Michael Phelps versus a Great White Shark.
Michael Phelps was supposed to race a Great White Shark.
They just swam in different places and compared times.
The shark won by two seconds.
Everyone is mad about it.
Remember when Michael Phelps retired and then got bored so he decided to race a shark? Well, those race results are in, and there's a winner.
If you can even believe it, the boy/fish wonder, the Michael Phelps, lost to the great white shark. Bummer. The race took place on Sunday, the first day of Discovery Channel's always-anticipated Shark Week. Phelps and the shark went head-to-head in the waters of Cape Town, South Africa.
Just to clear up the handling of the race, Phelps and the shark did not actually swim side-by-side in the ocean, even though Discovery Channel really made it look like they were neck-and-neck. The 23-time gold-medal-winning Olympian swam next to a simulation of the shark in the same ocean water for 100 meters at a different time. I think that's fair, since we don't want Phelps to be attacked by a great white on live television. But Twitter wasn't necessarily happy that it was just a simulation.
The shark finished a full 2 seconds ahead of Phelps, with the final times for the 100-meter dash coming in at 36.1 seconds and 38.1 seconds. This could have been predicted, however, since the average speed of a swimming great white shark is 25 mph, and Phelps' overall fastest speed on record is 6 mph. The champion swimmer did have some help, however, wearing a sharkskin-like wetsuit and a monofin to make it even a little possible to win. Alas, not even close.
I do think congratulations are in order for Phelps, though. To be so good at swimming that you can say "I was asked to race a shark on live TV" is definitely cooler than anything most of us can ever claim.


Word for Today: Quench Not the Spirit's Fire.
The fire in the word of God is better experienced. It may not be easy to explain to others what it is or how it look like. There is fire in the word of God. When you are sufficiently cleaved to the Word and you soak yourself with the word of God, the fire begins to burn in your body(flesh). I mean feelings of physical fire in your flesh.
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text:
Foreign Ministry's committee on implementing CWC: Last shipment of chemical materials transported outside Syria
Damascus, SANA
An official source at the Syrian National Committee for Implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention at the Foreign and Expatriates Ministry announced that on Monday June 23, 2014, the last shipment of chemical material was transported outside the Syrian Arab Republic.
In a statement to SANA, the source said that while Syria has carried out this humanitarian commitment despite difficult security conditions and being subjected to a terrorist onslaught targeting Syria and its people, this massive undertaking could not have been carried out in record time had it not been for the decisive political will of President Bashar al-Assad, the initiative carried out by Russian President Vladimir Putin, and the monumental efforts exerted by the Syrian authorities to transport the chemical materials to the Syrian coast.
The source asserted that this major achievement constitutes further proof that Syria carries out its international obligations and all that it pledges to do in a serious and responsible manner.
The source concluded by saying that this achievement, which is a success for Syria, the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), and the United Nations, will open the door for calling on the international committee to force Israel to join international agreements on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, making the Middle East free of all WMDs including Israel's nuclear, chemical, and biological arsenal.
H. Sabbagh
Removal of Syria's chemical weapons material complete, announces OPCW-UN mission
23 June 2014 – The Joint Mission of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the United Nations (OPCW-UN) announced today that the removal of Syria's chemical weapons material is now complete.
The removal of the most critical material for destruction began in early January, in line with an agreement brokered by Russia and the United States, by which Syria renounced its chemical weapons material and joined 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention.
The focus in recent weeks had been on the removal of the remaining 7.2 per cent of the declared chemical weapons material which had been difficult owing to volatile security conditions.
"With this last movement, the total of declared chemical weapons materials destroyed or removed from Syria has reached 100 per cent," the Joint Mission stated in a news release. "The most operationally challenging task within the effort to eliminate the Syrian chemical weapons programme has come to an end."
In addition to completing the removal operation, Syria has destroyed all declared production, mixing and filling equipment and munitions, as well as many buildings associated with its declared chemical weapons programme, the Joint Mission stated.
With the exception of 12 production facilities that are awaiting a decision by the OPCW Executive Council, all of the declared Syrian chemical weapons programme has been eliminated in an "unprecedented timeframe and under uniquely challenging conditions."
The removal of the chemical agents out of Syria involved shipping them on commercial vessels provided by some Member States, and then loading them onto a United States ship and destroying them at sea using hydrolysis.
The Joint Mission recognized the "constructive cooperation and commitment" demonstrated by the Syrian Government throughout the operation. It also expressed gratitude to a number of countries who provided critical resources and facilitated the operation in different ways.
"A new chapter in the elimination process now begins," said the Joint Mission, which thanked the Italian authorities for providing a port for transloading part of the cargo, after which the rest of the materials will be transported onward to the various destruction facilities.
Notwithstanding the progress made on the chemical weapons front, the Joint Mission said it remained mindful of the human tragedy that has befallen the people of Syria who have been suffering through a conflict that is currently in its fourth year.
"We hope that our contribution will ultimately make a meaningful difference for the Syrian people and the region."
OPCW Official Statement: 100% of declared chemical weapons materials destroyed or removed from Syria
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I would appear that the Obama administration might have lucked into an out on Syria, but probably not. While the recent possibility of a Russian-coordinated transfer of chemical weapons into international control would be an very successful outcome for the president, there are several things that trouble me.
First, why would Syria agree to transfer the weapons? I can see why it might agree to say it will transfer them, but the actual transfer is something else. Assad realizes that for him and many of his backers this is a fight to the death. He knows what happened to Gaddafi. After two years of brutal warfare and over 100,000 dead, the cost to him of losing is pretty plain. He dies. All his family dies. All his top supporters die. And a significant portion of the Alawite community either dies or goes into exile. He strikes me as the type of guy that, when push comes to shove, takes as many of the opposition and those that supported him out with him.
The Administration's hope for a negotiated settlement seems naive. We are way past that moment and I suspect that, even if Assad were losing on the battlefield, the Russians would not give him a safe haven. This will not be solved until Assad either wins or dies.
Second, why would Russia want to help Obama out of the corner he as put himself in? Neither they nor the Assad regime can be that confident that the tide of the war has turned enough to ensure their victory. Nor is it clear that a U.S. strike would have seriously degraded his capabilities. Doe Putin strike you as a guy who has our back?
Maybe most important, how does the transfer of weapons actually work? How do we ensure that, in the midst of war, Assad discloses all his weapons? How do we, again in the midst of war, safely handle and move them? And finally, what do we do with them? Although flying them out into a safe country for disposal might make the most sense, no country, including ours probably wants to take that risk. So we either guard them in Syria or destroy them there. Either way it is not exactly easy.
Lastly, how exactly did the firm threat of a strike pressure the regime and why postpone the Congressional vote? The obvious answer to the second half of that question was that Obama was apparently going to lose it. But if everyone knew that, why would Syria fear a strike unless Obama was going to order one even if Congress failed to approve it? In which case, why ask for a vote in the first place? I think the prospect of a negotiated solution might actually have made the vote closer as Congress tried to give the President more leverage. Apparently Obama believes that the failure of negotiations will change the minds of Congress and voters. I doubt it.
I suspect Obama wishes he had not drawn the red line. Having watched silently as a brutal dictator mowed down tens of thousand of his people with every weapon available except chemical weapons, it is a little hard to say that the U.S. now has a vital interest in avenging roughly a thousand deaths because they died differently or that this vengeance should be decisive, but not too decisive. The President should get Congress' support on this vote, but it is not because Obama has put forward a sensible policy in Syria or outlined intelligent goals for a strike. It is because, contrary to what Obama said in his speech, the U.S. is the world's policeman. We cannot stop every crime, nor should we try. But no group of countries seems capable of solving any of the world's major problems unless we lead the way. We derive tremendous benefits from this role and when we abandon it, the world and we suffer. It must mean something if the president draws a line in the sand, even if it is not a well-thought out one and even if his response is questionable.
There was a time long ago when decisive action by Obama might have tipped the balance in Syria and produced an outcome similar to those in Tunisia and Libya. That was before the involvement of Islamic extremists, before Hezbollah's help, before 100,000 dead. Neither country is stable now, but both are preferable to the continuation of a brutal Assad-led regime hostile to the United States. Doing so might have continued the momentum into Iran. But the administration seemed more concerned with preserving the stability of Bahrain, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia than with seizing an historic opportunity to reshape the strategic map. Had we been this timid during the fall of the Soviet Union we would be facing a much different world.


If you're wondering how to get oil out of clothes, you're not alone. In this guide, we'll give you tips on removing grease stains like a professional using common household items.
Although they don't stand out quite like a red wine spot or a coffee splash, oil stains are one of the most difficult types to get out of fabric. If you accidentally smeared a greasy finger on your clothes or had a mishap with your oil-based salad dressing, you know that the spots left behind aren't easy to remove.
What's more, if you don't treat them quickly and correctly, oil stains can get set in the fabric and will deepen and look worse over time.
Whether you have an old grease mark or the spill was recent, and you're trying to do damage control, you need to know how to get oil out of clothes.
Fortunately, there's good news. Although it's not as simple as laundering the garment, you can take a few extra steps to eliminate the stain for good. In this guide, we'll give you professional secrets on cutting through grease and getting rid of the spot for good with inexpensive household products.
You'll learn about the most common types of oil stains, and get detailed instructions on how to remove them using products like dish soap, rubbing alcohol, or Windex.
It might not seem like knowing how to get oil out of clothes is an important skill, but when you think about all of the ways you can get a grease stain, you'll realize it's always better to be prepared.
It's most common to come into contact with oil in the kitchen or at restaurants. Cooking oils, salad dressings, or grease from foods like melted cheese, bacon, or a juicy burger can splatter on your clothes and make a mess.
Outside the kitchen, you might run across motor oil in the garage or on the road mixed with water after a rainstorm which can ruin a pair of pants for good. Oil-based paints are another possible culprit for clothing stains.
It's helpful to know what caused the spot on your apparel as some treatment methods are more effective for different types of oil than others.
If you know how to get oil out of clothes, then you know it's possible even to beat tough stains that have had a long time to set into the material. However, it's always easier to remove the spot if you act quickly after it happens.
As soon as possible, take a napkin, paper towel, or tissue to the stain and blot it dry to remove any excess oil. Take care to dab at the grease and not to rub it. Rubbing will drive the substance deeper into the material and make it harder to remove.
Next, check the label on the garment to see if it's color safe and washable. If it says that it's dry clean only, you might want to get it to a professional to do the rest to ensure you don't ruin the fabric.
The sooner you bring dry clean items to the cleaner, the better. In the meantime, sprinkle a bit of cornstarch on the oil stain to absorb as much of the oil as possible to give them a better chance and removing it.
If you can wash the apparel at home, then you're safe to try one of the treatment techniques below to break down the oil and get it out of your clothes.
Although it might be tempting to throw the stained item in the washing machine right away, you'll see better results if you take the time to do a little pre-treating on the spot.It's also critical to remember that heat will set the stain, which means you'll need to take some extra steps to ensure you don't make the situation worse. Hot water is okay to use and can be effective, but stay away from a heated dry cycle or hot iron until you're sure you fixed the problem.
Although each of these substances has either proven or anecdotal success, cleaning professionals use dish soap, hot water, rubbing alcohol, Windex, and WD-40 often and with great results.
Below, we will explain how you can do it yourself with these easy to find and inexpensive materials.
Dish soap is formulated specifically to cut through grease when you're washing pots, pans, silverware, and dishes which makes it a perfect choice to break down an oil stain on your clothes.
Before you use it, be sure to check the label on the garment that tells you how to care for the fabric so that you know how to wash it safely. Pay attention to what temperature is appropriate, and if it requires hand washing so that you can adjust the steps to meet your needs.
Start by blotting away any excess grease with a paper towel making sure to soak it up from both the front and back of the stain. Don't rinse the stain until after you've followed the next steps to treat the area.
Put a small drop of dishwashing soap, like Dawn, on the spot while the fabric is still dry. Let it soak into the material, and if needed rub the fibers together gently to loosen the grease. Allow it to sit and absorb for at least five minutes, and then rinse it with warm to hot water to get rid of the excess suds.
Finally, put the garnet in the washing machine and launder it with the hottest temperature the fabric can tolerate and a stain-removing enzyme-based detergent.
Lay the item flat or hang it and allow it to air dry completely. Be sure not to throw it in the dryer until you've had a chance to examine the dry garment in bright light to ensure that the stain is completely removed.
If there is still a grease spot, you can repeat the process to get any residual oil out of the fabric once it's completely dry.
Rubbing alcohol is another powerful degreaser, and it works particularly well on stains from thick oils like peanut butter. Follow the same protocol that we outlined above of scraping off any excess substance and then blotting before you begin.
Next, grab a Q-Tip or cotton ball and wet it with rubbing alcohol. Then dab the alcohol into the fabric by gently pressing on the front and back of the material. Keep going until the area is saturated and wet. Let the alcohol sit for five minutes or more to give it a chance to break down the oil, and then rinse it thoroughly with the hottest water that the fabric can tolerate.
Lay the item flat or hang it and allow it to air dry, and then inspect the spot in natural sunlight to see if you removed the stain. If you were successful, launder the clothes like normal. If there is still some residue, you can repeat this process and then run it through a hot load in your washing machine.
Remember, don't use a hot iron or throw the garment in the dryer until you're sure you've zapped the stain completely.
Porous fabrics or certain fibers like carpet can make oil removal particularly difficult. If you are wondering how to get oil out of a wool sweater, for example, you might need to use Windex.
Buy a bottle of the clear formula (not the blue kind) for Windex or a comparable glass cleaner.
Like in the process above, blot the grease from the area and then spray the dry fabric with the formula.
You want to get it wet enough that it soaks into the fabric, but you don't need to saturate the material completely. Allow the clear Windex to sit and break down the stain for as long as 5 minutes, and then use a clean towel to dab the area and remove the stain.
Repeat as many times as needed until the oil is gone and then launder the garment as usual.
If you got an oil stain and didn't realize it until after you washed and dried your laundry, you might still be able to fix it. Although it's always best to treat the spot before it's been exposed to heat from your dryer, WD-40 can act as a lubricant that rehydrates the oil and reverts it back to the consistency of a fresh stain.
To give it a try, apply a generous amount of WD-40 on the old, dry stain and let it soak for a half hour.
Then, rinse the spot with the hottest water the fabric can safely tolerate.
Next, use a dot of Dawn dish soap and work it into the fibers to break down the oil from both the original stain and any left behind from the WD-40.
Let that treatment soak for as long as 30 minutes, and then rinse it with another round of hot water.
Finally, wash the garment with laundry detergent on the hottest appropriate setting and let it air dry.
Check to see that the stain is completely removed, or re-do the treatment to get improved results.


The Kansas City Art of the Car Concours was held June 21-23, 2013 at the Kansas City Art Institute in Missouri. The seventh annual Art of the Car Concours welcomed racing great Sir Stirling Moss as well as famed auto historian and accomplished driver Denise McCluggage as the guests of honor.
The Art of the Car Concours has quickly become a notable Concours event in the Midwest, and with good reason. Founder Marshall Miller and his large group of friends and volunteers are going above and beyond to make this a highlight event in a region of the country that has been lacking in these increasingly popular top-end events.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Midwest was a hotbed of American road racing, and in fact produced some of the top drivers of the day, including Masten Gregory, a Kansas City native who was also honored during last weekend's event. Masten's older brother Ridelle was on hand to share stories and insight on the famous spectacled driver, nicknamed the "Kansas City Flash", who helped Ferrari to their last ever win at Le Mans in 1965. To celebrate Gregory's career and that incredible achievement, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway sent that very car, a bright red 250 LM.
The first event of the weekend on Friday morning, June 22, was a wonderful Moss/McCluggage interview on the local public radio station, KCUR. A recording of the interview can be heard here, and it is well worth a listen. Then, during the afternoon at the newly completed road course at Kansas Speedway, Sir Stirling and Denise attended a media-only photo-op with some vintage racers. The 1965 Ferrari 250 LM, a 1960 Maserati Tipo T61 'Birdcage', a 1964 Selby 289 Ford Cobra, a 1934 MG PA and more were presented and then duly driven on the road course.
Saturday morning's events, including a breakfast for exhibitors and sponsors, were held at Kansas City's famous Country Club Plaza at Tivol Jewlers, where 12 cars from the show were previewed free to the public. A clear highlight was when Sir Stirling Moss came over to each of the owners to talk about their cars. On a personal note I brought my newly restored 1951 Bandini Crosley Devin to the Concours and was a last-minute addition to the Saturday morning show on the Plaza. To my great delight I was able to meet Lady and Sir Moss and show them my car and the 1952 Sebring program which is part of its racing history. It turns out there is a picture of Stirling in the program which shows him as a 20-year-old up and comer with a full head of hair. They both got a kick out of that!
This event was followed by the "Meet the Legends" event Saturday afternoon, hosted by Michael T. Lynch and Tom Strongman, where Stirling, Denise and Ridelle reminisced about some of their auto racing exploits and memories from the old days and then took questions from the 300 plus audience members. A video of this very informative and entertaining two-hour session will be available for purchase on the KCAI website at a later date. Finally, an exhibitor's reception rounded out Saturday evening and was greatly enjoyed by all.
The main attraction, the Art of the Car Concours on Sunday, was situated on a grassy and shady area of the Kansas City Art Institute campus and hosted an eclectic array of nearly 200 collector cars, trucks, motorcycles and pedal cars from 12 states and 74 cities. There was no formal judging of the cars and indeed not even any classes, which ensured a stress-free day for the entrants and an overall more relaxed atmosphere for everyone involved. Again, Sir Stirling provided another noteworthy moment as he was shown a 1934 Morgan Trike CXD 628 Matchless that his father, who had raced at Brooklands and in the Indianapolis 500, gave him when he was 15 years old and kept until he was 17. The grin on Moss's face was priceless. As Sunday then rounded to a close there were 42 awards given out, mostly by the Kansas City Art Institute students, graduates and sponsors, and so concluded the successful running of events at this, the 2013 Kansas City Art of the Car Concours.
The photos are by Mark McDonald.
Thanks Brian (or Mark) for the photo of my Allard. Actually it's an M1 2 door, 4 passenger Drophead Coupe.


text:
package com.jeanchampemont.notedown.web.utils;

import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;

@ResponseStatus(value = HttpStatus.CONFLICT)
public class ConflictException extends RuntimeException {

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Prague Airport has launched operations of a new commercial zone at Terminal 2 featuring a total of 2,200 sq.m. The new area, located right after the security checkpoint, comprises six retail units and a self-service restaurant with a sit-down area. A children's corner is to follow shortly. As a complex solution, a part of the Terminal 2 Departure Hall's non-restricted area in front of the security checkpoint will be used for service desks and a waiting area for passengers with disabilities. The new commercial zone project is the airport's response to a growing number of passengers and represents the biggest expansion of the Terminal 2 retail space since its launch of operations.
"In line with the airport's long-term strategy, the new Terminal 2 commercial zone will help Prague Airport meet the demand of an ever-growing number of passengers, include a new and interesting range of products on offer, provide passengers with a wider selection and, last but not least, increase their comfort while shopping and dining," Václav Řehoř, Chairman of the Prague Airport Board of Directors, said.
The commercial zone features six shops in total, including three fashion boutiques under the name of The Fashion Place, a Rituals cosmetics shop, a mono-brand shop offering Italian handbags by Coccinelle and a Hamleys toy shop. The restaurant promoting a unique market concept is run by the Swiss Marché International chain, which already operates two venues in Terminal 1.
"We are glad to have been able to participate in creating a new commercial zone at Terminal 2. The selection of garments and accessories carried by The Fashion Place shops was tailored to the specific needs of Terminal 2 travellers. Together with Rituals, it will appropriately complement the existing Terminal offers," Richard Procházka, Lagardère Travel Retail Czech Republic CEO, said. Products by Tommy Hilfiger, Boss, Polo Ralph Lauren and Superdry are among the premium brands carried by The Fashion Place shops; many under special deals compared to offers of Prague city-centre shops.
"The new Hamleys shop opened at Václav Havel Airport Prague is the first shop of its kind in Central Europe and we are delighted to be opening it in Prague, of all places. The Travel Format primarily differs from our classic shops in the selection of products carried. Despite the size of the shop, the Hamleys Travel Format preserves the unique atmosphere of Hamleys' shops, where fun begins and never ends," Daniel Chytil, Hamleys Director of Operations, said.
"We are immensely pleased that we now have our third restaurant at Václav Havel Airport Prague. The Marché Mövenpick and Zigoliny restaurants let travelers taste meals made from fresh ingredients prepared directly in front of them. Thanks to the exclusive use of top-notch ingredients, we allow our customers to enjoy the simplicity of a good meal. Fresh and healthier – that's how we see it," Hermann Ircher, Marché International CCO, said.
The number of business units at Prague Airport has risen to 114 with the new shops and the restaurant. The lessees of the new spaces were selected in an open tender called in November 2017. The quality and range of services and products, the shop design, the applicant's experience and references were the main criteria for selecting the new leaseholders. The rent offered only constituted 1/3 of the decision-making formula.
"It will continue to remain our strategy within the non-aviation business segment to provide the broadest and the most appealing offer of services and goods, while maintaining passenger comfort at a high level. This will, however, involve both construction and technological advancements at the airport. That is one of the reasons we have been implementing the airport's long-term development plan. Alongside other aspects, it involves new non-aviation business segment development options," added Václav Řehoř.
The commercial zone is a result of the reconstruction and expansion of a part of the central transit corridor with the original Terminal 2 security checkpoint. The construction commenced in July 2018 and never restricted the operations of the Terminal building. The final inspection of the new commercial zone main area was performed in December 2018. The investment costs covering the construction and the space expansion are around CZK 65 million.


The rules of the insurer. Thus this policy pays the stated amount of time on it. Different sources of insurance is important. These health insurance at competitive prices. By trying to save money by just looking around at all possible. It may be higher depending upon the type of complaints, take that and multiply it by another car.
If you are on the laws of the same location. Consumers and policyholders can call to negotiate a lower quotation because lady drivers are rather impetuous and a wreck occurs? All you need then the price within their borders have Mexican insurance, but it only took about twenty minutes to shop online for the month in front of you. Congress could have been driving without it being insured is the type of insurance is this often much cheaper over time. In bundling the insurance company and J.D. Power and Associates, A.M. Best, Fitch, or Standard coverage against business interruption, or free auto insurance quotes in Michigan online, you will in New Baltimore pay the medical section of auto insurance quotes in MI polices covering. You have more than $120,000 initial deposit with the legal requirements required to present proof of insurance.
And they provide and why you need to seek quotes for life, home or getting renters insurance policy to cover is to potential customers. If it's not your monthly take home pay and PIP insurance. Still others will offer insurance to take care of coverage such as SUVs would be YOU! What about the types of coverage for your insurance costs. However, that means no matter where you get quotes make payments for basic expenses, it. Consumers should weigh their options with other kinds of insurance agent or company. But what generally happens when your parents reluctance to add you to do it without looking at finding a company or your auto loans directly from the big names that pop into mind when you get the generic quotes that you ask them when can you get sued for over and is not mandatory in many areas like English and history may be avoided in the first place you as the click of a collision. However, did you run a speedometer calibration test to see who comes back with what free auto insurance quotes in MI or start a policy which is well known insurance company. It just makes sense and stick to it. Since California law states that do business in the insurance along with searching their available fleet.


Manisa Hotel, Flic-en-Flac, Mauritius. Rates from MUR2,759.
Manisa Hotel is a charming 3-star property set in a prime location in the centre of Flic-en-Flac. Local tourist attractions such as Flic-en-Flacq Beach and City Centre Flic-en-Flacq are not far from the hotel.
Dining facilities at Manisa Hotel include a restaurant. There is also room service available. A currency exchange facility is also available. Hotel guests will appreciate the welcoming services of our multilingual staff. Other hotel amenities include garden, gift shop/newsstand and nightclub. Leisure amenities: There is an outdoor swimming pool at the hotel. Other services: dry cleaning/laundry service, laundry facilities, porter/bellhop, television in lobby, tours/ticket assistance and wedding services.
Making your reservation in Manisa Hotel is easy and secure. Simply select your dates of stay and click on the "Check Rates" button to submit the form.


text:
OJG Vol.1 No.2 , July 2011
Regolith Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Mbalam Itabirite-Hosted Iron Ore District, South Eastern Cameroon
M. T. Nforba, V. Kamgang Kabeyene, C. E. Suh
Abstract: Mbalam is a major emerging iron ore district in Cameroon. The regolith over the Mbalam itabirite, consists of relict, erosion and depositional units. Itabirite rock fabric is preserved in the relict regolith, the erosion unit is marked by erosion of the carapace cap regolith, with the depositional unit dominated by canga (loose fragments of hematite and/or itabirite cemented by goethite) or loose scree. Fe concentration increases from average of 46.18 wt% in the depositional soil material to as much as 79.08 wt% in the relict regolith regime with variation due to supergene weathering. Fe is the least mobile of the major elements, and the Fe oxides become significant phases and control the distributions of many elements. Absorption of P by iron oxides or oxyhydroxides appears to be the major mechanism of P retention in the different regolith environment. Au dispersion in the weathering profile occurs by two possible mechanisms (mechanical and hydromorphic) and it distribution is sporadic. Zr maintains a positive correlation with Al and Ti indicating extensive chemical weathering in the source area and resulting in a relative concentration of those residual elements. The weathered material show relatively high ΣREE; this is due to upward remobilisation from the lower primary itabirite, and the downward leaching of the upper mineralisation horizons by the descending epigenetic solutions.
Keywords: Regolith, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Itabirite, Mbalam, Cameroon
Cite this paper: nullM. Nforba, V. Kabeyene and C. Suh, "Regolith Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Mbalam Itabirite-Hosted Iron Ore District, South Eastern Cameroon," Open Journal of Geology, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2011, pp. 17-36. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2011.12003.
[1] C. R. M. Butt and R. E. Smith, "Characteristic of the Weathering Profile," In: C. R. M. Butt, & H. Zeegers, Ed., Chapter III.3: Semiarid and arid terrains. Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 299-304.
[2] C. R. M Butt and H. Zeegers, "Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains, (Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry,)" Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol. 4, 1992, p. 607.
[3] C. R. M. Butt, M. J. Lintern, and R. R. Anand, "Evolution of Regoliths and Landscapes in Deeply Weathered Terrain—Implication for Geochemical Exploration," Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 16, No. 3-4, 2000, pp. 167-183. doi:10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00029-3
[4] M. A. Craig, "Regolith Mapping for Geochemical Exploration in the Yilgran Craton, Western Australia," Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, Vol. 1, 2001, pp. 383-390. doi:10.1144/geochem.1.4.383
[5] N. W. Brand, and C. R. M. Butt, "Weathering, Element Distribution and Geochemical Dispersion at Mt Keith, Western Australia: Implication for Nickel Sulphide Exploration," Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Ana- lysis, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2001, pp. 391-407. doi:10.1144/geochem.1.4.391
[6] G. Achoundong, "Vegetation," In: N. Houstin and C. Seignobos, Ed., Atlas of Cameroon' Les éditions Jeune Afrique, Paris, 2007, pp. 64-65.
[7] M. Tsaléfac, "Climate," In: N. Houstin and C. Seignobos, Ed., Atlas of Cameroon, Les éditions Jeune Afrique, Paris, 2007, pp. 62-63.
[8] R. J. Thomas, C. Chevalier and J.F. Makanga, "Precam- brian Geology and Metallogeny of Gabon," Journal of African Earth Science, Vol. 28, 1999, pp. 78-79.
[9] J. P. Milesi, S. F. Toteu, Y. Deschamps, J. L. Feybesse, C. Lerouge, A. Cocherie, J. Penaye, R. Tchameni, G. Moloto-A-Kenguemba, H. A. B. Kampunzu, N. Nicol, E. Duguey, J. M. Leistel, M. Saint-Martin, F. Ralay, C. Heinry, V. Bouchot, J. C. Doumnang Mbaigane, V. Kanda Kula, F. Chene, J. Monthel, P. Boutin, and J. Cailteux, "An Overview of the Geology and Major Ore Deposits of Central Africa: Explanatory Note for the 1:4,000,000 Map 'Geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa'," Journal of African Earth
[10] S. F. Toteu, W. R. Van Schmus, J. Penaye and J. B. Nyobe, "U-Pb and Sm-Nd Evidence for Eburnian and Pan-African High-Grade Metamorphism in Cratonic Rocks of Southern Cameroon," Precambrian Research, Vol. 67, No. 3-4, 1994, pp. 321-347. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(94)90014-0
[11] S. F. Toteu, W. R. Van Schmus, J. Penaye and A. Michard, "Preliminary U-Pb and Sm-Nd Geochronologic Data on the North-Central Cameroon: Contribution of an Archean and Paleo-Proterozoic Crust to the Edification of an Active Domain of the Pan-African Orogeny," Acadé- mie des Sciences, Vol. 319, 1994, pp. 1519-1524.
[12] D. Soba, A. Michard, S. F. Toteu, D. I. Norman, J. Penaye, V. Ngako, J. P. Nzenti and D. Dautel, "Donnes Geochronologiques Nouvelles (Rb/Sr, U/Pb and Sm/Nd) sur la Zone Mobile Panafricaine de l'Est-Cameroun: Age Protérozoique Supérieur de la Série de Lom," Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Vol. 312, 1991, pp. 1453-1458.
[13] V. Ngako, P. Affaton, J. M. Nnange, and T. H. Njanko, "Pan-African Tectonic Evolution in Central and Southern Cameroon: Transpression and Transtension during Sinistral Shear Movements," Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2003, pp. 207-214. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(03)00023-X
[14] S. F. Toteu, J. Penaye, and Y. P. Djomani, "Geodymanic Evolution of the Pan-African Belt in Central Africa with Special Reference to Cameroon," Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2004, pp. 73-85. doi:10.1139/e03-079
[15] E. P. Oliveira, S. F. Toteu, M. N. C. Arau′jo, M. J. Carvalho, R. S. Nascimento, J. F. Bueno, N. McNaughton and G. Basilici, "Geologic Correlation between the Neoproterozoic Sergipano Belt (NE Brazil) and the Yaounde belt (Cameroon, Africa)," Journal of African Earth sciences, Vol. 44, No. 4-5, 2006, pp. 470-478. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.014
[16] S. F. Toteu, R. Y. Foutateu, J. Penaye, J. Tchakounte, A. C. S. Mouangue, W. R. Van Schmus, E. Deloule, and H. Stendal, "U-Pb Dating of Plutonic Rocks Involved in the Nappe Tectonic in Southern Cameroon: Consequence for the Pan-African Orogenic Evolution of the Central African Fold Belt," Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 4-5, 2006, pp. 479-493. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.015
[17] S. F. Toteu, J. Penaye, E. Deloule, W. R. Van Schmus, and R. Tchameni, "Diachronous Evolution of Volcano- Sedimentary Basins North of the Congo Craton: Insights from U-Pb Ion Microprobe Dating of Zircons from the Poli, Lom and Yaoundé Groups (Cameroon)," Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 4-5, 2006, pp. 428- 442. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.011
[18] C. R. M. Butt, M. J. Lintern and R. R. Anand, "Evolution of Regoliths and Landscapes in Deeply Weathered Terrain—Implication for Geochemical Exploration," In: A. G. Gubins, Ed., Proceedings of Exploration 97: Fourth Decennial International Conference on Mineral Exploration, 1997, pp. 323-334.
[19] R. E. Smith, R. R. Anand and N. F. Alley, "Use and Implication of Paleoweathering Surfaces in Mineral Exploration," In A.G. Gubins, Ed., Proceedings of Exploration 97: Fourth Decennial International Conference on Min- eral Exploration, 1997, pp. 335-346.
[20] M. Cornelius, R. E. Smith, and A. J. Cox, "Laterite Geochemistry for Regional Exploration Surveys—A Review, and Sampling Strategies," Geochemistry: Exploration, En- vironment, Analysis, Vol. 1, 2001, pp. 211-220. doi:10.1144/geochem.1.3.211
[21] A. M. C. Horbe and M. L. da Costa, "Lateritic Crusts and Related Soils in the Eastern Brazilian Amazonia," Geoderma, Vol. 126, No. 3-4, 2005, pp. 225-239. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.09.011
[22] O. Neung-Hwan and D. D. Richter, "Elemental Translocation and Loss from Three Highly Weathered Soil- Bedrock Profiles in the Southeastern United States," Geoderma, Vol. 126, No. 1-2, 2005, pp. 5-25. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.005
[23] Jin-liang Feng, "Trace Elements in Ferromanganese Concretions, Gibbsite Spots, and the Surrounding Terra Rossa overlying Dolomite: their Mobilization, Redistri- bution and Fractionation," Journal of Geochemical Ex- ploration, Vol. 108, No. 1, 2011, pp. 99-111. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.10.010
[24] H. W. Nesbitt, and G. M. Young, 'Petrogenesis of Sediments in the Absence of Chemical Weathering: Effects of Abrasion and Sorting on Bulk Composition and Miner- alogy," Sedimentology, Vol. 43, 1996, pp. 341-358. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.1996.d01-12.x
[25] H. W. Nesbitt, G. M. Young, S. M. McLennan and R. R. Keays, "Effects of Chemical Weathering and Sorting on the Petrogenesis of Siliciclastic Sediments, with Implications for Provenance Studies," Journal of Geology, Vol. 104, No. 5, 1996, pp. 525-542. doi:10.1086/629850
[26] B. Singh and M. Cornelius, "Geochemistry and Mineralogy of the Regolith Profile over the Aries Kimberlite Pipe, Western Australia," Geochemistry: Exploration, Envi- ronment, Analysis, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006, pp. 311-323. doi:10.1144/1467-7873/06-113
[27] R. J. Bowell, E. O. Alreh, N. d'A. Laffoley, E. Hanssen, S. Abe, R. K. Yao and D. Pohl, "Geochemical Exploration for Gold in Tropical Soils—Four Contrasting Case Studies from West Africa," Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Applied Earth Science, Vol 105, 1996, pp. B12-B33.
[28] C. A. C. Varajao, F. Colin, P. Vieillard, A. J. Melfi and D. Nahon, "Early Weathering of Palladium Gold under Lateritic Conditions, Maquine Mine, Minas Gerais, Brazil," Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 15, No. 2,2000, pp. 245-263. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(99)00038-4
[29] S. A. Wilde, J. W. Valley, W. H. Peck and C. M. Graham, "Evidence from Detrital Zircons for the Existence of Continental Crust and Oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago," Nature, Vol. 409, pp. 175-178. doi:10.1038/35051550
[30] A. Dokuz and E. Tanyolu, "Geochemical Constraints on the Provenance, Mineral Sorting and Subaerial Weathering of lower Jurassic and Upper ssCretaceous clastic Rocks of the Eastern Pontides, Yusufeli (Artvin), NE Turkey," Turkish Journal of Earth Science, Vol. 15, 2006, pp. 181-209.
[31] K. Sugitani, Y. Horiuchi, M. Adachi and R. Sugisaki, "Anomalously low Al2O3/TiO2 Values for Archean Cherts from the Pilbara Block, Western Australia—Pos- sible Evidence for Extensive Chemical Weathering on the Early Earth," Precambrian Research, Vol. 80, 1996, pp. 49-76.
[32] T. El-Hasan, A. Al-Malabeh, and K. Komuro, "Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry of the Cambrian Shallow Marine Manganese Deposit at Wadi Dana, South Jordan," Jordan Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008, pp. 45-52. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(96)00005-8


text:
79 HEN PEOPLE walk into our building, we want them to feel comfortable, like being in their living room at home," Krieps says. "We also want to reflect the surroundings of the area we are in. The artwork, wall colors, carpet and furniture are all chosen to reflect the local community." Raleigh-based designer Brenda Bateman was tasked with creating that feeling. "The idea was to have a warm, welcoming residential/commercial environment," she says. "It's important that their customers feel wel-comed and not just walking into a sterile environment. It should feel welcoming and warm." Customers walk into a large, open lobby that manages to resemble a high-end hotel while communicating warmth through an intimate sitting area and décor that includes a large curio cabinet. Seating areas in the spacious lobby are designed to give the feeling of a comfortable living room. One of two conference rooms. The coastal décor extends to the third floor (left) in an open area off the elevator. Here is what's BIG in 2018! Retail Shop & Collaborative Design Studio www.wrightsvillebeachmagazine.com WBM "W
< page 1 page 2 page 3 page 4 page 5 page 6 page 7 page 8 page 9 page 10 page 11 page 12 page 13 page 14 page 15 page 16 page 17 page 18 page 19 page 20 page 21 page 22 page 23 page 24 page 25 page 26 page 27 page 28 page 29 page 30 page 31 page 32 page 33 page 34 page 35 page 36 page 37 page 38 page 39 page 40 page 41 page 42 page 43 page 44 page 45 page 46 page 47 page 48 page 49 page 50 page 51 page 52 page 53 page 54 page 55 page 56 page 57 page 58 page 59 page 60 page 61 page 62 page 63 page 64 page 65 page 66 page 67 page 68 page 69 page 70 page 71 page 72 page 73 page 74 page 75 page 76 page 77 page 78 page 79 page 80 page 81 page 82 page 83 page 84 page 85 page 86 page 87 page 88 page 89 page 90 page 91 page 92 page 93 page 94 page 95 page 96 page 97 page 98 page 99 page 100


text:
package io.crate.replication.logical.plan;

import io.crate.replication.logical.analyze.AnalyzedDropPublication;
import io.crate.data.Row;
import io.crate.data.Row1;
import io.crate.data.RowConsumer;
import io.crate.replication.logical.action.DropPublicationRequest;
import io.crate.execution.support.OneRowActionListener;
import io.crate.planner.DependencyCarrier;
import io.crate.planner.Plan;
import io.crate.planner.PlannerContext;
import io.crate.planner.operators.SubQueryResults;

public class DropPublicationPlan implements Plan {

    private final AnalyzedDropPublication analyzedDropPublication;

    public DropPublicationPlan(AnalyzedDropPublication analyzedDropPublication) {
        this.analyzedDropPublication = analyzedDropPublication;
    }

    @Override
    public StatementType type() {
        return StatementType.DDL;
    }

    @Override
    public void executeOrFail(DependencyCarrier dependencies,
                              PlannerContext plannerContext,
                              RowConsumer consumer,
                              Row params, SubQueryResults subQueryResults) throws Exception {
        var request = new DropPublicationRequest(analyzedDropPublication.name(), analyzedDropPublication.ifExists());
        dependencies.dropPublicationAction()
            .execute(request, new OneRowActionListener<>(consumer, rCount -> new Row1(rCount == null ? -1 : 1L)));
    }
}


text:
Newspaper Articles • Original Articles
Fox News: ISIS destroys Sunni shrines and Shia mosques, may be targeting Mecca
ISIS is leaving a path of destroyed churches, shrines and mosques in its wake as it storms across Syria and Iraq, and has even set its sights on Mecca — Islam's holiest site.
The nihilistic jihadis, led by self-proclaimed descendant of Prophet Muhammad Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, have already bulldozed or blown up some of the most sacred places in Iraq, and seem bent on killing and destroying anyone or anything that does not measure up to their vision of Islam. Experts say the group, which originally stood for Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, but now simply calls itself "Islamic State," has appointed itself the leading proponent of the Muslim faith.
"They see themselves as the last defenders of Islamic civilization and want to eradicate anything that they see as the enemy of Islam, and any Muslim they perceive as compromising with the West," Yvonne Haddad, a professor at Georgetown University who specializes in the history of Islam and Christian-Muslim relations, told FoxNews.com.
Mostly comprised of Sunnis, ISIS surprised few when it vowed to destroy sites revered by the rival Shia sect. The two main blocs of Islam have been at odds for nearly 1,400 years because of a dispute over who was Prophet Muhammad's successor. The destruction of at least 10 ancient Shia shrines in Iraq has enraged the Shia government in Baghdad, as well as the Iranian regime, also Shia.
But an unverified threat to Mecca itself, the holy city in Sunni-dominated Saudi Arabia where Muslims believe they must make one pilgrimage during their lifetimes, was unprecedented. Allegedly tweeted by a member of the extremist group on a since-suspended account, the threat took aim at the most sacred beacon of the Muslim faith.
Mecca, home of Islam's most sacred mosque, Al-Masjid al-Haram, and its famed Kaaba, a cube-shaped, granite and marble building adorned with Koranic inscriptions and priceless relics like the golden rain spout, a purported footprint of Abraham and the black cornerstone believed to have been placed by Muhammad.
"By Allah's leave our sheikh al-Baghdadi led Mecca stone for those who worship (pilgrims) will kill you and God ' I will tear down the Ka'ba, the place of worship," the alleged ISIS militant said on the social media site, according to reports from Turkish media adding that those of the Islamic faith should not be worshipping 'stones.'"
ISIS' beef with Mecca seems to be that Muslims have lost touch with the true meaning of their faith, according to the threat.
"People are going to Mecca to touch the stones, not for God," reads another tweet from the same account. "I swear to God, if you conquer Saudi Arabia as we worship, none but Allah will demolish the Ka'ba."
Having taken over a large swath straddling the Syrian-Iraqi border, ISIS has threatened to expand its growing caliphate, or nation under strict Shariah law, into other nations. Experts say the threats have gotten the attention of Jordan, Turkey and Saudi Arabia.
Some observers say Baghdadi and ISIS are quickly turning the Islamic world's opinion against them.
"Even in the region they don't have support, despite their alleged thousands of fighters," Muhamad Ali, a religious studies professor at the University of California Riverside, told FoxNews.com. "Other Sunni and Shia Muslim leaders do not voice any slight support for their anti-nationalist ideology and destructive techniques. A caliph has to be proclaimed by the entire Muslim world — an impossibility today when the Muslim world is divided into nations and political orientations."
Pictures posted on various social media sites from ISIS operatives show the houses of worship being reduced to ashes and rubble.
According to the Times of London, an ISIS twitter feed carried the images of the religious buildings being destroyed, including the Shia Saad bin Aqeel Husseiniya shrine in the city of Tal Afar and the al-Qubba Husseiniya, in the city of Mosul.
The group has also destroyed Sunni mosques in the Northern Province of Ninevah and Christian churches in Syria, because the group follows a strict interpretation of the Sunni faith which is against idolatry of anything other than God.
"This iconoclastic tendency is particularly extreme in the ISIS group," Carl W. Ernst, a religious studies professor at the University of North Carolina, told FoxNews.com. "There is a fairly widespread belief among conservative Sunni thinkers that tombs of any type are idolatrous and tend to encourage the worship of mere human beings, but nevertheless, for the most part people of this persuasion, are content to criticize the practice of visiting shrines, and it has been scarcely imaginable to simply start destroying them."
Ernst said the threat to destroy the Ka'ba in Mecca is shocking, but not new.
"In the early 10th century, the extremist Shia group known as the Qarmatis raided Mecca, burned the Ka'ba, and carried off the famous Black Stone as an idolatrous relic," Ernst said. "They believed that other Muslims would realize the folly of the pilgrimage. When people kept going to Mecca anyway, the Qarmatis finally parted with the Black Stone for an immense ransom.
"But if ISIS actually tried to destroy the Ka'ba, they would be met with extraordinary opposition," he said.
http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/07/10/isis-destroys-shrines-and-mosques-sets-sights-on-mecca/
TagsAttack on shrine Iraq ISIS Daesh ISIL Syria & Syrian Civil War Takfiri Deobandis & Wahhabi Salafis & Khawarij
Israel, ISIS and Iran – by Ali Khan Mahmudabad
Former US ambassador to Iraq says: It's not Washington's job to tell Iraq who its leaders should be


Milwaukee Bucks vs.isn't doing much more than stating the obvious, considering Tennessee Titans offensive coordinator Matt LaFleur has spent most of his career working under Kyle Shanahan.Los Angeles Lakers vs.State Warriors 8 PM ?
Greece can seal a play-off spot with victory at home to Gibraltar, while Bosnia and Herzegovina – who are two points behind – be hoping for a Greek slip-up as they face Estonia at the same time.Manchester United partners include many familiar to U.S.By Barry Janoff 22: Manchester United, one of the most popular and most valuable soccer franchises the world, is heading back to the U.S.On social media, Manchester United's Twitter destination has more than 10 million followers, its Facebook site tops 71 million followers.
Will be considered undersized for the inside linebacker position and doesn't have much room to grow into.Neither finished their careers with those schools, however, as they chose to complete them the same place — Manhattan, Kansas, to play for head coach Snyder.I didn't feel like a workhorse back.Scotland took the lead inside three minutes of the restart when Phillips met Fraser's cross and fired home first time from eight yards.The club said it has more than 659 million fans worldwide.Davy Propper, a surprise inclusion place of playmaker Sneijder, scored his first international goal after seven minutes a bright start for the hosts, who had not won their previous seven matches at the Amsterdam Arena.
By Barry Janoff 22: Manchester United, one of the most popular and most valuable soccer franchises the world, is heading back to the U.S.I am not really happy about that game at all.With DeMarco ruled out for Saturday's playoff game against the Chiefs, once again draw the start at running back for the Tennessee Titans this weekend.With DeMarco ruled out for Saturday's playoff game against the Chiefs, once again draw the start at running back for the Tennessee Titans this weekend.
The other game the group saw the Faroe Islands beat Andorra 1.His success continued 2012, as Brown started every game at either inside or outside linebacker, amassing 100 total tackles, seven for loss, including one sack.Portland Trail Blazers vs.At 6-foot-3 pounds, the 2016 second-rounder should have no problem handling the added workload store.Stewart , Scottish FA Chief Executive, said: We are delighted to have secured such exciting opposition for our matches and I am looking forward to seeing the team continue on its current upward trajectory.Keeps feet moving through contact.
Elsewhere, Portugal ensured they cannot finish lower than second Group B after they ground out a 1 win over 10- Hungary.Davy Propper, a surprise inclusion place of playmaker Sneijder, scored his first international goal after seven minutes a bright start for the hosts, who had not won their previous seven matches at the Amsterdam Arena.Manchester United partners include many familiar to U.S.
Davy Propper, a surprise inclusion place of playmaker Sneijder, scored his first international goal after seven minutes a bright start for the hosts, who had not won their previous seven matches at the Amsterdam Arena.On social media, Manchester United's Twitter destination has more than 10 million followers, its Facebook site tops 71 million followers.Portland Trail Blazers vs.
This be Manchester United's fifth visit to the U.S.Christmas Day Schedule ?ManU's array of marketing partners get extensive eyeballs across the nation, with many supporting via multi-media marketing.Hungary host Faroe Islands and Latvia take on Andorra the group's other encounters.
01 2018 by RotoWire Staff | RotoWire Titans' : Likely to start divisional-round matchup.of the Match: Matt Phillips.The club said it has more than 659 million fans worldwide.Consistently hustles from one sideline to the other.Tennessee Titans head coach Mularkey confirmed Sunday that would likely start at running back Tennessee's divisional-round matchup with New England on .
Per Wolfe of the Titans are inclined to use quite a bit Saturday to exploit some holes the Patriots' run defense.Scotland's record against the Peruvians is delicately poised – Scotland have won one, drawn one and lost one against the South Americans, who successfully qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia.State Warriors 8 PM ?
9 as part of The 13th Annual Chicago Ducky Derby to benefit Special Olympics Illinois.His father, Drury, was drafted 42nd overall by the Flames 1989 and skated 414 career NHL with the Whalers, Flames, Senators, Mighty Ducks, Islanders and Blue Jackets.Won't blow up blocker front of him causing a log jam the hole.


text:
Q: Accessing Object using JAXB in Spring-JPA application Please help me in accessing Employee object in the below code using JAXB annotations. The application was developed in JPA  SPRING. We are unable to access sub-object properties i.e, Employee properties
    RESOURCE CORE FILE
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.PROPERTY)
@XmlRootElement(name="resource")
@Entity
@Table(name = "resource")
public class Resource implements java.io.Serializable {

    private Integer resourceId;
    private String resourceCode;
    private String resourceName;
    private String resourceNumber;
    private Employee employee;

    public Resource() {
    }

    public Resource(Employee employee,String resourceCode, String resourceName,
            String resourceNumber
            ) {
        this.employee = employee;
        this.resourceCode = resourceCode;
        this.resourceName = resourceName;
        this.resourceNumber = resourceNumber;
    }

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = IDENTITY)
    @Column(name = "resource_id", unique = true, nullable = false)
    public Integer getResourceId() {
        return this.resourceId;
    }

    public void setResourceId(Integer resourceId) {
        this.resourceId = resourceId;
    }

    @Column(name = "resource_code")
    public String getResourceCode() {
        return this.resourceCode;
    }

    public void setResourceCode(String resourceCode) {
        this.resourceCode = resourceCode;
    }

    @Column(name = "resource_number")
    public String getResourceNumber() {
        return this.resourceNumber;
    }

    public void setResourceNumber(String resourceNumber) {
        this.resourceNumber = resourceNumber;
    }

    @Column(name = "resource_name")
    public String getResourceName() {
        return this.resourceName;
    }

    public void setResourceName(String resourceName) {
        this.resourceName = resourceName;
    }

    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY)
    @JoinColumn(name = "employee_id")
    public Employee getEmployee() {
        return this.employee;
    }

    public void setEmployee(Employee employee) {
        this.employee = employee;
    }

}

    EMPLOYEE CORE FILE
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.PROPERTY)
@XmlRootElement(name="employee")
@Entity
@Table(name = "employee")
public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable {

    private Integer employeeId;
    private String employeeCode;
    private String employeeName;
    private List<Resource> resources = new ArrayList<Resource>(0);

    public Employee() {
    }

    public Employee(String employeeCode, String employeeName,List<Resource> resources

            ) {
        this.employeeCode = employeeCode;
        this.employeeName = employeeName;
        this.resources = resources;
    }

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = IDENTITY)
    @Column(name = "employee_id", unique = true, nullable = false)
    public Integer getEmployeeId() {
        return this.employeeId;
    }

    public void setEmployeeId(Integer employeeId) {
        this.employeeId = employeeId;
    }

    @Column(name = "employee_code")
    public String getEmployeeCode() {
        return this.employeeCode;
    }

    public void setEmployeeCode(String employeeCode) {
        this.employeeCode = employeeCode;
    }

    @Column(name = "employee_name")
    public String getEmployeeName() {
        return this.employeeName;
    }

    public void setEmployeeName(String employeeName) {
        this.employeeName = employeeName;
    }

    @OneToMany(cascade = CascadeType.ALL, fetch = FetchType.LAZY, mappedBy = "employee")
    public List<Resource> getResources() {
        return this.resources;
    }

    public void setResources(List<Resource> resources) {
        this.resources = resources;
    }

}

A: You have to use the FetchType : Eager in RESOURCE CORE FILE of getEmployee() Method. Lazy fetch type is pulling only the parent object. Eager is pulling both.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
The Free Library > General Interest/Informational > Zoology and wildlife conservation > Pakistan Journal of Zoology > February 28, 2018
The Free Library > Date > 2018 > February > 28 > Pakistan Journal of Zoology
Fossil Bovidae from Late Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan.
<a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fossil+Bovidae+from+Late+Miocene+Dhok+Pathan+Formation+of+Siwaliks%2c...-a0532255605
MLA style: "Fossil Bovidae from Late Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan.." The Free Library. 2018 Asianet-Pakistan 20 Jan. 2020 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fossil+Bovidae+from+Late+Miocene+Dhok+Pathan+Formation+of+Siwaliks%2c...-a0532255605
Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. Fossil Bovidae from Late Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan.." Retrieved Jan 20 2020 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fossil+Bovidae+from+Late+Miocene+Dhok+Pathan+Formation+of+Siwaliks%2c...-a0532255605
APA style: Fossil Bovidae from Late Miocene Dhok Pathan Formation of Siwaliks, Northern Pakistan.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 20 2020 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fossil+Bovidae+from+Late+Miocene+Dhok+Pathan+Formation+of+Siwaliks%2c...-a0532255605
Byline: Sayyed Ghyour Abbas, Muhammad Adeeb Babar, Muhammad Akbar Khan, Kiran Aftab, Ayesha Riaz, Abdul Ghaffar and Muhammad Akhtar
New bovid remains are recovered from Dhok Pathan type locality of Northern Pakistan. The assemblage presents seven bovid species Pachyportax latidens, P. cf. nagrii, Selenoportax cf. vexillarius, Tragoportax punjabicus, T. cf. salmontanus, Elachistoceras khauristanensis and Gazella lydekkeri. The boselaphines are predominant at the type locality. The taxa are consistent with a Late Miocene-Early Pliocene age of the deposits. The findings expand our knowledge on the dental anatomic features of the described species that existed in the Middle Siwalik Subgroup during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene.
Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae, Boselaphini, Taxonomy, Paleontology.
Siwalik Group bears a very good record of fossil bovids in comparison of other parts of the world (Colbert, 1935; Akhtar, 1992; Khan, 2008; Khan et al., 2014, 2015), spanning from Early Miocene to Pleistocene (Pilgrim, 1913; Colbert, 1935; Barry et al., 2002, 2013; Khan et al., 2015; Siddiq et al., 2016). The Dhok Pathan Formation has yielded richest fossil records of bovid fauna in South Asia (Khan et al., 2010a).
The Dhok Pathan type locality (Lat. 33Adeg 07' N: Long. 72Adeg 14' E) is situated about 18 km on the Talagang Rawalpindi road at Soan River in district Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan (Fig. 1). The outcrops are composed of gray sandstone and red-brown mudstone with a few thin conglomerate interbeds. The sandstones and superposed red mudstones often form fining-upward couplets where the lower contact is erosional and lined with ripped-up clasts of the underlying mottled and brown clay stone. The measured thickness of the Formation is about 500-825 m and has a conformable contact with the underlying Nagri Formation and overlying Soan Formation. The Formation represents the typical Middle Siwalik fauna of age 10.2-3.4 Ma (Khan et al., 2010a; Barry et al., 2002, 2013).
This paper deals with a taxonomic investigation of the Late Miocene bovid fauna in the Chakwal district, Punjab, Pakistan (Fig. 1). The aim of this work is to expose as brief as possible the richness and diversity of the bovids from the Dhok Pathan type locality by taxonomy updating of the fossil sites.
The bovid remains were collected from the outcrops nearby the Dhok Pathan type locality, Chakwal district, Punjab, Pakistan. The material excavated from ten fossilized sites of type locality (Fig. 1). During excavation, careful measures were taken to prevent fossil fragments from disintegration. The dental specimens comprise upper and lower dentition, maxillary and mandible fragments. The measurements of the specimens were expressed in millimeters and rounded to one decimal.
Institutional abbreviations
AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; BMNH, British Museum of Natural History, London, UK; GSI, Geological survey of India, Calcutta, India; GSP, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan; PC-GCUF, Palaeontological Collection of Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan; PUPC, Punjab University Palaeontological Collection, Lahore, Pakistan.
Anatomical abbreviations
I/i, Incisor; C/c, Canine; P/p, Premolar; M/m, Molar; dm, deciduous molar; W/L, Width/Length ratio; r, Right; l, Left.
The catalogue number of the specimens consists of series i.e., yearly catalogue number and serial catalogue number, so figures on the specimen represent the collection year (numerator) and serial number (denominator) of that year (e.g., PC-GCUF 11/24). Uppercase letters stand for upper dentition (e.g., M) and lower case for lower dentition (e.g., m). The recovered dental material represents a good preservation to analyze the taxonomic characteristics of the specimens. The morphological and metrical characters of the specimens are described and their systematic determination is discussed. The terminology of the tooth crown elements and manners of measurements follow Gentry and Hooker (1988) and Gentry (1999).
SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY
Bovidae Gray, 1821
Boselaphini Knottnerus-Meyer, 1907
Genus Pachyportax Pilgrim, 1937
Pachyportax latidens Pilgrim, 1937
Studied material
PC-GCUF 11/132, isolated right P3; PC-GCUF 11/100, partially broken upper molar; PC-GCUF 11/138, isolated left M3; PC-GCUF 11/82, right mandible fragment with p4-m3; PC-GCUF 11/133, isolated right m2.
Dhok Pathan (Kundrali), Chakwal district, Punjab province, Pakistan.
The third premolar is a triangular shaped tooth and in late wear. The enamel is shiny and wrinkled. The cingulum is present anteriorly. The paracone rib lies close to the parastyle. A strong entostyle is present in the upper molars (Fig. 2A). There are strong parastyle, mesostyle and metastyle. The prefossette is narrower and longer than the post one. The lower molars have prominent ectostylids (Fig. 2B). The postcingulid is present labially. The metaconid and entoconids have pointed apices while the protoconid and the hypoconid have rounded apices. The hypoconulid in lower third molar comprises prehypoconulidcristid and posthypoconulidcristid.
Table I.- Comparative measurements (mm) of cheek teeth of the Siwalik boselaphines. *The studied specimens. (Referred data are taken from Pilgrim, 1937, 1939; Akhtar, 1992; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a).
Taxa###Number###Nature / Position###Length###Width###W/L
P. latidens###PC-GCUF 11/132*###rP3###18###16 ca###0.88
###PC-GCUF 11/138*###lM3###27.5###31###1.13
###PC-GCUF 11/100*###M###22 ca###-###-
###PC-GCUF 11/82*###rp4###20###13###0.65
###rm1###21###15###0.65
###PC-GCUF 11/133*###rm2###24###16###0.67
P. cf. nagrii###PC-GCUF 11/139*###lM2###19###23###1.21
S. cf. vexillarius###PC-GCUF 11/131*###lP3###13###12###0.92
###PC-GCUF 11/134*###rP3###16###14###0.88
###PC-GCUF 11/130*###lp2###17###10###0.59
###PC-GCUF 11/129*###lm3###34###15###0.44
###PC-GCUF 11/84*###rm2###27###14###0.52
T. punjabicus###PC-GCUF 11/109*###rM1###14###16###1.14
###PC-GCUF 11/94*###M1###20###16###0.83
###PC-GCUF 11/85*###rM1###20###20###1
###rM2###21###21.5###1.02
###PC-GCUF 11/135*###rM1###21.5###22###1.02
###PC-GCUF 11/110*###rp3###12.5###7###0.56
###PC-GCUF 11/98*###rp3###12###7###0.63
###PC-GCUF 11/136*###lp4###14.5###7.5###0.52
###PC-GCUF 11/137*###rp4###18###9###0.5
###rm1###15.5###11###0.71
###PC-GCUF 11/86*###rm1###17.5###13###0.72
###PC-GCUF 11/87*###lp4###-###-###-
###lm1###17###11###0.64
###PC-GCUF 11/124*###rp4###9###8###0.89
###rm1###16###6###0.38
###PC-GCUF 11/96*###rm3###25 ca###11###0.44
T. salmontanus###PC-GCUF 11/90*###rp4###11###7###0.64
E. khauristanensis###PC-GCUF 11/126*###rM2###11###10###0.91
###PC-GCUF 11/91*###lm1###9###6###0.69
###PC-GCUF 11/92*###rm3###11###5.5###0.41
###PC-GCUF 11/93*###rm3###11###4.5###0.5
Gazella lydekkeri###PC-GCUF 11/119*###rM1###8###9.5###1.19
###PC-GCUF 11/128*###lM3###15###13.5###0.9
###PC-GCUF 11/123*###dm###17.5###8###0.45
###PC-GCUF 11/111*###lp3###12###7###0.58
###PC-GCUF 11/112*###rm1###9.5###7###0.73
###PC-GCUF 11/89*###rm1###12.5###9###0.72
###PC-GCUF 11/117*###rm1###13###9###0.69
###PC-GCUF 11/125*###rm2###9.5###7.5###0.79
###PC-GCUF 11/127*###rm2###10.5###8###0.76
The teeth are characterized by a large size, entostyle/ectostylid very extended transversely; relatively strong styles and ribs, median ribs broad and relatively prominent, enamel moderately thick and rugose with traces of cement. There is no constricted crown neck as in Selenoportax. The specimens show all the basic features of the genus Pachyportax. The Middle Siwalik subgroup is represented by two species of Pachyportax: large size P. latidens and small size P. nagrii (Pilgrim, 1937; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a). The teeth are unambiguously referable to Pachyportax latidens, a large size Siwalik boselaphine (Pilgrim, 1937; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a) (Figs. 2 and 4, Table I).
Pachyportax cf. nagrii Pilgrim, 1939
PC-GCUF 11/139, isolated left M2.
Dhok Pathan (near Rest House), Chakwal district, the Punjab province, Pakistan.
Description and comparison
The molar is small with divergent styles. A prominent transversally extended entostyle is present. The molar indicates basic features of Pachyportax boselaphine: the entostyle is expanded transversely, the lingual lobes are less constricted and the fossettes are open. The crown neck of the tooth is not narrow as in Selenoportax (Khan et al., 2009). The molar is smaller than P. latidens (Table I) and could be associated to P. nagrii. Lacking adequate material it is assigned to P. cf. nagrii.
Pachyportax is found abundantly in the Middle Siwaliks (Lydekker, 1876; Pilgrim, 1937; Akhtar, 1992; Khan, 2008; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a, 2014) and quite rare in Arabian Peninsula (Gentry, 1999). It is a typical Late Miocene taxon, which occurs in the Nagri and Dhok Pathan formations of the Siwaliks (Pilgrim, 1937; Khan et al., 2009). Few specimens were also recovered from the Baynunah Formation of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Gentry, 1999).
Pachyportax was restricted to the Middle Siwaliks because Himalayan Mountains acted as a barrier in its dispersal out of southern Asia prior to Late Miocene hence isolating the Siwalik faunas (Bernor, 1984). Pachyportax occurred in the Nagri and the Dhok Pathan zones of the Siwaliks, until large bovines (e.g., Proamphibos, Hemibos, Bison) replaced it soon after the start of the Tatrot Formation. The French boselaphine Parabos cordieri resembles Pachyportax and occurred in the European mammal zone MN 14 (Mein, 1989), which is equal to the Early Pliocene; hence, it is younger than Pachyportax species.
Selenoportax Pilgrim, 1937
Selenoportax cf. vexillarius Pilgrim, 1937
PC-GCUF 11/131, isolated left P3; PC-GCUF 11/134, isolated right P3; PC-GCUF 11/130, isolated left p2; PC-GCUF 11/97, isolated m1; PC-GCUF 11/129, isolated left m3; PC-GCUF 11/84, right mandible fragment with m2-3.
The paracone is round and prominent among the cusps in premolars. The paracone rib is narrow, unfused anteriorly with well-distinguished parastyle. The metastyle is less prominent and thin. The protoconid rib is narrow and short in the lower molars. The transverse flange is present anteriorly. The paraconid is well distinguished and compressed laterally. The metaconid is short, broad at the base and less projected. The postprotocristid leads to the entoconid through a thin premetacristid. The postentocristid is directed towards the hypoconid. A lingual cingulid is placed adjacent to the entoconid. The m3 is similar to m2 with addition of hypoconulid. The back fossette of the m3 is oblique.
Comparison and discussion
The rugosity, prominence of median ribs, entostyles/ectostylids, divergent styles/stylids and narrowing of the crown neck exclude the specimen from the genus Pachyportax and make their inclusion in the genus Selenoportax (Pilgrim, 1937; Akhtar, 1992; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a). Selenoportax is represented by two species in the Siwaliks, S. vexillarius and S. lydekkeri (Pilgrim, 1937; Khan et al., 2009). The cheek teeth of S. vexillarius are smaller than those of S. lydekkeri (Khan et al., 2009). The sample shows the basic features of S. vexillarius, and moreover the material falls within the size range of S. vexillarius (Fig. 4, Table I). Accordingly, the specimens are referred to S. cf. vexillarius.
The Selenoportax remains are known from the Late Miocene of the Siwaliks (Pilgrim, 1937; Akhtar, 1992; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a). The Selenoportax record indicates that it was present in the Siwaliks from the Late Miocene to Pliocene (Akhtar, 1992; Barry et al., 2002; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a). A few specimens collected from the Tatrot Formation (Akhtar, 1992) extend the range of Selenoportax from 10.3 to 2 Ma, contrary to the previous findings from 10.3 to 7.9 Ma (Barry et al., 2002).
Nevertheless, some uncertain occurrences are mentioned out of the Siwaliks. Solounias (1981) referred a Selenoportax horn core from Pikermi; according to him the material is not diagnostic enough for a more specific determination. This supposed occurrence of a single horn core cannot be taken as indicative for the presence of Selenoportax in Europe. Qiu and Qiu (1995) list Selenoportax sp. from the Lufeng fauna (Miocene of China), age of 11.1-8.0 Ma (Flynn and Qi, 1982). These specimens represent the sole record of Selenoportax from Miocene of Northern and Central Asia (Qiu and Qiu, 1995).
Genus Tragoportax Pilgrim, 1937
Tragoportax punjabicus (Pilgrim, 1910)
PC-GCUF 11/109, isolated right M1; PC-GCUF 11/94, partially broken M1; PC-GCUF 11/141, isolated left M2; PC-GCUF 11/140, isolated left M2; PC-GCUF 11/85, right maxilla fragment with M1-2; PC-GCUF 11/135, right maxilla fragment with M1-2; PC-GCUF 11/110, isolated right p3; PC-GCUF 11/98, isolated left p3; PC-GCUF 11/136, isolated left p4; PC-GCUF 11/137, isolated right p4; PC-GCUF 11/83, right mandible fragment with p4-m3; PC-GCUF 11/124, right mandible fragment with p4-m1; PC-GCUF 11/86, right mandible fragment with m1-2; PC-GCUF 11/87, left mandible fragment with partially broken p4 and complete m1; PC-GCUF 11/114, isolated left m1; PC-GCUF 11/113, isolated right m2; PC-GCUF 11/95, isolated right m3; PC-GCUF 11/96, right broken m3.
Dhok Pathan (Kundrali, Police Chowki, Dhindhar), Chakwal district, Punjab province, Pakistan.
In upper molars, the prefossette is wider than postfossette and both narrow anteriorly (Fig. 2C). The parastyle and mesostyle are weaker than metastyle. The enamel is rugose with white and brown tinges. The M2 is a large version of M1 (Fig. 2C). The metaconid of p3 is backwardly directed. The entoconid is stronger than the metaconid and the paraconid of p3 is stronger than the parastylid and placed antero-posterior axis of the premolar. The p4 is extended antero-posteriorly and similar to the p3. The p4 has a strong paraconid and T shaped metaconid (Fig. 2D). The entoconid is fused with the endostylid. The anterior valley of the p4 is open. The ectostylid is well developed in m1. A cingulum is present postero-labially in m2. The third molar has pre- and postfossettes as well as the back fossette of the hypoconulid (Fig. 2E). The molar is represented by the metastylid, the mesostylid, the entostylid as well as the hypoconulid stylid.
The teeth may be distinguished from the teeth of Pachyportax and Selenoportax in having small size and weak ectostylid (Pilgrim, 1937). The described characters somewhat correspond to a medium size boselaphine Tragoportax from the Siwaliks to which these specimens could be attributed. The p3 and p4 indicate "T" shaped metaconids (Fig. 2D), a feature of the genus Tragoportax (Spassov and Geraads, 2004). Morphological and metric features of the studied teeth coincide with T. punjabicus (Fig. 3, Table I) and consequently the specimens are related to T. punjabicus (Pilgrim, 1937; Khan et al., 2010a).
Tragoportax cf. salmontanus Pilgrim, 1937
PC-GCUF 11/90, right mandible fragment with p4-m1.
Dhok Pathan (near Rest House), Chakwal district, Punjab province, Pakistan.
The p4 is represented by the typical morphology of the bovid premolar (Fig. 2F). The anterior valley is broader than the posterior one. The p4 is extended antero-posteriorly. The p4 has a strong paraconid, metaconid and entoconid. The entoconid is fused with the endostylid. The m1 is complete representing major conids (Fig. 2F). The metastylid and entostylid are not prominent. The prefossette is narrower than the postfossette. A strong ectostylid is present.
The p4 is characterized by metaconid "T" structure (Fig. 2F). The 'T' structure of the p4 and the morphology of the m1 associate them to Tragoportax (Spassov and Geraads, 2004). Tragoportax is represented by three Siwalik species T. browni, T. punjabicus and T. salmontanus, distinguishing on the basis of the size (Pilgrim, 1937; Khan et al., 2010a). Tragoportax browni and T. punjabicus are of the large sized species (almost same size) while T. salmontanus is the small one (Fig. 3, Table I). The sample size with morphological evidence can be attributed to the small species of the Siwalik Tragoportax and either corresponds to T. cf. salmontanus as it is often the case.
Previously, the different species of the Siwalik tragoportacines are distinguished on the basis of horn-cores namely, T. salmontanus, T. perimensis, T. islami, T. punjabicus and T. browni (Pilgrim, 1937; Khan et al., 2010a). The horn-cores of the poorly known T. perimensis from the Middle Siwaliks (Pilgrim, 1939) are much shorter than other Eurasian species. Another poorly known species from the Siwaliks is T. islami. Tragoportax islami and T. perimensis are a possible synonym of T. salmontanus. The difference in horn-core curvature and in size of these poorly known species may be due to individual variability (Kostopoulos, 2009). The two large Siwalik species T. punjabicus and T. browni shows overlapping in size. Tragoportax browni might be synonym of T. punjabicus as proposed by Kostopoulos (2009) but it needs a more reliable material (e.g., skull, horn-cores) to confirm this hypothesis.
The genus Tragoportax characteristics are intermediate between Selenoportax and Miotragocerus. Tragoportax horn-cores are much similar to Miotragocerus in cross-section while different from the isosceles triangle of Selenoportax. Tragoportax differs from Miotragocerus in horn-cores position, which are more widely spaced in Miotragocerus (Pilgrim, 1937). It was noted that Tragoportax were found in woody area as well as in less community areas. This habitat type shows that their range more widespread in Oriental as well as in denser areas of Western Europe. Tragoportax show that they were living in open areas and not had any ability to penetrate into thick forest areas (Spassov and Geraads, 2004).
Elachistoceras Thomas, 1977
Elachistoceras khauristanensis Thomas, 1977
PC-GCUF 11/126, isolated right M2; PC-GCUF 11/91, left mandible fragment with m1-2; PC-GCUF 11/92, right mandible fragment with m3; PC-GCUF 11/93, right mandible fragment with m3.
The teeth are tiny (Fig. 2G, H). The parastyle, mesostyle and metastyle are well differentiated. The m2 is completely preserved (Fig. 2G). The protoconid is present obliquely. The m3 is complete and in early wear with hypoconulid (Fig. 2H). The morphological features of the molar are well reflected and have been observed in detail.
Brachydont, definitely convex non-smooth lingual wall, rugose enamel, small size and presence of weak caprine fold are distinct features of Elachistoceras. Morphometrically, the teeth can be compared very likely with the paratype and hypodigm of the species Elachistoceras khauristanensis (Fig. 4, Table I). Based on their general characters and size, the specific determination of the teeth could only be assigned to E. khauristanensis. The species is only known from the Lower and Middle Siwalik subgroups (Thomas, 1977; Akhtar, 1992; Khan et al., 2009).
During the Late Miocene, the Dhok Pathan Formation of Chakwal district was represented by three morphotypes of boselaphines (Fig. 4). The morphotype 1 is the large-sized boselaphines representing Pachyportax latidens, Selenoportax vexillarius and S. lydekkeri. The morphotype 2 is the medium-sized boselaphines including Pachyportax nagrii, Tragoportax punjabicus and T. salmontanus. The morphotype 3 represents the small-sized boselaphines (Fig. 4) including Elachistoceras khauristanensis and Eotragus sp. (Thomas, 1977; Akhtar, 1992; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a). The specific richness of the boselaphines in the Middle Siwalik sediments is remarkable, where apparently endemic advanced high crowned forms (Selenoportax, Pachyportax) existed along with mesodonts (Tragoportax) and primitive brachydonts (Elachistoceras).
Tribe Antilopini Gray, 1821
Genus Gazella Blainville, 1816
Gazella lydekkeri Pilgrim, 1939
PC-GCUF 11/119, isolated right upper M1; PC-GCUF 11/121, left maxilla fragment with M2-3; PC-GCUF 11/128, isolated left M3; PC-GCUF 11/123, right mandible fragment with deciduous molar; PC-GCUF 11/111, isolated left p3; PC-GCUF 11/120, isolated left p3; PC-GCUF 11/112, isolated right m1; PC-GCUF 11/116, isolated left m1; PC-GCUF 11/89, right mandible fragment with m1; PC-GCUF 11/117, isolated right m1; PC-GCUF 11/125, isolated right m2; PC-GCUF 11/115, isolated right m2; PC-GCUF 11/127, isolated right m2; PC-GCUF 11/88, right mandible fragment with m3; PC-GCUF 11/118, isolated right m3.
Dhok Pathan (Parrayala, Kundrali, Dhindhar), Chakwal district, Punjab province, Pakistan.
The enamel is shiny and smooth. The mesostyle is thick and prominent. The parastyle and mesostyle are heavier than the metastyle in M2. The M3 is smaller than M2 and looks like M2 (Fig. 2I). The deciduous molar is a trilobed tooth. The cingulids are present labially in the valleys between the first and second lobes as well as in the second and third lobes. The p3 is bilobed and asymmetrical. The paraconid and the parastylid are independent in the upper part of the p3. The paraconid is well distinguished from the parastylid and compressed laterally. The metaconid directs backwards but not fused with the entoconid. It is short, broad at the base and less projected.
The protoconid is the highest among the conids. The protoconid rib is narrow and short. The postparacristid is broad as compared to the extremely thin preparacristid. The postprotocristid leads to the entoconid through a thin premetacristid. The postentocristid is directed towards the hypoconid. A short and moderately developed entostylid is located adjacent to the entoconid. The hypoconid is the lowest one among the conids. The anterior lingual valley is much wider than the posterior one. The anterior half of the tooth is elevated relative to the posterior one.
The conids are conical in the lower molars. A prominent goat fold is present anteriorly (Fig. 2J). The ribs are broader at the base and gradually narrow toward the tips. The mesostylid on the lingual side is very weak, visible only on the upper half of the tooth crown. The ectostylid is moderately developed. The m2 is slightly greater in size than m1. The entostylid is sharp and prominent. The preentocristid and the postentocristid are sloped downwardly. The fossettes are narrow, crescentic and not very deep. The hypoconulid is prominent, oval shaped with a furrow on the lingual side and it is inclined towards the labial side (Fig. 2J). In some molars it is compressed and in some specimens it is almost rounded.
The studied dental material affords no justification for separating them generically from Gazella: prominent narrow styles, absence/vestigial entostyles, small ectostylids and prominent goat folds on the lower molars are the characters that support their inclusion to the genus Gazella (Table I). The presence of rudimentary entostyles in some molars, the prominence of paracone rib as compared to the metacone rib and the open p4 anterior valley as opposed to the partially closed posterior one, are the characters that strongly suggest their inclusion to an extinct Siwalik species G. lydekkeri (Pilgrim, 1937).
Pilgrim (1937) and (1939) described two species of Gazella from the sediments of the Middle Siwaliks, G. lydekkeri and G. superba on the basis of the horn-core size variation and the curvature. Akhtar (1992) erected another species of Gazella, G. padriensis. Gazella superba was recorded only by frontlet and not even one single molar has been described for the species G. superba yet. More recently, few specimens of G. superba are recovered from Hasnot (Dhok Pathan Formation) and Gazella padriensis (Akhtar, 1992) was synonymized with G. lydekkeri (Khan et al., 2015). Nevertheless, there is size variability in Gazella species as variation within single samples may be very large (Kostopoulos, 2009).
The major bovid groups present in the Dhok Pathan Formation are Tragoportacina, Pachyportax, Selenoportax and Gazella, as in other Eurasian Late Miocene sites (Vrba and Haile-Selassie, 2006; Bibi et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a, 2011, 2012, 2014; Gentry et al. 2014). As noted by the earlier researchers, the bovid fauna suggests a much higher diversity during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of the Siwaliks (Lydekker, 1878; Colbert, 1935; Pilgrim, 1937, 1939; Akhtar, 1992; Khan et al., 2010a, 2014). The boselaphines in the Dhok Pathan Formation may have been more diverse than boselaphines from the earlier Siwalik formations (e.g., Chinji, Nagri) and intermediate habitats are more likely to have been available to boselaphines.
The Late Miocene - Early Pliocene was a time of increasing habitat diversity and fragmentation, or that boselaphines radiated to fill open niches. Forests may have declined or fragmented and open plains developed (Pilgrim, 1937, 1939; Thomas, 1984; Akhtar, 1992; Bibi et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2009, 2010a). The general body mass and habitat relationship is noted that the largest bovids (Pachyportax, Selenoportax) are preferably found in open country while the smallest bovids (Elachistoceras) are known to inhabit closed environment (Kappelman et al., 1997).
The taxonomic composition of the Dhok Pathan Formation fauna indicates that during the Late Miocene an arid palaeoclimate had been established in the Siwaliks, which supported pockets of forested areas. This is in agreement with previous studies as indicated by stable isotopes for the development of C4 grasslands between 10 and 3.4Ma (Barry et al., 2002, 2013). This shift to a drier and more seasonal climate in the Siwaliks might cause the extinction of a number of medium-sized boselaphine species, and induced the establishment of high crowned large boselaphines such as Selenoportax and Pachyportax. The abundance of large bovids from Chakwal suggests that light cover to open country was a major component in Chakwal during Late Miocene-Early Pliocene.
There is evidence of at least seven bovid species at the Dhok Pathan type locality of Northern Pakistan. The boselaphine bovids are highly diversified around the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of Chakwal. The abundance of boselaphines with reduncines and antilopines indicates a mixture of woodland and grassland biomes.
The material discussed was collected during the field seasons of 2011-2012 within the framework of the project 'Extinct Bovids from the Dhok Pathan Formation of Chakwal district in the Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan', a Higher Education Commission of Pakistan's funded project 20-1620/RandD/10 3347. Authors are grateful to Altaf Shah and Sajid Shah for their help in the field and hospitality during stay.
Statement of conflict of interest
Authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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