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CHAPTER 2: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The Contents of Chapter 2
Goal 1: Preserve the historic character of the Community.
Goal 2: Preserve the integrity of historic buildings and structures.
Goal 3: Preserve the historic streetscape.
Goal 4: Achieve widespread public awareness and involvement in historic preservation throughout the HPOZ.
Goal 5: Assist in the effective implementation of the HPOZ ordinance.
Download Chapter 2 PDF
Objective 1.1 Safeguard the character of historic buildings and sites.
Objective 1.2 Recognize and protect the historic streetscape and development patterns, including alleyways and street features.
Objective 1.3 Ensure that rehabilitation and new construction within the districts complements the historic fabric.
Objective 1.4 Recognize that the preservation of the character of the district as a whole takes precedence over the treatment of individual structures or sites.
Objective 1.5 Promote new design and construction that is differentiated from the old, responds to its surrounding context, and is compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale, proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the HPOZ as a whole.
Objective 2.1 Ensure the retention of historically signifi cant architectural details and features.
Objective 2.2 Ensure that maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation are historically appropriate.
Objective 2.3 Ensure that Contributors in the HPOZ are appropriately identifi ed, and that a clear method of review exists for both Contributors and Non-Contributors.
Objective 3.1 Preserve and revitalize the pedestrian oriented development patterns within the residential neighborhoods and along the commercial corridors.
Objective 3.2 Promote the retention of historic trees and landscape features, within the public right-of-way, as well as on private property.
Objective 3.3 Promote the retention, maintenance and use of important street features such as walk-streets and alleys.
Objective 3.4 Maintain and encourage the use of front yards as open, landscaped, semiprivate space with landscaping and shade trees.
Objective 4.1 Inform local residents, the preservation community, the general public and decision makers about historic preservation issues and initiatives, and facilitate public access to this information.
Objective 4.2 Inform the public and preservation community about effective preservation techniques and resources, and how they may be used to preserve historic properties and enhance the quality of life.
Objective 4.3 Promote public participation in the Jefferson Park HPOZ review process.
Objective 5.1 Facilitate fair and impartial decisions regarding proposed projects.
Objective 5.2 Educate and inform the HPOZ community about the benefi ts of historic preservation.
Objective 5.3 Create an easy to understand resource of information, including architectural styles found within the neighborhood that can be used to assist in maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation to historic buildings and structures.
Objective 5.4 Work with the City of Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety and the City of Los Angeles Housing Department to improve enforcement of the HPOZ ordinance.
Objective 5.5 Promote better understanding of the HPOZ ordinance among city agencies, including the United Neighborhoods Neighborhood Council and the local Council Offi ce.


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Paper Co-authored by Professor George Hurtt is Most Cited Paper in Global Change Biology in 2018
A paper co-authored by Professor George Hurtt entitled "Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities" was the most cited article in the journal Global Change Biology in 2018. This paper reviews the state of vegetation demographics and ecosystem ecology in Earth System Models and identifies issues that highlight gaps in ecological understanding. The authors argue that stronger and more innovative connections to data are required to address these gaps.
The abstract for the paper is provided below:
Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESMs). These developments are widely viewed as an important step in developing greater realism in predictions of future ecosystem states and fluxes. Increased realism, however, leads to increased model complexity, with new features raising a suite of ecological questions that require empirical constraints. Here, we review the developments that permit the representation of plant demographics in ESMs, and identify issues raised by these developments that highlight important gaps in ecological understanding. These issues inevitably translate into uncertainty in model projections but also allow models to be applied to new processes and questions concerning the dynamics of real‐world ecosystems. We argue that stronger and more innovative connections to data, across the range of scales considered, are required to address these gaps in understanding. The development of first‐generation land surface models as a unifying framework for ecophysiological understanding stimulated much research into plant physiological traits and gas exchange. Constraining predictions at ecologically relevant spatial and temporal scales will require a similar investment of effort and intensified inter‐disciplinary communication.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Gotta lotta love for greenhorn gardens and crop circles. Also, no, my wind whistler friend is not an alien. It's a forest spirit, but correct me if I'm wrong. 🤷 Wind whistlers are among the greatest camoflage artists, often invisible in plane sight. Their form of communication is known as *psithurism and sound is made by twitching together their antennae-like ears much like crickets do. Sometimes it's possible to hear their songs sweep through the trees like a cold whisper of wind over your shoulder when you're deep under the canopy of old growth forests. Wind Whistlers have been known to help guide travelers through the abyss of deep woods which is why I made one for a scarecrow and positioned it amongst the #maize #maze #medicinewheelgarden #cropcircle #threesistersgarden #growyourown #greenhorngardener #windwhistler #spiritoftheforest #notanalien #flashbackflashforward #lifepath22 #upcycledart #gardenscarecrow #stuffed #softsculpture #recycleplasticbags #outdoorart #edibleart #landart . . Edible, site specfic land art c. 2016 . *Psithurism: (plural not attested) (obsolete) The sound of rustling leaves or wind in the trees.
𝕔𝕙𝕠𝕔𝕠𝕝𝕒𝕥𝕖 𝕕𝕣𝕖𝕒𝕞 • spent the morning with my lovely friend @niah.reece and this delicious looking crepe (I don't know that I have ever consumed this much chocolate or marshmallow in my life). if you could eat a crepe right now what would you put on it?
The smallest bag of MnMs on the shelf! I have officially arrived in the USA!


As marinas get more crowded and slips become tighter, thrusters are becoming more common in boats to make docking easier and safer. Irrespective of whether the hull is made from wood, steel, GRP or aluminium, boats can be easily retro-fitted with a suitable thruster. All Marine Solutions has accumulated many years of experience in the supply and installation of bow and stern thrusters. The choice of a bow and stern thruster is a natural decision for safe, comfortable and easy berthing.
Bow Thrusters – A bow thruster is an electrically or hydraulically driven laterally operating propeller that enables the bow of a boat to move sideways. By simply operating a joystick pr a remote controller, the bow of the boat will move either port or starboard. Having a bow thruster gives positive control of the boat, even at low speed and regardless of wind, current or tight docking conditions.
Stern Thrusters – The availability of side-directional thrusters in the bow and stern will considerably enhance the manoeuvrability of a boat, enabling superior control.


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Chelsea is Ireland's 'Young Ambassador'
Congratulations to Chelsea Gibson, winner of the National Final in Dublin
by @nationalist.ie @TheNationalist
Chelsea Gibson, a pupil of Cashel Community School, who recently became Cashel Lions Club Young Ambassador for 2017, has now been selected as winner of the National Final at an event which took place in the Carlton Hotel near Dublin Airport on last Saturday.
The aim of this competition is to recognise, support and encourage young people involved in their local communities. Particular importance is placed on their activity as volunteers and leaders within community welfare organisations. In this respect Chelsea scored very well as she has been a member of the Order of Malta in Cashel since she was 9 years old! Not only has she gained valuable skills in caring for, and aiding people in distress, but she also has laid the foundations for a future career in caring for the elderly, the sick and the less fortunate amongst us. Chelsea demonstrated a clear vision of her interest when interviewed by a judging panel which included senior Lions in Ireland but also RTE newscaster Brian Dobson.
Brian was so impressed that, when asked at the presentation ceremony why the judgment went in her favour, he reacted by asking Chelsea herself to explain how and why she became so involved. Chelsea responded with a very clearly stated summary of her situation and background which impressed all present. As if her activity with the Order of Malta wasn't enough, she is also a member of Cashel Neighbourhood Youth Project, where she recently completed a course in Future Leadership.
We don't have enough room to cover her involvement in all her chosen activities, however we would like to mention that she has found time to learn to speak German - which she polished up during a recent holiday in Berlin.
The Lions Young Ambassador competition in Cashel is sponsored by Affinity Credit Union, who have been very helpful in supporting this competition and indeed our Peace Poster competition for Cashel Lions Club over many years. The next stage in the Young Ambassador competition will be the final for winners from Ireland, England, Scotland and Wales and will be held in Dudley near Birmingham in England.
The winner of Ireland/UK final stage then goes on to compete in the European final which will be held later this year in Montreux in Switzerland. We'll all be keeping our fingers crossed for Chelsea !!


#e3a857 hex color is (227, 168, 87) in RGB color palette. Closest web safe color is #cc9966.
#e3a857 hex code consists of 227 red value, 168 green and 87 blue. In HSL notation it has 34.7 hue, 71.4 saturation and 61.6 lightness. The process color (CMYK) is combination of 0 cyan, 26 magenta, 62 yellow and 11 key (black).
Shades are created by adding a black color. The lightest one in this statement is #e1a14a, whereas #8c5b18 is the darkest.
Tints are formed by combining with white color. The brightest one of the following tints is #ffffff, and the darkest is #e7b671.
Some of pre-made examples using #e3a857 hex color in HTML.


Conclusion: Your First Five Questions (times four): A Practical Guide to the Amended Federal Rules of Civil Procedure – Are you Ready?
Developing or Enhancing "Bring Your Own Device" Programs – Your First Five Questions . . .
From Sedona to Georgetown to New York—What's Fashionable in eDiscovery This Year?
Are You Facing the Prospect of a Merger Investigation?
What? The Rules Committee Hearings Don't Have A Hashtag?


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Cobie Smulders 4 matches
UltraHD 2
PG-13 1
NYT Critics' Pick 1
NYT Review 1
Action & Adventure 1Comedies 1Independent Movies 1Sci-Fi & Fantasy 1TV Shows 2See all genres
Avengers: Infinity War 2018 4.8/5 PG-13 SuperHD Play Queue Netflix Page trailer Superheroes amass to stop intergalactic sociopath Thanos from acquiring a full set of Infinity Stones and wiping out half of all life in the universe. Robert Downey Jr., Josh Brolin, Mark Ruffalo, Tom Hiddleston dir. Anthony Russo, Joe Russo 149 minutes Dec 25, 2018 47
Friends from College 2017 2.7/5 TV-MA UltraHD Play Queue Netflix Page trailer Twenty years after graduation, a tight-knit group of college friends reconnects and discovers that love hasn't gotten easier with age. Keegan-Michael Key, Fred Savage, Nat Faxon, Annie Parisse Jul 14, 2017 0
Friends from College / Season 1 2017 3.0/5 TV-MA UltraHD Play Queue Series Netflix Page trailer As they face down their forties, a group of friends who met at Harvard experiences a range of success -- or lack thereof -- in this comedy series. Keegan-Michael Key, Cobie Smulders, Fred Savage, Nat Faxon Jul 14, 2017 8 episodes
Results 2015 3.0/5 NYT Critics' Pick R SuperHD Play Queue Netflix Page trailer After an ugly divorce, a wealthy but unhappy man trains at a local gym and develops a strange relationship with the owner and a captivating trainer. Guy Pearce, Cobie Smulders, Kevin Corrigan, Giovanni Ribisi dir. Andrew Bujalski 104 minutes Oct 22, 2015 0


The New Zenith article is the most representative of our production and has helped make the company known throughout the fashion industry. Ribbon is manufactured in cotton and acetate, yarn-dyed, in Stock Service in 7 widths and 130 colors. The wide availability allows us to quickly meet the needs of customers, the elegance and versatility of the product favors multiple uses, both as a structural and decorative element.
Vuoi ricevere la nostra cartella colori? È semplice e veloce!
Non devi fare altro che compilare il campo sottostante con il tuo indirizzo email, e cliccare sul pulsante "Richiedi". Riceverai in pochi istanti le istruzioni per poter eseguire il download.


Find bunk bed plans available with Ted's Woodworking Plans. This is a sample of the bunk bed plans you will find as part of the large woodworking package called Ted's Woodworking - The #1 Woodworking Resource. Download the bunk bed plans below plus more when you purchase Ted's Woodworking Plans.
Using just a few tools and a small investment you can create a DIY bunk bed using plans from Ted's Woodworking.
Building a bunkbed is an inexpensive solution for small bedrooms that don?t have enough square footage for fitting two twin beds. Kid?s love bunk beds as it gives them a sense of their own personal space, increases bonding between siblings and bunk beds free up floor space for other furniture and activities. Some bunkbeds have added features such as built-in storage and built-in desks, making it the only piece of furniture needed.
Some of the safety rules when building a bunk bed include placing the bed in the corner so that a wall is on two sides and installing guard-rails along the top bunk to keep a child from falling out. A ladder should be firmly attached to the top bunk plus a night light should be on nearby for seeing at night. A child under the age of six should not sleep in the upper bunk.


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Події
 Марк Антоній (втретє) і Гай Юлій Цезар Октавіан Август (втретє) — консули Римської республіки, консули-суффекти — Марк Валерій Корвін Мессала, Марк Тіцій і Гней Помпей.
 2 вересня — У битві при Акції Агріппа, воєнначальник римського консула Октавіана, розбив флот єгипетської цариці Клеопатри.

Народились

Померли
 Артавазд II — цар Великої Вірменії у 56-34 роках до н. е.
 Гней Доміцій Агенобарб — політичний та військовий діяч Римської республіки, консул 32 року до н. е.
 Луцій Геллій Поплікола — політичний та військовий діяч Римської республіки, консул 36 року до н. е.

31 до н. е.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


THE community sector has appealed to the Abbott Government not to go ahead with "unnecessary cuts", urging the government to think of the "almost 600,000 children living in poverty".
Australian Council of Social Services chief executive Dr Cassandra Goldie on Tuesday hit out at reported government plans to cut pensions for "the most disadvantaged people" in the country.
"In his speech last night the Prime Minister said: 'This budget won't be for the rich or the poor but for the country'," she said.
"Yet so far it appears that most of the pain will be borne by people who can least afford it.
"This is a budget that should be there for people who are poor, including the almost 600,000 children living in poverty."
Dr Goldie said government support should not be going to "people who do not need assistance", through tax breaks, rebates and supplements for those on higher incomes.
Instead, she reiterated calls for the government not to only look at the spending side of the budget equation, but assess the structural problems on the revenue side.
"To be fair and equitable we need to seriously look at the revenue problem and be brave enough to embark on the structural reform that is required," she said.
"Ultimately this is the way to restore the Budget coffers and put our national finances on a sustainable path, without resorting to unfair cuts and charges that hurt those at the bottom the most."
The federal budget will be released on May 13 in Canberra.
Today's poll: Should the PM ditch parental leave scheme?


Peer reviewed: Seeing Through a Bee's Eye - How Do Pollinators Find Flowers in Complex Environments?
Assoc. Prof. Adrian G. Dyer is a vision scientist and photographer at the School of Media and Communication, RMIT University and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne.
Seeing Through a Bees Eye: How Do Pollinators Find Flowers in Complex Environments?
How unlikely is it that we could see a can of soup through the eyes of a bee? Adrian Dyer discusses how this is now possible, revealing a lot about how different individuals see our world. Image by AG Dyer and S Williams - the copyright remains with the artists.
How we perceive the world is very constrained by our sensory apparatus, and how experience allows us to learn about our environment. Bees have a very different visual system to humans; including the capacity to see ultraviolet wavelengths, and images are constructed from a multifaceted compound eye. This system has evolved to become highly efficient at finding flowers in complex natural environments. So what do bees perceive? One hundred year ago the Novel Laureate Karl von Frisch showed bees can see colour, and recently it has been possible to reconstruct photographic representations of how bees see colour and spatial information. Furthermore, it has been possible to do testing with free-flying bees to understand how their visual system can do holistic processing, or enable face recognition, size comparisons, or even bind multiple simultaneous rules. Thus an insect brain with less than one million neurons can teach us a lot about how perception is a combination of both sensory apparatus and individual experience.
How an individual perceives the world is a result of complex interactions of the environmental factors like light, subject matter and viewing background, their own sensory capabilities like colour vision and/or spatial resolution (Lee 2005). Colour is an important sensory capability and different individual humans may have different perceptions because of fundamental differences in the spectral sensitivities of their colour photoreceptors, or whether it is night or day (Lee 2005; Kemp et al. 2015). For example, most humans have trichromatic colour vision; that is we possess blue-, green- and red-sensitive cone photoreceptors that operate in 'photopic' environments of high light intensity (daylight, or a well lit room), but in the relative darkness of night we often only have 'scotopic' vision mediated by 'rod' receptors that are very sensitive to light (photons) but only permit black and white (achromatic) vision (Lee 2005). Interestingly, some humans only have two classes of cone photoreceptors (e.g. blue- and green-sensitive cones) expressed in the retina of the eye, and such subjects are dichromatic which is a reason for the testing of colour vision in driving tests (Lee 2005); whilst in a few very rare cases some humans are truly colour blind and only have a single class of cone photoreceptors active during daylight illumination conditions (Sacks 1997). Since we can see that even amongst the human population there are differences in perception, it is interesting to ask; how do other animals perceive the world? The answer turns out to be rather complex, and indeed in recent times it has been shown that many different species of animal have very different sensory equipment. If we just consider colour as a sensory perception, most mammals are dichromatic (two colour receptors), birds and goldfish are tetrachomatic, whilst many butterfly species may have different number of colour photoreceptors (Kemp et al. 2015). One hundred years ago it was shown that honeybees had a capacity for colour vision when Karl von Frisch trained bees to visit a coloured card to collect a mixture of sugar and water, and he showed bees could choose the target colour even when presented with a number of grey cards surrounding it (the definition for colour became a capacity to discriminate between visual stimuli based on their wavelength distributions independent of total intensity; Frisch 1914; Kemp et al. 2015). Karl von Frisch went on to win a Nobel Prize for his lifetime work that had established the honeybee as an important model of how sensory processing works in nature. One hundred years after the first demonstration of colour learning in honeybees, I discuss how we currently understand visual perception in this important animal model, and how this knowledge opens new possibilities for our understanding of using visual communication in fields as wide as art, photography and technology.
One of the most exciting early discoveries about the colour perception of honeybees was that they respond to wavelengths of 'light' beyond the normal sensory capabilities of human blue-green-red trichromatic vision. Specifically, it was shown that bees could be trained to discriminate ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths that could not be detected by humans (Kuhn 1927), and further experiments showed that bees obeyed classic rules of colour mixing that had been developed to describe colour perception in humans (Daumer 1956). Early work also showed that flowers often contained petals that reflected radiation (Richtmyer 1923), and the possibility that flowers had evolved specific spectral signals to suit the perception of important pollinators like bees emerged. Karl Daumer used an ultraviolet sensitive camera set up to record the reflectance of several plant flowers, revealing that when outer petals reflected UV there was often a strong absorbance of radiation from the inner parts of the flowers creating a bulls-eye effect as a potential signal (Daumer 1958). However, it was not until Autrum and von Zwehl (1964) measured (using electrophysiological recordings) the spectral sensitivities of honeybees, was it known for sure that bee vision was based on an UV-, BLUE- and GREEN-sensitive visual system, and experiments by von Helversen (1972) measured the relative spectral discrimination abilities of honeybees showing the areas of best discrimination lay in the regions of the spectrum between the UV-, BLUE- and GREEN- sensitive photoreceptors. These important breakthroughs led to honeybees becoming a mainstay model for understanding colour perception, and subsequent investigations showed bee brains contained opponent neural mechanisms (Kien and Menzel 1977; Yang et al. 2004; Dyer et al. 2011) that had previously been shown to be important to support colour perception in humans (Lee 2005). Interestingly, like humans, honeybees cannot perceive colour at low light intensities (Menzel 1981); although the nocturnal Indian carpenter bee Xylocopa tranquebarica has been shown to use colour vision in very dim light (Somanathan et al. 2008).
Once it was well established that honeybees had trichromatic vision and the basic principles of how colour was processed in the brain was understood, it became possible to construct models of bee colour perception (Chittka 1992), and to start evaluating how bees see color reflected from biologically significant signals like flowers that provide the mainstay of bee nutrition (pollen and nectar). This question gives important insights into classic signal-receiver relationships in evolution (Lythgoe 1979). By carefully measuring the spectral reflectance 'signature' of different flowers in the Northern Hemisphere and comparing how the spectral signals have sharp changes in reflectance properties (a key factor in determining an objects colour) relative to the spectral discrimination abilities of honeybees (described above), it was possible to show that flowers had often evolved spectral signals (including UV) to fit the colours best discriminated by bee vision (Chittka and Menzel 1992; Chittka 1996). Importantly, subsequent work showed that most bee species tested share the same UV-, BLUE- and GREEN- sensitive colour visual system as honeybees, including stingless bees are native to Australia (Chittka 1996; Briscoe and Chittka 2001). Australia is an important case study due to its long term geological separation from other ancient continents by a significant sea barrier, and when a similar pattern of flower colour evolution was observed in Australia it showed that multiple times flowers had independently evolved signals to suit bee vision (Dyer et al. 2012; Shrestha et al. 2013). This work has recently been extended to how bees interact with flowers in different climatic conditions like mountains, establishing the importance of this colour signal-receiver system for understanding the potential effects of climate change on complex plant pollinator systems (Bischoff et al. 2013; Shrestha et al. 2014; Dyer at al. 2015).
The eye of an insect like a bee is very different to our own lens eye, in that bees have an apposition compound eye made of many different ommatidia (Land and Chittka 2013). The number of ommatidia in a honeybee is about 5000, although in different bee species this can vary, and it may even vary within some species (Land and Chittka 2013). Each ommatidium samples only a small visual angle from a scene, but the brain of the bee will perceive multiple inputs from all the ommatidia and a leading question in our understanding of bee perception was whether their visual system simply processed only localized information about elements from a few ommatidia (Horridge 2009), or the brain was able to bind information to create a holistic representation of an entire scene (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2010). This is not a straightforward problem, since in human perception it has been appreciated that there is often great complexity in how visual perception works; which is nicely encapsulated in the studies by David Navon (Navon 1977, 1981) with a range of very famous experiments on whether humans first perceive the 'trees before the forest', or the 'forest before the trees'. Whilst humans have a preference for global 'forest before the trees' processing; this can be modulated through attentional mechanisms (Schwarzkopf and Rees 2011). Recently it has been possible to conduct analogous tests on honeybees, and show that after training to target and distractor stimuli containing hierarchical compound stimuli (stimuli that contained both local and global information content) bees could learn both local cues within a scene, but also bind this information together to successfully recognize global constructs that were outlined by the local cues (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2015). Bees actually preferred global cues, and could transfer their choices to novel stimuli that maintained a global construct but did not contain any local cues. Furthermore, by priming the visual system of the bees, attention could be directed towards local cues, showing plasticity in the brain for complex problem solving, and that a form of attention can be modulated with individual experience (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2015). Thus, consistent with other recent reports showing bees can configure multiple components of visual information to solve novel problems (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2010; Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2011; Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2012), when a bee sees a complex scene it has a capacity to process information holistically. It is also known from recent studies that bees can learn size relationships between meaningful objects within a scene (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2014), or can learn to apply complex rules to solve problems. For example, bees can learn above/below relationship rules (e.g. is the rewarding flowering bush above or below a fence-line; Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2011; Chittka and Jensen 2011), or even combine multiple rules to make decisions in complex environments (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2012).
As we have seen above, bees have a capacity to process complex spatial information holistically, and to see colour using different wavelengths to human vision. Indeed bee colour vision facilitates very fine colour discrimination, and their capacity to resolve colour differences is consistent (Dyer and Neumeyer 2005) with that of human vision (bearing in mind spectral sensitivity differences).
It is possible to construct a mechano-optical 'artificial compound eye' simply by arranging about 5000 thin black tubes (e.g. drinking straws) into an array (Knowles and Dartnall 1977; Williams and Dyer 2007), such that the length of each straw, and the array as a whole, resolves information close to the limit acuity of bee vision defined by a modulation transfer function which has been measured in behavioral experiments for honeybees (Srinivasan and Lehrer 1988). This photographic system nicely represents the spatial acuity of bee vision by using a principle close to how different ommatidia operate in a bee eye (Knowles and Dartnall 1977; Williams and Dyer 2007).
Understanding these principles allows us to create a photographic representation of how the visual system of a bee may view a flower that reflects UV light from the outer part of the petals, but absorbs UV from the inner parts of the flowers (Fig.1B). This is possible by using a camera that has sensitivity (either film or digital sensor) to short wavelength UV light that a bee can see, a quartz lens that transmits UV (or specialized glass lens), a UV transmitting (visible blocking) filter; as well a capacity to capture blue and green wavelengths of light filtered by standard Kodak Wratten filters (Williams and Dyer 2007). When a flower is then photographed (Fig 1A-D) using a light source rich in visible and UV wavelengths (like typical daylight), it is possible to manipulate the resulting UV-, BLUE- and GREEN- camera 'channels' (representing bee vision) to be displayed with a wavelength shift of about 100 nm to blue, green and red to allow us to see a representation of how a bee would see a (human) yellow flower (Gelsemium sempervirens) as two coloured. The resulting false colour image can be displayed on a conventional colour calibrated computer monitor, and then re-photographed through the mechano optical device described above (Fig 1C). And since we know bees can holistically process information in a scene, a Gaussian blur filter can be applied (to remove fine spatial information about the space between straws), providing a representation of bee vision that is consistent with how we understand their sensory perception based on behavior, physiology and optics as described above (Fig 1D).
With the advent of high resolution digital cameras, including UV sensitivity in some specialized models (Garcia et al. 2013), it is now also possible to apply physics principles to linearize the spectral characteristics of the sensor to provide very precise information about the quantity of light (photons) reaching the visual system of a bee from a complex scene like a field of flowers (Garcia et al. 2014). This new photographic system thus promises to allow even finer grain understandings of how other animals (bees are currently the best studied, non-primate, animal model) perceive and interact with their environment, which promises to potentially provide new insights for machine vision or other advanced imaging applications in complex environments (Sandin et al. 2014). As we improve these techniques for representing and modeling animal vision, our understanding of nature moves from in the dark, to a bright and enriched appreciation that many animals have their own special sensory capabilities that can teach us much about the world in which we live.
Once it was possible to build representations of how a bee can see their world, it was possible to gain a much better understanding of the types of information bees might extract and use in complex environments (Dyer et al. 2008). One of the biggest surprises when the mechano optical device was used to survey complex objects, was that bee vision is predicted to be able to see much finer detail than expected; for example, the inner features (nose, mouth, eyes) of a human face. Indeed, when subsequent behavioral experiments trained individual bees to see if they could learn to discriminate between faces, and recognize a learnt target face from similar novel distractors, the results were very surprising. Honeybees were able to reliably learn this task (Dyer et al. 2005), and even learn to recognize faces considering changes in viewpoint (Dyer and Vuong 2008). The mechanism bees used to learn such complex visual tasks was to configure the available local information into a full representation of the stimulus (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2010), a mechanism recently also shown to be possible in some wasp species (Sheehan and Tibbetts 2011; Chittka and Dyer 2012; Tibbetts and Dyer 2013). Bees could also learn other complex but novel stimuli like recognizing or categorizing human painting styles (Wu et al. 2013, Chittka and Walker 2006); and the face learning experiments suggested a sophisticated capacity to successfully categorise information (e.g. face group vs no face group), consistent with evidence bees can also categorise complex biologically meaningful stimuli like flower type, trees or landscapes (Zhang et al. 2004).
One of the problems of viewing the world in detail is that there is often just too much information to process, and in human perception this is typically managed by attention mechanisms where attention is directed to a point within a scene to where the eyes fixate (either through bottom up saliency mechanisms or top down volitional mechanisms; Martinez-Conde et al. 2004). So, given that bees can holistically process multiple components of a scene (Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2015), how does their visual system deal with the problem of potentially processing too much complexity? It appears that bees may also use attentional type mechanisms, since learning of fine colour or spatial tasks is enhanced by experience (Giurfa 2004; Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2010; Avargue`s-Weber et al. 2015), and bees presented with multiple options in a complex scene (e.g. a simulated foraging field of flowers) do have to process individual elements (Spaethe et al. 2006; Morawetz and Spaethe 2012). This is shown by changes in search time of individual bees depending upon the number of 'flower' elements present in a simulated search meadow, and indeed there is evidence of between species differences where honeybees can only use a relatively slow serial search mechanism, but bumblebees appear to have evolved to use a parallel mechanism analogous to visual search in human subjects (Morawetz and Spaethe 2012; Bukovac et al. 2013). These latest discoveries teach us a lot about visual perception, as bees with a miniature brain of less than 1 million neurons can often perform tasks close to the limit of what a large mammalian brain permits (Chittka and Niven 2009). So 100 years after bees moved out of an assumed world of greyness, and into human consciousness as an animal that can use colour to operate in complex environments, we still find that their perception holds valuable lessons for understanding how and why we see the world the way that we do.
Figure 1: A representation of how a bee may view a flower, based upon available data on honeybee physiology and behaviour. (A) A conventional colour photograph of a flower of Caroline Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens). (B) A photograph of the flower through an 18A UV transmitting filter that excludes visible light. (C) Image captured through an array of ray selectors to simulate insect compound vision. The image also represents a false colour shift of wavelengths so that bee-UV is displayed as blue, bee-BLUE is displayed as green and bee-GREEN is displayed as red. (D) Image processing has also been applied to remove high spatial frequency information to fit with the neural wiring of the apposition eyes in honeybees, and evidence that bees process information holistically. This image thus provides a simulation of how a bee would view a flower, considering both the spatial and colour properties of the insect's compound eye.
I and grateful to the ARC for a QEII Fellowship to conduct much of the research encapsulated in this review (DP0878968).
Autrum H, von Zwehl V. "Spektrale Empfindlichkeit einzelner Sehzellen des Bienenauges". Z vergl Physiol 48.4 (1964):357-384.
Avarguès-Weber A, Portelli G, Benard J, Dyer A, Giurfa M. "Configural processing enables discrimination and categorization of face-like stimuli in honeybees". Journal of Experimental Biology 213 (2010):593-601.
Avarguès-Weber A, Dyer AG, Giurfa M. "Conceptualization of above and below relationships by an insect". Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 278 (2011):898-905.
Avarguès-Weber A, Dyer AG, Combe M, Giurfa M. "Simultaneous mastering of two abstract concepts by the miniature brain of bees". Proceedings of the National Academy Science (USA) 109 (2012):7481-7486.
Avarguès-Weber A, d'Amaro D, Metzler M, Dyer AG. "Conceptualization of relative size by honeybees". Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience 8 (2014):80.
Bischoff M, Lord JM, Robertson AW, Dyer AG. "Hymenopteran pollinators as agents of selection on flower colour in the New Zealand mountains: salient chromatic signals enhance flower discrimination". New Zealand Journal of Botany 51 (2013):181-193.
Briscoe A, Chittka L. "The evolution of colour vision in insects." Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001):471-510.
Bukovac Z, Dorin A, Dyer AG. "A-bees see: a simulation to assess social beevisual attention during complex search tasks". In: Liò, et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL 2013). MIT Press, Taormina, Italy, September 2–6, pp. 276–283.
Chittka L, Walker J. "Do bees like Van Gogh's Sunflowers?" Optics and Laser Technology 38 (2006): 323-328.
Chittka L, Niven J. "Are Bigger Brains Better?" Current Biology 19 (2009): R995-R1008.
Chittka L, Jensen K. "Animal Cognition: Concepts from Apes to Bees". Current Biology 21 (2011): R116-R119.
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Chittka L, Menzel R. "The evolutionary adaptation of flower colors and the insect pollinators' color vision systems". Journal of Comparative Physiology A 171 (1992):171-181.
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Dyer AG, Neumeyer C. "Simultaneous and successive colour discrimination in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)". Journal of Comparative Physiology A 191 (2005):547-557.
Dyer AG, Neumeyer C, Chittka L. "Honeybee (Apis mellifera) vision can discriminate between and recognise images of human faces". Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (2005):4709-4714.
Dyer AG, Rosa MGP, Reser DH. "Honeybees can recognise images of complex natural scenes for use as potential landmarks". Journal of Experimental Biology 211 (2008):1180-1186.
Dyer AG, Garcia JE, Shrestha M, Lunau L. " Seeing in colour: A hundred years of studies on bee vision since the work of the Nobel laureate Karl von Frisch ". Proceedings of the Royal Society Victoria (in press, accepted 23 January 2015).
Garcia Mendoza J, Dyer AG, Greentree A, Spring G, Wilksch P. "Linearisation of RGB camera responses for quantitative image analysis of visible and UV photography: A comparison of two techniques". PLoS ONE 8 (2013): 1-10 ISSN: 1932-6203.
Garcia JE, Greentree AD, Shrestha M, Dorin A, Dyer AG. "Flower colours through the lens: Quantitative measurement with visible and ultraviolet photography". PLoS ONE 9 (2014): e96646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096646.
Giurfa M. "Conditioning procedure and color discrimination in the honeybee Apis mellifera". Naturwissenschaften 91 (2004):228-231.
Helversen O von. "Zur spektralen Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit der Honigbiene". Journal of Comparative Physiology 80 (1972):439-472.
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Kemp DJ, Herberstein ME, Fleishman LJ, Endler JA, Bennett ATD, Dyer AG, Hart NS, Marshall J, Whiting MJ. "An integrative framework for the appraisal of coloration in nature". American Naturalist (in press accepted 14 Jan 2015).
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Martinez-Conde, S, Macknik, SL, Hubel DH. "The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception". Nature Neuroscience 5 (2004):229-240.
Morawetz L, Spaethe J. "Visual attention in a complex search task differs between honeybees and bumblebees". Journal of Experimental Biology 215 (2012): 2515-2523.
Navon D. "Forest before trees: the precedence of global features in visual perception". Cognitive Psychology 9 (1977):353-383.
Navon D. "The forest revisited: more on global precedence". Psychological Research 43 (1981):1-32.
Richtmyer FK. "The reflection of ultraviolet by flowers". Journal of the Optical Society of America 7 (1923):151-156.
Sandin F, Khan AI, Dyer AG, Amin AHM, Indiveri G, Chicca E, Osipov E. "Concept Learning in Neuromorphic Vision Systems: What Can We Learn from Insects?" Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 7 (5) (2014): Article ID:45803, 9 pages.
Sacks O ."The Island of the Colorblind". (1997) A.A. Knopf. (pub) ISBN 978-0-676-97035-7.
Schwarzkopf DS, Rees G ."Interpreting local visual features as a global shape requires awareness". Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 278 (2011):2207-2215.
Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Boyd-Gerny S, Wong BBM, Burd M. "Shades of red: bird pollinated flowers target the specific colour discrimination abilities of avian vision". New Phytologist 198 (2013):301-310.
Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Bhattarai P, Burd M. "Flower colour and phylogeny along an altitudinal gradient in the Himalayas of Nepal". Journal of Ecology 102 (2014):126-135.
Somanathan H, Borges RM, Warrant EJ, Kelber A. "Nocturnal bees learn landmark colours in starlight". Current Biology 18 (21) (2008):R996-R997.
Spaethe J, Tautz J, Chittka L. "Do honeybees detect colour targets using serial or parallel visual search?" Journal of Experimental Biology 209 (2006):987-993.
Srinivasan MV, Lehrer M. "Spatial acuity of honeybee vision and its spectral properties". Journal of Comparative Physiology A 162 (1988):159-172.
Tibbetts E, Dyer AG. "A face to remember". Scientific American 309 (2013): 62-67. Williams S, Dyer AG "A photographic simulation of insect vision". Journal of Ophthalmic Photography 29 (2007):10-14.
Zhang SW, Srinivasan MV, Zhu H, Wong J. "Grouping of visual objects by honeybees". Journal of Experimental Biology 207 (2004):3289-3298.


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Movie Review: "Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace"
Movie Beasts
There are many movies that are worth seeing, but there are a lot of stinkers as well. My goal here is to weed out the good from the bad.
Theatrical Release: 5/19/1999
IMP Awards
In a strategic move for power, the Trade Federation has formed a blockade around Naboo, stopping shipping vessels from going in or out of the planet until their terms are met. This was a bold move by the Trade Federation, and the situation is very tense. In an attempt to prevent a war, the Supreme Chancellor has tasked two Jedi Knights with meeting the leaders of the Trade Federation and trying to facilitate a peaceful resolution. The Jedi Knights are gifted in the ways of the force, but unfortunately, the Trade Federation have no intentions of resolving things peacefully.
Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) and his Jedi padawan, Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) quickly find themselves in the middle of a war. After the Trade Federation attacks Naboo, the two Jedi Knights manage to evacuate the Queen (Keira Knightley), but the group finds themselves stranded on a desert planet called Tatooine. Their ship has been damaged, and with the Trade Federation searching nearby planets for the missing Queen, the group needs to lie low while they collect the parts needed to repair their ship. Qui-Gon Jinn chooses to explore the desert planet. He is joined by a Gungan from Naboo named Jar Jar Binks (Ahmed Best), one of the Queen's handmaiden named Padme (Natalie Portman), and a surprisingly resourceful astro-droid named R2-D2. The group goes into town with the hopes of finding the parts to fix their ship, but they stumble upon a mysteriously gifted young boy, named Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd), with gifts that have caught Qui-Gon Jinn's attention.
The Pros & Cons
All movies start with an average score of 75pts, points are then added or subtracted based on each Pro and Con. Each Pro or Con is designated points, ranging from 0-10, to convey how significant these Pros or Cons are.
Obi-Wan & Qui-Gon (+5pts)
Tatooine (-5pts)
Anakin & Pod-racing (+4pts)
Jar Jar Binks (-2pts)
Duel of Fates (+5pts)
The Trade Federation (-5pts)
Pro: Obi-Wan & Qui-Gon (+5pts)
This was really the first time we got to see Jedi Knights in their prime on screen. In the original trilogy, Obi-Wan and Yoda were definitely well past their prime, and Luke Skywalker was only just starting to understand the force. In this movie, we saw Qui-Gon Jinn, an experienced Jedi Knight, and his promising young apprentice, Obi-Wan Kenobi. I liked the teacher-student relationship between these two characters and I really enjoyed seeing these two in combat.
From force dashes to droid combat, and from Qui-Gon dealing with the blast doors to of course the lightsaber duels. It was really cool to see a couple Jedi Knights doing their thing, but what made these two characters work so well was the two actors in the roles and their dynamic together. The two characters had known each other for a long time. Qui-Gon trained Obi-Wan, and he basically raised him as well. The two knew each other for a very long time, and the chemistry between the two actors made this easy to believe.
Con: Tatooine (-5pts)
The movie started off really strong. Right off the bat, there were Jedi Knights in action, a droid army invasion, and plenty of adventurous action. Once the protagonists got to Tatooine, however, the movie slowed way down. That is not to say that this story should have been all action, all the time. That would actually get old quick, but the filmmakers could have done a better job of spacing the action out.
The protagonists got to Tatooine and the story came to a screeching halt. Sure, we met Anakin, and we saw what his life was like on Tatooine, but there was no reason for this to have been dragged out as long as it was. There were some good things in here, and the movie ended up picking back up again with the pod-racing, but the Tatooine stuff should have been trimmed down. It was all fine, it just stayed too slow for too long, and none of it felt relevant to the Trade Federation's invasion on Naboo. The filmmakers clearly needed to force Anakin into this story, and rather than leave the audience wanting to learn more about Tatooine, the filmmakers left me desperate to get off the desert planet.
Pro: Anakin & Pod-racing (+4pts)
Seeing young Anakin and his lifestyle on Tatooine was interesting because we knew what this character would one day become. It was interesting to see this innocent version of the character, and it was cool to see his lifestyle, as well as his relationships on Tatooine. Jake Lloyd did a really great job of bringing this character's innocence to the screen in an entertaining way. I liked everything about this character, but the filmmakers definitely did not need to spend as much time on Tatooine as they did.
Should I Watch..? 'Kick-Ass 2'
The whole Tatooine portion of this story built toward the pod-racing, and it delivered. The race was different, it was entertaining, and it was memorable. It was a really neat concept, and it was entertaining in the most suspenseful way. It added suspense, it hooked me into caring about Anakin, the feud between Anakin and Sebulba was entertaining, and the stakes of the race were really high. It also introduced a number of interesting aliens, while effectively showing the culture of Tatooine. I could really go on and on about how much I liked the pod-racing sequence, but simply put, I had a really good time with this part of the movie.
Con: Jar Jar Binks (-2pts)
Many may think that this character was more of an issue. I definitely think this character was one of the movie's weaknesses, now that I am an adult. However, I remember seeing this movie as a kid, and I remember loving this character from that perspective. Was this character annoying to adults? Absolutely. Did the character feel like an insult to diehard Star Wars fans who were excited for this movie? Maybe, but the character was not intended for adults or diehard fans.
The intent of this character was to keep kids entertained during the movie's slower and more boring sections. In that respect, this character worked. The character was effective at keeping kids' interested, but came at the cost of annoying more mature viewers. The ideal version of the character would have been one that was still silly, but dialed down. Due to the fact that I can recall both perspectives of my opinion of this character, I think Jar Jar was an issue for this movie, but I do not think he was a major one. He annoyed adults, sure, but he was effective at entertaining kids, which was what the character was clearly intended for.
Pro: Duel of Fates (+5pts)
When I think back on this movie, this duel is the first thing I think of. Throughout the climax of the movie, the filmmakers kept cutting between the Duel of Fates, the Gungan versus Droid battle on Naboo, the space fight over Naboo, and the Queen's mission. I thought the Gungan versus Droid battle was entertaining, I kind of did not care about the Queen's mission, and the space fight was nothing special, but it was tied to the Gungan battle, so I get having it in there. The best of these sequences, by far, was the Duel of Fates.
From the iconic reveal of Darth Maul's double-bladed lightsaber to the incredible choreography, and the epic soundtrack to go along with it all, this was easily one of the best—if not the best—lightsaber duels that we have ever seen on-screen. The battle was epic, as there were two skilled Jedi going up against an extremely dangerous Sith lord. Darth Maul was familiar with the ways of the force, but he was an incredible lightsaber duelist who was able to go up against two Jedi at the same time, and he seemed to be comfortable doing so. This duel was simply epic and it was easily my favorite part of this movie.
Con: The Trade Federation (-5pts)
This was an area of the plot that definitely needed some work. The filmmakers did a pretty poor job of explaining who the Trade Federation were and what their goal was. This made their role in this movie unclear, and it made the entire plot of the movie feel random. The movie was about the beginning of a war. One side of the war was being oppressed, the other side was doing the oppressing, and that was really all the filmmakers felt we needed to know.
It was not really that their motives were unclear. Instead, it was that their actions seemed to in no way get them closer to their goal. The filmmakers wanted there to be a war, and rather than give us a war in which both sides and their goals made sense, they delivered one side—the Trade Federation—who seemed more concerned with starting a war than actually achieving their goals. It was almost as if the entirety of the Trade Federation and their droid army were all one massive plot device. I therefor had no investment in what they were trying to accomplish, which made it hard to get invested in the Trade Federation versus Naboo conflict, which is what this entire movie was about.
Watchable
Grade: C+ (77pts)
The prequel trilogy has received a lot of hate over the years, but there was a lot about them that I enjoyed. Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace had a lot of firsts for the Star Wars franchise, and it delivered a lot of now iconic moments. Did it have a great plot? No, the movie suffered from some pretty significant plot issues, but there were a lot of great and really entertaining moments throughout the movie anyway.
The Trade Federation was an incredibly underdeveloped group, which made it hard to get invested in the main conflict of this story, and the portion of the movie that took place on Tatooine suffered from some major pacing issues that made the movie feel really slow. Nonetheless, it was really cool to see two experienced and talented Jedi doing their thing, the podracing was wonderfully entertaining and suspenseful, and the whole movie led to an incredibly epic lightsaber duel. The duel between Qui-Gon, Obi-Wan, and the formidable Darth Maul was easily the best part of this movie, and it is one of the most iconic lightsaber duels in a franchise of filled with great duels. Again, the movie had some pretty major plot issues, but there were still a lot of really entertaining scenes and memorable Star Wars moments scattered throughout this movie.
Best of the Star Wars Franchise
Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back
95pts
Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi
Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope
Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens
Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith
Star Wars: Episode IX - The Rise of Skywalker
Star Wars: Episode VIII - The Last Jedi
Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones
Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace
Should I Watch..? 'DOA: Dead or Alive'
Should I Watch..? 'Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'
Should I Watch..? 'Kick-Ass'


text:
import argparse
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("--files",nargs="+")
parser.add_argument("--patfile", type=argparse.FileType("r"))
args = parser.parse_args()

import subprocess,os,os.path as osp
from control4.config import CTRL_ROOT
from control4.misc.test_utils import filelist_from_patterns
from control4.misc.console_utils import call_and_print,colorize

if args.files is None and args.patfile is None: args.patfile=open(osp.join(CTRL_ROOT,"maintenance/lintfiles.txt"),"r")

assert args.files is not None or args.patfile is not None
if args.files is not None:
    filelist = args.files
elif args.patfile is not None:
    filelist = filelist_from_patterns(args.patfile.readlines())
else:
    raise Exception("unreachable")

rcfile = osp.join(CTRL_ROOT,"maintenance/pylintrc")
# lint = "python /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages/pylint/lint.py"
lint = "pylint"
if filelist is not None:
    for fname in filelist:
        result = call_and_print("%s -f colorized --rcfile %s -r n %s"%(lint, rcfile, fname),check=False)
else:
    result = call_and_print("%s -f colorized  --rcfile %s -r n  *.py"%(lint,rcfile),check=False)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For God's sake, don't tell your closest family and friends you're engaged via a tacky engagement ring pic on Facebook! There's a proper way to tell your parents, and extended family, that you're saying "I do." Sandy says it's also important to tell your boss about the engagement up front, so you can address any concerns about the wedding date you're planning.


text:
Roman (n.)
Old English, from Latin Romanus "of Rome, Roman," from Roma "Rome" (see Rome). The adjective is c. 1300, from Old French Romain. The Old English adjective was romanisc, which yielded Middle English Romanisshe.
As a type of numeral (usually contrasted to Arabic) it is attested from 1728; as a type of lettering (based on the upright style typical of Roman inscriptions, contrasted to Gothic, or black letter, and italic) it is recorded from 1510s. Roman nose is from 1620s. Roman candle as a type of fireworks is recorded from 1834. Roman Catholic is attested from c. 1600, a conciliatory formation from the time of the Spanish Match, replacing Romanist, Romish which by that time had the taint of insult in Protestant England.
"a novel," 1765, from French roman, from Old French romanz (see romance (n.)); roman à clef, novel in which characters represent real persons, literally "novel with a key" (French), first attested in English 1893. And, for those who can't get enough of it, roman policier "a story of police detection" (1928).
Entries related to Roman
romano-
gallo-roman
romanic
romanism
romish
Share Roman
Definitions of Roman from WordNet
a typeface used in ancient Roman inscriptions;
Synonyms: roman type / roman letters / roman print
Roman (adj.)
relating to or characteristic of people of Rome;
of or relating to or derived from Rome (especially ancient Rome);
Synonyms: Romanic
characteristic of the modern type that most directly represents the type used in ancient Roman inscriptions;
of or relating to or supporting Romanism;
Synonyms: R.C. / Romanist / romish / Roman Catholic / popish / papist / papistic / papistical
a resident of modern Rome;
an inhabitant of the ancient Roman Empire;
Dictionary entries near Roman
roly-poly


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We were created for friendship.
However, good friendships don't just 'happen'. They have to be cultivated and nurtured intentionally.
Each of us has various circles or levels of friendship.
Acquaintances – these are the dozens and maybe even 100s of people you know, but on a surface level.
One thing that we need to constantly guard against in our lives is complacency.
Have you ever felt like you were addicted to something? Addiction is an abnormally strong craving for some thing or activity. It refers especially to things that control us that are not constructive or helpful.
Have you thought about your strengths lately? Your strengths are the things that you are good at … and the things that make you feel strong.
Over this weekend, Christians all around the world will celebrate the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Today is called 'Good Friday', a time to remember the suffering and death of Jesus Christ.


Whenever I pass a freshly plowed field it gives me the same thrill as an unopened book–full of potential, surprise, and pleasure. And just like that book beckons me to peek beneath its cover, the sight of that rich, dark earth ready for planting beckons me to curl my feet into the freshly tilled layers and feel its coolness between my toes.
My connection to farming is a gift I cherish from my childhood spent on a dairy surrounded by Holstein dairy cows, an assortment of dogs, cats, hamsters and the occasional jack-rabbit my father found orphaned while cutting alfalfa. For me, there was no more peaceful place on the planet than lying on a bale of freshly bound hay, inhaling the heady aroma of alfalfa, while staring up at a sky so blue it made my eyes squint.
One of my favorite places in the dead of summer was the peach orchard. I remember that first peach of the season. How my fingers sunk into the soft flesh when I plucked it from the branch. With the first bite, peach juice made race tracks down my arm. Nothing ever tasted as good. Like a piece of heaven to my taste buds.
We didn't have much, but neither did anyone else we knew. I wore hand-me-downs. We canned most of our fruits and vegetables. Fresh, clean air and the farm provided a plentiful playground. I scampered through fields and hay barns. I cuddled newborn kittens with their eyes sealed shut. I roamed sweltering orchards while my mother picked peaches.
At our house, milk didn't just materialize from the store. It came from the milk tank after the cows were herded to the milking parlor, washed, milked and turned back to the pasture. Milk came from an abundance of hard work before it arrived at our table.
Perhaps I view my childhood through rose-colored glasses. And certainly kids raised in urban areas had experiences I didn't, but the difference is, back then the majority of kids who didn't live on farms had family or friends who did, and they had the opportunity to visit them. Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods, makes this same comment in his book. He said that baby boomers may be the last generation of Americans to share an intimate and familial attachment to the land and water.
My parents sold the dairy when I was ten, but farming stayed with me. My husband and I bought land, planted an orchard from the ground up and currently grow table olives. We raised our children on a farm, and I've worked as a freelance photojournalist specializing in agriculture for the past 15 years.
Every day I become more aware of the limited exposure children have to farming. Statistics show the U.S. farm population is dwindling, and 40 percent of the farmers in this country are 55 or older. I see this every day when I'm interviewing farmers, and I wonder who will raise our food when they're gone? What happens if today's youth is not inspired to farm?
Ultimately, the answer begins and ends with parents. Our children need to be inspired to farm. They need hands-on time with agriculture. They need to see, touch, taste, smell and hear farming in all its noisy, dirty, sweaty, smelly glory. Along with the hundreds of thousands of college graduates going into medicine, law and business, we need equal numbers of agriculture graduates ready, willing and eager to farm.
I believe the best way to achieve this is by providing children, at a young age, with frequent exposure to farming. Children need to know how food is produced, and they need to read books with agriculture themes. Last Child in the Woods lists 100 actions parents can take to get children into nature. One of his suggestions is to take them to U-Pick farms or join a local co-op where the kids are involved from planting to harvesting. Every child should know the joy of whiling away a warm summer afternoon in a barn, an owl snoozing in the rafters and a litter of newborn kittens sandwiched between bales of hay.
Kathy Coatney has worked as a freelance photojournalist for 15 years, starting in parenting magazines, then fly fishing and finally specializing in agriculture. Her latest project is the Farmer Guy/Gal series of children's picture books with an agriculture theme.
View her photos at: www.agstockusa.com.
a very very sad thing happened in the valley today! please grab your loved ones hold on tight and tell em you love them! life is too short!!


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Чемпионат Северной Ирландии по футболу 2002/2003 — 102-й сезон чемпионата Северной Ирландии по футболу. Он начался 10 августа 2002 и закончился 1 мая 2003 года. Чемпионский титул не смог защитить клуб «Портадаун».

Клубы-участники

Турнирная таблица

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт
 Статистика на rsssf.com
 Статистика на soccerway.com

Северная Ирландия
Северная Ирландия
Чемпионат Северной Ирландии по футболу
Национальные футбольные чемпионаты в сезоне 2002/2003
2000-е годы в Северной Ирландии


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Helitech: the place for contracts
By Corrie
Sept. 28, 2009, Duxford, England - The buoyancy of the rotary wing sector was highlighted by significant contracts announced during Helitech 2009.
Sept. 28, 2009, Duxford, England – The buoyancy of the rotary wing sector was highlighted by significant contracts announced during Helitech 2009. The exhibition saw an unaudited figure* of 4,047 visitors through the doors over the event's three-day run – an 11% increase on 2007's visitor numbers.
AgustaWestland announced that the Bristow Group has signed an agreement for three AW139 medium twin engine helicopters to be used for offshore transport operations. The deal includes options for additional AW139 purchases by the Bristow Group, which would reinforce the continuing expansion of AW139 in the oil & gas sector.
Rolls-Royce signed an exclusive distribution agreement with AAR, expanding the global reach for aftermarket supply of RR300 parts and services. Ken Roberts, President of the Rolls-Royce Helicopter Engine business said that with the turn-key solution AAR will provide, RR300 operators will have 24/7 access to parts and services critical for their day to day operations.
Eurocopter announced an order for a new EC135 for the West Midlands Police Air Support Unit. Before the new aircraft is delivered next summer, Eurocopter will provide West Midlands Police with a fully equipped EC135 police helicopter, featuring a mission pod, to take over the duties of the aircraft that the force lost recently due to an arson attack.
Operator and support organisation Specialist Aviation Services was celebrating three new contracts signed at Helitech. Lincs & Notts Air Ambulance has selected SAS subsidiary, Medical Aviation Services (MAS), to provide a turnkey support package under a 10 year contract. Its existing Explorer G-LNAA, which has been a regular visitor to Helitech over the years, will be replaced with a brand new factory built Explorer. MAS has also been selected by Essex & Herts Air Ambulance Trust for a two MD Explorer operation. Meanwhile, SAS also announced a new multi-year lighthouse maintenance contract with Trinity House whereby the company will put a specially equipped MD Explorer into service at the end of next year to transport technicians and equipment to remote lighthouses around the English and Welsh coasts.
Composite production, test and repair specialist JR Technology Limited (JRTL) announced its partnership with Victory Lighting – an expert in Infra Red heating. The development will enable JRTL to offer an extensive range of shortwave IR heater lamps and fittings adapted specifically for the composite and aerospace industries.
* Helitech is an ABC audited show. The ABC audit will be carried out in the next 30 days.
Eurocopter Canada and BCIT announce new training program
Vector Aerospace announces new contract with Boeing


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Q: Does spark-elasticsearch connector support reading data of es index with more than one parallelism I am reading at https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/hadoop/master/spark.html#spark-read
I want to read all the data belonging to an index.
I would like to ask whether this spark-elasticsearch connector support reading with more than one parallelism,so that I could speed up the reading speed.

A: I find the answer. spark-es connector support reading with more than one parallism, the default parallism equals to the number of shards of index.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our restaurant with its welcoming sun terrace will meet your culinary needs. The entire area is surrounded by plants and is carefully maintained.
Children below 6 years and holders of a valid "Kärnten Card" are free of charge.


Central States Appraisal Company is here to help.
For years, mortgage lenders and consumers, as well as other real estate professionals, have called upon Central States Appraisal Company to provide high-quality valuations on a wide assortment of homes in Kane County. By continuously keeping up with local real estate trends in Kane County and refreshing our knowledge regarding valuation techniques through accredited courses, we've been consistently able to deliver reliable home valuations for people just like you.


Activities will focus on being outside and on the beach – including rockpooling, snorkelling*, beachcombing, bug hunting, den building, fire lighting, beach games and lots of fun! Each day will also include beach games, arts & crafts and other activities in the Centre or on the beach. Suitable for 8 – 13 years of age.
£20/day – Book per day or come for the whole week.


Police departments could be forced to co-operate on major cases, such as trying to catch a serial killer, under proposed changes to B.C.'s Police Act. The changes are also aimed at hunting criminals who cause trouble across multiple police jurisdictions.
Concerns about co-operation were raised in the Vancouver area's missingwomen case, which has seen squabbling and lack of communication between police jurisdictions blamed for the delay in arresting serial killer Robert Pickton.
Changes to the Police Act would allow B.C.'s director of police services to set standards for cooperation and intelligence sharing "among police agencies working concurrently to solve serial homicides, assaults, kidnappings and other serious crimes that span their jurisdictions," the Justice Ministry said in a statement.
They would also ensure police departments adopt "common approaches" that help to quickly identify and arrest dangerous repeat criminals.
The ongoing Missing Women Commission of Inquiry, led by Wally Oppal, has focused on the lack of co-operation between the Coquitlam RCMP and Vancouver Police Department as Pickton picked up vulnerable women from the Downtown Eastside and killed them at his farm in Port Coquitlam.
Pickton wasn't arrested until February 2002, even though investigators received credible tips about the killer in 1998 and 1999.
Since the Pickton inquiry started, B.C. has seen integrated units formed to bring together specialized officers to work across jurisdictions, but there are still gaps. For example, Saanich police opted out of the Vancouver Island Integrated Major Crime Unit when it was created in 2008, though the department now plan to join the squad, which investigates homicides.
Tom Stamatakis, president of the B.C. Police Association, said the standards are a step in the right direction but there's still a way to go in standardizing how departments investigate crimes, the equipment they use and how major crime detectives are trained.
"It doesn't matter if you work for the RCMP or a municipal police force, we should all be doing things the same way when we're working in the same province," Stamatakis said.
Victoria police deputy chief John Ducker is encouraged by the proposed standards, but said legislating co-operation can only go so far. Police departments don't always have the same priorities, which affects the resources they're willing to commit to a case, Ducker said.
"Control of resources, and who sees what problem as important at what time, is always a sticking point."
It's unclear if the legislation would require police departments to use the same major-case management system, which would alert police departments if similarities cropped up in investigations. For example, if a vehicle linked to a homicide in Victoria turned up later during a robbery arrest in the West Shore, the system would inform investigators.
While all departments in B.C. use the Police Records Information Management Environment for everyday crimes, RCMP detachments and municipal departments use incompatible programs for major cases or sensitive information.
Even within a single department, information can be housed in different databases. A murder file in Victoria would be managed using the RCMP system because the investigation is handled by the major crimes squad. But a robbery handled by Victoria police would be entered into another system.


A-HOTEL.com - Luxury and cheap accommodation in Shcheglov, Russia. Prices and hotel, apartment booking in Shcheglov and surrounding.
Featuring air-conditioned accommodation with a balcony, Аппартаменты на ул. Дружбы is situated in Volgodonsk.
Otel Hotel is located a 5-minute walk from the main Stroiteley Prospekt in Volgodonsk. It offers a garden, billiards, bowling and evening entertainment.
Located in Volgodonsk in the Rostov region, Апартаменты на проспекте Курчатова has a balcony. This apartment also features free WiFi.
Gostinitsa-A features accommodation in Volgodonsk. Among the facilities of this property are a restaurant, a 24-hour front desk and room service, along with free WiFi.
Guest House Liza features free WiFi and rooms with air conditioning in Volgodonsk. Featuring a shared kitchen, this property also provides guests with a barbecue.
Guesthouse on Agatovaya 10 offers accommodation in Volgodonsk. The air-conditioned rooms are equipped with a private bathroom and a flat-screen TV.
Set in Volgodonsk in the Rostov region, Apartment on Zarechnaya 6B provides accommodation with free WiFi. The accommodation consists of a living room, a well-equipped kitchen with a dining area, and a private bathroom with bath.
Featuring free WiFi, Aelita Hotel is set in Volgodonsk. Among the various facilities are a shared lounge and a bar.
Situated in Volgodonsk, Hotel Katalpa features a shared lounge and free WiFi. This 2-star inn offers a 24-hour front desk.
Volgodonsk Hotel is located in Volgodonsk, a 8-minute walk from Lenina Square. Free Wi-Fi access is available.
Offering an indoor pool and a spa centre, Hotel Art City is located next to Park Pobedy in Volgodonsk. Free WiFi access is available.
гостиница Папирус provides free WiFi and rooms with air conditioning in Volgodonsk. The property offers a 24-hour front desk.
Квартира в 2х этажном котедже is set in Kotel'nikovo. Guests may enjoy free WiFi.
гостиница "Комфорт" is offering accommodation in Kotel'nikovo. Featuring a 24-hour front desk, this property also provides guests with a restaurant.
7 Kings provides accommodation in Kotel'nikovo. All rooms feature a flat-screen TV with satellite channels and a private bathroom.
Offering an outdoor pool and a sauna, Malinka Guest House is located in Volgodonsk, on the bank of the Don River. Each room here will provide you with a TV, air conditioning and a balcony.
Boasting a bar and free WiFi, Смак is situated in Kotel'nikovo. Rooms come with a flat-screen TV with satellite channels.
Featuring a barbecue, Baza Otdykha Chaika offers accommodation in Tsimlyansk on the banks of Tsimlyanskoye Reservoir. Guests can enjoy the on-site bar.
Located on the banks of the Don River, Donskaya Volna features a number of facilities such as a pool, a restaurant, a sauna, and a spa and wellness centre. Rooms at the Donskaya Volna offer a balcony, air conditioning, a refrigerator, and a private bathroom.


Leave Computers On or Off Overnight???
By request, I've searched and researched the question as to whether to leave the computers on or turn them off when not in use. I searched my personal archives, the internet, and interrogated fellow computer repair people, and engineer, and even stumbled upon a thesis from MIT. A strong case can be made for either side of the issue so please read on and decide for yourself. But don't worry, I won't leave you hanging. I will also let you know what I do with my computers.
Old school logic would have you turn off your computer when not in use. Computers used to consume $10.00 of electricity each month. That alone would move me to click the off switch. In addition, the bearings on cooling fans and hard drives were not so good and would wear out in about a years worth of continuous running. Let's see 8 hours of work and 16 hours of running idle - Old school says "Turn It Off!"
Home computers were used differently back then too. Dad did the check-book and played pong or pac-man. Mom played a little solitaire and that was it. The computer was used an hour or so during the evening, then turned off until the next time.
Electrical Theory: The electrical theory is that during operation a piece of equipment is subjected to more surges in power than the initial surge whilst turning on and off is worth, which means over time more damage is done with the power on. Also, electrical parts wear out due to constant heat. It's more of a high mileage theory, with the analogy, "Light bulbs are rated for so many hours of use, and once they're used, the bulb will blow".
Conspiracy Theory: Electrical power companies have conspired to convince people to leave their equipment on to increase profitability. (Believe it or not, most of the folks I asked the suggested turning off the computer when not in use, came up with this reason first, and, frankly, it made me question everything else they said).
Power and Torque: At the instant that an electrical device is turned on or off to a power source, there is an electrical burst of energy comparable to a mechanical "jerk\" The rate of change is instantaneous and infinite. This electrical "jerk", surge, or spike, for an instantaneous moment, brings voltages much much much higher than the 5 or 12 volts normally used to power the devices inside your computer.
Notable as well, motors such as the electrical motors in the hard drives, floppy drives, CD/DVD, and fans take a big shock called torque when it goes from running at 7200 rpms to a dead stop. This is repeated when the switch is turned on and these devices go from 0 rpm to 7200 rpm.
All of this means that at the moment the machine is turned on, an incredible amount of current is necessary to get things moving, and the mechanical torque and electrical surge is at it's highest, usually instantaneously higher than the tolerances of the equipment. This is the point where equipment usually fails, as it is the greatest amount of instantaneous load that can be put on the equipment.
Case and point, A light bulb never blows when it's already on, it only blows when it is turned on. Same is usually true with a computer.
1. I don't believe in conspiracy theories.
2. Computers draw much less electricity than in yesteryear. A typical DuelPro 2 gigs of ram, 320 gig drive, CD/DVD will cost about $30.00 a year to leave on ($2.50 a month – 8 cents a day).
3. The toque / spike thing came from an engineer that I trust. It's real and is not impacted or improved by a surge protector or battery backup.
6. Anti-Virus Updates and scans can occur during the night rather than when you are trying to boot your computer to quickly see your checking account balance.
OK! I spilled the beans! I recommend leaving the computer on 24/7, as well as modems, routers, and firewalls.
However, I do turn off printers, monitors, audio equipment, cameras, and most other peripherals connected to the computer. Why?
2. Most peripheral devices turn on and off instantly no wait.


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Nick O'Hern
Nick O'Hern played at the top level of the game for two decades. A two time winner on the PGA Tour of Australia he was also twice a representative for the International team at the Presidents Cup and twice beat Tiger Woods at the WGC Matchplay event. His book, Tour Mentality: Inside the Mind of a Tour Pro - is an excellent insight into how important the mental side of golf is and can be bought at his website.
Nick O'Hern has been a guest on 1 episode.
Ep 37: Nick O'Hern on winning the battle of the mind
December 11th, 2017 | 1 hr 7 mins
australian pga, nick o'hern, tiger woods
Nick O'Hern was never a power player but spent two decades at the top levels of the game relying mostly on managing his mind and emotions on the course, On Episode 37, he talks about his book - Tour Mentality: Inside the Mind of a Tour Pro - and how it can help all golfers players better and enjoy the game more.


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2012 Ford Focus ST-R Race Car: 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show
Nelson Ireson September 12, 2011 Comment Now!
Ford has already taken the wraps off the production version of the 2012 Focus ST as we'll see it here in the U.S. (more or less) and its tantalizing but off-limits Wagon counterpart. Now it's time for the Focus ST-R, the racing variant of the ST hatchback.
Generating an undisclosed amount of horsepower (probably for competitive reasons) from its 2.0-liter EcoBoost engine, the ST-R is a purpose-built track version of the Focus ST made to race in a variety of series, including Grand-Am ST, World Challenge TC, and Canadian Touring Car Series events. Ford hopes it will also see action in European series as well as one-off events like the 24 Hours of Nurburgring.
North American Ford dealers will be able to order the car first, straight from Ford Racing as a turn-key race car. Jamie Allison, director of Ford Racing, says, ""This is a competitive turn key race car that will allow our customers to compete successfully in multiple series around the world with minor modifications. And it shows the on-going alignment of Ford Racing with our Performance Vehicles development group." If you purchase one of these cars, all you'll need is a communications setup and whatever decals you run to be ready for the track.
Being a production-based road racer, the Focus ST-R uses stock body panels and other production parts wherever possible. Ford says the ST-R will also result in a wide range of Ford Racing parts to be offered both to racers and enthusiasts globally.
For more details on the car the ST-R is based on, check out the full details on the 2012 Ford Focus ST production model here.
High-Res Gallery: 2012 Ford Racing Focus ST-R race car
2012 2012 Ford Racing Focus ST-R Ford Focus News Ford News Hatchbacks Race Cars Racing
Ford Prices Focus ST-R Race Car From $98,995
Preview: 2023 Chevy Corvette Z06 revealed with 670-hp LT6 V-8
There are reportedly no plans for a new Ford Mustang Shelby GT500 convertible
2024 Chevrolet Camaro Collector's Edition reportedly the muscle car's finale
Nelson Ireson - Senior Editor
2024 Ford Mustang spy shots: Redesigned pony car spotted for first time Spy Shots January 15, 2022
2022 Ford Ranger Splash returns to relive the '90s Pickup Trucks January 14, 2022


Get the mobile country codes for calling Georgia from Luxembourg.
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