text:
Media multitasking in the classroom: Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom
Yusuke Hayashi, Jeremy N. Nenstiel
The present study investigated the relation among texting in the classroom, problematic mobile phone use, and executive function. Undergraduate students aged between 18 and 25 years old (68 males and 95 females) completed questionnaires to assess the frequency of texting in the classroom as well as levels of problematic mobile phone use and executive functioning. Hierarchical regressions were performed to evaluate the relative contributions of problematic mobile phone use and executive function in predicting the frequency of texting in class. The results show that problematic mobile phone use was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom after controlling for age, gender, and years of education. The results also show that a subscale of executive function, impulse control, was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom over and above problematic mobile phone use after controlling for the demographic variables. These results support a general conclusion that problematic mobile phone use and impulse control are important factors in one form of media multitasking—texting in the classroom.
Current Psychology
Psychology(all)
Dive into the research topics of 'Media multitasking in the classroom: Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cell Phone Use Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
multiple stress Social Sciences 89%
Text Messaging Medicine & Life Sciences 89%
Executive Function Medicine & Life Sciences 35%
Students Medicine & Life Sciences 8%
Demography Medicine & Life Sciences 7%
Hayashi, Y., & Nenstiel, J. N. (2021). Media multitasking in the classroom: Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4500-4506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00395-7
Hayashi, Yusuke ; Nenstiel, Jeremy N. / Media multitasking in the classroom : Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom. In: Current Psychology. 2021 ; Vol. 40, No. 9. pp. 4500-4506.
@article{f5c64ae21a184150b9a6b3f026682c74,
title = "Media multitasking in the classroom: Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom",
abstract = "The present study investigated the relation among texting in the classroom, problematic mobile phone use, and executive function. Undergraduate students aged between 18 and 25 years old (68 males and 95 females) completed questionnaires to assess the frequency of texting in the classroom as well as levels of problematic mobile phone use and executive functioning. Hierarchical regressions were performed to evaluate the relative contributions of problematic mobile phone use and executive function in predicting the frequency of texting in class. The results show that problematic mobile phone use was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom after controlling for age, gender, and years of education. The results also show that a subscale of executive function, impulse control, was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom over and above problematic mobile phone use after controlling for the demographic variables. These results support a general conclusion that problematic mobile phone use and impulse control are important factors in one form of media multitasking—texting in the classroom.",
author = "Yusuke Hayashi and Nenstiel, {Jeremy N.}",
note = "Funding Information: The present study was supported by an Undergraduate Research Grant from Office of Academic Affairs at Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton. We would like to thank Glenn Blessington and Maria Magabo for their comments on earlier versions of this paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.",
journal = "Current Psychology",
Hayashi, Y & Nenstiel, JN 2021, 'Media multitasking in the classroom: Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom', Current Psychology, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 4500-4506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00395-7
Media multitasking in the classroom : Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom. / Hayashi, Yusuke; Nenstiel, Jeremy N.
In: Current Psychology, Vol. 40, No. 9, 09.2021, p. 4500-4506.
T1 - Media multitasking in the classroom
T2 - Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom
AU - Hayashi, Yusuke
AU - Nenstiel, Jeremy N.
N1 - Funding Information: The present study was supported by an Undergraduate Research Grant from Office of Academic Affairs at Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton. We would like to thank Glenn Blessington and Maria Magabo for their comments on earlier versions of this paper. Publisher Copyright: © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
N2 - The present study investigated the relation among texting in the classroom, problematic mobile phone use, and executive function. Undergraduate students aged between 18 and 25 years old (68 males and 95 females) completed questionnaires to assess the frequency of texting in the classroom as well as levels of problematic mobile phone use and executive functioning. Hierarchical regressions were performed to evaluate the relative contributions of problematic mobile phone use and executive function in predicting the frequency of texting in class. The results show that problematic mobile phone use was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom after controlling for age, gender, and years of education. The results also show that a subscale of executive function, impulse control, was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom over and above problematic mobile phone use after controlling for the demographic variables. These results support a general conclusion that problematic mobile phone use and impulse control are important factors in one form of media multitasking—texting in the classroom.
AB - The present study investigated the relation among texting in the classroom, problematic mobile phone use, and executive function. Undergraduate students aged between 18 and 25 years old (68 males and 95 females) completed questionnaires to assess the frequency of texting in the classroom as well as levels of problematic mobile phone use and executive functioning. Hierarchical regressions were performed to evaluate the relative contributions of problematic mobile phone use and executive function in predicting the frequency of texting in class. The results show that problematic mobile phone use was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom after controlling for age, gender, and years of education. The results also show that a subscale of executive function, impulse control, was a significant predictor of texting in the classroom over and above problematic mobile phone use after controlling for the demographic variables. These results support a general conclusion that problematic mobile phone use and impulse control are important factors in one form of media multitasking—texting in the classroom.
JO - Current Psychology
JF - Current Psychology
Hayashi Y, Nenstiel JN. Media multitasking in the classroom: Problematic mobile phone use and impulse control as predictors of texting in the classroom. Current Psychology. 2021 Sep;40(9):4500-4506. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00395-7


text:
Q: Under what conditions is a curve in $\mathbb{R}^2$ that assymptotes to a straight line a closed set? In the usual topology.
In particular, is the graph of the function $f: (-\pi/2, \pi/2) \to \mathbb{R}$, where $f(x) = \tan(x)$, closed?
edit: in the generic case is already clear for me that it is not, for example, the graph of $f(x) = e^{-x}, x>0$. But still, I'm curious about the particular case above. Or something like the graph of $e^x$, on the entire line.

A: In general, the graph of a continuous function over a closed subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is closed.
To show this, suppose $f : C \to \mathbb{R}$ is continuous, and $(x_n, f(x_n)) \to (x, y)$. Then $x_n \to x$. Since $C$ is closed, we have $x \in C$. Since $f$ is continuous on $C$, we have $f(x_n) \to f(x)$. But $f(x_n) \to y$ too, since $(x_n, f(x_n)) \to (x, y)$. Therefore, by uniqueness of limits, $y = f(x)$, hence $(x, y)$ is in the graph of $f$.
Try thinking of counterexamples where $C$ is not closed, or when $f$ is not continuous.

A: The graph of  $$f: (-\pi/2, \pi/2) \to \mathbb{R}$$ where $$ f(x) = tan(x)$$ is closed.
As you know the complement of the graph is the union of two open sets, thus the graph is closed.
The fact that a function has an asymptote does not prevent the graph to be closed.
Similarly the graph of $$ f(x)=e^x $$ on the entire real line is closed.

A: OK, I got it for the graph of $tan(x)$. Suppose $(x_n, tan(x_n)) \in Graph(f)$.
If $x_n \to \pi/2$ or $x_n \to -\pi/2$, then the sequence $(x_n, f(x_n))$ is not convergent. Therefore, a convergent sequence $(x_n, f(x_n))$ in the curve is such that $(x_n)$ converges to $x \in (-\pi/2, \pi/2)$, so $x \in [-\pi/2 + 1/n, \pi/2 - 1/n]$ for some $n$ and, therefore, $f(x_n) \to f(x)$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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text:
FSU Football: Delays in coaching hire show problems with plan
Fansided | November 18, 2019
Related Topics: Florida State Seminoles football, Florida State University, coach, Odell Haggins, Miami Hurricanes football, Seminole, Willie Taggart, Bob Stoops
It was just under a day after the FSU football team lost for the third straight season to the rival Miami Hurricanes that the administration – with some reported help from big money boosters – made the decision to fire head coach Willie Taggart after just 21 games leading the Seminoles for just under two seasons.
Since then, the Seminoles under interim head coach Odell Haggins has gone on to win two straight games and has become bowl eligible after missing the postseason in 2018 – but yet, the Seminoles still don't have any idea who will be their head coach when the 2020 season kicks off against West Virginia next September.
See full article at Fansided


We recently welcomed legendary baker, Paul Rhodes, into our state-of-the-art kitchens, to give a bakery demonstration to some very lucky guests.
Paul Rhodes started his career by training as a chef in Devon, before moving to London and securing a position under the prestigious chef, Pierre Koffmann. By the age of just 24, Paul had become head chef at the two Michelin-starred Chez Nico, and went on to secure a third star for Nico Ladenis within a year. But after a decade of working in some of London's top kitchens, Paul decided to follow his passion for baking and opened his own bakery in 2003.
The turnout for the bakery demonstration at our school was amazing with just under 100 people in attendance to see the owner of Paul Rhodes Bakery - one of the best in London, in action. And the bakery theme was definitely in keeping with the launch of our brand new Diplôme de Boulangerie, which was developed by our Chefs and Master Baker Dominique Moudart. Dominique previously worked with Paul Rhodes, before joining the teaching staff here at Le Cordon Bleu London, and he also lent Paul a helping hand on the night of the demo.
Paul made a range of focaccia breads for the demonstration, which is a flat, Italian bread soaked in olive oil. The different focaccias were topped with a mixture of olives, tomatoes, cheese and red onions, but the bread can be topped with any variety of herbs and ingredients, depending on your preference. Paul also made his bakery's signature soda bread, which seemed to go down well with the audience, as there was none left in the basket at the end of the evening!
With a wealth of knowledge and experience, Paul was more than happy to share his top tips for making the perfect soda bread, with the audience. He revealed that it is the lactic acid in the soda bread that makes it rise, so it is best not to knead the dough too much, as you will overwork the gluten and the bread won't develop. And of course the audience were frantically taking down notes every time Paul uttered one of his golden pieces of baking advice.
The evening was a real success and Paul Rhodes proved to be very popular, which was evident in the vast amount of people that registered for the event. His popularity is definitely well deserved, as Paul demonstrated how passionate he is about his craft, and how willing he is to share his extensive knowledge. So we would like to thank Paul for an inspirational evening and for giving our guests an insight into the beautiful art of baking!
Don't forget to check out and a book a place on our other upcoming guest chef events.


text:
Q: how t use 'IF' in 'SELECT' statement with insert on mysql my table is
id_stuff | kd_insert | name_stuff | date_createdd
1        | 1         | example    | 2018-01-01

i create the query in mysql like this
SELECT IF ((DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y-%m') > DATE_FORMAT(MAX(date_createdd),'%Y-%m')),
(
  INSERT INTO tabless (name_stuff) VALUES ('stuff')
),
(
 null
)
 ) FROM tabless GROUP BY id_stuff ORDER BY kd_insert

after i run, why i get some error like this

Error Code: 1064
  You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'INTO tabless (name_stuff) VALUES ('stuff').

and how to create the right select with condition then insert?
thanks

A: I don't think it is possible to write insert statement like that.
You can do this -
SELECT
  if(
    (DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), '%Y-%m')) > DATE_FORMAT(MAX(date_createdd), '%Y-%m'),
    (@value = 'stuff'),
    null
  )
FROM
  tabless
GROUP BY
  id_stuff
ORDER BY
  kd_insert;
INSERT INTO tabless (name_stuff) VALUES ('stuff');


Trump also denied the claims, found in unverified memos reported by several media outlets.
MOSCOW (Reuters) - The Kremlin said on Wednesday it was "total nonsense" that Russian officials had assembled a file of compromising information on U.S. President-elect Donald Trump.
Two U.S. officials said on Tuesday evening that the heads of four U.S. intelligence agencies had last week presented Trump with classified documents which included unverified claims that Russian intelligence operatives had compromising information about him.
Addressing reporters on a conference call, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said the dossier containing the claims was a hoax which had been dreamt up to further harm U.S.-Russia relations, which are already at their lowest level since the Cold War.
"It is an attempt to damage our bilateral relations. It is pulp fiction," said Peskov, who also roundly dismissed as false assertions in the dossier that he himself was heavily involved in running a Russian campaign to undermine defeated presidential candidate Hillary Clinton.
Peskov said the Kremlin did not engage in compiling compromising dossiers on anyone and was focused on building relations with Russia's foreign partners instead.
On Tuesday evening, Trump dismissed the reports that Russia had compromising information on him. "FAKE NEWS - A TOTAL POLITICAL WITCH HUNT!" he wrote in a Twitter post.
Asked to respond to the prospect of new U.S. sanctions affecting Russia's oil and gas sector, Peskov said such measures, if they happened, would damage Russia, bilateral ties, and the global economy.
The Russian energy sector would definitely get compensation if such sanctions were imposed, he added.
Peskov said the Kremlin was unfazed by reports that Trump's pick for secretary of state, Rex Tillerson, would say at his confirmation hearing on Wednesday that Russia posed a danger.
It has previously praised Tillerson, who has experience of working with top Russian officials in the oil sector.
Peskov said the Kremlin stood by its assessment of Tillerson as someone who was willing to listen and was constructive, but was aware he was likely to be a tough operator too.


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;

namespace FDA
{
	[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Field)]
	public class QueryOperationAttribute : Attribute
	{
		public readonly string Value;
		public readonly int Arity;
		public readonly OperatorAssociativity Associativity;

		public QueryOperationAttribute(string value)
		{
			Value = value;
		}
	}

	public enum OperatorAssociativity
	{
		Left,
		Right
	}

	public enum QueryOperations
	{
		None,

		[QueryOperation("=")]
		Equal,

		[QueryOperation("!=")]
		NotEqual,

		[QueryOperation(">")]
		GreaterThan,

		[QueryOperation("<")]
		LessThan,

		[QueryOperation("+")]
		Add,

		[QueryOperation("-")]
		Subtract,

		[QueryOperation("*")]
		Multiply,

		[QueryOperation("/")]
		Divide,

		[QueryOperation("%")]
		Modulus,

		[QueryOperation("&")]
		BitwiseAnd,

		[QueryOperation("|")]
		BitwiseOr,

		[QueryOperation("^")]
		BitwiseXor,

		[QueryOperation("?")]
		Ternary,

		[QueryOperation(":")]
		TernaryGate,

		[QueryOperation("&&")]
		LogicalAnd,

		[QueryOperation("||")]
		LogicalOr,

		[QueryOperation("!")]
		LogicalNot,
	}

	public enum QueryConstants
	{
		Pi,
		e
	}

	public class QueryOperator : QueryToken<QueryOperations>
	{
		public readonly static Dictionary<string,QueryOperations> Operations;

		static QueryOperator()
		{
			Operations = new Dictionary< string,QueryOperations> ();

			var t = typeof(QueryOperations);
			var mems = t.GetFields ();

			foreach (var m in mems) {
				foreach (QueryOperationAttribute attr in m.GetCustomAttributes (typeof(QueryOperationAttribute))) {
					Operations.Add (attr.Value, (QueryOperations)m.GetValue (null));
				}
			}
		}

		public static QueryOperations Match(string value)
		{
			QueryOperations ops = QueryOperations.None;

			Operations.TryGetValue (value, out ops);

			return ops;
		}

		public readonly OperatorAssociativity OperatorAssociativity;

		public QueryOperations Operation{ get { return ParsedValue; } }

		public QueryOperator (QueryOperations op) : base(op,TokenType.Operator)
		{

		}

		public override Expression GetExpression (Expression left, Expression right)
		{
            return Expression.MakeBinary(GetExpressionType(Operation), left, right);
		}

        private ExpressionType GetExpressionType(QueryOperations type)
        {
            switch (Operation)
            {
                case QueryOperations.Add:
                    return ExpressionType.Add;
                case QueryOperations.Subtract:
                    return ExpressionType.Subtract;
                case QueryOperations.Multiply:
                    return ExpressionType.Multiply;
                case QueryOperations.Divide:
                    return ExpressionType.Divide;
                case QueryOperations.Modulus:
                    return ExpressionType.Modulo;
                case QueryOperations.LessThan:
                    return ExpressionType.LessThan;
                case QueryOperations.GreaterThan:
                    return ExpressionType.GreaterThan;
                case QueryOperations.BitwiseAnd:
                    return ExpressionType.And;
                case QueryOperations.BitwiseXor:
                    return ExpressionType.ExclusiveOr;
                default:
                    throw new NotSupportedException(Operation.ToString());
            }

        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Lamborghini cars are very special, and they deserve the finest service and parts, which is exactly what you will receive at our Lamborghini dealership in Paramus NJ. Our brand-new Service Department features state-of-the-art diagnostic and repair equipment, staffed by highly trained and factory-certified Lamborghini technicians. As an authorized Lamborghini dealer, we also have access to the full range of factory support from Lamborghini. As you can imagine, our technicians have dedicated themselves to the Lamborghini brand and take great pride in understanding all systems, components and parts found in every Lamborghini vehicle. We are committed to keeping your car in optimum condition and your driving experience uncompromised.
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Microsoft released iOS Office updates on Thursday that make the app more in-depth and compelling than before. In fact, Microsoft now offers free document editing and Dropbox support for Apple users with an Office account. While Office 365 subscriptions are encouraged, users still have access to cloud syncing, editing, and the necessities for putting together documents and presentations for free. Microsoft's Office app is more productive from a business standpoint than Apple's Pages and Keynote.
Odysee is a new app that automatically syncs pictures and videos to a home computer. Not only does this startup application serve as a secure backup system, however. Users can also share pictures in real-time to other users. The creator got the idea after having kids, when he realized that smartphones enabled people to capture more moments than ever before.
Facebook put an end to like-gating on Wednesday that will prove advantageous for brands. While most companies already stopped requiring likes in trade of promotions, brands that haven't abandoned the tactics will see some short-term challenges. But, a recent study proves that the end to like-gating will increase email acquisitions, inspire quality fans and help companies retain more valuable audience data.
JetBlue launched a new campaign called 'Fly it Forward' that will promote the company's mission to inspire humanity. Inspired by crew members and manifested through customers, the 'Fly it Forward' campaign will allow participants to spread goodness by flying from place to place for a cause. Customers can submit nominations to fly and promote initiatives like education and health. Winners will pick the next customer to continue the campaign. Using the hashtag #FlyItForward, customers can nominate others. Consumers can stay active and read inspiring stories on jetblueflyeitforward.com.
After plans that the FCC is considering a "hybrid" proposal to break the Net Neutrality deadlock leaked, many Net Neutrality advocates planned to protest in San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphia. Groups like Fight for the Future are at the forefront of the protests against the plans that, according to Tom Wheeler, are all still under consideration. Net Neutrality supporters have been fighting for a reclassification that would allow for law suits from companies like Verizon.


text:
Home Current Affairs Quiz: May 8th 2015
Current Affairs Quiz: May 8th 2015
ibpsrecruitmentguru May 21, 2015 CURRENT AFFAIRS, current Affairs 2015, Current Affairs May 2015
1.Who among the following has become the became the youngest lawmaker of Britain?
a) Mhairi Black
b) Shimmy George
c) Nancy Clooney
d) Douglas Alexander
2. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate first Gandhian studies centre in which country
a) China
c) Russia
d) Malaysia
3. Uttar Pradesh Indian Railway state girls team has snatched......... National Hockey Championship title?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
4. The union government dhas announced 11 pacts to sign between India and.........................
a) Germany
b) France
d) Singapore
5. The Union Cabinet has approved the...............Constitutional Amendment Bill on Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh.
a) 116
b) 117
c) 118
d) 119
6. Which bank has now facilitated instant transfer of money on various social media channels?
a) HDFC Bank
b) ICICI Bank
c) Axis Bank
d) Yes Bank
7. I&B Minister Arun Jaitley has launched.................Mobile App.
a) DD News
b) Aaj Tak
c) Zee News
d) NDTV News
8.Philippines and...............coast guards have held anti-piracy drills in Manila Bay .
9. ......................magazine Charlie Hebdo was presented with Freedom of Expression Courage Award 2015.
a) German
b) French
c) Spanish
d) Dutch
10. Which among the following has acquired startup firm Native5 Software Solutions Pvt Ltd
a) Homeshop 18
b) Jabong
c) Snapdeal
d) Myntra
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Moussa, Ali 2011. MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN ABŪ AL-WAFĀʾ'S ALMAGEST AND THE QIBLA DETERMINATIONS. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, Vol. 21, Issue. 01, p. 1.
In the Greek/Indian period, it is noticeable that different radii were used in connection with the chord. This manner continued in the Indian period with the sine, i.e. different sine tables existed. But throughout the Arabic-Islamic period, there was stability in the radius (for the sine). At the time of al-Battānī new terms were introduced, not as functions of angles but as lengths, and again different tables for the same term. Here these terms were not bounded to the circle, and the term miqyās r (measure), which was variable, was used to express "the radius" related to these terms. The trigonometric "functions" at that time were treated as if they were two different groups. While at Abū al-Wafā''s time, there was an advancement by introducing the new terms as functions of angles, and they were immediately bounded to the circle, and instead of having two circles in the same figure, a kind of unity appeared, and again there was stability in the value of r, and therefore only one table for each function, and thus the new functions started to appear more abstract than practical as the sine did before, and this unity remained fixed in the modern times.
Durant la période gréco-indienne, différents rayons du cercle de référence furent utilisés pour établir des tables de cordes; cette façon de faire se maintint pour le sinus, durant la période indienne, donnant lieu à différentes tables de sinus. Tout au long de la période arabo-islamique en revanche, le rayon du cercle de référence utilisé pour l'établissement des tables de sinus reste constant (égal à 60). À l'époque d'al-Battānī, de nouveaux termes sont définis (essentiellement l'"ombre"), non à partir d'un angle mais à partir d'une longueur variable r, le miqyās (gnomon), indépendant du rayon du cercle; on établit ainsi, de nouveau, différentes tables pour le même terme. Tout se passe donc, à cette époque, comme si les "fonctions" trigonométriques constituaient deux groupes différents (sinus et corde/ombre). À l'époque d'Abū al-Wafā' en revanche, les nouveaux termes (tangente, cotangente, sécante, cosécante) sont maintenant définis à partir d'un angle, et donc immédiatement mis en relation avec le cercle de référence, de rayon constant et égal à 60; on table de ce fait une seule table pour chaque fonction, ce qui constitue un réel progrès dans l'unification. Les nouvelles fonctions commencent ainsi à paraître plus abstraites que concrètes, comme cela avait été le cas pour le sinus auparavant, ce qui est encore le cas à l'époque moderne.
1 In general, I have in mind these traditional divisions: Ancient Greek, Indian, Chinese, Arabic-Islamic, and Renaissance Europe (modern times). In reality, the trigonometric functions in the three mentioned stages could be three completely different concepts, but I will connect them together following the principle of history: things start at a point and then develop, forward and sometimes backward, as exactly as in the case of the trigonometric functions: first they dealt with arcs, and then angles, and then back to deal again with arcs (i.e. real and complex numbers but with new perspective). And in this paper, I will use the term "function" in all these periods and stages just to avoid difficulties and confusion, and using the term "function" has no influence on the outcome, and I will most of the time stay in the Arabic-Islamic stage.
2 This depends on the field or the branch of science.
3 A figure with a unit circle and all these line segments representing the six functions found in almost every pre-calculus textbook (college level course).
4 In the beginning of this paper, the reader might find a point or two to disagree with. But if not all, most of what I am going to use are somehow regarded as facts among those who worked recently in this field, like M.-Th. Debarnot. A little astronomy will also be employed.
5 With Ārybhata (d. 550) and his works, as Arya-Siddhanta, and also Varahamihira (d. 587), and Bhaskara I (d. c. 680).
6 The idea behind this change from "the chord" to "half the chord" as it is well-known was in the first place the simplicity.
7 See M.-Th. Debarnot, "Trigonometry", in R. Rashed (ed.), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3 vols. (London and New York, 1996), vol. II, pp. 495–538, p. 495.
8 All sine tables were tablated with radius equal to sixty.
9 This will be explained.
10 He is known in west as Albategnius.
11 I.e. the shadow is on a horizontal plate, and in this case the miqyās is set to be vertical, the other case where the miqyās is horizontal will be discussed later. The vertical or the horizontal cases are chosen to make use of Pythagorean theorem, again a kind of simplification.
12 Onward, I will use the term miqyās.
13 I will replace "half the chord" with "sine".
14 In a similar situation.
15 The meaning of the number has no importance here. The meaning could depend on the branch of the science e.g. astronomy or astrology, and also the measure of the unit e.g. hair, finger, or foot. Al-Battānī's field was astronomy and his unit was finger.
16 The miqyās could be outside the circle, and whatever, the calculation will be the same. MN is also the miqyās but in the case where it is horizontal.
17 It is the sine of arc DG, which is half the chord of arc DE, which is double of arc DG, which is the altitude.
18 It is the cosine of arc DG, and AC is equal to EH which is half the chord of arc EF, which is the complement of arc DE to 180.
19 Throughout the paper Sin x = 60· sin x, as well as for the cosine and the chord.
20 Ḥabash could be the first who tablated these ratios in this understanding, but later Abū al-Wafā' (d. c. 998) tablated them in a much better way as it will be shown. See M.-Th. Debarnot, "The Zīj of Ḥabash al-Ḥāsib: A survey of the MS Istanbul Yeni Cami 784/2", in D. A. King and G. Saliba (eds.), From Deferent to Equant (New York, 1987), pp. 35–69, p. 35.
21 Three selected problems from many others, this is to show that this technique was widely used.
22 Be aware that at the time of Abū al-Wafā' all the six trigonometric functions were available as it will be shown. All what I will mention about Abū al-Wafā' will appear in A. Moussa, Commentary and Edition of Abū al-Wafā''s Almagest, three volumes, soon to appear successively.
23 Regarding the constants k mentioned in the previous problems (and also others in other similar cases), I personally do not know whether they have meaning in modern astronomy or not, or in any other branch of science.
24 Here the technique was much more advanced than that of al-Battānī.
25 See E. M. Bruins, "Ptolemaic and Islamic trigonometry, the problem of the Qibla", Journal for the History of Arabic Science Aleppo University (Syria), 9 (1991): 45–68, also, vol. LXXIII (1986–1990).
26 As an example from the late scientists, al-Kāshī (d. 1450) tablated the sine with radius equal to sixty.
27 In his youth, Abū al-Wafā' studied the works of al-Battānī. This was mentioned in the famous reference al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadīm.
28 The talk here also extends to the remaining functions i.e. secant and cosecant.
29 This achievement was a sudden advance and hence it was controversial, so that, in the beginning, some scientists, as Kushyār ibn Labbān and al-Khujandī (d. 1000), did not believe in its truth. Al-Bīrūnī took the responsibility to convince them. This was mentioned by al-Bīrūnī himself in his Keys, see M.-Th. Debarnot, Al-Bīrūnī Kitāb Maqālīd 'ilm al-hay'a (Damas, 1985).
30 As it is on folio 13 of the Almagest; first section of sixth chapter of Book I.
31 See Debarnot, "Trigonometry", and see also the Arabic part of Kitāb Maqālīd 'ilm al-hay'a when al-Bīrūnī discusses Abū al-Wafā''s spherical tangent rule.
32 In figure 2, there are actually two unequal or two different circles but they coincide, or one circle, where the radius is divided into sixty equal parts regardless its real length i.e. two different radii.
33 He tablated both in the same table with reversing order.
34 Since the miqyās in his table of tangents and cotangents was sixty, which is the same as the base of the sexagesimal system, changing it to be 1, this would be an easy operation, because it would only lead to a displacement of the sexagesimal point one place to the left (or to the right in case of jummal). And Abū al-Wafā' did mention this. But changing the miqyās to a value other than 1 and 60, this will lead to operations as multiplication and division; Abū al-Wafā' also explained this.
35 Such as: the plane formulas for addition, subtraction, doubling, and halving, and the spherical law of sines and tangent rule, and also the relations among the trigonometric functions (which he deduced directly from his figure, figure 2).
36 From what already mentioned in this paper, the following should not be a surprise: the unit circle is restricted to the functions tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant. In Abū al-Wafā''s mind still: Sin2x + Cos2x = 602. The surprise could be this: the newer functions reached the unit circle before the older ones.
37 Al-Kāshī generalized it more by considering the four quadrants, and introduced the term munqih, which corresponds to the "reference angle" in modern times, but of course without taking into consideration the negative values. His table of tangents was also of radius equal to 60 as his table of sines; see J. Hamadanizadah, "Trigonometric tables of al-Kāshī", Historia Mathematica, 7 (1980): 38–45, p. 40.
38 Not only Abū al-Wafā' used the value 1, but also others as al-Bīrūnī and Kushyār ibn Labbān.


text:
To Open Or Not? COVID-19's Physical And Financial Blow To Churches
By Amber Strong
As stay-at-home orders are lifted, churches are grappling with a tough choice: to open or remain closed.
Across the country a storm is brewing, with churches that say banning large gatherings due to COVID-19 violates their constitutional rights.
On the flipside, when leaders of the North Atlanta Church of Christ heard from government officials the first COVID-19 outbreaks in Georgia happened inside churches, they made the choice to close.
"That's all we needed to hear. Because if we are going to love our neighbors, well, you know, and love each other like Christ loves us, we're not going to do anything that would inadvertently risk someone else's well being. "
The pews have been empty for weeks; worship services moved online.
As stay-at-home orders begin to lift across the country, some churches are welcoming it. Others are grappling with a tough choice: to open or remain closed.
The state of Georgia issued best practices for religious organizations: "Keeping 6 feet apart on all sides, wearing masks and refraining from using items touched by multiple people, like collection plates."
Minister Don McLaughlin says it's one thing on paper, another to put it into action. He says they are considering starting reentry with small groups. But the inclusive and diverse nature of the church means considering each individual member.
"People had on a lot of different thoughts and feelings about the health part of it, the economic part of it, the social part of it. And you begin to realize, I would not have thought of it that way."
The health discussion is a concern everywhere, particularly among African Americans, who have been disproportionately affected by the virus.
The Church of God in Christ, the nation's largest predominantly black denomination, has lost at least 12 bishops, several pastors and congregants to COVID-19.
"Some of our pastors have gotten sick and died because they have gone to help people that were in trouble."
Bishop Vincent Mathews tells Newsy the pandemic has hit the church hard.
"With HIV disproportionately in the same communities in which we serve, and then many other things that are happening, and those churches were serving people that were already hugely vulnerable, and now having to isolate themselves."
In addition to the loss of life, the financial strain has also been difficult, particularly for older and inner-city churches with members who can't connect online for worship or donate virtually.
"No. 1, you have people who were getting laid off. No. 2, you had a lot of folks have older congregations who just can't give online."
Pastor Justin Giboney and former Obama administration Faith Director Michael Wear formed Churches Helping Churches, a campaign aimed at helping low-income churches that have been financially impacted by COVID-19.
So far, they've raised $400,000 and awarded nearly $200,000, with more applications waiting. The pair say the money is only given to churches with 150 members or less.
"We come at this both as Christians who are deeply involved in the church, but also people who have been involved in government. Churches are often the most trusted institution in communities. It's where folks can often get food where they can't, when they can't get it anywhere else. It's often where people can get job training."
"When it comes to federal advice, I asked the surgeon general, Dr. Jerome Adams, what he thought about religious organizations who plan to gather this weekend, particularly those made up of African Americans."
"I've met with thousands of church leaders to help them understand the the dangers of again packing people closely together. So we talked about things like having church outside, where you can more appropriately physically distance. We talked about having people in every other pew and six feet apart. We've talked about making sure you keep vulnerable people still protected. And that's an important part even during reopening."
Amber Strong, Newsy in Washington, D.C.
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Paul Sancya / AP
U. Of Michigan Reaches $490M Settlement Over Sexual Abuse


text:
Q: Illegal file path I have an aspx webpage that is getting parameters as querystring and i wanted to open that page and read it the lines and export it as a pdf, i am using the following code but it does not seems to work
 Dim strpath As String = Server.MapPath("pagename.aspx?id=0000")
        Dim sr As StreamReader = New StreamReader(strpath, False)
        Dim line As String
        line = sr.ReadToEnd
        sr.Close()

        ' Code to convert to pdf
        'Dim doc As New Document(PageSize.LETTER, 80, 50, 30, 65)
        Dim fsNew As New StringReader(line)
        Dim doc As New Document(PageSize.A4, 80, 50, 30, 65)
        Dim Styles As New StyleSheet()
        'stryle.LoadTagStyle("ol", "16,0")
        Using fs As New FileStream("newpdf.pdf", FileMode.Create)
            PdfWriter.GetInstance(doc, fs)
            Using stringReader As New StringReader(line)
                Dim parsedList = HTMLWorker.ParseToList(stringReader, Styles)
                doc.Open()
                ' parse each html object and add it to the pdf document
                For Each item As Object In parsedList
                    doc.Add(DirectCast(item, IElement))
                Next

                doc.Close()

            End Using

        End Using


text:
meteor-webrtc
=============

WebRTC signalling for Meteor with Reactivity!

[Demo](http://webrtc-signalling.meteor.com/) - in `examples/app`

How to use
----------

```javascript

var signallingChannelName = "uniqueStringTokenForThisSignallingChannel";

var rtcPeerConnectionConfig = {};

// Config passed to getUserMedia()
//
// Could be null, then no media will be requested, i.e., for when you only
// want data channels, or one way video/audio calls.

var mediaConfig = {
  video: true,
  audio: true
};

var webRTCSignaller = SingleWebRTCSignallerFactory.create(
                                            signallingChannelName,
                                            'master',
                                            servers,
                                            config,
                                            mediaConfig);
// Creates the rtcPeerConnection
webRTCSignaller.start();

// ... Whenever someone wants to inititate a call (make a connection)
webRTCSignaller.createOffer();

// Then if you have written similar code for a client using the same
// signallingChannelName then it should connect for a call.
```

For more see the app in the example directorty, which is also running on the
[demo site](http://webrtc-signalling.meteor.com/)

TODO
----

- Allow for different signalling channels. At the moment there is one global,
  public signalling channel using a [Meteor
  Stream](http://arunoda.github.io/meteor-streams/). Nice for demos, not really
  for a real app. Could use a user/connection based system backed a collection,
  and pass in the signalling channel to the signaller, so they would only need
  to implement the same interface.


Around the world, the number of children identified with ASD has nearly reached epidemic proportions. In United States, the rate is now one in every 91 children and still rising, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the Philippines, it is estimated that about 500,000 people in the country have autism, with only 5%of them diagnosed and only 2% of them given appropriate care.
Autism Hearts Philippines will lead global efforts in the prevention and treatment of autism early next year by hosting the first-ever International Autism Conference (IAC) in Pasay City.
event slated on February 3-5 at the Philippine International Convention Center (PICC).
"Concerned individuals including health practitioners and teachers from all over the world will find their participation greatly beneficial as the conference will also highlight the launching of Autism Institute of Asia, a locally based "one-stop-shop" for children with ASD and the New York-based autism advocacy group Autism Speaks' Global Autism Public Health Initiative in the Philippines (GAPH), which is dedicated to service delivery and research collaboration on Autism," said Christine Roa, executive director of Autism Hearts Philippines, Inc.
The conference will present the most current research, knowledge, information, diagnosis, assessment, treatments and policies surrounding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in support of people under the spectrum and their families.
Among the presenters are leading experts from the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND), an international, multidisciplinary research organization based in Sacramento, California.
Roa said that through this initiative, the Philippines would also have the opportunity to tell the world about the initiatives being undertaken by both the government and the private sector. It would also help highlight the close-knit family values that Fiipinos espouse.
"The conference would most importantly reinforce the thought that all of us, wherever we are in the world, can do our share in helping individuals with autism optimize their full potential and become productive members of the society," added Roa.
Autism Hearts Philippines is the local affiliate of Autism Hearts Foundation, a US-based private group that funds organizations that provide direct services, family, support grants, education, research, treatment, advocacy, and recreational opportunities, sees the urgent need to reach out to international communities to promote awareness about and gather support for Autism.
Join the International Autism Conference at the Philippine International Convention Center on February 3-5, 2010. Please visit www.autismhearts.com for more information on the International Autism Conference.


The models at Victoria Beckham's SS 2017 New York Fashion Week Show had enviously silky, smooth, straight locks. Redken Global Creative Director Guido was responsible for creating the sleek, refined look.
"We're doing super straight, clean hair here at the Victoria Beckham show using Pillow Proof Blow Dry Express Treatment Primer Cream and Satin Wear 02 to add shine and protect the hair from heat damage," explained Guido. "As I'm blow-drying, I'm using a boar-bristled brush to smooth out the hair. To finish off the look, I'm using an iron to really give hair that shiny, smooth texture."
1. Part your hair in a clean, center part.
2. Apply Pillow Proof Blow Dry Express Treatment Primer Cream to hair from roots to tips for heat protection and shine.
3. Apply a dime-size amount of Satin Wear 02 to your palms and run it over your hair from root to tip, focusing on the back for extra shine and protection.
4. Blow-dry hair with a boar-bristled brush.
5. Spray a small amount of Fashion Work 12 to palms and run hands over part and the front pieces to help smooth flyaways.


text:
Q: Execution of QTP scripts on remote machines I am posting this question regarding the execution of QTP scripts on remote machine. When i log in to my remote machine via "mstsc", and execute the script without closing the remote desktop connection, it works fine. But once i close/minimize the remote desktop window, it starts throwing error ( like Object not visible" error.
One of the places where it generally throws error is while clicking on the file menu in IE, as shown below :-
Browser(" page name -").WinToolbar("ToolbarWindow32").Press "&File"

Are there any workarounds to resolve the same??
Most of the QTP scripts take lot of time to execute, and if the prerequisite is to keep the screen active without even locking, isnt it one of the key disadvantages?
Thanks in advance!!!
Steve

A: QTP replays some steps by manipulating the mouse and keyboard devices. When an RDP session is minimized windows knows that there is nobody at the controls and therefore doesn't respond to the mouse and keyboard events which causes QTP to fail.
A workaround to this is to connect to the machine via another application rather than mstsc (for example VNC) which doesn't communicate to windows that it has been minimized. Either that or leave the RDP window open.

A: If you want to run QuickTest in a minimized RDP session, and you are using an RDP >= 6.0 client, you can enable it by setting a registry value on the local computer:
Navigate to one of the following registry paths on the local computer:
Current User: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Terminal Server Client
or
All Users: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Terminal Server Client
Create a DWORD value named RemoteDesktop_SuppressWhenMinimized and set it to 2.
Note that this does not work when the computer is locked or logged off.

A: one more simple way
just maximize RDP session , then scripts will run don't minimize
you remove the lock of the machine.


text:
'The Bachelorette': Will Mike Johnson Make It Far In The Competition?
Bre Williams
This season of The Bachelorette has its top contenders fans would love to see make it to the end.
Though some men are looking to have a better chance than others, there is no one fans have been loving more than Mike Johnson.
The Bachelorette: Mike Johnson and Hannah Brown| Photo by John Fleenor/Walt Disney Television via Getty Images via Getty Images
The Air Force Veteran has stolen our heart these past few weeks with his award-winning smile, kind personality, and his outspoken attitude toward season 15's "villain" Luke Parker.
Though Mike Johnson has been making many of us swoon these past few weeks, there is a good chance he won't be making it much further in the competition.
*Spoilers ahead*
Mike could get eliminated before hometown dates
There are only a few contestants who we would love to see make it to the end of this season of The Bachelorette.
Mike Johnson came onto the show ready to compete for Hannah Brown's heart and so far, he's been doing an amazing job.
Aside from calling out Luke P. for his bizarre and untrustworthy actions, Mike Johnson has been very honest with Brown from the beginning, even opening up to her about him and his ex-girlfriend experiencing a miscarriage.
Johnson has shown Bachelor Nation that he sees a future with the Bachelorette and many of us are crossing our fingers that he is able to make it to the end.
Be yourself, I love you like that
A post shared by Mike Johnson (@mikejohnson1_) on Jun 8, 2019 at 9:45am PDT
Sadly, sources have recently confirmed that Mike Johnson is inevitably sent home after a one-on-one date with Brown in episode 7.
Though this is a tough pill for many of us to swallow, we're not too surprised Johnson gets sent home pretty early on.
Many of us would have loved to see Mike Johnson propose to Hannah Brown in the end, some of us kind of figured that wouldn't happen.
Fans are urging producers to make Mike the next Bachelor
Hannah Brown has made it clear that she has deeper connections with the other men and though Mike Johnson would be the perfect guy for her, Brown's heart, unfortunately, doesn't lie with him.
Despite him being eliminated pretty early on, Johnson has made quite the impact on Bachelor Nation and many are hoping that he will become the first ever African American Bachelor.
Seeing as though he is family oriented, is the true definition of a gentleman, and so far has 81 thousand followers on Instagram alone, Mike Johnson has what it takes to be the next Bachelor star.
Mike for Bachelor 2020 #TheBachelorette
— Emily McLeod (@mcleodnotmcloud) June 15, 2019
Mike needs to be Bachelor like in 2021 so I can be on his season…OR they can just make an exception and let me go on as a 20 year old ♀ #thebachelor #TheBachelorette
— Woah It's Bri (@BriannaHyche) June 15, 2019
Me, dismissing the rest of Hannah's @BacheloretteABC season and preparing for Mike's season of #TheBachelor#TheBachelorette pic.twitter.com/dJ8drlihNA
— Kyler Redmond (@kyler_redmond) June 18, 2019
me on my way to save mike because he's above all this drama and needs to be the next bachelor #theBachelorette pic.twitter.com/W88MVT9Tqf
— anna b (@annafaithbarber) June 18, 2019
Along with his army of fans, Mike Johnson also has a few celebrities in his corner rooting for him.
Earlier this season, Demi Lovato gave Johnson a shoutout after she posted a photo on her Instagram Story of her watching The Bachelorette, captioning it "Go Mike J!!!" with heart emojis.
Though his time on The Bachelorette was cut way too short, Mike Johnson has a great chance of continuing his run with The Bachelor franchise.
It has already been confirmed that Mike is not going to be on Bachelor In Paradise with some of his cast mates.
So there is a very good chance the show's producers have heard our pleas and are considering making Mike Johnson the next Bachelor.


The Open Web Application Security (OWASP) is a worldwide not-for –profit charitable organization focussed on improving the security of software.
The primary aim of the OWASP TOP TEN is to educate developers, designers, architects, managers, and organizations about the consequences of the most important web application security weaknesses.
OWASP Top Ten is organized around particular types or categories of vulnerabilities that frequently occur in web applications. It's a list of vulnerabilities that require immediate remediation. Existing code should be checked for these vulnerabilities, as these flaws are effectively targeted by attackers. The document is not a standard or a policy. It provides a brief description of the vulnerabilities, and methods of prevention.
Injection: Injection occurs when user-supplied data is sent to an interpreter as a part of a command or query. All Web Application Frameworks that use interpreters or invoke other processes are vulnerable to injection attacks.
Broken Authentication and Session Management: Flaws in this area mostly involve the failure to protect credentials and session tokens through their lifecycle.
Cross Site Scripting: Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities occur when an attacker uses a web application to send malicious code, generally in the form of a script to a different end user. Is a subset of HTML injection. XSS is the most prevalent and pernicious web application security issue.
Insecure Direct Object Reference: A direct object reference occurs when a developer exposes a reference to an internal implementation object, such as a file, directory, database record or key, as a URL or form parameter.
Security Misconfiguration: Security settings should be defined, implemented and maintained as defaults or often insecure.
Missing Function level access control (Includes failure to restrict URL access): Most web application verifies function level access rights. However applications need to perform the same access control checks on the server otherwise the attacker will be able to forge requests.
Cross-Site Request Forgery: A CSRF attack forces a logged on victim's browser to send a request to a vulnerable web application, which then performs the chosen action on behalf of the victim. It's a simple yet devastating attack.
Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities: Applications might use components with well-known vulnerabilities. Using such components might undermine application defences and make the Application prone to a range of vulnerabilities.
Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards: Web applications often redirect and forward users to other pages and websites and use untrusted data to determine the destination pages. Without proper validation attackers can redirect users to phishing or malware sites.
I am stunned why this coincidence did not happened earlier!


Nattokinase is an natural blood thinner supporting breakdown of blood cloth.
Clary Sage Seed Oil makes the blood "slippery" and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
Magnesium Glycinate can prevent muscle cramps.
There is a discount if you get both all 3 items.


PERRYTON - Lester Samuel Aylor, 88, died Monday, Aug. 22, 2011.
No services are scheduled. Burial was Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2011, in Ochiltree Cemetery by Boxwell Brothers Funeral Home in Perryton.
Mr. Aylor was born July 22, 1923, in Breckenridge. He married Mildred Inez Van Sickle on Feb. 18, 1947, in Greenville.
Survivors include three sons, Lynn Aylor of Booker, Claude Aylor of Amarillo and Sam Aylor of Perryton; two daughters, Carolyn Merrick of Perryton and Brenda Ellis of Amarillo; 20 grandchildren, 50 great-granchildren; and five great-great-grandchildren.


Quadtec Solutions is an IT consulting and services company that provides technology services to various Fortune 500 and government agencies.
With over 18 years of experience in providing technology services, our consulting group has been a part of the diverse cycles of technology, from mainframes to client-servers, and today in a converged visualized environment.
The Quadtec Solutions team, leveraging a vast array of experience from many diverse environments, is able to provide solutions suitable for today's large and small companies.
Quadtec Solutions specializes in network design and systems management for government and commercial enterprise. Our team is comprised of dedicated individuals who understand that our most important business is our customers. Our goal is to understand our customer's challenges and provide solutions that offer them the very best value.
We recognize our customers have many partners to choose from, and we are appreciative for the opportunity to service their needs. We hope our gratitude is reflected by an excellent experience and our commitment to quality and honesty.
We are a Women Owned Business Enterprise.
Based out of Reston, Virginia, the company services primarily the Mid-Atlantic area of the United States.


This wonderful updated ranch in Vernon Downs Subdivision is priced under the appraised value! This classic mid-century ranch is freshly painted and the refinished hardwood floors are gleaming. This spotless ranch has three bedrooms and 1.5 bathrooms. The great room is full of natural light from a bank of gorgeous windows. The fireplace has a brick surround and is a perfect focal point for the wonderful space. The dining area is connected to this great room, with the kitchen beyond. With a passthrough window, the kitchen is part of the great room, such contemporary styling for this 50's ranch! The kitchen has plenty of cabinetry, wall oven and stainless steel sink. All three bedrooms have hardwood flooring, and plenty of closet space. A full basement, is huge and ready to be finished off for tons of extra living space. This home is in easy walking distance to the U of M football stadium and just minutes away from downtown Ann Arbor by car or bus. Make an appointment today! This piece of Ann Arbor real estate will not last long!


text:
Title: Aluminium oxide
Subject: Oxide, Exothermic welding, Aluminium, Corundum, Ruby
Collection: Abrasives, Aluminium Compounds, Common Oxide Glass Components, Oxides, Refractory Materials, Sesquioxides
ATC code D10
ChemSpider Y
InChI=1S/2Al.3O/q2*+3;3*-2 Y
Key: PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/2Al.3O/q2*+3;3*-2
Key: PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYAC
Jmol-3D images Image
RTECS number BD120000
[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2]
[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3]
UNII Y
Molar mass 101.96 g·mol−1
Density 3.95–4.1 g/cm3
Melting point 2,072 °C (3,762 °F; 2,345 K)[1]
Boiling point 2,977 °C (5,391 °F; 3,250 K)[2]
Solubility in water
Solubility insoluble in diethyl ether
practically insoluble in ethanol
Thermal conductivity 30 W·m−1·K−1[3]
Refractive index (nD)
nω=1.768–1.772
nε=1.760–1.763
Birefringence 0.008
Trigonal, hR30, space group = R3c, No. 167
Coordination geometry
octahedral
Thermochemistry
Std molar
entropy (So298)
50.92 J·mol−1·K−1[4]
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
−1675.7 kJ·mol−1[4]
Safety data sheet See: data page
EU classification (DSD)
Not listed.
Flash point Non-flammable
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
OSHA 15 mg/m3 (Total Dust)
OSHA 5 mg/m3 (Respirable Fraction)
ACGIH/TLV 10 mg/m3
REL (Recommended)
none[5]
IDLH (Immediate danger
N.D.[5]
Other anions
aluminium hydroxide
Other cations
boron trioxide
indium oxide
thallium oxide
Supplementary data page
Structure and
Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic
Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y (: Y/ N?)
Aluminium oxide is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O3. It is the most commonly occurring of several aluminium oxides, and specifically identified as aluminium(III) oxide. It is commonly called alumina, and may also be called aloxide, aloxite, or alundum depending on particular forms or applications. It commonly occurs in its crystalline polymorphic phase α-Al2O3, in which it composes the mineral corundum, varieties of which form the precious gemstones ruby and sapphire. Al2O3 is significant in its use to produce aluminium metal, as an abrasive owing to its hardness, and as a refractory material owing to its high melting point.[6]
Natural occurrence 1
Properties 2
Amphoteric nature 2.1
Filler 5.1
Catalysis 5.2
Purification 5.3
Abrasive 5.4
Paint 5.5
Composite fiber 5.6
Abrasion protection 5.7
Other 5.8
Corundum is the most common naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminium oxide. Rubies and sapphires are gem-quality forms of corundum, which owe their characteristic colors to trace impurities. Rubies are given their characteristic deep red color and their laser qualities by traces of chromium. Sapphires come in different colors given by various other impurities, such as iron and titanium.
Aluminium oxide in its powdered form.
Al2O3 is an electrical insulator but has a relatively high thermal conductivity (30 Wm−1K−1[3]) for a ceramic material. Aluminium oxide is insoluble in water. In its most commonly occurring crystalline form, called corundum or α-aluminium oxide, its hardness makes it suitable for use as an abrasive and as a component in cutting tools.[6]
Aluminium oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic aluminium to weathering. Metallic aluminium is very reactive with atmospheric oxygen, and a thin passivation layer of aluminium oxide (4 nm thickness) forms on any exposed aluminium surface.[7] This layer protects the metal from further oxidation. The thickness and properties of this oxide layer can be enhanced using a process called anodising. A number of alloys, such as aluminium bronzes, exploit this property by including a proportion of aluminium in the alloy to enhance corrosion resistance. The aluminium oxide generated by anodising is typically amorphous, but discharge assisted oxidation processes such as plasma electrolytic oxidation result in a significant proportion of crystalline aluminium oxide in the coating, enhancing its hardness.
Aluminium oxide was taken off the United States Environmental Protection Agency's chemicals lists in 1988. Aluminium oxide is on EPA's Toxics Release Inventory list if it is a fibrous form.[8]
Amphoteric nature
Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric substance, meaning it can react with both acids and bases, such as hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide, acting as an acid with a base and a base with an acid, neutralising the other and producing a salt.
Al2O3 + 6 HF → 2 AlF3 + 3 H2O
Al2O3 + 6 NaOH + 3 H2O → 2 Na3Al(OH)6 (sodium aluminate)
Corundum from Brazil, size about 2×3 cm.
The most common form of crystalline aluminium oxide is known as corundum, which is the thermodynamically stable form.[9] The oxygen ions nearly form a hexagonal close-packed structure with aluminium ions filling two-thirds of the octahedral interstices. Each Al3+ center is octahedral. In terms of its crystallography, corundum adopts a trigonal Bravais lattice with a space group of R-3c (number 167 in the International Tables). The primitive cell contains two formula units of aluminium oxide.
Aluminium oxide also exists in other phases, including the cubic γ and η phases, the monoclinic θ phase, the hexagonal χ phase, the orthorhombic κ phase and the δ phase that can be tetragonal or orthorhombic.[9][10] Each has a unique crystal structure and properties. Cubic γ-Al2O3 has important technical applications. The so-called β-Al2O3 proved to be NaAl11O17.[11]
Molten aluminium oxide near the melting temperature is roughly 2/3 tetrahedral (i.e. 2/3 of the Al are surrounded by 4 oxygen neighbors), and 1/3 5-coordinated, very little (<5%) octahedral Al-O is present.[12] Around 80% of the oxygen atoms are shared among three or more Al-O polyhedra, and the majority of inter-polyhedral connections are corner-sharing, with the remaining 10–20% being edge-sharing.[12] The breakdown of octahedra upon melting is accompanied by a relatively large volume increase (~20%), the density of the liquid close to its melting point is 2.93 g/cm3.[13]
Aluminium hydroxide minerals are the main component of bauxite, the principal ore of aluminium. A mixture of the minerals comprise bauxite ore, including gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)), and diaspore (α-AlO(OH)), along with impurities of iron oxides and hydroxides, quartz and clay minerals.[14] Bauxites are found in laterites. Bauxite is purified by the Bayer process:
AlO(OH) + H2O + NaOH → NaAl(OH)4
Al(OH)3 + NaOH → NaAl(OH)4
Except for SiO2, the other components of bauxite do not dissolve in base. Upon filtering the basic mixture, Fe2O3 is removed. When the Bayer liquor is cooled, Al(OH)3 precipitates, leaving the silicates in solution.
NaAl(OH)4 → NaOH + Al(OH)3
The solid Al(OH)3 Gibbsite is then calcined (heated strongly) to give aluminium oxide:[6]
2 Al(OH)3 → Al2O3 + 3 H2O
The product aluminium oxide tends to be multi-phase, i.e., consisting of several phases of aluminium oxide rather than solely corundum.[10] The production process can therefore be optimized to produce a tailored product. The type of phases present affects, for example, the solubility and pore structure of the aluminium oxide product which, in turn, affects the cost of aluminium production and pollution control.[10]
For its application as an electrical insulator in integrated circuits, where conformal growth of thin film is a prerequisite and the preferred growth mode is atomic layer deposition, Al2O3 films were prepared by the chemical exchange between trimethylaluminum Al(CH3)3 and H2O:[15]
2 Al(CH3)3 + 3 H2O → Al2O3 + 6 CH4
H2O in the above reaction was subsequently replaced by ozone (O3) as the active oxidant and the following reaction took place:[16][17]
2 Al(CH3)3 + O3 → Al2O3 + 3 C2H6
The Al2O3 films prepared using O3 show 10–100 times lower leakage current density compared with those prepared by H2O.
Known as alundum (in fused form) or aloxite[18] in the mining, ceramic, and materials science communities, aluminium oxide finds wide use. Annual world production of aluminium oxide is approximately 45 million tonnes, over 90% of which is used in the manufacture of aluminium metal.[6] The major uses of specialty aluminium oxides are in refractories, ceramics, and polishing and abrasive applications. Large tonnages are also used in the manufacture of zeolites, coating titania pigments, and as a fire retardant/smoke suppressant.
The great majority of aluminium oxide is consumed for the production of aluminium, usually by the Hall–Héroult process.
Being fairly chemically inert and white, aluminium oxide is a favored filler for plastics. Aluminium oxide is a common ingredient in sunscreen and is sometimes present in cosmetics such as blush, lipstick, and nail polish.
Aluminium oxide catalyses a variety of reactions that are useful industrially. In its largest scale application, aluminium oxide is the catalyst in the Claus process for converting hydrogen sulfide waste gases into elemental sulfur in refineries. It is also useful for dehydration of alcohols to alkenes.
Aluminium oxide serves as a catalyst support for many industrial catalysts, such as those used in hydrodesulfurization and some Ziegler-Natta polymerizations.
Aluminium oxide is widely used to remove water from gas streams. Other major applications are described below.[19]
Aluminium oxide is used for its hardness and strength. It is widely used as an abrasive, including as a much less expensive substitute for industrial diamond. Many types of sandpaper use aluminium oxide crystals. In addition, its low heat retention and low specific heat make it widely used in grinding operations, particularly cutoff tools. As the powdery abrasive mineral aloxite, it is a major component, along with silica, of the cue tip "chalk" used in billiards. Aluminium oxide powder is used in some CD/DVD polishing and scratch-repair kits. Its polishing qualities are also behind its use in toothpaste. Aluminium oxide can be grown as a coating on aluminium by anodising or by plasma electrolytic oxidation (see the "Properties" above). Both its strength and abrasive characteristics originate from the high hardness (9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness) of aluminium oxide.
Aluminium oxide output in 2005
Aluminium oxide flakes are used in paint for reflective decorative effects, such as in the automotive or cosmetic industries.
Composite fiber
Aluminium oxide has been used in a few experimental and commercial fiber materials for high-performance applications (e.g., Fiber FP, Nextel 610, Nextel 720).[20] Alumina nanofibers in particular have become a research field of interest.
Abrasion protection
Alumina is used to manufacture tiles which are attached inside pulverized fuel lines and flue gas ducting on coal fired power stations to protect high wear areas. They are not suitable for areas with high impact forces as these tiles are brittle and susceptible to breakage.
Aluminum oxide is used as catalyst for the decomposition of hydrazine in Chemical-reaction Monopropellant rockets.
In lighting, transparent aluminium oxide is used in some sodium vapor lamps.[21] Aluminium oxide is also used in preparation of coating suspensions in compact fluorescent lamps.
In chemistry laboratories, aluminium oxide is a medium for chromatography, available in basic (pH 9.5), acidic (pH 4.5 when in water) and neutral formulations.
Health and medical applications include it as a material in hip replacements.[6]
As well, it is used as a dosimeter for radiation protection and therapy applications for its optically stimulated luminescence properties.
Aluminium oxide is an electrical insulator used as a substrate (silicon on sapphire) for integrated circuits but also as a tunnel barrier for the fabrication of superconducting devices such as single electron transistors and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).
Insulation for high-temperature furnaces is often manufactured from aluminium oxide. Sometimes the insulation has varying percentages of silica depending on the temperature rating of the material. The insulation can be made in blanket, board, brick and loose fiber forms for various application requirements.
Small pieces of aluminium oxide are often used as boiling chips in chemistry.
It is also used to make spark plug insulators.
Using a plasma spray process and mixed with titania, it is coated onto the braking surface of some bicycle rims to provide abrasion and wear resistance.
Most ceramic eyes on fishing rods are circular rings made from aluminum oxide.
Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE)
List of alumina refineries
Micro-Pulling-Down
Transparent alumina
^ a b Material Properties Data: Alumina (Aluminum Oxide). Makeitfrom.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-17.
^ a b
^ a b c d e
^ a b c
^ Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Perrotta, Anthony J.; Wefers, Karl and Williams, F. S. (2002) "Aluminum Oxide" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_557.
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Aluminium compounds
Al(I)
AlCl
Al2O
Al(II)
AlB2
AlB12
Al(III)
Al(BH4)3
AlBr3
AlCl3
AlF3
AlH3
Al(NO3)3
Al(OH)3
AlPO4
AlSb
Al(C5H7O2)3
Al(MnO4)3
Al2(MoO4)3
Al2S3
Al2(SO4)3
Al2Se3
Al2Te3
Al2SiO5
Al4C3
AlOHO
Al(OH)2CO2C17H5
NaAlH2(OC2H4OCH3)2
Organoaluminium(III) compounds
(Al(CH3)3)2
(Al(C2H5)3)2
Al(CH2CH(CH3)2)3
Al(C2H5)2Cl
Al(C2H5)2CN
Al(CH2CH(CH3)2)2H
Al(C2H5)2Cl2C2H5Cl
Ti(C5H5)2CH2ClAl(CH3)2
Mixed oxidation states
Antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4)
Cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4)
Iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4)
Lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O4)
Manganese(II,III) oxide (Mn3O4)
Silver(I,III) oxide (Ag2O2)
Triuranium octoxide (U3O8)
+1 oxidation state
Copper(I) oxide (Cu2O)
Dicarbon monoxide (C2O)
Dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O)
Lithium oxide (Li2O)
Potassium oxide (K2O)
Rubidium oxide (Rb2O)
Silver oxide (Ag2O)
Thallium(I) oxide (Tl2O)
Sodium oxide (Na2O)
Aluminium(II) oxide (AlO)
Barium oxide (BaO)
Beryllium oxide (BeO)
Cadmium oxide (CdO)
Calcium oxide (CaO)
Chromium(II) oxide (CrO)
Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO)
Iron(II) oxide (FeO)
Lead(II) oxide (PbO)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Mercury(II) oxide (HgO)
Nickel(II) oxide (NiO)
Palladium(II) oxide (PdO)
Strontium oxide (SrO)
Sulfur monoxide (SO)
Tin(II) oxide (SnO)
Titanium(II) oxide (TiO)
Vanadium(II) oxide (VO)
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3)
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3)
Bismuth(III) oxide (Bi2O3)
Boron trioxide (B2O3)
Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3)
Dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3)
Erbium(III) oxide (Er2O3)
Gadolinium(III) oxide (Gd2O3)
Gallium(III) oxide (Ga2O3)
Holmium(III) oxide (Ho2O3)
Indium(III) oxide (In2O3)
Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3)
Lanthanum oxide (La2O3)
Lutetium(III) oxide (Lu2O3)
Nickel(III) oxide (Ni2O3)
Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6)
Promethium(III) oxide (Pm2O3)
Rhodium(III) oxide (Rh2O3)
Samarium(III) oxide (Sm2O3)
Scandium oxide (Sc2O3)
Terbium(III) oxide (Tb2O3)
Thallium(III) oxide (Tl2O3)
Thulium(III) oxide (Tm2O3)
Titanium(III) oxide (Ti2O3)
Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3)
Ytterbium(III) oxide (Yb2O3)
Yttrium(III) oxide (Y2O3)
Cerium(IV) oxide (CeO2)
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2)
Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4)
Germanium dioxide (GeO2)
Hafnium(IV) oxide (HfO2)
Lead dioxide (PbO2)
Manganese dioxide (MnO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Plutonium(IV) oxide (PuO2)
Rhodium(IV) oxide (RhO2)
Ruthenium(IV) oxide (RuO2)
Selenium dioxide (SeO2)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Tellurium dioxide (TeO2)
Thorium dioxide (ThO2)
Tin dioxide (SnO2)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Tungsten(IV) oxide (WO2)
Uranium dioxide (UO2)
Vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2)
Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2)
Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5)
Arsenic pentoxide (As2O5)
Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)
Niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5)
Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5)
Vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5)
Chromium trioxide (CrO3)
Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3)
Rhenium trioxide (ReO3)
Selenium trioxide (SeO3)
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Tellurium trioxide (TeO3)
Tungsten trioxide (WO3)
Uranium trioxide (UO3)
Xenon trioxide (XeO3)
Dichlorine heptoxide (Cl2O7)
Manganese heptoxide (Mn2O7)
Rhenium(VII) oxide (Re2O7)
Technetium(VII) oxide (Tc2O7)
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)
Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4)
Xenon tetroxide (XeO4)
Oxides are sorted by oxidation state. Category:Oxides
Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier
Chemical articles having a data page
Chemboxes which contain changes to watched fields
WorldHeritage articles needing clarification from August 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014
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Sesquioxides
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Manganese, Aluminium, Iron, Oxygen, Silicon
Oxygen, Argon, Hydrogen, Helium, Gold
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Aluminium, Iron, Welding, Copper, Carbon
Diamond, Chromium, Myanmar, Pakistan, Wyoming