1974 Reissue of the television Christmas special from the 1950's based on "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens. Pleasant listening to basically a retelling of the Dickens classic. With added songs in a more modern pop sensibility.
Available on Etsy. Click on image for link to purchase page.
by The Caroleer Singers and Orchestra.
These were studio performers and their real names were probably never published. But their music is wonderful and very polished. A bright, cheerful, mid-century sound. Nicely produced with good fidelity and sound. This album is hard to find in this condition. Year is unknown. Click on the photo for link to Etsy site to purchase.
This Christmas album is credited to the Peppermint Kandy Kids. No other names are given, and there are some adults singing in places. It is nicely done - infectious songs with bright and crisp musical accompaniment. Great cover art as well. This is a reissue from the original 60's version. Click on the image to go to the Etsy listing.


text:
Giving Up on Love è un singolo del cantante britannico Rick Astley pubblicato nel 1988 come estratto dall'album Hold Me in Your Arms.

Descrizione
Il singolo non è mai stato pubblicato nel Regno Unito; tuttavia nel mercato statunitense il brano ha raggiunto la 38ª posizione nella classifica Billboard.

Il singolo è stato pubblicato in diverse edizioni con differenti b-side. Come lato B della versione su 7" standard è presente il brano I'll Be Fine.

Tracce
7"/MC 1988

7" juke-box USA 1988/promo Spagna 1989

12" promo USA 1988

12" USA, Canada, Spagna 1989

12" promo USA 1989

CD single USA 1989

CD single promo USA 1989

Classifiche

Collegamenti esterni

Singoli di Rick Astley

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Published On: Mon, Jul 22nd, 2013
San Diego Comic Con / Television | By Stephen Nevets
Martin Freeman, Benedict Cumberbatch tease SDCC fans for 'Sherlock' season 3, 'definitely going to be' season 4
Benedict Cumberbatch made his appearance at 2013 San Diego Comic-Con during the panel for the upcoming season of Sherlock. Cumberbatch was not actually in the studio audience, he was able to catch up with the event's producers and sent in a video for his appearance.
"It's been so much fun, the scripts are just a delight," Cumberbatch said when speaking about the newest season of Sherlock. "F–k it, I'm going to tell you how Sherlock survived … I know you guys like your spoilers and I feel so much better telling you. Freedom!"
The video then became distorted as Cumberbatch started using stuffed teddy bears to explain how Sherlock survived the fall. It was a fantastic sketch by the actor.
Martin encouraged fans to ask belligerent questions and hound everyone at all the panels. "They like that," he said. He hoped everyone is having a good time, and he said he's looking forward to filming the third episode of Sherlock "perhaps more than you are."
Producer Sue Vertue has given the firmest confirmation yet that the next series won't be the show's last saying that Cumberbatch and Freeman have been "optioned" for series four.
There is definitely going to be a fourth series," she said, "we just haven't decided when we're going to do it…I think as long as everyone wants to keep doing it, we'll keep doing it."
Cumberbatch had already stated as much – read that here
Tons more details from the panel – here
Stephen Nevets - Stephen is a contributor and writer on The Dispatch. Stephen is the founder and editor for the Steven Spielberg Fan Club website and contributes to pop culture stories on The Dispatch, especially upcoming movie news. Beginning in 2016, Stephen took the role of Managing Editor for the Tampa Dispatch.
BBC SherlockBenedict CumberbatchComic-conMartin FreemanSan Diego Comic ConSDCCSherlockSherlock season 3Sherlock season 4Steven MoffatTelevision news
How to See Your Shows During Long Journeys Abroad
Legends of Tomorrow season 5 arrives on Blu-Ray, digital in September
The Flash season 6 Blu-ray, digital release and details emerge
Syfy details the MastersFX transformation of 'The Magicians'
Benedict Cumberbatch confirms 'Sherlock' season 4 and season 5, 'I could get in trouble for saying that' - The Global Dispatch says:
[…] and co-star Freeman teased SDCC fans that more was coming with a fourth season being […]
Benedict Cumberbatch from 'Sherlock' season 3 filming, messages photographers to go cover Egypt - The Global Dispatch says:
[…] Fans are chasing the production around London trying to snap photos for various blogs (also mentioned here) Cumberbatch and co-star Martin Freeman teased fans at SDCC with a short video, check it out here […]
Benedict Cumberbatch pauses 'Sherlock' season 3 filming to tell photographers to go cover Egypt - The Global Dispatch says:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


National Smile Month is just around the corner, so to celebrate we've put together some key things to consider when creating ads for dental products and treatments.
Marketers are required to hold robust supporting evidence before making objective claims. When making efficacy claims about a dental product or treatment, the evidence should relate to the specific product or treatment in question and usually consist of independent clinical trials on people. For further advice on the type and level of evidence likely to be required by the ASA, please see our guidance here.
While marketers are entitled to show products in their best light, they shouldn't mislead consumers about the likely capabilities of a product (rule 3.11). Any claim that implies a product is more effective than the supporting evidence demonstrates is likely to be problematic.
The use of before and after images is common in ads for dental products and treatments, as a way to demonstrate the capabilities of a product. Before and after images are generally seen the same way as testimonials, so advertisers should ensure they hold documentary evidence that the images are genuine, hold permission to use them in their marketing and hold contact details for the person who provided it (rules 3.45 and 3.48).
When using before and after images, marketers should also ensure they don't give a misleading impression about the effects likely to be achievable when using the product (rules 3.11 and 3.47). Images should be an accurate representation of the product's capabilities and be reasonably representative of the effects likely to be achieved by most consumers using the product.
While toothpastes are generally considered to be cosmetic products, if a product or claims about it are medicinal, marketers should ensure that the product has a marketing authorisation from the MHRA (Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) and that the claims made comply with that licence.
Medicinal claims are claims that a product can be used to make a medical diagnosis or to treat or prevent disease, an injury, ailment or adverse condition. Deciding whether a claim is medicinal isn't always straightforward and advertisers in doubt may want to contact the MHRA's Borderlines team to check they don't need a licence before they advertise.
Tooth whitening may only be carried out by registered dentists, dental therapists, dental hygienists and clinical technicians working to the prescription of a dentist. Tooth whitening by non-dental professionals could be illegal and if marketers are in doubt about whether they are able to offer tooth whitening, they should check with the General Dental Council before advertising their services.
Some toothpastes and home-use kits have been proven to be effective at whitening teeth, but advertisers should ensure they hold product specific supporting evidence before making any objective claims (rules 12.1).
For more information, see our guidance on teeth whitening.


What an awesome day filled with many laughs and a lot of mud!
We captured every athlete at the most exciting obstacles!
each racer passed the photographer at that obstacle.
Some participants were covered in mud head to toe by the end!


text:
Posts Tagged: True Finns
The Finnish media should refer to the Perussuomalaiset as a far-right party
by Migrant Tales, April 26, 2019
Helsingin Sanomat goes to some length in a story about the Perussuomalaiset (PS)* being referred to by the chairperson of the Social Democratic Pary (PSOE), Pedro Sánchez, as a "far-right" party. We could not agree more to Pedro Sánchez' description of the PS as a far-right party.
Facebook: The "True Finn" versus the Saami woman
by Migrant Tales, May 17, 2015
Migrant Tales insight: What is this party that steals and hogs Finnish identity for itself and decides who is or isn't a "true Finn?" They are called the Perussuomalaiset in Finnish, which means something like "basic" or "fundamental" Finn. After calling themselves True Finns in English they went for it all by calling themselves "the
Perussuomalaiset: True, Basic or Elementary Finns?
I called the Perussuomalaiset's party today in Helsinki and asked them what their official name in English was: "True Finns is the official adopted name," a male voice said. Migrant Tales' oldest bloggers, Jonas, has mentioned a number of times the contradiction between the Finnish and English translation of the word perus. I apologize to Jonas for not debating more thoroughly the translation.
HS: Perussuomalaisten Teuvo Hakkaraiselle kaikki eduskunnassa oli uutta
Here is a pretty incredible video of newly elected Teuvo Hakkarainen who appears to have never seen or met a foreigner in his life. Folks, here is one face of the Perussuomalaiset and it's a pretty crude one.
YLE: Halla-aho to Chair Committee in Charge of Immigration
True Finns have nominated candidates for chairing the parliamentary committees they have received leadership over. Jussi Halla-aho, who has sternly criticised immigration in his blog, is to become chairman of the Administration Committee, the responsibilities of which include immigration policies.
True Finns: The first and last act of a tragic-comic play
Even if Finland has changed politically after Sunday's election, there has been a greater about-turn among some True Finns. One particular group that from the anti-immigration Nuiva manifesto group now attempt to appear like respectable elected MPs conveniently brushing under the rug those terrible things they said about immigrants.
Finland election: A message that goes much deeper
After the election victory of the True Finns on Sunday, sensible Finns are asking Timo Soini's party to bite the bullet and leave behind the rhetoric and racism that has tainted his party. But this may be easier said than done.
HS: Halla-aho refuses to comment on controversial blog entries
Blog article from 2005 questions notion of human equality
Jussi Halla-aho, a nationalist politician from Helsinki, got 14,884 votes in Sunday's Parliamentary elections, winning him a seat in Parliament on the True Finns party ticket. Halla-aho had established a reputation with his writings on the Internet.


text:
The adventures of Rif Kit the Merc
darkkitsune
Post by darkkitsune » Mon Mar 12, 2012 12:31 am
It was a dark and stormy night, the camp of Wolf slavers had just set up their tents for the night. "hmm... at least they aren't expecting any attacks... maybe..." a deep voice said to himself. On the edge of a forest that is surrounding the camp site, there is a tall, black fox with piercing green eyes and tons of weapons on his back, "let's see... I'll need to scout the place out first. That'll be difficult when I don't look anything like them... and I'm too health to pass of as a slave... though now that I think about it... the slaves would have been locked up by now..." The dark tattooed fox sighs then start to quickly and quietly enter the camp. dodging the various hired help and wolves, "I'll finally find out where they were hiding my only living sister... I hope." The camp is in an organized mess of canvasses and rope, with a broken cage every once in a while. There were rings that have an anchor in the ground and the more rebellious slaves were chained to it. "At least they value there property above anything else... Well... I can in for a reason..." The tall fox took another step and tripped on some taunt rope that he didn't see and fell. When he hit the ground, his blades on his back hit each other and alerted the guards, "oh... sshhhh...ut it... going to have to get out quickly...*sigh*"
"Let's light them on fire some morrrre."
Group of ninja burst into flames...again
If any of the stories that I am in need revising, please PM me, so that I make the changes. Because I would like to have the stories make sense and flow better. (In the PM tell which story needs changing and how, please?)
Feila IRC Chat
I, insert name DESTROYED Feila *Evil laughter*
Re: The adventures of Rif Kit the Merc
Post by Kael » Mon Mar 12, 2012 8:17 pm
Jarmakla was pissed off. HOW IN THE BLAZES could he have gotten caught? The 6' tall dragon was at least still in his hides, but they had staked him on the ground. He had refused to eat, afraid of drugs, and was conserving his strength. Thus, when the guards became distracted, he was ready. He pulled the stake outbof the ground quickly, using his great strength. He then booked it out of there, stopping only to knock out a guard with a greataxe. Grabbing the axe, a poor make compared to his own, he ran as hard as possible out of there, easily alerting the guards and drawing all attention to himself.
[I hope this is open...]
Bigfox3
Species: Fennec Fox
Location: In a tree with a walkee-talkee. KSSH! Over!
Contact Bigfox3
Post by Bigfox3 » Wed Mar 14, 2012 1:38 am
Toyomi's ears twitched at the first noise on the other side of camp. He'd been overpowered by the guards that had captured him and was waiting for this opportunity to break free. His blue fur was toned down in the firelight of the torch as he used his tail to unlock the shackles. He moved his silver hair out of the way as he took a moment to unhook the lock keeping him caged in. As he escaped the cage, he bonked heads with someone. A familiar voice quietly said, "Ow," and he opened his violet eyes to a familiar pair that matched his own. His cousin Relena was shocked to see him there, and rather embarrassed that she'd been captured. The guards were only going to be gone for a moment, or so they thought until they heard a much louder clanging that would keep the guards busy. They embraced quickly in greeting and nodded understanding as they altered their strategy of escape to compensate for one another. The dim firelight worked to their advantage as Relena altered her ponytail from on top of her head to near her nape so to confuse guards that would attempt to chase them. While their outfits weren't completely similar, from a distance and in the shadows it wouldn't matter.
They left the tent without a sound, keeping to the shadows as they avoided most of the guards and tricked others, outrunning the few that weren't. They spotted the cause of the first noise, a black fox with a mass of weapons on his back. They hid nearby, Toyomi's sense telling him this guy was trying to rescue someone, and it definitely wasn't them. "Let's go then," Relena whisper-hissed at Toyomi, knowing they'd be grilled alive if they were caught trying to escape. Toyomi pointed out the real source of distraction as he spotted the dragon not too far away. Relena figured with the dragon being so distracting that they did have a little time to watch events unfold.
The Dessert War never happened, but I'm deluded enough that I've convinced myself I already won. :3
My Character Library
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Post by darkkitsune » Wed Mar 14, 2012 2:06 am
The fox quickly got up, making sure that all of his blades were there. His ears twitch as he hear louder sounds around him, 'If I'm going to get out of here, I best...' the guards weren't going after him or if they were, they aren't now as dragon was taring out of camp. A lot of the guards followed the runaway dragon. The black fox sighs, 'I guess I can either help the dragon escape and get captured myself or run and hope that he doesn't get caught...' he knew what the was going to do, "Right... save the dragon it is..." he says to himself, "Sorry Alice... I'll come back for you..." The fox ran to get ahead of the guards after he takes the two longest blades, crossing them and says, "I'm here to stop you...let's dance." He then ran forward at the slavers and took out ten before being overwhelm and captured. Blooded, the fox is lead to leader of the slavers. "heh, Rif the unstoppable... just got stopped... we did lose one slave from what you did, fox... and you'll pay for that... dearly... Take him and strip him of his things... then whip him before tying him to a ring. three days out in the weather should do the trick." The leader dismisses the guards to do what they were commanded to do, "Oh, and make sure that he doesn't get any food or water..." After about a minute the head wolf smiles as cries for the fox as he gets whipped.
Post by Kael » Wed Mar 14, 2012 10:55 am
Jarm was running, blind, until he saw the fox try to help, and get caught. That angered him, enough for him to break off the chain. After recuperating briefly outside of the camp, he grabbed the axe and moved back, his wings moving restlessly. "I call upon the ancient rite of one on one combat!" He roared out. "Choose your champion, and we shall fight to the death for the fox, and a few choice others!" Jarm had in mind any children enslaved, but if the fox wanted someone, he could have them freed.
The rite of combat was an ancient, honor-bound challenge that settles many disputes quickly. Jarm had yet to lose to any challenger.
Post by Bigfox3 » Wed Mar 14, 2012 6:58 pm
Toyomi was at once ready to go and save them all, but Relena stopped him short. "We'll get killed if our cover's blown. Let's stay here and see if we can help in subtle ways," she said quietly. Toyomi nodded and liked his cousin's thinking. The two arctic foxes sank back into the shadows to see how events would turn out, prepared to rescue people under the time restraints they had if the slavers didn't honor the deal. Toyomi thought they would since the ancient rite was a Yamahan tradition and he'd taken part in it at one point. The violet eyes of both foxes penetrated the night in their observation.
Post by darkkitsune » Wed Mar 14, 2012 7:37 pm
The wolf slavers were sorely tempted to ignore the dragon's rite to challenge. Then the leader stops them, "We aren't feral... we'll do so... though, not to the death as you have claimed, dragon... but until the other quits... if it so happens that combatant dies... well then the second can continue to fight." The leader smiles, "You must be exhausted... why don't we continue this when the sun is out? I'll even feed ya."
The black fox was bent low from all the beating from the bullwhip against his back, which, unsurprising, is now bleeding. Thunder cracked over head, just as the dragon challenged the slavers. Rain started to pour down on the captive fox, washing the blood off. His ears are down and kept his head looking at the ground. A light touch was felt on his shoulder, he flinched away. The velvet-like paw stayed on his shoulder however, followed seconds later by a hug around his middle that didn't go all the way around. The fur that was hugging him felt like velvet and was small because he could feel the fur's head against his back. "I'll help you, Darke." a female voice whispered.
That name made his ears stand up. That name made him shiver as images of the past go through his head. Unbidden tears go down his cheeks, good thing it was raining.
Post by Kael » Thu Mar 15, 2012 12:24 am
Jarmakla shook his head. "I agree to the terms of defeat. But it shall be now, or never. I won't take your hospitality, and I am not tired. Send him out now, or I will come after him." He spread his wings, and shook his head. That rage was boiling up, waiting until just the right moment for him to release it.
Despite the downpour, Jarmakla didn't seem cold. In fact, he barely seemed to notice. he had weathered worse weather. [forgive the pun]
He hefted his axe with ease, preparing for the fight.
Post by Bigfox3 » Mon Mar 19, 2012 7:18 pm
Toyomi sensed the battle aura of the dragon and knew the dragon must have had experience on the battle field due to his stance and tolerance for the sudden downpour. Toyomi and Relena were used to the cold having hailed from the Rike Arktik, so neither bothered to move. Relena did nudge Toyomi to point out the little figure huddled next to the black fox. The figure was entirely unnoticed by the wolves, however, due to the looming fight in front of them. Toyomi wondered who would be selected to face the dragon and if after the first one they'd let the fox go peacefully. Highly doubtful. Relena's nose scrunched a little bit, her unique talent being able to sniff out magic, and the fox and the figure had the smell of magic surpressed. Both cousins kept their thoughts to themselves, however, knowing the scene they were watching unfold was too important for them to speak and risk revealing themselves.
Post by darkkitsune » Mon Mar 19, 2012 8:02 pm
the Wolf leader blinked, then looks around, "Let's move it out the camp at least..." The wolf leader blinks and looked around the others weren't going to be much help against this dragon. Then his eyes go to the black fox, then saw the little fennec vixen. He rubbed his chin, 'hmm... I don't remember seeing her before... and I don't remember having her...' the wolf shook his head, 'whatever... she's clearly a slave... and the only slaves here are owned by us...' The wolf leader goes over to the black fox as if he were going to do something to the fox but then grabs the little vixen prying her arms from around the black fox. "you, little girl, are our champion. You see that big dragon there? you have to defeat him." The vixen gulps and nods. The Black fox looked wondering where the little one went then saw the leader move with his paw at the back of the fennec's neck then saw the dragon that the leader was taking her to. He was outraged and would have burst his chains if it wasn't for the wolf slaver that hit the fox in the back of the head, make the fox go limp.
The slave leader came back with fennec vixen and said, "This is the one that we choice to fight you dragon." The vixen was shoved forward. The vixen was dressed in clothing that had seen better days, around her neck was a choker with a jewel in the center, she was young, appeared to be about ten years old. She looked up at the dragon, her eyes were focused and dispelled the illusion of her appearance, this vixen was more then what she seemed. Her body trembled not by fear but excitement, she smiled, "Jarmakla, master of the flame, please face me, mistress of the earth in combat. My name... I have many... for now call me Alice." The vixen just stands where she was shoved looking up. It seemed that her voice didn't come from her mouth but came for the ground itself that was under the dragon's feet, as such the wolves from the slave camp didn't hear what the dragon heard, or rather felt. her jewel started glow then, "you accept?" she asked in a high voice.
Post by Kael » Fri Mar 23, 2012 6:25 am
Jarm shook his head, memories clouding his head. He got lost in one...
HE had had it all... He was going to be chief of the tribe. He was the best warrior. He had even been promised to someone... But that had changed. When the tribe had learned about his raging... condition, they ostracized him, made fun of him. Well, children latch onto anything to make others feel bad, and one day the taunting had driven him over the edge. When he had come back to himself, he had blood on his axe and hands, and the children were dead. So he had run. Run for his life. And swore never to harm a child ever again...
He shook his head to clear it. "I do not fight children!" He shouted at the slavers. "Are you such cowards you need to hide behind the skirts of this child? You make me sick." He spat on the ground, hoping to get a rise out of them. He would never engage in combat with a child. That day had forever changed him...
[OOC: Hey, Jarm has a personalized axe somewhere in camp... Is it possible for someone to find it? He doesn't fight as well without it.]
Post by Bigfox3 » Sat Mar 31, 2012 11:17 pm
(Here's where the foxes might come in handy. ;3)
Toyomi's respect rose for the dragon, and the flirt in Relena had hearts in her eyes as he said such chivalrous things. They both knew the girl was more than she seemed, but the sentiment still rang true. She then snapped out of it and drew Toyomi away for a few moments. 'He came in with an axe that seemed like a personal treasure,' she whispered to him and asked, 'Did you see anything like it?' Toyomi nodded and at once they both sprinted through the camp unnoticed to a weaponry, currently unguarded due to the action taking place. They snuck inside with nary a flap of the tent opening and found many weapons there. Toyomi found his rapier and bow along with a fresh quiver of finely made arrows. Relena's twin daggers were nearby along with a matching archery set she claimed as her own. Whether or not it was, Toyomi didn't question. They spotted the axe near the back of the tent, and it took both of them lifting it to carry it out. They tried to stay close to the shadows and within the span of two minutes had returned with the axe. A rack of weapons was nearby, so they engineered it so that it would look as though the axe fell on its own with a clang and within reach of the dragon before melding back into the shadows once again.
Post by darkkitsune » Sun Apr 01, 2012 12:06 am
Alice giggled softly, "I don't think they really care one way or another..." she squeaked then the little girl closed her eyes, the ground around her glowed white. The earth gathered around her, it took about an minute for the earth to 'swallow' her. After it does, half a minute passes before the mount cracks open and reveals an adult Alice though her dress is more new looking, still dusty looking. "Well, I'm no little kid now... are you going to fight me now? or are you going to stand there... and declare that you are honor-less?" Alice smiles as a blade appears from out of the ground taking the handle she takes out a yari. In her paws, it became a long spear with a straight blade, "I'm ready, are you?" She asked. even as an adult she was short, but what fennec was known to be tall.
(yeah, I know.. BigFox is big fennec. hehe)
Post by Kael » Sun Apr 01, 2012 2:50 am
[better, thanks guys... Jarm has some qualms, but they are eased.]
Jarm was surprised, then shook his head. "Magic-users," he spat. The axe dropping nearby was great, as he recognized it as his axe. He swooped down, grabbing it. Now he was ready. "I accept the terms," he said, and charged straight in, letting loose a blast of fire from his mouth. His wings spread wide to create a larger image, and his eyes turned glassy, as rage crept into him.
Post by Bigfox3 » Sat Apr 14, 2012 1:14 am
Toyomi and Relena realized that since they both were technically fighting for the same side, it'd be pointless to stay and watch the battle. All of the guards were preoccupied with the battle, and they realized the opportunity that had just been handed to them. When they had retreated far enough, they agreed to a plan. Relena would raid the camp for all the supplies she could find while Toyomi freed the slaves that had been captured. The total number of slaves they'd freed was somewhere around 50, a decent sized crowd. Several children who from their stories had been orphaned, a few capable fighting men and several women comprised the group. Relena had several bags packed with supplies waiting and a few weapons for those confident and capable enough to wield one in a clearing nearby in the forest. As Toyomi made a thorough sweep of the grounds, he did find one child that was nearly left behind. He'd managed to break out of his little cage and was hiding in the back corner of a tent. He was a rather pretty specimen, his eyes a deep amber and his fur an off-white color. When he saw Toyomi, the special ability he had to see into others' motives was activated by the kid. He apparently had a deep need to connect with someone, and Toyomi naturally picked up on that. "What's your name?" Toyomi quietly asked. "D-Dekal," he said and clung to Toyomi like a lifeline.
Relena had finished organizing the groups and had sent them on their way to the nearest town so they could disperse as they saw fit. While Toyomi was gone she'd struck up a conversation with one of the guys, an unusually tall fennec fox with a handsome face and pretty blue eyes. They'd fallen for each other instantly, and by the time Toyomi got back he'd suddenly earned himself a new cousin-in-law. Dekal hid from everyone behind Toyomi's calf, but once he realized Toyomi thought they were safe he came out. "So, the slaves are free, but we should probably go back in and check on our fighting friends. Sir, would you be willing to take Dekal with you?" Toyomi asked, and the fennec chuckled, "Please, we're the same age most likely, call me Big. I don't think I could take him with me even if I wanted to, and he seems pretty well attached to you as is." Toyomi noted this and sighed, knowing he was right. Dekal spoke up for the first time, "Umm...thank you for saving me..." he managed. Toyomi smiled, "I just found you, you saved yourself. We'll do our best to protect you, okay?" Dekal nodded and picked up a dagger that was big enough for him to be a sword, "I'll try to help you. Mr. Dragon is fighting, isn't he?" Relena noted how smart the kid was and said, "Yes, and I think it was to buy us enough time to free everyone. Big, you should go too..." he silenced her with a kiss. "And leave an amazing girl like you behind? I don't think so," he quipped. She blushed and agreed, "O-okay..."
Having settled things, they all silently made their way back into camp. Big guarded their chosen escape route to make sure it was safe while Toyomi, Relena and Dekal silently slid back into hiding to watch the fight escalate.


text:
\section{Introduction}
High-throughput experimental (HTE) research, which consists of synthesis and characterization of specimens with spatially varied processing parameters, has been established as an effective strategy for exploring and optimizing materials.
These methods, also known as combinatorial science, have proven useful for discovery and optimization of materials for diverse applications, including catalytic materials\unskip~\cite{374021:8323623}, electronic and functional ionic materials\unskip~\cite{374021:8323688}, polymer coating materials\unskip~\cite{374021:8323845}, sensing materials\unskip~\cite{374021:8323773}, and biomaterials\unskip~\cite{374021:8323602}.
With the success of combinatorial science, a diverse set of high-throughput synthesis and characterization instruments has been developed and demonstrated\unskip~\cite{374021:8323731},  facilitating rapid generation and analysis of HTE materials data.

The ability to input and analyze data is typically the rate-limiting process in HTE methods\unskip~\cite{Maier2007}.
The HTE researcher must process, analyze, and correlate a large amount of data in order to understand the variations within each combinatorial library, then understand how trends correlate between libraries.
This process is inefficient, as the experiments are put on hold so that scientists can wade through the data before continuing.
Programmatic task handling ensures that effort is not unnecessarily wasted on routine tasks, such as loading, sorting, labeling, and tracking data.
Accessible data and flexible analysis algorithms are needed for processing and analyzing various types of data and effectively interpreting results.

There have been several combinatorial software packages presented in literature.
One example is CombiVIEW\unskip~\cite{374021:8337235}, a MatLab package for the analysis and visualization of x-ray diffraction patterns generated from combinatorial approaches.
Another package was written to improve HTE data organization and sharing for sensor materials.\cite{Frantzen2005}
Developments like these have significant \textit{depth}.
They handle one type of data or perform one specific task exceptionally well.
The lacking element is \textit{breadth}, the ability to handle many different types of HTE data in many different ways, so that the data can be more efficiently stored, compared, shared, and presented.
Thus, a package is needed that has sufficient breadth, while being flexible enough to enable the user to develop depth for their own processes and data types.

Here we present COMBIgor - a data analysis package for Igor Pro intended to aid in the management, processing, and cross-correlation of multi-dimensional data sets collected by mapping combinatorial libraries on spatially-resolved measurement instruments.
The core functionality was intentionally designed to enable flexibility in data types and experimental setup, while enabling the user to expand usability by adding new measurement instruments and new data analysis algorithms.
Below, we present an overview of the functionality and architecture of the open-source COMBIgor package.
This package can reduce the burden of data management of combinatorial experiments, thus encouraging its adoption by combinatorial researchers, groups, and institutions.

\section{Overview}

\subsection{COMBIgor History}
Development of this software package started in the early 2000s by materials scientists at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Colorado alongside their emerging thin-film HTE methodology.
From 2000 to 2010, several software add-ons (referred to as "procedures" in Igor Pro) were developed in order to load, store, and display combinatorial data from individual instruments, such as a Bruker D8 Discover x-ray diffractometer (XRD) and MaXXi 5-pin x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer.
In 2010, this collection of procedures was extended to include custom optical and electronic property mapping instruments.\cite{Zakutayev2013b}
Most importantly, these different procedures were integrated into a package allowing processing and cross-correlation of different types of data, as cited in two published manuscripts\unskip~\cite{zakutayev_perkins_parilla_widjonarko_sigdel_berry_ginley_2011,PhysRevB.85.085204}.
Since that time, the package has continued to grow as new and continuing users have added new instruments and new functionality, and has since been used to process data and generate figures for a large number of publications. Here, we intentionally cite the publications in which this package was mentioned, but not cited, so that future readers of these publications can find the present manuscript and better understand the software package used.
\cite{Han2018,Han2018a,Siol2018,Arca2018,Siol2018a,Han2017,Bikowski2017,Welch2017,Fioretti2017,Rajbhandari2017,Siol2016,Ndione2016,Garten2016,Bikowski2016,Siol2016a,Fioretti2016,Caskey2016,Welch2016,Fioretti2015,Baranowski2015,Welch2015,Zakutayev2015,Peng2015,Subramaniyan2015,Caskey2015,Welch2015a,Mercado2014,Baranowski2014,Zakutayev2014,Subramaniyan2014,Zakutayev2013,Zawadzki2013,Zakutayev2013a,Peng2013,Zakutayev2013b,Cloet2012,Paudel2011}

Around 2016, the authors started considering improved methods of data management, usability, and visualization, as well as the potential for the package to be extended by outside users and developers.
In the two years that followed, the collection of Igor procedures was restructured and optimized into an interactive and flexible Igor package for loading, storing, and processing combinatorial data, and was given the name \textit{COMBIgor} (COM-bee-gore).
This newer version has already been used for data analysis and preparation of figures in several recent manuscripts.\cite{ 374021:8586428,374021:8586454,Bauers2018,sage2,CM_PRM,DMR_latest}
Based on this history, COMBIgor brings the experience of almost 20 years of software development at NREL for handling and processing combinatorial data. Additionally, it has been integrated with public data repositories to enable cutting-edge data transparency and openness\unskip~\cite{374021:8337475}.

\subsection{COMBIgor Terminology }
The terminology utilized within the COMBIgor package is meant to reflect the common descriptors used in HTE literature.
A list of the most important terms is shown in Table \ref{table_terms}.
For example, it is important to understand the concept of a library in the COMBIgor package.
A library is a specimen with spatially-varying processing conditions, such as substrate temperature or plasma flux.
A collection of libraries constitutes a project.
Libraries are measured on a mapping grid - a discretized, spatial arrangement of points from which data are collected on a set of instruments.
A single point of the mapping grid, which corresponds to a specific location on a library, is called a sample.
This language is used extensively in COMBIgor for referencing HTE specimens and their corresponding data.

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{{COMBIgor terminology common to combinatorial literature} }
\label{table_terms}
\def1{1}
\ignorespaces
\centering
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.2\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.8\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\hline
Term & Definition\\
\hline
Library &
  A specimen processed with spatially varying conditions, such as synthesis temperature or compositional flux.\\
Mapping Grid &
  A spatial arrangement of points on a combinatorial library from which data are collected by some set of instruments.\\
Sample &
  A location on a library that corresponds to any single point of the mapping grid. \\
Project &
  A set of combinatorial libraries with a common mapping grid.\\
  \hline
Data Type &
  A descriptor for a processing variable, a type of data from a measurement, or an experimental observation that characterizes a sample. \\
Meta Data &
  A string variable that describes a sample. Example: process gas used during synthesis. \\
Library Data &
  A numeric descriptor for an entire library. Example: duration of synthesis time.\\
Scalar Data &
  A numeric descriptor for a sample. Example: film thickness.\\
Vector Data &
  A 1D data array for a sample. Example: x-ray diffraction data.\\
Matrix Data &
  A 2D data array for a sample. Example: scanning electron microscope image.\\
\hline
Add-on &
  An extension to core COMBIgor functionality, such as an instrument or a plugin.\\
Instrument &
  A source of combinatorial data Example: processing or characterization tool.\\
  Plugin &
  A set of operations that process data within COMBIgor.\\
\hline
\end{tabulary}\par
\end{table*}

One of the most important conceptual advancements of COMBIgor is that it categorizes the data based on  dimension, scope, and type, regardless of its source, allowing for a greater level of abstraction and code reuse.
Data scope can include a single sample or all samples on a library; data can be numeric or textual; and the numeric data dimension can be scalar, vector, or matrix.
For example, x-ray diffraction patterns and optical absorption spectra are both numeric vector data types comprising one-dimensional data collected for each sample on the library.
Other important features within COMBIgor are add-ons, which are categorized as either instruments or plugins.
An instrument is a source of synthesis or characterization data from combinatorial experiments, such as XRD or XRF.
A plugin is a specific set of operations that process data within COMBIgor.
Examples include background removal or applying mathematical operators.

\subsection{Igor Pro environment }

COMBIgor was written in the Igor Pro environment. Igor Pro\unskip~\cite{374021:8324051} is a commercial software developed by WaveMetrics, Inc. (https://www.wavemetrics.com/), which is well-suited to and commonly used for accessing, processing, storing, and displaying scientific and engineering data in many forms.
Within the Igor Pro environment, data are stored in array structures called "waves", which can be one to four dimensions comprised of various types of data (text, integers, doubles, bytes, etc.).
To promote organization, waves are stored within nested folders that can be explored and rearranged through the Igor Pro data browser.
Folders and their contents are saved as an Igor Pro experiment, which also houses any other user-created content, such as figures, tables, or notebooks.
The native Igor Pro environment contains numerous built-in functions for plotting, fitting, and performing statistical analysis, in addition to a plethora of extensions and packages for additional, more specialized functionality.
In addition to Igor Pro's many built-in features, its programming language  enables the development of custom, automated, and complex functionality.
While Igor Pro is not the only option with such flexible capabilities, it was chosen as the best option for COMBIgor development because it is easily accessible, has features essential for HTE data, includes extensive documentation, and has a legacy of use at NREL.

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/MainScreen.png}
\begin{figure*}[b!]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/MainScreen.png}{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}{images/MainScreen.png}}{}
\makeatother
\caption{{Common elements of the COMBIgor package (left to right): the  add-on selector for Plugins and Instruments, data browser for the project used in this demonstration, plot of the standard NREL library mapping grid defined for the project, and the COMBIgor user menu showing the project level data operations.}}
\label{figure_basicCombigorStructure}
\end{figure*}
\egroup

\subsection{Distribution and Use}

At time of publication, the COMBIgor package is housed and maintained through a public repository on GitHub \BreakURLText{(https://github.com/NREL/COMBIgor/)} under an open-source license.
The latest version can be downloaded there and updates can be added through a pull request.
More information about the most recent updates, use cases, download process, bug reporting, etc. can be obtained at \BreakURLText{https://www.COMBIgor.com}.
The description below is specific to COMBIgor version 2.4. Later versions are likely to have more add-ons as COMBIgor expands after publication of this manuscript.

After installation (described in section 3.1), the COMBIgor package exists within the Igor Pro environment and can be activated at any time through the native Igor Pro "Data" menu.
Once activated by the user, the COMBIgor procedure files are mounted into the experiment, the user menu is created, and the add-ons selector is displayed.
After the desired add-ons are selected and the project (with its mapping grid) is defined, the consequent workflow varies depending on the needs of the user.
Generally, it involves repeatedly loading, processing, plotting, and exporting various types of HTE data.
A snapshot of COMBIgor package elements within the Igor Pro environment can be seen in Figure~\ref{figure_basicCombigorStructure}.
More details on the COMBIgor workflow are provided below.

\subsection{Workflow}

The generalized workflow for using COMBIgor is presented in Figure~\ref{figure_workFlow}.
After COMBIgor package activation, the first six steps ("Setting Up COMBIgor" in Figure~\ref{figure_workFlow}) define the project space, activate the desired add-ons, and initialize the parameters necessary to use them.
A project is defined by a common combinatorial mapping grid for all libraries contained within that project.
The user must then define loading parameters related to the individual instruments, such as data type names, location of data in the files, and processing-related variables.
Unlike the mapping grid, these can be redefined during the course of the project lifetime, although these steps are only required when starting a new project.
Subsequently, data are managed through a project, library, and data type hierarchy.

\bgroup
\begin{figure*}[h
\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}[width=0.5\textwidth]{images/ProcessFlow.png}
\makeatother
\caption{{Typical COMBIgor work flow for loading, processing, and displaying data from HTE libraries. The first six steps, after activation, initialize the project work space.
The last five steps are repeated, as needed, by the user to analyze all experimental results.
The project can be saved and reopened at any point in the flow.
Data can be exported into delimited text files and imported into future COMBIgor projects for maximum flexibility of the work flow.}}
\label{figure_workFlow}
\end{figure*}
\egroup

The last five steps ("Analysis of combinatorial data",  Figure~\ref{figure_workFlow}) are executed repeatedly as the scientist loads and analyzes experimental data.
At this stage, the user loads combinatorial data collected from instruments using the standard mapping grid into the user-defined library folders.
Once data are loaded into the COMBIgor project, they can be analyzed and visualized using instrument-specific routines, plugins, or native Igor Pro routines.
The number of libraries loaded, instruments utilized, and processing steps will vary depending on the project and the user, as reflected in the loops of Figure~\ref{figure_workFlow}.
During this process, COMBIgor data loading and processing events are logged into a searchable log book.
At any point, the raw data can be exported for distribution into tab-delimited text files for loading into additional COMBIgor experiments or other programs, as needed.
This exporting capability is particularly important for multi-institutional projects, such as the High-Throughput Experimental Materials Collaboratory\unskip~\cite{374021:8324933}.
All figures generated in COMBIgor can be further modified by the user and exported for use in presentations and manuscripts.

\section{Functionality}
To demonstrate the functionality of COMBIgor, data from combinatorial Al$_{1-x}$Cr$_{x}$N thin film sample libraries are used in the following sections.
This material system has been recently investigated for structural evolution, electrical, and optical properties \unskip~\cite{374021:8586428}.
The Al\ensuremath{_{1-x}}Cr\ensuremath{_{x}}N heterostructural alloys were deposited from elemental Al and Cr targets in the presence of nitrogen via radio frequency co-sputtering.
The compositions of these combinatorial libraries were determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), structures by x-ray diffraction (XRD), thicknesses by step-edge profilometry, optical properties by optical transmission/reflection spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity by 4-point probe sheet resistance measurements.
More details regarding the deposition or characterization instruments can be found elsewhere\unskip~\cite{374021:8586454}.

\subsection{Installation and Preferences}

The installation process for the COMBIgor package is designed to be as simple as possible.
An installer experiment file (COMBIgor\_installer.pxp) is included in the package folder. When opened, this file will install the package contents and any necessary Igor Pro extensions.
The user can install the package with a single click from the COMBIgor menu.
The installer will preserve a copy of any COMBIgor package files that predate the current installation to protect any modifications a user has made to a previous package version.
After installation, the user is directed to COMBIgor activation in the data menu,
as well as the COMBIgor help menu and the included tutorial.
In addition, we recommend that before using COMBIgor, the users familiarize themselves with the built-in Igor Pro functionality by taking the guided tour from the Igor Pro help menu.

The COMBIgor package has a built-in user preference system.
The user can select a set of COMBIgor preferences, including setting a default import or export folder location, controlling the "kill" behavior of windows generated by Igor (e.g. figures, tables), and generating example programmatic call lines for operations performed by COMBIgor in the command history.
The package can also generate standard plots upon loading data from instruments and automatically adjust font styling of control panels and plotted figures.

\subsection{Instruments and plugins}
The needs of  HTE vary greatly between projects, users, and laboratories.
If a single package contained all possible data loading, processing, and visualization functionality applicable to HTE, the package would be too complex to be efficiently navigated.
For this reason, the COMBIgor package allows each user to select only the optional capabilities (add-ons) that they plan to use.
In addition to keeping the package streamlined,  instrument and plugin add-ons provide a mechanism for individual user expansion and laboratory-wide instrument collections.

The lists of the base instruments and plugins included at the time of publication of this manuscript are described in Table~\ref{table_instruments} and  Table~\ref{table_plugins}, respectively.
While the plugins are generally useful regardless of the data source, the instruments included in COMBIgor are specific to NREL.
However, some of these instruments are used at other laboratories that employ HTE methods.\cite{Hattrick-Simpers2019,Ruiz-Yi2016,Green2017a,Miller2014}
Also included in the COMBIgor package are well-commented, generic examples of code needed to create a plugin, a scalar-data instrument, and a vector-data instrument, provided as a starting point for new add-on development.

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{{Instruments included in COMBIgor} }
\label{table_instruments}
\def1{1}
\ignorespaces
\centering
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.3131\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.6869\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\hline
Instrument Name & Description of Data Files\\
\hline
ExampleScalar &
  Generic example instrument for loading a 2D file of scalar data from library mapping. \\
ExampleVector &
  Generic example instrument for loading a folder of vector data files from library mapping. \\
  \hline
BrukerXRD &
  X-ray diffraction patterns from a Bruker D8 Discover diffractometer (Diffractplus .raw format).\\
Rigaku\_Smartlab &
  Output files from a Rigaku x-ray diffractometer for XRD and XRR measurements (.ras format).\\
Dektak8 &
  Profilometer scans across step-edge features on a library collected on a Veeco Dektak8 profilometer (.csv format).\\
FischerXRF &
  Composition and thickness from a Fischer x-ray fluorescence instrument (.exp format).\\
ZGamry &
  Output electrochemical impedance analysis files from Framework software by Gamry.\\
Ellipsometry &
  Absorption as a function of wavelength data output from the CompleteEase software (.txt format) \\
    \hline
NREL4PointProbe &
  Sheet resistance data from a custom-made 4-point probe mapping system at NREL (.hdf5 format).\\
NREL\_IV &
  Folders of current vs. voltage measurements from a custom-built electrical probing station at NREL (.csv format).\\
NREL\_UVVisNIR &
  Optical characterization from a custom-built thin film transmission and reflection system at NREL (.hdf5 format).\\
SSRL\_HTWAXS &
  Corrected detector matrix data (.mat format) or column-averaged vector data (.csv format) from the high-throughput wide-angle x-ray scattering beamline (1-5) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource at SLAC. \\
 \hline
 HTEM &
  Data retrieved from the High Throughput Experimental Materials (HTEM) database.\unskip~\cite{374021:8337475}\\
  NREL\_LMC &
  Output files from the Laboratory Metadata Collector (LMC) used at NREL for deposition conditions (.json format).\\
\hline
\end{tabulary}\par
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!htbp]
\caption{{Plugins included in COMBIgor} }
\label{table_plugins}
\def1{1}
\ignorespaces
\centering
\begin{tabulary}{\linewidth}{p{\dimexpr.3062\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.6938\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\hline
Plugin Name & Description of functionality\\
\hline
ExamplePlugin &
  An example of a COMBIgor plugin designed as a starting point for development.\\
\hline
BackgroundRemove &
  Masks, fits, and subtracts backgrounds from vector data, such as x-ray diffraction.\\
DiffractionRef &
  Imports, stores, and plots powder diffraction references exported from common diffraction programs and databases.\\
VectorPeakFit &
  Executes constrained peak fits on a library of vector data and extracts fit information.\\
DataSifter Plugin &
  Applies a conditional test and, upon true, performs some resulting action across every sample on a library.\\
MathPlugin &
  Performs simple mathematical operations to data across every sample on a library.\\
Piemaps &
  Plots library maps on which each sample marker is a pie chart of multiple scalar data types.\\
TernaryPlotter &
  Generates ternary plots with marker color and size determined by scalar or vector data.\\
SolarCell &
  Extracts solar cell performance parameters from current vs. voltage data.\\
\hline
\end{tabulary}\par
\end{table*}

\subsection{Data Loading and Processing}
Experimental data comes in many different file formats: some are stored as a simple text file, some are contained in proprietary file formats, and most are something in between.
Taking advantage of the data-handling features of Igor Pro, COMBIgor is able to import a wide variety of data formats.
Data loading involves programmatically opening native instrument file types, transferring the data for each sample into an Igor Pro wave that matches the dimensionality of the incoming data, and storing those waves in the appropriate project and library folders.
Loading steps include assigning identifying information, such as project, library, sample index, data type, and data dimension, to the incoming data; creating the data storage in the correct location within the COMBIgor experiment; and populating that storage with the appropriate data.
The load event is documented in the project log book to retain a record of the original data source.

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/3Panel.png}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/3Panel.png}{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}[width=.35\linewidth]{images/3Panel.png}}
\makeatother
\caption{{Instrument access panel used to define data types and variables necessary to load data from the selected instrument into the selected project, shown (A) prior to instrument definition, where the option to load is not given, and (B) after instrument definition, where instrument globals have been defined and the load option is shown. (C) COMBIgor vector peak fitting plugin demonstrating peak fitting and integration of the wurtzite (002) x-ray diffraction peak for all 44 samples of a single Al\ensuremath{_{1-x}}Cr\ensuremath{_{x}}N combinatorial library.}}
\label{figure_accessPanel}
\end{figure*}
\egroup

In COMBIgor, data are typically loaded through instrument add-ons (Figure~\ref{figure_accessPanel}).
Additionally, data can be imported from other COMBIgor files as COMBIgor text files.
Finally, COMBIgor has the ability to fetch data directly from online databases through application programming interfaces (APIs) and store it locally for comparison to other data types.
This feature is demonstrated by loading data from the High Throughput Experimental Materials (HTEM) database (https://htem.nrel.gov),\unskip~\cite{374021:8337475} which houses experimental data generated by the HTE mapping instruments at NREL.
With the use of the HTEM instrument and an internet connection, an HTE researcher can import data from any tool in only a few clicks.
Data processing is integral to scientific experimentation.
For the HTE researcher, the diversity of processing tasks combined with the magnitude of collected data can create a daunting workload.
For this reason, COMBIgor data is extremely easy to batch-process, and can be processed in various modes.
There are four ways in which COMBIgor data can be processed:

  \begin{itemize}
  \item \relax \textbf{Upon loading by an individual instrument procedure}\\
  This is the simplest method, and is utilized for standard measurement processing routines. \textit{Example: Feature height extraction from profilometry scans of thin film samples.}
  \item \relax \textbf{By COMBIgor plugins}\\
  This is the most powerful method for HTE with high density mapping grids, since the same process can be systematically applied to every sample on a library. \textit{Example: Peak fitting to extract the FWHM of an x-ray diffraction peak. See Figure \ref{figure_accessPanel} for more detail.}
  \item \relax \textbf{Utilizing native Igor Pro functionality}\\
  This method is the most flexible, since the built-in capabilities of Igor Pro are very extensive. Anything that can be done in Igor Pro can be developed into a plugin for a specific task. \textit{Example: Using the Igor Pro function `Differentiate' to identify peaks in an x-ray fluorescence spectrum.}
  \item \relax \textbf{Additional Igor Pro packages}\\
  Numerous user-developed data processing packages exist for Igor Pro which, if loaded alongside COMBIgor, can be used to process COMBIgor data. \textit{Example: Fitting x-ray reflectivity patterns using the Motofit\unskip~\cite{374021:8356201} Igor Pro package.}
  \end{itemize}

\subsection{Data Visualization}
Once data are loaded, the COMBIgor package can produce publication-quality graphics.
One of the strengths of COMBIgor is its ability to plot data types of different dimensionality on the same plot.
There are four modes of graphics generation:

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/XRD_Ternary.jpg}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/XRD_Ternary.jpg}{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}{images/XRD_Ternary.jpg}}{}
\makeatother
\caption{{COMBIgor graphics generated from a single Al\ensuremath{_{1-x}}Cr\ensuremath{_{x}}N combinatorial library.
(A) Heat map of x-ray diffraction data (color axis) as a function of composition data (vertical axis).
Data were imported by COMBIgor. The background was subtracted using the BackgroundRemove plugin.
Data were plotted with the COMBIgor Display panel, and reference profiles of wurtzite-structured AlN and rocksalt-structured CrN were added with the DiffractionRef plugin.
(B) Ternary plot of x-ray diffraction peak area distributions.
Peak areas from the profiles shown in part A were extracted using the VectorPeakFitting plugin (Figure~\ref{figure_accessPanel}) and mapped using the TernaryPlotter plugin.}}
\label{figure_combigorGraphics}
\end{figure*}
\egroup

  \begin{itemize}
\item \relax \textbf{Upon instrument-specific loading}\\
If the user selects the option in package preferences, COMBIgor can automatically generate formatted plots as data are loaded through the instrument procedures. \textit{Example: Programmatic generation of a normalized diffraction intensity heat map comparing all samples upon loading X-ray diffraction data (see Figure~\ref{figure_combigorGraphics}, part A).}
\item \relax \textbf{Using the COMBIgor Display panel}\\
The COMBIgor display panel is capable of producing two-dimensional figures with up to four data type-dependent axes: horizontal axis, vertical axis, marker color, and marker size. Any data dimensionality can be handled by each of these axes. \textit{Example: The Display panel can be used to generate a map of material resistivity for an entire library, on which the marker size for each sample is determined by film thickness (see Figure~\ref{figure_absorptionData}, part A).}
\item \relax \textbf{Utilizing native Igor Pro functionality}\\
Data organized within a COMBIgor project can be utilized directly by Igor Pro graphics functionality to produce fully customized, publication-quality graphics. \textit{Example: Adding a visible spectrum color indicator to the axis of a COMBIgor generated 2D absorption coefficient plot greatly increases the visual appeal of this graphic (see Figure~\ref{figure_absorptionData}, part B.)}
\item \relax \textbf{Visualization plugins}\\
Additional plugins extend COMBIgor functionality to specialized plot types. Plugins can be created and added to COMBIgor to generate any graphic type Igor Pro can produce. \textit{Example: Using the TernaryPlotter plugin to analyze the distribution of peak area as determined by the VectorPeakFitting plugin (see Figure~\ref{figure_combigorGraphics}, part B).}
  \end{itemize}

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/Electrical_Optical.jpg}
\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/Electrical_Optical.jpg}{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}{images/Electrical_Optical.jpg}}{}
\makeatother
\caption{{COMBIgor graphics generated from a single Al\ensuremath{_{1-x}}Cr\ensuremath{_{x}}N combinatorial library.
(A) Comparison of film resistivity, composition, thickness, and absorption coefficient at 3 eV produced by COMBIgor display core functionality.
Resistivity was imported and processed by the NREL\_4PointProbe instrument.
Film thickness values were imported and processed through the Dektak8 instrument.
Chromium cation percent was imported and sorted by the FischerXRF instrument.
Absorption coefficient at 3 eV was extracted using the COMBIgor DataSifter plugin.
B) Absorption coefficient as a function of energy with an inset of the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, highlighting changes in the absorption characteristics as the Cr cation fraction changes.
Transmission and reflection data were imported and processed into absorption coefficient using the NREL\_UVVisNIR instrument.
All instruments and plugins are part of the COMBIgor package. }}
\label{figure_absorptionData}
\end{figure*}
\egroup

The magnitude of data generated by HTE can lead to comparison graphics that contain thousands of data points.
Graphics produced by the display features of COMBIgor are connected to a display wave specifically created for this visualization and distinct from the original data waves.
The source information of the wave data (e.g. library name, data type, data dimension, sample range, etc.) can be accessed and easily saved.
However, this also means that the plot has to be remade when the data are updated or reloaded (i.e. the plot is not updated automatically).
When plots are created, they can be saved to the export folder and recreation macros can be generated.
Closing the plot will trigger deletion of the attached display wave, thus minimizing data duplicity.

\subsection{Data Access and Porting}
COMBIgor data processing and storage is designed to be transparent and easy to access so that the user understands the process and can modify the approach at will.
To this end, all COMBIgor data are stored within the folders of the Igor Pro experiment, as shown in Figure~\ref{figure_basicCombigorStructure}.
Metadata and library data types are stored in a single wave per project, which facilitates easy library-to-library data comparison.
Scalar, vector, and matrix data types are stored as individual waves in library-specific folders within the project folder for easy sample-to-sample comparisons.
Any of these waves can be easily accessed, giving the user the power to inspect the numbers and text directly.
The project user menu (Figure~\ref{figure_basicCombigorStructure}) allows the user to inspect the projects, libraries, and data types stored in the experiment by COMBIgor.
When selected from the project menu, the data are presented in the Igor Pro data browser.

Combinatorial HTE is often collaborative. Results
are published in peer-reviewed journals that encourage submission of raw data used in the publication, either as supporting information or in a separate data repository.
Journals that publish mainly data, such as Data in Brief and Scientific Data, are also becoming more common.\cite{DataInBreif,Morebangforyourbyte}
For all of these reasons, data stored in COMBIgor must be accessible beyond Igor Pro in a simple file format.
COMBIgor can automatically save any locally-stored data onto the hard drive in a simple tab-delimited text file format with a folder structure that matches the project.
As mentioned above, these exported data can also be imported into a different COMBIgor project, while maintaining the library names and sample numbers.

\subsection{Documentation}
A major strength of the COMBIgor package is the breadth and depth of documentation, which is designed to be easily accessed at all stages of use and development.
The documentation is compiled using the Igor Pro help file type, as well as in-line procedure comments. The documentation exists at seven levels:

  \begin{itemize}
  \item \relax A beginner's tutorial is included in the help menu and presented upon installation for new COMBIgor users to learn the basics of instruments, plugins, and display features. The package includes example data for each of the instruments, which are used over the course of the tutorial. While example data are specific to NREL, this is intended to build a conceptual understanding of the work flow.
  \item \relax General information about the mapping grid, data type dimensions, plugin operations, and instrument details are included in a general help file which gives useful details about COMBIgor and can be accessed through the COMBIgor menu.
  \item \relax Developer's documentation exists for all functions not specific to instruments or plugins (except examples), including a description of the function's purpose, as well as inputs and outputs. Programming documentation is provided to enable maximum expandability of the COMBIgor package by users and research groups outside of NREL.
  \item \relax In-line code documentation, as per standard coding practice, exists within the procedure files. These are for anyone trying to troubleshoot, understand, or expand upon the existing COMBIgor package functions.
  \item \relax An introductory PDF that explains terminology, installation, and activation of COMBIgor is provided in the package folder.
  \item \relax A series of tutorial videos are hosted on \BreakURLText{http://www.youtube.com} and can be found on the tutorial section of the support website (\BreakURLText{http://www.COMBIgor.com}).
  \item \relax This manuscript
  \end{itemize}

\section{Package Architecture}
The COMBIgor package is written in the Igor Pro scripting language, which resembles C++, and exists in a single distribution folder.
COMBIgor was developed on the Apple Macintosh operating system and has been tested on both Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows operating systems.
The open-source COMBIgor operates within the commercial Igor Pro environment which is operating system neutral.
It is designed to be contained in as few procedure files as possible with each procedure file containing multiple functions.
The procedure files are grouped in four folders:
 \begin{enumerate}
  \item \relax The \textit{Procedures} folder contains the procedures needed to perform all core package functionality.
  \item \relax The \textit{Instruments} folder contains a single procedure for each instrument. Each of these procedures contains the unique functions needed to load and process data from that instrument.
  \item \relax The \textit{Plugins} folder contains a single procedure file for each plugin, which builds its panel interface and performs the data manipulation processes.
  \item \relax The \textit{Help} folder contains the package documentation for learning, using, and programming in COMBIgor.
  \end{enumerate}

Tasks performed by the package elements can be categorized into three categories: core functionality, data handling, and add-ons.
For each of these three categories, the package elements that perform or support the sub-tasks are illustrated in Figure~\ref{figure_structureSchematic} and described in more detail below.

\bgroup
\fixFloatSize{images/WebOfRelations.png}
\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering \makeatletter\IfFileExists{images/WebOfRelations.png}{\@ifnextchar[{\ts@includegraphics}{\ts@includegraphics[width=\checkGraphicsWidth,height=\checkGraphicsHeight,keepaspectratio]}}{images/WebOfRelations.png}}{}
\makeatother
\caption{{Schematic representation of the COMBIgor package elements and programmatic tasks contained and executed by each.
Tasks are categorized into three groups (left) and linked to the package elements (right) which are designed to perform or aid the task.}}
\label{figure_structureSchematic}
\end{figure}
\egroup

\subsection{Core functionality}
COMBIgor core functionality includes installing, mounting, initializing, using, and navigating the package.
Installation of the package involves placement of two aliases into the Igor Pro user folders and installation of built in XOPs.
These steps can be done manually or by the COMBIgor\_installer.pxp experiment.
After installation, the user can activate COMBIgor from the data menu, enabling the remaining core functionality.
These functions handle the storage and retrieval of global variables necessary for the package as well as for each individual project.
Additional global variables can be added by future developers.
The core functionality builds and enables the Projects menu featured in Figure~\ref{figure_basicCombigorStructure}, which enables the user to navigate the data stored in COMBIgor, create new projects, libraries, and data types, and import and export data from the project.

\subsection{Data handling}
Data handling tasks within COMBIgor are the most robust, and therefore complex, functions.
These functions create data storage waves, move data in and out of these waves, and transfer data in and out of the Igor Pro experiment.
In addition to data management, these functions perform the vital roles of displaying and processing data.
Because directly inspecting data in an array with more than two dimensions is difficult, data are typically parsed and stored in one- or two- dimensional waves.
Each data type is a separate wave and is categorized by the project, library, and data dimensionality.
The storage waves are of the Igor binary and Igor text file types, which are compressed and stored in an Igor packed experiment file.
This results in an efficient use of memory when compared to the native instrument files provided as example data.
The most essential data used for the example experiment occupy 80\% less memory when stored in an Igor Pro packed experiment and 50\% less memory when stored as COMBIgor text data files.

\subsection{Add-on packages}
Add-on package elements are the most diverse functions due to the wide variety of tasks they perform.
By default, COMBIgor has the functions needed to initialize and run any add-on included in the Plugins and Instruments folders.
Each plugin and instrument listed in Table~\ref{table_plugins} and Table~\ref{table_instruments} has documentation for users; however, programmer documentation does not exist for these add-ons, as they are unlikely to be modified by individual users (with the exception of the ExamplePlugin, ExampleVector, and ExampleScalar procedure files).
The ability to expand the package is integral to the success of the COMBIgor platform and new functionality should be added by creation of additional add-ons.
By placing a new instrument procedure file in the Instruments folder of the package (or plugin file in the Plugins folder), it becomes available for activation by the Add-ons panel.
This can be done at any time and is explained in the documentation.
Extensively commented example procedures are included for a plugin, a scalar instrument, and a vector instrument.
These are provided as a foundation for further user development.

\subsection{Object-oriented programming}
COMBIgor was not written with an obvious object-oriented programming (OOP) architecture in mind.
However, its hierarchical data structure can be explained in terms relevant to OOP concepts.
At the highest level, each COMBIgor project, in a single Igor experiment, can be thought of as an object of the project class with instance variables defined by the mapping grid and the project level variables.
Within the project, each sample library is a single object of the library class, which inherits sampling definitions from the mapping grid of the project.
At the lowest level, individual pieces of mapped data, specific to each library, are objects of one of the four HTE data classes (library, scalar, vector, or matrix) with instance variables defined by the instrument parameters.
Different instrument add-ons are instances of the instrument class. The same is true for plugins and the plugin class.

\section{Summary}
Here we have presented the COMBIgor package for Igor Pro which aids in the management and analysis of combinatorial materials science data sets.
The COMBIgor package aims to decrease the burden of HTE data management, while simultaneously improving data transparency, usage, and sharing.
By using the open-source COMBIgor package for commercial Igor Pro, researchers can spend a greater portion of their time understanding the scientific outcomes of their experiments and less time moving, sorting, and managing data.

The functionality of COMBIgor is demonstrated for a few core instruments and plugins used at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
To show the extent of the package's capabilities, we used Al$_{1-x}$Cr$_x$N combinatorial HTE sample libraries as an example.
Overall, this article is meant to facilitate COMBIgor adoption by researchers, groups, and laboratories that utilize spatially-resolved mapping techniques.

Numerous resources have been developed to install, manage, and expand COMBIgor, and the underlying architecture of the package is described.
Extensive documentation resources are also included, so that a user with any amount of experience with Igor Pro can use and expand the functionality to suit their research needs.
To give COMBIgor a try, please start by visiting \BreakURLText{https://www.COMBIgor.com}.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
A.Z., J.D.P., and S.R.B. acknowledge funding from the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, as part of the Energy Frontier Research Center "Center for Next Generation of Materials Design: Incorporating Metastability" under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308.
K.R.T., V.J., and G.L.B. acknowledge support by the United States National Science Foundation award DMREF-1534503.
K.H. and I.K. were supported by DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Solar Energy Technology Office (SETO) and Fuel Cell Technology Office (FCTO).
M.C.P. was supported by the Army Research Office under grant number W911NF-17-1-0051.
A.M. was supported by a CoorsTek Fellowship through the Colorado School of Mines Foundation.
D.M.R. was supported by the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
None of the opinions contained within are necessarily those of the U.S. Government, Colorado School of Mines, or the University of Colorado.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Socially Responsible Investment in the 21st Century: Does it Make a Difference for Society? Vol: 7
Celine Louche
Tessa Hebb
Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability
Business Ethics »
Corporate Social Responsibility »
The history of modern Socially Responsible Investment began with the Apartheid crisis in South Africa in the 1970s. When asked if divestment played a role in ending South African Apartheid, Nelson Mandela answered "undoubtedly". But what about SRI in the 21st century, does it make a difference for society? The first part of this book explores the innovative approach of socially responsible investors in building engagement approaches, mobilizing networks, developing new products, and proposing alternative models showing the potential to create change. The second part interrogates the limits of SRI in making a difference. It questions the potential of SRI to create change but also proposes ways to increase societal impacts of SRI. The last section of the volume addresses the boarder issues of values and governance and shows how they are central in the SRI discussion. The book takes a critical but constructive stance on SRI with the objective of contributing to the capacity and ability of SRI to make a difference. Little research has been undertaken on the societal impacts of SRI. With this book we contribute to this debate, pushing the boundaries of SRI even further.
Mobilizing SRI through investor governance networks: The politics of collective investor action. Exploring the societal impacts of SRI. Shareholder engagement and Chevron's policy 520 on human rights: The role played by the United States Jesuit conference's "national Jesuit committee on investment responsibility". Social innovation and investment: The ShoreBank experience. The emergence of impact investments: The case of microfinance. Where do-gooders meet bottom-liners: Disputes and resolutions surrounding socially responsible investment. Increasing the effectiveness of SRI corporate engagement on climate change through a responsive regulation framework. Company–community agreements in the mining sector. Ethics, politics, sustainability and the 21st century trustee. SRI in South Africa: A melting-pot of local and global influences. To govern and be governed: The governance dimensions of SRI's influence. SRI in the 21st century: Does it make a difference to society?. About the Authors. Acknowledgements. About the Editors. List of Contributors. Editorial Advisory and Review Board. Socially responsible investment in the 21st century: Does it make a difference for society?. List of appendices. List of Figures. List of Tables. Critical Studies on Corporate Responsibility, Governance and Sustainability. Socially responsible investment in the 21st century: Does it make a difference for society?. Copyright page.
Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions Vol: 19
Sydney Finkelstein
A Practitioner's Guide to Data Governance
Uma Gupta
David M. Wasieleski
Ethics in a Crowded World Vol: 22
Vandra Harris
Philosophy of Management and Sustainability
The Next Phase of Business Ethics Vol: 21
Michael Schwartz
Green Behavior and Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia
Farzana Quoquab
The Battle To Do Good
Bob Langert
Applied Ethics in the Fractured State Vol: 20
Bligh Grant


text:
Q: How to distinguish between the same checked elements in CSS and HTML I currently have two sets of the same tabs on a webpage. But when i select "Chocolate, bread or Chips" on the second set of tabs, it selects the first set and its tab.
I know that i need to distinguish between the two, but im not sure what the best process is to do this. The tabs will be created using a while loop in Wordpress, so i can assign a variable using PHP if i need to add an ID or something similar to each set of tabs. Thanks in advance
Code pen: https://codepen.io/adamrconnah/pen/XGVNBo
HTML/CSS:

.moretabs {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  /*max-width: 700px;*/
  background: #e5e5e5;
  box-shadow: 0 48px 80px -32px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
    padding:5px;
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}
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}
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  background: #e5e5e5;
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  z-index: 1;
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.moreinput:checked + .morelabel {
  background: #fff;
  color: #000;
}

@media (min-width: 600px) {
  .morelabel {
    width: auto;
  }
}
.panel {
  display: none;
  padding: 20px 30px 30px;
  background: #fff;
}
@media (min-width: 600px) {
  .panel {
    order: 99;
  }
}
.moreinput:checked + .morelabel + .panel {
  display: block;
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   <input class="moreinput" name="moretabs" type="radio" id="tab-1" checked="checked"/>
   Banana

Banana

Some text

   <input class="moreinput" name="moretabs" type="radio" id="tab-2"/>Orange

Orange

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Apple

Some text.

   <input class="moreinput" name="moretabs" type="radio" id="tab-1" checked="checked"/>
   Chocolate

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
module SimpleGroups
  module UserExtensions
    def self.included( base )
      base.extend( ClassMethods )
    end

    module ClassMethods
      def include_simple_groups
        has_many :memberships
        has_many :groups, :through => :memberships, :conditions => 'accepted_at IS NOT NULL'
        has_many :pending_groups, :through => :memberships, :source => :group, :conditions => 'accepted_at IS NULL'

        include SimpleGroups::UserExtensions::InstanceMethods
      end
    end

    module InstanceMethods
      # methods created for group_plugin
      def is_member_of?(group)
        self.groups.include?(group)
      end

      def is_mod_of?(group)
        self.membership(group).admin_role if self.is_member_of?(group)
      end

      def request_membership_of(group)
        group.members << self unless self.is_member_of?(group)
      end

      def pending_and_accepted_groups
        self.pending_groups + self.groups
      end

      # use group object to find the membership associated. Use mainly in other methods.
      def membership(group)
        Membership.find(:first, :conditions => ['user_id = ? AND group_id = ?', self.id, group.id])
      end

      def leave(group)
        self.membership(group).destroy if self.is_member_of?(group)
      end

      def become_member_of(group)
          group.members << self unless self.pending_and_accepted_groups.include?(group)
          group.accept_member(self)
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
view quotes by
categorized under:
"Sometimes it is good fortune to be abandoned. While we are looking after our losses, our selves may slip back inside."
Ameni Rozsa
source: "An Average Sadness," in I Thought My Father Was God (New York: Henry Holt, 2001), 379.
category: breakup, fortune, identity, loss, love, self
medium: Essay
"Don't worry about losing. If it is right, it happens—The main this is not to hurry. Nothing good gets away."
source: November 10, 1958 letter to Thom, his fourteen-year-old son, in Letters of a Nation, Andrew Carroll ed. (New York: Kodansha, 1997 ), 314.
category: advice, breakup, loss, love, school of life
medium: Letter
"Losing a parent is something like driving through a plate-glass window. You didn't know it was there until it shattered, and then for years to come you're picking up the pieces—down to the last glassy splinter."
source: letter to Martin Amis, dated March 13, 1996, in Saul Bellow: Letters (New York: Viking, 2010), 516–17.
view on Google Books
category: death, grief, loss, mourning
"When it comes to politics—no, I don't cry. I would never think of crying about any loss of an office, because that's always a possibility, and if you're professional, then you deal with it professionally."
source: "Questions for Nancy Pelosi: Minority Report," by Deborah Solomon, The New York Times, November 18, 2010.
category: cry, loss, politics, professional
medium: Q&A
"The fluttering in the stomach goes away and the dull waking pain. Sometimes I think of you and I feel giddy. Memory makes me lightheaded, drunk on champagne. All the things we did. And if anyone had said this was the price I would have agreed to pay it. That surprises me; that with the hurt and the mess comes a shaft of recognition. It was worth it. Love is worth it."
source: Written on the Body (New York: Vintage Books, 1994), 156.
category: breakup, loss, love, memory
medium: fiction
"That's how it works. When a baby dies, other dead children become suddenly visible: Daughters and sons. First cousins. The neighbor kid. The first child. The last child. Your older brother. Some of their names have been forgotten; some never had names in the first place. They disappeared under heaps of advice. Don't dwell. Have another child, a makeup baby. Life is for the living. But then another baby dies, and here they are again, in stories, and you will love them all, and—if you are the mother of a dead child yourself—they will keep coming to you. A couple I know just lost their baby. And you will know that your lost child has appeared somewhere else in the world. I know a couple…"
Elizabeth McCracken
source: An Exact Replica of a Figment of My Imagination (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008), 136–37.
category: child, death, grief, loss, mourning
medium: memoir
"I remember after my mother died, a year or two afterwards, thinking, well you know, I'm lucky in a way because nothing as bad as this will ever happen to me again. And then I had children. And I realized that there is one thing worse than losing your parent, and that's losing your children."
source: Charlie Rose, May 7, 2010.
category: death, grief, loss
medium: interview
"…you know from having watched friends of yours who have gone through loss that it doesn't tend to be a big muscle thing, that it's not the wailing and gnashing of teeth. It's those small disconnections from life, from energy, from happiness, that kind of subtle way in which people who have lost people they love are tilted away from the world."
category: death, grief, loss, sadness
"I cried for the boyfriends I was no longer with, the people and places I no longer knew very well, for my parents and grandparents ailing and stuck in Florida, their tough, unchanging forms conjured only in memory: a jewel box kept in a medicine cabinet in the attic of a house on the moon; that's where their unchanging forms were kept. I cried for everyone and for all the scrabbly, funny love one sent out into the world like some hit song that enters space and bounds off to another galaxy, a tune so pretty you think the words are true, you do! There was never any containing a song like that, keeping it. It went off and out, speeding out of earshot or imagining or any reach at all, like a rocket invented in sleep."
source: Who Will Run the Frog Hospital? (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994), 143.
category: beautiful description, crying, distance, loss, love, music, rocket, song
"When was the first time you realized the next time would be the last time?"
source: "Thou Without (Partner)," Days in the Wake (Drag City, 1994).
category: breakup, death, ending, loss
medium: lyric
notes: Rich Bryan co-wrote this song


Those who wish to support Dave Emory's anti-fascist efforts are urged to make a financial contribution. Dave does not get paid for his work, and needs your support. In order to make content available to radio stations and to the general public, he forgoes ANY remuneration for his efforts.
Those who are in a position to do so may wish to consider remembering Dave in their estate planning.


One of the things that makes WordPress so powerful is its extensibility. While in some cases a post may consist of no more than a Title and Content, in other cases there may be a great deal of additional information associated with it. Posts can be enhanced with things like colors, external URLs, subtitles, and logos, all of which can be stored as WordPress post meta values. We'll look at how to add these values and how to modify our theme to display them.


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text:
The author of a book called 'Am I My Genes?' says anyone who tries a personal genetics test should know these 5 things first
Nov. 21, 2016, 10:33 AM
Lydia Ramsey/Business Insider
Ever considered taking a peek inside your genes?
Today it seems easy. First, sign up with a personal genetics company like AncestryDNA, 23andMe, or any of the more than a dozen American companies that currently offer the service. Then the procedure is pretty standard: Spit in a plastic tube, pop it in the mail, and wait for your results.
But how much can the average person learn from one of these tests? Can you really find out if you'll develop a disease like breast cancer or whether you'll pass that disease onto your kids?
To find out, we chatted with Robert Klitzman, a bioethicist and psychiatry professor at Columbia University and the author of the recent book "Am I My Genes?" And we learned that genes are, not surprisingly, complicated.
Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options. 1/ Chevron icon It indicates an expandable section or menu, or sometimes previous / next navigation options.
In most cases, they can't tell you whether you or your children will develop a specific disease — even breast cancer.
Ethan Miller/Getty
Saying you have the gene "for" an illness typically means that one or both copies of a gene — you have two copies of each gene, one from each parent — has a mutation that's been linked with that illness. But having a mutated gene does not necessarily mean you'll develop that illness.
In 2013, Angelina Jolie wrote a column in The New York Times about her decision to have her breasts removed after she discovered she had a genetic mutation that dramatically raised her risk of developing breast cancer. She also had a family history of breast cancer.
About 10% of all breast cancers in the US are linked to the mutation Jolie had. About 90% of all breast cancers are not.
In other words, having the mutation doesn't necessarily mean you'll get breast cancer, but it does mean you're significantly more likely to get it — especially if you also have a family history of it. And not having the mutation doesn't mean you're risk-free. In other words, "you could have the mutation and not get it, or you could not have the mutation and get it," Klitzman said.
For psychological illnesses like depression or anxiety, the picture is even blurrier.
Eka Shoniya/Flickr
Many of our observable traits — from aspects of our personalities to the color of our eyes — cannot be narrowed down to one or two genes. This appears to be especially true for psychiatric characteristics like intelligence or illnesses like depression, said Klitzman. A 2014 study he co-authored published in the Journal of Genetic Counseling came to similar conclusions.
"For things like intelligence there's easily 100 different genes involved. So the notion that you're going to test for a few of them and that's going to be predictive, that's not reflecting the complexity of genetics and of the mind and brain," Klitzman said.
A 2015 study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience was the first to identify two networks — each of which contain hundreds of genes — that appear to play a role in cognitive function.
In order for one of these tests to really predict your risk of disease, it would have to account for two major factors: your environment and your behavior.
Scott Barbour/Getty Images
Genetics play a big role in whether we develop certain diseases, but so do our environment and behavior. Everything from what we eat to where we're raised and how often we exercise can affect our risk of developing certain diseases.
"Research suggests that some 50% of all depression cases are linked with genetics," Klitzman said. "The other 50% is environment. So if you're just looking at the genetic factors, you're missing everything else."
Smoking, for example, dramatically raises your risk of developing lung cancer and heart disease; eating right can help lower your chances of developing stomach cancer and of obesity.
There's still a lot we don't know about our genes.
The vast majority of personal genetics tests that are available today use something called SNPs, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, to test for genetic variants linked with certain traits. They're the most common type of genetic variation among people, but they also represent only a tiny fraction of all of our DNA.
"Up until a few years ago, we thought 98% of the genome was junk DNA, which turned out not to be quite true," said Klitzman.
So while that science continues to develop, you might want to focus on the factors that you can control, like eating right and exercising.
There's still no overarching, official system for evaluating the hundreds of available genetics tests.
No evidence-based process for assessing personal genetic tests yet exists. Nevertheless, according to Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention— an initiative launched in 2004 and backed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to come up one such system — more than 1,000 genetics tests are available today.
The organization's working group has published a list of certain diseases for which it recommends genetic testing, but for most diseases, it concludes that there is "insufficient evidence to recommend for or against use."
So what can the average person find out from one of these tests? Perhaps not as much as we thought.
"For the vast majority of people who take personalized genetics tests, their results will have no predictive value," said Klitzman.
SEE ALSO: Scientists have discovered 5 personality traits linked with a long life
NEXT: I sequenced my DNA at a community lab in Brooklyn — and what I learned surprised me
More: Health Features 23andMe Genetics
personal genomics


Note: the USS Chester was one of the first two US Navy vessels to have a steam turbine engine, which, in 1908, placed it at the cutting edge of naval design. The potato peeler was also at the forefront of naval technology. They were considered state-of-the-art equipment on luxury ocean liners and advanced naval vessels, or, as the magazine Popular Electricity gushed, one of the "bewildering number and variety of direct current motors" that powered this new breed of ships.
Draftsman's notebook, kept by Edward O. Cutler, 1906-1908. Maine Maritime Museum MS-33 5.9.
"Electricity on our Reconstructed Battleships." Popular Electricity v. 2 no. 7 (November 1909): 423.