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Home Lessons for the World from the Suez Canal Crisis
Lessons for the World from the Suez Canal Crisis
Prof Rajaram Panda
April 5 , 2021 Views: 4898 Comments: 0
The Suez Canal has never lost its newsworthiness because of its strategic location and significance in the realm of maritime trade. The 193-kilometre (120 mile) long canal, one of the world's most vital maritime arteries, was in news recently as a Japanese-owned megaship MV Ever Given, longer than four football fields and about the length of the Empire State Building, wedged diagonally across the span of the canal, en route from China to Europe was grounded in the canal, blocking the waterway in both directions for nearly a week, halting global trade through the canal, when finally the colossal container ship was set free by a salvage team on 29 March. Built in 2018, the Ever Given with a length of nearly 400 meters a quarter mile and width of 59 meters (193) feet is among the largest cargo ships in the world. It can carry some 220,000 containers at a time.1 The canal was originally engineered to handle smaller vessels but its channels have been widened and deepened several times at a cost of more than $8 billion to meet with demands of the increased maritime traffic.
Though there is no definite and conclusive evidence for the megaship's grounding, strong winds and weather factors were cited as the main reason. However Egypt's Suez Canal Authority (SCA) chief Lt. Gen. Osama Rabie rejected such argument, ascribing to possible technical or human errors as factors.2 Investigation is going on and the final reason for the grounding shall emerge after probe is over. Fortunately, there was no case of any fatalities, oil leak or pollution so far.
The huge traffic jam of more than 425 ships at both ends caused major delays in the delivery of oil and other products, forcing companies to re-route services from the vital shipping lane around Africa.3 This sent tremors through the world of maritime commerce. Yukito Higaki, the president of Shoei Kisen, which owns the ship, was hopeful to put the ship afloat soon and it did. Though the container vessel is set free now, it could take four to five days for the backlog is cleared and normalcy is restored. When the ship's technical manager – Bernhard Schulte Ship management (BSM) – had revealed initial snag in the refloating attempt, companies ferrying cargo had expressed concern. Their concern has now been allayed, albeit partially as insurance issue remains to be resolved.
Though the vessel has now been set free, the damage to the companies ferrying vessels laden with cargo would be incalculable, denting the economies of both the exporting and importing countries. The encouraging fact is that the giant vessel has not suffered any mechanical or engine failure because of its grounding. Because of the uncertainty involved, global shipping giants Maersk and Germany's Hapag-Lloyd had already explored options to re-route around the far longer route around the Cape of Good Hope in southern tip of Africa to get to Europe or the east coast of North America. The passage through Suez enables more direct shipping between Europe and Asia, eliminating the need to circumnavigate Africa. Even without re-routing now, the little less than a week delay would lead to substantial cost in insurance claims.
The blockage led to holding up of 213 vessels carrying an estimated $9.6 billion worth of cargo each day at either end of the canal linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. It is estimated that while westbound traffic is worth $5.1 billion daily, eastbound traffic is worth $4.5 billion.4 Many countries across the globe felt the impact. Oil from the Middle East is the main cargo from the Gulf to Western Europe while in the opposite direction, it is mostly manufactured goods and grain from Europe and North America headed to the Far East and Asia.5
This unusual development also unfolded a new strategic dimension. For example, Turkey offered to send a tugboat to help Egypt free the Panama-flagged vessel. It was seen as a move to mend ties with regional rivals. The United States also announced to extend help by deploying a team of Navy experts. Russia too made assistance offer.
How was the Vessel Freed and what next?
The breakthrough was a moment to rejoice by a flotilla of tugboats team. The salvage team successfully pulled the vessel toward the Great Bitter Lake, where it will now undergo technical inspection to assess its seaworthiness. Further decision on the vessel's future can be judged after investigation reports were completed.6
The global impact has already started unfolding. The blockage could trigger claims by everyone affected – from shipping companies to the commodities business. Insurance companies already feared a huge payout for stalled goods and containers. Over 300 container ships, bulk carriers, oil tankers and LNG vessels are expected to make insurance claims. Taiwan's Evergreen Line, which chartered the Ever Given, puts the cost of any loss on the ship's owner, Japan's Shoei Kisen Kaisha.7 For the war-wracked Syria, its fuel imports from Iran have been affected, forcing it to ration already scarce supplies. Eleven ships carrying livestock out of Romania were too impacted. Charity Animals International has warned of a potential "tragedy" affecting some 130,000 animals.8
The insurance companies would be the hardest hit in settling payment, which could take months. When insurers of the owners of the goods on board the Ever Given and other stalled ships seek claims, the insurers for cargo on board will in turn file claims against Ever Given's owners, who in turn look at their insurers for protection. If an insurance pay-out happens, premium will also increase. It is estimated that the liability claims against the owner of Ever Given could be to the tune of $3 billion or more.
What will be impact on India? Though the likely impact could be minimal, had the blockage continued for days and weeks as was feared initially, certain industries depending on Europe and the US for critical raw materials or parts or for those industries whose turnovers are driven by exports to these countries would have been severely impacted. Since some vessels which were stuck were bound for India, once these vessels resume their journeys, there could be pressure for a while on Indian ports on the west coast as many would be seeking berthing together or in rapid succession, according to R Balasundaram, executive Vice-President, Global Insurance.9
Why is the Suez Canal so important and what has been its Past?
This strategic waterway is very important for maritime trade for many countries. It is one of the world's busiest shipping lanes. About 12% of world trade by volume passes through the man-made channel connecting Europe and Asia. Therefore, the traffic jam caused by the 224,000-tonne Ever Given container ship disrupted the global flow of oil and gas, adversely impacting the economies of many countries.
According to the SCA, nearly 19,000 ships passed through the canal during 2020, an average of 51.5 ships per day, totalling 1.17 billion tonnes, and all squeezing the man-made channel. This is the second highest load in the history of the Suez.10 The cargo includes crude oil, refined products, finished goods like electronics and toys and even cattle. The Suez Canal is a major source of hard currency for Egypt. It earned $5.61 billion in tolls in 2020, despite global trade disruption owing to the pandemic.11
Separating the African continent from Asia, the Suez Canal provides the shortest sea link between Indian and western Pacific oceans. Its history dates back to 3,500 years but major modernisation took place in the 19th century to link the Mediterranean with the Red Sea via the river Nile. This artificial waterway has been a potential flash point for geopolitical conflict since it opened in 1869 and widened several times making it a vital international shipping passage. The Suez Canal is a crucial shortcut between Asia and Europe that saves ships from having to navigate around the southern tip of Africa.
Originally the canal was owned by French investors. When Egypt was under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century, construction started at the Port Said in early 1859. The excavation took 10 years and the project required an estimated 1.5 million workers. During this massive reconstruction project, Egypt is believed to have drafted every 10 months 20,000 peasants to execute the project. Many of them perished because of hard labour and diseases. The work was delayed when Egypt took up umbrage against colonial powers such as Britain and France, thereby not only delaying the project but also increase in final cost, almost double the initial estimated amount of $50 million.12
How Egypt regained control of the Canal?
Though Egypt had the legitimate right to control the canal, one colonial power – Britain – controlled the canal through the first two World Wars. But it withdrew its forces in 1956 after years of negotiations with Egypt, effectively relinquishing authority to the Egyptian government led by President Gamal Abdel Nasser.13 The same year after the British departed, Egypt nationalised the canal. Egypt also took other steps as it feared threats from Israel and its Western allies. This prompted shareholders Britain, France and Israel to militarily intervene. This resulted in closure of the canal for some time as well as in the risk of drawing in the US and the Soviet Union into the conflict.
At the time of its nationalization, Suez was 175 km long and 14m deep, and could take tankers with a capacity of about 27,000 tonnes to a depth of 10.7 metres. Since then its capacity has been expanded substantially. The Suez crisis ended after Egypt sank 40 ships. When finally the US and the Soviet Union intervened, Britain, France and Israel were forced to withdraw. The crisis ended in early 1957 when an agreement was reached supervised by the United Nations. The UN sent its first-ever peacekeeping force to the area but laid the path for the Cold War. In July 1957, Egypt established the SCA, which runs the waterways till today.
Through the maritime contestation by major colonial powers, the strategic waterway remained closed five times, the longest being the eight years from June 1967 to June 1975 when Egypt and some other Arab states fought Israel in what is known as the Arab-Israel war,14 the waterway became a frontline between Israeli and Egyptian military forces. Nasser' successor Anwar el-Sadat finally reopened the canal in June 1975 after taking full control following the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
What cost involved in prolonged closure of the canal?
With about 10-12 per cent of global maritime commercial traffic passing through this critical waterway, the prolonged closure could be hugely expensive for the owners of ships waiting to transit the canal. While some ship owners decided to cut their losses and re-route their vessels stuck in either side of the Suez and bound for the canal around Africa's Cape of Good Hope, the owner of the Ever Green is now facing millions of dollars in insurance claims and the cost of emergency salvage services.15 According to insurance company Lloyd estimate, it was losing about $400 million an hour in insurance cost. Egypt too risked losing a lot of money if the stuck vessel was not put afloat soon by reopening the waterway. The SCA chief estimates that Egypt lost about $12 to $14 million in revenue from the canal each day it remained closed.
India's concern
India has reason to be concerned about the economic impact of the prolonged closure of the canal. But what is more worrying is that all the 25-member crew, though unhurt and safe as of now, in the giant vessel are from India. India had chalked out a four-point plan to deal with the situation arising from the blockage, advising ships to re-route via Cape of Good Hope. The plan included prioritisation of cargo, freight rates, advisory to ports and re-routing the ships. All the 25 crew worked closely with all parties involved to re-float the vessel. Their hard work and tireless professionalism of the Master and crew was greatly appreciated.16 But there is a caveat to this: the crew members might face legal issues, including the possibility of criminal charges. They are likely to be kept under house arrest until the investigation reports are available. The captains and some crew members may also be restrained from travelling further. It would be unfortunate if the crew members are made scapegoats.17 The Indian government must respond appropriately to rescue the Indian crews.
As bulk of cotton from India or auto parts from China is dependent on this route, this latest incident is a reminder and warning about the power of globalisation and how much the global economy and trade is interconnected.
Concerns elsewhere
The closure of the canal affected oil and gas shipments to Europe from the Mideast which rely on the canal to avoid sailing around Africa. It is estimated that whenever the canal is closed for a day, it disrupts over $9 billion worth of goods that were supposed to pass through the waterway.
In Asia, Singapore's shipping industry felt the effects of global supply chain bottlenecks. There had been an increase in the number of commercial vessels docking and also a rise in container volume at its ports. As demand outstrips the available capacity of ships, container boxes and ports, there have been delays in shipping, adversely impacting the commercial sense of business. The blocking of the Suez Canal added to Singapore's bottlenecks.18
Though the old sections of the canal were reopened in an effort to ease congestion, this did not solve the fundamental problem as there was only one lane on the southern end where the megaship was stuck. The blockage hit world oil market as traders anticipated delays in deliveries. The prices oil rose by 6 per cent and might have surged further had the blockage prolonged. The SCA was tasked with freeing the stricken ship by deploying eight additional vessels. If efforts to remove the giant vessel from where it was stuck and refloated faced roadblock, the next possible step could have been be to remove some of its cargo by the use of cranes. As it transpired, that was not necessary.
Lessons for the world
The giant vessel now being set free, the world ought to grapple with future such eventualities. The global supply chain industry needs to introspect about the future and prepare how to cope with similar challenges. However, if nature poses as a challenge, no human effort or technology can be of any help. Therefore, the frailty of global trade and supply chains is expected to continue.19 Since the ship was sailing under a Panamanian flag, Panama and Egypt under the control of the SCA need to negotiate their respective roles to handle the issue and appropriate responsibility wherever it is to be fixed. Under standard procedures, two Egyptian canal pilots should have boarded the ship before it entered the canal to help it navigate, though the ship's captain had the final authority. This did not happen and could now be the sticking point. So, the problem is not over.
"All-India crew of cargo ship wedged in Egypt's Suez Canal safe; losses mount on", 27 March 2021, The Indian Express, https://indianexpress.com/article/world/all-india-crew-of-cargo-ship-wedged-in-egypts-suez-canal-safe-7247557/
"Strong wind not main reason for Suez ship grounding: Canal chief", 28 March 2021, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/strong-wind-reason-suez-ship-ever-given-grounding-canal-chief-14506498?cid=emarsys-cna_20210328_0000_CNA+Morning+Brief+Sunday+%280740%29_
"Megaship Blocking Suez Canal May Be Refloated Today: Owner", 27 March 2021, https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/megaship-blocking-suez-canal-may-be-refloated-saturday-owner-2400077
"Egypt's Suez Canal: A history of the key route", 24 March 2021, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/suez-canal-egypt-history-sea-trade-shipping-route-14479934?cid=h3_referral_inarticlelinks_24082018_cna
Suez Canal traffic resumes after stranded cargo ship is set free", 29 March 2021, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/ever-given-refloated-suez-canal-traffic-resumes-14518456?cid=emarsys-cna_20210330_0100_CNA+Morning+Brief+Mon+to+Sat+%280740%29_newsletter_
George Mathew, "Suez traffic resumes: Pressure eases on insurers, but spillover risks loom", Indian Express, 30 March 2021, https://indianexpress.com/article/business/suez-traffic-resumes-pressure-eases-on-insurers-but-spillover-risks-loom-7250758/
Quoted in George Mathew's article in n. 7.
C. Uday Bhaskar, "Suez crisis and the fragility of global trade", Hindustan Times, 28 March 2021, https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/suez-crisis-and-the-fragility-of-global-trade-101616939623003.html
"Explainer: Why is the Suez Canal so important?", 24 March 2021, https://in.news.yahoo.com/explainer-why-suez-canal-important-153736636.html
Rick Gladstone, "Why the Suez Canal is so important?", New York Times, 25 March 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/25/world/middleeast/suez-canal-container-ship.html
The Six-Day War was a brief but bloody conflict fought in June 1967 between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Following years of diplomatic friction and skirmishes between Israel and its neighbours, Israel Defence Forces launched pre-emptive air strikes that crippled the air forces of Egypt and its allies. Israel then staged a successful ground offensive and seized the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The brief war ended with a U.N.-brokered ceasefire, but it significantly altered the map of the Mideast and gave rise to lingering geopolitical friction. See,https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/six-day-war
"Co praises all-Indian crew of Suez ship", Times of India, 28 March 2021, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/co-praises-all-indian-crew-of-suez-ship/articleshow/81730230.cms
Ch Sushil Rao "Suez blockage ends, but Indian crew may face legal charges", Economic times, 30 March 2021, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/suez-blockage-ends-but-indian-crew-may-face-legal-charges/articleshow/81752467.cms
Zhaki Abdullah, "Singapore navigating shipping squeeze, container congestion amid surge in cargo demand", 26 March 2021, https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/shipping-congestion-delays-singapore-port-cargo-demand-14480112?cid=emarsys-cna_20210326_0000_CNA+Morning+Brief+Mon+to+Sat+%280740
Vivian Yee, "Ship is freed after a costly lesson in the vulnerabilities of sea trade" The New York Times, 30 March 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/29/world/middleeast/suez-canal-ever-given.html
(The paper is the author's individual scholastic articulation. The author certifies that the article/paper is original in content, unpublished and it has not been submitted for publication/web upload elsewhere, and that the facts and figures quoted are duly referenced, as needed, and are believed to be correct). (The paper does not necessarily represent the organisational stance... More >>
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Beating the clock on hitting the ceiling
The most visually boring Web site in the country may well be the most important Web site in the country, thanks to the steady accretion of the national debt and the inexorable, mounting wall of fear that no one — in this generation or the next three — will escape its impact on our culture, our psyche and our lives.
USDebtClock.org is the go-to site for all things related to the national indebtedness. It's an online variation on the National Debt Clock that's hummed for years at varying speeds on the side of a building in midtown Manhattan. And more. A lot more. The USDebtClock is an indicator — on steroids — of how much worse the problem of U.S. obligations (and our own) has grown in the United States, how it's gotten so complicated that one array of numbers can't contain everything that's at stake in 2011.
The Web site's main attraction is a home page whose explosion of rectangular calculator modules instantly compute, in real time, the various dimensions of the national indebtedness, everything from total U.S. debt, tax revenue, total consumer debt and total debt per citizen to gross domestic product, corporation assets, official number of unemployed, actual number of unemployed. Your dollar, where it goes, where it's spent, where it stays and where it's never around for very long, broken down six ways to Sunday.
You can bet your underwater mortgage that President Obama has it bookmarked on his computer in the Oval Office. House Majority Whip Eric Cantor? Maybe not so much. The numbers he's paying attention to aren't the billions breathlessly whizzing past on that Web site. Cantor's focused on the numbers of votes he needs in the House to prevent the debt ceiling from being raised — ushering in what's predicted to be a catastrophe of nightmare proportions.
What Cantor recently called a "leverage moment" for the Republican Party is dead ahead. But the demand for serious spending cuts doesn't end with the GOP. Democrats want the national credit card limit reined in, too. And that fact sets the stage for what could be the first real bipartisan test of the will of our lawmakers to do something about the debt — not just nibble around the margins, but to take the problem head-on. How deftly, boldly and imaginatively President Obama navigates this problem, one that strikes at the heart of the heart of the American economy, may well define his presidential legacy.
It's already generally conceded, by people in a position to know, that the default on our obligations that would result if the debt ceiling limit of $14.3 trillion isn't raised would be disastrous. Rick Mishkin, a former Fed Reserve governor, told CBS News as much on April 14: "This is what they do in countries like Argentina. This is not what we do in this country."
Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner said it plainer still on CBS the same day: "It would shake the very foundation of the entire global financial system."
Something needs doing right now to prevent what could be, sometime between May 16 and early July, the true literal tipping point for the American economy and the U.S. dollar's vitality as the world's reserve currency. The call for serious reform, the "leverage moment," doesn't conveniently break along party lines.
"What I've told anyone who will listen to me in Washington, including my leadership, is that I'm not going to vote for [raising the debt ceiling] unless there is a real and meaningful commitment to debt reduction," Arkansas Democratic Sen. Mark Pryor told the Political Animals Club at a meeting on Wednesday, as reported by Fox News.
And the line in the sand that starts within the Beltway isn't staying in the Beltway. According to a new CBS News/New York Times poll released Thursday, "a clear majority of Americans" are against raising the debt ceiling. "Just 27 percent of Americans support raising the debt limit, while 63 percent oppose raising it," the poll reported. "Support for raising the debt limit is just 36 percent among Democrats, and only 14 percent among Republicans."
What will be on the table is where to make the deep slashes to the nation's spending. Will Democrats accept cuts in entitlement programs, education and other areas sacrosanct to liberals and independents? Will Republicans accept deep trims in the military budget, and can they live with higher taxes for wealthy Americans?
There's thinking that at least some of the drama behind the issue is nothing less than the "political theater" Cantor condemned recently.
"While Republican leaders are reportedly acknowledging behind closed doors that they will not let the United States fall into default, they are considering demanding everything from a balanced budget amendment to statutory spending caps to a 2/3rds voting requirement to increase taxes," CBS News reported Thursday.
For the American people, the brain-locking immensity of the problem has led to an inability to distinguish between the deficit and the debt. The deficit is, on a fiscal-year basis, the gap between what the U.S. government takes in and what the government spends — what you and your partner wrestle with at the kitchen table every two weeks.
The national debt is the total of accumulated fiscal years of deficits — all the money that the government owes FY after FY. Add 'em up and you've got an accurate snapshot of the national debt (for a fraction of a second).
The monstrousness of that amount has meant that, for American lawmakers, the weight of that debt has been kicked down the road for years. The scope of the problem stems in part from the foundational hubris that has to arise when one currency is the default generator for the world economy. When you've got the printing press for the world's reserve currency in your very own basement, the whole concept of debt takes on a very different meaning. Until it doesn't. Until, ultimately, "debt" means what it's always meant.
It's that moment of the absolute, that reckoning, that's on its way in. If this is political theater, the third act — will they beat the clock on hitting the ceiling? — is about to begin.
David Stockman, the former deputy White House budget director under President Reagan, said as much recently on MSNBC, when he described the U.S. financial crisis in terms as practical as they were frightening.
From his knowledgeable perspective, it's finally 'round midnight. The idea of shared sacrifice is no longer subject to debate.
"The wolf is at the door," Stockman said. "We have gotten away with this massive deficit financing for years now, because most of the debt was being bought by the central banks. We're now at the point where the Fed is going to stop buying the debt in June … the Japanese are going to start selling U.S. Treasuries, probably, not buying them … [and] the biggest bond fund in the world, PIMCO, announced over the weekend that they're short the Treasury bond. It's an indication that this problem is coming at us very rapidly. It's here."
Image credits: National debt maladjusted for inflation: brillig.com. All other images from USDebtClock. From top to bottom, the amounts shown are a real-time reflection of the public debt as it climbed between 4:16 and 4:55 this morning: give or take ... $63 million in 39 minutes.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


To review the radiological findings of frontal nerve schwannoma of the orbit and determine distinguishing imaging features.
Setting: Single tertiary institution. Period: September 1996 to December 2016. Patient Population: Thirteen patients with orbital frontal nerve schwannoma. Intervention: Patients underwent surgical excision following preoperative imaging. Main Outcome Measures: Imaging characteristics on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
There were 13 patients with histopathologically proven schwannoma of the frontal nerve. Mean age was 44.4 years and 61.5% were male. The majority (84.6%) of frontal nerve schwannomas extended between the supraorbital notch and superior orbital fissure. The most common shape seen in our patients with frontal nerve schwannoma was a multilobulated "beaded" appearance (46.2%), followed by a dumbbell (30.8%), oval (15.4%), and fusiform (7.7%) shape. On CT imaging, all patients had bony remodeling. Target sign, fascicular sign, and cystic degeneration were seen in 76.9%, 35.8%, and 46.2% of patients, respectively. On radiological-pathologic correlation, the zone of tightly packed cellular solid portion (Antoni A pattern) corresponded to the hypointense area on T2-weighted MRI and the hyperintense area on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI.
Frontal nerve schwannoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for any superior orbital mass. Our study describes several radiological findings that would point toward its diagnosis, including its multilobulated beaded or dumbbell shape, as well as additional signs such as the target sign, fascicular sign, and cystic degeneration.
To evaluate low- vs high-dose plaque brachytherapy for juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma.
Setting: Single institution. Study Population: Forty-seven patients with juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma. Intervention: Iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy. Eyes were divided into apex low-dose (LD) and high-dose (HD) groups (≤ or > median apex dose 84.35 Gy). Main outcome measures were time to distant failure, local failure, death, enucleation, radiation retinopathy, optic neuropathy, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA).
Freedom from distant failure rates were 96% and 95% in apex LD and HD groups at 5 years and 77% and 95% at 10 years, respectively (P = .84). Freedom from local failure rates were 90% in the apex LD group vs 89% in the HD group at 5 and 10 years (P = .96). Apex LD and HD groups did not differ for time to death or enucleation. Five- and 10-year freedom from radiation retinopathy and optic neuropathy rates were higher in the apex LD than HD group. Loss of ≥3 BCVA lines, final BCVA 20/40 or better, and final BCVA 20/200 or worse were more favorable in the 5 mm LD compared to HD group. Visual acuity outcomes did not differ between apex LD and HD groups.
Low-dose iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy (67.5–81 Gy at tumor apex) provides safe and effective tumor control for juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma and may be associated with reduced radiation toxicity. Larger trials are needed to determine the optimal therapeutic dose for juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma.


Noosa Heads, Queensland 4567 | South East Queensland. Business For Sale presented by Brolga.com.au.
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In October 2000 the Alberta Court of Appeal released its decisions in Duncan Estate v. Baddeley (2000 ABCA 277) and Brooks v. Stefura (2000 ABCA 276). These decisions helped clarify a number of questions that had arisen concerning the calculation of loss of future earning capacity under the Survival of Actions Act. Although these clarifications will be of great assistance to counsel, a number of questions remain outstanding. I consider some of these here.
The loss of earning capacity is to be calculated net of income tax.
The Court then "concluded" that the appropriate living expenses deduction in the case of Dean Duncan was 35 percent (but noted the defendant had not submitted an alternative approach which followed the correct principles). I have two concerns with the latter result.
First, there are two components to the living expenses deduction – the portion of the deceased's after-tax income that he would have spent on himself; and the deceased's share of joint family expenses. We cannot find that these two factors add to 35 percent under normal assumptions.
When calculating losses in fatal accident claims, it is usually assumed that, in a family of two adults and two children (it was found that Dean Duncan would have had such a family), family income is divided approximately: 22 percent to each of the husband and wife, 26 percent to the children (together), and 30 percent to joint family expenditures. Under these assumptions, the living expenses deduction would have been, at most, 29.5 percent (22 percent plus one-quarter of 30 percent).
In its 1997 decision in Duncan, the Appeal Court rejected the so-called "lost saving" approach to the calculation of living expenses because "[m]y life-savings would not tell one what I spent during my life on pleasure, as opposed to what I had to spend in connection with the earning of my income." (Duncan , emphasis added.) That is, the Court distinguished "pleasure" from living expenses.
In its 2000 decision in Duncan, the Appeal Court again rejected the lost saving approach, in large part because it did "not differentiate between expenses incurred in order to earn a living, and discretionary spending." (Duncan  at para. , emphasis added.) That is, the Court ruled that expenses to earn a living do not include discretionary expenses.
In Brooks, the Court of Appeal explicitly excluded the deceased's expenditures on a motorcycle and electronic equipment from his living expenses because they were "discretionary items that were not necessary to maintain Brooks in order to earn his anticipated level of income" (Brooks  at para. ).
If the courts were to apply the reasoning used to construct the 35 percent figure in Duncan to a case of an individual who could have been expected to remain single, they would find that the living expenses deduction would approach 100 percent. That is, the "Duncan" method would approach the "lost saving" method. (A single individual spends all but his savings on his own consumption.) But the Court has explicitly rejected the lost saving method.
If the living expenses deduction is not to include discretionary or luxury expenses, that deduction could be expected to be somewhat less than 22 percent commonly used in fatal accident cases. If we select 15 percent as a "reasonable" estimate of non-discretionary expenses that (would have) benefited the deceased alone, then the living expense deduction becomes approximately 22.5 percent (15 percent personal expenses plus one-quarter of joint family expenses). Even this figure may be too high, because some of the joint family expenditures (30 percent of the deceased's income) would have been discretionary expenses.
The loss of income claim by the estate of Dean Duncan was 65 percent of the present value of his lifetime net employment income. Recall that Dean Duncan was 16 when he died, with no dependants – although the Court found that he would have eventually married and had two children. It remains unclear to what extent the 35 percent living expenses deduction might differ for people who were at a different stage of life. For example, would a 35 percent deduction also apply for a woman who was 45 years-old and single (without prospects of marriage or children) at the time of her death?
This statement clearly suggests that the lost-years deduction will depend on the deceased's family size. However, the message is mixed. One problem with tying the lost-years deduction to family size is that that approach does not appear to have been used in Duncan. As noted, in Duncan, the lost-years deduction was set at 35 percent and it was applied to Dean Duncan's lifetime income. Employing the same reasoning that the Court used to obtain the 35 percent deduction, it is my understanding that a deduction of approximately 50 percent would have been appropriate for the period when Dean Duncan would have been married without children, 44 percent when he was married with one child in the home, and 35 percent when he was married with two children in the home. Since the Court did not use this approach in Duncan, it is not clear whether the Court has specified that a flat deduction should be used over the deceased's entire (without-accident) life, or whether the deduction should vary over time. If the deduction should vary over time (with family size), then why did the Court not use that approach?
One might argue that, in Duncan, the Court chose a single unvarying deduction as a simple approach that would produce roughly the same result as using the slightly more complicated approach of varying the deduction over time. This argument fails, however, if it is found that the Court intended that the "conventional" deductions discussed above should be used as, in that case, the single deduction would have been much higher than 35 percent. Note that the "conventional" deductions are 50 percent for a one- or two-member family, 44 percent for a three-member family, and 35 percent for a four-member family. Given the findings of fact concerning Dean Duncan, if the Court had wanted to apply a flat lost-years deduction as a proxy for the time-varying deduction, it would have used a deduction close to 42 or 43 percent. If a 35 percent deduction applies to a four-person household, and the deductions are greater for households with fewer than four people, then the equivalent flat deduction must be greater than 35 percent. Since the Court used a flat 35 percent deduction, it is difficult to justify using a different approach, without contradicting the Duncan decision.
There is a circumstance in which a fixed 35 percent deduction might be justified, however. Earlier in this article, I argued that the appropriate deduction in a four person family was no more than approximately 22.5 percent, not 35 percent as is commonly argued. The equivalent figure for a three person family would be approximately 37.7 percent and for a two person family would be approximately 50 percent. It is possible that these figures could average 35 percent over the family's life cycle.
If it is found that the living expenses deduction is to reflect non-discretionary expenses, then I believe that this would support a deduction that does not vary with family size. Although it is normally assumed that expenses on a spouse and children are "non-discretionary" (suggesting that the deduction would vary with family size), I believe that a case can be made for the supposition that they are discretionary.
Consider the example of a young couple that is deciding whether or not to have children. If they choose to have, say, two children, it is usually assumed that the children will create a new category of "non-discretionary" expenses. However, remember that the couple chose to have their children – in that sense, therefore, their expenses on those children are discretionary. That is, if one takes a short-run view, it appears that the parents have no choice but to spend a portion of their income on their children. But if one takes a lifetime view, it is apparent that the parents had a choice whether or not to spend that money, as they could have chosen not to have children. In this sense, expenditures on one's spouse are also discretionary, in the sense that one could have chosen to remain single. According to this view, the portion of an individual's income that would have been spent on truly non-discretionary expenses does not depend on whether he would have chosen to remain single, to marry, or to have children.
If the above rationale is ultimately rejected, and it is found that the size of the deduction does vary with family size, then in some cases great importance will be placed on the Court's finding concerning a (deceased) young person's without-accident lifestyle decisions. Suppose there is a case involving a deceased 17 year-old boy, who would have earned the income of an average university graduate. And suppose the Court is weighing two (drastically) alternative without-accident lifestyle scenarios for the boy: He would have remained single all his life, or he would have married and had five children. A finding for the latter scenario would lead to a loss probably more than double the result from the former scenario. And as noted above, I believe that (taking a long-term view) the deceased's discretionary expenses would have been the same for either scenario (since he would have chosen to have zero or five children). Furthermore, although an "heir-centred" approach was explicitly rejected in Duncan in favour of a victim-centred approach, an approach which depends on without-accident family size is necessarily dependent on without-accident heirs.
Given the victim-centred approach, is it the case that a young victim who dies with (unfulfilled) plans to have a large family has lost more than if he planned to be forever single?
In other words, each surviving dependant is entitled to receive either his/her share of the estate claim or his/her loss of dependency claim, whichever is greater. This seems fairly straightforward, but there are at least two important difficulties.
First, when comparing an heir/dependant's losses under the Fatal Accidents Act (FAA) and the Survival of Actions Act (SAA), it is not clear from Brooks whether the loss of household services is to be considered separate from or together with the loss of dependency on income. Thus, suppose the heir's share of the estate claim (from the SAA) is greater than her loss of dependency on the deceased's income (from the FAA), but less than her loss of dependency on the deceased's income and household services combined. Should she receive an award amounting to her loss of dependency on income and household services? Or can she instead receive her share of the lost-years claim and her loss of dependency on the deceased's household services?
One possibility is that the heir/dependant has an "all or nothing" choice. Either she claims under SAA and takes her share of the estate claim, giving up any FAA claim (dependency on income or household services); or she takes her full claim under FAA and forgoes her share of the SAA claim. Another possibility is that the deceased's without-accident income and household services are claimable separately, with the income claimable either under SAA or FAA. The spouse would then be entitled to her household services claim (under FAA), as well as either her dependency on his income (FFA) or her share of the estate claim (SAA).
The second difficulty is that strict application of Brooks could lead to total compensation that exceeds 100 percent of the deceased's lifetime income. Consider the case of a deceased man who leaves behind a dependant wife and two children. Suppose both children are 17 at the date of their father's death and they will only experience a loss of dependency for one year. And suppose the wife and two children are each entitled to one-third of the deceased's estate (which would roughly be the case if the deceased died intestate). In almost all cases the children will have a larger estate claim (SAA) than a dependency claim (FAA). (This is because their dependency claim extends for only one year of their father's without-accident work-life, but their share of the estate claim extends for their father's entire work-life.) However, if the children receive awards representing their share of the estate claim, and the wife receives an award representing her loss of dependency on the husband's income, it is quite possible that more than 100 percent of the deceased without-accident income will be allocated to the survivors.
There are at least three possible approaches that the Court could ultimately approve to resolve this difficulty. First, it is possible that the Court will allow this potential "overclaiming" of the deceased's potential income. This seems unlikely, given the Court's concern with "double-damages" in Brooks (see Brooks  at para. ). Note however, that in a loss of dependency claim where there is no household services loss, the tax gross-up could also lead to more than 100 percent of the deceased's income being allocated, and the Court has not taken steps to prevent this. Second, the Court might impose a constraint, such that the total awards allocated as estate claims and as losses of income dependency cannot exceed the total present value of the deceased's after-tax income. A third possibility is that the Court could decide that the heirs/dependants as a group must choose between claiming under FAA or SAA. So in the example above (surviving wife and two 17 year-old children), it would be decided whether to claim under SAA or FAA and each heir would make his/her claim under that head. This could lead to some difficult situations since in many cases one heir might prefer a claim under SAA while another prefers to claim under FAA.
This is an issue that we will deal with in greater detail in the next issue of The Expert Witness.
A question that the courts have not faced is how they should deal with individuals who would have been expected to remain single for the remainder of their lives. This might reasonably be the case, for example, if the deceased had been a confirmed bachelor in his or her 50s or 60s.
In that case, the approach favoured by the Court would have calculated the living expenses deduction by adding the deceased's expenditures on personal expenses to the deceased's "share of joint family expenditures." But in a one person "family" the individual's share of joint family expenditures is 100 percent. Hence, the method favoured by the Court would find that the deceased had spent 100 percent of his or her income on "living expenses" and the deduction would be 100 percent (or close to 100 percent). But this is just the "lost savings" approach that the Court has explicitly rejected. In short, the method favoured by the Court produces a result that the Court itself does not support.
This is not a result that the Court could reasonably have been expected to recognise without expert advice. However, as far as I know, it has not been addressed by any other economist. Nonetheless, it will need to be considered in order to establish a defensible approach.
There are two additional issues that warrant further consideration. I mention them here briefly.
Could household services play a part in estate claims? Clearly the estate claim is one for lost earning capacity, but consider the case of a person who would not have earned any income, but would have performed valuable services. Could his estate make a claim under SAA? For example, suppose a young female lawyer is killed, but had she lived, she would have been a stay-at-home mother for five years. Is the estate's loss over those five years zero? Negative? Of course in such a case the primary claim would be for loss of dependency, but in light of Brooks it is probably necessary to compare the size of the estate claim to the dependency claim.
Should the living expense deduction be a percentage deduction or a dollar deduction? Given that 35 percent was used in Duncan, would that same percentage have applied if the Court had found that he would have worked as a specialist physician (earning far more than the $35,000 per year that Dean Duncan would have earned)? A flat dollar deduction might be more appropriate, but it would also lead to more complicated calculations than a simple percentage deduction. And we would still be left with the problem of how (or whether) to vary the deduction with a person's age, income, occupation, and so on.


Wootton Bassett, U.K. (November 4, 2003)--German public broadcaster, Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), has launched the world's first permanent Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound radio service. Following tests and demonstrations during September 2003, the station is now broadcasting late-night classical music concerts every other Thursday and Friday in Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound. These broadcasts can be received for no extra charge by the estimated 300,000 households in Germany and 3 million households across Europe who already have compatible DVB receivers for digital television.
Wootton Bassett, U.K. (November 4, 2003)--German public broadcaster, Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), has launched the world's first permanent Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound radio service. Following tests and demonstrations during September 2003, the station is now broadcasting late-night classical music concerts every other Thursday and Friday in Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound. These broadcasts can be received for no extra charge by the estimated 300,000 households in Germany and 3 million households across Europe who already have compatible DVB receivers for digital television.
"We received extremely enthusiastic comments on the test from hundreds of consumers," commented Martin Wöhr, head of studio production and operations at BR Radio. "For example, anyone who cannot afford to attend classical music concerts regularly but loves the experience can now replicate this in the comfort of their own home. It also helps radio to hold its own against other entertainment formats, such as television or DVDs. Surround sound is a logical next step for us, as everybody equipped to receive German digital TV channels in Dolby Digital can already receive the enhanced radio services."
Wöhr concluded, "Producing 5.1 channel programming ourselves has not only been an exciting technical learning process but also a massive success with our listeners. These broadcasts will lead to more regular 5.1 programming from us, and we hope it will encourage other stations to innovate with surround sound."


swimming right, swimming left. . . . .
each morning before i get into the shower, i put an inspirational, motivational or otherwise interesting video on which i listen to while i'm getting ready. this morning i chose a lilou interview. i love lilou ( apparently 19 million other people love lilou too – 19 million – that's a lot of views – yay for lilou!) if you're not familiar with lilou, she travels the world and interviews new-agey inspirational peeps like wayne dyer, ram dass, neale walsh, gary zukav, deepak chopra and many, many more incredible individuals. today i clicked on an interview she had with debra silverman. i hadn't heard of debra before. i discovered debra is a humorous astrologer and psychologist with a lot of interesting things to say and after the video of debra & lilou i checked out debra silverman's website.
on her site she offers short, very funny, video characterizations of each of the different zodiac signs. mine cracked me up – because 95 % of what she says about pisces is exactly me. if you're reading this and have not met me in person, watch this video if you care to know what i'm like. if you do know me, i would love to hear your comments!!! then check out debra's site for information on your sign!
Pisces is always swimming around looking for structure. So give them rules. Give them instructions. Tell them what you expect of them and they'll be relieved. Left to their own devices, they're off dreaming, creating and imagining. Pisces are great designers because they've got the best imaginations and they're extremely creative. But they also like things simple, minimalist. They have very specific tastes—they know exactly what they like and don't like. When they have these boundaries they feel great.
In their own little world, they can close their eyes and just dream. Where it's quiet, where the atmosphere is lovely, where they can space out. They prefer being alone because they feel different, like they don't belong. So they tend to be a little secretive. And they try so hard to act normal. They really do give it their best shot, but it's confusing because Pisces need to know what people want from them. They're also afraid that people will think they're weird and won't like them.
But here's the thing about Pisces: deep down they're real romantics, even though they prefer their own private fish bowl and they don't like it being disrupted that much. They just love that whole idea of connectedness, that merging with another. They could probably be with anybody. But relationships aren't easy when you're a fish—you want to be close to someone and you like the whole sensual thing, but you don't want someone around too much because it can become irritating and maddening. And fish don't like being mad. They get mad at themselves for getting mad.
walking through the city can take your mind off anything. you can do a walking meditation and become invisible to the people passing by, tuning out all of the traffic and noise or you can walk up the avenue with an intention to connect with people – depending on what you need at the time. after sitting at the computer for several hours, sometimes i want a little conversation or mental stimulation and just get up and walk out. there's always something going on, someone to talk with or something to do without having to make specific plans.
i just did that and ran into a neighbor who was on his way up to 68th street to buy some pound cake at rite aid. i took the walk with him and learned quite a bit. i learned that pound cake at rite aid is half the price it is at shop rite (not that i plan on ever really needing that information, but you never know when those types of fun facts will come in handy. . .). i learned that he is married to a paranoid schizophrenic and pays $156.00 a month rent to live on the corner of 1st avenue and 50th street. he has a one bedroom apartment and pays almost $2,000 less a month than i pay for a studio just 2 blocks away. although he has no stove and i do. i found out that he's 68 years old and plays the lottery regularly. he used to be a doorman but now walks dogs in the neighborhood for a living so he can stay close to home in case his wife has an attack. she calls him every 10 minutes or so to tell him that someone is trying to break into their home. he can usually talk her down over the phone but sometimes he has to rush home to assure her that she's safe. she called 3 times on our walk to rite aid.
i'm back home now and feeling grateful. i love this town.


Remember my post on Biozone Food Purifier HERE?
If you want to know what is Biozone Food Purifier and how does it works, please feel free to read the ENTRY ok..
So today I would like share with all my readers a demonstration on how to purify your chickens..
How to purify? First put in your chicken in a glass bowl.
Put in water. Make sure it covers all the chickens.
Put in the ceramic stone into the bowl and switch on the machine. You will need 30 minutes to purify chicken/meats.
You can start to see 'bubble' forming after 1 minute.
After 30 minutes, you can see more 'bubble' like substance forming on top of the water. That is the fatty acids, antibiotics, toxins and other chemical residue from the chickens.
The 'jellyish' and 'buttery' like substance.. You can smell like something 'rotten'..
If you wipe the 'bubble' to a cloth, it will not 'popped'.. meaning it does not change form..
After burning the substance, it change to a sticky bubble gum like form.
Still does not burnt or disintegrated after a while.. So guys, just imagine this 'bubble gum' had been accumulating in our body since like forever. No wonder nowadays there are a lot of disease/health problems.. Change now and start purifying your food for the sake of our our health and also our children..
So, would you eat this fatty asid, antibiotics and other residue which cant be burnt nor disintegrated?
You are actually consuming it when you buy the chicken without purifying it properly! Euwwww!!
That's why we need to purify our food, ie chickens, meats, seafood, fruits and vegetables to remove all contaminants.
For that we HIGHLY RECOMMEND this Biozone Food Purifier.


text:
La démographie de Ambronay (dans le département de l'Ain) est caractérisée par une densité faible et une population en croissance forte depuis 1975. En , Ambronay comptait  habitants, soit une évolution de  % par rapport à 2006. La commune occupait le  rang en nombre d'habitants sur les  communes que compte le département.

L'évolution démographique, les indicateurs démographiques, la pyramide des âges, l'état matrimonial, les caractéristiques de l'emploi et le niveau de formation sont détaillées ci-après.

Évolution démographique

L'évolution du nombre d'habitants est connue à travers les recensements de la population effectués périodiquement dans la commune depuis 1793.
Le maximum de la population a été atteint en 1800 avec . Après un déclin jusque dans les années 1940, la commune connaît une croissance forte depuis 1975.

Une réforme du mode de recensement permet à l'Insee de publier les populations légales des communes annuellement à partir de 2006. Pour les communes de moins de , les recensements ont lieu tous les cinq ans, les populations légales intermédiaires sont quant à elles estimées par calcul. Le premier recensement exhaustif de la commune entrant dans le cadre de ce nouveau dispositif a eu lieu en .

En , Ambronay comptait  habitants, soit une évolution de  % par rapport à 2006. La commune occupait le  rang en nombre d'habitants sur les  communes que compte le département.

Indicateurs démographiques

Densité

La densité de la population de Ambronay est passée de 35,6 habitants/km2 en 1968 à 69,4 en 2009. Cette densité est, en 2009, 1,5 fois plus faible que la densité moyenne du département de l'Ain (102,2) et 1,7 fois que celle de la France métropolitaine (114,8).

Cet indicateur se situe au  au niveau départemental (sur 419 communes) et au  au niveau national (France métropolitaine), sur .

.

Soldes naturels et migratoires
L'augmentation moyenne annuelle s'est relativement tassée depuis les années 1970. De 0,9 % sur la période 1968-1975, elle est passée à 0,8 % sur la période 1999-2009, quand celle du département de l'Aina baissé de 1,5 % à 1,3 %. Le solde naturel annuel, qui est la différence entre  le nombre de naissances et le nombre de décès enregistrés au cours d'une même année, connaît une forte augmentation, puisque la variation annuelle due au solde naturel passe de 0,2 à 0,7. La baisse du taux de natalité, qui passe de 15 % à 12,9 %, est en fait relativement compensée par la baisse du taux de mortalité, qui parallèlement passe de 10,9 à 8,6.

Le flux migratoire connaît un recul, le taux annuel passant de 0,7 à 0,1 %, traduisant une baisse des implantations nouvelles dans la commune.

Le taux de natalité est passé de 15 ‰ sur la période 1968-1975 à 12,9 ‰  sur la période 1999-2009.  Celui du département était sur la période 1999-2009 de 12,5 ‰ et celui de la France métropolitaine de  12,8 ‰.

Le taux de mortalité est quant à lui passé de 13,1 ‰ sur la période 1968-1975 à 5,8 ‰  sur la période 1999-2009. Celui du département était sur cette dernière période de 7,6 ‰ et celui de la France de 8,8 ‰.

Evolution sur la période 1968-2009

Mouvements naturels sur la période 1999-2009

   Naissances
   Décès

Pyramide des âges
La pyramide des âges, à savoir la répartition par sexe et âge de la population, de la commune de Ambronay en 2009 ainsi que, comparativement, celle du département de l'Ain la même année, sont représentées avec les graphiques ci-dessous.
La population de la commune comporte 49,5 % d'hommes et 50,5 % de femmes. Les tranches pour lesquelles le déséquilibre est le plus prononcé en faveur des femmes sont les tranches 75-90 ans (+23,7 % de femmes) et 90 ans et + (+20 % de femmes).

La population de la commune a vieilli entre 1999 et 2009, le taux des personnes de 60 ans et plus passant de 17 % à 21 %, à l'instar des populations du département et de la France qui sont aussi passées respectivement de 18 à 20 % pour le Département et de 20 à 23 % pour la France métropolitaine.

 1999  2009

État matrimonial
En 2009, la commune comptait 32,1 % de célibataires, 55,5 % de personnes mariées, 6 % de veufs ou veuves et 6,4 % de divorcé(e)s. Le taux de personnes mariées apparaît ainsi supérieur à celui du département (52,5 %) mais aussi de la France (47,5 %).

Le premier recensement exhaustif de la commune dans le cadre du nouveau dispositif de recensement de la population a eu lieu en 2004. Pour les communes de moins de 10 000 habitants, le recensement étant réalisé tous les 5 ans, 2009 est une année de recensement exhaustif. La répartition de la population de 15 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et état matrimonial légal en 2009 est présentée dans le tableau suivant.

Emploi
En 2009, les professions intermédiaires représentaient, avec 328 emplois, la catégorie socioprofessionnelle la plus importante de la population active de la commune (17,7 % contre 13,2 au niveau départemental). En 1999, ils étaient 249 et représentaient 14,2 % de la population active.

La commune comptait par ailleurs, en 2009, 472 retraités, soit 25,5 % de la population de la commune et 1,8 % de moins que le taux départemental. Cet écart s'est toutefois réduit par rapport à celui de 1999 puisqu'il était alors de -3,9 %.

 1999  2009

En 2009, année de recensement exhaustif, la répartition de la population de 15 ans ou plus de la commune par sexe, âge et catégorie socioprofessionnelle est, comparativement à celle du département, la suivante :

Niveau de formation
Le taux de personnes non scolarisées sans diplôme a diminué entre 1999 (17,3 %) et 2009 (15 %). Il est inférieur à celui de l'Ain (17,1 %)  et à celui de la France métropolitaine (18,3 %).
Parallèlement le taux de personnes titulaires d'un diplôme de l'enseignement supérieur long est passé de 4,7 % en 1999 à 10,1 % en 2009, un taux inférieur à celui de l'Ain (10,6 %)  et au taux national relatif à la France métropolitaine (12,7 %).

 1999  2009

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Démographie de la France
 Démographie de Rhône-Alpes
 Démographie de l'Ain

Notes et références

Ambronay
Demographie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We are in search for a holistic approach on all levels: For Whom? Why? How? Our starting point is that design is communication, not self-fulfillment.
We seek to instill harmony, balance, values we believe in. We look at objects as something more than a mere manifestation of a style. It is a synthesis of meaning on many levels into one single form. Our objective is to not renounce anything: neither form nor function, neither reason nor sensitivity, neither art nor technique, neither innovation nor continuity... It means working on the search for a form that is dense but balanced, free of stiff gestures or joke.
We are looking to attain a serene tension, achieved through not having a single dominant value.


David Beckham has hinted that transfer negotiations between AC Milan and Los Angeles Galaxy are making progress.
The 33-year-old is due to return to the Galaxy on March 9 following a short-term spell in Italy, but has repeatedly expressed his desire to extend the deal.
The MLS club, who signed Beckham from Real Madrid in 2007, have reportedly turned down an offer from Milan and talks are thought to have stalled in the last few days, but Beckham told Milan's website: "I have not heard from Galaxy, but from what has been said, I gather there could be good news. I want to stay at Milan."
He added: "I really don't know what will happen, but I do know that next week will be very important."
Beckham wants to stay in Serie A to prolong his England career and he added that returning to America could lower his chances of remaining in the international fold.
He added: "Obviously that could affect [Fabio] Capello's decisions. I love playing football and therefore I want to stay here."


text:
Matt Damon & Sofia Coppola
January 07, 2011 · 7:34 PM CST
Kurt finds out about a new edition of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that gets rid of the "n-word" once and for all. The actor Matt Damon and the director Sofia Coppola share their takes on Hollywood stardom. And Detroit's decaying buildings have turned it into the capital of a new photographic genre called "ruin porn."
DetroitSofia CoppolaMatt Damon
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326 ranked institutions
1 (141) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research * IND
2 (192) All India Institute of Medical Sciences IND
3 (195) University of Delhi * IND
4 (197) Indian Council of Agricultural Research * IND
5 (198) Indian Institute of Science IND
6 (203) Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay IND
7 (204) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras IND
8 (207) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research IND
8 (207) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre IND
9 (209) Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research IND
10 (210) VIT University IND
11 (211) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur IND
11 (211) Manipal University IND
12 (213) Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi IND
12 (213) Panjab University IND
13 (214) Indian Council of Medical Research * IND
13 (214) Banaras Hindu University IND
14 (216) Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur IND
15 (218) Anna University IND
16 (219) Jadavpur University IND
16 (219) Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati IND
17 (220) Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee IND
17 (220) Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research IND
18 (222) Jawaharlal Nehru University IND
18 (222) University of Calcutta IND
19 (223) Aligarh Muslim University IND
19 (223) Sri Ramaswamy Memorial University IND
20 (224) Amity University IND
20 (224) Defence Research and Development Organisation IND
21 (225) Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics IND
21 (225) IBM India Research Laboratory IND
21 (225) University of Pune IND
22 (226) Indian Agricultural Research Institute IND
22 (226) Amrita University IND
22 (226) University of Hyderabad IND
22 (226) Indian Space Research Organization * IND
22 (226) Annamalai University IND
23 (227) Christian Medical College, Vellore IND
23 (227) National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences IND
23 (227) Birla Institute of Technology and Science IND
24 (228) Indian Institute of Chemical Technology IND
24 (228) Bharathiar University IND
24 (228) Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy IND
24 (228) National Institute of Science Education and Research IND
24 (228) Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune IND
25 (229) National Institute of Technology Rourkela IND
25 (229) Tata Memorial Centre IND
25 (229) Indian Institute of Technology IND
25 (229) National Chemical Laboratory IND
25 (229) Indian Statistical Institute IND
25 (229) Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences IND
26 (230) King Georges Medical University IND
26 (230) Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology IND
26 (230) Visva-Bharati University IND
26 (230) Jamia Millia Islamia Central University IND
27 (231) Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar IND
27 (231) Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata IND
27 (231) Pondicherry University IND
27 (231) Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science IND
27 (231) Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology IND
27 (231) Public Health Foundation of India IND
27 (231) Indian Veterinary Research Institute IND
27 (231) University of Madras IND
27 (231) Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research IND
27 (231) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics India IND
27 (231) Tata Consultancy Services Ltd IND
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There's no doubt that hosting a dinner party has become more challenging over recent years. No longer does serving a meat and a vegetarian alternative cover all bases. Incidences of food intolerance have exploded, increasing the likelihood that at least one of your dinner party will have problems digesting lactose, gluten or wheat.
Why the increase in food intolerance?
Expert nutritionist Cyndi O'Meara told The Telegraph; "There's been a 10 fold increase in people with food intolerances in the UK in the last 25 years".
This surge in food intolerance hasn't yet been explained. Theories have been put forward including the overuse of antibiotics, environmental pollution, the use of food additives and increasingly stressful lifestyles. Questions have also been raised about the role played by mercury and toxic metals in cases of food intolerance.
The first thing to remember is that a food intolerance is not the same as a food allergy. Ruth Charles, secretary of the Irish Food Allergy Network says that about 2% of the adult population has a food allergy, while anywhere between 10 and 45% could have a food intolerance.
A food allergy is a reaction by our immune system against a threat in the body; something which is perceived as foreign. Robyn O'Brien gave a great TED Talk a few years back about how her child's allergic reaction to her breakfast one morning changed how she looked at food forever. You can watch below.
Food intolerance on the other hand doesn't involve the immune system. Food intolerance is associated with gut symptoms such as pain, discomfort, bloating and wind. While an allergic reaction to food will occur immediately, the reaction to a food to which one is intolerant, occurs more slowly over hours or even days following ingestion. It is this reaction in the gut which has caused some doctors to investigate the connection between toxic mercury and food intolerance.
Could amalgam fillings be contributing to food intolerance?
Inorganic mercury compounds are notorious among scientists for gut injury in humans. It is easily absorbed by the small and large intestines. While there are many ways in which mercury can be ingested (e.g. fish consumption), amalgam fillings can increase the frequency and levels of an individual's mercury ingestion.
Mercury has been shown to excrete from amalgam fillings, or disturbing the fillings in some way. This mercury contaminates the saliva in the mouth, which is then swallowed and ingested, damaging the gut and intestines.
An extensive report by Bernard Windham, published on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website, found that people who had high levels of mercury in their systems, also had defective enzymatic processes impairing their digestion of milk proteins. When the mercury levels in these same people was reduced, they witnessed a big improvement in these same enzymatic and digestion processes.
Food intolerances are a relatively new phenomenon. Their causes are shrouded in uncertainty. Whether mercury has a part to play has not been proven one way or the other, but given what we know about its toxic nature, the links are not surprising.
Future research in this area is something I will be keeping a very close eye on. If you are concerned about food intolerances or other amalgam related illnesses, contact us here or call 01 286 6394 to arrange a consultation.


We began our second day at Disney World by meeting Robert's favorite character: Buzz Lightyear. It was the most important thing on our list, so we thought we should head over to Tomorrowland for the first part of our trip.
Robert was in little boy heaven, and I am sure we could have left the park after meeting Buzz, and he would have been totally happy. We rode a couple of rides and then headed towards Fantasyland, home of Ariel and Belle! Luckily, the lines were much shorter, so we enjoyed Ariel's new ride and then went straight to her secret Grotto to meet her. Robert and Eliza loved their autograph books and kept looking at their signatures over and over again.
After a short wait, we met Ariel. Eliza was starstruck and could hardly speak. Anytime she met a character she particularly loves, she was paralyzed with excitement.
Ariel was super nice, though, so Eliza eventually warmed up. And when she say Ariel had signed her book, Eliza clasped her hands and giggled in delight. It was adorable.
We then went over to Belle's part of the kingdom and met Gaston. Eliza mentioned that we had just seen Ariel and Gaston quickly responded, "Did she tell you about me?" The actor was the perfect Gaston. However, Eliza does not like Gaston at all and was not impressed.
We took some time to explore the cool restaurants and the fountains before heading off to meet Belle.
Marian and I stayed at the park with Robert, Eliza, and Jacob and proceeded to have the best day ever. Jacob, my sister's son who is also one, stayed with us because he is the most laid back baby in the world and can nap anywhere. For 9 more hours (12 hours total), we ran the kids back and forth across the park.
We eventually were able to meet Belle and participate in an interactive game she plays with the children. Each of the kids assumes a role (Eliza was a candlestick and Robert was a Felipe, the horse) and reenacts her stay at the castle.
Again, Eliza was so excited that she couldn't talk and answer any of Belle's questions. I thought Eliza was so outgoing and unafraid until this trip! As it turns out, she can be quite the introvert. She really was happy, but just too overwhelmed with everything to process it all.
Following our adventures with Belle, we unwound a little bit with a ride on the carousel and enjoyed the fact that the park was nearly empty.
We then headed over to meet Merida. The line to meet Merida was the best because you could practice shooting a bow and arrow as she waited. Eliza has an archery set at home, so she knew exactly what to do. She shot the target so hard that the arrow ricocheted back and nearly hit her in the face. She was pretty proud of herself.
Robert also had pretty impressive archery skills.
For some reason, I knew Eliza wouldn't be too afraid to meet Merida, and I was right! The Merida actress was perfect, and she made the kids feel comfortable immediately.
As we left Merida, I began to feel a little tired. It was later in the afternoon and we had been at the park for hours already. Somehow, though, Marian and I had crazy amounts of energy and gained a second week because we were just so excited to be hanging out and doing fun things with our kids. Robert, Eliza, and Jacob were a different story. The kids all fell asleep and took a quick nap while we walked down to a different section of the park. Eliza never falls asleep in a stroller, so I knew she really must be exhausted.
She took a 20 minute nap, and I woke her up to the sight of one of her favorite princesses: Tiana! Eliza went through a Tiana-obsessed phase for quite a while and even named her Christmas elf Tiana because it was her favorite name at the time.
She was obviously excited to meet the Tiana, but was somewhat alarmed that "the Frog" wasn't around. The actress (again) was amazing and explained that the Frog was out in the brook hopping around. She then took Eliza and Robert over to a viewing area to look for the Frog prince.
Eliza's curious mind was mostly appeased with this tactic. Of all the actresses we met at Disney World, Tiana was my favorite. She really won us over!
We knew it was getting late after our Tiana visit, so we hurried over to meet Tinkerbell and her fairy friend, Rosetta. Eliza is currently obsessed with Tinkerbell, and I happened to know the actress who plays Tinkerbell at the park. My friend Catharine, who I went to high school with, is one of the Tinkerbells at Disney World. She is there 5 days a week, and we somehow managed to go on one of her only days off. I was pretty disappointed, but Eliza couldn't have been happier.
Eliza said hello to Rosetta and then ran over to Tinkerbell.
Again, she experienced the stage fright aspect of meeting a character. She momentarily conquered her fears in order to interrogate Tinkerbell. Eliza had been sprinkled with fairy dust earlier in the day and wanted explanations as to why she couldn't fly. Tinkerbell did a really a really good job explaining that Eliza could use her imagination and tried her best to change the topic. Eliza was very persistent, though, and left the meeting pretty upset that she didn't have more specific answers.
Marian and I were able to distract Eliza by going on several rides. We then hurried to the other side of the park to meet the final character of the evening: Mickey Mouse.
Eliza and Robert were both happy again after meeting Mickey, and Marian and I planned on going to get good spots for the parade and firework show. However, while pushing the double stroller, we suddenly got a flat tire. This was very bad news because we still had a lot of pushing to do and the stroller really wouldn't move with the kids sitting in it. Marian, being the smart woman that she is, thought that the Disney World staff would have an air pump because they supply wheelchairs and strollers. Sure enough, they did! Our excitement turned into disappoint when I used the air compressor and accidentally popped the tire. Once again, the Disney staff came through. One gentleman took the tire and said he would be back momentarily. 10 minutes later, he had patched the hole, filled the tire with air, and reattached it to our stroller...free of charge. I love nice people.
Marian and I still weren't done with taking the kids around the park, though. The rides were open for another hour, so we ran to a few we knew the kids we love. It was around this time that Robert looked up at Marian and said, "I think it's past my bedtime, Mom." They were pretty tired!
Finally, the park closed and we left. We were pretty sad it was our last day there, but we were glad we made the most out of the trip. Eliza was deliriously happy/excited/tired on the way back to the motel. She was laughing one minute and then asleep literally 20 seconds later.
We were said to leave Orlando the next day, but we knew we were headed to Charleston for more good times, so we couldn't help but be in good moods. Orlando said good-bye, and we left with our worn out kids.
Oh my goodness! You guys really packed it in. Haha. How fun! I'm seriously still so jealous.
What a crazy fun day! I can't believe how much you did! It's so cute that Eliza was so shy. It's gotta just blow their mind to actually meet the characters. The tiana and the Merida were gorgeous!!


JLab 3-part model is sagittally sectioned; both halves can be separated into frontal with parietal lobes, temporal with occipital lobes, half of the brain stem, and half of the cerebellum. This life size model splits into various parts. Brain model is made exclusively from high quality medical PVC.The model rests in a plastic base and can be removed for closer inspection.
Model shows the human brain dissectable into 2 parts, can be taken out, showing the cranial nerves and the important internal parts of the skull. Numbered with English Key Card. A life size model of the human head mounted on base.
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The brain is divided in 2 parts- left and right side. This Human brain model shows parts of the brain.It is mounted on stand and comes with numbered with key card.
It is a model of brain with skull, if you need please contact Jasvinder Singh manager of HARPAL SONS firm mob.
- Demonstrate external features of human brain as a whole, as well as the relations between the component portions. Dissectible into 3 parts. Mounted on stand.
We are a prominent company involved in importing, exporting and manufacturing a premium quality range of Brain Models. Offered Brain Model facilitates the students to get a correct understanding of the external features of the brain and its arterial supply as a whole, as well as the relations between their component portions.
Two parts, median section of the Human Brain showing the interior and the exterior structures.
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Keeping track with latest market development, we are devotedly engaged in trading a wide assortment of Human Brain Model.


Titus 2:1-8 But as for you, speak the things which are fitting for sound doctrine. Older men are to be temperate, dignified, sensible, sound in faith, in love, in perseverance... Likewise urge the young men to be sensible; in all things show yourself to be an example of good deeds, with purity in doctrine, dignified, sound in speech which is beyond reproach, so that the opponent will be put to shame, having nothing bad to say about us.
"As go the men, so goes the family and as go the families, so goes the church." MOZ exists to equip and encourage men to fulfill their roles in the home, church and community. We do so through Bible studies and discipleship groups, retreats, and opportunities to serve the body. MOZ is a place to build real, authentic relationships with other men who are searching for ways to grow into faithful men of God. MOZ meets the second Saturday of every month at 9:00am. If you would like to get involved with MOZ give us a call at 319-354-3331.


Refrain has to do with withholding an action temporarily, or checking a momentary desire: She refrained from scolding her child until the company left.
Refrain表示抑制一种临时性的行为,或者抑制一种暂时的欲望:She refrained from scolding her child until the company left(在小孩的同伴离开之前她都忍着没有骂她的小孩,(译注:貌似同伴走了之后,还是被骂了啊)).
ANTONYMS: BEGIN, PERMIT. 参见 FORGO, FORSWEAR. 反义词:BEGIN, PERMIT.


text:
Q: Inserting a spark RDD, which contains n number of scala class objects into cassandra db Say i have five objects of a  scala class and i need to frame a spark RDD with the five objects and push that RDD into cassandra table
my cassandra table "person" has three fields (pId,pName,pAge)
and
val object 1= new myclass(1,"abc",24)
val object2 = new myclass(2,"pqr",23)
val object3 = new myclass(3,"xyz",26)

How do i form an rdd of these three objects ?
is the below line possible
val collection=context.parallelize(Seq(object1,object2,object3))

and if an RDD can be made .. how can i push that RDD to cassandra table to insert three rows in that table "person"

A: The easiest thing to do is to just make a CaseClass where the classes match the Rows in your table
case class PersonRow(pID: int, pName: String, pAge: Int)
context.parallelize(Seq(
  PersonRow(1, "abc", 24),
  PersonRow(2, "pqr", 23),
  PersonRow(3, "xyz", 26)
)).saveToCassandra("ks","person")

For more information see the Spark Cassandra Connector Documentation
Edit
mapToRow is unnecessary in Scala code as it basically a workaround for the lack of implicits in Scala. SaveToCassandra usually uses an implicit RowWriterFactory, Scala can make this for you by looking at the RDD class type. In Java the factory must be made manually.
scala> class SomeRandomClass (val k:Int, val v:Int) {
     | def fun() = {println("lots of fun")}
     | val somethingElse:Int = 5
     | }
defined class SomeRandomClass

scala> sc.parallelize(1 to 10).map( x => new SomeRandomClass(x,x)).saveToCassandra("test","test")

scala> sc.cassandraTable("test","test")
res4: com.datastax.spark.connector.rdd.CassandraTableScanRDD[com.datastax.spark.connector.CassandraRow] = CassandraTableScanRDD[7] at RDD at CassandraRDD.scala:15

scala> sc.cassandraTable("test","test").collect
res5: Array[com.datastax.spark.connector.CassandraRow] = Array(CassandraRow{k: 5, v: 5}, CassandraRow{k: 10, v: 10}, CassandraRow{k: 1, v: 1}, CassandraRow{k: 8, v: 8}, CassandraRow{k: 2, v: 2}, CassandraRow{k: 4, v: 4}, CassandraRow{k: 7, v: 7}, CassandraRow{k: 6, v: 6}, CassandraRow{k: 9, v: 9}, CassandraRow{k: 3, v: 3})

Note this only works because a mapping can be found between the fields of the class (k and v) to columns "k and v" in the table.

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