the heart. This is not very user friendly, and, for that reason, interest in optical heart rate monitoring (HRM) and monitoring heart rate variability (HRV) has increased drastically.
While designing a system like this, there are several questions that need to be answered. What is the end application, at what location on the body do you want to measure, and how much time do you have for developing the system? Depending on the answers to these questions, the designer might follow a certain design route.
There are two different principles for measuring PPG. You can send light through a part of the body, such as finger or earlobe, and measure the amount of received or not absorbed light at the opposite side; or light is sent at the same side of the body where the amount of reflected light is being measured. Measuring by transmission through the body gives you roughly 40 dB to 60 dB more signal compared to a reflective system; however, in a reflective system you are free to choose where you place the sensor.
Figure 1. Classical block diagram of an optical HRM/HRV system.
Because most users prefer sensor comfort over performance, reflective measurement became more popular. For that reason, this article will focus on reflective measurement only.
During the time span of a heartbeat, the flow and volume of blood in a cardiac system changes, resulting in a scattering of the amount of reflected light received. The wavelength of the light source that is used for measuring optical HRM/HRV depends not only on the location on the body where you are measuring, but also on the relative perfusion level, as well as the temperature and color tone of the tissue. In general, for devices worn at the wrist, where arteries are not located on top of the wrist, you need to pick up pulsatile components from veins and capillaries just under the skin surface. Green light in this situation gives the best results. At places where you have enough blood flow, like the upper arm, temple, or ear canal, red or infrared light might be more effective as they penetrate deeper into the tissue, resulting in a stronger receive signal.
ADPD188 Is Game Changing
When trade-offs such as sensor position and LED wavelength are being made, you need to select the most appropriate optical solution. There are many choices in terms of analog front ends, either discretely built or fully integrated, but there is also a wide offering of photodetectors and LEDs that can be selected. It is key to place the transmitter and receiver in such a way that you get the maximum amount of receive signal for every milliampere of transmit current used. This is called the current transfer ratio and is usually given in nA/mA. What is also important in an optical system is the modulation index, which is the amount of ac signal in relation to the optical dc offset. Modulation index improves when you increase the spacing between the photosensor and the LED. There is a certain sweet spot along the distance between photodetector and LEDs, and this is also dependent on the LED wavelength. In an improperly designed mechanical system, LED light can reach the photosensor directly without having penetrated the tissue. This results in a dc offset that will have a negative impact on the modulation index. It shows up as optical crosstalk, also known as internal light pollution (ILP).
To minimize design efforts and to shorten time to market, especially for companies with minimal optical knowledge, ADI built a fully integrated optical subsystem for reflective measurement. This is called ADPD188GG and contains everything needed to run an optical measurement. In Figure 2, a picture of this module is shown.
Figure 2. ADPD188GG optical subsystem.
The ADPD188GG is a completely newly designed optical module with different dimensions compared to earlier generations. The form factor is almost square, 3.98 mm by 5.0 mm, with a total thickness of 0.9 mm. The biggest improvement is to the photodetector, which is rotated 90° from its predecessor. In relation to the LEDs, this sensor position provides a better sensitivity. The photosensor itself has been split into a size of 0.4 mm2 and 0.8 mm2. This provides flexibility to either increase the overall photodiode surface for more sensitivity or use a smaller size detector to prevent the sensor from saturation. The photodiode is placed on top of the analog front end. ADI is making use of the standalone ADPD1080 AFE. It has four input channels, each designed around a transimpedance amplifier with selectable gain (25k, 50k, 100k, and 200k), an ambient light rejection block, and a 14-bit SAR ADC. The ambient light rejection is done in the analog domain and is superb compared to other solutions on the market. Finally, the two green LEDs are controlled by integrated current sources, capable of driving currents up to 370 mA, and pulses as narrow as 1 μs, to reduce overall average current. The package is designed in such a way that transmitted LED light can hardly reach the photosensor without penetrating the tissue. This prevents optical crosstalk and provides the user the best modulation index, even when the sensor is placed under a glass or plastic window. This is a great feature when designing an optical reflective system. For those applications where transmissive measurement is preferred, the ADPD188GG can be used with externally connected LEDs and by having the internal LEDs bypassed.
Comparison to a Proven Solution
Before you start a new optical design, it is important to determine the target market and required specifications for the final product. An optical system with medical grade performance in general has higher specifications compared to a device intended for the sports and wellness market.
The ADPD107 is an analog optical front end designed for discrete optical systems. It is considered a gold standard among the optical front ends on the market, and due to its good performance, it is being used in many medical products. DataSenseLabs Ltd. has a lot of experience with the ADPD107. However, because a fully integrated optical module in certain use cases has advantages, it started to work with them and did a comparative analysis, comparing the ADPD107's performance with the ADPD188GG integrated optical module. In the following sections you will read more about the test setup, configurations, and results.
Test Setup and Data Collection
For the optical comparison, raw PPG readings were recorded, simultaneously with the ADPD188GG and ADPD107, over a period of 2 minutes. For the ADPD188GG setup, the standard evaluation board was used, where the ADPD107 was part of the optical system inside the wearable demo platform (EVAL-HCRWATCH). Both systems have been controlled by Analog Devices' user interface applications wavetool software.
For the test, configuration settings were optimized to achieve the highest signal quality. We kept the configuration of the AFEs, including the LED pulses, timing, and transimpedance gain within a specific range to achieve the same power consumption on both systems to get a fair comparison (see Table 1).
Table 1. Optical Module Comparison Between the ADPD188GG and the Gold Standard ADPD107
ADPD188GG ADPD107
Power Consumption (mW) 5.1 5.2
Sampling Frequency (Hz) 100 100
LED Current (mA) 130.02 64.89
Input Bias Current 15nA 80nA
AFE Width (μs) 3 3
Pulse Width (μs) 2 2
Pulse Offset (μs) 32 25
AFE Offset (μs) 23 16
AFE Fine Offset (ns) 125 250
Table 1 shows an ADPD188GG LED current, which is twice as high as the LED current in the ADPD107 setup. The reason is that the photodiode surface of the integrated solution is smaller than the surface of the discrete solution, so we had to compensate for this. Having two LEDs, driven from a 3 V supply, adds 156 μW to the overall power dissipation, which is almost negligible compared to the total power dissipation. We sampled the ADC at a rate of 100 Hz, which is common in a wearable system. In addition, we measured at a 500 Hz sampling rate, which is often used for systems with clinical performance.
The data recording was taken under the same circumstances as a normal smartwatch or fitness tracker, with the optical sensor attached to the top of the wrist. Because the microcirculation and vasoconstriction properties can be slightly different between the subdermal layers of the dominant hand and the nondominant hand, the recordings were repeated on both wrists by both optical systems. Datasets collected from the left and right wrists were analyzed and compared carefully to avoid position-specific influence on the signal quality. PPG datasets were recorded on 11 different users (subjects) while they were seated and under the same ambient light intensity conditions.
Data Analysis and Statistics
It is very important to take a comparative approach because signal quality validation does not only mean hard science signal processing, data analysis, and statistics, but it also has to do with what the market and end user are expecting. To be successful in the wearable market you need well-defined use cases and a clear objective of what outcome you want to get from the optical signal.
Optical heart rate monitors are strongly connected to fitness tracking and wellness monitoring applications, but there are many use cases where optical technology can be found in medical grade systems. In a fitness, health informatics, or medical related use case, the accuracy of the peak detection algorithm depends primarily on the raw data quality around the local maximum of the PPG signal. Accurate peak detection is not only the principal of heart rate or HRV measurement, it is also extremely important for PPG-based blood pressure estimation detection. So, the designer must choose the sensor platform that gives the best physical signal quality if the finally extracted and calculated PPG signals are supposed to support health related applications. Comparative measurement configuration and data analysis was designed and carried out based on the Biosignal Metrology patent (pending ID: P1900302) owned by János Pálhalmi.1
To support a peak detection algorithm, baseline fluctuations within the PPG raw data can easily be subtracted and filtered. In parallel, high signal quality around the peaks is needed at the raw data level to extract the targeted results as mentioned above. That is why in this study we focused on the comparative analysis of the major frequency bands around the peaks of the PPG signals measured by the gold standard ADPD107 and the new integrated ADPD188GG optical module. Major components of the signals were not modified, except the very slow baseline fluctuations (<0.25 Hz) and the high frequency components (>40 Hz), which were filtered.
Wavelet coherence and correlated comparisons were computed to compare the stability of the two signals within the most dominant frequency range. Figure 3 shows almost identical patterns of the results of the two PPG systems at the level of individual waveforms and their averages.
Figure 3. Individual PPG waveforms (±125 data points around the local maximum) were extracted and plotted on top of each other (blue dotted line). The ensembled averages of the waveforms are shown by the red lines. The figure demonstrates the fundamental similarity between the PPG signals recorded by the ADPD188GG and the ADPD107 discrete solution.
To continue the comparison at the deep data level, two different correlation-based methods were applied. Correlation coefficients and P values (R, P) were computed between every upcoming PPG wave, following each other. A different kind of variability of the signals was also tested by comparing every individual PPG waveform to the average.
Based on the comprehensive correlation tests, we can conclude that it was not possible to observe any significant difference between the two compared PPG systems, neither on the level of the individual waveforms nor on the level of the individual waveforms vs. averages.
Wavelet methodologies are very sensitive to differences in specific frequency bands. For that reason, wavelet coherence functions were calculated to compare the two PPG signals. Based on the results analyzed in the case of all 11 subjects, no significant difference was observed in the frequency domain or in the phase domain between the two signals (see Figure 4).
Figure 4. The magnitude squared coherence between the ensembled averages of the two compared PPG signals is shown by the color intensity plot in the time and frequency domains. Direction of the arrowheads is proportional with the phase difference between the signals. The horizontally pointing arrowhead to the right refers to no phase difference between the signals.1
While developing a new product, it might also be helpful to look at the specific frequency bands, which can be extracted from a given signal, to be able to optimize the specifications.
In this test, basic statistical properties of the magnitude squared coherence between the two compared PPG systems were analyzed within all the relevant frequency ranges, as shown in Figure 5. The entire spectrum was divided into six specific frequency ranges to analyze the variability of similarities between the signals.
Figure 5. Descriptive statistical properties of the magnitude squared wavelet coherence values are shown in four relevant frequency ranges from 0 Hz to 20 Hz.1
For all 11 subjects the coherence value was higher than 0.95 within all the frequency bands around the peak of the PPG signals, which tells us that there is a very high similarity between the gold standard and the new integrated ADPD188GG.
The ADPD188GG is a fully integrated optical module targeted for measuring heart rate, heart rate variability, and oxygen saturation, and for monitoring continuous blood pressure estimation. Because the module includes optics and electronics in a tiny package, it helps the designer and companies without optical knowledge to shorten their overall design cycle. The module is optimized for applications where reflective measurement methodology is used with wavelengths at 525 nm; however, external LEDs can also be used to measure at different wavelengths or to measure based on a transmissive principle. We have proven that the integrated system is not limiting us to meet the required specification for the various use cases in both out-of-hospital or clinical-based systems.
For more information, visit analog.com/healthcare.
1 János Pálhalmi. Biosignal Metrology patent, P1900302.
Dr. János Pálhalmi (PhD)
János Pálhalmi is a neuroscientist, metrologist, and holds a degree in health sciences. As a programmer he specializes in bio-signal processing and data analysis. János has more than 20 years of experience in electrophysiology and optical biosensor signal analysis from the molecular and cellular level to the human health related applications. Since the end of 2017 he and his company (www.eastwestdata.com) have been working together with ADI's health care business unit in the field of wearable bio-signal evaluation and classification. His goal is to help partners find quality solutions towards preventive forecasting in health state monitoring applications.
Jan-Hein Broeders
Jan-Hein Broeders is HealthCare Business Development Manager for Analog Devices in EMEA. He works very closely with the healthcare industry to translate their present and future requirements into solutions, based on Analog Devices market leading linear- & data converter technology as well as products for Digital Signal Processing and power. Jan-Hein started in the semiconductor Industry more than 20 years ago as an Analog Field Application Engineer and is in his current Healthcare role since 2008. He holds a Bachelor in Electrical Engineering from the University of 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
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In this experimead, a high chloride to sulfate ratio treatment is tested for its flavor and aroma contributions in a dry short mead. The salts were added to a 7% ABV cherry and apple, bottle conditioned, short mead. The salt additions were added after fermentation. Triangle tests are conducted to see if participants can correctly identify the difference between the two meads. Correct respondents also provided feedback on the differences perceived in the two meads.
As far as I know, this is the first triangle test of water chemistry in meads and also the first to evaluate water adjustments after fermentation. The only other research on this topic, which I highly recommend reading, is the article "Influence of Water Chemistry on the Fermentation and Flavor Profiles of Traditional Mead" by Aaron Kueck. Aaron, tested water profiles both before and after fermentation and the flavor impact. What I find fascinating about this study is that the final water chemistry does not perfectly correlate with the initial water profile. It raises interesting questions on how nutrient additions build the water profile. Moreover, it confirms my suggestions (see TANG) that a soft water profile is preferred with meads.
I decided on this recipe since I had friends asking for more of the cream soda mead. I modified the recipe compared to the previous cream soda mead mainly by using US-05 yeast and adding some apple juice to provide depth. I used 2 kg of frozen Polish fermentation cherries, and used the TANG nutrient profile. After fermentation I added Costco Vanilla extract, additional acid, green tea, and a small amount of maltodextrin and bottle conditioned to 2.3 vol. Some of the bottles were treated with the water adjustments at the time of filling and some were left as is.
+9 Days- At semi FG of 1.000, degassed, transferred to carboy, added Vanilla and acid. Added clarifier.
+11 Days- dropped perfectly clear, tasted amazing. Added 8oz of green tea to add tannin/body.
+12 Days- fermentation restarted. Nooo!
+3 weeks – Fermentation done for good. Final-FG was 0.994. Tasted ok but not as good as before fermentation restarted. The flavors were all there and it had a clean fermentation profile, but the flavors were not as melded as batches with D-47.
~2 months: bottled using 50g of maltodextrin, 1/2 cup of honey, using a calculation of 2.5 vol at 80f.
The treatment was a water chemistry modification. The calculations were completed using John Palmers water profile calculator. The original profile of the spring water was as follows.
For each liter of the treated mead, 0.1 grams of Gypsum CaSO4*2H2O and 0.25g of Calcium Chloride CaCl2*2H2O were added. The salt contributions to the mead was as follows.
The original Chloride to Sulfate ratio was close to 1-1 and the levels were low. The treated water profile had a higher Chloride to Sulfate to Ratio of 5/3 and levels associated with the NEIPA style. A high Chloride to Sulfate ratio is often used in these beers to promote a rounded malt flavour and emphasize the juiciness of hops and esters. In contrast, a higher Sulfate (SO4-2) ratio is often used to increase the perceived hop/bitterness character of a beer in IPAs. Both the ratio and the level are generally understood to be important.
This is an good mead. The mead came out really clean. No esters or phenolics were present. However, partly due to the lack of yeast character, the creaminess of the cream soda mead that I had got from using D-47 was not there. It took some time for the favors to integrate, but they did after a few months.
When I originally dosed the meads (pre-refermentation) with salts for myself in a bench trial, I tried several ratios and though that the high chloride water profile added more creaminess, fruitiness and integration of the flavors. I found that the high sulfate samples emphasized the dryness and tannins in the mead, the opposite of what I was going for. I wish I had tried just upping the chloride and not adding any sulfate.
Next time I would not add the green tea, since the tannins weren't needed at the degree of dryness that it unfortunately ended at. I think I would try a more expressive and fruity yeast next time like US-04. However, it still drinks with a good degree of body and is crushable.
Tests were evaluated when the meads were 4 months old at a local Oktoberfest blast with the Kingston area home-brew club, KABOB. Blind participants (other than myself) were asked to identify the odd mead out in a triangle test. The meads were poured 50-50 between in two groups of cups that looked identical except for a marking on the bottom of one set of cups. Randomly, half of participants were given two cups with the treatment, half were given two cups without treatment (as well as the other mead). Participants were asked their experience level with meads, how blown their palate was, and a their status as judges and home/professional brewers. If participants were correct, they were asked to say which mead they preferred and provide some comments on overall impression, aroma and flavor characteristics of the meads.
More experience with meads was associated with higher success in the triangle tests. Those with less blown palates was correlated with being able to identify the odd-mead out.
Again, I was the only mead and beer judge. Females who participated fared better than average and experienced home brewers did worse than average.
Importantly, out of the five that correctly identified the odd-mead out, four preferred the mead with the salt treatment. Tasting notes are described below.
This was an interesting triangle test. Like the other experiments, while the p-value of the ability to correctly identify the meads was not significant, I found it more interesting that most who correctly identified the meads preferred the meads with the salt additions. Chloride additions are now part of my arsenal.
Seth Clearwater: "Thanks for looking into this — I'll be curious to see where this goes. One thing about salt additions from the beer world: those are almost always added in the mash/sparge stage and NOT after fermentation. I would suggest playing with these additions at both stages to see if you prefer one or the other.
Tom Repas agreed with Jon and Peter that it would've been best to perform this test with a traditional mead.
Thanks fellows. I agree completely that the experiment should be performed on a dry traditional. I used this mead since I had it on hand and I wanted to see if salts would impact the fruitiness and honey character in a short mead with fruit.
In fact, I hope that the experiment is repeated on several meads. Like beer, I expect, if salts do matter, the optimal levels and ratios will likely depend on the style of mead. My hypothesis is that a dry traditional would benefit the most from improvements in mouthfeel and favor emphasis from a similar salt addition to that used in the experiment. Further, a sweet traditional may benefit from a higher sulfate to chloride ratio if its cloyingness is wanted to be toned down.
In the future, I plan to experiment with salt additions in conjunction with nutrient profiles. The resulting water profile is likely to be greatly influenced by the nutrient protocol.
This article describes how to conduct your own mead triangle test experiments. This includes recommendations on experiment design and details on best practices. Tools such as surveys and statistical models are provided.
What is a Triangle Test?
A triangle test is a method to discriminate meads and is used in sensory science. The test can be used to test for overall differences in meads, changes in processes or ingredients, or selecting qualified participants.
How to implement a Triangle Test?
During a triangle test, a taster is presented with three meads, where two of the meads are the same and one is different. The taster is instructed to identify the odd mead out and record the answer. If the taster is correct, they may be asked to fill out a questionnaire. There are two common ways to present the triangle tests to panelists.
One way, as shown by the pictures below is to put stickers on the bottom of the cups. The lone symbol will be the odd mead out. If you follow this method make sure that the cups are opaque, or at least that the stickers cannot be seen unless the cups are listed. The advantage of using this method is that it is harder for someone to bias the results if they state their preference. It also makes it easier for half the people to get one mead and half the people the other. Merely place sticker 50-50 on the cups and randomly assign the cups. The main disadvantage is that it is a pain to put the stickers on the bottom of the cups.
Another way of conducting the triangle test is to use three different colored cups. For example, you could use a blue, red, and purple cup. High quality 8 oz party cups are often available in a variety of colors and can often be found at dollar stores. You can also use different colored solo cups as used by brulosophy.com. For this method, the odd mead out is added to one color and the other mead is poured in the two remaining colors. The advantage of using this method is that it is easier to pour. The main disadvantage is that someone can bias the results if they state their preference, since everyone can see the colors and the correct answer is the same for everyone. It also means that everyone will get the same mead out, a potential problem if the triangle test is to be considered randomized.
Data is collected in how many tasters identified the odd mead out. Data may also be collected on aroma and flavor differences, preferences, off-flavors, and lots of other potential qualifiers. The survey below is an example of a survey given in the Acid Additions in TANG Cream Soda Mead experiment. The survey can be downloaded here.
Using this survey, Part 1 asks participants for their name, judging status, experience level with mead and their degree of palate fatigue. Participants are asked to identify the odd mead out and write that down in part 2. Once it is written down (it doesn't matter what they write, left, center, right etc.) they can check to see if they are correct. This can be done my getting them to lift the cups to check the stickers at the bottom (if using that method). If they were correct in identifying the odd mead out, they are asked to fill out part 3, on preference, and aroma, flavor, and overall descriptors. The check box on the right allows for a numerical score of their perception of the quality of the mead.
The sensory analysis can be reported for only those who go the triangle test correct, you may also report the people who got it wrong, as well as an aggregate measure. A very interesting data point is for those who got the test correct, which mead is preferred.
The p-values were calculated from a one-sided tests using the bi-nominal distribution with a null of 1/3, the same as used by brulosophy.com. The p-value calculator comes from onbrewing.com and can be found using the web link. It is as simple as plug-in the number of participants and the number of correct answers. The number of expected correct answers, is a third of the total number of participants. In a triangle test, the probability of a correct answer by chance is 1/3. The probability of choosing an incorrect answer by chance is 2/3.
In addition to the information on how many got the odd mead out descriptors can be recorded and tabulated. List all descriptors used. Try to show how may times a descriptor was used. You can use a table or column for aroma, flavor, overall.
The evaluation of the meads using the check boxes, for perception of overall quality, aroma, off-flavors, etc provide readers of the study a reference point on the quality of the mead being evaluated with an ordinal ranking. Note that inexperienced panelists often have a tendency to score around the mean.
Check boxes for panelists level of experience with meads and palate fatigue are udeful for the understanding which factors make panelsist more likely to be correct. For example, 1 may be no experience with meads, and 5 may be very experienced mead tasters. Averages, standard deviation, median value can then be tabulated. This helps provide a comparison of results across studies.
There are a number of things to consider in designing your experiment to ensure the results are not biased, and get ample data. The following should be considered. If not, it is important to acknowledge these points as conditions on your results when they are presented.
Only one variable should be changes for each triangle test experiment.
Try to have the participants blind to the parameter changed. Do not tell them what you are testing for. If people knew the parameter of interest, you should report this with your results.
All triangle tests should be conducted at the same time, under the same conditions. Parameters such as serving temperature, cup sizes, disturbance of the bottles prior to pouring, and pouring conditions should be held constant. A brew club meeting or a judging event works well for this purpose.
All three samples should be presented to the participants immediately after pouring or as similar a time from pouring as possible.
The odd meads out should be randomized by participant. For example pouring from two kegs and half people get two of one sample and the other half randomly get two of the other sample.
If possible the order of the meads tested should be randomized. There are six possible order combinations for samples A and B: AAB, ABA, BAA, BBA, BAB, and ABB.
Make sure the participants are instructed to take their time, and that they will be asked about descriptors if they correctly identify the odd mead out. You should be as consistent as possible in your instruction. Report your instruction with your results.
Supervise the tasting. It may be prudent to ask that a moderator is called over when the participant is ready to make a guess if you are using stickers.
You should have at least 15 participants for the p-values from the triangle tests to have any validity. Plan to have more than 30 participants to make your study as strong as possible. If there are less participants, the weight of interest will be placed on the qualitative descriptors.
Don't tell participants if they got it correct, or the parameters of the study untill all the panelists have submitted their guess.
Finally, keep in mind that these are recommendations on best practices. Even if something goes wrong, or you cannot control a parameter of the study, your results may still be of interest. Just make sure to state whether any of the above factors were different for any of the participants so that the results can be interpreted correctly.
It is considered best practice to rehydrate all dry yeast rather than pitching directly into a mead must (see for example the BJCP Mead Exam Study Guide). Another method not mentioned in the BJCP Study Guide* is an activated starter. This involves rehydrating yeast with a rehydration nutrient and step feeding with must and waiting until the yeast has been able to absorb the rehydration nutrients. This differs from a traditional starter in that the intent is not to grow the yeast population, but to encourage healthy rehydration and preparation for the must. An activated starter is the first step in making mead and should be ready as soon as the full mead must is prepared.
Activated starters are considered best practice, and used by many award-winning mead makers. An activation starter can improve yeast count and viability to encourage a stronger and cleaner fermentation. See variants of the method mentioned on Mead Made Right, Mead Makr Batch Buildr, and known to be used by Ken Schramm. As stated in the Scott Labs Handbook 2017: "Proper yeast rehydration is one of the most important steps to help ensure a strong and healthy fermentation." Alternatively if the micro-nutrients were merely added to the must "competitive microorganisms would use a significant amount of them and others would be chelated by polyphenols" (Scott Labs Handbook 2017, pg 40).
Clean, chlorine free, water at 110°F (44°C). 20 ml per gram of Go-Ferm (125 ml total for a 5 gram packet of dry yeast, and 6.25 g of Go-Ferm).
The size of the activated starter depends on the mead that you're making, approximately 300-600ml per 5 grams of yeast is a good start.
Dissolve Go-Ferm (or Go-Ferm Protect) in your clean, chlorine free, water at 110°F (44°C). Use a thermometer.
Wait for the temperature to come to yeast pitching temperature, 104°F (40°C) for most wine yeasts or lower for ale yeasts.
Gently sprinkle the packet of yeast evenly over the solution. Swirl/stir gently only if any dry yeast clumps.
Prepare the starter must (200-400 ml per 5 grams of dry yeast) at the desired must gravity, shaking aggressively to aerate and mix honey and water.
After 20 minutes from sprinkling yeast, gently swirl/stir the solution to submerge any remaining dry yeast.
After 5 more minutes (and definitely before 30 minutes from sprinkling yeast), spoon in a small amount (1/4 cup, ~59ml, for 5 grams of yeast) of starter must to the yeast slurry. Do not allow the temperature drop exceed 18°F (10°C). Atemperation steps below 10°F are prudent.
Keep adding the same amount of starter must (1/4 cup, ~59ml, for 5 gram packet) every time yeast activity picks up, every 15–20 minutes or so, until all the starter must is used. Again, do not allow the temperature drop exceed 18°F (10°C).
Now make your full mead must, so that after at least three hours you can pitch your activated yeast starter into fermenter as soon as the full must is mixed. The activated yeast starter should be as close a possible to the temperature of the must. If the must is below 55°F, the starter should be within 5°F before pitching.
Go-Ferm dissolves better the warmer the water. An alternative to step 3 is dissolve the Go-ferm in near boiling water, 1/3-1/2 the total amount of water needed. Once dissolved, use the remaining water at room temperature to bring the temperature of the slurry as close to rehydration temperature. This saves time waiting for Go-Ferm to dissolve and arrive at rehydration temperature.
The recommended dosage rate is 1.25 grams of GO-Ferm per gram of yeast. However, Go-Ferm contains vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Over use of GO-FERM with other organic nutrients such as Fermaid-O/Fermaid-K can lead to unami (think wet dog food) or brine flavors. See TANG nutrient regime for more details on avoiding this.
Have your activated starter ready to pitch as soon as the full mead must is prepared. This helps give your yeast a head start over indigenous organisms. This is especially true for yeast with a low competitiveness factor. For this reason, wine makers are advised to "add the yeast slurry to the bottom of the fermentation vessel just as you begin filling the vessel with must/juice" (Scott Labs Handbook, 2017 pg 7).
Never use distilled (or reverse osmosis ) water if you are not using Go-Ferm. In this case it is best to use harder water of approximately 250-500 ppm. In fact, if you are not using Go-Ferm, the steps are different and this article does not apply to you.
* The BJCP does recommend using a variant of the above described method, but only for restarting stuck fermentations.
I got apple cider at a farmers market in January, fresh pressed the day before. One of the advantages of buying cider late season is they often contain more cider appropriate apples: aroma, sharps etc. The cider I used for this was mostly desert apples, but definitely had some of the later season varieties. I also added Granny Smith apples with their skins for acid and tannin. I made 6 gallons, used three gallons to made a clone of Kurt's apple pie from Moonlight Meadery, put one gallon on a vanilla bean, and left the other as is. All got oak cubes. The Kurt's apple pie was very good but ended up with more notable cinnamon than vanilla. The one gallon that sat on the vanilla bean, really smoothed out, and helped bring out the apple quality. You don't notice the vanilla per say but you would notice if it is missing, which is exactly the problem with the plain cyser. Despite the cyser finishing at a FG of 1.01, the oak tannin really dried it out and brought out the perception of alcohol in the cyser without the vanilla.
Shook every couple of days and got lots of CO2 from the one without fruit.
+2 weeks – strained apples out of bag and had a baseball size clump of skins left. The one with fruit on top started bubbling aggressively once fruit was removed.
Shook every couple of days and both bubbling for a while after being shook.
+ 1 Month – transferred to 5g carboy. Read 1.008. Added 0.5 liters of water to top up carboy.
+5 weeks still degassing, some apple pieces floating on top. still cloudy so added 1/4 tsp petic enzyme.
+ 7 weeks – transferred to tertiary. Still cloudy.
+ 11 weeks – transferred to a three gallon carboy and two one gallons, and a half gallon carboys. The half gallon got some sediment. Read 1.010!?
+12 weeks – added a vanilla bean to 1/2 gallon, three gallon, and the one gallon. Put 1/2 tbsp cinnamon in a tea bag in the 3 gallon carboy, and 1 tsp of cinnimon in a tea bag in 1/2 gallon.
+ 4 months – bottled from the 1/2 gallon, got two bottles of the half vanilla bean and back of cinnamon. Presence of alcohol, no floral-musk character, strong vanilla almost too much. Checked the other vanilla meads. Left some in a glass and let sit out for an hour, it really opened up and the apple and cinnamon came out more and the alcohol turned into warming alcohol at the back-end. Apple vanilla nose come out more clear and mellowed out. Tasted off-dry.
+6.5 Months – took out vanilla bean and cinnamon from 3 gallon carboy. Added oak (two cubes American, one French, been soaking in vodka for 3 months) to vanilla, 3g carboy.
+6.75 Months – tested the vanilla cyser but couldn't taste the vanilla. Had the intense floral /musky smell of the honey.
+7.5 Months took a 750ml bottle bottled from the 1/2 gallon to a local mash-up. Tasted ok, but lacking acid. Some muskiness was still there and it is quite off-dry tasting so hard to notice apple much. More vanilla than anything.
+8 months – tasted the larger carboy. Most of the alcohol nose is gone, vanilla is coming though, medium bodied. Tannins are coming through and the vanilla is there but no as much as the cinnamon. May not want it to sit on the oak too much longer. It looks more dark then the other batches. Could use some acid to brighten it up.
+ 9 months – Did a tasting of the spiced 1/3 gallon batch and found that 17.5-20g per 100 ml of acid blend was the preferred acid level. Made a big difference, and really brought out the apple character. Added 21 g of acid blend to the topped 3 gallon carboy. Withdrew some mead, mixed in acid, and dumped back in. Tasted great, but the vanilla and the cinnamon were hints and not as forward as hoping. Put 6 grams (5 acid blend, 1g citric) into the two one gallon carboys.
+9.5 months – bottled all the meads.
Submitted the vanilla cyser as a cyser and the Kurt's apple pie clone to GTA brew slam, Canada's largest homebrew competition, when the meads were 10 months old. The cyser won second place and it scored 41/50 by two judges including Gordon Strong. Complete scoresheets. I submitted the vanilla cyser as a cyser since the vanilla was not a distinct flavor in the cyser. The vanilla cyser tasted much better than the oaked cyser, despite not much vanilla character coming through. I really helped smooth and round out the aroma and flavor profiles. It also helped cut through some of the alcohol nose that was merely amplified by the presence of oak in the cyser.
The Kurt's apple pie clone was one of my favorite meads. Despite the cinnamon not being intense in the carboy, it really came out after a month in the bottle. The cinnamon lingered as noted by two judges, it tended to dominate, not amplify the apple character. It only scored a 35/50 and a 37/50 by two judges at the same competition. See full Kurt's apple pie scoresheets. Next time I would add two vanilla beans, and pull out the cinnamon earlier.
I made a couple of mistakes with this mead, and I would not follow what I did as instructions. I should have oxygenated the meads with pure 02 as the wine whip was insufficient. I would have also liked the meads more if they finished out a little sweeter, maybe 1.015. The alcohol became present later in the fermentation, and it could have needed more organic YAN. As I have mentioned elsewhere this was an earlier batch of mead for me and I was still using a wildflower honey that had such an intense floral character that it came across musky. I now would use a golden or white wildflower honey – or would do a 50/50 blend of orange and raspberry blossom varietal honey. It also could have used some rehydration with Go-ferm or substituted most of the DAP with Fermaid-O.
Another thing is that I decided how much acid to use using a 1/2 gallon batch of Kurts apple pie, then scaled up and added that amount to all the batches. In retrospect I should have added malic acid. The citric acid came across a bit sharp and stood out from the apple – malic character. I should have also determined how acid I needed by testing each spin-off batch separately. The traditional cysers needed less acid than the spiced cysers, and adding the same amount per gallon to each batch overdid it for the traditional. Finally, when determining how much acid I wanted to use, I should of cut it by 75% from by preferred – or confirmed my preference the next day. Tasting all the different acid levels at once blew my palate and lessened by sensitivity at testing. I would have added less after the fact.
Alternative priming sugars: table, honey and corn sugar are evaluated for their aroma and taste contributions in bottle conditioned short meads. The meads are evaluated in a 8 % ABV Canadian golden wildflower traditional short mead.
Want to avoid brine/ umami off-flavors, especially in short meads? This article proposes taking the YAN contribution from Go-ferm into account and avoid excessive minerals by tailoring the nutrients to your water profile.


3hp – CV/Gate is an expander module for Malekko Sync (connects via 6-pin cable included). Malekko SYNC sends incoming MIDI information or trigger information to CV/GATE expander outputs in 3 selectable modes (Mono, Poly and Drum Trigger Modes). MORE BELOW!


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Mirei is a Milan-based multidisciplinary designer who started her career in her birth place, the Philippines. Working from her roots has exposed her to the world of traditional manufacturing and production of furniture, where everything is made by hand. This environment exposed her to the beautiful world of artisan crafts, but then gave her the yearning to explore state-of-the-art techniques that come from the western world – which led her to study at Politecnico di Milano with a Masters degree in Design and Engineering in 2017. In 2019, she founded Studiomirei. On the same year, she won the Salone Satellite special mention award for the Nebula lamp during the Salone del Mobile.
Studiomirei is deeply rooted in creating conscious and sustainable designs while working indiscriminately with industrial processes and small artisans. We evaluate the best processes and materials for each piece that goes into an item depending on its quality, novelty and environmental footprint. We work within an intersection of sustainable materials, craft, technology and empowering communities.
Currently, the studio mainly works with lighting products made of Banaca fiber, cultivated from the Philippines and woven by a community of weavers found in the province of Bicol. The proceeds of the products go into livelihood development programs for the weavers and their families.
Designing for an aesthetically conscious sustainable future rooted in tradition and innovation.
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Limited Deluxe Edition
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James Cameron "James Cameron's TITANIC" Limited Edition, Deluxe Leather Bound Collector's Edition [Sealed]
Easton Press, Norwalk, Connecticut, 2013. "James Cameron's Titanic". Limited edition. Deluxe over-sized leather bound collector's edition. The front cover contains a hologram image from the movie featuring Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. Bound in...
Easton Press, Arthur Conan Doyle "The Hound Of The Baskervilles" Artist Signed Limited Deluxe Edition, Leather Bound Slipcased [Sealed]
Personally signed by the artist Matthew Stewart and limited to only 1,200 Easton Press, Norwalk. CT. Arthur Conan Doyle "The Hound of the Baskervilles". This illustrated Deluxe Limited Edition is one of only 1,200 slipcased copies personally signed by...
Easton Press "The Tempest" William Shakespeare Limited Edition Leather Bound Deluxe Slipcased of only 400 [Sealed].
A beautiful leather bound collector's edition limited to only 400 hand-numbered copies Easton Press, Norwalk Ct. Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Deluxe Limited Edition. A rare slip-cased edition, luxuriously bound in full genuine leather. As New, sealed...


I was recently in the market for a backpack. I needed a basic but well made bag something to put about a nights worth of clothes, toiletries, iPad, and some reading materials in. I went online and started to browse. There is no shortage of backpacks and travel bags on the internet. Eventually i came across the Herschel Supply Co. Settlement Backpack . Herschel Supply Co. have become very popular among travelers recently because of of their high quality bags for men.
I first noticed the large heavy duty zipper that looked like it wasn't going anywhere. Poor zipper quality runs rampant in most popular brands of backpacks and is one of the reasons i'm in the market for a new one. I then noticed the canvas outer shell which gives is a cool vintage look and feel. Something just felt right about this bag and it fit all of my criteria so i bought it. Below you can check out some pics of the Herschel Settlement Backpack.
When it arrived i was pleasantly surprised the backpack looked even cooler in person. It was comfortable to wear, and it had a headphone hole built into the top. It has served me good for the past few weeks on my travels searching for cool stuff. I hope you all found this helpful, and if you find something cool while shopping submit it to Allcoolshit.com.
Click here for more Herschel Supply Co gear .
Some other interesting bags i found coming soon.


WRF540CWHZ in Fingerprint Resistant Stainless Steel by Whirlpool in San Jose, CA - 36-inch Wide Counter Depth French Door Refrigerator - 20 cu. ft.
We bought this particular fridge because of the french doors, inside water dispenser, and cabinet depth. I wish it was not more expensive to get the shallower fridge, but overall it seems excellent quality (2 weeks in) and meets our needs. The water line to the ice maker does seem very noisy.
We bought this Whirlpool Refrigerator last month ago. We love it.


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Tag: Farmers suicide
Short story – Suicide
Fula had no words to defend herself. She was shattered into pieces. There was a spontaneous flow of tears from her eyes —they reached her nostrils, lips and chin. She thought that life saves the cruellest for the poor.
'Agriculture needs policy interventions'
In this e-mail interview to Deepak Razdan, he answers questions on rural distress, and the policy rejig he thinks can bring relief to farmers.
Mamata Banerjee questions BJP on lynching, farmers' suicide
"Wherever they have a government, people have been murdered in thousands, a number of unemployed has shot up," she said.
'Modi time' is time of farmers' suicides: Kamal Nath
Madhya Pradesh Congress President Kamal Nath on Monday said that the country was passing through a challenging phase under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, as the country was faced with farmers' suicides. The Congress leader was speaking at a function held here to pay tribute to late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi on his 27th death anniversary. …
Continue reading "'Modi time' is time of farmers' suicides: Kamal Nath"
60 years on, Mother India grapples with same woes
Mehboob Khan, who produced and directed the immortal classic Mother India (1957) would perhaps have been shocked at the present situation of the peasant population in India 60 years after the film was released. Behind the glamour and the chutzpah of the packaging and a rather melodramatic storyline when read in retrospect, Mother India had …
Continue reading "60 years on, Mother India grapples with same woes"
Andra Pradesh: Physically challenged farmer ends life
A 38-year-old debt-ridden physically challenged farmer has allegedly committed suicide at a village in Krishna district, police said today. P Narayana Rao killed himself by consuming pesticide yesterday at his agriculture field in North Siruvolulunka village of Mopidevi mandal, nearly 25 km from here, as he was distraught over crop loss, Avanigadda police station …
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Amarinder fudging data on farmer suicides: AAP
Punjab's Leader of Opposition Sukhpal Singh Khaira on Tuesday accused Chief Minister Amarinder Singh and his government of fudging figures on the growing number of suicides by debt-ridden farmers in the state. Questioning farmer suicide data disclosed by the Chief Minister in the present Congress government rule so far (March-September 2017), he said that he …
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Farmers' suicides rose under BJP rule: Rahul Gandhi
The country needs farmers as much as it needs industrialists but under the BJP government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, farmers' suicides have increased in the country, Congress Vice-President Rahul Gandhi said here on Friday. "In the past three years, 9,000 farmers ended their lives in Maharashtra… India's farmers have been under attack all …
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India must protect its food-givers
The slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan holds resonance for the spirit of those who secure us along the borders and those who provide us food. But over the years, our 'kisanconsciousness' just seems to have vanished into thin air, leaving millions of our farmers struggling for a basic livelihood. We appear to have consistently evaded …
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Gandhian prescription tackles farm distress
Many-sided distress of farmers has led to intense movements of farmers in recent months. In the course of these movements important issues were raised and several demands of farmers were highlighted. Some issues got a lot of attention, while other equally or perhaps more important problems did not get the necessary attention. The issue of …
Continue reading "Gandhian prescription tackles farm distress"
Three more farmers commit suicide in Madhya Pradesh
The spate of farmer suicides in Madhya Pradesh continues unabated. Three farmers committed suicide in the last two days under pressure from banks and moneylenders, taking the number of farmer deaths to 45 in 28 days. A debt-ridden farmer on Sunday killed himself by jumping in front of a train in Madhya Pradesh's Sagar district. …
Continue reading "Three more farmers commit suicide in Madhya Pradesh"
Rana KP forms committee to review farmers suicides
Punjab Assembly Speaker Rana KP Singh on Friday constituted a Committee to review and prepare a report on farmers suicide in Punjab. An official spokesperson said that the Committee has been constituted in compliance of the resolution put forward by Punjab chief minister (CM) Captain Amarinder Singh during the second Assembly session held on 19 …
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Punjab to bear liability of farmers who committed suicide
The Punjab government will bear the liability of the outstanding loans of over 7,000 farmers in the agrarian state who have committed suicide in recent years, Chief Minister Amarinder Singh said on Tuesday. "There are over 7,000 cases of suicides, including over 6,000 suicides during the tenure of the previous government," he said while addressing …
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Two more MP farmers commit suicide
Two more farmers committed suicide on Thursday reportedly due to debt in Madhya Pradesh, taking the total number of such farmer deaths to 31 in over a fortnight. Mariya Barela, 50, committed suicide by hanging himself in his farm in Imli Kheda under the limits of Bilkisganj Police Station in Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan's …
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Five farmers commit suicide in MP
Five farmers committed suicide in different parts of Madhya Pradesh reportedly due to debt and other problems since Sunday evening, taking the total number of such farmer deaths to 27 in over a fortnight. Ghisiya Khan, 70, committed suicide by hanging himself in the well in his farm in Harsud in Khandwa district. The farmer's …
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No quick-fixes again to farmer unrest, please
Recent UN reports project that by 2050, global population will rise from the current total of 7 billion to about 9 billion. It means that another one billion tonnes of cereals and 200 million extra tonnes of livestock products will be necessary annually to meet the growing demand. The imperative for such tremendous agricultural boost …
Continue reading "No quick-fixes again to farmer unrest, please"
Kerala farmer commits suicide
A 57-year-old Kerala farmer has committed suicide in a village near here after revenue officials refused to accept his land tax. The government has ordered a probe into the incident. K.P. Joy hanged himself to death at the Chembanodu village revenue office after the officials refused to accept his payments despite several attempts. Joy was …
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Vitamin C is probably one of the most common nutrients we hear about our day. Very essential for natural growth and development of an individual, the Vitamin C is a water-soluble nutrient.
it is loaded with all kinds of benefits to the human body and protects tissues and skin wear.
Studies show that it is very important to produce vitamin C containing foods a part of your daily diet. This is due to the reason that vitamin C is absorbed by our body and the residual is expelled as urine. Therefore, no deposits of this nutrient in the body.
is difficult to summarize all benefits of vitamin C in one place, but there is no doubt discuss all possible health benefits of vitamin C soon.
Vitamin C helps build collagen in the body. This is the connective tissue that helps hold the bones together. It also protects the body against infection and helps in the formation of muscles, tissues, blood vessels and cartilage. Another necessary iron ore, is also absorbed into the body due to the presence of vitamin C.
There are no limits to health benefits of Vitamin C ! Foods containing citric acid are said to be a great source of vitamin C. For this reason, it is advisable to consume fruits and vegetables that contain citrus, such as lemons and oranges acid.
People who get their daily dose of vitamin C likely to experience better health and fitness compared to those who do not consume adequate amounts of this vitamin.
white blood cells help boost the immune system and vitamin C promotes production of these cells. Vitamin C deficiency causes infections and acute disorders because the body is unable to fight infections, and even minor ailments. Doctors also prescribe patients suffering from HIV-AIDS to increase intake of vitamin C as it helps to strengthen your immune system.
There is a reason why vitamin C is added to most foods that are packaged and stored. This helps in protecting food from getting rusty. Thanks to its antioxidant character, vitamin C helps in the treatment of skin infections and repairs the skin and tissues. The simple application of the fruits that sources of vitamin C can do wonders for your skin. This is also the reason why people often recommend applying lemon, papaya and other fruits containing citric acid on the face and other body parts.
One of the many tested and proven health benefits of vitamin C is its ability to fight colds common. By eating fruits and vegetables that are rich in vitamin C , you can recover from a cold in progress much faster and also acts as prevention of the common cold. However, vitamin C does not completely protect an individual against the cold. It definitely helps in faster recovery from this condition.
With regular consumption vitamin C , the risk of stroke can be largely avoided . Vitamin C helps in reducing blood pressure and maintains blood flow regulated and under control. There will be no blockages in the arteries and a person will be able to lead a stress free and relaxed life.
is not surprising that the food we eat today is loaded with one or other chemicals and toxins. Lead is one of those deadly toxin that can create an imbalance in an individual time day. In many cases, their use can lead to death also. One of the many benefits health vitamin C is that it helps in reducing the formation of free radicals and toxins within the body, therefore, remains safe from all kinds of poisonous substances.
may have noticed that your stomach feels full immediately after consuming food consisting of vitamin C, one way or another . This is due to its high content of water and fluids present in fruits and vegetables that contain vitamin C. Bloating you refrain from eating unnecessarily.
Regular consumption of vitamin C helps reduce the risk of cataracts. Especially in women, eye health is to improve eating foods rich in vitamin C . Simply eating fruits and vegetables that contain citric acid, eye health and general vision can be improved greatly. It is necessary to provide adequate amount of vitamin C source for kids too. Full eye health can only be guaranteed if you start taking foods rich in citrus from a very young age. The fact that no serious side effects makes vitamin C in a very important part of the daily supplements worldwide.
Vitamin C is a rich source of antioxidants and helps prevent the risk of several different types of cancer. Prostate, oral, colon, stomach and lung cancer can stop a very large extent. Even people who are exposed to the consumption of snuff and asbestos may benefit from vitamin C intake in their diet.
Vitamin C helps in the regulation of sugar content in blood and therefore It keeps the body free from acute and chronic diabetes. Vitamin C intake regulated increases metabolism and helps the body to make all functions and processes properly. Increased metabolism also combats the feeling of being hungry and helps keep fit and healthy individual.
The surfaces of the airways that surround the lining of the lungs consist of vitamin C. The functions performed by our lungs breaks and leads to serious health problems such as bronchitis if no adequate supply of this important nutrient. Studies have shown that adequate intake of food source of vitamin C items, respiratory disorders such as asthma can be cured and, in some cases, patients experience immediate relief from pain and disability to breathe properly.
Vitamin C is said to often to be the most potent healing nutrients that nature offers us. It is full of antibiotics, anti-aging, anti-toxin and anti-viral properties. These properties help the human body in the fastest recovery of all diseases and also prevents the appearance of several common disorders. Over time, more and more doctors are recommending their patients to switch to a diet consisting largely of vitamin C. The consumption of citrus fruits and vegetables also works much magic in healing the human body. Almost any type of skin irritation can be reduced to a considerable level.
Vitamin C is known to promote the growth of collagen in the body. Collagen is a protein structure known to support the layer of epidermis. extracellular properties is provided and maintained intact skin, suppress the formation of wrinkles. Vitamin C also necessary to repair and protect the skin from photo-damage ie the damage caused when our skin is exposed to sunlight properties. With regular consumption of vitamin C, damaged skin is repaired and finally the appearance of the skin improves over time. Collagen production also increases with time which helps in reducing the roughness, irritation and other skin allergies.
There is a reason why people suggest applying lemon / orange / papaya and other fruits containing vitamin C in the skin. Vitamin C fights pigmentation and gives the skin a uniform tone. It is also known skin lightening some extent. To match the tone and glowing skin, vitamin C transforms it into an inseparable part of his life.
Research has shown that regular consumption of foods that are rich in sources of vitamin C you can repair the damage caused by sunlight. Skin- repair protein known as collagen is produced by vitamin C and this helps in the repair of photo-damage to your body. The outer layer of the skin is exposed to pollution, sunlight and other malicious and in order to protect factors, it is also recommended to apply a layer of lemon juice or orange pulp on the skin, as it helps in eradicating for damage caused by exposure to sunlight.
Ascorbic acid in vitamin C helps in blocking moisture present in the skin and reduces water loss layer more outside of the epidermis. This reduces the roughness of the skin and also keeps the dry skin hydrated. Another reason to consume Vitamin C rich foods is because they have a higher water content. This fluid contained maintaining soft and skin conditioning at all times.
Vitamin C is a vital part of our being. Consumption of fruits and vegetables that are rich sources of vitamin C will have both short and long term benefits for our health and fitness.


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As we approach March 8's International Women's Day, it provides a moment to recognize and celebrate our colleagues who are giving back in their local communities. This year's theme for International Women's Day is #BalanceforBetter, focusing on a more gender-balanced world.
Interestingly, according to MoreThanShipping.com, women only make up one-to-two percent of the workforce in the world's maritime and logistics sectors, which is among the 125 million people working in the industry. But as we look to hire more women at Crane Worldwide, there are women who are already making a difference every day.
Meet Rocio Ramirez, a customs brokerage assistant from Crane Worldwide Logistics Argentina.
A Life-Changing Flood Event
Over the past few weeks, northern Argentina has been suffering from catastrophic flooding caused by heavy rains.
More than 5,000 families have evacuated and there have been four deaths. The flooding has affected many farms, animals, and crops -- a lifeline for people in this region. Three states that have been the most affected: Chaco, Corrientes, and Santa Fe.
Rocio Ramirez has family in this area and knew her town needed aid. Rocio immediately took to the Crane network and asked for donations, which included clothing, food, water, and cleaning supplies.
Crane Worldwide Lends Support in Big Way
While Rocio started this as a personal donation, it quickly turned into a Crane company initiative, and Crane Cares stepped in to lend more support both logistically and materially.
Crane Cares believes it is important to be responsible corporate citizens and positively impact global sustainability. They are committed to the communities they live in.
Crane Cares took a one-woman initiative and made it 10 times bigger. From purchasing mattresses, non-perishable food, and cleaning supplies, Crane did what they do best -- arranged for in-land transportation to make sure the supplies got to the people in need.
On Feb. 1, the journey was made to the Province of Corrientes to deliver the supplies. And the supplies kept growing, justifying a second trip one week later!
This would never have happened if it weren't for Rocio. One woman with a big heart who jumped in, performed a selfless act for people who needed it most during a critical time of crisis.
"We need more 'Rocios' working with us," said Brad Tahan, Vice President of Latin America.
"She jumped in for her fellow countrymen during a time of need and did not think twice or doubt that she could make it happen. Let's celebrate our female colleagues on March 8 and recognize what they bring to work every day."
Learn more about our capabilities in Argentina here


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Prosecuting WikiLeaks For Publishing Documents Would Raise Serious Constitutional Concerns, Says ACLU
CONTACT: (212) 549-2689 or 2666; media@aclu.org
NEW YORK – According to news reports, the government is looking into whether it could prosecute WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange under the Espionage Act for publishing classified government documents he obtained from a third party. WikiLeaks, along with multiple news outlets, published thousands of pages of U.S. diplomatic cables on Sunday. The American Civil Liberties Union said that prosecuting WikiLeaks would have serious First Amendment implications.
The following can be attributed to Hina Shamsi, Director of the ACLU National Security Project:
"We're deeply skeptical that prosecuting WikiLeaks would be constitutional, or a good idea. The courts have made clear that the First Amendment protects independent third parties who publish classified information. Prosecuting WikiLeaks would be no different from prosecuting the media outlets that also published classified documents. If newspapers could be held criminally liable for publishing leaked information about government practices, we might never have found out about the CIA's secret prisons or the government spying on innocent Americans. Prosecuting publishers of classified information threatens investigative journalism that is necessary to an informed public debate about government conduct, and that is an unthinkable outcome.
"The broader lesson of the WikiLeaks phenomenon is that President Obama should recommit to the ideals of transparency he invoked at the beginning of his presidency. The American public should not have to depend on leaks to the news media and on whistleblowers to know what the government is up to."
Wikileaks - News and Background


Dark Brown Leather Sofa – Various parts of your house require furniture of different styles as well as types to earn the most effective use of both the location as well as the furniture. This is due to the fact that each furniture piece plays a different role in your house, with the usual attribute being that each item needs to be comfortable as well as need to go well with the surrounding structure as well as color pattern. In this message we additionally consist of some images of dark brown leather sofa as well as might be your basement design inspiration.
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What did Jumman realise after the judgement for his case was delivered by Alagu?
Why did Mahatma Gandhi send eleven demands in his letter to Lord Irwin? OR What were the main demands of the 11 demands of Mahatma Gandhi to Viceroy Irwin?
Imagine Robert Frost writes a letter to his friend Tom Hawkins about the factors that helped him to decide on what to do next in life and why he chose to be adventurous and different from others.
What message does Robert Frost give to his readers through his poem 'The Road Not Taken'.


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Delivery complications and determinants of caesarean section rates in India : an analysis of National Family Health Surveys, 1992-93
wp314.pdf (96.50Kb)
Mishra, U. S.
Ramanathan, Mala
Caesarean section rates have been increasing world-wide raising the question of the appropriateness of the selection of cases for the procedure. This paper examines the levels and correlates of delivery related complications and caesarean section deliveries in eighteen selected states of India in terms of specific maternal and institutional factors, using data from the National Family Health Surveys, 1992-93. Goa (15.3 per cent) and Kerala (13.7 per cent) were the two states with relatively higher caesarean section rates. There is reason to believe that the current caesarean section rates are part of a rising trend. This can not be attributed entirely to the rise in institutional deliveries alone because of the strong association between caesarean sections and private sector institutions. Apart from the fact that the states of Kerala and Goa are having relatively high caesarean section rates, in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh the risk of undergoing caesarean section in the private sector institutions is four or more times that in the public sector. It is possible that this extremely useful surgical procedure is being misused for profit purposes in the private sector in several states. There is therefore a need to examine this phenomenon using disaggregated data by the nature of caesarean sections, i.e. whether it was an elective or an emergency c-section along with the reasons for the choice. JEL Classification : I1, I18 Key Words: caesarean section, institutional deliveries, delivery complications, medical intervention
Mishra, U.S. & Mala Ramanathan (2001) Delivery complications and determinants of caesarean section rates in India : an analysis of National Family Health Surveys, 1992-93. CDS working papers, no.314. Trivandrum: CDS.


You need to apply to us to cancel your authorisation. Find out what to do here.
If you do not plan to stop carrying on regulated activities within 6 months of applying, we may not accept your application.
It is essential that you meet these conditions, otherwise we may not grant your application to cancel.
If the application is submitted correctly and considered complete a case officer has 6 months in which to make a decision.
If your application is incomplete our decision may take up to 12 months to process.
You can cancel or remove some payment services from your registration or authorisation. Please consider the relevant notes before submitting an application.
Small registered AIFMs must notify us when they cease to satisfy the conditions of registration in accordance with regulation 15(1) of the HMT AIFMD Regulations. We have more information on small registered AIFMs.
We don't charge anything for cancelling your authorisation. However, you will have to pay the full annual fee for the financial year in which you apply for cancellation.
If you submit your cancellation application to us before 31 March (or before the last day in February, if you are also regulated by the PRA), you will not have to pay the annual fee for the following financial year. If, however, your business continues to operate for 3 months beyond this deadline – that's to say, past 30 June – then you will have to pay the annual fee for the financial year.
We will tell you in writing that we have granted your application. At this point, all your permissions and approvals will automatically be revoked.
We might refuse your application if we think cancelling your authorisation is not in the interests of your firm's customers.
We'll always tell you in writing that we're planning to reject your application. You can then make written and oral representations to us, which we will consider before we make a final decision.
Find out how to cancel your authorisation using our online system Connect.
Use our guide for help with completing the application to cancel.


As the weather slowly transitions to an in-between summer and fall, I have found it rather challenging to pair together outfits. So, I paired this mainly black romper with the navy blue accents to match the perfect outfit.
I found the PERFECT black romper at T.J. Maxx (where else?) and loved the flow from the texture and pockets. I love how easy it is to pair and wear, and no matter where, you'll always be a show stopper in this ensemble.
I loved pairing this with neutral toned items like black jackets, tan leather jackets, black and white flannels, and cardigans. But, I love the hinted blue print, so, I personally prefer keeping the jacket/cardigan open so you can see the lovely print all day long. Also, I found colored sneakers give it an easy casual look for around the town, and heels automatically give it a night-out look.
Since this is an opened top, you could wear this for warmer fall weather. However, I do not recommend wearing this during the summer time because you could get hot from the black fabric and pants combination.
As you can see, I love this romper and think it is a great buy. I enjoy wearing it on gym class days because it is easy to take on and off. Also, it is easy to dress up or down with it open platform.
Thank you so much for reading and make sure enter subscribe (you can find it on the left side, if on a computer, and if you scroll down on a phone/tablet) so you never miss a post like this. You can also check out my blog every Tuesday and Friday at noon (Central Time) for new posts. Again, thank you so much for reading!
*For Contact information, please email me at fashionablymesite@gmail.com, or click the 'contact' tab at the top of my page.
Next: Next post: Tee? or Dress?
I love your unique titles!
So cute! I love seeing your post each week!
I think you should do a "dress like me for a week" post.


text:
using MineLib.Core;
using MineLib.Core.Data;
using MineLib.Core.IO;

namespace ProtocolClassic.Packets.Extension.Server
{
    public struct ExtAddEntity2Packet : IPacketWithSize
    {
        public byte EntityID;
        public string InGameName;
        public string SkinName;
        public Position Spawn;
        public byte SpawnYaw;
        public byte SpawnPitch;

        public byte ID { get { return 0x21; } }
        public short Size { get { return 138; } }

        public IPacketWithSize ReadPacket(IProtocolDataReader reader)
        {
            EntityID = reader.ReadByte();
            InGameName = reader.ReadString();
            SkinName = reader.ReadString();
            Spawn = Position.FromReaderShort(reader);
            SpawnYaw = reader.ReadByte();
            SpawnPitch = reader.ReadByte();

            return this;
        }

        IPacket IPacket.ReadPacket(IProtocolDataReader reader)
        {
            return ReadPacket(reader);
        }

        public IPacket WritePacket(IProtocolStream stream)
        {
            stream.WriteByte(EntityID);
            stream.WriteString(InGameName);
            stream.WriteString(SkinName);
            Spawn.ToStreamShort(stream);
            stream.WriteByte(SpawnYaw);
            stream.WriteByte(SpawnPitch);

            return this;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


How sweet the sound of soaking in a tranquil and relaxing bath at the end of a long day. This pure and fragrant bath bomb will sooth your soul as the ball dissolves from white to red, leaving a gracious reminder in the tub.
Jojoba oil, geranium and rosemary essential oil, fragrance oil.


Beavers are back in the UK, hundreds of years since they last lived with us. Brett Westwood asks if we can recover our cultural links with these architectural animals.
Rachel Poliquin is a Vancouver based writer concerned with all things orderly and disorderly in the natural world.
Her book Beaver was published by Reaktion in 2015.
Jim Crumley is a nature writer, journalist and poet. His book Nature's Architect: The Beaver's Return to Our Wild Landscapes, was published by Saraband in 2015.
He is a passionate advocate of species reintroductions, especially of wolf and beaver, the widespread restoration and expansion of native habitats, and a radical reappraisal of the relationship between the people of Scotland and the land. He writes columns for the Scots Magazine and The Courier and now lives in Stirling.
The Devon Wildlife Trust is home to England's only known wild beaver population on the River Otter in East Devon.


Quick Links: Recovery Kits/Bundles Need Side steps/running boards New to using Part Time 4WD Aftermarket Double Din Install Tyger Black Star Armor Kit / Nerf Bars Rear quarter window flag decal?
Discussion in '5th Gen 4Runners (2010+)' started by Lifeline, Dec 5, 2018.
I know they are new for this year, but does anyone know if the Toyota LED foglights are a plug n play upgrade for the standard fog lights?
Price isn't bad at all and seems like a good way to get some LED lighting out front at a good price?
Yes, they are plug and play. They're available in either black or chrome.
I run those and love them they are not the same as the pro upgrade but will do the same job plus look nice during the day.
cementrunr2017 and Lifeline [OP] like this.
Interesting....those are what the dealer told me the TRD PRO's are coming with. I test drove a PRO before buying mine, I loved the LED fogs on it. How bright are yours at night? I just want something to help see at nighttime lol.
Lifeline [OP] and WallyT4R like this.
Now the high beams look like dingy yellow candles behind the lenses. Any recommendation for LED high beams? The LED bulbs xenondepot has listed are not what I am looking for. Any other recommendations? Or maybe go with the Osram night breaker bulbs??
arnette64 and Lifeline [OP] like this.
I ordered those same fogs from Xenon as well, looking forward to their arrival. Also on order is their hi-beam (9005 bulb) LED kit with DRL module. Are you sure you don't want to consider them? Right now I believe they are the only manufacturer with a plug and play dimming module that will work for their LED bulbs (the 4Runner uses the same bulb for hi-beams as the DRL). Since the factory halogen bulb is dimmed by sending pulsed voltage (effectively lowering or dimming the light), up to now your only choice was flickering DRL lights or full brightness (hi-beam) DRLs.
I think the LED option will likely be brighter than any halogen.
For my low beams I recently installed Morimoto 2Stroke 2.0's and I think they're perfect. Plenty brighter over stock and no need to modify the dust cap. They're not as bright as an HID kit, true. But I think they're better, because HIDs are so bright that it seems your only options are blinding everybody or aiming them super low and reducing your range, which kind of eliminates the point.
Are those fogs brighter than OEM halogens? I'm wanting something that will put a little light out to the sides more than the halogen fogs. So you can see when turning corners a bit more.
No I am not sure. An didn't know/realize it was the same bulb (drl/high beams) so that changes things. I guess I haven't really looked into but I assumed they were different due to the dimness of the DRL's. You know what they about assumptions....anyway, I look forward to your review of their high beam bulbs.
Yes they are and they also put more light out to the sides. IMO it was a worthy upgrade. I really like them.
Yep should be plug and play. They came out of beta and went on sale only a month or two ago. They are on backorder due to the black Friday sale, should ship soon though!
Are they yellow?! Just noticed the color temp on the box.
yes, makes your fogs look yellow during the day. Yellow light output improves visibility when in use.
Off the topic of fogs but here is Xenon Depot's LED DRL module so your DRL/hi-beams will work correctly. I'm told Morimoto (or The Retrofit Source, I can't remember) is working on a similar solution for 4Runners.
Ok that is awesome...more money to spend.
Is it as simple as unplugging the harness from the OEM bulb, plugging in the LED, and re-inserting it into the housing?
More or less. The "tails" of the bulbs are a little larger since they act as heatsinks, so they are a little tougher to maneuver in place. But they swap right in.
4runningMan and Lifeline [OP] like this.
es, they are plug and play. They're available in either black or chrome.
You can use the 2018 Toyota Tundra LED fog lights too. Easy to install and they just plug right in.
any modifications needed for fitment? I was going to install my morimotos this weekend but there were a fitment issue.
The OEM Tundra LED lights are plug and play. Easy switch took me about 30 min.
I ended up getting the Philips LED fog bulbs and I was totally blown away. They are incredibly bright. Can't imagine the OEM led fogs would be any brighter.
Entire Site Forum: 5th Gen 4Runners (2010+) Thread: OEM LED foglights upgrade?


text:
AT&T Will Start Selling the Galaxy S10 5G on June 17 — With a Catch
By Don Reisinger 13 June 2019
If you're a business customer, you'll be able to get your Galaxy S10 5G with ease.
Verizon is already selling the Galaxy S10 5G. But soon enough, AT&T will be joining its chief competitor. Sort of.
AT&T announced on Wednesday (June 12) that it will begin selling the Galaxy S10 5G on June 17. However, in a twist that consumers might not like, the device will only be available to corporate users on AT&T's Business Unlimited Preferred plan. It'll retail for $1,000 when the device launches, which is $300 less than what Verizon charges.
Verizon started offering pre-orders on the Galaxy S10 5G earlier this year and launched the device in May. It offered the device to any customer, but Verizon's 5G network is only available in a handful of cities so far.
MORE: Samsung Galaxy S10 5G Review: So Ahead of Its Time, It Hurts
AT&T's decision to only make the Galaxy S10 5G available to corporate users might be disappointing, but in a statement to Engadget, the company was clear that it believes the Galaxy S10 5G is designed for businesses that want "the bleeding edge." The carrier essentially believes that since AT&T's 5G network is only available in limited areas and will appeal first to those who need super speed, like companies, it might not make sense to bring it to consumers.
Whatever the case, AT&T will be offering the Galaxy S10 5G for $1,000, which is the same price as the LTE-equipped Galaxy S10 Plus that AT&T is already selling. However, the Galaxy S10 5G will be available in 256GB of storage instead of the 128GB of storage you get on the standard S10 Plus.
With the Galaxy S10 5G, which comes with a Qualcomm Snapdragon 855 processor and plenty of power under the hood, AT&T will offer 20GB of tethering and a private Wi-Fi app. Prices on the plan start at $90 per month with Auto Pay.
In our Galaxy S10 5G review on Verizon's network, we ultimately found the device to be a "very good" handset that earned a 3.5 rating out of 5. It earned high marks for its fast 5G speeds and great battery life, but we took issue with the limited availability of 5G and its hefty price tag.
Best Smartphones - Here Are the 10 Best Phones Available
5G Phones: Every Known Phone and Release Date
This Could Be the Galaxy S11's Secret Weapon
High-tech face masks to watch in 2021
Can't find Nvidia RTX 3080 stock? These laptops could be the answer
How to set up Apple Fitness Plus: Everything you need to know
Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 Ti is now reportedly delayed 'indefinitely'


Founded in 1965 in Delray Beach, Florida, ClosetMaid was the first to manufacture ventilated wire shelving for closets in new home construction. ClosetMaid grew quickly, and in 1970 moved to their current headquarters in Ocala, Florida.
Today ClosetMaid is the worldwide leader in home storage and organization, offering innovative wire and laminate/wood storage systems for use in bedrooms, kitchens, family rooms, laundry rooms, home offices and garages – wherever people need to store and organize their things.


text:
Ferkovich: Lefty O'Doul, a San Francisco institution
February 3, 2015 /in /by jpomrenke
From SABR member Scott Ferkovich at The National Pastime Museum on February 2, 2015:
Lefty O'Doul is an institution in San Francisco, the city of his birth and of his greatest success as a minor league manager. And he was one of the men most responsible for promoting professional baseball in Japan. But O'Doul's legacy, at least regarding his place in the pantheon of the game's greatest players, is often overlooked.
O'Doul's detractors will point out his inadequacies. His career was too short, they will say. He played his home games in bandboxes that padded his left-handed-hitting statistics. His best years were in the late 1920s and early '30s, when a jackrabbit baseball powered a league-wide high-octane offense of historic proportions. He was an atrocious fielder with a poor throwing arm. He was a carouser who didn't take the game seriously enough.
Each of these arguments has an element of truth, to a greater or lesser extent. Certainly, O'Doul couldn't argue the last point. "I was no angel," he admitted.
Had he played today, he would have been an ideal designated hitter. Bob Stevens of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "He could run like a deer. Unfortunately, he threw like one, too."
Read the full article here: http://www.thenationalpastimemuseum.com/article/lefty-odoul
Originally published: February 3, 2015. Last Updated: February 3, 2015.
https://sabr.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/research-collection4_350x300.jpg 300 350 jpomrenke /wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sabr_logo.png jpomrenke2015-02-03 11:01:062015-02-03 11:01:06Ferkovich: Lefty O'Doul, a San Francisco institution