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Stanford School of Medicine CAP Profiles
Stephen Felt, DVM, MPH
Associate Professor of Comparative Medicine at the Stanford University Medical Center
Associate Professor - Med Center Line, Comparative Medicine
Member, Bio-X
Member, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI)
Affiliate, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment
Attending Veterinarian, Stanford University (2009 - Present)
Associate Director, Veterinary Service Center (2009 - 2019)
Director, Laboratory Animal Medicine Residency Training Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University (2008 - 2019)
Excellence Project Award, "Zika Virus at the 2016 Olympic Games" (by Christian Ostberg),, Introductory Seminars (2019)
Tibetan Pediatric Neurocysticercosis: Working to Solve a Global Health Crisis....., Stanford Teaching Showcase Award (2018)
Effect of Intratonsillar Injection of Steroids on Palatine Tonsils in Rabbit Model, First Place Vice President's Resident Research Award, Triological Society (2013)
Diplomate, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (2005)
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine (2003)
Boards, Advisory Committees, Professional Organizations
Council Member, AAALAC International (2019 - Present)
Specialist, AAALAC International (2017 - 2019)
Program Co-Chair, California Laboratory Animal Medicine Society Meeting (2016 - 2017)
Member, Exam Review Committee, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (2014 - 2018)
Member, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Exam Strategy Task Force (2013 - 2013)
Member, Exam Committee, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (2011 - 2014)
Chair, Exam Resources Committee, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (2010 - 2011)
Deputy Chair, Exam Resources Committee, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (2009 - 2010)
Ad Hoc Consultant, AAALAC International (2008 - 2017)
Member, Exam Resources Committee, American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (2008 - 2009)
Veterinary Consultant, World Health Organization (2005 - 2008)
DVM, Univeristy of Wisconsin, Veterinary Medicine (1993)
MPH, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Public Health (2003)
Academic felt@stanford.edu
His research interests include infectious diseases, particularly zoonoses, and exploring techniques which promote the health and welfare of laboratory animals.
Globally Emerging Zoonotic Diseases
COMPMED 84Q (Spr)
Directed Reading in Comparative Medicine
COMPMED 299 (Aut, Win, Spr, Sum)
Masters Laboratory Animal Science Practicum/Laboratory Research
Undergraduate Directed Reading in Comparative Medicine
Prior Year Courses
Laboratory Animal Medicine Seminar
COMPMED 209 (Aut, Win, Spr)
Stanford Advisees
Postdoctoral Faculty Sponsor
Erin Katz
Postdoctoral Research Mentor
Alexandra Blaney, Alexandria Hicks-Nelson, Erin Katz, Brian Zude
Ultrasound/microbubble-mediated targeted delivery of anticancer microRNA-loaded nanoparticles to deep tissues in pigs. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society Di Ianni, T., Bose, R. J., Sukumar, U. K., Bachawal, S., Wang, H., Telichko, A., Herickhoff, C., Robinson, E., Baker, S., Vilches-Moure, J. G., Felt, S. A., Gambhir, S. S., Paulmurugan, R., Dahl, J. D. 2019
In this study, we designed and validated a platform for ultrasound and microbubble-mediated delivery of FDA-approved pegylated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with anticancer microRNAs (miRNAs) to deep tissues in a pig model. Small RNAs have been shown to reprogram tumor cells and sensitize them to clinically used chemotherapy. To overcome their short intravascular circulation half-life and achieve controlled and sustained release into tumor cells, anticancer miRNAs need to be encapsulated into nanocarriers. Focused ultrasound combined with gas-filled microbubbles provides a noninvasive way to improve the permeability of tumor vasculature and increase the delivery efficiency of drug-loaded particles. A single handheld, curvilinear ultrasound array was used in this study for image-guided therapy with clinical-grade SonoVue contrast agent. First, we validated the platform on phantoms to optimize the microbubble cavitation dose based on acoustic parameters, including peak negative pressure, pulse length, and pulse repetition frequency. We then tested the system in vivo by delivering PLGA nanoparticles co-loaded with antisense-miRNA-21 and antisense-miRNA-10b to pig liver and kidney. Enhanced miRNA delivery was observed (1.9- to 3.7-fold increase) as a result of the ultrasound treatment compared to untreated control regions. Additionally, we used highly fluorescent semiconducting polymer nanoparticles to visually assess nanoparticle extravasation. Fluorescent microscopy suggested the presence of nanoparticles in the extravascular compartment. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of treated tissues did not reveal tissue damage. The results presented in this manuscript suggest that the proposed platform may be used to safely and noninvasively enhance the delivery of miRNA-loaded nanoparticles to target regions in deep organs in large animal models.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.024
Tracking Stem Cell Implants in Cartilage Defects of Minipigs by Using Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI RADIOLOGY Theruvath, A. J., Nejadnik, H., Lenkov, O., Yerneni, K., Li, K., Kuntz, L., Wolterman, C., Tuebel, J., Burgkart, R., Liang, T., Felt, S., Daldrup-Link, H. E. 2019; 292 (1): 129–37
View details for DOI 10.1148/radiol.2019182176
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) of Cysticercosis in School-Aged Children in Tibetan Rural Farming Areas of Western China: Implications for Intervention Planning. International journal of environmental research and public health Zhou, H., Wang, Q., Zhou, J., Li, T., Medina, A., Felt, S. A., Rozelle, S., Openshaw, J. J. 2019; 16 (5)
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) significantly contributes to morbidity in developing countries. We recently published a study of prevalence and risk factors in school-aged children in three mountainous areas in Sichuan province of western China. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) on data from that study to guide intervention planning, here we examine risk factors grouped into three broad interventional categories: sociodemographics, human behavior, and sources of pork and pig husbandry. Because neuroimaging is not easily available, using SEM allows for the use of multiple observed variables (serological tests and symptoms) to represent probable NCC cases. Data collected from 2608 students was included in this analysis. Within this group, seroprevalence of cysticercosis IgG antibodies was 5.4%. SEM results showed that sociodemographic factors (beta = 0.33, p < 0.05), sources of pork and pig husbandry (beta = 0.26, p < 0.001), and behavioral factors (beta = 0.33, p < 0.05) were all directly related to probable NCC in school-aged children. Sociodemographic factors affected probable NCC indirectly via sources of pork and pig husbandry factors (beta = 0.07, p < 0.001) and behavioral variables (beta = 0.07, p < 0.001). Both sociodemographic factors (beta = 0.07, p < 0.05) and sources of pork and pig husbandry factors (beta = 0.10, p < 0.01) affected probable NCC indirectly via behavioral variables. Because behavioral variables not only had a large direct effect but also served as a critical bridge to strengthen the effect of sociodemographics and sources of pork and pig husbandry on probable NCC, our findings suggest that interventions targeting behavioral factors may be the most effective in reducing disease.
Multimodality Hyperpolarized C-13 MRS/PET/Multiparametric MR Imaging for Detection and Image-Guided Biopsy of Prostate Cancer: First Experience in a Canine Prostate Cancer Model. Molecular imaging and biology : MIB : the official publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging Bachawal, S. V., Park, J. M., Valluru, K. S., Loft, M. D., Felt, S. A., Vilches-Moure, J. G., Saenz, Y. F., Daniel, B., Iagaru, A., Sonn, G., Cheng, Z., Spielman, D. M., Willmann, J. K. 2019
PURPOSE: To assess whether simultaneous hyperpolarized C-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)/positron emission tomography (PET)/multiparametric magnetic resonance (mpMR) imaging is feasible in an orthotopic canine prostate cancer (PCa) model using a clinical PET/MR system and whether the combined imaging datasets can be fused with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in real time for multimodal image fusion-guided targeted biopsy of PCa.PROCEDURES: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval was obtained for this study. Canine prostate adenocarcinoma (Ace-1) cells were orthotopically injected into the prostate of four dogs. Once tumor engraftment was confirmed by TRUS, simultaneous hyperpolarized C-13 MRS of [1-13C]pyruvate, PET (2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), [68Ga]NODAGA-SCH1), and mpMR (T2W, DWI) imaging was performed using a clinical PET/MR system. Multimodality imaging data sets were then fused with TRUS and image-guided targeted biopsy was performed. Imaging results were then correlated with histological findings.RESULTS: Successful tumor engraftment was histologically confirmed in three of the four dogs (dogs 2, 3, and 4) and simultaneous C-13 MRS/PET/mpMR was feasible in all three. In dog 2, C-13 MRS showed increased lactate signal in the tumor (lactate/totalC=0.47) whereas mpMR did not show any signal changes. In dog 3, [18F]FDG-PET (SUVmean=1.90) and C-13 MRS (lactate/totalC=0.59) showed elevated metabolic activity in the tumor. In dog 4, [18F]FDG (SUVmean=2.43), [68Ga]NODAGA-SCH1 (SUVmean=0.75), and C-13 MRS (Lac/totalC=0.53) showed elevated uptake in tumor compared to control tissue and multimodal image fusion-guided biopsy of the tumor was successfully performed.CONCLUSION: Simultaneous C-13 MRS/PET/mpMR imaging and multimodal image fusion-guided biopsy is feasible in a canine PCa model.
Hamsters and Gerbils Exotic Animal Laboratory Diagnosis McKeon, G., Nagamine, C., Felt, S. Wiley-Blackwell. 2019; 1
A Bird's-Eye View of Regulatory, Animal Care, and Training Considerations Regarding Avian Flight Research. Comparative medicine Baker, S. W., Tucci, E. R., Felt, S. A., Zehnder, A., Lentink, D., Vilches-Moure, J. G. 2019
A thorough understanding of how animals fly is a central goal of many scientific disciplines. Birds are a commonly usedmodel organism for flight research. The success of this model requires studying healthy and naturally flying birds in a laboratory setting. This use of a nontraditional laboratory animal species presents unique challenges to animal care staff and researchers alike. Here we review regulatory, animal care, and training considerations associated with avian flight research.
View details for DOI 10.30802/AALAS-CM-18-000033
Influence of Pain and Analgesia on Orthopedic and Wound-healing Models in Rats and Mice. Comparative medicine Huss, M. K., Felt, S. A., Pacharinsak, C. 2019
The surgical stress response and resulting physiologic changes can lead to postoperative complications and negatively impact animal welfare. Although appropriate pain management is crucial to reduce the pain and stress response to surgery,analgesic choice can significantly affect bone and wound healing. This review aims to summarize data from rat and mouse studies and to provide recommendations for integrating analgesia into orthopedic and wound healing models in these species. Data from other species, such as humans, rabbits and other rodents, is included, where available. From these data, we conclude that for orthopedic surgical models, opioids, local anesthetics and dissociative agents have minimal impact onfracture healing; cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) may be used in the shortterm;and steroids should be avoided. For wound healing models, short-term systemic or topical opioids have negligible impact on wound healing; NSAID or local anesthetics may be used short-term; and systemic steroids should be avoided. Alternative analgesics such as tramadol, gabapentin, ketamine, and acetaminophen warrant consideration and further evaluation for both orthopedic and wound healing models. In all cases, researchers and veterinarians should work together todetermine the appropriate analgesic plan to minimize pain, as well as to minimize unwanted effects on the orthopedic and wound healing models themselves.
High prevalence of taeniasis and Taenia solium cysticercosis in children in western Sichuan, China. Acta tropica Li, T., Chen, X., Wang, H., Openshaw, J. J., Zhong, B., Felt, S. A., Ito, A., Luby, S. P. 2019: 105133
Data in China on human Taenia infections, including Taenia solium cysticercosis, is largely lacking. We aimed to determine the prevalence of taeniasis with all three human Taenia species as well as T. solium cysticercosis in primary school-aged children in minority areas of western Sichuan, China. During April 2016 to December 2017, we did a cross-sectional study in five western Sichuan Province primary schools in Liangshan (3 schools), Ganzi (1 school) and Aba (1 school) prefectures. Diagnosis of taeniasis was made by stool microscopy for presence of Taenia eggs, as well as recovery of taeniid tapeworms or proglottids by medicinal treatment followed by species identification using multiplex PCR. Diagnosis of T. solium cysticercosis was made serologically using an ELISA with low-molecular-weight antigens purified from T. solium cyst fluid to detect specific IgG antibodies. A total of 1,672 children were screened for taeniasis and 1,639 were evaluated for cysticercosis antibodies. Overall prevalence of taeniasis was 7.5% but was as high as 15.6% at one school site (e.g., Shuiluo). Of the three known human Taenia species, adult T. solium tapeworms were detected in 42 children from four of the five schools (all three schools in Liangshan and one in Aba), giving a prevalence of T. solium taeniasis of 2.5% (95% confidence interval 0-6.7%). Cysticercosis antibody seropositivity by school varied from 2.3% to 15.6% (overall 7.5%). T. solium taeniasis carriers were more likely to have cysticercosis antibodies than chlidren without T. solium taeniasis (43.6% vs 6.6%). Schools with higher prevalences of T. solium taeniasis were more likely to have children with human cysticercosis IgG antibodies. This study discloses a high prevalence of taeniasis and T. solium cysticercosis in primary school-aged children in minority areas of western Sichuan, suggesting an urgent necessity for school-based disease control.
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105133
US Molecular Imaging of Acute Ileitis: Anti-Inflammatory Treatment Response Monitored with Targeted Microbubbles in a Preclinical Model. Radiology Wang, H., Hyvelin, J., Felt, S. A., Guracar, I., Vilches-Moure, J. G., Cherkaoui, S., Bettinger, T., Tian, L., Lutz, A. M., Willmann, J. K. 2018: 172600
Purpose To evaluate whether dual-selectin-targeted US molecular imaging allows longitudinal monitoring of anti-inflammatory treatment effects in an acute terminal ileitis model in swine. Materials and Methods The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all animal studies. Fourteen swine with chemically induced acute terminal ileitis (day 0) were randomized into the following groups: (a) an anti-inflammatory treatment group (n = 8; meloxicam, 0.25 mg per kilogram of body weight; prednisone, 0.5 mg/kg) and (b) a control group (n = 6; saline). US molecular imaging was performed with a clinical US machine after intravenous injection of clinically translatable dual P- and E-selectin-targeted microbubbles (5 * 108/kg). Three inflamed bowel segments per swine were imaged at baseline, as well as on days 1, 3, and 6 after treatment initiation. At day 6, bowel segments were analyzed ex vivo for selectin expression levels by using quantitative immunofluorescence. Results After induction of inflammation, US molecular imaging signal increased at day 1 in both animal groups (P < .001). At day 3, signal in the treatment group decreased (P < .001 vs day 1), while signal in control animals did not significantly change (P = .18 vs day 1) and was higher (P = .001) compared with that in the treatment group. At day 6, signal in the treatment group further decreased and remained lower (P = .02) compared with that in the control group. Immunofluorescence confirmed significant (P ≤ .04) downregulation of both P- and E-selectin expression levels in treated versus control bowel segments. Conclusion Dual-selectin-targeted US molecular imaging allows longitudinal monitoring of anti-inflammatory treatment effects in a large-animal model of acute ileitis. This supports further clinical development of this quantitative and radiation-free technique for monitoring inflammatory bowel disease.
A mm-Sized Wireless Implantable Device for Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS Charthad, J., Chang, T., Liu, Z., Sawaby, A., Weber, M. J., Baker, S., Gore, F., Felt, S. A., Arbabian, A. 2018; 12 (2): 257–70
A wireless electrical stimulation implant for peripheral nerves, achieving >10× improvement over state of the art in the depth/volume figure of merit, is presented. The fully integrated implant measures just 2 mm × 3 mm × 6.5 mm (39 mm3, 78 mg), and operates at a large depth of 10.5 cm in a tissue phantom. The implant is powered using ultrasound and includes a miniaturized piezoelectric receiver (piezo), an IC designed in 180 nm HV BCD process, an off-chip energy storage capacitor, and platinum stimulation electrodes. The package also includes an optional blue light-emitting diode for potential applications in optogenetic stimulation in the future. A system-level design strategy for complete operation of the implant during the charging transient of the storage capacitor, as well as a unique downlink command/data transfer protocol, is presented. The implant enables externally programmable current-controlled stimulation of peripheral nerves, with a wide range of stimulation parameters, both for electrical (22 to 5000 μA amplitude, ∼14 to 470 μs pulse-width, 0 to 60 Hz repetition rate) and optical (up to 23 mW/mm2 optical intensity) stimulation. Additionally, the implant achieves 15 V compliance voltage for chronic applications. Full integration of the implant components, end-to-end in vitro system characterizations, and results for the electrical stimulation of a sciatic nerve, demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed stimulator for peripheral nerves.
View details for DOI 10.1109/TBCAS.2018.2799623
EVIDENCE CONSISTENT WITH SCHOOL BASED TRANSMISSION OF <it>TAENIA SOLIUM</it> CYSTICERCOSIS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS, SOUTHWEST CHINA Openshaw, J., Chedid, C., Medina, A., Felt, S., Li, T., Huan, Z., Rozelle, S., Luby, S. AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE. 2018: 7
Anatomical Road Mapping Using CT and MR Enterography for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Small Bowel Inflammation in Swine. European radiology Wang, H., Felt, S. A., Guracar, I., Taviani, V., Zhou, J., Sigrist, R. M., Zhang, H., Liau, J., Vilches-Moure, J. G., Tian, L., Saenz, Y., Bettinger, T., Hargreaves, B. A., Lutz, A. M., Willmann, J. K. 2018; 28 (5): 2068–76
To evaluate the feasibility and time saving of fusing CT and MR enterography with ultrasound for ultrasound molecular imaging (USMI) of inflammation in an acute small bowel inflammation of swine.Nine swine with ileitis were scanned with either CT (n = 3) or MR (n = 6) enterography. Imaging times to load CT/MR images onto a clinical ultrasound machine, fuse them to ultrasound with an anatomical landmark-based approach, and identify ileitis were compared to the imaging times without anatomical road mapping. Inflammation was then assessed by USMI using dual selectin-targeted (MBSelectin) and control (MBControl) contrast agents in diseased and healthy control bowel segments, followed by ex vivo histology.Cross-sectional image fusion with ultrasound was feasible with an alignment error of 13.9 ± 9.7 mm. Anatomical road mapping significantly reduced (P < 0.001) scanning times by 40%. Localising ileitis was achieved within 1.0 min. Subsequently performed USMI demonstrated significantly (P < 0.001) higher imaging signal using MBSelectin compared to MBControl and histology confirmed a significantly higher inflammation score (P = 0.006) and P- and E-selectin expression (P ≤ 0.02) in inflamed vs. healthy bowel.Fusion of CT and MR enterography data sets with ultrasound in real time is feasible and allows rapid anatomical localisation of ileitis for subsequent quantification of inflammation using USMI.• Real-time fusion of CT/MRI with ultrasound to localise ileitis is feasible. • Anatomical road mapping using CT/MRI significantly decreases the scanning time for USMI. • USMI allows quantification of inflammation in swine, verified with ex vivo histology.
Prevalence and risk factors for Taenia solium cysticercosis in school-aged children: A school based study in western Sichuan, People's Republic of China. PLoS neglected tropical diseases Openshaw, J. J., Medina, A., Felt, S. A., Li, T., Huan, Z., Rozelle, S., Luby, S. P. 2018; 12 (5): e0006465
Taenia solium cysticercosis affects millions of impoverished people worldwide and can cause neurocysticercosis, an infection of the central nervous system which is potentially fatal. Children may represent an especially vulnerable population to neurocysticercosis, due to the risk of cognitive impairment during formative school years. While previous epidemiologic studies have suggested high prevalence in rural China, the prevalence in children as well as risk factors and impact of disease in low-resource areas remain poorly characterized.Utilizing school based sampling, we conducted a cross-sectional study, administering a questionnaire and collecting blood for T. solium cysticercosis antibodies in 2867 fifth and sixth grade students across 27 schools in west Sichuan. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models controlling for school-level clustering to study associations between risk factors and to characterize factors influencing the administration of deworming medication. Overall prevalence of cysticercosis antibodies was 6%, but prevalence was significantly higher in three schools which all had prevalences of 15% or higher. Students from households owning pigs (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.81, 95% CI 1.08-3.03), from households reporting feeding their pigs human feces (adjusted OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.03-2.16), and self-reporting worms in their feces (adjusted OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.18-2.91) were more likely to have cysticercosis IgG antibodies. Students attending high prevalence schools were more likely to come from households allowing pigs to freely forage for food (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.72-2.98) and lacking a toilet (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.38-2.46). Children who were boarding at school were less likely to have received treatment for gastrointestinal worms (adjusted OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.42-0.80).Our study indicates high prevalences of cysticercosis antibodies in young school aged children in rural China. While further studies to assess potential for school-based transmission are needed, school-based disease control may be an important intervention to ensure the health of vulnerable pediatric populations in T. solium endemic areas.
Safety Considerations When Working with Humanized Animals ILAR JOURNAL Villano, J. S., Vleck, S. E., Felt, S. A., Myers, D. D., Lester, P. A. 2018; 59 (2): 150–60
View details for DOI 10.1093/ilar/ily012
High prevalence of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in Tibetan schoolchildren in western Sichuan, China: a cross-sectional study Li, T., Openshaw, J. J., Chen, X., Medina, A. C., Felt, S. A., Zhou, H., Rozelle, S. D., Luby, S. P. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. 2017: S89
Acute and Chronic Outcomes of Gas-Bubble Disease in a Colony of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis) COMPARATIVE MEDICINE Tsai, J. Y., Felt, S. A., Bouley, D. M., Green, S. L. 2017; 67 (1): 4-10
Gas-bubble disease occurs in aquatic species that are exposed to water that is supersaturated with gases. In February 2007, municipal water supersaturated with gas was inadvertently pumped into the vivarium's aquatic housing systems and affected approximately 450 adult female Xenopus laevis. The inflow of supersaturated water was stopped immediately, the holding tanks aggressively aerated, and all experimental manipulations and feeding ceased. Within the first 6 h after the event, morbidity approached 90%, and mortality reached 3.5%. Acutely affected frogs showed clinical signs of gas-bubble disease: buoyancy problems, micro- and macroscopic bubbles in the foot webbing, hyperemia in foot webbing and leg skin, and loss of the mucous slime coat. All of the frogs that died or were euthanized had areas of mesenteric infarction, which resulted in intestinal epithelial necrosis and degeneration of the muscular tunic. Over the subsequent 2 wk, as gas saturation levels returned to normal, the clinical symptoms resolved completely in the remaining frogs. However, 3 mo later, 85% of them failed to lay eggs or produce oocytes, and the remaining 15% produced oocytes of low number and poor quality, yielding cytosolic extracts with poor to no enzymatic activity. Histology of the egg mass from a single 2- to 3-y-old frog at 3 mo after disease resolution revealed irregularly shaped oocytes, few large mature oocytes, and numerous small, degenerating oocytes. At 6 mo after the incident, the remaining frogs continued to fail to produce eggs of sufficient quantity or quality after hormonal priming. The researchers consequently opted to cull the remainder of the colony and repopulate with new frogs.
Use of Liposomal Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in an Incisional Pain Model in Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS Kang, S. C., Jampachaisri, K., Seymour, T. L., Felt, S. A., Pacharinsak, C. 2017; 56 (1): 63–68
The local anesthetic bupivacaine is valuable for perioperative analgesia, but its use in the postoperative period is limited by its short duration of action. Here, we evaluated the application of a slow-release liposomal formulation of bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia. The aim was to assess whether liposomal bupivacaine effectively attenuates postoperative mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in a rat model of incisional pain. Rats (n = 36) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups: saline, 1 mL/kg SC every 12 h for 2 d; buprenorphine HCl, 0.05 mg/kg SC every 12 h for 2 d (Bup HCl); 0.5% bupivacaine, 2 mg/kg SC local infiltration once (Bupi); liposomal bupivacaine, 1 mg/kg SC local infiltration once (Exp1); and liposomal bupivacaine, 6 mg/kg SC local infiltration once (Exp6). Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were evaluated daily on days -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The saline group exhibited both hypersensitivities through all 4 evaluated postoperative days. Bup HCl attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity for 2 d and thermal hypersensitivity for 1 d. Bupi attenuated only thermal hypersensitivity for 4 d. Rats in the Exp1 group showed attenuation of both mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity for 4 d, and those in the Exp6 group had attenuation of mechanical hypersensitivity on day 0 and thermal hypersensitivity for 4 d. These data suggest that a single local infiltration of liposomal bupivacaine at a dose of 1 mg/kg SC effectively attenuates postoperative mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity for 4 d in a rat model of incisional pain.
Use of Liposomal Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in an Incisional Pain Model in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Kang, S. C., Jampachaisri, K., Seymour, T. L., Felt, S. A., Pacharinsak, C. 2017; 56 (1): 63-68
Postoperative Analgesia Due to Sustained-Release Buprenorphine, Sustained-Release Meloxicam, and Carprofen Gel in a Model of Incisional Pain in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Seymour, T. L., Adams, S. C., Felt, S. A., Jampachaisri, K., Yeomans, D. C., Pacharinsak, C. 2016; 55 (3): 300-305
Postoperative analgesia in laboratory rats is complicated by the frequent handling associated with common analgesic dosing requirements. Here, we evaluated sustained-release buprenorphine (Bup-SR), sustained-release meloxicam (Melox-SR), and carprofen gel (CG) as refinements for postoperative analgesia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether postoperative administration of Bup-SR, Melox-SR, or CG effectively controls behavioral mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in a rat model of incisional pain. Rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups: saline, 1 mL/kg SC BID; buprenorphine HCl (Bup HCl), 0.05 mg/kg SC BID; Bup-SR, 1.2 mg/kg SC once; Melox-SR, 4 mg/kg SC once; and CG, 2 oz PO daily. Mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were tested daily from day-1 through 4. Bup HCl and Bup-SR attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity on days 1 through 4. Melox-SR and CG attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity-but not thermal hypersensitivity-on days 1 through 4. Plasma concentrations, measured by using UPLC with mass spectrometry, were consistent between both buprenorphine formulations. Gross pathologic examination revealed no signs of toxicity in any group. These findings suggest that postoperative administration of Bup HCl and Bup-SR-but not Melox-SR or CG-effectively attenuates mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in a rat model of incisional pain.
A "Pedi" Cures All: Toenail Trimming and the Treatment of Ulcerative Dermatitis in Mice PLOS ONE Adams, S. C., Garner, J. P., Felt, S. A., Geronimo, J. T., Chu, D. K. 2016; 11 (1)
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0144871
Systematic Literature Review of Risk Factors and Treatments for Ulcerative Dermatitis in C57BL/6 Mice. Comparative medicine Chu, D. K., Adams, S. C., Felt, S. A., Geronimo, J., Garner, J. P. 2016; 66 (2): 89
Quantitative Assessment of Inflammation in a Porcine Acute Terminal Ileitis Model: US with a Molecularly Targeted Contrast Agent RADIOLOGY Wang, H., Felt, S. A., Machtaler, S., Guracar, I., Luong, R., Bettinger, T., Tian, L., Lutz, A. M., Willmann, J. K. 2015; 276 (3): 809-817
Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of ultrasonography (US) performed with dual-selectin-targeted contrast agent microbubbles (MBs) for assessment of inflammation in a porcine acute terminal ileitis model, with histologic findings as a reference standard. Materials and Methods The study had institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval. Acute terminal ileitis was established in 19 pigs; four pigs served as control pigs. The ileum was imaged with clinical-grade dual P- and E-selectin-targeted MBs (MBSelectin) at increasing doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20 × 10(8) MB per kilogram of body weight) and with control nontargeted MBs (MBControl). For reproducibility testing, examinations were repeated twice after the MBSelectin and MBControl injections. After imaging, scanned ileal segments were analyzed ex vivo both for inflammation grade (by using hematoxylin-eosin staining) and for expression of selectins (by using quantitative immunofluorescence analysis). Statistical analysis was performed by using the t test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Spearman correlation analysis. Results Imaging signal increased linearly (P < .001) between a dose of 0.5 and a dose of 5.0 × 10(8) MB/kg and plateaued between a dose of 10 and a dose of 20 × 10(8) MB/kg. Imaging signals were reproducible (ICC = 0.70), and administration of MBSelectin in acute ileitis resulted in a significantly higher (P < .001) imaging signal compared with that in control ileum and MBControl. Ex vivo histologic grades of inflammation correlated well with in vivo US signal (ρ = 0.79), and expression levels of both P-selectin (37.4% ± 14.7 [standard deviation] of vessels positive; P < .001) and E-selectin (31.2% ± 25.7) in vessels in the bowel wall of segments with ileitis were higher than in control ileum (5.1% ± 3.7 for P-selectin and 4.8% ± 2.3 for E-selectin). Conclusion Quantitative measurements of inflammation obtained by using dual-selectin-targeted US are reproducible and correlate well with the extent of inflammation at histologic examination in a porcine acute ileitis model as a next step toward clinical translation. (©) RSNA, 2015 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
A Real-Time Clinical Endoscopic System for Intraluminal, Multiplexed Imaging of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoparticles PLOS ONE Garai, E., Sensarn, S., Zavaleta, C. L., Loewke, N. O., Rogalla, S., Mandella, M. J., Felt, S. A., Friedland, S., Liu, J. T., Gambhir, S. S., Contag, C. H. 2015; 10 (4)
The detection of biomarker-targeting surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles (NPs) in the human gastrointestinal tract has the potential to improve early cancer detection; however, a clinically relevant device with rapid Raman-imaging capability has not been described. Here we report the design and in vivo demonstration of a miniature, non-contact, opto-electro-mechanical Raman device as an accessory to clinical endoscopes that can provide multiplexed molecular data via a panel of SERS NPs. This device enables rapid circumferential scanning of topologically complex luminal surfaces of hollow organs (e.g., colon and esophagus) and produces quantitative images of the relative concentrations of SERS NPs that are present. Human and swine studies have demonstrated the speed and simplicity of this technique. This approach also offers unparalleled multiplexing capabilities by simultaneously detecting the unique spectral fingerprints of multiple SERS NPs. Therefore, this new screening strategy has the potential to improve diagnosis and to guide therapy by enabling sensitive quantitative molecular detection of small and otherwise hard-to-detect lesions in the context of white-light endoscopy.
IACUC and Laboratory Animal Resources The Care and Feeding of an IACUC: The Organization and Management of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Felt, S. A., Green, S. CRC Press. 2015; 2
Egyptian Fat-tailed Jird The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster and Other Rodents Felt, S., Guirguis, F., Hussein, H., Merrril, N. Academic Press. 2015; 1
Effect of Intratonsillar Injection of Steroids on the Palatine Tonsils of Rabbits LARYNGOSCOPE Cho, D., Sinha, S. R., Gardner, J. M., Schaller, M. P., Pamnani, R. D., Felt, S. A., Barral, J. K., Messner, A. H. 2014; 124 (12): 2811-2817
Nasal steroids may significantly improve nasal obstructive symptoms with a reduction of adenoid size in children, but they do not consistently yield the same concurrent effect on enlarged palatine tonsils. Failure of nasal steroids to decrease the size of palatine tonsils is believed to be attributable to location and washout by saliva. The purpose of this study was to determine if direct application of steroid via intratonsillar injection would reduce the size of palatine tonsils in the rabbit model.Prospective animal study.Eight rabbits (16 tonsils) were administered intratonsillar injections of fluticasone (n = 8, 1 mg/ml) or saline (n = 8, 0.1 ml) on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17. Two rabbits (4 tonsils) received a single steroid injection to compare single versus multiple steroid injections. The rabbit's tonsil size was measured before each injection. After the fifty injections, the tonsils were harvested for histologic analysis.A total of 16 tonsils were analyzed. After five steroid injections, the reduction (-7.7 mm(2) ± 4.27) in size was statistically significant when compared to reduction (6.12 mm(2) ± 6.57) in the saline injected group (P = 0.001). Repeated steroid injection was more potent than a single injection (-3.00 mm(2) ± 3.08) in reducing the size (P = 0.006). In histologic analysis, tonsils after repeated steroid injections were significantly smaller than saline-injected tonsils (P = 0.014), without obvious lymphoid follicles.Repeated focal tonsillar injections of corticosteroids significantly reduced the size of palatine tonsils as compared to saline-injected controls. A single injection of corticosteroids appears to be effective, but not as effective, as multiple injections.N/A.
View details for DOI 10.1002/lary.24396
Effect of intratonsillar injection of steroids on the palatine tonsils of rabbits. Laryngoscope Cho, D., Sinha, S. R., Gardner, J. M., Schaller, M. P., Pamnani, R. D., Felt, S. A., Barral, J. K., Messner, A. H. 2014; 124 (12): 2811-2817
Antinociceptive Effects of Sustained-Release Buprenorphine in a Model of Incisional Pain in Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Chum, H. H., Jampachairsri, K., McKeon, G. P., Yeomans, D. C., Pacharinsak, C., Felt, S. A. 2014; 53 (2): 193-197
Effective management of postoperative pain is an essential component of the care and welfare of laboratory animals. A sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine (Bup-SR) has recently been introduced to the veterinary market and has been reported to provide analgesia for as long as 72 h. Using evoked mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity tests, we here evaluated the antinociceptive effects of Bup-SR in a model of incisional pain in rats. Paw withdrawal responses were obtained before and 1 through 4 d after surgery. Rats are assigned to receive Bup-SR (0.3, 1.2, or 4.5 mg/kg SC once) or buprenorphine HCl (Bup HCl, 0.05 mg/kg SC twice daily for 3 d). Responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli in the 1.2 and 4.5 Bup-SR groups did not differ from those of rats in the Bup HCl group. Thermal latency on day 3 in rats that received 0.3 mg/kg Bup-SR was significantly different from baseline, indicating that this dose effectively decreased thermal hypersensitivity for at least 48 h. Marked sedation occurred in rats in the 4.5 Bup-SR group. Our findings indicate that Bup-SR at 0.3 or 1.2 mg/kg SC is effective in minimizing hypersensitivity with minimal sedation for at least 48 h (thermal hypersensitivity) and 72 h, respectively, in the incisional pain model in rats.
Tissue Distribution of Enrofloxacin in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis) after Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Felt, S., Papich, M. G., Howard, A., Long, T., McKeon, G., Torreilles, S., Green, S. 2013; 52 (2): 186-188
As part of an enrofloxacin pharmacokinetic study, concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (metabolite) were measured in various tissues (brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen) collected from treated (subcutaneous delivery, n = 3; intramuscular delivery, n = 3; untreated controls, n = 2) adult female Xenopus laevis by using HPLC. Enrofloxacin was rapidly absorbed after administration by either route and readily diffused into all sampled tissues. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were present in the tissue samples collected at 8 h. The highest average tissue concentrations for enrofloxacin were found in kidney, with the lowest concentrations in liver. Ciprofloxacin tissue concentrations paralleled but were always lower than those of enrofloxacin for all time points and tissues except brain and kidney. These results, together with previously published pharmacokinetic data and known minimal inhibitory concentrations of common pathogenic bacteria, provide a strong evidence-based rationale for choosing enrofloxacin to treat infectious diseases in X. laevis.
Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Xenopus Collected in Africa (1871-2000) and in California (2001-2010). PloS one Vredenburg, V. T., Felt, S. A., Morgan, E. C., McNally, S. V., Wilson, S., Green, S. L. 2013; 8 (5)
International trade of the invasive South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), a subclinical carrier of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatis (Bd) has been proposed as a major means of introduction of Bd into naïve, susceptible amphibian populations. The historical presence of Bd in the indigenous African population of Xenopus is well documented. However, there are no reports documenting the presence of Bd in wild Xenopus populations in the US, particularly in California where introduced populations are well-established after intentional or accidental release. In this report, a survey was conducted on 178 archived specimens of 6 species of Xenopus collected in Africa from 1871-2000 and on 23 archived specimens (all wild-caught Xenopus laevis) collected in California, USA between 2001 and 2010. The overall prevalence rate of Bd in the tested Xenopus was 2.8%. The earliest positive specimen was X. borealis collected in Kenya in 1934. The overall prevalence of Bd in the X. laevis collected in California was 13% with 2 positive specimens from 2001 and one positive specimen from 2003. The positive Xenopus (3/23) collected in California were collected in 2001 (2/3) and 2003 (1/3). These data document the presence of Bd-infected wild Xenopus laevis in California. The findings reported here support the prevailing hypothesis that Bd was present as a stable, endemic infection in Xenopus populations in Africa prior to their worldwide distribution likely via international live-amphibian trade.
Biology, behavior, and environmental enrichment for the captive African clawed frog (Xenopus spp) APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE Chum, H., Felt, S., Garner, J., Green, S. 2013; 143 (2-4): 150-156
View details for DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.013
Maternal antibodies or nonproductive infections confound the need for rederivation. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Nagamine, C. M., Chen, L., Ho, W. Q., Felt, S. A. 2013; 52 (4): 495-498
After rederivation of a mouse parvovirus (MPV)-contaminated transgenic mouse strain, serology and PCR testing of the surrogate dam showed it to be infected with mouse parvovirus strain 1 (MPV-1). The rederived pups (n = 3) also were MPVpositive, according to serology. Despite MPV seropositivity, fecal PCR tests of the pups were negative, as were serologic results from direct-contact sentinels. Only one rederived pup survived, and this male was bred successfully. None of its mates or progeny seroconverted to MPV. At 14.5 mo of age, the rederived male mouse was euthanized; tissues were collected and submitted for MPV testing; both serologic tests and PCR analysis of mesenteric lymph nodes were MPV-negative. One explanation for the rederived pups' MPV seropostivity is passive transfer of maternal antibodies or a nonproductive MPV infection. This case illustrates that although routine serological testing of surrogate mothers and pups is appropriate, any positive results should be further investigated by using transmissibility testing (fecal PCR or contact sentinels or both) prior to repeat rederivation.
Analgesic Effects of Sustained Release Buprenorphine in an Incisional Model of Hyperalgesia in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Chum, H., McKeon, G., Yeomans, D. C., Jampachaisri, K., Pacharinsak, C., Felt, S. AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE. 2012: 692–92
Mortality and Morbidity in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis) Associated with Construction Noise and Vibrations JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Felt, S. A., Cowan, A. M., Luong, R., Green, S. L. 2012; 51 (2): 253-256
In Spring 2008, 175 adult female Xenopus laevis were exposed to construction-related vibrations that caused overt water rippling in the frog tanks. The 3 affected tanks were custom-built static, 300-gal 'pond-style' tanks that sat on the floor of the housing room. The water in the tank developed visible ripples as a result of the vibrations transmitted through the floor during jack-hammering in an adjacent room that was approximately 10 ftaway. All frogs in the tanks displayed buoyancy problems, excessive air gulping, and skin sloughing; ultimately 7 frogs died. In addition, these 7 animals were bloated, and 5 of these 7 had regurgitated and everted their stomach and distal esophagus into the oral cavity, resulting in airway obstruction and death. Gross pathologic findings included regurgitation and eversion of the stomach of the distal portion of the esophagus into the oral cavity, obstruction of the airway, and lung overinflation. No significant histologic lesions were observed. Construction vibrations transmitted through the water appeared to have disrupted the mechanoreceptive function of the lateral line system, resulting in overstimulation of the noxious feeding response, regurgitation, and eversion of the stomach and distal esophagus into the oral cavity and subsequent suffocation due to airway obstruction. After immediate cessation of the jack-hammering and relocation of the remaining frogs, no additional morbidities or mortalities occurred.
Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Levels in Disposable Individually Ventilated Cages after Removal from Mechanical Ventilation JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Nagamine, C. M., Long, C. T., McKeon, G. P., Felt, S. A. 2012; 51 (2): 155-161
Disposable individually ventilated cages have lids that restrict air exchange when the cage is not mechanically ventilated. This design feature may cause intracage CO2 to increase and O2 to decrease (hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions, respectively) when the electrical supply to the ventilated rack fails, the ventilated rack malfunctions, cages are docked in the rack incorrectly, or cages are removed from the ventilated rack for extended periods of time. We investigated how quickly hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions developed within disposable individually ventilated cages after removal from mechanical ventilation and compared the data with nondisposable static cages, disposable static cages, and unventilated nondisposable individually ventilated cages. When disposable individually ventilated cages with 5 adult mice per cage were removed from mechanical ventilation, CO2 concentrations increased from less than 1% at 0 h to approximately 5% at 3 h and O2 levels dropped from more than 20% at 0 h to 11.7% at 6 h. The breathing pattern of the mice showed a prominent abdominal component (hyperventilation). Changes were similar for 4 adult mice per cage, reaching at least 5% CO2 at 4 h and 13.0% O2 at 6 h. For 3 or 2 mice per cage, values were 4.6% CO2 and 14.7% O2 and 3.04% CO2 and 17.1% O2, respectively, at 6 h. These results document that within disposable individually ventilated cages, a hypercapnic and hypoxic microenvironment develops within hours in the absence of mechanical ventilation.
Serum Clinical Biochemical and Hematologic Reference Ranges of Laboratory-Reared and Wild-Caught Xenopus laevis JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Wilson, S., Felt, S., Torreilles, S., Howard, A., Behan, C., Moorhead, R., Green, S. 2011; 50 (5): 635-640
The South African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis and X. tropicalis are fully aquatic amphibians and well-established animal models. Because genetically engineered laboratory Xenopus are now being produced, the establishment of normal reference ranges for serum biochemical and hematologic parameters is essential for phenotyping and as a diagnostic aide. We determined normal reference ranges for hematologic values from 3 populations of X. laevis: wild-caught frogs (n = 43) and frogs from 2 commercial sources (A, n = 166; B, n = 109). For serum biochemistry, we determined normal reference ranges for frogs from source A and wild-caught frogs divided by sex and season. Significant differences across populations were found in WBC and RBC counts, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular volume. Among serum biochemical analytes, significant differences were found for albumin:globulin ratio, anion gap, and concentrations of albumin, globulin, total protein, lipase, alanine transaminase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; creatine phosphokinase; indirect, direct, and total bilirubin; cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein lipase, carbon dioxide, glucose, lactacte dehydrogenase, calcium, chloride, and sodium. We hypothesize that these differences can be attributed to differences in water quality, habitat, ambient temperature, diet, sex, recent transport or shipment, and genetic background. However, testing that hypothesis is beyond the scope of the current study. In addition, clinical chemistry and hematologic reference range values Xenopus laevis are quite distinct from those for other species and are most consistent with the only values published for another fully aquatic amphibian, the Eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis).
A far-reaching career LAB ANIMAL Felt, S. A. 2011; 40 (5): 162-163
An interview with Stephen A. Felt, DVM, MPH, DACLAM, DACVPM, Attending Veterinarian, Assistant Professor, Department of Comparative Medicine, Associate Director, Veterinary Service Center, Director, Laboratory Animal Medicine Residency Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Comparison of rectal and tympanic core body temperature measurement in adult Guyanese squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus sciureus) JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY Long, C. T., Pacharinsak, C., Jampachaisri, K., McKeon, G. P., Howard, A. M., Albertelli, M. A., Felt, S. A. 2011; 40 (2): 135-141
Measuring core body temperature in a manner that is safe for animals and veterinary personnel is an important part of a physical examination. For nonhuman primates, this can involve increased restraint, additional stress, as well as the use of anesthetics and their deleterious effects on body temperature measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare two non-invasive methods of infrared tympanic thermometry to standard rectal thermometry in adult squirrel monkeys.Tympanic temperatures were collected from 37 squirrel monkeys and compared to rectal temperatures using a human and veterinary infrared tympanic thermometer.Compared with rectal temperature measurements, the human tympanic thermometer readings were not significantly different, while the veterinary tympanic thermometer measurements were significantly higher (P<0.05). There were no differences between sexes.The tympanic thermometer designed for use in humans can be used in adult squirrel monkeys as an alternative to rectal thermometry for assessing core body temperature.
Cross-Species Surveillance of Leptospira in Domestic and Pen-Domestic Animals in Mahalla City, Gharbeya Governorate, Egypt AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE Felt, S. A., Wasfy, M. O., El-Tras, W. F., Samir, A., Rahaman, B. A., Boshra, M., Parker, T. M., Hatem, M. E., El-Bassiouny, A. A., Murray, C. K., Pimentel, G. 2011; 84 (3): 420-425
A survey of 179 animals (black rats, dogs, sheep, buffaloes, cattle, donkeys, weasels, and cats) for Leptospira infection was conducted in Mahalla City (Lower Egypt). Blood, urine, and kidney were collected and tested by culture, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among rats, 26% were positive by PCR, including 7% that were also positive by culture for L. interrogans serovars Grippotyphosa, Pyrogenes, and Icterohaemorrhagiae. L. borpetersenii serovar Polonica was isolated for the first time in Egypt in three rats. MAT titers ≥ 1:800 were observed in 11% of rats and 12% of dogs. L. interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa was detected in one cat. Sheep and donkeys were negative for leptospirosis by all methods. Buffaloes and cattle were seropositive in 20% and 44% of animals, respectively. Data indicate that several pathogenic serovars are circulating in the animals, which may pose exposure risks and account for high rates of acute febrile illness.
View details for DOI 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0393
Analgesic Effects of Tramadol, Tramadol-Gabapentin, and Buprenorphine in an Incisional Model of Pain in Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science McKeon, G., Pacharinsak, Cholawat; Long, Charles T.; Howard, Antwain M.; Jampachaisri, Katechan; Yeomans, David C; Felt, Stephen A. 2011; 50 (2): 192-197
EFFECTS OF RAINFALL, HOST DEMOGRAPHY, AND MUSTH ON STRONGYLE FECAL EGG COUNTS IN AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) IN NAMIBIA JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES Thurber, M. I., O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E., Turner, W. C., Nambandi, K., KINZLEY, C., Rodwel, T. C., Faulkner, C. T., Felt, S. A., Bouley, D. M. 2011; 47 (1): 172-181
Wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are commonly infected with intestinal strongyle parasites. Our objective was to determine baseline fecal strongyle egg counts for elephants in the northeast region of Etosha National Park, Namibia and determine if these numbers were affected by annual rainfall, elephant demography (age of individuals and composition of groups), and hormonal state of males. We found that matriarchal family group members have significantly higher fecal egg counts than male elephants (bulls). Among family group members, strongyle egg counts increased with age, whereas among bulls, strongyle egg counts decreased with age. Years of higher rainfall were correlated with decreased numbers of strongyle eggs among bulls. Finally, bulls were not affected by their physiologic (hormonal) status (musth vs. nonmusth). These results suggest that infection by strongyle parasites in Namibian African elephants is a dynamic process affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors including host demography and rainfall.
The Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin in Adult African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Howard, A. M., Papich, M. G., Felt, S. A., Long, C. T., McKeon, G. P., Bond, E. S., Torreilles, S. L., Luong, R. H., Green, S. L. 2010; 49 (6): 800-804
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was determined in adult female Xenopus laevis after single-dose administration (10 mg/kg) by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Frogs were evaluated at various time points until 8 h after injection. Plasma was analyzed for antibiotic concentration levels by HPLC. We computed pharmacokinetic parameters by using noncompartmental analysis of the pooled concentrations (naive pooled samples). After intramuscular administration of enrofloxacin, the half-life was 5.32 h, concentration maximum was 10.85 μg/mL, distribution volume was 841.96 mL/kg, and area under the time-concentration curve was 57.59 μg×h/mL; after subcutaneous administration these parameters were 4.08 h, 9.76 μg/mL, 915.85 mL/kg, and 47.42 μg×h/mL, respectively. According to plasma pharmacokinetics, Xenopus seem to metabolize enrofloxacin in a manner similar to mammals: low levels of the enrofloxacin metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were detected in the frogs' habitat water and plasma. At necropsy, there were no gross or histologic signs of toxicity after single-dose administration; toxicity was not evaluated for repeated dosing. The plasma concentrations reached levels considered effective against common aquatic pathogens and suggest that a single, once-daily dose would be a reasonable regimen to consider when treating sick frogs. The treatment of sick frogs should be based on specific microbiologic identification of the pathogen and on antibiotic susceptibility testing.
A Bistable Switch and Anatomical Site Control Vibrio cholerae Virulence Gene Expression in the Intestine PLOS PATHOGENS Nielsen, A. T., Dolganov, N. A., Rasmussen, T., Otto, G., Miller, M. C., Felt, S. A., Torreilles, S., Schoolnik, G. K. 2010; 6 (9)
A fundamental, but unanswered question in host-pathogen interactions is the timing, localization and population distribution of virulence gene expression during infection. Here, microarray and in situ single cell expression methods were used to study Vibrio cholerae growth and virulence gene expression during infection of the rabbit ligated ileal loop model of cholera. Genes encoding the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) were powerfully expressed early in the infectious process in bacteria adjacent to epithelial surfaces. Increased growth was found to co-localize with virulence gene expression. Significant heterogeneity in the expression of tcpA, the repeating subunit of TCP, was observed late in the infectious process. The expression of tcpA, studied in single cells in a homogeneous medium, demonstrated unimodal induction of tcpA after addition of bicarbonate, a chemical inducer of virulence gene expression. Striking bifurcation of the population occurred during entry into stationary phase: one subpopulation continued to express tcpA, whereas the expression declined in the other subpopulation. ctxA, encoding the A subunit of CT, and toxT, encoding the proximal master regulator of virulence gene expression also exhibited the bifurcation phenotype. The bifurcation phenotype was found to be reversible, epigenetic and to persist after removal of bicarbonate, features consistent with bistable switches. The bistable switch requires the positive-feedback circuit controlling ToxT expression and formation of the CRP-cAMP complex during entry into stationary phase. Key features of this bistable switch also were demonstrated in vivo, where striking heterogeneity in tcpA expression was observed in luminal fluid in later stages of the infection. When this fluid was diluted into artificial seawater, bacterial aggregates continued to express tcpA for prolonged periods of time. The bistable control of virulence gene expression points to a mechanism that could generate a subpopulation of V. cholerae that continues to produce TCP and CT in the rice water stools of cholera patients.
View details for DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001102
COMPARISON OF GASTROGRAFIN TO BARIUM SULFATE AS A GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST AGENT IN RED-EARED SLIDER TURTLES (TRACHEMYS SCRIPTA ELEGANS) VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND Long, C. T., Page, R. B., Howard, A. M., McKeon, G. P., Felt, S. A. 2010; 51 (1): 42-47
Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) commonly develop intestinal obstruction. The gastrointestinal transit time in turtles tends to be longer than in other animals, making a rapid diagnosis of obstruction difficult. Fifteen red-eared sliders were given either Gastrografin or 30% w/v barium sulfate orally to compare ease of administration, transit time, and image quality. Each contrast medium was easy to administer but barium sulfate had to be administered more slowly (mean = 40s) than Gastrografin (mean = 20s) to prevent regurgitation. The mean transit and emptying time of Gastrografin was at least 9 h faster than barium sulfate at all time points except gastric transit. Both contrast media had a smooth, uniform appearance that outlined the mucosa with well-defined margins within the stomach and proximal small intestine. Dilution of Gastrografin occurred as it progressed through the intestines, resulting in decreased opacity in the distal small intestine and colon. Pre-administration packed cell volume and total serum protein levels of four turtles receiving Gastrografin were compared with levels at 24-, 96-, and 168-hours postadministration as well as to four control turtles not receiving contrast medium. Packed cell volume and total serum protein levels did not significantly differ among the Gastrografin and control group. From a clinical perspective, administration of Gastrografin allows for quicker results with only minor hematologic changes in red-eared sliders, but visualization of this contrast medium in the lower gastrointestinal tract may be insufficient for an accurate diagnosis.
ACARIASIS IN CAPTIVE FAT-TAILED JIRDS (PACHYUROMYS DUPRASI) JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE Felt, S. A. 2009; 40 (1): 217-219
This case report describes acariasis in captive, wild-caught, fat-tailed jirds (Pachyuromys duprasi). All animals within the cage (n = 4) were examined for pruritus and alopecia and subsequently found to be infested with the mite Pyroglyphis morgan ii. All life stages of the mite were identified on animals and within the nesting materials. Treatment, including repeated subcutaneous ivermectin administration and husbandry practice modifications, proved effective in eradicating the mites and in subsequent amelioration of clinical signs.
An Effective Venipuncture Technique and Normal Serum Biochemistry Parameters of the Captive Fat-Tailed Jird (Pachyuromys duprasi) JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE Felt, S. A., Guirguis, F. I., Wasfy, M. O., Howard, J. S., Domingo, N. V., Hussein, I. H. 2009; 48 (1): 57-60
Thirty-nine captively reared fat-tailed jirds (Pachyuromys duprasi) were enrolled in a minimally invasive study to determine an effective venipuncture technique and establish normal serum biochemistry parameters. A jugular venipuncture technique using chemical restraint (ketamine, 30 mg/kg; xylazine, 6 mg/kg; acepromazine, 1 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally was safe and consistently yielded at least 0.3 mL of blood. Of the biochemical indicators measured (glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase, total bilirubin, amylase, BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium), amylase and glucose levels differed significantly between male and female fat-tailed jirds.
Tacrolimus Ointment: An Effective Topical Treatment of Localized Atopic Dermatitis in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) JAALAS Torreilles SL, Luong RH, Felt SA, McClure DE 2009; 48 (3): 307-311
Biology, breeding, husbandry and diseases of the captive Egyptian fat-tailed jird (Pachyuromys duprasi natronensis) LAB ANIMAL Felt, S. A., Hussein, H. I., Helmy, I. M. 2008; 37 (6): 256-261
The fat-tailed jird, a small North African rodent with a distinctive club-shaped tail, is a convenient research subject and an emerging model for Old World leishmaniasis. The authors present the natural history and biology of the Egyptian fat-tailed jird and provide guidelines for the breeding and husbandry of this species on the basis of their experience raising a colony from wild stock in Cairo, Egypt. They also discuss the diseases they encountered in wild and captive-bred jirds.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Volta District of Ghana: an Uncertain Reservoir for Focal Disease Outbreak Libyan Journal of Infectious Diseases Raczniak G, Villinski JT, Puplampu N, Mechta S, Klena JD, Felt S, Abbassy M, Hanafi H, Hoel DF, Wilson M, Boakye 2008; 1: 50-59
A Multispecies Disease Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Grd Jotyar, Iraq Libyan Journal of Infectious Diseases Felt SA, Saad MD, Yingst SL 2008; 1: 43-49
Qinghai-like H5N1 from Domestic Cats, Northern Iraq EID Yingst SL, Saad MD, Felt SA 2006; 12 (8)
A comparison of non-contact, subcutaneous, and rectal temperatures in captive owl monkeys (Aotus sp.) J Med Primatol Shelton LJ, White CE, Felt SA 2006; 5: 346-351
Evaluation of a timed and repeated perianal tape test for the detection of pinworms (Trypanoxyuris microon) in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymae) J Med Primatol Felt SA, White CE. 2005; 34 (4): 209-214
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"'Octopus's Garden' is Ringo's song. It's only the second song Ringo has ever written, mind you, and it's lovely." He added that the song gets very deep into your consciousness "because it's so peaceful. I suppose Ringo is writing cosmic songs these days without even realising it."


This year, I'll be coordinating weekly compilations of videos and pictures to make a weekly video montage of Columbus Cars and Coffee. If you come to this site or go to the Facebook page, there are plenty of beautiful pictures taken by some very talented people.
However, by adding video to the mix – interviewing CC&C attendees about themselves and their prized ride, background shots of the atmosphere at CC&C – we're going to capture much more of what people are missing on a regular basis.
Be sure to tell your friends to come down any Saturday they'd like. We'll be happy to have you and anyone else you invite. See you soon!
Previous PostPrevious Is that you, Santa Claus???
Next PostNext OMG…the never-ending winter!!!


ARE YOU A PASSIONATE GARDENING ENTHUSIAST? IS YOUR GARDEN YOUR PRIDE & JOY? WANT TO PROVE YOU'VE GOT THE BEST GARDEN IN TOWN?
We want to showcase some of the most stunning, imaginative & unique gardens in the country.
Do you own a national collection? Is your garden a pristine tranquil retreat? Perhaps it's a totally tropical paradise?
Or does it boast a prize winning veg patch?
If you'd like the chance to show off your garden, no matter what style, shape or size, and you've got what it takes to give your honest opinion of others' gardens too we'd love to hear from you.
or call 0207 424 7645 with your contact details ASAP.
Standard geographic charges from landlines and mobiles will apply.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)/Munkittrick, Richard Kendall
< The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)
←Munkar
The Encyclopedia Americana (1906)
Munkittrick, Richard Kendall
Munn, Charles Clark→
See also the 1906 Encyclopedia Americana disclaimer.
679228The Encyclopedia Americana (1906) — Munkittrick, Richard Kendall
Munkittrick, Richard Kendall, American author and editor: b. Manchester, England, 5 March 1853. He was educated in American academies and was one of the editors of the humorous journal 'Puck' 1881–9. Since 1901 he has been editor of 'Judge.' He has published 'Farming' (1891); 'The Moon Prince and Other Nabobs' (1893); 'New Jersey Arabian Nights' (1893); 'The Acrobatic Muse' (1896); 'The Slambangaree' (1898).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1906)/Munkittrick,_Richard_Kendall&oldid=2022482"
The Encyclopedia Americana (1906) articles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Eric Stanley EGGINS Update Details
EGGINS, Eric Stanley
Service Numbers:
2799, Q205208
6 October 1916, Brisbane, Queensland
6th (Qld) Battalion Volunteer Defence Corps
Alumny Creek, New South Wales, 8 October 1895
Maroochydore, Sunshine Coast, Queensland
Alumny Creek Public School
Natural causes, Greenslopes, Queensland, 18 December 1955, aged 60 years
Alumny Creek School & District WWI Honour Roll (NSW)
6 Oct 1916:
Enlisted AIF WW1, Private, SN 2799, Brisbane, Queensland
23 Dec 1916:
Embarked AIF WW1, Private, SN 2799, 42nd Infantry Battalion, HMAT Demosthenes, Sydney
Involvement AIF WW1, Private, SN 2799, 42nd Infantry Battalion, Enlistment/Embarkation WW1
31 Jul 1917:
Wounded AIF WW1, Private, SN 2799, 42nd Infantry Battalion, Warneton, GSW (thigh)
4 Feb 1918:
Discharged AIF WW1, Private, SN 2799, 42nd Infantry Battalion
Enlisted Australian Military Forces (AMF) - WW2, Private, SN Q205208, Volunteer Defence Corps (VDC), Buderim, Queensland
Involvement Australian Military Forces (AMF) - WW2, Private, SN Q205208, Volunteer Defence Corps (VDC)
Discharged Australian Military Forces (AMF) - WW2, Private, SN Q205208, 6th (Qld) Battalion Volunteer Defence Corps
Obituary - E. S. Eggins
Mr. Eric Stanley Eggins, one of Maroochydore's best-known citizens, passed away on Sunday last in the Greenslopes Military Hospital. Deceased was born at Grafton (N.S.W.) 60 years ago, and came to Maroochydore in 1915. He enlisted in the First A.I.F. and was badly wounded in the Battle of Amiens in 1917 and invalided back to Australia. The late Mr. Eggins was associated with the late Mr. P. Evans, in conducting a boat service on the Maroochy River, and also engaged in fishing. Three years ago he narrowly escaped with his life when a huge whale surfaced near his boat off Maroochydore. Surviving him are his widow and five daughters, Mesdames I. Page (Auckland, N.Z.), E. Kitchener, (Brisbane), E. Muir, Misses M. and Daphne Eggins (Maroochydore) and a son, Mr. Stanley Eggins (Maleny). There are eight grandchildren. Deceased's brothers are Messrs. Thomas and Lionel (Clarence River), Lyle (Sydney), Gregory (Lidcombe) and Fred (Drummoyne), and sisters, Mesdames M. McWhinne (Sydney), I. Green (Tweed Heads) and V. W. Perren (Maroochydore). - The Nambour Chronicle, issue dated Friday December 23, 1955.
Submitted 18 January 2017 by John Johnston
Showing 1 of 1 story
NAA - Attestation Paper and Service Record
WW2 - Nominal Roll


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text:
pip install --user --upgrade virtualenv
virtualenv -p python --system-site-packages ~/virtual_envs/tf
source ~/virtual_envs/tf/bin/activate
pip install -r ./requirements.txt
export TF_BINARY_URL=https://storage.googleapis.com/tensorflow/linux/gpu/tensorflow_gpu-0.12.1-cp27-none-linux_x86_64.whl
pip install --user --upgrade $TF_BINARY_URL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Remember that March 1st submission deadline from oh-so long ago? Remember the messages and alerts around the site, reminding you to submit and be eligible to win $1,000? It was a while back, and no doubt some of you forgot, but not WEbook!
All pages submitted to PageToFame before March 1, 2010 have made their gauntlet run through the voting cycle, and three pages have emerged above the rest. The 4's and 5's stood out in these authors' bar graphs like Yoa Ming taking a walk through Hobbiton.
Click on the titles to see the reader and agent ratings the pages received. There were some interesting differences between the two groups!
What will you do with your freshly won $1,000?
Skyval: I will pay someone to wash all the windows in my house (I have 42 windows!), and buy paper, ink, and a shiny new red pen.
Kreeves106: My husband and I will be using the money to take a trip to Omaha, NE where my son and his family live. I have a new grandson born on December 3rd that I have not even seen yet so winning this money is truly going to make a lot of people happy.
Crusoe: I SHOULD put all the money towards my credit card bill but I'm seriously considering chartering a biplane thrill ride.
Three cheers for the winners! If you didn't make the March 1 deadline, don't fret yet. All pages that were submitted before April 1 are also automatically entered to win another $1000 (just one winner this time, though). So keep an eye on your bar graphs, and if they're looking exceptionally top heavy, start thinking about how to spend your $1000!
The professional ratings are so interesting. Truly confirms that taste is subjective. I liked all three stories, alot. Congrats to you all.
I thought the 3 first page winners were not so great; I would have given them all a 3 at most; I'm glad to see that the agents thought they were so so--or at least a majority of them. But it makes me question the rating system, from the average reader's standpoint--it makes me think good writing is not going to get pushed to the forefront--that somehow people are just voting for their own work, manipulating the system (even though I read that's not possible) . . .
Three great reads. I am impressed.
Okay, well maybe I am missing something here. I could have done as well, I believe, if I could have used over 200 words as they did. I wrote under the 100 as was instructed. It was more of a challenge trying to write with few words, as any old amount will do. So, to be honest, I am a bit upset. I wrote a good ending, but had to narrow it WAY down to fit 100 and that was difficult. So, are they "real" winners? Or, did I misunderstand the RULES?
I think you are confused. The above submissions were general first-page submissions, not writing challenge submissions. There is no reason to be unnecessarily upset.
Thank you to the person who said that they were unimpressed. As you should be. These works are undeserving. Good writing is not recognized by this particular populace. It is apparently too clever for the comprehension of most here. Write anything that appeals to tweens and you got a winner. Write anything that you have read a million times over and you got a winner. Do not dare to show your talent, because you will be voted down for it. This rating system is an absolute joke. Winners - perhaps pay for some writing classes with your undeserved gains.
Wow. The anger in some of these comments is shocking. I don't understand it, but maybe because I wasn't eligible to win anyway, but I hope that even if I had been, I'd be a bit more gracious.