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The More Things Change
("Win, Lose but No Compromise")
There is the harsh reality of the Obama years as harbinger of the future. Even should the Dems clean sweep, even should the House and Senate return to their care and even if Hillary should rout Donald, this is likely what we face from the Republicans:
Obstinate opposition on expanding the number of insured, on protecting our environment, on endorsing infrastructure projects, on taxing our wealthiest, on supporting our downtrodden, on legislating rational gun control, on considering a path to citizenship for 11 million, on opening our hearts and arms to refugees, on appointing Supreme Court Justices, on closing Guantanamo, on funding for scientific advances, on recognizing voter suppression, on applauding any project the President trumpets.
Yes, the Republicans became the party of No after their resounding defeat in 2008 and my guess is that one bad apple named Donald will do little to convince them to abandon the core philosophy that helped usher many of them into office.
Posted by Robert at 9:38 AM No comments:
Trump's Weiner
("Weiner and Trump, Partners in Compulsion")
Mr. Bruni may have subconsciously turned a bad phrase when he suggested the following: "When Trump looks in the mirror, there's a whole lot of Weiner staring back at him."
Posted by Robert at 4:57 PM No comments:
A Brief Synopsis of the Last Eight Years of My Writing
For anyone who wants to put off cleaning their closet, or listening to yet another evening of psychoanalysis of Donald Trump, you can escape to the Fort Lee library on the evening of September 15 (at 7:30 I believe) to hear me speak on the art of writing Letters to the Editor of the New York Times (I have well over 50 letters published in that paper as of the last count).
My talk will focus not only on these submissions to the Times but also on pieces I have written about my family.
For those who have heard me speak before, I promise new material.
Hope you can make it, that is if your cat is not in heat or your car is in the shop for service,
Posted by Robert at 4:46 PM 1 comment:
A Grave Danger
("The Alt-Right is All Wrong")
Hillary Clinton is a flawed candidate, trailed by errors made of her own creation and hubris (the email server imbroglio, the Clinton Foundation associations, the Wall Street speeches) and by fictional creations of her opponents (Benghazi).
Donald Trump is a flawed candidate trailed by errors made of his own creation and hubris (his remarks on Mexicans, illegal aliens, blacks, women, war heroes, political opponents but a few areas of his incendiary barrage of misinformation, miscommunication and misapprehension). He is in many ways, his own fictional creation.
He is much less a true candidate than a cartoon character suddenly come to life, his wild denunciations and wildly shifting "policy" pronouncements, a sign of a mind unattached to facts and a harbinger of what his presidency would look like. At 70 years of age, he is an old dog flailing about while pretending to learn new tricks.
There is a fundamental distinction between the two: Hillary Clinton has devoted her adult life to causes she believes in, has steeped herself in detail and has fought endlessly on behalf of others while Donald Trump is but a carnival barker, having devoted his career to himself over all others, being uninterested in basic details of anything but his own universe, limiting his fights to causes that benefit him. His profound concern himself.
Mr. Trump poses a danger, a grave danger to the well being of this country, in ways that Ms Clinton does not. Contrary to what Ms. Dowd suggests, I believe that letting Ms. Clinton "rise above everything" is not only good for the country but imperative.
My sister sat at her desk, in the middle of an open office full of fellow employees. She was sobbing uncontrollably. They were certain she had just learned of our mother's death. They were wrong.
I have been married nearly 40 years. My wife and I have followed her parents from Tenafly to Fort Lee, first in houses no more than a mile distant from one another and later in apartments two floors apart. As my mother in law likes to remind people, she was there first.
For a long time my wife and I joked that my mother in law liked me as much, if not more, than her own daughter. It was not that they had a bad relationship. It was simply that we had an even better one. She is a lady, a person of dignity and grace, never intrusive but always there when needed. Even now, closing in on 90, she is an integral part of the functioning of our family. She has been and remains a jewel.
My mom has not been so fortunate. A decade older than my mother-in-law, my mother remains alive but unattached to the realities of the world. The last decade has been a terrible decline, simply horrible for my sister and me to watch. My mom has little or no concept of her children, or grandchildren and the stories we relate to her of our triumphs and travails fall silently to the floor, like unattended and unfed orphans.
My mom lived for family, her universe made up almost entirely of her concerns for our welfare. As so many of us feel the devotion and love of a parent, so my sister and I believed that we had struck gold with both our mother and father.
There was nothing our mom would not do for us, no task too severe, no financial contribution too substantial. Even as my sister and I became independent and at least modestly successful in our own lives, our mom would greet us with her hands outstretched and some money begging for a new home. When my mom inevitably asked if there was anything else she could give me, my standard retort was "small bills, unmarked."
As she aged and we helped her manage her finances, she would often mandate our acceptance of a gift with but one proviso: as long as I can afford to live, I can afford to give.
When my sister's son wed, I was there when my mom gave his fiancee a wedding gift in an envelope. She burst into tears when the envelope was opened, staggered by my mom's beneficence. "Welcome to the family and get used to it" I thought to myself.
As my mom's problems multiplied in recent years, and my mother in law could see and hear the impact it was having on my sister and me, I could sense how much she understood our pain. She knew how badly we wanted, even for one day, to have our mother return to us.
My wife and I recently celebrated our daughter's engagement. And one of its trappings is the purchase of the wedding dress. Yesterday was the day for our daughter's first fitting. She brought along both her mom and her grandma, my mother in law, for this event. When the time came for payment for probably the most meaningful outfit my daughter will ever wear, my mother in law insisted that this be her gift. It was an overwhelmingly generous act.
When I learned of what she had done, I called to give my heartfelt thanks. This is how she responded:
"It is what your mother would have wanted to do. It is a gift from both of us."
I stood in the middle of my office weeping while relating this tale by phone to my sister. For even as my daughter had received a magnificent present, so too had my sister and I. We had, at least for an instant, been given back our mom.
Posted by Robert at 10:17 AM 10 comments:
Contemplations on the G.O.A.T.
How can we have so many G.O.A.T.s in one Olympic games? Usain Bolt is but the last of the pantheon to finish up his work after Michael Phelps, Katie Ludecky and Simone Biles all were feted as being incomparable in their chosen endeavors.
Who is the greatest among these G.O.A.T.s? Phelps has lapped the entire field of gold medal winning athletes in the history of the games. Bolt has just pitched a perfect game, nine up and nine down. Ludecky seemed like she was out of the pool and toweling off while everyone else was doing the doggy paddle. And Biles was winning victories by enormous margins in a sport where every one hundreth matters.
There is no good answer, no bad one to this question. Is the length and breadth of Phelp's career, like an enormous wingspan across the pool, the deciding factor? Is Bolt's prodigious stride what sets him apart from lesser gods? Is Ludecky's ability to never slow down the most legendary feat of all? Or is Biles' seeming capacity to leap tall buildings in a single bound a feat that only a true Superwoman could accomplish?
These are matters, not weighty, but enormously intriguing, which will fill up the sports pages and be the focus of our discussions and disagreements in the coming months. G.O.A.T. At least until the next G.O.A.T. arrives.
Donald Dumb
("To Trump, Even Losing is Winning")
Do you know the most frightening possibility? Mr. Trump is that stupid. When cornered, when angered, when frustrated, when hyperventilated, he responds to the full extent of his mind's limited capacity.
He is obviously no Obama, no Clinton the first. He is more akin to Bush the second, but with a mean center. The most awful truth may be that this is not an act created by a master manipulator, but the real thing: dumb combined with uninformed and slightly unhinged to create this mess we see before us.
Maybe Mr. Trump's billions provided cover for him all these years, masking his deficiencies in a massive pile of green. We were distracted by the dollars, convinced of his genius because he appeared to be a success, even in his failures, reminded repeatedly by Mr. Trump that he was really, really smart.
Maybe the lack of ability to speak in other than the most basic terms, with the most basic thoughts is not an act. Maybe his lashing out at war heroes, at women who are not pretty enough, at a different person or group more often than our mind can absorb, his mind numbing attack after attack without foundation or reason, nothing more than the mistakes committed by someone who is quite simply put a simpleton.
Maybe Mr. Trump did not learn the lessons Mr. Manafort tried to impart because he could not. Maybe Mr. Trump is really nothing more than Sarah Palin without the nice legs. Maybe there is no Henry Higgins who can fix this Donald DoLittle, no master gluer who can put this Humpty Dumpty back together.
Maybe he is but a little mean man, with a little mean mind. And that may be the most unsettling thought of all.
Posted by Robert at 12:46 PM 3 comments:
Extreme Vetting of the People, By the People and For the People
("Donald Trump's Terrorism Plan Mixes Cold War Concepts and Limits on Immigrants")
I agree with Mr. Trump that America should be a land free of bigotry and hatred. I applaud his mandate that those in our midst support religious freedom, gender equality and gay rights.
I would thus expect that with the advent of "extreme vetting" under President Trump many of his most fervent supporters will be compelled to leave this country and that Mr. Trump himself will have to rule from abroad, for there is no way that any of them will survive the scrutiny of examination of their "unAmerican" prejudices and beliefs.
Let's make America great again by extreme vetting not of those who seek entry into our nation, but of those within our midst who should be unceremoniously shown the door. Thank you Mr. Trump for your clear headed and brave stance.
Posted by Robert at 6:26 AM 1 comment:
The Appalachian Trail and Donald Trump
("I Support You, Donald Trump. Now Release Your Tax Returns")
Wow, Mark Sanford lecturing on trust and integrity.
I am not a fan of Donald Trump, and find his actions universally abhorrent. But could the Times not see the irony in Mr. Sanford being the one chosen to lecture on Mr. Trump's need to be forthright and honest with the public? The past personal travails of Mr. Sanford were more than mere distraction in my reading this opinion piece. They diminished the very impact of his words.
Mr. Sanford's "long walk on the Appalachian trail" and his subsequent mea culpa led to his political demise and later resurrection. I believe in second chances and Mr. Sanford's is a redemptive tale. But that is a long way from making him the proper voice on the subject of the respect to which the public is entitled.
Strike one against the Times for not selecting a more appropriate professor to chastise Mr. Trump.
Posted by Robert at 7:43 AM 3 comments:
The Year of Living Dangerously - The Candidacy of Donald Trump
("Donald Trump Suggests "Second Amendment People" Could Act Against Hillary Clinton")
Unprepared, uninformed, uninterested. Loose lipped, locked and loaded. At any moment, capable of the most careless of statements, or the most cruel. And always the most dangerous.
A call to arms, a mass insurrection, Mr. Trump's vision of a Second Amendment uprising against the forces of tyranny, against the President and the Justices of the Supreme Court. These are not idle words, not mere slips of the tongue. They are incitement to riot.
This country would likely be at war with itself if the the perverted vision of Donald Trump's America were allowed to fester unchecked. There is nothing civil about the uncivil ruminations of the Republican nominee.
Posted by Robert at 2:49 PM 2 comments:
Out of the Shadows
Every four years we pay fleeting attention to athletes who have spent a lifetime in dogged pursuit of consideration as the very best at their chosen endeavor. Far too many who appear on the Olympic stage toil perpetually in the shadows.
Name a fencer, any fencer, any country, any time. Tell me the difference between epee and sabre. For every Usain Bolt there is an equally dedicated man or woman who is thrusting and parrying away in obscurity.
Maybe that is why I failed over the past 35 years to mention to my son that the grandfather for whom he had been named was a vital member of the 1938 NYU national championship fencing team.
There were no plaques in my childhood home in Teaneck commemorating my father's feats. No clippings, no images of my father in battle. That was decidedly not his style. The only evidence that my dad even knew one end of a sword from the other were the two fencer's masks which hung on the basement walls. And below them, two weapons he had used during his days performing for Coach Castello. They remained mostly motionless, frozen in time and space, reminders of a past era when my father was young, dedicated and very, very skilled.
There were however the rare occasions when these sabres practiced their trade, a far too oversized mask covering my face and the command of "en garde" ringing in the air. Left arm pointing to the sky, the right thrust menacingly forward. Lunge and retreat. Lunge and retreat. A child in "combat" with a loving father.
That memory would have remained embalmed were it not for the serendipity of turning on Olympic coverage featuring two Errol Flynn's with dueling sabres. As my son and I tried to determine just when and how points were being scored, I casually mentioned my dad's accomplishments almost 80 years before.
"What" my son exclaimed "you forgot to tell me about this?" In truth, I thought I might have made passing reference to "this"in some distant galaxy, but even if I had, I had certainly not given my father his due.
Soon my son had travelled back through time, thanks to the internet. Fingers moving furiously, he combed the archives searching for answers to the question that had only now formed in his brain.
There it was, an article in the Columbia newsletter, discussing the invincible NYU team, national champions three years running. How Columbia had tied this squad, deprived of outright victory only by a win by NYU in the final sabre match. That last battle won by the narrowest of margins, 5 to 4. By none other than my son's namesake.
How must that moment have felt for him, the anxiety, the elation, the satisfaction? How big his smile, how long the hug from his coach?
How had I never asked? How had I never taken the time to search for the clues of my father's prowess? How could I have left him so long in the shadows?
National champion in sabre, 1938. NYU and Richard Nussbaum.
How much of my dad remains in the air we breathe, in the water we drink? Have I done enough to try to preserve him for my children and for the future generations of my family? Or have I been a poor shepherd, failing at the essential task which fell to me on his passing in 1979? Why had it taken an image flashed upon a screen for me to make even a peripheral reference to my dad's wondrous accomplishment?
My dad was so impressive at everything he touched, from his days in World War II as head air traffic controller at a base in British Guyana to a distinguished legal career. Had Coach Castello seen the drive, understood the passions that resided so deep? Had my children felt the greatness of their grandfather?
Many years ago my dad's swords were removed from those basement walls, eventually taking up residence with my sister and her family. Where the sabres now exist, or if they still exist, I do not know. But for today at least they were once more alive, slashing through the air, making the sweet sound of elegant beauty with every pass.
NYU 1938 Yearbook - Fencing Champions
My father would, at last and far too late, move out of the shadows and into the bright sunlight. En garde.
Posted by Robert at 7:25 AM 10 comments:
The Pocket Sized Constitution and Mr. Trump
("Moment in Convention Glare Shakes Up Khans' American Life")
Is this the seminal moment, the one that brings down the house of lies, of hate, of fear of Donald Trump?
No politician could crack that veneer of invincibility, that Trump belief that he could shoot someone in the middle of Times Square without repercussions.
It took the voice of Mr. Khan, filled with love for his child, love for his country and love for his Constitution. It took the voice of Mr. Khan filled with contempt for Mr. Trump's distortions, his condemnations, his denunciations.
Mr. Khan stared down the bully, who responded as only Mr. Trump can, by trying to insult his way out of a corner.
Not this time Mr. Trump. Mr. Khan is the true face of patriotism in this nation, and you have demeaned the wrong family.
In Mr. Khan's words there were clear echoes of the public dressing down of Joseph McCarthy, of the "have you no sense of decency sir" remark of Mr. Welsh that effectively ended Senator McCarthy's reign of terror.
Mr. Khan and that pocket sized Constitution may have finally brought this bully to his knees.
Donald Lays An Egg (This is the entire tale)
Cried Donald, a strange bird of orange plume:
"I've gathered many eggs
In my gold encrusted room
But I've bored of this game day after day.
I have no new horizons
No tricks to play
I don't want a vacation, I want a new test
If I could fool many that would be best!
If I could find plenty, to con and cheat...."
Then GOP, the Elephant, he chanced to meet.
"Hello!" shouted Donald, with joker's smile,
"You've no candidate, try me for a while.
You have nothing to lose, he said using guile."
The elephant laughed.
"Why, that makes no sense.
You haven't the knowledge, I'm not that dense.
You the head man? Why, you'd have no chance,
Your brain is too small, sir, and our problem immense!"
"Not so" shouted Donald."Your worries are few.
I can undo them. My words will ring true.
Just listen, just listen. They want someone new.
They want some plain speaking. And I've nothing to do."
"I can't," said the elephant.
"Oh, please" said the bird.
"You' ll see the results, sir, just mark my word.
So hurry up now. Or you will be sad..."
"OK", said the elephant, "just don't drive me mad....."
"You want the nomination. We can arrange it.
Just don't lay an egg, and try not to fake it.
Please try to be faithful, and do as you say."
"That's great!" shouted Donald and sauntered away.
"I'll rebuild a wall.
Make the Mexicans pay.
Yes, they'll take the fall.
I'll get started this way"
Then shouting,
He cried
"They're rapists and worse
Get them out of our country, they're all but a curse."
Donald was not done,
He kept up his rants,
While day turned to night
We heard ominous chants
He was thunder and lightning.
He harrumphed and harangued.
"This is much fun",
Many heads he just banged.
"I'll never go back.
'Cause I'm having such fun."
While the elephant cried, "I picked the wrong one."
And Donald kept preening for many seasons
Through summer and fall he spoke without reason
Came winter and spring and summer once more
But Donald kept chirping for he had the floor
This strange bird kept talking and said with a sneer
"Friends, Romans, elephants lend me your ear
I mean what I say, and allow no dissent
So elephant be faithful
One hundred per cent."
This was the elephant's winter of discontent
And in the spring Donald kept up his rant
"I hate women, POWs and foreigners too,
The media and the pope, to just name a few
Love my guns, and Putin and Saddam Hussein
And I know my opponents think I'm insane
But I am one bird who won't fly away
No this is one bird who's here to stay."
GOP the elephant just sat there and sighed
"No taunting, no teasing", it whimpered and cried
"Donald's not leaving, even if we beg
And I am afraid we just laid an egg."
Some laughed at the thought of an elephant egg.
"You cannot be serious, you're pulling my leg".
But serious it was, like a bad heart attack,
He would not go away, he just kept coming back
"I mean what I say, and allow no dissent
So elephant be faithful,
The poor elephant's woes were far from done
For Donald the strange bird was having much fun
He stoked all our fears, he preened and he danced
This orange headed beast had them all in a trance
He lied and bent truths as if in a pretzel
He had no eraser, but only a pencil
And when shots rang out and some pierced the heart
This did not stop Donald, only gave him a start
"Do not run. Do not hide.
Do not run or stay inside."
Donald held his head high and threw out his chest
"Do not give the foreigners a place to rest.
Get out your weapons, and take deadly aim."
For Donald knew this was but part of his game.
"Shoot if they must, but we don't run away
And we will grow stronger, day after day."
Donald turned to the elephant, looked him straight in the eye
And repeatedly said "I can not tell a lie.
Along came a donkey who laughed at the bird.
And found him so stupid, and called him absurd.
"I'll keep him alive. Why he's horribly funny.
He belongs in the circus. He'll just make me money."
And the donkey dragged Donald's name through the mud.
Called him ridiculous, call him a dud.
While GOP sulked and practically cried
Donkey said that Donald was living a lie:
"His orange plume is not what it seems.
He's speaking in horrors and nightmarish dreams
He tells untruth, honesty's not for rent
Do not trust him, not even one per cent."
From sea to shining sea the donkey spread the word
Donald was merely a fraud, he was clearly absurd
But Donald was resolute, he could parry every thrust
This was one tough bird, he would do what he must
"The donkey is crooked, it's really an ass
And if it has a problem with me being crass,
Well there's a solution I can surely detect
Just grow up and don't be politically correct.
Just stop all your whining and all your dissent.
For I am but truthful one hundred per cent."
After bobbing and weaving like fighters in a ring.
Not floating like butterflies, but trying to sting.
Not landing big blows, merely talking the talk.
They landed one day in the town of New York.
The Big Apple was home to the donkey and bird.
They sold tickets to hear them at prices absurd.
The donkey insisting Donald was playing us for snooks.
Donald retorting the Donkey was clearly a crook.
Donald crying "I am truthful one hundred per cent."
The Donkey responding, "The truth's not for rent."
From New York, to Boston to LA they preached.
From Chicago, to Orlando their voices reached.
Day after day and month after month.
From breakfast, to dinner and even through lunch.
Through hailstorms, tornadoes and occasionally sun.
And Donald kept saying, "I'm having such fun."
Through ups and downs and sideways too.
Donald and the donkey speaking old like its new.
And through it all the elephant sat on its egg
No deterring Donald, not even if it should beg
Hoping by November merely to hatch a plot
Or at least have a somewhat reasonable shot
At making the donkey seem but an ass
And it mattered not if it showed no class
And then on that early November day
The Donald, the donkey, the elephant did say,
"It's hatching. Our plan is hatching. And victory's mine."
"It's mine" screamed the Donald. I've put in the time."
"No mine" yelled the donkey, "don't steal it from me.
Get off of your high horse, and just let us be."
Poor elephant just looked on with a wondrous stare.
Then closed it eyes, for it would not dare,
To see what had happened when, at once with a start.
The egg cracked wide open and fell apart.
And out of the pieces of that red, white and blue shell
From the talk of disaster, of heaven and hell
From the bluster and bad words, from forth and then back
From sorrow to madness, from every sliver and crack
From all that we are, from much that we're not
From pillar to post, from freezing to hot,
From where we are to where we'll be, from being blind to all we see,
From every city and each town, from laughing to crying from smile to frown
For every donkey and elephant too, for Donald and me and especially you
For this country to heal and stop all the hate, for this country to heal and to remain great
For everything and nothing and all in between, for kindness and caring and not being mean
For all that and everything that is more, for all that when we finally got the score
We learned that there's no such thing as one hundred per cent
And fifty-fifty was where our allegiances went
Half a bird, half a donkey was where it all ended
And somehow these broken fences would have to be mended
Donald had no victory but he had not lost
But the question was truly what was the cost
Of his hatred, his half truths and all of his lies
No one was happy, and most of us cried
So while Donald had simply hatched a plot
He made this, our country, what it was not
And the elephant wondered what it had done
While Donald merely chirped,
"Wasn't this fun?"
A Brief Synopsis of the Last Eight Years of My Wri...
Extreme Vetting of the People, By the People and F...
The Year of Living Dangerously - The Candidacy of ...


text:
<?php

namespace Stefanbauer\LaravelRegistry\Facades;

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Facade;

/**
 * Class LaravelRegistry
 *
 * @package Stefanbauer\LaravelRegistry\Facades
 */
class LaravelRegistry extends Facade {

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected static function getFacadeAccessor()
	{
		return 'registry';
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Packers Restructure Veteran's Contract, Hinting at Possible Move
Heavy on Packers
By Jordan J. Wilson
Updated Nov 30, 2022 at 9:00am
Getty The Packers recently created more 2022 cap space by restructuring one of the veteran's contracts.
The Green Bay Packers have restructured one of their veteran contracts to give themselves another chunk of cap space for the remainder of the 2022 season, which could suggest the team is planning a bigger move in the coming weeks.
According to ESPN's Field Yates, the Packers recently restructured the deal of veteran defensive lineman Dean Lowry and converted about $1.5 million of his base salary into a signing bonus, giving them roughly $1.1 million more in cap space for 2022.
Independent cap specialist Ken Ingalls also shared a breakdown of Lowry's restructure to Twitter on Tuesday afternoon, noting that the Packers added no new void years to Lowry's current contract — which expires in 2023 — and instead opted to drop his base salary down to the veteran minimum for the final seven weeks of the 2022 season. They also converted $1.505 million of his salary into a bonus prorated over four years, freeing up precisely $1,128,750 for 2022 and adding that much in dead cap for 2023.
The Packers have now restructured just about every penny they can out of their veteran contracts for the 2022 season. Nearly every veteran deal but Lowry's was touched at some point during the offseason to help Green Bay solve its cap problems, making his contract a sort of emergency option for them if they needed more space in-season. The timing of the move, however, feels strange with just six more weeks to go in the regular season … unless they have something else planned that requires more space.
Packers Could Need Space to Extend Star Players
In past seasons, if the Packers had restructured one of their veteran contracts to create cap space in late November, the assumption would be they were trying to make room for a notable free agent signing to help them with their playoff push. With the Packers sitting at 4-8 and on the verge of playoff elimination, though, it doesn't seem likely they would push more money into future years to add someone for five more games.
A more logical explanation might be that the Packers are getting ready to sign one of their star players to a new extension.
The Packers appear to have two primary candidates for contract extensions at the moment: outside linebacker Rashan Gary and Pro Bowl left guard Elgton Jenkins. The latter is a 2019 second-round pick who is nearing the end of his rookie contract and projects to have a sizeable market in 2023 if allowed to enter free agency. It would be understandable if the Packers wanted to lock down Jenkins before having to get into a bidding war with other teams more flush with cash.
As for Gary, the Packers picked up his fifth-year option for the 2023 season back in May, but they will likely want to sign him to a longer-term deal before next season begins. Not only is Gary an immensely talented player who could be a foundational piece of their defense for years to come, but a long-term extension would also help the Packers lower his cap hit for 2023, which is set to be $10.829 million under his fifth-year option.
The Packers could sign either one of them to an extension and use the structure of their bonuses to pay them now — in a less consequential season — in order to save later.
Jordan Love Option Decision Looms for Packers in 2023
The Packers have several important financial decisions to make in the 2023 offseason, but one of the biggest could end up being how they handle Jordan Love's fifth-year option. The Packers have been eyeing Love as the successor to Aaron Rodgers ever since they infamously traded up to get him at No. 26 overall in the 2020 NFL draft, but they also just signed Rodgers to a new extension earlier this year that keeps him tied to the franchise through the end of the 2026 season, creating a timing issue for them.
Even if the Packers pick up Love's fifth-year option for 2024, there is no telling at this point whether his role (as Rodgers' backup) will change at all by then. They also have not gotten to see much out of Love in terms of regular-season performance, making it more difficult for them to trust in his long-term development. Is the growth they have seen from Love in practice worth investing a projected $19.848 million in his option? Can they take the risk without knowing if Rodgers will still be their starter in 2024?
The Packers will need to ask the hard questions and figure out what the best course of action is before the option deadline on May 3, 2023.
Football, NFL
Follow Heavy on Packers!
More Heavy on Packers News
The Packers have restructured one of their veteran starter's contracts, and the timing of the move suggests there could be another deal on the way for the team.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Chirostoma humboldtianum, the shortfin silverside, is a species of neotropical silverside endemic to Mexico. It reaches a maximum length of around 20 cm. This species was described as Atherina humboldtiana by Achille Valenciennes in 1835 with a type locality of "Mexico". Valenciennes gave it its specific name in honour of the Prussian explorer Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859).

References

humboldtianum
Freshwater fish of Mexico
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Fish described in 1835

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Oreobolus pectinatus är en halvgräsart som beskrevs av Joseph Dalton Hooker. Oreobolus pectinatus ingår i släktet Oreobolus och familjen halvgräs. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Halvgräs
pectinatus


ORLANDO, Fla. (FOX 35 ORLANDO) - The Orlando Police Department said in an arrest affidavit that officers responded at 4:53 a.m. to shots being fired at the Pineview Apartments on North Pine Hills Road.
While on the way, they received information from the victim, Kelly Hazzard, 35, that the suspect, Nicole Taylor, 51, ran back into her apartment.
Upon arrival, officers said that they made contact with Hazzard, who said that she was in her apartment when she heard loud music coming from outside.
She also said that her children were inside the apartment sleeping and she was concerned the loud music would wake them.
Hazzard and her husband, Earnest Felton, reportedly walked outside and saw Taylor sitting inside her vehicle, where the loud music was coming from.
Hazzard and Felton approached a group of males sitting on a large electrical box and asked them to lower the music.
Before they could finish asking, Taylor stepped outside her vehicle and confronted Hazzard. She got in her face, causing Hazzard back up.
The arrest affidavit continued to recall the event, stating that Hazzard told Taylor that she did have any problems, but that it was early.
She then asked Taylor if she could turn the music down. Taylor responded by stating that she had something for Hazzard. She walked away and went to her apartment.
Upon returning, Taylor reportedly started shooting at Hazzard.
The arrest affidavit said Hazzard ran for her life back to her apartment and locked the door. Hazzard then called 911.
Taylor was arrested and charged with attempted second degree murder and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.


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David Livingstone, Missionary and Explorer to Africa
David Livingstone (1813-1873), African missionary and explorer, was born at Blantyre, Lanarkshire, [Scotland] on 19 March 1813. His great-grandfather fell at the battle of Culloden fighting for the Stuarts. His grandfather was a small farmer at Ulva in the Hebrides, who, finding his farm insufficient to support a numerous family, moved in 1792 to Blantyre in Lanarkshire, about seven miles from Glasgow, where he found employment in the cotton factory of H. Monteith & Co. His sons became clerks in the same factory, but, with the exception of Neil, all entered either the army or navy during the war with France. Neil, after serving an apprenticeship to David Hunter, a tailor, married in 1810 his daughter Agnes, eventually became a small tea-dealer, and spent his life at Blantyre and Hamilton. He was a religious man, and for the last twenty years of his life held the office of deacon of an independent church at Hamilton. He had five sons and two daughters, and set them a consistent example of piety, while the mother, a delicate woman, with a flow of good spirits, did her best to make the two ends meet.
David was Neil Livingstone's second son, and at the age of ten was sent to the cotton-factory as a "piecer." With his first earnings be purchased Ruddiman's "Rudiments of Latin," and for some years studied at an evening school, and at home until late at night, although he had to be at the factory at six o'clock in the morning. He thus mastered Virgil and Horace, and read all that came in his way. He contrived to read in the factory by placing his book on the spinning-jenny so that he could catch sentences as he passed at his work. He studied botany, zoology, and geology, and spent his few holidays in scouring the country with his brothers in search of scientific specimens. Although Neil Livingstone duly instructed his children in the doctrines of Christianity, David positively disliked religious reading until he met with Dick's "Philosophy of Religion" and "Philosophy of a Future State," and it was not until his twentieth year that he became conscious of strong religious convictions. As he himself relates, "In the glow of love which Christianity inspires I soon resolved to devote my life to the alleviation of human misery." An appeal by Charles Gutzlaff, the medical missionary to China, drew his thoughts to that country, and he determined to obtain a medical education to qualify himself for work there.
At nineteen he had become a cotton-spinner, and his wages were large enough to support him while attending the medical class in Anderson College, the Greek class in Glasgow University in winter, and the divinity lectures of Dr. Wardlaw in summer. While attending the university session of 1836-7 he, in company with Lyon (now Lord) Playfair and the brothers James and William Thomson (now Lord Kelvin), was instructed in the use of tools by Mr. James Young, assistant to the professor of chemistry. In the course of his second session at college Livingstone offered his services to the London Missionary Society, which he selected on account of its unsectarian character. In September 1838 he went to London, passed a preliminary examination, and was sent with Joseph Moore (afterwards missionary at Tahiti, and a friend and correspondent of Livingstone) to the Rev. Richard Cecil at Chipping Ongar in Essex for some months' probation. On its completion he returned to London and devoted himself to medical and scientific study. He placed himself under the guidance of J. Risdon Bennett (afterwards president of the Royal College of Physicians), and walked the hospitals. While pursuing his studies in London he acquired the friendship of Professor Owen and George Wilson.
The opium war prevented Livingstone from going to China, and meeting Dr. Robert Moffat, the South African missionary, in London, he was led to select that country for his labours. He was admitted a licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons in Glasgow University in the beginning of November 1840; on 20 Nov. he was ordained a missionary in Albion Chapel, London; and on 8 Dec. he embarked in the ship George, under Captain Donaldson, for the Cape of Good Hope. He put in at Rio de Janeiro, where he had his only glimpse of the American continent. The captain instructed him in the use of the quadrant and in taking lunar observations. After a detention of a month at Cape Town he proceeded to Algoa Bay, and landed in Port Elizabeth in May. On 31 July 1841 he arrived by wagon at Kuruman, in the Bechuana country, the most northerly station of the society in South Africa, and the usual residence of Dr. Moffat, who was still absent in England; and in accordance with his instructions, he turned his attention to the formation of a new station further north. Before the end of the year he made a journey of seven hundred miles with a brother-missionary, which confirmed his opinion as to the necessity of native labour in attempting to Christianize so vast a field, and which resulted in a visit to the chief Setshele at Shokwane and the selection of a station 250 miles north of Kuruman as the most suitable spot for fresh operations.
On 10 Feb. 1842 Livingstone set out on a second journey into the interior, and went to Litubaruba, now Molepolole, in Bechuanaland. He secluded himself from Europeans, in order to acquire a knowledge of the native languages and to gain an insight into the life and habits of the Ba-kwena. He took with him two native members of the Kuruman church, and two other natives to look after the wagon. He established friendly relations with several tribes, mastered one dialect, and commenced learning another. He investigated the geology, botany, and natural history of the country he traversed, which included part of the Kalahari desert, and returned in June to Kuruman. Here he remained for some months, journeying among the neighbouring tribes and taking part in the routine work of the station, such as preaching, printing, prescribing for the sick, and building a chapel. In February 1843 he again set out on a journey of four hundred miles among the tribes he had previously visited (Ba-katla, Ba-kwena, and others), journeying without knowing it to within a short distance of Lake Ngami, and returning in June to Kuruman. In accordance with directions at length received from the society at home to found a new settlement in the interior, Livingstone set out in August 1843 with a brother-missionary and three English sportsmen, one of whom, Captain (afterwards Sir) Thomas Steele, proved a very constant friend. After a fortnight's journey they arrived at Mabotsa in the Bakatla country, which Livingstone had previously selected for the station, and where he had placed a native agent named Mebalwe. A large hut was erected and the new station started as a base for operations in the interior. Unfortunately, the "charming valley" Livingstone had selected for his new home was infested by lions; they attacked the herds in open day, and leaped into the cattle-pens by night. Livingstone encouraged the faint-hearted people to destroy them, and accompanied them in a lion-hunt. Having wounded a lion within thirty yards, it sprang upon him and brought him to the ground, crushing the bone of his left shoulder before it was dispatched. For the rest of his life the use of his left arm was restricted in consequence, and the wound caused him occasional suffering.
In 1844 [Jan. 1845] he married Mary, eldest daughter of Dr. Moffat, and took her to Mabotsa. She had been born and brought up in the country, was an expert in all household duties, and of cultured tastes. At Mabotsa she took charge of the infant school, but owing to a disagreement with the missionary who had accompanied them, Livingstone in 1846 gave up the house he had built, the garden he had made, and the station he had organized with much trouble and expense, and moved to Tshonuane, forty miles further north, and the headquarters of the Bechuana chief, Setshele, who showed an intelligent interest in Christianity. From Tshonuane Livingstone made a long journey eastwards to the Kashane Mountains, or Magaliesberg, through the heart of what is now the Transvaal State. On his return to Tshonuane his eldest son, Robert, was born. When Livingstone had finished the erection of a school, and had organized systematic instruction under native teachers, he again travelled east, accompanied by his wife and infant son. On his return in 1847, drought at Tshonuane compelled him again to change his station, and he induced Setshele and his Ba-kwenas to accompany him forty miles to the westward to the river Kolobeñ, where he taught them to irrigate their gardens by runnels from the river. For the third time he built a house for himself. A native smith had taught him to weld iron, Dr. Moffat had taught him carpentry and gardening, and he had become handy at most mechanical employments. His wife made candles, soap, and clothes, and efficiently performed all domestic work within doors.
One of the difficulties of the mission was the proximity of the Boers of the Cushan Mountains. These men had fled from English law, and resenting the emancipation of their Hottentot slaves, had moved to distant localities, where they could enslave the natives without molestation. Livingstone had, twice visited the Boers, and had tried to plant native teachers in their territory; but Heindrick Potgeiter, the Boer leader, threatened to attack any tribe which received a native teacher. More than ever impressed with the necessity for native agents to reach such large heathen masses, Livingstone determined that, his primary duty was to explore and open out, the country, teaching as he went, but not settling down. His sojourn at Kolobeñ had been a busy one. He made a grammar of the Sichuana language, and was incessantly teaching. In after-life he looked back with pleasure to the time spent among the Ba-kwenas, and mentioned that his only regret was that, while spending all his energy on the heathen, he had not devoted an hour each day to play with his children.
Early in 1849 Livingstone prepared to cross the desert in search of Lake Ngami. He communicated his intention to Captain Steele, who made it known to two sportsmen, Messrs. Oswell and Murray. These gentlemen on 1 June 1849 left Kolobeñ with Livingstone, and travelled along the north-east border of the great Kalahari desert, to cross which many unsuccessful attempts had been made; and even the Griquas had found the absolute want of water an insuperable difficulty. On 4 July Livingstone and his party came to the beautiful river Zuga, running N.E. On 1 Aug. they reached the north-east end of Lake Ngami, and for the first time this fine sheet of water, too broad to see across, was viewed by Europeans. Livingstone wished to visit Sebituane, the great chief of the Makololo, who lived some two hundred miles beyond the lake; but Letshulatebe, chief of the lake tribe of the Bamangwato, would give him no assistance and the season being well advanced the party started south again, Mr. 0swell volunteering to go to the Cape and bring up a boat. The discovery of the river and lake was communicated by Livingstone to the London Missionary Society, and to his friend Captain Steele, and extracts from his letters were forwarded to the Royal Geographical Society, who in 1849 voted Livingstone twenty-five guineas "for his successful journey with Messrs. Oswell and Murray across the South African desert, for the discovery of an interesting country, a fine river, and an extensive inland lake," while the president ascribed the success of Livingstone to the influence he had acquired over the natives as a missionary.
Livingstone remained at Kolobeñ until April 1850, when, with his wife and three children, he again started for the north to visit Sebituane. He took the more eastern route, through the Bamangwato and by Letloche, the chief Setshele accompanying him to the Zuga. He travelled along the woody northern bank of that river to its confluence with the Tamunakle, where the activity of the dangerous tsetse fly compelled him reluctantly to recross the Zuga. Here he learnt that a party of Englishmen, who had come to the lake in search of ivory, were ill with fever, and he hastily travelled some sixty miles to their succour. Alfred Ryder, a young artist, died before he arrived, but the others recovered under Livingstone's nursing. When Livingstone was ready to resume his journey, two of his children and three of his servants were seized with fever. He therefore abandoned his journey for that year and returned to Kolobeñ, where a fourth child was born, but only lived a few weeks. Mrs. Livingstone being seriously ill, they went to stay with Dr. Moffat at Kuruman to recruit her health.
Accompanied by his wife and children and Mr. Oswell, to whose pecuniary assistance he was greatly indebted, Livingstone in April 1851 succeeded in visiting Sebituane, who received him with kindness, but a fortnight later died of inflammation of the lungs. The chieftainship devolved upon his daughter, Ma-mochisane, who lived twelve days' march to the north, at Na-liele. She gave Livingstone and Oswell leave to visit any part of her territory, and they made an expedition 130 miles to the north-east through Linyanti. They travelled by a more easterly route than they had hitherto tried, and crossed the network of rivers, streams, and marshes called Tshobe. At the end of June they were rewarded by the important discovery of the Zambesi at Sesheke, in the center of the continent. Setting out on 13 Aug., the party proceeded slowly homeward. On 15 Sept. Livingstone's son, William Oswell, was born on the journey, while his son Thomas was down with fever. They reached Kolobeñ safely in October.
As there was no hope that the Boers would allow the instruction of the natives to proceed peaceably, a strong desire moved Livingstone to explore to the north; so in the spring of 1852, after a short stay with the Moffats at Kuruman, he took his family to Cape Town, and on 23 April, assisted by Oswell's liberality, he sent them to England. Livingstone's uvula had long been troublesome, and he seized this opportunity to have it excised. While staying at Cape Town, among other occupations, he put himself under the instruction of the astronomer-royal, Mr. (afterwards Sir) Thomas Maclear, who became one of his most esteemed friends, and Livingstone named after him Cape Maclear, the most striking promontory on Lake Nyasa. Under Maclear's instructions he perfected himself in astronomical observations, and acquired in this respect a skill and accuracy which few subsequent travellers have possessed in a like degree.
After procuring stores, he left Cape Town on 8 June 1852, and arrived at Kuruman about the end of August. Here a broken wheel detained him for a fortnight, and this detention probably saved his life, for the Boers had attacked the Ba-kwena at Kolobeñ, sacked the place, and, gutting Livingstone's house, destroyed his personal property and manuscripts. He made a formal representation of his losses both to the Cape and the home authorities, but never received any compensation. The country was so unsettled that it was not until 20 Nov. that he was able to secure servants, and in company with George Fleming, a trader, to leave Kuruman. He skirted the Kalahari desert, giving the Boers a wide berth. On 31 Dec. he reached Litubaruba, and on 23 May 1853 arrived at Linyanti, the capital of the Makololo. Mamochisane had made over the chieftainship to her brother, Sekeletu, who received them most cordially. Here Livingstone had his first attack of fever, and he spent a month in preparing for his exploration northwards, while at the same time he assisted Fleming to establish himself as a trader.
At the end of June 1853, accompanied by Sekeletu, Livingstone proceeded to Sesheke, where a fleet of thirty-three canoes and 160 men was collected to ascend the Zambesi as far as the confluence of the Kabompo and the Liba. But in all this district the tsetse fly prevailed. They ascended the Liba to the confluence of the Loeti, and returned to Linyanti in September, having failed to discover a suitable and healthy site for a station. Livingstone now determined to open a path to the west coast. He sent back his Kuruman servants, who had had frequent relapses of fever, and induced Sekeletu to assist him with twenty-seven men and canoes, with the hope of opening up trade between the Makololo and the Portuguese colonies. Having committed his wagon and goods to the care of Sekeletu, he started on 11 Nov. 1853, with a very modest outfit, for his journey to the west coast. Although Livingstone travelled with so little baggage, he was always careful to maintain personal neatness and cleanliness, and considered that any other appearance lowered a man in the eyes of savages. He descended the Tshobe, and then turned round and ascended the Liambai, or main Zambesi. At Libonta, the last village of the Makololo kingdom, he stayed to collect fat and butter for presents further on. From Libonta he journeyed on to the confluence of the Liba and Kabompo. He ascended the Liba for some distance, but in passing through the Lunda country he had some difficulty in averting a hostile reception; with his usual tact and patience, however, he explained away the natives' apprehensions and won their friendship. Queen Nyamoana objected to his proceeding further up the Liba, and dispatched him on the back of a riding-ox to the supreme chief, Shinte, and sent her daughter, Manenko, as guide and protectress. He arrived at the town of Shinte on 16 Jan. 1854, and found himself unmistakably in west central Africa, denoted by banana groves, great trees, straight streets, and rectangular houses. Shinte gave him a royal reception. The heavy rains and the drunkenness of the people delayed Livingstone for ten days, and then he travelled in a northerly direction parallel to the Liba, the main stream of which he crossed near its confluence with the Lukalueje affluent, which, with a number of little tributary streams, flows through the great Luvale flat and renders it a vast sodden marsh. In the middle of this swampy prairie is the little Lake Dilolo, about twenty-eight miles in extent, near which is the straggling village of Katema. Here Livingstone and several of his party were ill with fever, and had to stay some days. Obtaining guides from Katema, he pursued a north-west course across the Kifumaji and Dilolo flats to the banks of the Kasai, one of the great affluents of the Congo. He discovered that the swampy plain he had crossed was the watershed between the Congo and the Zambesi, and described the Kasai as a beautiful river resembling the Clyde. He crossed the Kasai, and going due west entered the extensive country of Kioko. The Va-Kioko were an ill-conditioned people, who put many obstacles in Livingstone's way. The party were now in want of food, and Livingstone had to draw on his stock of beads to purchase meal and manioc. They were in a country where no animal food could be obtained, and their guide rejoiced in catching a mole and two mice for his supper. From this time their difficulties increased. Hitherto, whatever had been the physical impediments to their progress, they had been generally cordially received and supplied with food. Now everything had to be paid for; the stock of beads was small, and beads were not the current means of exchange. Tolls were demanded, and Livingstone had to part with some of his clothes, and his men with their ornaments. Moreover, Livingstone suffered incessantly from attacks of fever, brought on by crossing streams and daily getting wet up to the waist. All these difficulties began to have a bad effect. The morale of Livingstone's followers suffered, and a mutiny was only repressed by his firm and vigorous action. On 4 March they reached the territory of the Chiboque, and were only saved from collision with the chief by Livingstone's suavity and firmness. They found the natives to the westward familiar with the visits of slave-dealers, and Livingstone struck away to the north north-east, hoping to find at a point further north an exit to the Portuguese settlement of Kasanji. They crossed many swollen streams, and spent Sunday, 26 March, on the banks of the Quilo, where the scenery was fine; but fever prevented its enjoyment. They now met many parties of native traders, but had nothing to barter with them, and, depressed by sickness and want of food and clothing, Livingstone arrived at the Quango on 3 April "glad to cower under the shelter of my blanket, thankful to God for His goodness in bringing us thus far without the loss of one of the party." Here a Portuguese sergeant of militia, Cypriano de Abreu, in charge of a detachment, entertained them, and supplied them with meal to carry them to Kasanji, where they arrived on 13 April. They were hospitably treated by Captain Neves, who sent a black militia corporal to escort them for the three hundred miles remaining of their journey to Loanda. At Kasanji Livingstone received every kindness from the Portuguese. "May God remember them," he writes, "in their day of need!" They left Kasanji on 21 April, and were hospitably received at the different stations on the way to the coast; but the journey was rough, and Livingstone was ill with dysentery, and on reaching the highlands of Golungo-Alto he rested a few days to recover his strength. On 21 May he started on his descent to the coast, and arrived in Loanda on 31 May 1854, where he was hospitably welcomed by Mr. Gabriel, the English commissioner for the suppression of the slave-trade and consul for Angola; by the Bishop of Angola, who was at the time acting-governor-general and by the leading Portuguese of the place.
The captains of H.M.'s ships Pluto, Philomel and Polyphemus, coming shortly after into port, offered to take Livingstone either to St. Helena or home; but he would not leave his Makololo followers to return without his assistance, now that he knew the difficulties of the journey and the hostilities of the tribes on the Portuguese frontier. He suffered much from dysentery. It was not until 20 Sept. that he started on his return journey, well supplied with stores, and with the good wishes of the officials. He passed round by sea to the mouth of the river Bengo, and ascending the river arrived at Kalung-wembo on the 28th, and made a detour to visit the town of Massango and the country at the confluence of the rivers Lucalla and Coanza. On returning to Golungo-Alto he visited the remains of the old Jesuit settlements, and wrote in terms of intelligent approbation of the work of the Jesuits. Several of his men were here laid up with fever, and it was not until the end of November that Livingstone was able to resume his journey, making another detour to visit the famous rocks of Pungo Andongo. Soon after his arrival he received news of the total loss off Madeira of the mail steamer Forerunner, by which he had sent off dispatches and maps describing his journey from Cape Town to Loanda. He stayed for about a fortnight at Pungo Andongo with Colonel Manoel Antonio Pires, a wealthy Portuguese merchant and farmer, and set doggedly to work to write out a fresh description from his notes and from memory, and sent it home before proceeding further inland. The narrative of this journey excited much interest at home, and the Royal Geographical Society, on the motion of Sir Roderick Murchison, awarded Livingstone its gold medal.
On 1 Jan. 1855 Livingstone left Pungo Andongo, and reached Kasanji in a fortnight and the Quango on the 28th, and crossing that stream passed without difficulty through the country of the previously hostile Bashinje. As he was about to enter the Kioko country the heavy rains and the swampy condition of the land brought on a severe attack of rheumatic fever. Fortunately, Senhor Pascoal, a half-caste Portuguese, arrived in his camp when he was at the worst, and by the application of leeches saved his life. When convalescent and moving on to join Pascoal, who had preceded him to procure food, Livingstone's party were attacked from behind by quarrelsome natives. Livingstone got off his riding-ox, and in spite of his weak health presented a six-barrelled revolver at the chief's stomach. This prompt action at once converted him to a friend. Livingstone and Pascoal travelled together through the gloomy forests of Kioko and southern Lunda as far as Kabango, where they parted company in June. Livingstone collected considerable information about the Kasai and the rivers joining it, which later knowledge has shown to be singularly correct.
Livingstone and his Makololo were received with rejoicing by their old friend Katema near Lake Dilolo, and by Shinte further south. Everywhere they were greeted with affection by the Ba-lunda people of the Upper Liba; but unfortunately, on returning to the Zambesi Valley they had returned to the tsetse fly, and Livingstone lost his riding-ox "Sinbad," which had carried him all the way from the Barotse country to Angola and back again. When the party reached the town of Libonta on 27 July, and were back in the Makololo country, they were received with extravagant demonstrations of joy, and their progress down the Barotse Valley was a continuous triumph. On his arrival at Sesheke letters informed him that Sir R. Murchison had already formulated the same theory of the dish-like contour of the African continent as Livingstone had arrived at independently from his own observations. On arrival at Linyanti in September, Livingstone found the wagon and stores he had left there with Sekeletu in November 1853 perfectly safe. A meeting of the Makololo people was called to receive Livingstone's report and the presents he had brought from Loanda, and these and the experience of his followers produced so good an impression that many Makololo volunteered to accompany him to the East Coast, whither he was now bound.
On 3 Nov. 1855 Livingstone left Linyanti, accompanied by Sekeletu and two hundred Makololo. The chief supplied him with twelve oxen, a number of hoes and other trade goods, and plenty of butter and honey. They arrived at Sesheke on the 13th, and Livingstone, with some of the party, sailed down the Zambesi, while the rest drove the cattle along the banks. In following the course of the Zambesi Livingstone discovered the Victoria Falls, where a water-channel a mile wide is suddenly contracted to thirty yards, with a drop of 320 feet, and continues for some thirty miles the bed of a roaring torrent. On 20 Nov. Sekeletu bade farewell to Livingstone at the falls, leaving him a company of 114 men to escort him to the coast. Passing through the Batoka country and the southern borders of the land inhabited by the Bashukulombwe, he managed with his usual tact to appease the suspicions of these people, who had not seen a white man before. On 14 Jan. 1856 he reached the confluence of the Loangwa and the Zambesi, and arrived at Zumbo next day. He reached Tete on 3 March, having nearly got into difficulties with a powerful chief called Katolosa, whom he bought off with some ivory tusks. Major Tito Sicard, the Portuguese commandant of Tete, showed Livingstone every attention, and did everything in his power to restore his health, which had been much injured by his exhausting journey. He spent, sometime resting at Tete, and arranged to leave his Makololo followers there with Major Sicard while he paid a visit to England. He left Tete on 22 April, and journeying down the Zambesi as far as the Mazaro, a little below the African Lakes Company's modern station at Vicente, he crossed overland to the Kwa-Kwa river, and descended the stream to Quilimane, which he reached on 22 May 1856, very nearly four years after he quitted Cape Town for the Zambesi. He had been three years without hearing from his family. H.M.S. Frolic had called at Quilimane for him the previous November, and had left wine and quinine for him. But Livingstone's pleasure at reaching the coast was sadly marred by learning that Commander Maclure, Lieutenant Woodruffe, and five men of H.M.S. Dart had been lost on the bar of the river in coming to make inquiries for him. He had to remain at Quilimane, which is very unhealthy, for six weeks, when H.M.S. Frolic again arrived, and took him and his best Makololo headman, Sekwebu, to Mauritius. Sekwebu, however, was so unbalanced by the strangeness of life at sea that he went mad and drowned himself at Mauritius.
After some stay at Mauritius Livingstone came home by way of the Red Sea, arriving in London on 12 Dec. His eminent achievements were awarded fitting recognition. On 15 Dec. there was a special meeting of the Royal Geographical Society to welcome him, with Sir Roderick Murchison in the chair. Both Captain Steele and Mr. Oswell were present, and the gold medal that had been awarded to him was presented. Meeting succeeded meeting. The London Missionary Society received him, with Lord Shaftesbury in the chair, and there was a public demonstration at the Mansion House. He received the freedom both of the city of London and of the town of Hamilton. The prince consort granted him an interview, and he received testimonials and addresses from many public bodies. A sum of 2,000£ was raised by public subscription in Glasgow, and presented to him in the autumn. In Dublin he was feted at a meeting of the British Association, and in Manchester at the Chamber of Commerce. Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.C.L., Glasgow made him a LL.D., and the Royal Society made him a fellow. At Cambridge he received a warm reception, and delivered a lecture which inaugurated the Universities' Mission to Central Africa.
In November 1857 he published his missionary travels, a book which thoroughly reflects the man and is delightful reading. A second edition was called for before the first of twelve thousand copies was issued, and the generous conduct of John Murray, the publisher, made the work a small fortune for Livingstone, who spent most of the money on exploration.
Livingstone gently severed his connection with the London Missionary Society in the autumn of 1857; but although the society realized that his work in future would be on a larger scale than could be covered by their means and in spite of Livingstone's protestations that he remained a missionary, there was much hostile criticism from narrow-minded people. In February 1858 Livingstone was appointed H.M. consul at Quilimane for the East Coast of Africa to the south of the dominions of Zanzibar, and for the independent districts in the interior, as well as commander of an expedition to explore Eastern and Central Africa. A paddle-steamer of light draught was procured for the Zambesi, and was called the Ma-Robert, the name given to Mrs. Livingstone by the African natives after -- according to their custom -- her firstborn son. The staff of the expedition consisted of Commander Bedingfield, R.N.; Dr. (now Sir John) Kirk, physician and naturalist; Mr. Richard Thornton, surveyor; Mr. George Rae, engineer; and Livingstone's brother Charles as secretary. Lord Clarendon, the foreign minister, threw himself heart and soul into the preparations for the expedition, and Livingstone was received by the queen before leaving, and was entertained by 350 friends at dinner at the Freemasons' Tavern. Livingstone left Liverpool with his party in H.M.S. Pearl on 10 March 1858. Mrs. Livingstone and her youngest child accompanied them, but were left at the Cape with the Moffats, who had come down to meet them. Livingstone arrived off the Zambesi delta on 15 May. Inside the Luawe bar the sections of the steam-launch Ma-Robert were put together, and the Pearl departed, carrying in her Commander Bedingfield, who had resigned owing to a disagreement with Livingstone in connection with landing stores on Expedition Island. Livingstone consequently had to take charge of the Ma-Robert as well as of the expedition. The propriety of his conduct in the matter was established to the satisfaction of the admiralty and of Lord Clarendon.
The expedition reached Tete on 8 Sept., and Livingstone received an enthusiastic welcome from the Makololo. From Tete three visits were paid to the Kebra-basa rapids, which were found to be an insuperable bar to the continuous navigation of the Zambesi at all seasons of the year. The Ma-Robert turned out a failure, and was nicknamed the "Asthmatic," and an application was made to the government for a more suitable vessel. Pending her arrival Livingstone determined to explore the Shire river, and search for the great lake reputed to be at its source. The first trip up the Shire was made early in 1859, and after two hundred miles of navigation Livingstone and Kirk found themselves effectually stopped by impassable rapids and cataracts and by hostile natives. Livingstone named the cataracts after his friend Sir Roderick Murchison, and returned to Tete. In March Livingstone and Kirk again started for the Shire and, leaving the steamer near Katunga, proceeded on foot. The journey resulted in the discovery of Lake Shirwa, a salt lake to the east of the Shire highlands. They returned in the Ma-Robert to Tete on 3 June. In the middle of August another start was made up the Shire river; they landed as before, and with thirty-six Makololo porters and two native guides ascended the Shire highlands, passed round by Mount Zomba and Lake Shirwa, and then rejoined the Shire river, the left bank of which they followed till they came to the small lake Pamalombwe, and arrived on 16 Sept. 1859 on the southern shores of Lake Nyasa, in that south-eastern gulf whence flows the river Shire. David and Charles Livingstone, John Kirk and Edward Rae, were the first white men to gaze on this magnificent water. They did not remain long, as they were anxious about the men left in the steamer, and, hurrying back, reached it on 6 Oct. Livingstone took the boat down to the Kongoni mouth, where it had again to be beached for repairs, and after sending Mr. Rae home to advise the admiralty in the construction of the new vessel, himself returned to Tete. On 15 May 1860 he started up the Zambesi to the Makololo country with his brother Charles and Dr. Kirk. Nothing of note occurred on this journey except that a more, thorough examination was made of the Victoria Falls, and they arrived at Sesheke on 18 Aug. Here they found Sekeletu ill with leprosy, and Livingstone and Kirk were able to give him some relief. Livingstone left Sesheke on 17 Sept. on their return journey, which was made mainly by water in canoes bought from the Batoka. They passed the Kariba rapids with little difficulty. At the Karivua rapids they had considerable difficulty, but escaped with a wetting to their goods. At the Kebra-basa rapids, near the confluence of the Loangwa, Dr. Kirk was nearly drowned and valuable instruments and notes lost, and the party, landing there, walked to Tete, where they arrived on 23 Nov., having spent six months on the journey. Livingstone left in the Ma-Robert for the Kongoni on 3 Dec. After many difficulties with the steamer she grounded on 21 Dec. on a sandbank and filled. Most of the property of the expedition was saved, but Livingstone and his party had to spend Christmas encamped on the island of Tshimba, a little above Sena, until the Portuguese sent canoes and took them to the Kongoni mouth. They arrived there on 4 Jan. 1861, and lodged in the newly built Portuguese station.
On 31 Jan. 1861 the long-expected new steamer for the Zambesi, the Pioneer, arrived from England, and at the same time two of H.M.'s cruisers brought Bishop Mackenzie and six missionaries sent by the Universities' Mission. By this time Livingstone knew the Shire river well, and he had learnt that, whatever personal hospitality had been shown to him by the Portuguese, a water-way under their jurisdiction was not the best on which to place a mission to reach Lake Nyasa. He had, moreover, received instructions from home to explore the Rovuma, and as the Pioneer drew too much water for the Shire at this season, it seemed desirable to take the mission up the Rovuma, and plant it at Lake Nyasa, or as near as a suitable place could be found. The mission party were accordingly conveyed to the island of Johanna, in the Comoro group, to wait there while Livingstone and the bishop explored the Rovuma. They left the mouth of the Rovuma on 11 March, but were only able to ascend thirty miles, as the water was rapidly falling and the rainy season was over. On their return they rejoined the missionaries at Johanna, and with them re-entering the Zambesi through the Kongoni mouth, passed up to the Shire. The Pioneer still drew far too much water for the Shire. The toil and time spent in ascending was excessive, and it was only after great difficulty that Tshibisa's, near Katunga, was reached in the middle of July. Here they heard of raids of the Wa-yao or A-jawa on the Mañanja to procure slaves for the Portuguese. Livingstone and the bishop, however, resolved to explore the Shire highlands to select a site for a mission station, and on their way they encountered several slave parties and liberated the slaves, who attached themselves to the mission. A place called Magomero was chosen and the bishop was invited by the Mañanja chief to settle there. While Livinqstone and the missionaries were on their way they were attacked by the Wa-yao slave raiders. In self-defense they had to fire a volley from their rifles, which dispersed the enemy, but they decided not to pursue the Wa-yao and release the Mañanja captives they had taken, and proceeded to Magomero. After the mission was safely established, Livingstone turned with his expedition to the west, and leaving the Pioneer at Tshibisa's, engaged porters, carried the gig round the Murchison Cataracts, and on 2 Sept. 1861 sailed into Lake Nyasa. He explored the western coast, rounding the mountain promontory which he had named Cape Maclear. He found the slave-trade flourishing on shore, and horrible cruelties accompanying it. By the end of October their goods were exhausted and no provisions were procurable; so they had to return, and reached the Pioneer on 8 Nov., having suffered more from hunger than on any previous journey. They were visited by Bishop Mackenzie, who reported favourably of the mission, and it was arranged that the Pioneer should bring up the bishop's sister, Miss Mackenzie, who was expected with Mrs. Livingstone from the Cape, and an appointment was made for January 1862 at the mouth of the Ruo, where the bishop was to meet them. The Pioneer was stranded for five weeks on a shoal, and only reached the Zambesi on 11 Jan. On the 30th she met H.M.S. Gorgon at the Luabo mouth with Mrs. Livingstone, Miss Mackenzie, Mrs. Burrup, and other members of the mission, and a new boat, the Lady Nyassa, ordered by Livingstone at his own cost. The party at once, with Captain Wilson of the Gorgon, made for the Ruo, and not finding the bishop there, went on to Tshibisa, where they heard of his death and that of Mr. Barrup, his companion. The next few weeks were occupied in conveying to the Gorgon the ladies and all the mission party, except Horace Waller and Hugh Rowley, who decided to remain. On 4 April 1862 the Gorgon sailed with the mission party, and on 11 April Livingstone and his wife and party left for Shupanga with further sections of the Lady Nyassa. The season was unhealthy, and about the middle of the month Mrs. Livingstone was prostrated with fever, and in spite of every attention from her husband and Dr. Kirk, died on the 27th, and was buried under the large baobab tree at Shupanga.
Greatly overcome by this calamity, Livingstone worked on with resignation and dogged determination. On 23 June the Lady Nyassa was launched on the Zambesi, but as the waters of the Shire had fallen too low to allow of ascending, Livingstone made another attempt to ascend the Rovuma, leaving Kongoni in the Pioneer on 6 Aug. He navigated the river for 160 miles, and finding that it was navigable no further, he returned to the Zambesi at the end of November, and reached Shupanga on 19 Dec., leaving again on 10 Jan. 1863 with the Lady Nyassa in tow. All up the Shire they saw the most sickening scenes of destruction due to slave-raids. On arrival at the Murchison Falls the Lady Nyassa was unscrewed and the party began to make a road by which to transport the pieces over the forty miles round the falls. But neither native labour nor supplies were obtained. Dysentery attacked the party, and Kirk and Charles Livingstone were ordered home; but when they were about to start David Livingstone fell ill and Kirk remained till he was convalescent. Kirk finally left on 9 May 1863. Livingstone, hoping to find the boat he had left above the falls, on his return from the lake, went with Rae, who had rejoined the expedition, to the Upper Shire, but found the boat had been burned by the Mañanja three months before. On returning to the Pioneer on 2 July 1863 he found a dispatch awaiting him from Lord Russell, ordering the withdrawal of the expedition. On receiving this dispatch Livingstone wrote to Mr. Waller: "I don't know whether I am to go on the shelf or not. If I do, I make Africa the shelf." As it was impossible for the Pioneer to reach the sea until the floods of December, Livingstone arranged to have the Lady Nyassa screwed together again, and while this was doing to have a boat carried past the cataracts; but by the carelessness of his men the boat was wrecked. Livingstone then organized a little expedition from the crew of the Pioneer, and eventually reached Kota-Kota, on the shores of Lake Nyasa, where they were kindly received by the Arabs. During a short stay they collected information about the slave-trade, and then, going due west along the great route to Central Africa which leads to Lake Bemba or Bangweolo and the Upper Congo, reached a place called Tshimanga, in the vicinity of the Loangwa river, where Livingstone was truly told that he was only ten days' journey from Lake Bangweolo. But as the pay of his men was positively to cease on 31 Dec. Livingstone felt that, great as the temptation was to go on, it would be unfair to the men, and he retraced his steps to Lake Nyasa, which he reached on 8 Oct., and regained the Pioneer on 1 Nov. The river, however, did not rise sufficiently till 19 Jan. 1864, and then the Pioneer carried away her rudder on a sandbank, so that they did not reach Morambala, where he picked up the remaining members of the Universities' Mission, until 2 Feb. On 15 Feb. he reached the mouth of the Zambesi, where he was met by H.M.S. Orestes and Ariel, which towed the Lady Nyassa and the Pioneer through a hurricane to Mozambique. There the expedition came to an end. The Pioneer returned to the Cape with the Rev. Horace Waller and the remainder of the mission, and Livingstone took the Lady Nyassa to Zanzibar to try to sell her. Finding no buyer, he made a plucky voyage across the Indian Ocean to Bombay in the tiny craft with only a European stoker, carpenter, and sailor, and seven native men and two native boys who had never been at sea (one of whom, Chuma, was with him to the end of his life). He sailed from Zanzibar on 30 April and entered Bombay harbour unnoticed on 13 June. He received every kindness from Sir Bartle Frere (the governor), and failing to sell his ship, left her at Bombay pending his possible return, and, borrowing the passage money for himself and one of his men embarked for England, where he arrived on 23 July 1864.
After a week of feting in London he visited his aged mother and his children in Scotland. In September he attended the meeting of the British Association at Bath and read a paper on Africa. He then went with his daughter Agnes to stay with his old friend Mr. Webb at Newstead Abbey, and remained there for eight months, writing "The Zambesi and its Tributaries," compiled from his own and his brother Charles's journals.
In the beginning of 1865 Sir Roderick Murchison proposed that Livingstone should resume the exploration of Africa, and should proceed up the Rovuma and endeavour to solve the question of the Nile basin. Livingstone desired to devote himself more especially to opening up Nyasaland, either by the Zambesi or Rovuma, but hoped to combine the two objects, and not waiting for the publication of his book, which came out in the autumn, he left London 13 Aug. 1865, and arrived in Bombay on 11 Sept. Here he sold the Lady Nyassa, which had cost him 6,000£, for 2,300£. He invested the money in shares in an Indian bank which failed a year or two afterwards. He enjoyed a pleasant stay in India till January 1866. Sir Bartle Frere, governor of Bombay, gave him a passage to Zanzibar in the Thule, a government vessel, which he commissioned him to present to the sultan of Zanzibar as a gift from the Bombay government. He naturally received a very friendly reception from the sultan, and was furnished with letters of recommendation to the Arabs of the interior. He had brought with him from India some boys from the Nassick Mission, and thirteen sepoys, as a nucleus for his expedition. At Zanzibar he engaged ten Johanna men and four natives of Nyasaland, and bought camels, buffaloes, mules, and donkeys to experiment on their resistance to the effect of the tsetse fly. He arrived off the Rovuma in H.M.S. Penguin on 22 March, but owing to difficulties of entering, landed in Mikindani Bay on 4 April. The animals were overloaded and maltreated by the sepoys, and bitten by the tsetse fly. Having struck the river, they marched along its north bank as far as the town of Mtarika in the northern part of the Yao country, passing many ghastly scenes of the slave-trade. From Mtarika Livingstone turned to the south-west for the town of Mataka. The behaviour of the sepoys became intolerable, and they were paid off at Mataka, where Livingstone was very hospitably treated by the Yao chief, and whence on 29 July 1866 he started for Nyasa, arriving without difficulty on 8 Aug. He marched round the south end of the lake to the settlement formed by Mponda, an influential Mohammedanised chief. Thence Livingstone continued his journey round the south-western gulf of Lake Nyasa. At Marenga's town the Johanna men, scared by rumours that the country in front was being raided by the Angoni Zulus, deserted him. He obtained canoes from Marenga, and passed round the heel of Lake Nyasa to the town of Kimsusa, who treated him well and escorted him northwards, handing him over to another friendly chief. Livingstone's party now consisted of a few Nassick boys, Susi, a Yao man, and Chuma, a Zambesi man, and crossing the end of the Kirk Mountains at a height of over four thousand feet, they reached the Loangwa river on 16 Dec. 1866.
In the meantime the Johanna men had journeyed back to Zanzibar and concocted a plausible tale that Livingstone had been killed in an encounter with Zulus. In England public opinion was divided as to the credit to be given to the tale, but Mr. Edward Young, the former gunner of the Pioneer, of whose work on the Zambesi Livingstone wrote very favourably, was sent out by the Geographical Society in command of a search expedition, which left England in May 1867, reached the mouth of the Zambesi on 25 July, ascended the Shire in a steel boat they had brought with them, called the Search, which was taken to pieces and carried round the Murchison rapids, and on arrival at Mponda's obtained satisfactory evidence that Livingstone was alive, together with information as to his further journeys into the interior. The expedition returned to England in the beginning of 1868, leaving the Search, which under another name continued to run on the Upper Shire.
From the Loangwa river Livingstone travelled through the country of the Ba-bisa towards Lake Tanganyika, passing over the dolomite mountains of Mushinga at altitudes up to six thousand feet in a fine climate. The want of other food compelled him to subsist principally upon African maize, and the loss of his goats deprived him of milk, and he noted in his journal, "Took my belt up three holes to relieve hunger." On 20 Jan. 1867, near Lisunga, a serious disaster occurred in the desertion of two Wa-yao porters with their loads, one of which contained the medicine-chest with all the drugs, and Livingstone was left in the heart of Africa at a very unhealthy time of year, when he was daily drenched with heavy rains, without medicines. His despondency was so great on this occasion that he wrote in the diary "Felt as if I had received my death-sentence."
On 28 Jan. he crossed the Tshambezi or Chambeza, which flows into Lake Bangweolo, and travelled through a country which he describes as "dripping forests and oozing bogs," and on 31 Jan. arrived at Tshitapangwa, the town of the chief of the Ba-bemba. Thence he sent letters by a party of Swahili slave-traders, which reached England safely, and he was able to order stores and medicine to meet him at Ujiji. After three weeks' stay he continued his journey entering the Ulunga country on 10 March ill with fever and scarcely able to keep up with his people, and on 1 April came in sight of Tanganyika lake. Here, at Pambete, near Niamkolo, at the south end of the lake, he spent a fortnight, too ill to move, with fits of insensibility and temporary paralysis in his limbs. Going westwards he crossed a high range of mountains and descended into the valley of the Lofu, where a party of Arabs received him with kindness. He was detained in the Lofu, at Tshitimbwa's town, for over three months by a war in Itawa. He made the acquaintance of an Arab named Hamidi bill Muhammad, better known later by his nickname, Tippoo Tib. The delay gave Livingstone much-needed rest, and he obtained a great deal of valuable information from the Arabs. When the war was over he started, on 22 Sept., in the wake of a large Arab caravan, and passed through the country of Itawa without any trouble, making for Lake Moero, which he reached on 8 Nov., his health having again broken down on the way. From the north-east shores of Moero he turned south and entered the country of the chief Kazembe, a tyrant who lopped off the ears and hands of his people for very trivial offenses. The land was fertile and there was abundance of food. Livingstone remained a month, and on 22 Dec. paid another visit to Lake Moero, exploring the eastern shores. He then rejoined the Arabs, and stayed for some time in their settlement at Kabwabwata. On 16 April 1868 he started with only five attendants, the rest having deserted, for Lake Bangweolo, passing through Kazembe's country, where he remained some weeks. He discovered the lake on 18 July, and while he was exploring the northern end his Arab friends engaged in hostilities with Kazembe's people, by whom Livingstone was nearly killed on account of his relation with the Arabs. He finally got safely out of Kazembe's country, and joining the Arabs, re-entered Itawa towards the end of October. He remained some time at Kabwabwata nursing himself through an attack of fever, and speculating whether lakes Moero and Bangweolo were the real sources of the Nile. Early in 1869 he started with the Arabs for Ujiji, but his health was extremely bad. On 11 Feb. he arrived on the west shore of Tanganyika, and obtaining canoes from an Arab, coasted the lake towards the north, struck across to the east side, and on to Ujiji, where he arrived on 14 March 1869. Here he found that the stores sent to meet him had mostly been stolen, and he had to send for more. He rested for some months and on 12 July he started for the cannibal country of Manyema, to the west of the lake, to find the Lualaba river. He joined a party of Arabs and Swahilis and passed through the Guha and Bambare countries north-westward to the village of Moenekus, where he remained until 5 Nov., resting, and endeavouring to recover his health, in which he was partially successful.
In company with the Arabs he travelled as far north as the Binanga Hills (about 3º 30' S. lat.) He then turned south again, and after more than a year's wandering he finally reached the banks of the Lualaba at Nyangwe on 1 March 1871. He remained there in ill health, and vainly endeavouring to get canoes until the middle of July when an atrocious massacre of Manyema women by the Swahilis, arising out of a trivial quarrel, took place, and though through Livingstone's intervention a sort of peace was patched up, he was too horrified at the crimes of the Arab slave-raiders to travel under their escort, and on 20 July he started for Ujiji. On the way back through the Manyema country many Arabs joined his party for protection, and he was in consequence attacked in the forest, and for five hours ran the gauntlet of the spears of his invisible enemies. He was constantly ill on the way from fatigue, frequent wettings, and the horrors of the slave-raiding and cannibalism around him. He writes: "I felt as if dying on my feet, almost every step was in pain, the appetite failed, and a little bit of meat caused violent diarrhea, whilst the mind, sorely depressed, reacted on the body." He reached Ujiji on 23 Oct. 1871, a living skeleton, to find all the stores that had been sent to him had been sold off by the leading Arab of Ujiji, known as the Shereef. At this desperate moment Mr. H. M. Stanley, who had been sent by Mr. James Gordon Bennett, proprietor of the "New York Herald," to find Livingstone alive or dead, arrived with a well-equipped caravan. Stanley had reached Zanzibar on 6 Jan. 1871, and made at once for Ujiji, but on his way became involved in the war between the Arabs of Tabora and the Nyamwezi chief, Mirambo, and only after much difficulty arrived at Tanganyika on 28 Oct. 1871. Medicines, food, hope, and cheerful society soon worked a change in Livingstone, and he set out with Stanley to make a tour of the northern end of the lake. They soon ascertained that the Rusizi river, which enters the lake in a small delta at the north end, flowed into and not out of the lake. They returned to Ujiji, and after delays consequent on Stanley's illness, through which Livingstone nursed him with assiduity, they journeyed, on 27 Dec. 1871, together to Unyanyembe, where they arrived on 18 Feb. 1872. Stanley in vain urged Livingstone to return to England with him. Livingstone was possessed with the idea of finding the source of the Nile, and as it had become his conviction that the Lualaba must be the Upper Nile, he did not deem it necessary to prove it by descending the stream into the Albert Nyanza, but directed his attention to the discovery and mapping of its sources in Lake Bangweolo and on the Katanga highlands. On 14 March 1872 Stanley, having furnished Livingstone with medicine and all necessaries, reluctantly left for Zanzibar. Stanley wrote that for the four months he had lived with Livingstone he never found a fault in him, and that though himself a man of a quick temper, with Livingstone he never had cause for resentment, but each day's life with him added to his admiration of him. A search expedition under Commander Dawson, R.N., and Lieutenant Henn, and including the Rev. Charles New and Oswell Livingstone, youngest son of the doctor, had been sent by the Royal Geographical Society and others to look for Livingstone but meeting Stanley at Bagamoio, returned to England with him.
Livingstone remained at Unyanyembe awaiting the men to be sent to him by Stanley. They arrived on 9 Aug. 1872, and on the 25th he started with all his old eagerness for Tanganyika, but he was unfit for more travel: he suffered acutely from dysentery and loss of blood from hæmorrhoids, but managed to ride his donkey, and reached the lake on 14 Oct. He skirted the south-east coast through the Fipa and Ulungu countries, and then turned south and west until he reached the Kalongosi river, which flows into Lake Moero. Crossing the river and high range of mountains beyond, he descended into the district north of Lake Bangweolo, which is one vast, sponge. Here the situation was terrible. Starvation was constantly menacing the party, canoes could not be got, and Livingstone was gradually dying. He crossed the Tshambezi river on 4 April 1873, and proceeded along the swampy shores of Bangweolo, tormented with swarms of mosquitoes, poisonous spiders, and stinging ants. On 15 March Livingstone had addressed his last dispatch to Lord Granville. On 9 April he took his last observation for latitude. From the middle of April he was so ill that he had to be carried in a litter. On 27 April he made the last entry in his note-book. On 30 April he arrived at Tshitambo's village, in the country of Ilala. He asked, "How many days to go to the Luapula?" and on being told three, he only answered, "Oh dear! dear!" Having got his man Susi to give him some calomel, he said, "All right; you can go out now," and these were his last words. At four o'clock next morning Susi found him dead, kneeling by the side of his bed, his body stretched forward and his head buried in his hands upon the pillow. Livingstone's men behaved admirably. They made an inventory of his effects, and packed them in tin boxes. They made a handsome present to Tshitambo, that he might help in paying honours to the dead. There was a general mourning, and volleys were fired by the servants. They roughly embalmed the body, burying the heart and viscera. Jacob Wainwright a Nassick boy, read the burial service. The body was then enclosed in a cylinder of bark, and enveloped in sailcloth and lashed to a pole, to be carried by two men, and they started for the coast. At Kwihara, near Tabora, they met the second Livingstone relief expedition, sent out by the Royal Geographical Society, under Lieutenant (now Commander) Cameron, C.B. The officers thought it best to bury the body, but Livingstone's men were resolved that their master's body should be sent to England, and the officers wisely deferred to their wishes. At Bagamoio they were met by the acting-consul-general from Zanzibar, who took charge of the body, and Livingstone's faithful servants received no word of acknowledgment, nor even the offer of a passage to Zanzibar. It was due to the generosity of Mr. James Young that Susi, the Shupanga man, and Chuma, a boy rescued by Livingstone from slavery in the Shire highlands, his devoted attendants, were brought to England.
Livingstone was buried in Westminster Abbey on 18 April 1874. A black slab in the center of the nave in the Abbey marks his resting-place.
Sir Bartle Frere, as president of the Royal Geographical Society, wrote: "As a whole, the work of his life will surely be held up in ages to come as one of singular nobleness of design and of unflinching energy and self-sacrifice in execution;" and again, "I never met a man who fulfilled more completely my idea of a perfect Christian gentleman, actuated in what he thought and said and did by the highest and most chivalrous spirit, modelled on the precepts of his great Master and Exemplar."
He was the author of: 1. "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," post 8vo, London, 1857; another edition, 8vo, London, 1875. 2. "Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries, and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-1864," London, post 8vo, 1865.
A drawing of Livingstone, made by Joseph Bonomi in 1857, is in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
[Livingstone's own works as above; Heroes of Discovery, by Samuel Mossman, post 8vo. Edinburgh, 1867, new edit. 1877; How I Found Livingstone. Travels, Adventures, and Discoveries in Central Africa, by H. M. Stanley, London, 8vo, 1872; Royal Geographical Society Proceedings, obituary notice by Sir Bartle Frere, Vol. xviii. 1874; The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his death, by Horace Waller, 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1874; David Livingstone, Missionary and Discoverer, by Jabez Marrat, 12mo, London, 1877; Livingstone, the Missionary Traveller, by Samuel Mossman, post 8vo, London, 1882; The Personal Life of David Livingstone, by Dr. W. G. Blaikie, 8vo, London: 1888; Livingstone and the Exploration of Central Africa, by H. H. Johnston, 8vo, London, 1891; David Livingstone, by Thomas Hughes (English Men of Action Series), 8vo, London, 1891.]
From Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder, & Co., 1893.
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Three Bangladeshis were killed and another was injured as a microbus hit a roadside tree in Northern State Parkway near New York city of the United States on Saturday.
The deceased were identified as Rayhan Islam, 28, Shamsul Alam, 61, and Ataur Rahman Dulal, 34.
Police said, Rayhan car hit a street-side tree around 5am (local time) on their way to office.
They were working at a pharmaceutical company.
Critically injured–Al Amin, 36, was admitted to a local hospital.