text:
Hearst Create forms content partnership with Kenya's leading communications company, Safaricom
15-03-2019 09:29:00 | Editor: Bob Koigi | hits: 1142 | Tags:
Hearst Create, Hearst's in-house content marketing agency, has once again signed a contract with a major international premium brand; this time for the production of a brand new magazine for Safaricom, the largest communications company in East and Central Africa.
Safaricom, which is partly owned by Vodacom Group and Vodafone, offers voice, data and financial services for its subscribers, using different platforms. With the launch of M-Pesa, the company became a global pioneer in the field of mobile payment solutions, and it remains the most successful company of its kind. Safaricom's head office is located in Nairobi, Kenya. Its brand new magazine, Twaweza, will be published twice a year.
CEO Hearst Netherlands Luc van Os: "At Hearst Create, we utilise Hearst's expertise to build commercially successful content brands for clients, and with that, loyal audiences. We are proud of the fact that this approach has once again resulted in international recognition."
This is the second assignment for Hearst Create in Africa. Since February 2017, the content marketing agency has been responsible for the production of Kenya Airways' inflight magazine, Msafiri. Now, it's up to Hearst Create to provide Safaricom with a creative concept and a biannual magazine. The first edition of Twaweza is scheduled for publication at the beginning of August.
Content Director Irene Bauer: "Safaricom is a special company that, thanks to innovative applications, has positively transformed the daily lives of many people. We are proud of this new collaboration and look forward to working with Safaricom to further expand the brand's purpose, 'Transform Lives', and embed it in Safaricom's communications."
www.hearst.nl
www.safaricom.co.ke
[Interview] Danny Frietman and Arne Koefoed, Founders New Dutch Wave
Arne Koefoed and Danny Frietman co-founded New Dutch Wave. New Dutch Wave is an international movement to celebrate top-notch Dutch creativity and entrepreneurship, launched in 2017 at South by Southwest
[Interview] Mischa Rozema, Co-Founder PostPanic
MIscha Rozema is a Dutch film and commercials director. He is the co-founder of Dutch filmcompany, PostPanic. He recently directed a branded content film for Liberty Global, paying special attention to the use of storytelling
[Startup Interview] Martin Meulenkamp, Co-Founder 2daysmood
Martin Meulenkamp is Co-Founder of 2daysmood, they help organizations to improve their employee engagement, happiness and well-being through an innovative 15-second survey
[Startup Interview] Tim Hoefnagel, Founder & Managing Director Squeezely
Tim Hoefnagel is the Founder & Managing Director of Squeezely, a Data Management platform to connect your brand message to customers across the web
[Startup Interview] Constantijn van Nispen, founder, Sprynter
Constantijn van Nispen is the founder of Sprynter a company revolutionizing courier business through unique packaging and delivery.


text:
Eugen Burg (* 6. Januar 1871 als Eugen Hirschburg in Berlin; † 17. April 1944 im KZ Theresienstadt) war ein deutscher Schauspieler, Schriftsteller und Filmregisseur.

Leben

Theaterlaufbahn
Eugen Burg sollte eigentlich Kaufmann werden, doch er verließ in den 1890er Jahren seine Geburtsstadt Berlin, um in Wien eine Bühnenlaufbahn einzuschlagen. Dort bekam er eine Schauspielausbildung von Maximilian Streben (1868–1891), dem damaligen Direktor des Sulkowsky-Privattheaters in der Wiener Vorstadt Matzleinsdorf. Etwa zur gleichen Zeit nahm auch Max Reinhardt, den mit Eugen Burg eine lebenslange Freundschaft verband, Schauspielunterricht bei Maximilian Streben. Gleichzeitig gehörten Eugen Burg und Max Reinhardt zu einer Gruppe theaterbegeisterter junger Menschen, die sich selbst die "Leopoldstadtler" nannten, da die meisten von ihnen in der Wiener Leopoldstadt ansässig waren. Zu dieser Gruppe von Theaterenthusiasten gehörte auch Luis Taufstein, mit welchem Eugen Burg mehrere Theaterstücke schrieb.

Eugen Burg spezialisierte sich auf das Rollenfach des jungen Liebhabers und Bonvivants. Sein Bühnendebüt gab er 1889 im böhmischen Kurort Franzensbad in der Komödie Die Wilddiebe von Theodor Herzl, in der Rolle des Max von Thürmer. In den Jahren nach seinem Bühnendebüt ist Eugen Burg auf verschiedenen k. u. k.- Provinzbühnen zu sehen (Bielitz, Wiener Neustadt, Bad Ischl, Reichenberg, Troppau). 1893 wurde Eugen Burg kurzzeitig am Wiener Jantsch-Theater engagiert, folgte aber bereits im Sommer 1894 dem Ruf von Regisseur und Theaterleiter Otto Brahm ans Deutsche Theater in Berlin, wo Eugen Burg bis 1896 unter anderem mit Joseph Kainz und Agnes Sorma auf der Bühne stand. Einem erneuten Engagement in Wien (Raimund-Theater, 1900–1904), folgten eine Spielzeit am Deutschen Schauspielhaus in Hamburg,  welches er 1905 wieder verließ um erneut ans Deutsche Theater zu gehen, welches zu diesem Zeitpunkt schon von seinem Jugendfreund Max Reinhardt geleitet wurde. Zwischen 1908 und 1909 trat Eugen Burg am Deutschen Theater von New York auf und war dort auch als Oberregisseur tätig.

Ab 1910 war Eugen Burg dann dauerhaft in Berlin ansässig und spielte auf mehreren Berliner Bühnen (Neues Schauspielhaus, Berliner Theater, Trianon-Theater, Residenz-Theater, Rotter-Bühnen, Deutsches Künstlertheater, Kleines Theater, Komische Oper). Ab 1935, nach einem letzten Engagement am Theater in der Behrenstraße, blieb er, von den Nazis als "Volljude" eingestuft, beschäftigungslos.

Filmschaffen
Burg war bereits 43 Jahre alt und ein bekannter Bühnendarsteller, als er 1914 bei der Berliner PAGU zum ersten Mal vor der Kamera stand. Auf 90 weitere Stummfilme, in denen er zwischen 1916 und 1920 gelegentlich auch Regie führte, folgte mit Der Greifer 1930 der erste Tonfilm. Neben seinem Schüler und Protegé Hans Albers trat Burg hier in der Rolle eines Chefinspektors bei Scotland Yard auf.

Nachdem 1933 die Nationalsozialisten an die Regierung gelangten, verlor Burg wegen seines Judentums sein Engagement bei der Ufa und wurde von der Reichsfachschaft Film durch einen Ausschluss aus der Reichstheaterkammer und der Reichsfilmkammer ausgeschlossen und so mit Berufsverbot belegt, was seine Karriere abrupt beendete. Er floh nach Holland und wurde dort nach dem Einmarsch der Deutschen verhaftet.

Biographische Anmerkungen
Eugen Burg war mit der Koloratursängerin und Bühnensängerin Emmy Burg-Raabe (geb. 1874, gest. 6. Juli 1927 zu Berlin), die später als Konzertsängerin und zuletzt als Gesangslehrerin wirkte, verheiratet. Er war der Vater der Schauspielerin Hansi Burg, die seit 1925 die Lebensgefährtin von Hans Albers war.

Burg wurde am 28. Januar 1943 gemeinsam mit seiner zweiten Frau von Berlin ins KZ Theresienstadt deportiert. Eugen Burg war schwer erkrankt und fast erblindet und starb im Alter von 73 Jahren im Blindenheim im  KZ Theresienstadt.

Theaterstücke (Auswahl)
 1915: Herrschaftlicher Diener Gesucht. Schwank in drei Akten von Eugen Burg und Luis Taufstein.
 1916: Alles aus Gefälligkeit. Schwank in drei Akten von Eugen Burg und Louis Taufstein.
 1917: Wo die Liebe hinfällt. Schwank in drei Akten von Eugen Burg und Otto Härting.
 1918: Sprühteufelchen. Schwank in drei Akten von Eugen Burg und Otto Härting.
 1919: Die Erholungsreise. Schwank in drei Akten von Eugen Burg und Fritz Wilding.

Filmografie
als Schauspieler, wenn nicht anders angegeben

Literatur
 Matthias Wegner: Hans Albers. Hamburg 2005.
 Kay Weniger: Das große Personenlexikon des Films. Die Schauspieler, Regisseure, Kameraleute, Produzenten, Komponisten, Drehbuchautoren, Filmarchitekten, Ausstatter, Kostümbildner, Cutter, Tontechniker, Maskenbildner und Special Effects Designer des 20. Jahrhunderts. Band 1: A – C. Erik Aaes – Jack Carson. Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-89602-340-3, S. 606.
 Kay Weniger: Zwischen Bühne und Baracke. Lexikon der verfolgten Theater-, Film- und Musikkünstler 1933 bis 1945. Mit einem Geleitwort von Paul Spiegel. Metropol, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-938690-10-9, S. 74.

Weblinks

 Foto und Kurzbiografie auf Cyranos.ch

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Autor
Filmschauspieler
Stummfilmschauspieler
Filmregisseur
Opfer des Holocaust
Todesopfer im Ghetto Theresienstadt
Deutscher
Geboren 1871
Gestorben 1944
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Price: $5.00 to $5.00 Media Type: DVD Language: ENGLISH SUBTITLES
Best Seller5 On Sale2 Category
Apologetics10 Art and Music7 Bible Movies31 Bible Study6 Biographies36 Classics9 Contemporary Issues36 Family Movies64 History39 Inspiration16 Missions12 Series9
Animation6 Docu-Drama9 Documentary46 Drama96 Seminar1 Sermons1 Short Stories2 Testimonials1 Travel 4
Christmas21 Easter11 Gifts for Boys9 Gifts for Dads10 Gifts for Girls5 Gifts for Mom7 Patriotic3
Adults109 Children9 Preschool5 Seniors4 Teens35 Tweens15
Top Match
He Sends Rain
A young man's perspective is challenged when he learns that his estranged father is dying. Now he must face the truth before his bitterness destroys him. Featuring Antoine McKay (Empire) and Mimi Sagadin, (Return to the Hiding Place)
The Fourth Wise Man
Item 4416D
Based on Henry van Dyke's classic, The Story of the Other Wise Man, this fictional story set in Biblical times is told in gently comic terms. A Magi named Artaban (Martin Sheen) sees a sign in the heavens that he hopes will lead him and his faithful servant to the Messiah. Artaban takes with him three precious gifts to present to the Messiah. For 33 years Artaban pursues Jesus, only to miss Him at every turn.
Wesley: A Heart Transformed Can Change The World
John Wesley is well known as the spiritual father of Methodism. His heartfelt struggles, his passion for authentic faith expressing itself through meaningful kingdom work, and his message of saving grace resonate with audiences of all ages and denominations.
500: The Impact of the Reformation Today
A lone monk's actions 500 years ago continue to have a great impact. In "500: The Impact of the Reformation Today," renowned Luther scholars from around the world reveal how the Reformation surrounds us more than we realize through religion, politics, and our society. This thought-provoking documentary was four years in the making, with portions shot on location throughout Germany where the actual Reformation events occurred.
A Gathering of Souls: The Billy Graham Crusades
Running Time: 51 min
The history and impact of a spiritual phenomenon. During his long and distinguished ministry, Billy Graham has preached the gospel to well over 200 million people worldwide. The massive evangelistic gatherings that took place in sports arenas, concert halls, and outdoor venues became known as the Billy Graham Crusades.
Adoniram and Ann Judson: Spent For God
Adoniram and Ann Judson were the first American missionaries sent abroad from the United States. The couple sacrificed enormously to bring the gospel to the people of Burma.
Affectionately Yours, Screwtape: The Devil and C.S. Lewis
Region: US and Canada
A literary review of C.S. Lewis' classic, "The Screwtape Letters"
For generations the name Albert Schweitzer has been synonymous with hands-on compassion and the power of Christ-like sacrifice. Now director Gavin Miller presents a landmark drama about the legendary Christian medical missionary.
Amy Carmichael: Mother to the Motherless
The true story of a brave missionary woman and her battle to rescue young girls from unspeakable evil.
Babylon: Past, Present, And Future
Discover the common thread that weaves Babylon past and future with Babylon present.
Beyond The Next Mountain
The story of how the Gospel of John changed the course of history for a tribe of headhunters. This is the story of Rochunga's personal pilgrimage. It is an unforgettable saga of his dedication to a vision and of the Lord's direction in his life. Filmed in India, Hawaii, Scotland and America, this beautiful film will be enjoyed by the entire family.
Bless You Prison
The true story of Nicoleta Valery Grossu's amazing survival in a Romanian Communist prison camp and how faith in the Lord strengthened her.
Blessedness out of Brokenness
Follow along as Ken Curtis, founder of Gateway Films/Vision Video, visits Louisiana State Penitentiary, better known as Angola Prison. As he was reflecting on the beatitudes in light of his journey with cancer, Ken wanted to learn from people who knew well the brokenness Jesus describes as blessed. This one-hour documentary presents the stories of inmates that bring clarity to Jesus' teaching as they share the blessedness of the beatitudes in their own lives. Many of these men are facing life sentences, yet they have found new life and purpose through their faith in Jesus Christ.
By War and By God
By War & By God tells the traumatic, yet redeeming story of a small group of soldiers whose lives were forever shaped by war, but whose faith has led them back to Vietnam to love, serve, and care for the people of that beautiful land. Through first-person interviews, archival war footage, and present-day on-location filming, the stories of these amazing "Vets with a Mission" exemplify the good that can come from a handful of lives that are touched By War & By God.
C. H. Spurgeon: The People's Preacher
This powerful, inspirational docudrama faithfully recreates the times of C.H. Spurgeon and brings the "people's preacher" to life as it follows his trials and triumphs with historical accuracy.
C.T. Studd: Gifted Athlete and Pioneering Missionary
C. T. Studd had it all. Born into a wealthy upperclass family in England, he studied at Cambridge University and went on to become one of the country's most celebrated athletes. But Studd realized that fame and flattery would not last, and as a Christian, he sensed a profound calling to forsake the things of the world and live for the world to come.
Calvin, Zwingli, and Br. Klaus: Shapers of the Faith
John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli, and Brother Klaus (Niklaus von Flüe) were three very different men who shaped the Christian faith in Switzerland. With this docu-drama, award-winning filmmaker Rainer Wälde celebrates the 500th anniversary of the Protestant Reformation and the 600th anniversary of the birth of Brother Klaus, Switzerland's most famous saint.
China Cry
The story of Sung Neng Yee (Nora Lam) who calls out to God in her persecution and sees miracles happen. An acclaimed inspirational gem.
Cody High
Cody High: A Life Remodeled Project (winner of three Emmy Awards) focuses on the efforts of Detroit's impoverished Cody Rouge community to remove blight and create a safe environment for students attending the local schools, including the hundreds of students who attend Cody High School.
From the producers of The Road to Emmaus comes an exciting new biblical drama: Come Follow Me dramatizes the relationship between Jesus and the Apostle Peter. From the day Peter heard Jesus call his name to the post-resurrection conversation in which Jesus charges Peter to "feed my sheep," this short film beautifully illustrates Peter's transformation from fearful denier to the bold leader of the early church. This program is also a way to introduce friends to the gospel message. Starring Bruce Marchiano as Jesus and Emilio Doorgasingh as Peter.
Creation Or Evolution?
Has the age-old stand-off between science and religion taken a new turn? This carefully researched DVD sheds helpful new light on the Creation vs. Evolution debate.
Eric Liddell: Champion of Conviction
He lived for the glory of God as an Olympic athlete, a husband and father, a missionary to China, and even as a prisoner in an internment camp.
Exploring Ephesus: City of Apostles
Exploring Ephesus combines the fast-paced adventure of a travel show with truly rich biblical scholarship and relevant spiritual insights. Join hosts, Dr. Mark Wilson and Dr. Andrew Jackson, leading experts on biblical Turkey, as they journey to this important hub of the early church.
Thousands of Chinese children now find themselves in the homes of families across America. Come on an emotional and uplifting journey full of unexpected twists and turns alongside three families who have answered the quiet cry of China that says, find me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Will Singapore properties stay overpriced in 2016?
They're not as overvalued as in China, Hong Kong.
Singapore is looking at a year of more lows in property prices, according to a report by BMI.
BMI noted that the local real estate market is not as overvalued as in New Zealand, Australia, China, and Hong Kong. The overall price-to-income ratio in Singapore stands at 5x, reflecting the affordability of local properties compared to the majority of city-state's peer markets across Asia.
Residential property prices have also been tumbling since 3Q13, falling 8.4% from their peak.
However, weak rental yields—which stay under downwards pressure owing to the government's sustained tightening of skilled foreign worker inflows—are underpinning expectations for further losses in the local residential property.
Moreover, a sizeable new supply is poised to flood the market this year, and BMI believes that investor interest will grow increasingly tepid amid the low yield environment.
Finally, relatively strict macroprudential measures stay in place as regulators continue to seek greater affordability of resale HDBs and private properties while also preventing the accumulation of high levels of household debt.
There may be some small adjustment possible given that Singapore's challenging macroeconomic outlook would not be suitable for a transitory recovery in prices but the broader stamp duty and loan-to-valuation framework will likely stay.


I would like some feedback from everyone on things you would like to see added or changed some on the site anywhere you think needs it for the next revision of things to come (hopefully in a few months).
I can't guarantee that everything you ask for will come at release time, but I will do my best to try and make it happen.
Anything you would like to see improved, added, changed, to even include layout and design please post your thoughts. Nothing is considered crazy as Koth and I have created and come up with some pretty unique and revolutionary things for the site so far based on off the wall ideas.
Come to the darkside, we have cookies.
Whatever you do, don't take away the "go up" feature!
Haha, those are ingrain in the forum and going nowhere.
Also, to quell confusion, yes we have been around 6 years and I said 4.0, technically this will be the 4th revision of the website, the 1st and 3rd (current) revisions lasted for about 2yrs each. I dont have screen captures of 1st or 2nd and they were kinda meh anyhow and Id like to forget they existed, lol.
I can't really think of anything, honestly. Maybe a central "control panel" where you can control notifications twilight-wide - for blogs, forum, calendar, etc. That would just be a nice-to-have though - overall I think the site is great as is.
There's a go up button? Who knew?


text:
<?php

namespace App\Http\Requests;

use App\Http\Requests\Request;
use App\Snippet;

class SnippetRequest extends Request
{
    /**
     * Determine if the user is authorized to make this request.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function authorize()
    {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Get the validation rules that apply to the request.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function rules()
    {
        $snippet = Snippet::find($this->snippet);

        switch ($this->method()) {

            case 'POST':
                {
                    return [
                        'description' => 'required|unique:snippets,description',
                        'content' => 'required',
                        'namespace' => 'required',
                        'tags' => 'required',
                    ];
                }
            case 'PUT':
            case 'PATCH':
                {
                    return [
                        'description' => 'required|unique:snippets,description,' . $snippet->id,
                        'content' => 'required',
                        'namespace' => 'required',
                        'tags' => 'required',
                    ];
                }
            default:break;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: await Task.Delay() delaying for longer that expected I have a Windows Service application which uses .Net Tasks heavily. I have a decent understanding of them, but am no pro and am encountering a problem.
I have a situation where my await Task.Delay() takes much longer at times (up to 60 seconds longer) than it should. I'm sure this is due to something I'm doing, but I'm having trouble tracing it down what could influence this.
Here is a much simplified contrived example of the type of thing I'm doing.
public async Task DoDelay(CancellationToken token = default(CancellationToken))
{
    // Delay for then check to see if we need to extend our visibility timeout
    DateTime beforeDelay = DateTime.Now;

    // Wait for 180 seconds, i.e. 3 minutes
    await Task.Delay((int)180 * 1000, token).ConfigureAwait(false);

    // Check to see how long we actually delayed for
    TimeSpan durationOfDelay = DateTime.Now - beforeDelay;

    Trace.WriteLine("Duration: " + durationOfDelay.TotalSeconds.ToString());
}

Sometimes the durationOfDelay can be up to 60 seconds longer than I delayed for.
As some background, there might be multiple other Tasks calling DoDelay() and running at the same time. I've seen that at times, all of the awaited Task.Delay() calls finish at the same time despite having being awaited at different times with the same delay value.
For example:
// Non-awaited call executed at 00:00
DoDelay();

// Non-awaited call executed at 00:10
DoDelay();

// Non-awaited call executed at 00:20
DoDelay();

// Time goes by....
// Trace output:
// "Duration: 200"
// "Duration: 190"
// "Duration: 180"

What would cause this type of thing?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Nickel mining the hidden environmental cost of electric cars. But on the same day in the same state, Anglo Australian mining giant BHP Billiton unveiled plans for a $43m (£33.5m) processing plant to supply 100,000 tonnes of nickel sulfate per year to the emerging battery market.
JAKARTA, Sept 14 (Reuters) Several global metals producers have set their sights on Indonesia's nickel reserves to tap an expected surge in demand for the metal for electric vehicle batteries.
Mining Contractors in Australia. Getting a foot in the door in a mining career starts with finding out who the contracting companies and labour hire specialists are that contract to the big mining companies.
Australia's Economic Demonstrated Resources (EDR) of nickel decreased by 13.2% from 20.4 million tonnes (Mt) to 17.7 Mt in 2012 as a result of mining companies revising their resources.
Nickel Asia Corp., the countrys largest nickel mining firm, suspended on Monday operations of its subsidiary, Taganito Mining Corp. Nuke plant conversion to coal feasible.
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The Kokomo open pit, 60 km to the north northeast of Greenvale, will be operated with a separate mining fleet with ore to be hauled to the processing plant by road trains. Mining is expected to be carried out by contractor. Total C1 cash costs for the Sconi production have come in at $0.48/Ib ($1,058/t) nickel (post cobalt and scandium credits).
Webinar Using SmartTag to help improve plant performance. Inconsistent and fluctuating production levels is a constant challenge in the mining industry.
The project comprises an open pit nickel laterite mining operation that mines 27.5 Mt of reserves over the mine life. The metallurgical process comprises a single line RKEF to extract ferronickel from the laterite ore. The RKEF plant and project infrastructure will be constructed over a 31 month period.
Copper nickel mining is different from the iron ore mining already happening in Minnesota, because the minerals are bound in sulfide ore. When it's exposed to air and water, it can create sulfuric acid, which can drain from mines and leach heavy metals into waterways.
OTHER SECTIONS. Hinatuan Mining in Taganaan, Surigao del Norte and Cagdianao Mining in Valencia, Dinagat Islands, are our two other nickel operations. In 2015 we acquired a 5th operation, Geogen Corporation, now renamed Dinapigue Mining Corporation, which is undergoing further exploration and development in order to meet our production standards.
Mike is a chartered mining engineer with over 25 years experience in the mining industry and has extensive nickel laterite project development experience.
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Research Notes "It's all kind of sad and strange" U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE BACKGROUND NOTES CUBA PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS NOVEMBER 1994 Cuba was the last major Spanish colony to gain independence.
History. Mining began in the Norilsk area in the 1920s. The Soviet government created the "Norilsk Combine" in 1935 and passed control to the NKVD.In 1943 Norilsk produced 4,000 tons of refined nickel and in 1945 hit the target figure of 10,000 tons.
Nickel mining the hidden environmental cost of electric cars . Aug 24, 2017 The mining and processing of nickel rich ores can generate high loadings of dust in the impact of mining the materials needed for electric vehicle batteries. and claims to have reduced its use of coal fired energy by 49% in 2016 (pdf). .
PT Sambas Minerals Mining, a company that invests in the mining sector, owes concessions, has export licenses till 2023 and builds a nickel refining plant with environmentally friendly Hydrometallurgy Nickel Ore system in the South Palangga District, South Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi Province.
hoe to operate a nickel mining; Mining Process for PolyMet Project PolyMet Mining. how to set up a nickel plant citycastledelhiin. Toledo Mining Corp has agreed to set up what could be only the second nickel ore processing plant in the Philippines, where miners are mulling a move away from direct .


text:
The Southern Alliance for Clean Energy (SACE) is a nonprofit advocacy group that promotes the use of clean energy in the southeastern United States.

History
SACE was founded in 1985 under the original name Tennessee Valley Energy Coalition (TVEC). TVEC championed for rate-payer protections and tracked the environmental and energy policies of the Tennessee Valley Authority.

In 1992, TVEC's name changed to Tennessee Valley Energy Reform Coalition (TVERC). In 1993, Stephen A. Smith, SACE's current executive director, became the executive director of TVERC after serving on the board.

Following completion of TVA's 1995 IRP, TVERC shifted its focus to research on air pollution and efforts to clean up or retire coal-fired power plants. In 1997, TVERC worked with the Tennessee Clean Air Task Force. In 1998, TVERC engaged with TVA to launch the Green Power Switch program, giving TVA rate-payers the option to support wind, solar, and biogas renewable resources.

In 1999, TVERC was renamed the Southern Alliance For Clean Energy (SACE) as the organization expanded its focus beyond the TVA service area to encompass clean energy efforts with other utility providers in Florida and South Carolina. In 2001, SACE merged with Georgians For Clean Energy, thereby expanding its influence in the Southeast to also include Georgia.

Since 2001, SACE's programs have expanded to address multiple issues relating to energy and the environment, such as increasing solar power programs and the use of clean, electric transportation, reducing reliance on fossil fuel power stations, and addressing climate change.

References

External links

 Official website

Renewable energy organizations based in the United States
1985 establishments in Tennessee
Environmental organizations based in Tennessee


If the negligence of another has caused any of these conditions, we want to help you receive compensation for the impact this has had on your life and the lives of loved ones.
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Head litigation attorney and partner Albro Lundy has nearly 30 years of trial experience and particular experience in spinal cord injury and paralysis litigation, including multiple multi-million dollar victories for personal injury and wrongful death claims. In 2009, Lundy was awarded Trial Lawyer of the Year for his work on a $11.6 million spinal cord injury case, Schmidt v. State of California. He is also listed in Los Angeles Magazine as a Southern California Super Lawyer from 2008-2012 in both personal injury and medical malpractice litigation. To review a more complete list of our personal injury case successes, please see the verdicts and settlements page.
Partner Albro Lundy III has over 30 years of trial experience and particular experience in personal injury litigation, including multiple multi-million dollar victories. With his associate Evan Koch, he and our litigation team work closely with your family to develop a specific understanding of the full impact of your loss. Then, we present your unique, compelling loss to the negotiators or jurors who have the power to resolve your legal claims.
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Another Quora question about tanks! I was happy to answer this one, it's the sort of thing you see brought up a lot in conversation about vehicles from World War 2 and even today.
There's a lot involved in the design of a tank, beyond the immediate concerns of armor, mobility, and firepower, that have significant and long-ranging effects. Sure, on one hand you can always build a tank with immense levels of protection, but ditch your mobility or favor any one of the other basic 'aspects' that determines a tanks underlying characteristics. But an adjustment and change of these matters is not enough.
The Tiger I was a vainglorious failure, and a good example of the larger issues surrounding the design of tanks. So, let's cover these from a strategic bent, since the only way you'll win any war is through strategy. First, I'll just list some of the major failures of the Tiger I on a design level, ones that may not immediately be apparent, then cover the even bigger picture involving it.
The Tiger 1 was extremely heavy for its era, though its ground pressure was not terrible due to wide tracks, it made strategic mobility a pain and was a hindrance when the vehicle broke down.
It had a finicky final drive and transmission that, if abused by a driver, could become an absolute nightmare to repair or replace.
It had an extremely low parts commonality with other vehicles in the Werhmacht. Things like the road wheels, track links, even nuts, bolts, and wires were largely incompatible with other AFVs. This gives it (and other german AFVs) enormous logistical footprints.
It was designed and put into production very quickly, not allowing major flaws in its design to be worked out and addressed before it was thrown into combat.
It had largely vertical or near vertical armor surfaces, especially along the frontal arc.
It was very time consuming and difficult to build each Tiger I, due to the high level of complexity involved in its construction. This again relates to its logistical footprint.
Turret traverse speed was abysmal, making the vehicle less able to operate in close quarters or aim at targets at a wide arc quickly.
Its gas engine, while sufficient to the task of moving the vehicle over short distances, was not well suited for efficiency in terms of range or lengthy operation.
All of these issues point to a sort of… myopia, a nearsightedness regarding the wider picture and place of the Tiger I in a strategic role. The Germans were looking for a tank that could win battles. Well, they did make one. The Tiger I, when it came out, was an absolute beast in a lot of ways. But it was not a tank that would win wars.
Why? Because it was a logistical nightmare. The German military relied on two main forms of transportation. One was the train, which it made relatively effective use of until it lost control of the skies. But trains could not go everywhere.
The other was horse carts.
German supply cart stuck fording a swollen river on the Eastern front.
A Tiger I being looked over by its crew during winter.
You are not going to cover as much ground with these, in the long run, over trucks.
While the Wehrmacht had access to trucks like the Opel Blitz, they did not have them in large quantities. Moving around supplies and equipment via long baggage trains comprised of horse carts severely hampered strategic mobility for the entire German military. Horses could not feasibly be used to tow the Tiger I out of mud or on a trailer (they had vehicles that could, but they were in high demand and increasingly less common as the war dragged on and material losses increased). A horse cart carried less fuel, moved less ammo, and hauled fewer spare parts. This was a major issue, one that affected the distribution of supplies for virtually the entire war.
Strategically, the tanks needed a larger portion of the trucks, simply to keep up with their mobility, but this meant that other sections, like artillery, AT guns, and infantry had to largely make do with horses. It meant that some supplies could be moved quickly while others had to wait on carts. This is a terrible scenario for us to consider running a war in. But let's keep going, since we're more focused on the Tiger I.
The Tiger I was difficult to repair, though all contemporary accounts I've read, shower endless praise on the work done by maintenance units to keep these vehicles running at all times. It's also clear that supplies were always tight as, in Otto Carius' "Tigers in the Mud" he states they had to sometimes cannibalize a Tiger in order to repair others and this became more common as the war progressed. While it makes sense to do so in lieu of supplies, it also underlines how really bad the logistics situation was for even the beloved Panzer units.
The German myopia in the design of the Tiger extended into its other inefficiencies, such as its overall size and the complexity and fragility of so many parts it possessed that made it a large waste. A lot of things could have been simplified and standardized to improve the logistics around it, even small ones changing things by a significant margin.
a lot today, but I cannot stress just how important logistical concerns play into winning a war, or as the questioner put it, "beating the world". The Tiger I was not designed with strategy in mind. It was built around the idea that it would win a fight, not a war. So it won fights, and helped lose the war in the process.
What could be improved on the Tiger I? First and foremost, a very heavily redesigned vehicle that focused on increasing its parts commonality with say… Panthers and Panzer IVs or even the Panzer III. Even a 10% increase in standardization would have been a big victory for the logistics. Albert Speer did help spearhead the Entwicklung Series of tanks, but this was far too late (and still myopic, the E-100 anyone?), to change the course of the war in any significant manner.
Simplifying the design of the Tiger while improving overall durability of the parts and the speed of manufacture for the gun, suspension, engine, transmission, final drive and steering system… its a long list, but it could have been done if the Germans were looking at the matter strategically speaking.
Improvements in crew visibility (each man in the turret should have a swiveling unity sight at the least). Better armor angling, while an effort to reduce the general size of the vehicle, at least somewhat. Overlapping instead of interleaved road wheels would have kept the performance characteristics in general of the suspension, without being quite as heinous a task to repair.
Ditching the cringe-worthy "Vorpanzer" concept before the thing left the drawing board. The below link offers an explanation of what that was and why it was ditched… after the tank went into production.
Vorpanzer study, visualised by Liejon's 1/35 model.
What the Germans had built with the Tiger I, Panther, Tiger II, etc, were the tank equivalents of Ferrari's or Buggati's or (hahaha) Porsche's. They might be high performance, but they aren't what you want to use off-roading or moving around heavy loads. A truck or (real) SUV will serve you infinitely better, despite being perhaps less glamorous in nature.
I've always argued had they focused on doing all of these same things for the Panther and just ignored the Tigers altogether, it would have been a sounder strategy to pursue in the broader sense of things. We can commiserate, fantasize, and armchair general the bejeezus out of the Tiger I, but in the end we should probably focus more on what it was, where it was, when it was, and that it happened, over these fun but ultimately less-than-productive mental exercises. Though I could probably ramble on, at length, for hours on pretty much these very same topics (and have numerous times before).
Even if the Germans in WWII had built a 'perfect' tank, it would not have saved them from all the other, wider, and much more important issues at play that heralded the inevitable demise of the Third Reich.
Just like to mention Germany didn't go to total war format because of WW1. The high command felt a total war will lower living conditions to a point where there will be a revolt of sort just like in 1918. That's why the German economy wasn't total war and had a large sector in keeping living standards high.
You can argue this but it was perfectly understandable.
The thing people bring up is that the Panther is unreliable, and a lot of that unreliability came from simplifying certain features… So while it fit the bill as a cost effective tank, it became less reliable than the Tigers and tigers Ii which actually had less break down rate. In fact statistically the Tiger IIs had less breakdown rates than late-war over weight panzer IVs. But there are a number of factors in play, such as heavy tank battalions having its own logistic group, more experienced drivers and had more defensive role. But one shouldn't simply disregard that the Germans still strives to make things more reliable on the Tiger II after the Panther and Tiger I and the apparent improvements that brought. Though they still decided to overweight it even more than the Tiger. Seems like a counter-productive measure. Or maybe they thought they can achieve similar reliability as the Tiger I despite making it heavier. Also read there were more standardization for the Tiger II. Though it wasn't enough and the E-series were proposed. But by then there were simply far too many far-fetched projects to be completed.
To be specific, it was Hitler's fear that a total war economy would demoralize the population. By the time Albert Speer had gotten things moving in that direction, it was far too late to make a significant impact on the outcome of the war and its course.
As to the Panther, it only got more reliable in general, though late war vehicles suffered heavily from a decline in manufacturing sophistication and sabotage by the forced labor that the Nazis were using to try to meet production quotas. Many of the heavier German vehicles were built around transmissions and final drives that were up-scaled versions of ones from earlier in the war, but weren't really stress-tested or fully mature when they were placed into the Tiger I or Panther. By the time of the TIger II, it is arguable that German industry was in suffecient danger, with a wide range of demands it was struggling to meet, that more suitable designs would have required significant development cycles that the Germans could not spare. Their instance on front drive sprockets and overly complicated systems made maintenance significantly more bothersome than was truly necessary, but by the start of operation Barbarossa, these were ingrained ideas that were locked into the industrial and engineering culture surrounding AFV development and manufacture. By the time they started to adapt to make the needed changes to how they approached vehicle design and development, it was far, far too late.


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Brabant kende een vroege en sterke constitutionele traditie die de rechten van het land tegenover de hertogen op schrift stelde. Gebruikmakend van geldnood en momenten van dynastieke onzekerheid dwongen de Brabanders rechten af die grenzen stelden aan de vorstelijke macht en hen inspraak gaven in het beleid. De rechten werden vastgelegd in charters als de Keure van Kortenberg (1312) en de Blijde Inkomst (1356). Ze bekwamen medezeggenschap via een standenvertegenwoordiging en een weerstandsrecht om zich te verdedigen tegen schendingen van de als contractueel geconcipieerde verhouding met de landsheer. De oude constituties werden definitief afgeschaft in de Franse Tijd aan het einde van de 18e eeuw, toen de Belgische departementen onder de Franse grondwet en het Franse parlement kwamen.

Geschiedenis
Omdat hertog Hendrik II in 1248 een vroege dood voelde naderen en hij zich niet zeker wist dat de opvolging door zijn jonge zoon zou worden aanvaard, maakte hij een politiek testament waarin hij zijn onderdanen rechtszekerheid en billijke rechtspraak toezegde. We mogen aannemen dat dit zaken waren waarover onvrede heerste en waarover de steden hem hadden benaderd. Hij beloofde dat iedereen zou worden behandeld "volgens recht en vonnis" door de geëigende rechters, stelde fiscale verlichting in het vooruitzicht en beperkte de bevoegdheden van zijn ambtenaren. Hendrik III de Zachtmoedige, die daardoor vlot aan de macht kwam, volgde op dertigjarige leeftijd het voorbeeld van zijn vader toen ook hij de dood in zicht had. Zijn testament van 1261 bevatte toezeggingen in de lijn van die van dertien jaar eerder. Geen beden zouden worden gevraagd tenzij in de vier klassieke gevallen. Toch was het lot van Brabant onzeker doordat de minderjarige troonopvolger Hendrik lichamelijk en geestelijk onbekwaam was. Onder impuls van Leuven en Brussel vormden de steden door bilaterale akkoorden een stedenbond om de territoriale integriteit van het hertogdom te verdedigen. In een vergadering van abten, edelen en steden erkenden ze hertogin Aleidis van Bourgondië als regentes, en enige tijd later zorgden ze ervoor dat de tweede zoon Jan in 1267 het hertogdom kon overnemen.

Een volgende stap vond plaats in de jaren 1290-1293. Onder meer door zijn expansiepolitiek, die succes had opgeleverd in de Slag bij Woeringen, kwam hertog Jan I van Brabant in geldnood. Buitenlandse schuldeisers begonnen hun vorderingen op de handelaars uit Brabant te verhalen en namen hun waar in beslag. Weer vormden de steden een bond om de hertog verenigd tegemoet te treden. In ruil voor het goedkeuren van uitzonderlijke beden waarmee hij zijn schulden kon aanzuiveren, verleende de hertog een hele reeks charters met uitgebreide rechten. Dit gebeurde voor iedere stad afzonderlijk, maar in teksten die telkens zeer gelijkluidend waren. Ook de abdijen en kloosters droegen bij, in ruil waarvoor de geestelijkheid een algemeen privilege kreeg dat hen voor acht jaar vrijstelde van uitzonderlijke beden. De Brabantse adel stemde toe in een vermogensbelasting van 5%, te betalen door alle eigenaars van een heerlijkheid, behalve de ridders en schildknapen. In een charter van 24 maart 1293 garandeerde de hertog hen dat een dergelijke bede zich niet zou herhalen. Het slotartikel bepaalde dat zijn leenmannen bij niet-naleving hem of zijn opvolgers alle dienst mochten weigeren, zowel militaire bijstand als het spreken van recht. Deze passieve weerstand in de vorm van legitieme ongehoorzaamheid kaderde binnen het feodale recht en kreeg hier voor het eerst in Brabant schriftelijk vorm, wat toelaat een orale ontwikkeling voordien te veronderstellen. De clausule ging echter nog verder door ook de rechters en bestuurders van de steden te laten delen in de dienstweigering wanneer de hertogelijke eed tegenover de adel niet zou worden gerespecteerd. Dit fundamentele recht werd voor het eerst in de Europese geschiedenis zo breed toegekend, maar de context bleef wel feodaal. Ook werden de standen nog gescheiden benaderd.

Opnieuw was het vrees voor dynastieke discontinuïteit die hertog Jan II er in 1312 toe bracht een grote stap te zetten in de Brabantse constitutie. Voor hij naar Parijs vertrok voor een niersteenoperatie, hechtte hij zijn zegel aan de Keure van Kortenberg. Na onderhandeling met de steden en in mindere mate de edelen, was een echt landcharter tot stand gekomen dat zich richtte tot de twee wereldlijke standen (de geestelijkheid genoot eigen privileges), met inbegrip van "onze goede lieden van de steden, kleine en grote". Elders gaat het over "onze lieden, rijke en arme". Dit charter, dat de bestaande rechten bevestigde en uitbreidde, was niet meer in het Latijn maar in het Nederlands gesteld. Op institutioneel vlak werd geïnnoveerd door de Raad van Kortenberg in te stellen, een veertienkoppig toezichtsorgaan dat zou oordelen over schendingen van het charter. De weerstandsclausule was ruimer dan in 1293 en stelde zonder omwegen dat geen dienst, hulp of onderdanigheid verschuldigd was tot een vastgestelde schending zou zijn hersteld. Daarmee werd dit fundamentele recht definitief uit de feodale context gelicht.

Deze toegevingen konden niet voorkomen dat Brabant in een precaire positie kwam toen de hertog aan de gevolgen van zijn operatie overleed. De buitenlandse schuldeisers roerden zich en de steden waren ontevreden over de adellijke regenten die het bestuur waarnamen voor de minderjarige Jan III. Een nieuw verbond van de zeven goede steden wist in ruil voor financiële toezeggingen het regentschap naar zich toe te trekken. Het bestuur van hun vertegenwoordigers, aangevuld met twee edellieden uit de hertogelijke raad, duurde van 1314 tot 1320. Bij hun aantreden in 1314 werden twee nieuwe regelingen getroffen: het Waals Charter bevatte tijdelijke maatregelen met het oog op schuldsanering, het Vlaams Charter voerde meer permanente vernieuwingen in, onder meer door de steden controle te geven over de muntslag. Ook mochten meiers en houtvesters niet meer voor het leven worden benoemd. Net als het Charter van Kortenberg richtten deze akten zich tot alle onderdanen, met uitzondering van de geestelijke stand.

Hoewel de Raad van Kortenberg nog een tweetal decennia dode letter bleef, ontplooiden de standen een grote activiteit. Informeel en binnen de Staten van Brabant kwamen ze geregeld bijeen over kwesties als monetair beleid, fiscaliteit, rechtszaken, enz. Vooral de vier hoofdsteden waren de motor achter dit overleg, dat in de regeerperiode van Jan III gemiddeld veertien keer per jaar plaatsvond. Ze waren dan ook klaar om te reageren toen de Honderdjarige Oorlog uitbrak tussen Engeland en Frankrijk. Onder impuls van de steden werden verdragen afgesloten met de naburige gewesten om de onderlinge vrede en de economische belangen te beschermen. Het Brabants-Vlaams verdrag van 1339 was een Engelsgezinde militair-economische unie die werd uitgevaardigd door de hertog en de graaf. Het had een constitutionele draagwijdte, zoals blijkt uit de weerstandsclausule en uit de bepaling die oorlogsverklaringen afhankelijk stelde van overleg met de steden. Het Brabants-Luiks verdrag van 1347 werd enkel gesloten tussen de vier grote steden. De Gouden Bul van 1349 verleende gerechtelijke immuniteit binnen het Heilig Roomse Rijk.

Een nieuwe stedenbond zag het licht in 1355: 44 steden uit Brabant, Limburg en de Landen van Overmaas wensten zich voor te bereiden op de opvolging van hun hertog Jan III, die drie dochters met ambitieuze echtgenoten naliet. De steden wensten het behoud van de territoriale integriteit en van hun rechten, zonder zich uit te spreken wie van de dochters ze als opvolger zagen. De Staten stelden een eisenbundel van 36 artikels op, die na zware onderhandelingen werd aanvaard door de oudste dochter Johanna van Brabant en haar echtgenoot Wenceslas van Luxemburg. Ze legden in 1356 de eed af op dit inhuldigingscharter, dat bekend raakte als de Blijde Inkomst. Onder meer de oorlogspolitiek werd onderworpen aan het consent van de Staten. Behalve misschien de Engelsen had geen enkel Europees volk zo'n verregaande constitutie op schrift weten te bekomen. Het landcharter richtte zich zonder onderscheid van stand tot onse goede liede van onsen lande van Brabant.

Deze verworvenheid werd nog hetzelfde jaar teniet gedaan door het militaire succes van de Vlaamse graaf Lodewijk van Male, die op grond van de aanspraken van zijn echtgenote Margaretha van Brabant – de zus van Johanna – het hertogdom binnenviel. Brussel en Leuven werden bezet en toonden zich bereid Lodewijk in te zweren als hertog. Johanna en Wenceslas wisten dit uiteindelijk toch te verhinderen. Door de Vrede van Aat verloor Brabant weliswaar het markgraafschap Antwerpen en de heerlijkheid Mechelen aan de Vlaamse graaf, maar ze behielden hun hertogdom. Door de eedbreuk van de steden verloor de Blijde Inkomst evenwel haar rechtsgeldigheid. De Brabanders vielen terug op de charters van 1312-1314. Ook na die tegenslag behielden de standen grote invloed tijdens het lange leven van hertogin Johanna, en na de dood van Wenceslas in 1383 werd hun macht nog directer.

Het overlijden van Johanna in 1406 leidde opnieuw tot getouwtrek over de Brabantse opvolging. De Bourgondiër Filips de Stoute had dit moment lang voorbereid. De Brabanders wilden niet in zee met zijn oudste zoon Jan zonder Vrees, die te veel andere belangen had, maar diens jongere broer Antoon hadden ze aanvaard als ruwaard. Om Antoon ook als hertog te huldigen, haalden de Brabanders de Blijde Inkomst vanonder het stof. Na enige onderhandelde aanpassingen legde hij in 1406 de eed af op deze constitutie. De traditie van inhuldigingscharters zou standhouden tot het einde van het hertogdom Brabant in 1795. Tot 1549 werden deze "politieke contracten" met elke nieuwe vorst heronderhandeld.

De dood van hertog Antoon op het slagveld van Azincourt bracht in 1415 alweer een minderjarige op de troon in de persoon van Jan IV. De Staten van Brabant hadden onmiddellijk een verbond gesloten met Limburg en Overmaas om de overgang te regelen. De zeven goede steden benoemden ook een elfkoppige raad die twee jaar lang het bewind uitoefende. Op zijn veertiende nam Jan IV het hertogambt op, maar door zijn politieke desinteresse lag de eigenlijke macht bij zijn raadslieden. Al in zijn eerste regeringsjaar in 1418 beriepen de steden en baronnen zich op de weerstandsformule in de Blijde Inkomst om hun dienstbaarheid op te zeggen. Tegelijk probeerde Jan zonder Vrees een Bourgondisch machtsblok te creëren door een huwelijk tussen Jan IV en Jacoba van Beieren, maar deze plannen werden doorkruist vanuit Luik door haar oom Jan van Beieren. Door met oorlog te dreigen kon hij de hand leggen op Jacoba's graafschappen Holland en Zeeland, en bovendien zegde Jan IV hem een grote afkoopsom toe. De Staten van Brabant weigerden het geld op te hoesten en stelden Jans jongere broer Filips van Sint-Pol aan tot ruwaard. De hertog probeerde het tij militair te keren, maar hij moest de duimen leggen voor de Brusselse ambachten. Slechts door in het Privilege van de Ruwaard zijn vervangbaarheid te erkennen, kon hij zijn hertogambt herwinnen. In de tekst van het Privilege werd het recht van de Staten tot aanstelling van een ruwaard voorgesteld als een oud gebruik. De Staten omringden Jan met hun eigen mensen en onderhandelden ondertussen onderling over de verdere concessies die ze van hem zouden vragen. Dit leidde in 1422 tot het Nieuw Regiment. Jan IV stierf uiteindelijk kinderloos en werd in 1427 rimpelloos opgevolgd door zijn broer Filips van Sint-Pol, die desondanks een ingrijpend herziene Blijde Inkomst moest aanvaarden. Tegenover 1406 werden elementen uit het Nieuw Regiment geïncorporeerd en ook werd voorzien in een nauwere betrokkenheid van de Staten van Brabant bij het landsbestuur. Voortaan legden de Blijde Inkomsten de randvoorwaarden voor de dialoog tussen vorst en Staten vast. Sint-Pol was de eerste die tegenover de drie standen gezamenlijk zwoer.

Wanneer drie jaar later ook Filips van Saint-Pol jong en zonder nageslacht stierf, waren er een tiental pretendenten voor de Brabantse troon. De Staten gaven hun steun aan Filips de Goede, die uitstekend zijn contacten had verzorgd. Hij was dan ook degene die in 1430 werd ingezworen, op een Blijde Inkomst die grondig was heronderhandeld. De nieuwe hertog had bepaalde toegevingen gedaan aan de Staten, maar ook inperkingen bekomen. Nog hetzelfde jaar verleende hij een eerste toebrief om het charter aan te passen. Zich bewust van hun nieuwe positie in het Bourgondische rijk, hadden de Brabanders bedongen dat hoge ambten in het hertogdom niet door "buitenlanders" konden worden bekleed. Wie in een ander gewest was geboren, kwam enkel in aanmerking na Brabantisatie. Nieuwe toebrieven volgden bij het toezeggen van beden in 1451 en 1457. De Bourgondische hertogen hadden meer financiële slagkracht en waren niet meer louter op Brabant gericht, hoewel Filips de Goede Brussel tot zijn prinselijke stad had gekozen. De laatste regeringsjaren van Filips waren ook niet van controverse gespeend. Bij zijn dood in 1467 was er in de steden veel steun voor opvolging door de minder machtige Jan van Nevers, hoewel Karel de Stoute al twee jaar voordien was erkend. De edelen en prelaten gingen hier echter niet in mee. Door de Bourgondische centralisatiepolitiek kwamen veel ambten beschikbaar voor de adel, die aan invloed won ten koste van de steden. Dit zou zich ook doorzetten onder Karel de Stoute, die het pleit dus won. De Blijde Inkomst waarop hij de eed aflegde, stemde in grote mate overeen met die van 1430, aangevuld met de toebrieven. Er heerste enige onvrede omdat hij geen nieuwe verzuchtingen inwilligde.

Dit werd ruimschoots goedgemaakt door het Algemeen Privilege dat zijn opvolger Maria van Bourgondië in 1477 toestond. Met zijn 109 artikelen was het haast dubbel zo lang als langste Blijde Inkomst. Maria was dat jaar zonder problemen erkend door de Staten-Generaal van de Nederlanden, maar haar positie was zwak. Terwijl overal opstanden uitbraken om de maatregelen van haar gesneuvelde vader ongedaan te maken, moest ze met een lege schatkist het hoofd bieden aan een Franse invasie. Onder haar vele concessies in het Algemeen Privilege – één constitutionele tekst die gold voor alle Bourgondische Nederlanden – was het recht van de Staten om op eigen initiatief bijeen te komen. Centraliserende instellingen werden dan weer gekortwiekt. Ook in haar Blijde Inkomst voor Brabant kregen de Staten een sterkere rol. De grote steden drukten hun stempel op het herziene inhuldigingscharter ten koste van de adel en de prelaten. De Raad van Brabant verloor de bevoegdheden die hij op de stedelijke schepenbanken had gewonnen. Aan de Brabantse geestelijkheid schonk Maria het Privilege van de Prelaten, dat de verschuldigde karweien en de hertogelijke gasterij- en meuterechten inperkte en vrijstelling verleende van alle expectanties, commenden en pensioenen. Later dat jaar trouwde ze met de Habsburgse keizerszoon Maximiliaan van Oostenrijk, die in Leuven een confirmatie van het landcharter beëdigde. In de praktijk kwam daar niets van terecht. Al in 1478 waren er talloze klachten over inbreuken, waaronder het aanstellen van een buitenlander als Brabants kanselier.

De plotse dood van Maria van Bourgondië in 1482 maakte haar vierjarige zoontje Filips de Schone hertog. Zonder enthousiasme erkenden de Staten van Brabant Maximiliaan als regent. Zijn autoritaire optreden leidde in 1488 tot opstanden in Zuid-Brabant. Het kwam tot een oorlog waarin de Brabantse hoge adel aan de kant van Maximiliaan streed. Hij won het pleit en legde in 1489 de Vrede van Danebroek op, waardoor vermoedelijk veel privileges teloorgingen. Brussel en Leuven werden ook financieel bijzonder zwaar gestraft. De stedelijke invloed op de vorst kromp terwijl die van de adel steeg. Toen Filips de Schone in 1494 aantrad, slaagden de steden er niet in de verworvenheden van 1477 te herstellen. Zijn Blijde Inkomst greep vooral terug naar die van Karel de Stoute. Hij deed alle door Maria van Bourgondië verleende charters teniet. Het toekennen van een bede gaf in 1497 nog aanleiding tot een toebrief met enkele punten waarover de drie standen het eens waren. De tijd dat de steden zelfstandig hun wensen konden doordrukken, was voorbij.

De latere Keizer Karel V erfde Brabant in 1506 en kreeg het hertogambt toen hij in 1515 meerderjarig werd verklaard door de Staten-Generaal. Op dat moment legde hij ook de eed af op een Blijde Inkomst waarvan de tekst slechts licht was aangepast. In 1549 waren de Staten-Generaal opnieuw bijeen om zijn zoon Filips als opvolger te erkennen in het vooruitzicht van de werkelijke machtsoverdracht binnen afzienbare tijd. Bij die gelegenheid onderhandelde de keizer het inhuldigingscharter waarop Filips alvast zwoer. Als enige land had Brabant een schriftelijke weerstandsclausule, wat door Karel "buitensporig en ongehoord" werd genoemd. De Staten stelden hem gerust dat het geen grond was voor opstand maar voor passieve ongehoorzaamheid, waarna de Blijde Inkomst van Filips werd goedgekeurd, ietwat ingekort maar voor de rest haast ongewijzigd tegenover 1515.

De politiek van koning Filips II veroorzaakte diepe onvrede bij de hoge adel, die hij minder bij het landsbestuur betrok, en bij de religieuze dissidenten, die hij met ketterplakkaten onderdrukte. De Nederlanden kwamen hiertegen in opstand. Op de Keulse vredehandel van 1579 eisten de Staten-Generaal dat de Blijde Inkomst zou worden uitgebreid tot alle gewesten. Steeds radicalere pamfletten circuleerden waarin uiteindelijk de legitimiteit van Filips in vraag werd gesteld op grond van het Brabants constitutionalisme. Het weerstandsrecht werd aangehaald door protestantse auteurs als Gilles le Clercq en Johan Junius de Jonge, door de Antwerpse raadpensionaris Jacob van Wesembeek, en door Marnix van Sint-Aldegonde. Als eerste edelman van Brabant bleef Willem van Oranje niet achter. Het Plakkaat van Verlatinghe waarmee de Nederlanden zich in 1581 afscheurden van Filips' heerschappij, stoelde dan ook voor een groot deel op Brabantse constitutionele rechten, in de eerste plaats het weerstandsrecht.

De volgende hertogen, tot en met keizer Frans II in 1794, legden allemaal de eed af op dezelfde constitutie als Filips II. De tekst werd niet meer heronderhandeld. Hierdoor verstolde het Brabantse constitutionalisme, maar tegelijk bleef het symbolisch erg belangrijk. Geen enkele koning of keizer zag ervan af, ook al vonden sommigen het misschien een formaliteit zonder veel betekenis.

Tijdens de jaren 1780 botsten de gerechtelijke hervormingen van keizer Jozef II met de oude rechten waarop hij had gezworen. Hij voelde zich er niet door gebonden, wat in 1789 de Brabantse Revolutie deed losbarsten. De opstandelingen verklaarden de keizer vervallen van zijn hertogsambt op grond van de weerstandsclausule in de Blijde Inkomst. Ze stelden dat hij meineed had gepleegd door de rechten van die constitutie te schenden, en riepen de onafhankelijkheid uit.

Invloed buiten Brabant
De Keure van Kortenberg van 1312 heeft ongetwijfeld inspiratie geboden aan de Luikse opstandelingen die enkele jaren later de Vrede van Fexhe afdwongen. Het Tribunal des XXII dat daarin werd opgericht, was het equivalent van de Raad van Kortenberg.

In het graafschap Vlaanderen was het eerste document met constitutionele draagwijdte het Brabants-Vlaams verdrag van 1339. Daarin werd het Brabantse weerstandsrecht in passieve vorm geëxporteerd. Ook de rechten inzake muntslag hadden Brabantse precedenten en de inspraak in oorlogsverklaringen was zelfs geheel nieuw. De Brabantse traditie vond dus haar weg naar Vlaanderen en door de aansluiting kort erna van graaf Willem IV ook naar Henegouwen, Holland en Zeeland.

Ruim een eeuw later vond opnieuw een constitutioneel moment plaats waarop de Brabantse rechten werden verruimd tot de andere Nederlanden. Het Algemeen Privilege dat Maria van Bourgondië op 11 februari 1477 toestond, verleende verregaande rechten. Het werd gevolgd door gewestelijke privileges voor Vlaanderen (zelfde datum), Holland-Zeeland (14 maart), Namen (mei) en Brabant (29 mei). Het Vlaamse en Brabantse charter versterkten het weerstandsrecht door het toe te kennen aan de collectiviteit én aan de individuele onderdanen. Al deze verworvenheden werden echter in 1494 tenietgedaan.

In 1564 verscheen de Blijde Inkomst in druk te Keulen. Het succes ervan blijkt uit nieuwe oplagen in 1565, 1566, 1574, 1577 en 1578. Toen de Staten-Generaal op 29 september 1580 met Frans van Anjou het Verdrag van Plessis-lès-Tours afsloten, waarin de voorwaarden van zijn aanstelling tot landvoogd werden vastgelegd, werd voorzien in een actief weerstandsrecht en in de mogelijkheid van zijn vervanging. Dit ging terug op respectievelijk de Blijde Inkomst en het Privilege van de Ruwaard.

Twee eeuwen later keken de rebellerende Amerikaanse kolonies naar de Opstand in de Nederlanden om hun acties te legitimeren. In de Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsverklaring van 1776 werd uitdrukkelijk verwezen naar deze gebeurtenis en naar de Brabants-constitutionele argumenten die toen waren ingeroepen.

Constitutionele teksten
1248: testament van Hendrik II van Brabant (22 januari)
1261: testament van Hendrik III van Brabant (26 februari)
1293: charters voor de adel (24 maart), de geestelijkheid en de steden
1312: Charter van Kortenberg
1314: Vlaams Charter en Waals Charter (12 juli)
1332: confirmatie van het Charter van Kortenberg door hertog Jan III (buitenlandse militaire dreiging)
1339: Brabants-Vlaams verdrag
1347: Brabants-Luiks verdrag
1349: Gouden Bul
1356: Blijde Inkomst van Johanna en Wenceslas
1372: tweede confirmatie van het Charter van Kortenberg
1406: Blijde Inkomst van Antoon van Bourgondië (19 december)
1415: confirmatie van de Blijde Inkomst door Jan IV
1421: Privilege van de Ruwaard
1422: Nieuw Regiment
1427: Blijde Inkomst van Filips van Sint-Pol
1428: hertogelijke macht ondergeschikt aan hertogelijke raadsleden (2 juni)
1430: Blijde Inkomst van Filips de Goede en eerste toebrief
1451: tweede toebrief (ordonnantie van 13 september)
1457: derde toebrief
1467: Blijde Inkomst van Karel de Stoute
1477: Groot Privilege (11 februari), Blijde Inkomst (29 mei) en Privilege van de Prelaten (29 mei), confirmatie van de Blijde Inkomst door Maximiliaan (5 december)
1482: tweede confirmatie van de Blijde Inkomst door Maximiliaan
1494: Blijde Inkomst van Filips de Schone
1497: toebrief van Filips de Schone
1515: Blijde Inkomst van Karel V
1549: Blijde Inkomst van Filips II van Spanje

Hierna werd de tekst van de Blijde Inkomst niet meer gewijzigd. De volgende hertogen, tot en met keizer Frans II in 1794, legden allemaal de eed af op dezelfde constitutie als Filips II.

Literatuur
Wim Blockmans en Raymond van Uytven, "Constitutions and their Application in the Netherlands during the Middle Ages" in: Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis, 1969, nr. 2, p. 399-424.
Brecht Deseure, "'Etre libre de nom et esclave de fait'. De Brabantse constituties tijdens de Franse periode (Zuidelijke Nederlanden)", in: Noordbrabants historisch jaarboek, 2012, p. 120-137
Brecht Deseure, "De lange schaduw van de Blijde Inkomst. Revolutionair discours over de oude grondwetten in België", in: Rechtsgeschiedenis op nieuwe wegen, 2015, p. 35-58
Lisa Demets, "In omni terra potestatis mei. Discours, macht en legitieme autoriteit in de oorkonden van de hertogen van Brabant (1106-1248)" in: Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis, 2017, p. 193-218.
Valerie Vrancken, De Blijde Inkomsten van de Brabantse hertogen. Macht, opstand en privileges in de vijftiende eeuw, 2018. ISBN 9789057187155
Ben Eersels, Jelle Haemers en Marie Van Eeckenrode, "Quelle 'constitution' pour quel pays? Étude comparative de l'histoire constitutionnelle de la Flandre, du Hainaut et du Brabant au bas Moyen Âge", in: La Paix de Fexhe (1316) et les révoltes à Liège et dans les Pays-Bas méridionaux, ed. Christophe Masson et Bruno Demoulin, 2018, p. 113-129

Voetnoten

Geschiedenis van Brabant
Grondwet


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An employer has a legal responsibility to improve workplace safety and, thus, reduce serious injuries among employees. If a person sustains a back injury either due to strain or trauma that could have been reasonably prevented by an employer's intervention, that worker may be entitled to pursue compensation for the cost of their injury treatment and recovery. Considering that these treatments can prove both expensive and time-consuming, this compensation may prove particularly useful.
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The Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (ESPM) Graduate Program provides a wealth of opportunities for students interested in careers in academia, government, and non-governmental agencies worldwide. Our faculty are internationally recognized, and ESPM is the campus hub for connections to other renowned Berkeley programs in the environment such as the Energy and Resources Group, Agricultural and Resource Economics, the Goldman School of Public Policy, Integrative Biology, Berkeley Natural History Museums, and Berkeley Law. The Berkeley campus maintains close ties to world-class research facilities at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, California Academy of Sciences, Stanford University, and many other institutions. Students admitted to our program work with their research mentor to select courses, individualize their training, and conduct research projects that meet their interests and goals. Our core graduate courses provide an introduction to the wide breadth and deep expertise of research on the environment within our department and help students apply for funding opportunities early in their graduate program.
The PhD program is the main graduate program in ESPM for students entering with or without previous masters degrees, though we also offer limited numbers of MS degrees in our specialized Master of Range Management and Master of Forestry programs. The goal of the program is to provide both a strong disciplinary education and broadly based experience in cross-disciplinary communication and problem solving. To achieve this, the program leading to the PhD in environmental science, policy, and management requires that students complete three core courses and take additional coursework in the following three areas: area of specialization, research skills, and experiential breadth.
The disciplinary emphasis is the broadest academic area encompassing the student's interests. The three disciplinary emphases within the department are ecosystem sciences, organisms & environment, and society & environment. A student pursuing a strongly interdisciplinary program may study more than one of these disciplines in depth. Specific coursework within each field will be chosen by the guiding committee in conjunction with the student and approved by the graduate mentor.
The area of specialization is a narrower field within the context of the disciplinary emphasis. Some examples of these areas are: microbial community ecology, ecosystem function, arthropod population and community ecology, biological control of arthropods, arthropod biodiversity science, American environmental history and policy, international forest management, biogeochemistry, Mediterranean grassland ecosystems, remote sensing, and forest management, to name a few.
Prospective graduate students are encouraged to contact directly a potential PhD mentor prior to the application deadline and if possible, to visit the campus, department, and graduate program. As part of their application, each student will be asked to identify one of the three disciplinary emphases (ecosystem sciences, organisms & environment, and society & environment) most closely associated with her/his interests. If you have questions about which emphasis to choose, please ask your prospective mentor. It is not uncommon for students in ESPM to be co-mentored by two professors, often with different disciplinary emphases. The area of specialization is determined after entry into the program, in consultation with the guiding committee and PhD mentor.


text:
The Last of Us 2 is June's most downloaded game on the PlayStation Store
Is anyone surprised?
(Image credit: Naughty Dog)
The PlayStation Store has released the top downloads for June and surprise, surprise, it's The Last of Us 2.
The monthly PlayStation download charts show The Last of Us 2 dominates the top stop on both the US and EU lists. We previously reported that the hotly anticipated sequel to Naughty Dog's 2013 game sold 4 million copies its first weekend alone. Last month, The Last of Us 2 also took the top spot as the UK's fastest-selling PS4 exclusive of all time, snagging the crown previously held by Uncharted 4.
"We are so immensely grateful to the millions of fans around the world that have played The Last of Us Part 2 and shared their experiences with us over the last week," creative director Neil Druckmann said. "We set out to tell a new kind of story, one that deals with difficult themes and would challenge you in unexpected ways. Hearing how the experience has resonated with so many of you and witnessing the type of thoughtful discussions it has sparked has been so incredible."
As far as the other PlayStation Store downloads go, the top four spots in both the US and EU are filled out by Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, FIFA 20, and GTA 5. Modern Warfare holds the second spot in the US, and it's no surprise that FIFA holds the second spot in the EU. Check out the full charts here.
The Last of Us 2 is still captivating us all. Check out our very own Rachel Weber's The Last of Us 2, complicated women, and survival.


"eing trained in the art, not science, of politics I was transfixed at the recent election of Barack Obama. I studied the campaigns of both major parties during the last two long years of America's highly partisan politics, and I observed and sought to comprehend the import of the ever increasing involvement of Native nations and Native individuals in American politics. Obama's unprecedented rise and striking defeat of John McCain, aided and abetted by the indigenous vote, begs for critical analysis.
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text:
HIS 412 - American Biographies: Life Stories in Historical Context
HIS 412 - American Biographies: Life Stories in Historical Context: Home
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Historic Magazines & Journals
Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature
To find magazine and journal articles between 1880 and 1980. Readers' Guide is located in the Central Reading Room (CRR). When you enter the CRR, it will be on the wall to your immediate left, at call number AI3 .R483.
Each volume of Readers' Guide is indexed by Subject. Under each subject, there will be a list of article titles, with abbreviations for the magazine or journal in which the article is located, the date of the issue, and the volume and page number(s).
When you find an article, you need to then check in STARS to see if the library has the magazine/journal for the date of the article. (I receommend using the JOURNAL CATALOG part of STARS. Once you find the magazine, check the "Summary Holdings" to see if we have the date you need.
For example, if you find an article from Time magazine from April 1957, search the JOURNAL CATALOG for Time. When you click on the link for Time, you will various Summary Holdings for Microfiche (1965-1974,1982-); Microfilm (1923-1956,1960-1964,1975-1981) and Print (1957-March 1975,Oct. 1975-1980,1982-). April 1957 would be available, then, in the Print version, which is located in the Main Stacks at call number AP2 .T37 OVERSIZE x.
You will also see a link for online versions. You can check this to see if the magazine/journal is available for your date. Please keep in mind, however, that most magazines and journals online will only go back to about 1980.
While JSTOR is often used for secondary sources, keep in mind that each journal in JSTOR goes back to its first issue. Many journals go back into the 19th century, and a few go back as far as the 17th and 18th centuries. So, it can also be used as a primary source.
Check subject guides in other areas. See the full list at the SUBJECT GUIDES HOMEPAGE.
Special Collections and University Archives select, acquire, preserve and provide access to rare, valuable, and scarce primary and secondary materials in a variety of formats in support of the educational and research endeavors of Stony Brook University's students, faculty, and staff.
The department also extends its services to researchers in the wider geographic region, nationally, and internationally.
The collection includes: books, manuscripts, and maps dating from the 15th century; the University Archives; audio/visual materials; and a digital repository. All are welcome to explore the library's unique collections.
Access to Other Research Libraries
Through the University's membership in various Library consortiums, Stony Brook students, staff and faculty have access to, and/or borrowing privileges at, numerous other research libraries on Long Island, in the greater New York area, and throughout the U.S., Canada, and other countries.
Research Libraries Group (RLG)
The University Libraries' membership in the Research Libraries Group (RLG) consortium allows Stony Brook students, staff, and faculty with current ID cards to enter and use many major libraries in the United States, Canada and abroad.
In our geographical region, other libraries in the program include: Columbia, NYU, The New York Public Library, The New School, American Museum of Natural History, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Modern Art, New-York Historical Society, Cornell, Princeton, Rutgers, The University of Pennsylvania, and Yale.
Full List of RLG Member Libraries
Stony Brook ID holders visiting these institutions may use materials; however, borrowing privileges are not usually available.
Students, staff, and faculty are urged to call ahead to a particular library, before actually going there, to confirm that they will be granted access at their time of arrival. Also, if they need to use a branch library within one of the participating library systems, it should be confirmed beforehand that the branch also takes part in the program and will allow access.
Long Island Library Resources Council (LILRC)
The Long Island Library Resources Council (LILRC) is a regional multi-type library organization serving academic, special, public, hospital and school libraries and library systems in Nassau and Suffolk counties.
The LILRC Research Loan Program (RLP), a reciprocal borrowing agreement between member libraries, allows Stony Brook students, staff and faculty to use and borrow material from numerous institutions on Long Island, including Adelphi University, Dowling College, Nassau and Suffolk Community Colleges, St. Joseph's College, Touro Law Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the Nassau and Suffolk Public Library Systems.
Students, staff and faculty interested in borrowing material through the Research Loan Program must visit the Reference Desk in the Central Reading Room of Melville Library for an RLP pass.
Full List of LILRC Member Libraries
Any person who lives, works, attends school or pays property taxes in New York State is eligible to receive a New York Public Library card free of charge. This gives researchers the opportunity to use important collections in the NYPL system, check out material, and access a wide array of useful electronic resources from on-site or, in a few cases, from home. See the NYPL web site for more information on getting a card.
See their list of databases.
State Univeristy of New York Libraries
Stony Brook students, staff, and faculty have direct borrowing privileges at most other SUNY libraries.
URL: https://guides.library.stonybrook.edu/HIS-412


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