Commands or signals, corrections or punishers, praise or reinforcers—does it matter what we call them?
If you think it doesn't matter, there's no need to read any further. If you think it does matter, please continue reading because I'd like to help you. I noticed some inconsistencies in contemporary dog training terminology and will proceed to argue that they need correcting. Trainers use too many terms that either are badly defined, not defined at all or already exist and mean something else.
Why is it important to agree on one single terminology? Because only then can we have a meaningful discussion and avoid falling out with people with whom we might otherwise like to cooperate.
For example, the majority of "positive" dog trainers have no problems using the word command and yet a command means "an authoritative direction or instruction to do something," or "a line of code written as part of a computer program." To command means "to exercise authoritative control or power over." The word has connotations of the military, the police and of authority in general. Of course, we may use the word command but it beats me why we ban the terms dominance (without defining it properly) and punisher (whilst disregarding the correct, technical definition of the term) and use command with no concern whatsoever.
Personally, I have a problem with the use of command in dog training for several reasons. A command implies the obligation to execute a behavior in a very precise way. We give computers commands to execute actions in exactly the same way every single time, no variations allowed (that's what we want from our computers). Army officers issue commands they want obeyed with no questions asked and disobedience is severely punished.
Is this what we want from our dogs? No, it is not. We want them to perform a behavior within a particular class of behaviors where variations are both inevitable and acceptable. There are many ways to sit correctly, but not many ways to "copy" or "paste". The authoritarian aspect also bothers me; it implies subjugation. I don't want my dog so much to obey me as to understand what I want him to do. The essence of communication is to convey information, not to enforce it. When we communicate, we use signals, and signals are understood, not obeyed and not commanded. I can't say "I command you to understand." A command is a signal before becoming a command, only we don't need to issue commands to our dogs if we've done our job properly.
Signal seems to me undoubtedly the right term and has much better connotations than command. Your dog is not a computer, nor a soldier (PS—I have nothing against computers nor soldiers).
The same goes for the term punisher. You'll find "positive" trainers using the word command without blinking, but demonizing you if you dare as much as whisper the word punisher, which doesn't make any sense at all to me. If we are sensitive about the connotations of one term, it seems that we would also be sensitive about those of the other. Whilst blithely employing the word command, some trainers substitute punisher with correction, which doesn't make any difference, it still means the same and is interchangeable with punisher in some senses.
Then, there is praise. Praise means "an expression of approval and commendation," "applaud," "pay tribute to," "compliment." It is true that praise can influence learning in humans, but I doubt it very much that it has any value in animal training. Praise and reinforcer are two different things. We use reinforcers in dog training, not praise. "Positive" animal training claims to be a more humane way of training animals (meaning showing compassion or benevolence), to be more scientific than the "old-fashioned" training, and to know all about "classical conditioning" and "operant conditioning." If this is true, why don't we show it and educate people accordingly? Why don't we use the proper scientific terms?
Some claim that the right scientific terms are too difficult. I fail to see what's more difficult in reinforcer than in reward, in signal than in command, but even if it were true, this appears to me to be one of the situations where the end justifies the means. It would be a small price to pay in order to gain more clarity and avoid misunderstandings. Using technical terms instead of everyday words would also help people fully understand and use the various learning tools correctly. Sometimes, in trying to simplify things, we miss the point completely. Most dog owners don't know that praise in dog training means "everything that increases the frequency, intensity and/or duration of a behavior when presented simultaneously or immediately after the behavior takes place" (= reinforcer). Dog owners are not more stupid than dog trainers and if the latter can learn it, so can the former. It's up to us to motivate them. We were all dog owners before we became dog trainers. Did we like condescending dog trainers back then?
As far as I can see, we only have two options: (1) to claim that it doesn't matter what we call things, in which case nobody should be labelled for using terms such as punisher, dominance, etc., and we can all be "positive" nevertheless; (2) to use, teach, encourage and propagate the use of correct, well-defined terms, starting with ourselves, in order to be consistent with ideology and methodology.
Personally, I am not worried by the terms you use and I will not label you solely on your choice of words. The only concern I have is that (unless I know you) when you say command I'm not so sure you know about the intricacies of signals, and when you say praise I'm not certain that you fully appreciate the function of reinforcers (and punishers). I understand that you don't like the word punisher because you are a good person, but I'm not sure that this is the right way to manifest it. Changing a term doesn't change an attitude. Sometimes, quite on the contrary, if you used the word punisher, you'd have an opportunity and a reason to emphasize that it has nothing to do with violence and abuse.
On the other side, I do have worries that we label good, humane, "positive" dog trainers otherwise because of their correct use of the scientific terms; and that we label good, humane, "old-fashioned" trainers abusive due to their ignorance of the terminology that is fashionable nowadays. Before you even think of labeling me on the basis of my comments here, I would like to remind you that my first book on dog training, published in 1984 and entitled "The Dog, Our Friend—Psychology rather than Power," was a revolution in dog training at the time; it was the first book (as far as I know) to describe exactly how to teach a dog sit, stand, down, come, heel, jump, slalom, treat-on-the-nose, retrieve, etc., without the use of any force at all. I showed even pictures of the clicker (except that we used a whistle) and of the precursor of these so fashionable toys that you fill with treats to stimulate the dog. Since then, many have followed in the same spirit: respect for the dog as a species and as an individual.
The bottom-line is that we should define terminology and implement it consistently. As it stands now, I'm afraid we'll lose many good people for our cause of "a better world for dogs and dog owners" because of fashionable trends and pettiness.
"Why Do We Have Dogs?" by Roger Abrantes.
There is something about behavior terminology that makes normal humans eyes glaze over and their brain to quit working. I didn't used to think so, but reading a discussion of terminology on LinkedIn by a group called Animal Behavior Professionals has me totally convinced that most people are incapable of understanding behavioral terminology. It's shocking really.
What are your thoughts on the use of the word "cue" vs. "command" vs. "signal"? I purposefully use "cue" as I feel it doesn't have any conotations of implied power or authority that "command" does. I find that by using the different word myself, that I can change the perception of my clients towards their dog. For example, I find that if I say a dog "fails to perform a command" then clients are more inclined to blame the dog for willful disobedience. But if "a dog doesn't respond to a cue" then they are more inclined to look toward lack of training, reinforcement history, or environmental distractions as the reason. "Command" puts the onus on the dog, whereas "cue" puts the onus on the owner.
I prefer the use of "cue" over your "signal". To me, "signal" implies something or someone performing an action. I think "cue" is a better term in that it is easier for people to consider that an inanimate object or stumulus in the environment can serve as a "cue" for a behavior rather than that the environment is giving a "signal".
Is this a European thing? I am in California, and I hear very few R+ trainers using "signal" or "command"; mostly I hear "cue". Likewise I don't hear "praise" being used interchangeably with "reinforcer", although I hear "treat" and "food" being used to mean the same thing.
I also have a pet peeve about using the term "positive" to mean "only positive reinforcement", because by necessity that tends to also mean "negative punishment". To me, when a trainer says "I use only positive methods" I always wonder if they're woefully ignorant of Skinner's terminology, or if they happily use both positive reinforcement and positive punishment.
Hey, Roger! Nice article, designed, I know, to get us thinking and talking. Thank you.
As always, an excellent well written piece!
I strive to teach that sharing our lives with animals is about trust, acceptance, and guidance, not fear and control. Relationship d not grow out of fear nor do they flourish in confusion.
I actually made a little video about positive relationship building.
I completely agree with you Dr. Abrantes and I will like to add: One of the aspects, that differs you from other great and experienced dog trainers, I think, is your communication with the dog (and other animals). Your unique combination of body language (based on the ethology of the species), learning theory, intuition and natural talent, that anyone else can just dream of. It is a really great experience to watch. Even variation is inevitable and acceptable by using signals – the signals given by you implies precise responses, that makes, it looks like, the dog understands you very well, like nothing is by chance – the dog has no reason to be in doubt. Your precision and "alive" approach implies impressive results.
Thanks for your comments, they are great and inspiring. They prompted me to clarify the difference between "signal" and "cue," which you can read in another blog of mine.
And, Janet, you're right: I've already had some questions about my signature. I've been signing my name as R and a line since the time we used to write with pen and paper. When the electronic age took over, in the 1980s, I got used to sign R- and that was much before the time of the discussions about R plus and minus, so I don't think I'd like to change it now.
Hii all. I agree with you – 100% +. Thank you for the information. Bruce.
I thought it would be interesting to write this comment as I'm reading this post.
To be honest, I'm not sure whether or not I agree with you. Part of me understands that, when talking to other professionals, one must be clear, concise, and able to communicate properly using terms and words that mean what we are intending them to mean.
Part of me also wants to bang my head on my desk and say "NOT THIS AGAIN!" because I think we get too caught up in jargon.
The problem comes in the fact that most "professional" "positive" dog trainers barely know the terms, refuse to use half of them, and can't even attend the same class as another "professional" without their eyes glazing over in rage.
So, while being not quite sure I agree….I do want to be quite sure that I'm on the same page.
To that end, I actually looked up to word "authority." (It's sad, isn't it?) When it comes to the word "command" in specific, I can't seem to wrap my mind around to problem with the denotation of the word. Even the words "authority" and "authoritative" seem to be on par with what I ask from my dog.
The use of the words "command" or "authority" doesn't necessarily dictate subjugation, punishment, etc. In fact, without adding negative connotation or attaching personal feelings to the words, they don't seem incorrect. In fact – to me – they seem clear, concise, and rigid.
I feel the need to scream "DON'T ENCOURAGE THEM!" (in reference to positive dog trainers demonizing certain terms) and wave my arms hysterically. Not that it'll do me any good.
The word "praise" – I should think – could be just another (more mundane) word for what one might use as a bridge signal. Don't get me wrong here – it's not the scientific term – but the gist seems clear.
Also, what client understands the real definition of a reinforcer? Half the professional, positive dog trainers I know can't define it.
Annnnyway, now that I've finished with the article….
In order to effectively, clearly communicate, we simply must use the correct scientific terms. We need to cut out the short cuts (such as the word "praise" in place of "bridge" or "reinforcer") and use all those fancy words we learned in order to become professional dog trainers.
But I still have trouble with the rejection of the word "command." (Perhaps it seems too much like the rejection of the word "punisher," in that there is an emotional aspect tied to it on both sides.) I have trouble attaching emotion to words that can be used as descriptive, despite how they sound or what they make me think of.
Thanks for your comment. I like your "Yet you want us to have discussions on proper terminology? Maybe in a century or so…" You are probably right. Yet someone has to start and I thought I could as well give it a go for I won't be here in a century!
When you write "But I still have trouble with the rejection of the word "command." (Perhaps it seems too much like the rejection of the word "punisher," in that there is an emotional aspect tied to it on both sides.)" I definitely sympathize with your concern, but I can assure you that is not my quest.
I use the term "punisher" uninhibitedly as you can see in various other blogs because I think it is the correct term to describe the process in question. I don't like the term "command" in the context of dog training not because of its connotations, but because it is the wrong term, in my view. I have nothing against commands otherwise as I also write in my blog. A signal and a command are different. The behavior our dogs produce is the result of signals, they lack the uniformity of the behavior produced by commands. Even military behavior, even though under command, often miss the rigor and precision implied in "command," much to the chagrin of the commanding officers.


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How Many Greenbacks Will America's Transition To "Green Energy" Cost Taxpayers Like You?
December 2, 2022 3:03PM PST
(Image by Getty Images)
With Joe Biden's never ending push to ensure miners and oil companies are out of business, at the same time demanding they produce more fuel, it makes us all wonder. How much money will the Democrats push for green energy actually cost the country and its taxpayers?
To find out the truth, Lars spoke with Mark Mills, with the Manhattan Institute, a fellow with Northwestern University's McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science where he co-directs an Institute on Manufacturing Science and Innovation.
Listen to the interview below:
TheLarsLarsonShow · Mark Mills – What are the real costs of transitioning to "green energy"?


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← JUNE 2017's BEST
MISTER SCROOGE (1964) →
ATLAS (SEABOARD) SUPERHERO PANTHEON
Balladeer's Blog marks the shortest day of the year with the shortest-lived comic book company since Pelican Publishing!
It's Atlas-Seaboard, to distinguish this publisher from Marvel Comics, which went by Atlas Comics in the 1950s. There IS a Marvel connection, however, in that Martin Goodman, Stan Lee's old colleague, launched Atlas Comics through Seaboard Periodicals for one brief shining moment several months in 1975.
Calling themselves "The NEW House of Ideas" clearly threw down the gauntlet at Marvel Comics' feet. As it turned out, however, even Alan Thicke was a bigger danger to Johnny Carson than Atlas was to Marvel.
Secret Identity: Ed Tyler, Astronaut
Origin: Astronaut Ed Tyler was part of a three-man crew on the orbiting space station Threshold I. A leak in the main portion of the station forces the trio of astronauts to abandon their mission early and they evacuate in a shuttlecraft.
Complications cause the vessel to crash-land in the Arctic ice with Ed Tyler as the sole survivor. Tyler found himself in the hands of an alien race called the Deiei, who have been observing humanity from their underground Arctic base for untold millennia. The Deiei guided humanity's evolution to make us more in their image.
The haughty aliens had recently decided Earth people are a failed experiment. They planned to preserve Ed Tyler for study to see what might have gone wrong but intended to wipe out all other human life on the planet and start from scratch. Tyler escaped custody, donned one of the high-tech battle suits of the Deiei and flew off, determined to thwart the Deiei's genocidal plans
First Appearance: Phoenix #1 (January, 1975). His final appearance came in October of that same year.
Powers: The Deiei space suit worn by Phoenix enabled him to fly at thousands of miles per hour, to shoot atomic energy blasts from his gloves and to withstand high levels of energy and large projectiles virtually unharmed. The suit also granted him a modicum of greater than human strength.
The media named this hero Phoenix when they saw him emerge from the smoldering ruins of part of Reykjavik, where he drove off the first assault by Deiei spaceships.
Comment: After fighting the Deiei for awhile Phoenix encountered another alien race called the Protectors of the Universe. Magus, the leader of the race, disagreed with the Deiei's desire to wipe out humanity and granted Phoenix an opportunity to prove the people of Earth deserving of a second chance.
Phoenix's adventures combined elements of the Silver and Bronze Age Green Lantern with Adam Warlock's "philosophy for pre-teens" approach during his Counter-Earth period. Personally I found Ed Tyler's gloomy "Humanity is so awful maybe we don't deserve to be saved" musings to be ridiculous. Compared to the genocidal and callous Deiei, the human race seems like the definite lesser of two evils.
All that aside, Phoenix had a certain charm. In fact he was one of the few Atlas characters popular enough to be given a second chance with 2010's attempted re-launch of the title.
Secret Identity: Jay Hunter, teenager
Origin: When aspiring criminal Jay Hunter ticked off Max Raven, the crimelord he answered to, that gangster put out a hit on him. The attempt on Jay's life took place at the lab of his scientist father Simon, who was working on a super-soldier formula.
Both men were mortally wounded, but Jay's father – knowing there was enough formula to save one, but not both of them – gave it to his son to save his life. Jay pulled through, discovered he now had amazing super-powers and took to wearing a costume to fight crime. He called himself Destructor and was determined to atone for his criminal past.
First Appearance: The Destructor #1 (February, 1975). His final appearance came in August of that same year.
Powers: Destructor possessed a healing factor that was at Wolverine's level at least, a degree of super-human strength, paranormal agility and enhanced senses. Later exposure to radiation granted him the ability to shoot energy blasts from his hands.
Comment: Teenager Jay Hunter's reformation, fueled by the death of a beloved older male family member, is reminiscent of Spider-Man's origin but with a much uglier past to try to atone for.
Destructor's Rogues Gallery of Foes may have been the best at 1975's Atlas Comics.
He battled villains like Lash, Death-Grip, Slaymaster, the Huntress, Big Mike Brand, Doctor Shroud and Lobo. He also battled two criminal organizations: the Combine and the Syndicate.
IRONJAW
Secret Identity: Prince Roland
Origin: In the Post-Apocalyptic future, perverted science and outright sorcery hold sway. The world is filled with warring kingdoms that are separated by dangerous wastelands.
As an infant, the man who would become Ironjaw was left to die by the usurper who murdered his father – a King. Tar-Lok the Robber found the baby and raised him in his community of outcasts and criminals. Now named Roland, the young man became a talented Minstrel and one day stole the woman of a Bandit Chief named Dektor.
Dektor and his men captured Roland and – to prevent him from ever singing again – sliced off the man's lower jaw. Carlotta, the woman being fought over, enlisted the aid of Soran the Sorceress and an ironworker called the Forger.
Soran's spells saved Roland's life, then she and the Forger grafted an iron jaw to the man's face to replace his lost one. No longer able to sing, the newly-christened Ironjaw became a brigand, outlaw and mercenary warrior.
First Appearance: Ironjaw #1 (January, 1975). His final appearance came in July of that same year.
Powers: Ironjaw had the chiseled physique and savage fighting ability of a barbarian. He was adept with swords and battle-axes and possessed a dark ruthlessness. His iron jaw gave him a proverbial Pit Bull's death-grip which he could use to tear out an opponent's throat or chomp off their hands or other body parts.
Comment: The 1970s saw a slew of post-apocalypse comic books AND sword & sorcery titles inspired by the Marvel Comics adaptation of Robert E Howard's Conan. Martin Goodman and company apparently felt that combining the two genres would prove to be a success.
As could be expected, Ironjaw eventually learned of his royal heritage, nearly had sex unknowingly with his long-lost sister and killed his father's usurper. Growing bored with ruling a kingdom, Ironjaw abandoned his throne and returned to his wandering life of adventure and endless battle.
Ironjaw resurfaced as a guest star in the brief 2011 revival of Atlas' Wulf the Barbarian (see right).
TIGER-MAN
Secret Identity: Doctor Lancaster Hill, physician
Origin: While doing humanitarian work in Zambia, the brilliant young Dr Lancaster Hill's work with tiger DNA enables him to inject himself with a formula which endows him with super-powers.
When the MD returns to New York City his sister is robbed and murdered by criminals, prompting him to don a costume and seek revenge. Calling himself Tiger-Man, he resolves to continue fighting crime.
First Appearance: Thrilling Adventure Stories #1 (February, 1975). His final appearance came in September of that same year.
Powers: Tiger-Man's musculature mutated so that he had all the strength of a human-sized tiger. He also possessed that creature's speed and enhanced senses, including night-vision.
This hero's gloves and boots came complete with razor-sharp claws which enabled him to slash opponents in battle AND to climb up all but the sheerest of surfaces.
Comment: Tiger-Man could have had an impressive run anywhere else but Atlas. Dr Hill's concerns about the way the tiger DNA sometimes threatened to overwhelm his human characteristics meant that this superhero might have shared Wolverine's erratic, unpredictable nature at times.
At any rate, one of the supervillains that Tiger-Man fought was the Blue Jaguar, an obvious pastiche of Marvel's Black Panther.
THE SCORPION
Secret Identity: Moro Frost
Origin: The exact nature of this intriguing hero was not revealed during his unfortunately brief run. Moro Frost, despite his perpetually young and fit appearance, was possibly hundreds of years old, if not older.
Always using the nom de guerre Scorpion, he had served as a do-gooder during many Heroic Ages, always adapting his motif to the time period. In the 1930s he was a Shadow/ Avenger/ Green Hornet -type Pulp Hero. In the 1970s he wore a full costume (with weaponry) and served as a flat-out superhero.
In the American West he was a gun-slinging Lone Ranger type. In assorted bygone eras he wielded a sword and other contemporary weapons in his battle against the forces of evil. If his series had lasted, readers might have gotten to see this fascinating character as a hero in various far future or post-apocalyptic settings, or maybe as a James Bond-style secret agent in the 1950s.
Needless to say, I'd have loved to see the Scorpion in World War One action as a Flying Ace clashing with mad scientists, aliens and monsters like the Pulp Hero G-8 And His Battle Aces.
First Appearance: The Scorpion #1 (February, 1975). His final appearance came in July of that same year.
Powers: The Scorpion's powers and weaponry varied with the time period. In the 1930s he wielded multiple handguns at once and drove a custom-outfitted car.
In the 1970s he wore a costume which let him shoot scorpion "stinger rays" as well as shoot coiled twine which enabled him to swing around the city like Spider-Man or Daredevil.
Comment: This hero was created by Howard Chaykin, who, after Atlas went out of business, basically recreated the character as Dominic Fortune at Marvel Comics. (Similar to the way Atlas' Demon-Hunter showed up later as Devil-Slayer in Marvel's book The Defenders.)
I find it interesting to ponder if the Scorpion would have turned out to be quasi-immortal like Bloodstone or instead a time-traveler like the Rook.
THE GRIM GHOST
Secret Identity: Matthew Dunsinane, Highwayman
Origin: In 1740s America, Matthew Dunsinane was the masked Highway Robber known only as the Grim Ghost. He successfully preyed upon the Carriage Trade for years. In 1743 the Grim Ghost robbed Lord and Lady Braddock in their coach.
Lady Sarah Braddock, beautiful but evil, pretended to be interested in a tumble with the daring outlaw who had committed the robbery. Our red-blooded hero fell into her trap, was unmasked, tried and hanged.
In Hell, Satan informed the Grim Ghost that in the 20th Century he was facing a rebellious demon called Brimstone, who wanted to overthrow him and rule Hell in his place. That diabolical figure was endowing various evil-doers with powers to survive their ordained deaths, depriving Satan of their souls, thus weakening him in power and prestige.
Satan offered to release the Grim Ghost from Hell periodically to subdue those renegade evil-doers and send them to Hell for damnation. God would not interfere with Dunsinane's mission since Brimstone was defying Fate. Satan endowed the Grim Ghost with powers of his own to battle Brimstone's legions on Earth.
First Appearance: The Grim Ghost #1 (January, 1975). His final appearance came in July of that same year.
Powers: The Grim Ghost was given a flying, coal-black horse by Satan as well as ghostly powers of intangibility plus a brace of supernatural pistols. Those pistols fired shots that could burn and blast their way through solid objects plus dispatch Brimstone's minions to their rightful place in Hell.
Comment: The Grim Ghost came long before Spawn and long before Marvel's Ghost Rider was ret-conned into a similar reaper of evil souls. Coincidentally enough, one of the villains he fought in 1975 was called Hellblazer. The Grim Ghost was one of the few Atlas heroes revived briefly in 2010 and 2011.
MAN-STALKER
Secret Identity: John Targitt, FBI Agent
Origin: The flamboyant FBI Special Agent named John Targitt was devastated when his wife and daughter were blown up by a bomb intended for the head of the fictional Manetti Mafia Family. Targitt became a public liability when he repeatedly crossed the line to avenge his family's deaths on the Mob.
Supposedly fired by the FBI for his reckless one-man crusade, John Targitt was instead recruited as Man-Stalker, a Top Secret Operative wearing a high-tech costume.
First Appearance: Targitt #1 (March, 1975). His final appearance came in July of that same year.
Powers: The high-tech battle suit worn by Man-Stalker made him bullet-proof plus enhanced his strength to greater than normal levels. The suit's sturdiness and enhanced strength enabled this hero to wield custom hand-guns that boasted far more firepower than conventional weapons of their size.
Comment: John Targitt, Man-Stalker is often viewed as the poster child for Atlas Comics' frantic tendency to change premises and tone at the drop of a hat. The character started out as a kind of Dirty Harry/ Punisher figure in his First Issue, before the superhero shenanigans started in his second appearance.
Professor Death, a supervillain mutated by experimental gasses, was Man-Stalker's most interesting foe.
WULF THE BARBARIAN
Secret Identity: None
Origin: On an unnamed planet many times larger than Earth, 10 year-old Prince Wulf was accompanying his parents Lord Wulfgar and Queen Lenore and the Royal Hunting Party. The Trolls of Drakenroost – working for the sorcerer Mordek – ambushed them and killed Prince Wulf's parents.
Stavro Dar Kovin, a retainer for the King & Queen, got the young Wulf to safety. For the next 10 years Stavro and Wulf juggled and begged for a living, but away from prying eyes, Stavro trained the prince every day in the arts of war.
When Wulf was 20, three of the Trolls of Drakenroost at last found Stavro and killed him. Wulf in turn slew the trio, including the one that killed his mother. That Troll was wielding the sword of Wulf's father, which he then armed himself with and set out to complete his vengeance.
First Appearance: Wulf the Barbarian #1 (February, 1975.) His final appearance came in September of that same year.
Powers: Wulf was at the peak of human condition, was a master with a sword and had the coordination and nimbleness of an acrobat and juggler. (Wulf the Juggler!) He wore a shirt of chainmail for protection and in one adventure gained an enchanted jewel called the Golden Star. Wulf learned that Mordek the Sorceror feared the object but its exact nature was not revealed before the series was canceled.
A sultry blonde female warrior named Rymstrydle the Blader joined up with Wulf in his 2nd Issue.
Comment: Though Atlas Comics material of the 1970s stated Wulf lived on a far-off planet many times the size of Earth, the short-lived 2011 revival of the series ret-conned that. In the new run readers were told Wulf lived on Earth long ago.
The hero began time-traveling and showed up in the modern day where he met another old Atlas Comics figure … Sam Lomax of the NYPD. (?) Eventually Ironjaw also turned up from the post-apocalyptic future as the tale began to parallel parts of The Dark Tower novels.
Though Wulf was called a Barbarian, presumably to ride Conan's coattails, the names and mis en scene in his 1975 adventures were more like Tolkien than Robert E Howard.
Secret Identity: Wu Teh, Television News Anchorman
Origin: In post-World War Two Japan an elderly man was carrying his infant grandsons – twins – out of the troubled nation. On Mount Fuji an undetonated experimental bomb at last went off, and its strange radiation bathed the old man plus his grandsons.
The radiation gave the elderly man renewed strength, enabling him to reach China and reunite with his brother at a remote monastery in the Himalayan Mountains. At that monastery the twins grow to adulthood steeped in the Martial Arts culture of the monks.
Exposure to the radiation as infants had made the twins more than human in some vague, undefined way, and they became the two greatest Kung Fu fighters in the monastery. Envy and resentment toward Wu Teh – the good twin – prompted the evil twin – Ling – to try to kill him.
The spear intended for Wu Teh killed the twins' grandfather instead. Ling, called the Cobra, fled to the outside world with the evil, tattooed madman Doctor Nhu. Wu Teh, called the Dragon, followed them to prevent the monastery's secret technology, magic and martial arts from being used against the world by Ling and Dr Nhu.
First Appearance: Hands of the Dragon #1 (June, 1975). This was also his final appearance.
Powers: Wu Teh's mutated physiology made him above any normal man in terms of physical condition. This coupled with his secret martial arts training made the Dragon capable of battling multiple armed opponents at once as well as smashing through doors and certain walls.
The Dragon also wore a Life Medallion, through which he could channel some of his life-energy to heal himself or others from otherwise fatal wounds.
Comment: "Everybody was Kung Fu FIGHT-iiiiiing" in the 1970s and Marvel had success with Shang Chi, Master of Kung Fu, Iron Fist, Mantis, the Sons of the Tiger, the Daughters of the Dragon, the White Tiger and – to a lesser degree – Tagak. The Dragon was Atlas' failed attempt to jump on that bandwagon.
Adding to the tension between the Dragon and his archenemy the Cobra was the fact that Wu Teh possessed the Life Medallion he had won in a martial arts tournament at the monastery. Plus, Ling had the old villain trope of a scarred face that he was angry about.
DEVILINA
Secret Identity: Lena Devlin, Ivy League college student and later Occult Journalist.
Origin: Devilina and her mother, the angel Sephora left Heaven in disgrace shortly after her brother Lucifer when the latter's rebellion against God was defeated.
Traveling to the present day (1970s) Devilina and her mother lived in a New England mansion directly over a secret entrance to Hell.
Lucifer once invited his sister Devilina to become a co-ruler of Hell with him but Devilina preferred to pursue a life as a human college student.
Her brother claimed to accept her decision but years later engineered the death of the man Devilina loved.
From that point on, she waged war against Lucifer to avenge her lost love.
First Appearance: Devilina #1 (January, 1975). Her final appearance came in May of that same year.
Powers: Devilina possessed more than human strength but its upper limits were never established before her series was canceled. She also wielded a Hellfire Sword, commanded magical forces and was immune to most supernatural attacks, as shown when she battled the evil witch Corrupta.
Devilina was presumably immortal but this too was never definitively established. Nor was her Mother's exact place in the Christian Pantheon ever nailed down.
Comment: Just as Marvel had Son of Satan and Satana, the Devil's Daughter, Atlas had Devilina. She was the star feature in her eponymous black & white horror magazine with the other stories in each issue always being centered around female horror and fantasy figures.
The original title for the magazine was going to be Tales of the Sorceress. If Atlas Comics had lasted a potential Devilina crossover epic with The Grim Ghost would likely have been pretty interesting.
I imagine Devilina would have sided with Brimstone against her brother Lucifer with the Grim Ghost caught in the middle.
MAN-MONSTER
Secret Identity: Paul Sanders, Olympic Swimming Gold Medalist
Origin: Hedonistic Paul Sanders lives the life of a playboy from his endorsement deals and his resented oil baron father's vast fortune. After a flirty/ bickering battle of the sexes-style interview with two female reporters from Women's Lib Magazine Paul boards a motorboat for one of his father's offshore oil wells.
To show off for the still-watching ladies Paul leaps overboard to swim the rest of the way to the oil drilling platform. As fate would have it, the oil drilling had just churned up some rare, mutated bacteria from the ocean floor. Sanders winds up covered by the bacteria, which causes changes to his body.
Paul barely escapes the bacteria and makes it back to shore, where he transforms into a red-scaled amphibious monster. After a brief rampage he becomes human again and the female reporters take him home.
From then on in times of danger the transformation comes over Paul again and he finds himself battling various forces of evil.
First Appearance: Tales of Evil #3 (July, 1975). His final appearance came in September of that same year.
Powers: Man-Monster possessed massive super-strength, the ability to withstand the immense pressure of the ocean depths and scaly skin which made him impervious to bullets and other projectiles as well as certain energy blasts.
As Man-Monster, Paul Sanders retained his human mind and ability to speak. Think of him as a hybrid of the Sub-Mariner and the Thing.
Comment: Atlas Comics was frenziedly grasping at straws by this point in their lone year of existence. In their desperation to build the kind of shared fictional universe that Marvel and DC had, they tried jamming in Man-Monster crossovers with other Atlas characters.
Man-Monster battled Hellblazer, a villain who had also fought the Grim Ghost, and his first issue hyped a crossover with Demon Hunter, who mistakenly believed Paul Sanders' mutated alter ego was one of his infernal foes trying to bring about Xenogenesis.
Secret Identity: Count Eugene Lycosa
Origin: Back in the Middle Ages, Count Lycosa's ancestor led the family's realm against the Spider-Priestess, a beautiful but vile woman who created and controlled humanoid tarantulas. After slaying all the arachnid-men the Count and his forces burned the priestess at the stake, but as she died she cursed the Count and all his male descendants to suffer the Curse of the Tarantula.
That curse would cause periodic nocturnal transformations into humanoid tarantula form. Only by feeding on other human beings could the cursed men return to their human form at sunrise.
Count Eugene Lycosa, the 11th Lycosa male to suffer the Curse of the Tarantula, lived in 1970s New York. He focused on satisfying his hunger by devouring "deserving" evildoers, but sometimes he was so crazed with starvation he reluctantly preyed on whoever was at hand.
First Appearance: Weird Suspense #1 (February, 1975). His final appearance came in July of that same year.
Powers: There's only one way to say it: In Tarantula form Count Lycosa had "the proportionate strength of a spider." He could also climb up walls and across ceilings, secrete toxic poison and spin webs the size of circus-nets.
Comment: I think Tarantula might have been a more popular character if he had been drawn less goofy-looking.
And given the fact that Atlas Comics had only one female star I would have made the heroic monster a woman to give their fictional universe some variety.
FOR MY ARTICLE ON THE MAIN LIST OF CENTAUR COMICS SUPERHEROES CLICK HERE
FOR MY ARTICLE ON THE MAIN LIST OF THE RURAL HOME/ CROYDON SUPERHEROES CLICK HERE
FOR MY ARTICLE ON THE MEMBERS OF INFINITE HORIZON CLICK HERE
FOR THE AUSTRALIAN SUPERHERO PANTHEON CLICK HERE
FOR MORE SUPERHEROES CLICK HERE: Superheroes
Filed under Superheroes
Tagged as Atlas Comics, Atlas Seaboard Superheroes, Balladeer's Blog, blogging, book reviews, Comic Books, glitternight.com, Martin Goodman, superheroes
102 responses to "ATLAS (SEABOARD) SUPERHERO PANTHEON"
Pingback: MAN-MONSTER: ATLAS COMICS HERO | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: PANTHER'S RAGE THIRTEEN – AFTERMATH: A STUDY IN ASHES AND RUIN | Balladeer's Blog
The Phoenix sounds like he could have been good.
Pingback: AVENGERS – THE KREE-SKRULL WAR (1971-1972) | Balladeer's Blog
I like the Grim Ghost!
I know how you feel!
Pingback: AVENGERS: THE KREE-SKRULL WAR PART TWO | Balladeer's Blog
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Pingback: AVENGERS: THE KREE-SKRULL WAR PART SEVEN | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: AVENGERS: THE KREE-SKRULL WAR PART EIGHT | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: AVENGERS: THE FINALE OF THE KREE-SKRULL WAR | Balladeer's Blog
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Gordon Tang
Pingback: SUPERHERO PANTHEON OF ACE PERIODICALS | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: THE GRIM GHOST (1975) | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: SUPERHERO PANTHEON OF HARRY A CHESLER PUBLISHING | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: BLACK SATAN: ANOTHER CHESLER SUPERHERO | Balladeer's Blog
The Grim Ghost! F*ck yeah!
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY: FIRST STORY | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 2: THE GREYSHIRTS | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 3: MISTER X | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 4: INITIATION | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 5: WAR ORPHANS | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 6: TWO NEW MEMBERS | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 7: HEMISPHERE DEFENSE | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 8: 500 YEARS INTO THE FUTURE | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 9: WONDER WOMAN JOINS THE TEAM | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 10: THE BLACK DRAGONS | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 11: SHANGHAIED INTO SPACE | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 12: FOOD FOR THE STARVING | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 13: THEIR ARCHENEMY BRAIN WAVE | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 14: NAZI FIFTH COLUMNISTS | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 15: BRAIN WAVE RETURNS | Balladeer's Blog
Really great look at this forgotten comics company.
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 16: INSECT-MEN | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 17: THE COMPOSER | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 18: THE MONSTER | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 19: MORE TIME TRAVEL | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 20: A CURE FOR THE WORLD | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 21: THE PSYCHO-PIRATE | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 22: THIS IS OUR ENEMY! | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 23: THE FORGOTTEN CRIME | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 24: ALIEN INVASION | Balladeer's Blog
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Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 25: THE LOST PSYCHO-PIRATE STORY | Balladeer's Blog
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY 26:WORLD WAR TWO WRAPS UP | Balladeer's Blog
Birdie C
Too bad that Atlas didn't last longer.
Pingback: HOMBRE (1981): SPAIN'S POST-APOCALYPSE HERO | Balladeer's Blog
I think a superteam roundup of these heroes to fight the Daiei would be Phoenix, Destructor, Dragon, Tiger-Man and Man-Monster!
That sounds like quite a lineup!
Pingback: JUSTICE SOCIETY REVIEWS: LINKS | Balladeer's Blog
Many of these would have been long running hits at either DC or Marvel.
I can't help but agree.
W Fisk
Excellent! These heroes deserved better!
Thanks! I know what you mean.
The Dragon should have lasted longer!
Destructor and Phoenix had potential.
The Scorpion should have had a longer run.
Well if you count the Dominic Fortune stories he did.
Destructor should have come back in 2010 too!
It's kind of surprising that he didn't.
Too bad about Wulf the Barbarian. That should have been a long lived series.
Manstalker deserves a reboot!
I agree! Sic him on the Mexican drug cartels.
I think you made Grim Ghost and Scorpion sound better than they really were. At least better than the 2010 revivals were. I never read the originals from the 1970s.
Well, I appreciate the thought. I'm glad my description of them seems appealing.
Very good article! There were a lot of heroes with potential from Atlas.
Thank you. That is certainly the truth.
Your description of the Grim Ghost and Scorpion and Targitt make them sound much better than they really are. You should do marketing.
Ha! Thank you!
Scorpion was cool!
The Scorpion was a waste!
The Grim Ghost reboot series sucked.
I never had a chance to read it so I'll take your word for it.
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text:
Port Zienna Collection No.1
Words by Jana Ahrens
Published on 3 July 2017
Category Fashion
Transferring the skilful haute couture artisanry of draping into designs which can be worn everyday. That's what inspired Brooklyn-based fashion designer Francesca Canepa to create her own label Port Zienna. Collection No.1 was launched in June 2017 and is already appearing on minimalist fashion lovers' radars all over the world. Why? Just like her artistic role models Walter Gropius, Richard Serra or Troels Sandegård, Francesca not only aims for an aesthetic ideal, but also for an expression of power and strength. Which, in her case, should be reflected in the feelings of the women wearing her collection:
When you wear haute couture, you feel empowered and strong, and we believe a woman should feel like this everyday, in her everyday clothes. Additionally, our clothes are designed in New York but manufactured in my home country Peru's countryside where we want to strengthen the communities by working sustainably with them.
Francesca is the right person to achieve that goal: Trained in Fashion Design and Pattern-making from Mod'Art International in Paris, as well as Fashion Marketing and Merchandising at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York, she has gathered experience at fashion House Oscar de la Renta and created embroidery for the likes of Burberry, Tom Ford or Carolina Herrera.
What I love most about Collection No.1 is that it reveals the deep insight Francesca gained during her extensive career, while still offering a very refreshing new take on minimalism and the creation of clothing in general. I'm already looking forward to Port Zienna's Collection No.2.
āsum Sweatshirts


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Feb. 23 (Tue) 6 PM: Unrigging the media and the economy Baker (2016) Rigged: How Globalization and the Rules of the Modern Economy Were Structured to Make the Rich Richer (Center for Economic and Policy Research)
February 11, 2021 February 12, 2021 PeaceWorks KC Economic justice, PeaceWorks events
PeaceWorks Kansas City is joining Our Revolution – Kansas City, Missouri in co-sponsoring an interview with Dean Baker, co-founder of the Center for Economic and Policy Research on "Unrigging the media and the economy". The first half hour will be broadcast live on 90.1 FM, KKFI, Kansas City Community Radio, Feb. 23, 6 PM. Or click here at that time to connect via Facebook Live for the entire event.
Dr. Baker will be interviewed by Spencer Graves, Secretary of PeaceWorks Kansas City, and Joe Ballegeer, an activist with Our Revolution – Kansas City, who is scheduled to receive a PhD in economics from the University of Missouri at Kansas City this spring. The discussion will focus partly on Baker's book, Rigged: How Globalization and the Rules of the Modern Economy Were Structured to Make the Rich Richer (free from his website). He will also comment on legislation that is either currently pending or likely to be introduced in the current 2021-22 US Congressional session. This updates his discussion on KKFI last October, when he supported the Local Journalism Sustainability Act of 2019, while noting he would prefer something substantially stronger, as outlined in his (2016) Rigged. In this book, he notes that the unemployment rate for blacks tends to be double that of whites, and for black teens it's much worse. Between 2010 and 2016, the employment rate for black teens increased from 14.5 to 21.5 percent. He noted that, "it is difficult to envision a social program that would have the same effect on the career and life prospects of young blacks as increasing their probability of getting a job by 50 percent.. He also noted that, "The gains from getting to full employment will not be evenly shared. They will go disproportionately to blacks and Hispanics and to people with less education."
A Call to Live Nuclear Free


Wet-mixed mortar is composed of cement, fine aggregate, additive and water. After mixing is measured in a certain proportion at the mixing station, the mixture is transported to the place where it is used and stored in a special container, and the wet mixture is used within a specified time.
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is used as water retaining agent and retarder of cement mortar to produce pumpable mortar. In order to improve the spreading ability and prolong the operation time of mortar as binder, the water retention of HPMC will not cause the slurry to break because of the rapid drying after coating, and improve the strength after hardening. Water retention is an important property of HPMC, and it is also the performance of many wet mixed mortar manufacturers in China. The factors affecting the water retention of wet-mixed mortar include the addition of HPMC, the viscosity of HPMC, the fineness of particles and the temperature of using environment.
The important role of HPMC in wet-mixed mortar is mainly manifested in three aspects: excellent water retention, influence on consistency and thixotropy of wet-mixed mortar, and interaction with cement. Cellulose ether has good water retention effect. It depends on the water absorption rate of base course, the composition of mortar, the thickness of mortar layer, the water requirement of mortar and the setting time of solidifying material. The higher the transparency of HPMC, the better the water retention.
The factors affecting the water retention of Wet-mix mortar include cellulose ether viscosity, dosage, particle size and work temperature. The higher the viscosity of cellulose ether, the better the water retention. Viscosity is an important parameter of HPMC performance. For the same product, the results of viscosity measured by different methods vary greatly, some even double the difference. Therefore, when comparing the viscosity, it must be done between the same test methods, including temperature, rotor and so on.
Generally speaking, the higher the viscosity, the better the water retention effect. However, the higher the viscosity, the higher the molecular weight of HPMC, the lower the solubility of HPMC, which has a negative impact on the strength and construction performance of mortar. The higher the viscosity, the more obvious the thickening effect of mortar, but not proportionally. The higher the viscosity is, the higher the viscosity of wet mortar will be, and when applied, it will show a high adhesion to the knife and the base. However, it is not helpful to increase the structural strength of wet mortar itself. During construction, the anti-hanging performance is not obvious. On the contrary, some low viscosity but modified hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) have excellent properties to improve the structural strength of wet mortar.
The more cellulose ether HPMC is added to wet mix mortar, the better water retention performance; and the higher the viscosity, the better water retention performance. Fineness is also an important performance index of HPMC.
The fineness of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose also has some influence on its water retention. Generally speaking, for HPMC with the same viscosity and different sizes, the finer the size, the smaller the size. Water retention effect is better.
In wet mixed mortar, the addition of cellulose ether HPMC is very low, but it can significantly improve the construction performance of wet mixed mortar, which is the main additive affecting the construction performance of mortar. Proper selection of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose has great influence on the performance of wet-mixed mortar.


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Written by Elizabeth Palmer-Hall June 28, 2021 July 24, 2022
Baddies: ATL ***THE CONVERSATION*** Part 1: Seven Gives Us the "Tea" About "Baddies ATL" On Her YouTube Channel
So as you all know I have been recapping all of the episodes of "Baddies ATL" that have been appearing on Zeus Network? Well they have gone on a mini hiatus until July 11th, so I have been on YouTube getting the scoop on the show……Well one of our favorite Bad Girls turned Baddies has a YouTube channel and she decided to give us some "tea" and it is tasty.
I moseyed my nosy behind over to Seven's YouTube channel and she and another fav and cast mate on Zeus Network's "Baddies ATL", Janelle was giving us all the dirt about the fight that went on between Sarah and Seven on the "Baddies ATL" show. Didn't catch the vlog? Well you know I got you, here it is…..why don't you check it out, and then read on to get my opinion……
(Posted on YouTube by Seven)
So what did you think? Well let me break down some of the points she made. But let me give you a quick review of the fight we will be examining…..without mentioning the fight, there is no context to the confusing "beef" between Seven and Sarah, which really isn't a real beef, lol. Watch the fight and yes, after this I will be giving my opinion!
(Posted on YouTube by Lonnell Johnson)
So now that we have the fight as well as Seven's "tea", what is my breakdown of the situation? Here it is……
Janelle and Seven as friends……
I like that Janelle and Seven are friends. They seem to really vibe and because of them the show is tolerable. They said that they saw each other over the years at events for the now defunct "Bad Girls Club" and ended up following each other on Instagram, because they both liked each other's personality. From there, a real and genuine friendship has blossomed. They went into the house knowing they had a real friend that understood where the other was coming from in there with them. And they both have mutual friends in Texas, and you all know I am obsessed with Texas women! And Janelle is from Texas so no wonder she is so cool.
Their thoughts on Meghan James………
They both like Meghan and understand her presence on the show is going to be problematic, but they both like and respect her. I do too. I know she is finally going to show up and then show out, when the show comes back in July. She apparently has drama with Natalie but who doesn't have drama with Ms. Nunn?
Does Seven think Janelle is shady…….
Seven doesn't think Janelle is shady at all because she is blunt and says things to people to their face. We would agree, while she may be quiet most times when Janelle does talk she comes across as outspoken and brutally honest. It is just that a lot of girls on the show are so busy trying to get "camera time" they overlook how real Janelle is. Apparently Janelle questioned Christina's sobriety, or lack thereof, to her face when some of the others just gossiped behind her back.
Christina made up with Natalie……..
What we didn't see was that Christina made up with Natalie and then a few minutes after, fought her in the kitchen as if she didn't! So while we as the viewing audience were surprised when the fight erupted in the kitchen, they were too. This was only further confirmation To Janelle that Christina was struggling with a lot more than alcohol which Christina revealed on the show.
Now Christiana has beef with Janelle…….
Why? It's probably because Janelle wants to hold Christina responsible in spite of understanding she is struggling with substances. People don't like when you have sympathy but still want them to do better and I think that is why Christina doesn't like Janelle. Janelle doesn't care and I don't either. Seven says Christina can't be a real friend because she doesn't want her flaws pointed out, or want to be corrected. How can we be real friends if I can't tell you the truth?
They both think Natalie is cool…….
They are not scared of Natalie and wonder why some of the others are intimidated. While some of the other girls have problems with Natalie they don't. They see Natalie for what she is……and they are both cool with her. I can see Natalie as been a cool chick to have around. They say Natalie has problems with only a certain kind of girl and I can see that too. Natalie wouldn't bother me and I could see us being cool but not close friends. My nerves are bad.
I have been burned by too many women for the types of games Natalie plays sometimes. But Natalie is far from crazy or a bully like they like to portray her. She is not ignorant, just calculating. When I say I want to see her win its because she does things to put herself in position to win and that's something I can respect even if she doesn't always execute, lol. Natalie doesn't give up and I like that about her so yes even if other people can't stand her, I like Natalie.
Whew, do not even bother to leave a comment because I am sure I will live to regret those words! But yeah, anybody who can make a career of reality television in my opinion is the absolute bomb and doesn't get enough credit for what a fantastic feat that is. But yes, Natalie plays games and that's real talk.
I can see why women would associate with her. I can see why some women would even get close to her, but Natalie is not for everybody. Her personality is way too strong…..I don't fight and I could see myself punching Natalie and then being mad at myself for reacting……
Sarah is obsessed with Natalie and fake…..
We agree, lol.
They both had a lot of opportunities and this show diminished their brand……
Even though I am recapping Baddies, yes I expected it to be different and understand that they may have been duped into expecting the show to be different because we as the viewing audience expected the show to be different as well.
Sarah nit picked with Seven…….
I can see that. Sarah had a lot of jealous energy for Seven and started a fight with her. We have our good eye on Sarah and not because she is White but because she is manipulative. It's worst that she has the potential to use her privilege against others though so yes it is because you are White, Sarah, shut up.
The Baddies let the fans hype them up………
According to Seven and Janelle, the women on the show allow the opinions of the fans and social media to guide their reaction on the show. What really is sad that some of the women are living in the past and want to recreate the old show, Bad Girls Club despite being grown women now?
Who won the Sarah vs. Seven fight?
I personally could not tell from the footage but Seven and Janelle say Seven did. Well the way Sarah was whining, crying, complaining and sobbing I would tend to agree.
Is Sarah racist?
They don't think she is, but she is jealous. We would tend to agree. She sleeps with Black men, and tries to look like Black women……yes. Sarah is a hater but I don't think she is racist but shouldn't be surprised if she gets popped in the mouth for her slick comments about Black women. It's ignorant.
They both think Christina and Natalie will fight at the reunion…….
Sigh, I hope not that would be predictable, tired and stupid. But yes, they probably will. Seven feels like the fans will fan the flames……yeah. Seven is done with Sarah because she keeps making comments behind the scenes so I hope they don't fight lol. But Seven is on ready!
So was the tea tasty or stale?
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(72) BADDIES ATL **THE CONVERSATION** – YouTube
Posted in Baddies ATL.Tagged Bad Girls Club, Baddies ATL, Christina Salgado, Janelle Shanks, Meghan James, Natalie Nunn, Sarah Oliver, Seven Craft, The Zeus Network, YouTube.
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Most parents recognize separation anxiety in their young children. When a little child is clinging to a parent or crying when a parent has to leave, everyone easily recognizes the problem. Yet many are not aware that teenagers and older children can also suffer from separation anxiety, though it manifests in a different way. As many as 4 percent of youth will suffer from separation anxiety that is bad enough to consider it a disorder during the school year. It affects boys and girls equally no matter the age. Recognizing the condition in all ages is essential to helping children overcome this disorder.
Separation anxiety has several peaks, and two of these are when a child is fairly young. At entry to kindergarten and again between the ages of 7 and 9, many children will suffer from separation anxiety.
Most of these symptoms of separation anxiety are easy to spot, but sometimes the stomachaches and other physical symptoms are less so.
If you're noticing these signs and symptoms in your teen, there could be an underlying psychological or medical condition, but in many instances it's a case of separation anxiety.
Remember, separation anxiety shows that your child or teen loves you and wants to be with you. This is a good thing! Try to provide support and help for the anxiety part of the process, and soon your days of separation anxiety struggles will be behind you.
Take our Anxiety Test to see if your child needs professional assistance.
Can Anxiety Cause Hives, Rashes or Itchiness?


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What Are Expressed Powers?
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Check out What are expressed powers on Betabuzz.com. Find What are expressed powers here
"Expressed powers," are powers granted to the government mostly found in Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution within 18 clauses. Expressed powers, also known as the "enumerated powers," include the power to coin money, regulate foreign and interstate commerce, declare war, grant patents and copyrights and more.
A total of 27 expressed powers are given to the government in Article 1, Section 8. There are three different types of delegated powers: expressed, inherent and implied. Other expressed powers granted the government are found in different Amendments to the Constitution. An example of this is the 16th Amendment gives Congress the expressed power to levy an income tax.
What Are Examples of Republicanism?
What Are the Characteristics of a Federal Government?
What Are Disqualifying Factors for Section 8 Housing?
What Are the Differences Between Section 8 and HUD Housing?


Five years have now passed since the founding of the Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL) at Yamagata University in 2011. Based on three major research departments, Organic LED, Organic Solar Cell and Organic Transistor, REOL promotes both fundamental and applied research of organic electronics ranging from material, process, device and application technologies.
The Innovation Center for Organic Electronics (INOEL) was opened in 2013 at Office Arcadia, an industrial park in Yonezawa City, with the primary role of bridging research and development efforts between the university and industry for the purpose of near-term commercialization. In addition, two new technology centers will open this year within the Yonezawa Campus, the Research Center for Green Materials and Advanced Processing (GMAP) and the Frontier Center for Organic Materials (FROM). By fostering cooperation between these four world-class research centers a worthy research hub and 'Center of Excellence' is being formed.
ROEL will continue to strive in furthering the research in the development of organic electronics in the coming years, providing for practical research and development results that contribute to society. We appreciate the ongoing support of everyone in the future.


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UPL's Shroff, Lijjat Papad founder among 6 Padma winners from Maharashtra
UPL's Shroff, Lijjat Papad founder among 6 Padma winners. -- IANS
Mumbai, Jan 25 (IANS) Six prominent personalities from Maharashtra, including two inspiring women, have been named for this year's Padma awards, on the occasion of the country's Republic Day.
Industrialist Rajnikant Devidas Shroff, the legendary founder and Chairman-cum-Managing Director of United Phosphorus Ltd, an Indian MNC founded in 1969, has been honoured with the country's third-highest civilian honour, Padma Bhushan.
Shroff, 87, born in Gujarat and educated in Mumbai's Khalsa College, is ranked 87th on the Forbes list of richest Indians, besides being known as the country's 'Crop Protection King'.
Five personalities have been named for the Padma Shri honour – Sindhutai Sapkal, Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat, Parshuram Atmaram Gangavane, Namdeo C. Kamble and Girish Prabhune, as per the official notification on Monday.
Popat, 91, is one of the 7 semi-literate Gujarati housewives who founded the company producing the world-famous 'Lijjat Papad' in 1959, as a household venture, and making her a doyen of women's empowerment.
Started with a modest seed capital of Rs 80, their cooperative venture – the Shri Mahila Gruh Udyog Lijjat Papad – now has a turnover of over Rs 1,000 crore, branches all over India, exports to more than two dozen countries and employs nearly 44,000 women.
Sapkal, 72, is renowned as the 'Mother of Orphans', was married at the age of 12 to a 32-year-old man, who abandoned her when she was barely 20. Rejected by her parents, she resorted to begging on streets or stations for survival and as mother of 4 children including a daughter, she hid in cemeteries at night to escape men on the prowl after dark.
Later, she realised that there are many orphans and adopted them as her own, begging or doing odd jobs for their survival, and she donated her youngest daughter to a Pune trust to eliminate the feeling of discriminating between her own child and the orphaned street-children.
Over the years, she has nurtured over 1,050 orphans, has 207 sons-in law, 36 daughters-in-law and over 1,000 grandkids, who affectionately call her 'Mai' (Mom) as she came to be revered in social-political circles for her selfless devotion to the case of abandoned children who have nobody to care for them.
Parshuram Atmaram Gangavane is a renowned folk artist of the 'Chitrakathi' genre, puppeteer and storyteller, Namdeo C. Kamble is a well-known Marathi literary figure, while Girish Prabhune is an eminent social worker and thinker working in different parts of India among the deprived sections of society.
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This luxury Ashwood 100% genuine black leather wallet is the perfect present for him. The detailing in this wallet is exquisite with blue contrast stitching running around the outer edge of the wallet and a beautiful silver/ grey leather lining. This soft leather wallet has been especially design to suit every man's needs. The wallet contains 8 credit card slots, photo id pouch, notes section and hidden zipped pouch as well as a coin section for any loose change. To finally secure the wallet has a neatly designed leather tab with press stud fastening.


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Tweet if You Think This Could Help The Economy of WA & CO
Copenhagen Denmark Looking to Import Marijuana from the U.S.
March 12, 2013 - So while everyone is working hard trying to get more states to see the light and put an end to marijuana prohibition, especially at the federal level, the folks over in Copenhagen, Denmark are wanting to import marijuana from Washington and Colorado. Just think of the economic opportunity California growers must be twirling in their heads right now that they could have been possibly been taking part in.
The Copenhagen Post reports that Part of the city's plan to legalize cannabis, which will be presented at a conference on Friday, is to explore importing from two US states that recently legalized use of the substance.
Although two US states have legalized cannabis, there are still several legal barriers that would hinder Copenhagen from importing the substance. Yea, like the DEA.
Ahead of a City Council cannabis conference on Friday, Copenhagen officials say they are ready to make another push to legalize the substance.
According to prepared documents from the council, the city is proposing a three-year trial, arguing that "the legal sale of cannabis will result in decreased gang criminality, more prevention and a better life for average cannabis users." Imagine that, they want a "better life for average cannabis users." Frankly, it sounds like a great place to live.
An intriguing element of the plan calls for the possible import of cannabis from the US states of Colorado and Washington, where voters in November legalized its recreational use.
The Copenhagen Post spoke with the deputy mayor for social affairs, Mikkel Warming (Enhedslisten), about the city's plans.
"If we get the three-year trial, it will be important to work as quickly and effectively as possible, so we are looking abroad for where we could import cannabis," Warming said. "Yes, we are looking at Colorado and Washington, but we're also looking at places like Great Britain, where there is state-controlled production of marijuana for medical purposes." Ah yes, state controlled grows in Great Britain, we can't compete with that. Actually we could more than compete if such competition was allowed by the U.S. federal government. Hopefully for the Copenhagen residents the state-controlled grows in Britain are nothing like the Mississippi grown marijuana that is supplied to the Federal patients by the U.S. Government.
"We realize of course that there are a lot of international conventions and regulations to deal with, but we think it is possible," he said, adding that despite the production of heroin being illegal, Denmark is still able to legally import it for use in municipal injection rooms.
"The US states of Colorado and Washington recently legalised marijuana for recreational use, so it makes sense to learn from their experiences and to explore the possibility of importing from them."
Warming said that at this point there has been no formal outreach to officials in Colorado or Washington about the legality or practicality of importing cannabis, but one of the main speakers at Friday's conference will be Peter Holmes, the city attorney of Seattle, Washington.
"It would be strange not to use the occasion to address practicalities with Mr Holmes," Warming said. He added that Copenhagen would not make any arrangements with Colorado or Washington without discussing the issue with the appropriate federal authorities in the US.
"It is vital that the production and import is legal on all levels," he said, adding that although cannabis is still an illegal substance on the federal level in the US, he still thinks a solution could be found. "It's possible if there is the political will for it in the United States."
Regardless of the feasibility of importing cannabis from the US, Warming said that the conference aims to put pressure on the national government to convince parliament that the legalization of cannabis is a good idea.
"This is common sense," he said. "As local politicians, we are closer to reality. The ban on cannabis has failed. People can get it anywhere, it is mixed with harder drugs and it finances crime."
"If we get the trial, which would be a three-year experiment, we will try it and then see what the results are," Warming said. "If it is successful, we will work towards permanent legalization in Copenhagen and the whole of Denmark."
Warming said that, in addition to questions about how to get legal cannabis if the proposal is approved, there are still several details to work out, including who would be allowed to purchase cannabis from city-run dispensaries. Warming said that, due to concerns over "hash tourism", sales would only be made to residents of Denmark over the age of 18. However, Warming said sales could further be restricted to residents of either the Greater Copenhagen area or just residents of the city itself.
Imagine the economic opportunity this presents to the people of Oregon and Washington. Will they be allowed to benefit, or will the Obama administration continue to drag its feet on the inevitable repeal of marijuana prohibition.


MC Galaxy - Go Gaga (Remix) Ft. Stonebwoy, Cynthia Morgan & DJ Jimmy Jatt | LiveFromNaija!
The sekem dance master 'MC Galaxy' is here again with another hit, the Akwa Ibom boy teams up with the "German juice" 'Cynthian Morgan' the cool 'DJ jimmy Jatt' as well as Ghana's dancehall artist 'Stonebwoy' to deliver a top notch visuals to his hit song "Go Gaga". The new visuals features some new dance step from the dance master. This one will make you go gaga, check it out.


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Q: How can I copy a table from one database to another database along with its data? I have two separate databases installed on the same server. I name the representation as db1 and db2. I have a table named sample_table in my db1 database. I am trying to copy this table with its records to my db2 database with the following queries:
CREATE TABLE db2.sample_table LIKE db1.sample_table
insert into db2.sample_table select * from db1.sample_table
As a result of my research, I found that this method works in most places. However, when I type and run my query from the db2 console, I am having a user permission problem for db1. The query might be running, but should there be a configuration link between these two databases? If so, how can I get this link? What are the alternative solution methods I can overcome this problem?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Good Friday Racing: Lingfield Features
BetVictor Horse Racing
29 Mar 2018 0 0
Good Friday was racing-free until 2014, but today's all-weather Championships at Lingfield – live on ITV 4 – has quickly established itself in the racing calendar and a valuable and informative card at Newcastle was added last year.
We begin our preview at Lingield where there is £1m up for grabs in the six championship races which begins with the nine-runner Marathon over two miles. French raider Funny Kid (2.00) was just outstayed by Watersmeet at Wolverhampton over an extended two miles back in January but he travelled like much the best horse in the race, has an excellent draw in stall four and this can reverse form with the Mark Johnston-trained runner. The selection is 4/1.
Indeed a bigger danger may come from Red Verdon (3/1) stepping up to two miles for the first time for Ed Dunlop. His stamina is not guaranteed on breeding, however, although connections appear confident he will stay.
If there is a decent pace to track I feel Diagnostic (2.30) will be tough to beat in the Fillies' and Mares' Championship over 7f. Soul Silver is likely to make it a decent test, dropping back from a mile, and that should suit the William Haggas-trained four-year-old who is often keen in her races but if she gets a strong pace, she must be there or thereabouts at the finish. The selection is 4/1 and we should know our fate inside the first couple of furlongs.
Gracious John will ensure there is an end-to-end gallop in the sprint and that will suit the closers including Gifted Master (3.05) who won his only start on polytrack in a decent time under James Doyle back in November.
Connections immediately nominated this race and at 11/4 he just gets the vote ahead of Tom Dascombe's Kachy who has won both starts over C&D this year and he did very well to overcome a wide draw (stall 11) last time.
Corinthia Knight is 7/4 in the 3-year-old sprint and looks the one to beat given his recent listed success at Chantilly earlier in the month. He was perhaps not at his very best when beaten by Never Back Down (3.40) at Wolverhampton back in December but the latter was a juvenile I felt would have more to offer this season and I hope this is a good day for Josie Gordon and Hugo Palmer.
The selection was backed from 6s to 5/1 yesterday and the suggestion is that he has been working well at his Newmarket base.
Second Thought (4.10) won the three-year-old sprint on this card 12 months ago and can follow up in the Mile for William Haggas and James Doyle who takes over from Ryan Moore this afternoon. The colt is unbeaten in six starts on the all-weather, but will need to break on terms from his draw next to the rail in stall one. The selection is 5/4 and will be hard to beat granted a clear passage.
The ten furlongs classic is worth £124,000 to the winner and is a Group race in all but name. Victory Bond failed to overcome a poor draw in the Lingfield Derby Trial and I'm not convinced the short run to the first turn over today's course and distance suits the 7/2 market leader.
It was not Ryan Moore's finest hour when Star Archer (4.40) was beaten at Kempton last time and he has never run at Lingfield but this 4-year-old – another Hugo Palmer representative – impressed when winning both starts at Wolverhampton earlier in the year and he gets the each way vote at 17/2.
Funny Kid
Gifted Master
Star Archer
At Newcastle Cosmeapolitan (3.20) has the assistance of Jamie Spencer in the valuable mile-and-a-half handicap and I felt he was good value for his 4lb rise having won at Kempton last time. Alan King's five-year-old is 6/1 and can reward each way support.
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