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text:
~games.game_design
"There's space in the medium for ultra-hard games." - Capybara's "Below" and the difficulty in crafting difficulty
Posted March 6, 2019 by Deimos
Tags: below, interviews, capybara games
https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/03/05/theres-space-in-the-medium-for-ultra-hard-games-below-and-the-difficulty-in-crafting-difficulty/
The fact is that it's really easy to make a hard game. The key is making a game that's also fun. That's where many developers are lost. They confuse the enjoyment of getting better, with the...
The fact is that it's really easy to make a hard game. The key is making a game that's also fun. That's where many developers are lost. They confuse the enjoyment of getting better, with the enjoyment of the game itself (ie: level design, animations, gameplay, etc.)
I can find hundreds of games that are hard (like the one mentioned in the article), but how many of them are truly well made games and fun ?
Take a look at From Software games. It's been 10 years since their first game and they are still trying to figure out how to make a game that has a high skill ceiling, great gameplay, great story, etc.
I don't fall for the narrative that a lot of indie game developers tend to push. They always make games that focus on a few gimmicks and think they're the antidote to the video game industry's problems. It's easy to blame the audience for being too dumb to understand what a good game is. People nowadays aren't reluctant to playing hard games at all. They just want good games that live up to today's standards.
Firara
I think the problem with making difficult games is that a significant portion of people play casually and these ultra hard games aren't friendly to casual players. The game looks promising though...
I think the problem with making difficult games is that a significant portion of people play casually and these ultra hard games aren't friendly to casual players.
The game looks promising though amd roguelikes are usually really hard.
Akir
I actually think you are selling it far too short. Ultra difficult games require devotion. If you don't play for more than a few days you lose your muscle memory and are put even further behind....
I actually think you are selling it far too short. Ultra difficult games require devotion. If you don't play for more than a few days you lose your muscle memory and are put even further behind. If you have a remotely busy lifestyle, you will not be able to complete a game of high difficulty.
pleure
I haven't played Below, but I have played Sword and Sworcery (and it's one of my favorite games ever). From what I've read about it the difficulty is very much central to the game's theme, just as...
I haven't played Below, but I have played Sword and Sworcery (and it's one of my favorite games ever). From what I've read about it the difficulty is very much central to the game's theme, just as having to wait for the real life lunar cycle in S&S forced you to fully consider what you were doing to the Scythian. And therein lies the problem, I think, most people play games purely for entertainment while it seems like, just like with S&S, Capy has gone for an "audiovisual experience" with Below.
4 comments (3 threads)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dentists face the highest risks of tinnitus and noise induced hearing loss.
Did you know that an average of 37% of all Dentists suffers from tinnitus and noise induced hearing loss?
This means that if you're not wearing hearing protection, you're putting yourself and your staff at risk for irreversible hearing damage, tinnitus, and noise-induced hearing loss, leading to lifelong pain and discomfort, workman's compensation claims, and a shorter career.
This is why we created "The One" Series, Dentist Custom Hearing Protection.
Many dentists also engage in noisy hobbies that compound the effect of tinnitus and hearing damage at an early age.
Our family of products ensures that you can engage in all your diverse lifestyle activities while fully protecting your hearing.
Did you know that an average of 37% of all Dentists suffers from tinnitus?
This means that if you're not wearing dental hearing protection, you're putting yourself and your staff at risk for irreversible hearing damage, leading to lifelong pain and discomfort, workman's compensation claims, and a shorter career.
Many dentists also engage in noisy hobbies that compound the effect of tinnitus and hearing damage at an early age. Our family of products ensures that you can engage in all your diverse lifestyle activities while fully protecting your hearing.
The One ® is a specialized patented product and the only Dentist Custom Hearing Protection on the market that allows dental professionals to hear everything going on around them and hear others clearly.
You will protect yourself and your entire dental team from permanent hearing damage without compromising your ability to hear the most important parts of your job.
The noise from dental drilling evokes dread from most dental patients.
For dental professionals, drilling is a daily routine and most seem to have adapted to it.
This noise is so common it almost becomes background noise.
The suction and drills work simultaneously, and the equipment and chair positions also dictate noise level.
Protecting your hearing is imperative for you and your career and to prevent unwanted tinnitus and noise-induced hearing loss.
Due to the equipment and activities in the practice, the risks of tinnitus and noise induced hearing loss increases.
The inner ear slowly deteriorates from the continuous exposure to irritating noise.
It might start with constant buzzing or ringing in one or both ears. Escalation to a more serious inability to understand speech is another factor.
The innovation of customized dental ear plugs enables dental professionals to properly communicate with their patients while working is significant.
he One is Dentist Custom Hearing Protection that interprets noises entering the ear and allow all natural, harmless sound to pass through the ear while reducing harmful noise and damaging frequencies to the ear.
The primary filter reduces the noise entering the dental plug. This includes noise from dental surgery equipment and patient voices.
The One® Premium Series comes with four sets of filters that work within the dental plug.
You also have one set of non-linear plugs and one tactical piece for intra-office communication.
Protecting your ears from irritating noise while working is important. This will ensure that your hearing is preserved and prevents any chances of tinnitus, a silent condition affecting most dental practitioners.
The Dentist Custom Hearing Protection is specifically designed to protect dental professionals from damaging frequencies while keeping you aware and alert to the sound around you thus preventing tinnitus and noise-induced hearing loss.
Big Ear will come to your office if you have a group.


text:
A report on Al Jackson Jr.
American drummer, producer, and songwriter.
- Al Jackson Jr.
Donald "Duck" Dunn
American bass guitarist, session musician, record producer, and songwriter.
Booker T. and the M.G.'s was founded by Cropper and Booker T. Jones in 1962, with the drummer Al Jackson, Jr. The original bassist, on early hits such as "Green Onions", was Lewie Steinberg; Dunn replaced him in 1965.
Steve Cropper
American guitarist, songwriter and record producer.
He became a founding member of the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, along with Hammond organ player Booker T. Jones, bassist Lewie Steinberg (who was replaced by Donald "Duck" Dunn soon thereafter) and drummer Al Jackson Jr. As a house guitarist, he played on many recordings such as "(Sittin' On) the Dock of the Bay", co-written with and performed by Otis Redding and Sam & Dave's "Soul Man" on which he was mentioned by name.
American instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul.
The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones (organ, piano), Steve Cropper (guitar), Lewie Steinberg (bass), and Al Jackson Jr. (drums).
Booker T. Jones
American musician, songwriter, record producer and arranger, best known as the frontman of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s.
It was here that he met Al Jackson Jr., whom he brought to Stax.
Stax Records
American record company, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee.
Jones, Steinberg and Cropper were joined in mid-1962 by drummer Al Jackson, Jr. to form Booker T. & the M.G.'s, an instrumental combo that would record numerous hit singles in their own right and served as the de facto house band for virtually every recording made at Stax from 1962 through about 1970.
American singer and songwriter.
His lean and powerful style exemplified the Stax sound; he was said to be "the heart and soul of Stax", while artists such as Al Jackson, Dunn and Cropper helped to expand its structure.
The genesis of "In the Midnight Hour" was a recording session on May 12, 1965, at which Wexler worked out a powerful rhythm track with studio musicians Steve Cropper and Al Jackson of the Stax Records house band, including bassist Donald "Duck" Dunn.
Eddie Floyd
American R&B and soul singer and songwriter, best known for his work on the Stax record label in the 1960s and 1970s, including the No. 1 R&B hit song "Knock on Wood".
The song "Big Bird" (featuring Booker T. Jones on organ and guitar, Al Jackson, Jr. on drums, and Donald "Duck" Dunn on bass) was written while Floyd waited in a London airport for a plane back to the United States for Otis Redding's funeral.
Memphis Music Hall of Fame
The Memphis Music Hall of Fame, located in Memphis, Tennessee, honors Memphis musicians for their lifetime achievements in music.
Al Jackson, Jr.
American blues guitarist and singer whose playing influenced many other blues guitarists.
Produced by Al Jackson Jr., King with Booker T. & the MGs recorded dozens of influential sides, such as "Crosscut Saw" and "As the Years Go Passing By".


text:
Deloitte : Removing local navigation
The way back is made harder for some alumni.
Deloitte, one of the 'Big Four' accountancy firms, targets alumni but then isolates them on its UK site. Deloitte has a country-based web estate that matches its federal organisation and is based on a shared template in which primary navigation is split between a subsidiary string in the header bar and a set beneath. On the United Kingdom country site the subsidiary string includes Alumni; clicking on it leads to an overview page on which all primary navigation is missing. A solitary Home link is provided but refreshes the overview page rather than leading back to the country home page. The only other live links on the page are to log in or register; and the logo, which does lead back to the UK home page. 'Alumni' features on several other country sites as a link to an overview page (for example, Canada, Ireland, United States) but in these cases the page retains the full primary navigation suite and has live links to featured content as well as to log in or register.
Deloitte's inclusion of 'Alumni' in its primary navigation typifies the importance placed by many of the global consultancy firms on their 'collegiate' networks. Its common top-level branding to hold together a federated structure on- and offline is also characteristic of such companies. But for the UK the local management of the country site has clearly gone off course if not off message. While the Alumni section is intended generally as a log-in portal, with the amount of 'open' content left to local discretion, the absence in the UK of all primary navigation disrupts the coherence of the site while also making navigating away from the page difficult. The problem with the UK site appears at one level to be technical: the Alumni page is on an https and deloitte.co.uk URL whereas the rest of the site is http and a UK extension of deloitte.com; it is thus integrated as a section heading but acts as a standalone page. But the fact Alumni is fully part of country sites elsewhere may be indicative of issues around the governance of global branding or of quality assurance at local level in the migration to the dotcom platform.
https://www.deloitte.co.uk/alumni/login.cfm
First published 08 November, 2011


Melden Sie sich an, um vollen Zugriff auf den Grabstein-Datensatz von שיינה יפה קרקובסקי zu erhalten.
Wir haben weitere Einträge über שיינה יפה קרקובסקי gefunden.
שיינה יפה קרקובסקי ist auf dem Netsakh Cemetery an der auf der Karte unten angezeigten Position beerdigt. Diese GPS-Informationen sind NUR bei BillionGraves verfügbar. Unsere Technologie kann Ihnen helfen, die Grabstelle und andere Familienmitglieder zu finden, die in der Nähe beerdigt sind.
שיינה יפה קרקובסקי war 16 Jahre alt, als World War II: Nazi Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, beginning the European phase of World War II. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
שיינה יפה קרקובסקי war 18 Jahre alt, als World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, intending to neutralize the United States Pacific Fleet from influencing the war Japan was planning to wage in Southeast Asia. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
שיינה יפה קרקובסקי war 30 Jahre alt, als Jonas Salk announced the successful test of his polio vaccine on a small group of adults and children (vaccination pictured). Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed one of the first successful polio vaccines. Born in New York City, he attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician. In 1939, after earning his medical degree, Salk began an internship as a physician scientist at Mount Sinai Hospital. Two years later he was granted a fellowship at the University of Michigan, where he would study flu viruses with his mentor Thomas Francis, Jr.
שיינה יפה קרקובסקי war 41 Jahre alt, als Martin Luther King Jr. received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolence. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi helped inspire.
שיינה יפה קרקובסקי war 55 Jahre alt, als Jim Jones led more than 900 members of the Peoples Temple to mass murder/suicide in Jonestown, Guyana, hours after some of its members assassinated U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan (pictured). James Warren Jones was an American religious cult leader who initiated and was responsible for a mass suicide and mass murder in Jonestown, Guyana. He considered Jesus Christ as being in compliance with an overarching belief in socialism as the correct social order. Jones was ordained as a Disciples of Christ pastor, and he achieved notoriety as the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple cult.
שיינה יפה קרקובסקי war 63 Jahre alt, als Space Shuttle program: STS-51-L mission: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board. The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.


text:
class Gigasecond
  SECONDS = 10**9

  def self.from(seconds)
    seconds + SECONDS
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Did someone say move-in ready?
This Queen Creek home is ready for your personal touch! Tons of room for entertainment and storage. The first floor is completely tiled with 20"x20" staggered tiles. Neutral colors throughout the home. Guest bedroom is downstairs. Access the second story via a beautiful staircase. Upstairs features a massive master suite, loft and two additional bedrooms. Low maintenance front and backyard, so you can spend more time doing the things you love!


text:
210 Carlson Parkway North
Plymouth MN 55447 United States
Country Inn & Suites by Radisson, Minneapolis West, MN
https://www.countryinns.com/plymouth-hotel-mn-55447/mnmouth
Hotel Deals - Not Selected
Sports Approved Program
Explore Area - Selected
Sports Teams - Not Selected
Explore Area
Minneapolis Convenience, Suburban Calm
Make your Minnesota vacation home at the Country Inn & Suites in Plymouth, MN. Kids and avid shoppers love being close to the internationally renowned Mall of America, and the shops at Ridgedale Center are less than two miles away. Art lovers can spend the day exploring the nearby Minneapolis Institute of Art before catching a show at Chanhassen Dinner Theatres. Sports fans, cheer on your favorite teams at Target Field or Target Center, both less than a 20-minute drive from our hotel. After a busy day of meetings at the nearby offices of corporations like Wells Fargo and General Mills, you can enjoy plenty of exciting things to do at spots like Bde Maka Ska Park and the Guthrie Theater.
Family Fun:
Bde Maka Ska Park (11 miles)
You can enjoy outdoor sports like fishing, swimming, sailing and biking at this local lake, one of the seven bodies of water in the Chain of Lakes that encircles Minneapolis.
Lake Minnetonka and Three Rivers Parks District (10 miles)
Encompassing more than 14,500 acres of waterfront fun, Lake Minnetonka and the Three Rivers Parks District provide ideal spots for biking, kayaking, golfing and picnicking along the shore.
Minnehaha Regional Park (16 miles)
Pack a picnic, load up the bikes and take a family trip to Minnehaha Regional Park. Marvel at the 53-foot waterfall or go for a hike. There are playgrounds on site, too.
Minnesota Children's Museum (20.4 miles)
Expanded to include 10 new exhibits, this museum is one of the finest in the Twin Cities. Watch your kids learn and play at hands-on activities like The Scramble, a 40-foot-tall structure with a spiral slide and netted catwalks.
Minnesota Landscape Arboretum (14 miles)
Whether you prefer carnivorous plants or Japanese gardens, this 1,137-acre botanical center has exhibits, trails and events sure to bring color to your day.
Chanhassen Dinner Theatres (9 miles)
Book your tickets for a night of comedy, drama, suspense or mystery at one of the largest dinner theaters in North America.
Guthrie Theater (10 miles)
This award-winning, 55-year-old theater brings to life productions like South Pacific and To Kill a Mockingbird.
Old Log Theatre (10 miles)
Old Log is the oldest professional theater in the state of Minnesota. If you're seeing a matinee, plan to eat lunch at the Cast & Cru Restaurant on site.
Museums and Historic Sites:
American Swedish Institute (12 miles)
Bring the whole family to tour the 33 elegant rooms of historic Turnblad Mansion, where you can learn about the culture of Sweden and of Swedish immigrants to the United States.
The Landing (17 miles)
Explore what life was like for those who farmed the rich land of the Minnesota River Valley in the 1880s at this living history settlement.
Minneapolis Institute of Art (11 miles)
Explore 89,000 works of art originating from six continents and spanning more than 20,000 years. If your time is limited, make sure to visit the Asian collection, which includes beautiful jade and ceramic pieces.
Walker Art Center (10 miles)
Housing visual arts, performing arts, design and new media, the Walker Art Center is the place to go for galleries, sculptures and gardens.
Mall of America (18 miles)
It's the largest mall in North America and the most-visited mall in the world! Featuring more than 500 stores, an amusement park and an aquarium, the Mall of America is a one-stop entertainment center.
Ridgedale Center (1.5 miles)
More than one million square feet of national retail chains, boutique shops and fun eateries all sit under one roof near I-394/U.S. 12.
The Shoppes at Arbor Lakes (10 miles)
Search for deals at some of your favorite stores like Gap and Williams-Sonoma before sitting down to dinner at P.F. Chang's.
Sporting Events and Conventions:
Minneapolis Convention Center (9 miles)
With 87 exhibit halls, the Minneapolis Convention Center hosts top events and trade shows throughout the year.
Target Center (10.4 miles)
Hosting big names like Alan Jackson, shows like Cirque du Soleil's Crystal and NBA Timberwolves basketball, this downtown Minneapolis exhibition center offers something to keep you entertained all year long.
Target Field (10.8 miles)
Root for the home-team Minnesota Twins at this beautiful, open-air baseball park in the North Loop district of downtown Minneapolis.


The Rock Wall Climb at Waypoint 2 makes Pronghorn Trail one of the harder and more popular trails in the Hungry Valley SVRA (State Vehicular Recreation Area). Hungry Valley is just outside of the Gorman and Frazier Park mountain communities in Southern California. Over 130 miles of motorcycle, ATV and 4x4 trails spiderweb throughout this 19,000 acre park. The park's trails include hill climbs, sand washes, wide dirt trails, narrow off-camber shelf roads and a designated 4 wheel drive practice area.
The Pronghorn trailhead is on the northwest side of Pipeline Road. Watch for a break in the bushes and a sign at the center of the Y leading into Pronghorn.
This is the reason you run Pronghorn. Or, maybe the reason you don't complete it. This steep, long rock face is what gives this trail a technical rating of 5. There is no bypass around this obstacle, unless you skip the entire south half of the trail.
Continue straight to stay on Pronghorn Trail. The motocross track, flush toilets and sinks with running water are to your left.
Continue straight to stay on Pronghorn Trail. The gate on the west side of the trail is the East Leg of the Quail Pass North Loop (currently closed). Just ahead is where the trail turns to a narrow shelf road.
This turnout has space for 3-4 vehicles. This is a good place to stop and look ahead at how the trail cuts into the side of the hills.
One last tight turn and a Steep Drop mark the end of the moderate section of this trail. It is easy riding from here on out.
Continue straight (the middle trail) to stay on Pronghorn Trail.
Pronghorn Trail ends at this locked gate. Cow Trail is to the left / north. This part of Cow Trail will loop back to Powerline Road, just northwest of Waypoint 7.
From Santa Clarita; Follow I-5 north for about 26 miles. Take exit 195 for Smokey Bear Road. Turn left onto Smokey Bear Road. Turn left onto Pyramid Lake Road. Turn right onto Hungry Valley Road. After 1.2 miles on Hungry Valley Road, stop at the south entrance kiosk and pay the ranger $5 ($10 if you are camping). Continue straight about a half mile and turn right on Pipeline Road. Follow Pipeline Road for 0.6 miles and the Pronghorn trailhead will be on your right.
There are multiple campgrounds scattered throughout Hungry Valley. All include tables, shade, fire-rings and vault toilets. All, with the exception of the Honey Valley Group Camp, are first come, first served and $10 per night, paid at the park entrance. The more desirable campgrounds here are Circle Canyon and Cottonwood Campground which have hills surrounding them, providing natural noise and wind barriers.
G. Martin, gm4x4 on Youtube , is a California native, born and raised in northern California and now living and wheeling in southern California. He enjoys exploring new trails and setting up camp in the remote outdoors. You may come across him in the middle of the Mojave Desert, the mountains of Big Bear, in the central Sierras near Shaver Lake or any other dirty, rocky road in the southwest. TrailsOffroad offers a focus point in G.Martin's offroad exploration.
Q: Do you need a locker for that rock climb or can a stock 4x4 Tacoma with open diffs make it up?
A: No lockers needed. Open difs will do it.
Fun trail wasn't to hard for anything with 4lo all it was fun to watch the other group after us make it up as well. Stock tacoma made it up in crawl mode like nothing. Definitely going to visit again.
Super fun, easy trail. The only challenge was the large rock climb at waypoint 2, but my stock Wrangler Unlimited Rubicon handled it just fine. We continued along Powerline Road and made the loop around the entire main section of the park. Beautiful views and we were the only ones on the trail all day!
Fun trail. Anything with 4lo can do the hill climb easily, but be sure to pick a good line as it is possible to slide around a bit.
We did Pronghorn Trail while I still had my OEM street tires and had a blast! We came from the north (opposite direction of this report) and headed south, down the hill. The pucker factor was up to about a 7/10 trying to get my truck into the correct position before heading down. We visited the motocross area too and watched as it was open to the public and there were quite a few motorcycle riders on the track.


I'm a writer (whoopie, aren't we all?) and I've been making money at it since the early 80s (so, nannie nannie boo boo.) I'm working on a young adult novel to supplement my vast wealth accrued as a writer for children's magazines (well, that and the cash I made shaking down gullible Nigerians). I decided to make a blog because I have no sense at all and thought I really needed one more project!


For as long as I can remember, I have believed one person can make a difference in their community -and beyond. This led me to advocacy and activism early in life. I started volunteering and fundraising at 9, canvassing at 12, tutoring at 16, and I've stayed involved. A little over a year ago, I deepened my commitment to community service by joining the PCHTF board.
My neighborhood, Capitol Park, is really diverse – culturally, economically, and otherwise. It's clear to anyone who lives and works in an area like mine that we need diverse housing choices, as well. We have people with good jobs, people with no jobs, people who have generational homes, and people who rent by choice – much like in the rest of the city.
I think this is why the Can I Be Your Neighbor campaign resonated so much with me. It features people like me, who have jobs that help our community thrive, but that don't pay enough to afford housing in many communities. Most neighborhoods simply don't have a mix of housing options to match the various incomes of local jobs.
Community service is, as I said, meaningful to me, but serving on the PCHTF board has also been very educational. Since Polk County Supervisor Tom Hockensmith appointed me to the board, I've learned a lot about the advocacy, planning, and funding of affordable housing for low-and moderate-income households. I've learned jargon like AMI (area median income), and how it applies. For example, someone in Polk County making AMI earns $57,500, and housing that's considered affordable for them (taking less than 30% of their income) would cost about $1,400 per month. The AMI figures that are referenced most often are 30% and 60% of AMI, which in Polk County would be $17,300 and $34,560, respectively.
I've also learned that Polk and eastern Dallas Counties are almost 8,000 units short of meeting the demand for single people making less than $15,000 a year (or someone at about 30% AMI). And according to a report provided by Hubbell, vacancy rates on the west and south sides of Des Moines are at their lowest levels in a decade – 3.1% and 3.7% respectively. Good news for landlords and sellers, very bad news for renters and buyers.
The numbers are important for policy and budget decisions, but it's even more important to remember what the numbers mean for real people: our colleagues, neighbors, and friends. Rather than thinking in terms of housing units, I encourage people to think in terms of families with stable homes.
Having a safe, stable home is important to physical health, emotional wellbeing, academic achievement, and so much more. I was lucky enough to grow up in a safe, stable home here in Polk County, and I believe everyone deserves the same opportunity. That's why I'm so invested in this work. There is a lot of work to do to improve equity and access, and it can seem daunting and slow, but I know that if we stay committed we're up for the challenge.
That brings to mind a popular quotation: "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has" (Margaret Mead).
Housing is one important issue that needs our attention, especially because of its many effects on community and individual health, but of course there are more. I invite everyone reading this to consider where your efforts are needed and work with decision-makers to make a difference. Join a board or commission, volunteer in other ways, and contact elected officials. We have some of the most accessible leaders in the country, and they are genuinely receptive to community input.
Chelsea Lepley is a Senior Strategic Writer at Accenture and the past President of the Capitol Park Neighborhood Association. She has served on the PCHTF Board of Directors since 2016, and currently chairs the Policy Committee.
© 2019 Polk County Housing Trust Fund.


text:
Digerdöden i Mellanöstern  ägde rum 1347–1349. Den mesta information om digerdöden i Mellanöstern skildrar den i mamluksultanatet i Egypten och i Syrien, samt i mindre del Nordafrika och den södra (moriska) pyreneiska halvön, medan information om Iran och den arabiska halvön är bristfällig.   Digerdöden i Kairo tillhörde de största demografiska katastroferna under digerdöden.

Bakgrund
I Europa spreds det vid denna tid många välkända berättelser om hur digerdöden härjade i "Östern", som gick ut på att farsoten kommit från det hållet och blev värre ju längre österut man kom; västerländska krönikörer som Gabriele de' Mussis föreställde sig att ormar och paddor regnade ned från himlen i Kina och sprutade in gift i människorna, att blod och eld regnade från himmeln i Indien vars städer förstördes av jordbävningar, och att dödstalen i Mellanöstern nådde enorma fantasisiffror på 480.000 på tre månader i "Babylon".  I verkligheten såg digerdöden inte mycket annorlunda ut än i Europa vare sig i frågan om intensitet eller påföljande effekter, då den i både Europa och Mellanöstern medverkade till en nedgångsperiod på många områden.  Huruvida digerdöden alls förekom i Indien är föremål för debatt. Delhisultanatets härskare Muhammad ibn Tughluq hade många centralasiatiska soldater i sin armé, och 1334-1335, under ett fälttåg i Sydindien, avbröts plötsligt kriget när en stor sjukdom utbröt i hans armé, och då han återvände till Delhi fanns endast en tredjedel kvar; det är okänt om denna epidemi var samma sjukdom som digerdöden, men den nämns i sammanhanget och det är ett faktum att Delhisultanatet krympte betydligt strax efter.

Förlopp

Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) beskriver digerdöden som en enorm katastrof i både öst och väst, som avfolkade byar och städer i sin väg, försvagade stammar och dynastier, ödelade civilisationen och fick riken att försvinna och slutligen åstadkom en "ny skapelse och en ny värld".

Mamluksultanatet

Nedre Egypten

Digerdöden nådde Egypten via fartyg som lade till i Alexandria hösten 1347. Under våren 1348 spred den sig sedan över Nedre Egypten och nådde sin kulmen mellan oktober 1348 och januari 1349, varefter den ebbade ut. Pesten i Alexandria är sämre dokumenterade än i Kairo men anses ha medverkat till stadens nedgång efter denna tid. Därifrån spred den sig österut mot provinsen Buhayrah, där myndigheterna inte kunde samla in distriktets skatter på grund av alla döda.

Medan pesten spred sig österut längs kusten övergavs trädgårdarna och konstbevattningssystemen längs kusten när både människor och deras djur dog. Arabiska källor påstår att fiskare i Damietta drog upp fiskar med pestbölder, men om detta stämmer är obekräftat, och skildringen beror möjligen på den allmänna tron att pesten drabbade allt levande.

Smittans spridning skapade en panik där landsbygdens innevånare flydde till städerna medan stadsborna flydde ut på landet. Provinsen Sharqyiah mellan Kairo och Alexandria lämnade ingen skörd detta år eftersom dess innevånare antingen dog eller flydde under juni. I Bilbais norr om Kairo staplades liken upp mot moskéns vägg och åts av hundar tills även hundarna avled.

Kairo

I september 1348 nådde pesten Kairo, som vid denna tidpunkt var större än alla andra städer i Europa, Medelhavsområdet och Mellanöstern. När smittan bröt ut flydde den regerande sultanen till sitt residens Siryaqus på landet utanför staden, där han kvarblev från 25 september till 22 december medan pesten ägde rum i Kairo.

Liken blev snart så många att likbårarna tog slut och kropparna fick bäras bort på plankor och korgar, gravplatserna tog slut och myndigheterna fick ordna massgravar utanför staden. De som engagerades för att bära lik i begravningsprocessioner och recitera böner krävde allt högre betalning, samtidigt som åskådarna flydde från begravningsprocessionerna.  Liksom i Europa ordnades offentliga böneprocessioner med läsning av religiösa texter. Samtida krönikörer hävdar att dödstalen bland mamluksoldaterna var särskilt högt: i verkligheten torde det inte ha varit högre än för andra kategorier, men det märktes tydligt eftersom de var en minoritet och representerade ordningsmakten, och de evakuerade inte utan stannade i Kairo under pesten för att inte förlora kontrollen över staden.

Digerdöden i Kairo resulterade i 200.000 personers eller en tredjedel av stadens innevånare.  Befolkningsminskningen var synbar: arabiska krönikörer under 1400-talet påpekade hur Kairo hade förfallit, och hur många av stadens kvarter, bland dem den förut folkrika förstaden Fustat, förvandlats till folktomma ruinområden.  Av de koptiska kloster som fanns i öknen nordväst om Kairo, återstod bara sju av de omkring etthundra som hade funnits förut.

Övre Egypten

I början av 1349 nådde pesten Övre Egypten, där härjningar ska ha varit ännu värre. I regionen kring Asuyt fanns det före digerdöden i genomsnitt ett skatteunderlag på 6000 individer, och efter digerdöden återstod 116. Alla saknade behöver dock inte ha dött: digerdöden ledde till en avfolkning av landsbygden då bönderna, som flytt från smittan till städerna, inte ville vända tillbaka för att leva under godsägarna, och det rapporteras att hela 40 landbyggdsmoskér i Övre Egypten hade blivit överflödiga på grund av avfolkningen.  De bönder som flytt till städerna hamnade dock i en ny form av fara, då de spannmålsmagasin som moskéerna använde för att dela ut mat till de fattiga blev pesthärdar då de drog till sig råttor och loppor, och människors flykt spred smittan vidare.

Efterspel

I likhet med utvecklingen i Europa, hamnade även Egypten i en kris under senmedeltiden, då böldpesten också här återkom åtskilliga gånger under de följande seklen (58 gånger tiden 1347-1517), och befolkningsminskningen gjorde att skatteintäkterna krympte och konstbevattningsanläggningarna övergavs.  I likhet med utvecklingen i Västeuropa steg dock samtidigt lönerna för hantverkare och arbetare på grund av bristen på arbetskraft.

Syrien och Palestina

Digerdöden spred sig från Egypten till Palestina, där Gaza drabbades under april och maj 1348. Stadsbor flydde ut på landet - Gazas guvernör flydde till byn Budaarsh - och enligt krönikören Al-Maqrizi plundrades stadsbornas tomma hus av tjuvar, som dock sedan själva föll döda ned.  På landsbygden ska bönder ha fallit döda ned mitt ute i plöjningen, och i Jinin öster om Jordan påstås endast en enda gammal kvinna ha överlevt.

Sommaren 1348 hade pesten drabbat Damaskus, där böneprocessioner och fastekampanjer ordnades för att hindra smittan.  Både muslimer, kristna och samariter uppges ha deltagit tillsammans i bönetågen för att vädja till Gud att hejda farsoten.  De döda uppgick snart till så många tusental att begravningar ett tag inte kunde organiseras och liken fick ligga i trädgårdar, på gatorna och staplas så högt i Umayyadmoskén att inga fler fick plats; den 31 oktober 1348 räknade ibn Abi Hajalah till 263 lik staplade i moskén.  Digerdöden i Aleppo utbröt i oktober och skildras av krönikören Ibn-al Wadi, som själv avled i den. När digerdöden nådde Antiochia ska en stor del av stadens innevånare ha flytt från staden norrut, men ett tag därefter ska deras hästar ha återvänt utan ryttare, och senare återfanns flyktingarna döda på flyktvägen från staden.

Krönikören Ibn Battuta befann sig i Aleppo i juni 1348 då han fick höra att pesten nått Gaza, och avreste då ditåt för att se. Han passerade Homs, där smittan redan utbrutit, och bevittnade böneprocessionerna i Damaskus och nådde sedan fram till Jerusalem, där pesten tydligen nyss hade passerat, och nästan alla av de bekanta han kände i staden hade avlidit.  I Europa nämns att flera skepp vid denna tid drev omkring i medelhavet med enbart döda ombord, både kristna och muslimska.

Avfolkningen var märkbar länge efteråt. År 1434 beskrev resenären Betrandon de la Broquiere stora områden vid Hama och Antiochia i Syrien som avfolkade, och venetianska sändebud i Syrien under 1400-talet rapporterade hem om ett delvis ödelagt jordbruk.

Nordafrika

Nordafrika var vid denna tid en orolig region redan före digerdöden, på grund av den pågående expansionen av mariniderna i Marocko, och i april 1348 hade mariniderhärskaren Abu al-Hasan besegrats av nomadstammar nära Kairouan och tvingats dra sig tillbaka till Tunis. Det är inte känt hur smittan kom dit, men den har tillskrivits arméns förflyttning under den militära konflikten.  I juni omvittnas digerdöden i Tunis, där tusen personer ska ha avlidit samma månad.  När mariniderarmén återvände till Fez i Marocko från Tunis ska de ha fört med sig smittan på vägen ända bort till Atlantens kust.  Ibn al-Khatib försökte visa att isolering hjälpte mot smittan, och gav som exempel att beduinerna i Nordafrika klarade sig lindring därför att de levde isolerade i öknen.

Allmänt

Enligt samtida muslimska teologer, var pesten inte ett problem i religiöst hänseende: om en icke-muslim drabbades av pest var det att betrakta som en Guds straffdom, men om en muslim drabbades, var det däremot ett tecken på att Gud ville belöna den trogne genom en martyrdöd.  Därmed var det inte nödvändigt att vidta åtgärder mot smittorisken, vare sig att isolera de sjuka eller fly från smittan, eftersom pesten var en Guds gåva: istället rekommenderades att möta den med botgöring och bön.  Denna syn var den offentligt accepterade attityden mot pesten.  I praktiken förekom det att döma av krönikorna individer som såg det som en Guds straffdom snarare än som en gåva: Ibn-al-Wardi sade öppet att pesten var en Guds straff för muslimernas synder.  Det fanns också personer som Ibn al-Khatib, som menade att man kunde undgå sjukdomen genom isolation och karantän, men han anklagades då för kätteri.

Referenser

Digerdöden
Asien under 1300-talet
Egypten under 1300-talet
Syriens historia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia