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Первинний видобуток і переробка благородних металів

Вступ
Дані сучасної історичної науки свідчать, що видобуток золота почався в мідну добу. З тих пір було видобуто приблизно 120–130 тис. тонн дорогоцінного металу. Першою золотоносною провінцією, відкритою на Землі, була Аравійсько-Нубійська.

Найдавніші знахідки золотих виробів археологи датують V тис. до Р. Х., (Балкани, Південний Кавказ, Індія, Єгипет), тоді як першу мідь, освоєну людиною на південному сході Малої Азії, відносять до VIII тис. до Р. Х. На користь «першості» міді може свідчити той факт, що розповсюдженість золотих самородків була істотно нижчою, ніж мідних (за різними оцінками — в десятки разів).

Балкани
Найбільш давні (з достовірно датованих) знахідки золотих виробів були виявлені на території Болгарії (золотий некрополь поблизу Варни). Поховання V тис. до Р. Х. нараховувало близько 300 могил, в яких було віднайдено більш ніж 2 тис. унікальних виробів із золота, міді та кременю, у тому числі й золотий жезл — символ монаршої влади. Розкопки золотого некрополя дали підстави стверджувати, що видобуток благородних металів на території Балкан і Карпат імовірно передував розробкам у Єгипті. Кінцем V тис. до Р. Х. датують перші золоті вироби Південного Кавказу й Вірменського нагір'я, припускаючи можливість їх більш раннього походження. Проте, ці реалії не змінюють того факту, що найстарша розвинута цивілізація в якій золото відігравало визначальну роль, повстала в Єгипті.

Стародавній Єгипет і Межиріччя
Різноманітне археологічне вивчення пам'яток Стародавнього Єгипту й Межиріччя, а також давні писемні джерела цих цивілізацій вказують на вельми раннє знайомство з благородними металами, які мали релігійне ототожнення з богами сонця (золото) й місяця (срібло). Велика цінність цих металів, зумовлена їх рідкістю й величезною трудомісткістю видобувних робіт, зробила їх елементом сакральних культів, а згодом — мірилом вартості («валютними металами»).

Стародавні єгиптяни вважали, що саме Сонце (верховний бог Ра) породило золото, пролившись на землю золотим дощем. Подібно до сонця золото в Єгипті називали «променистим» («нуб»), а край де видобували золото іменували Нубією. Ототожнення бога-сонця в золоті давніх храмів повинно було вражати уяву віруючих. Покинувши старі Фіви, фараон Ехнатон збудував нову столицю Єгипту Ахет-Атон («небосхил сонячного диску»). В храмах цього міста сонце відбивалося в сотнях полірованих золотих дисків, утворю-ючи ілюзію безлічі одночасно палаючих світил бога-сонця, якого вшановували Ехнатон та його піддані.

Щоб наблизитись до бога-сонця єгипетські фараони оточували себе безліччю золотих виробів, але головні скарби йшли на оздоблення гробниць усередині пірамід. При цьому обшивка золотом стін усипальниці, масивні саркофаги, багате начиння і, навіть, великі золоті самородки, які зали-шали у гробницях, свідчать про тони назавжди похованого дорогоцінного металу. Важливо те, що більша частина золота, видобута за того чи іншого фараона, йшла на оздоблення його гробниці й вилучалася із подальшого обігу. Новому володарю необхідно було організовувати чергові розробки, осво-ювати наступні золотоносні райони, щоб зібрати необхідну кількість металу для достойного переходу в царство мертвих. Таким чином, єгипетські сакральні уявлення у сполученні з безмежною владою фараона і жерців становили один з головних стимулів масового видобутку золота. За оцінками К. Проберза, тільки за часів Давнього Царства (2686–2181 до Р. Х.) у Єгипті було видобуто 850 т золота, що перебільшує його сумарний видобуток (за означений час) на інших родовищах світу.

На відміну від єгипетського й арійського культу бога-сонця, в Межиріччі й на Близькому Сході більш поширеним було поклоніння богині родючості й любові Іннін (вона ж Іштар, Астарта), символом якої був місяць. Земним втіленням нічного світила було срібло (ймовірно колір та блиск цього металу нагадував таємниче місячне сяйво). Богиню Астарту зображували у вигляді жінки, над головою якої розміщувався півмісяць, характерний для осіннього рівнодення . Походження слова «срібло» пов'язують із запозиченням з асирійської, де назва срібла — «сарпу» тотожна назві місячного серпа. Індоєвропейські народи використовували також назву «аргента», що означає «світлий» (від нього походить латинське «argentums»). Найбільш давні срібні вироби, що датують серединою V тис. до Р. Х., були виявлені на території Іраку, Ірану й Малої Азії.

На відміну від срібла, видобуток якого вели в гірських масивах за допомогою підземних виробок, самородне розсипне золото Єгипту було виявлене раніше жильного і тривалий час видобувалось відкритим способом. Імовірно, що перші знахідки золотих самородків траплялися рільникам, які обробляли мотиками землі в долині Нілу. Окремі самородки знаходили серед прибережного мулу та піску, оскільки їх яскраво-жовтий колір і незвичайні властивості привертали особливу увагу шукача. З часом єгиптянами був винайдений спосіб промивки уламкового матеріалу у лотках. Ця технологія, основувалась на різниці питомої ваги дрібних уламків гірських порід й металу, й дозволяла відсаджуючи на дно лотка золоті крихти, видаляти більш легкі мінерали.

Перша операція промивки полягала в замочуванні й перемішуванні взятої проби, при цьому мул і завислі глинисті частки зносила вода потоку. Одночасно руками видаляли значні уламки (гальку, щебінь), роздивляючись їх, щоб не оминути самородок. Коли у лотку залишалася лише пісковогравійна фракція, його трохи нахиляли від себе й надавали зворотно-поступального руху, що вело до активного перемішування суміші. В результаті — уламки мінералів розподілялися за питомою вагою, причому більш легкі поступово зміщувались до краю лотка й зривалися з нього, а більш важкі (у тому числі золото) осідали у центральній частині. Таким чином вдавалося збагатити пробу у сотні разів. Простота промивальних приладів й старательських навичок зовсім не означає, що спосіб промивки був очевидним для кожного, хто починав пошуки золота чи збагачення руд. Навпаки, його ретельно приховували, з часом втрачали й знов «винаходили» у середньовіччі, а потім у XVIII ст.

Джерела отримання першого срібла достеменно не з'ясовані. Згідно з одними припущеннями (Т. Вертайм, Р. Форбес) металургія срібла виникла у зв'язку з видобутком свинцю із сполук, де ці метали зустрічалися разом. Найдавніші рудники по видобутку срібла виявлені на сході Малої Азії, де воно вилучалося із свинцевих руд. На думку О. Лукаса, перше срібло потрапило в руки людини у вигляді самородних золотосрібних сплавів із вмістом золота менше 50%. У природі чисте самородне срібло зустрічається відносно рідко (навіть у порівнянні з золотом), причому срібні самородки (іноді значних розмірів) залягають здебільшого в глибинних зонах рудних родовищ, що майже виключає можливості існування срібних розсипів і потребує розробки руд в гірських масивах.

Вже у Стародавньому Єгипті жерці й шукачі золота задавалися питанням: «Звідки беруться розсипи золота?» Вибравши його запаси в якомусь місці, старателі просувалися по руслу річки вгору, відкриваючи поклади більш давніх і багатих відкладень. Їх розробку вели не тільки на поверхні, але й з невеликої глибини. У подальшому пошуки приводили до витоків річок, в гірські масиви, де прадавні шахтарі розпочинали розробку корінних гірських порід, що містили золотоносні («материнські») жили. Поступово прийшло розуміння того, що золоті розсипи у долинах річок — це продукти руйнування (вивітрювання) золотоносних жил гірських масивів, змитих і переміщених дощовими водами, потоками річок та струменів. В районах пустель основною руйнівною силою виступав вітер. Середньовічний арабський вчений Аль-Біруні писав про єгипетські родовища в Нубії: «Гори ці золотоносні й стрімкі, й вода з великою силою несе кусні золота у вигляді самородків, що подібні до намистин, тому земля Нілу названа "золотою землею"» (Нубією).

Стародавні Єгиптяни першими осягнули ці природні явища й використали важливі геологічні знання. Спершу були освоєні розсипи самого Нілу. В пісках цієї річки дрібки самородного золота спостерігались по всій довжині (навіть були намиті з осадів дельти поблизу Олександрії). Але головні розсипні родовища були знайдені у Східній пустелі між Нілом і Червоним морем, на схід від м. Фіви, а також у Нубії (південніше Єгипту), де здебільшого використовували підземну розробку жильних покладів. Більша частина золотоносної провінції розташовувалась на Нубійсько-Аравійському щиті й була складена породами протерозойських гнейсів, гранітів і кристалічних сланців, виходи яких спостерігаються з обох боків тектонічного розла-му, заповненого водами Червоного Моря.

Вже у III тис. до Р. Х. гірники рушили до верхів'їв Нілу шукати джерела золотоносних розсипів. В гірських районах Нубії єгиптяни почали розробляти кварцові жили, причому глибина гірничих робіт сягала в окремих випадках до 120 м. Експлуатаційні виробки проводили по простяганню жили, при-чому їх довжина сягала до 500 м. При цьому доводилося руйнувати дуже мі-цні граніти й кварц, використовуючи лише кам'яні й бронзові знаряддя. Ймовірно застосовували також вогневий метод, але нестача деревини (лісових масивів) суттєво обмежувала обсяги його використання. Розміри перерізу виробок були мінімально можливі (іноді — вузькі лази). Загальна кількість виявлених шахт — понад 100.

Дослідник давніх золотих рудників Африки А. Ерман писав про гірничі пам'ятки єгиптян: «Той, хто просувається кіньми від південного кордону Єгипту на схід, через сімнадцять днів подорожі по розпеченій, безводній, гористій пустелі зустріне поблизу містечка, яке називають зараз Етураніт, повністю збережені гірничі виробки. Глибокі шахти йдуть усередину гори. Дві цистерни збирають воду зимових дощів. Поблизу розташовані похилі кам'яні столи, що слугували для промивання золотоносної руди. В долині майорять близько трьох сотень кам'яних хижок. У кожній залишилось щось на зразок гранітних ручних млинів, на яких колись подрібнювали кварцовий щебінь» .

У Луксорі (на території давніх Фів) археологами був виявлений свиток з переліком двадцяти одного золотоносного району, в яких велися гірничі роботи за часів фараона Рамзеса II (1317–1251 до Р. Х.). До цього ж періоду належить унікальна мапа єгипетських золотих рудників, що існували на території Східної пустелі. Ця найдавніша географічна мапа, вік якої понад 3300 років, отримала назву «Туринський папірус» (по назві міста зберігання рукопису). Вона відображує план одного з гірничих районів луксорсь-кого списку, так звану «Чисту гору». На мапі збереглися давні позначки: 1 — «дорога, що веде до моря»; 2 — «гора золота» (з зображеними шахтами); 3 — «поселення шукачів золота»; 4 — «стела Мент-Маат-Ра» (фараона Сеті I, бать-ка Рамзеса II); 5 — «дорога Та-Менті»; 6 — «гора Амона»; 7 — «гора в якій перебуває Амон»; 8 — «святилище Амона на Чистій горі»; 9 — «гора на якій проми-вається золото»; 10 — «дорога …»; 11 — «гора золота»; 12 — «друга дорога, що веде до моря»; 13 — зображення колодязя; 14 — оброблене поле (заштриховане). Звертає увагу те велике значення, яке укладач мапи приділив святили-щам бога бога-сонця Амона (ототожнення верховного бога Ра). Ймовірно, що гірники золотих копалень належали до храму Амона-Ра.

Значні перешкоди для ведення робіт і транспортування руди були пов'язані з відсутністю доріг і нестачею води (особливо у Східній пустелі). В пошуках води гірники споруджували колодязі небувалої глибини, але не завжди їх у цьому супроводжував успіх. Як правило, справу забезпечення рудників водою брав під свою опіку сам фараон. Воду доставляли з Нілу. До наших часів збереглися сліди трактів, по яких численні каравани в'ючних тварин протягом сторіч доставляли на рудники посудини з нільською водою. Для охорони транспорту золота на Нілі будували фортеці з мобільними вій-ськовими залогами, каравани супроводжували спеціальні озброєні загони.

Тривалий період тяжка й небезпечна праця гірників у Стародавньому Єгипті організовувалась жерцями, а стимулами для неї слугували сакральні уявлення єгиптян. Аналіз багатьох писемних і археологічних джерел свідчить, що ментальність єгипетського суспільства сприймала людину не як індивідуума, а як частку єдиної спільноти, консолідуючи народні зусилля на реалізації релігійного й суспільного обов'язку, служінні божественним намісникам — фараонам. У свій час це сприяло високим досягненням єгипетської культури, мобілізувало населення на розвиток таких трудомістких і небезпечних промислів, як гірництво й металургія.

Пізніше на гірничих роботах почали використовувати військовополонених з Лівії й Нубії, яких єгиптяни називали «живими мерцями» або «живими для убивства» (що правдиво відображало жорстоку експлуатацію рабів у рудниках). Дискусійним залишається питання щодо кількості й ролі рабської праці в масштабних проектах Давнього Єгипту (будівництво пірамід, освоєння родовищ корисних копалин). Відомі погляди видатних єгиптологів про те, що «експлуатуюче рабство, яке ми зустрічаємо у римлян, у Єгипті зустрічалося рідко» (Ф. Ванденберг), «від греків розповсюдився міф про рабовласництво як основу єгипетської економіки» (О. Бонджоанні) та ін. Масове й системне використання рабів на рудниках Єгипту (за даними писемних джерел) спостерігалося в часи пізньої античності, особливо під час правління грецької династії Птолемеїв.

На початку II тис. до Р. Х. єгиптяни освоїли очистку (рафінування) золота від домішок інших металів. Для цього в розплав золота додавали свинець, висівки, солому. Домішки, відділялись від золота й легко поєднувались із здатним до окиснення свинцем, після чого разом виводились із розплаву. В ті ж часи в Єгипті було віднайдено спосіб золочення полум'ям (покриття мідних поверхонь тонким шаром золотосвинцевого розплаву). До цього широко використовувалась техніка розковування золотих листів ручними молота-ми на кам'яній основі, причому «золочення» полягало у щільному обгортанні виробу з міді, дерева або гіпсу в тонко розковані золоті листи (фольгу). Дав-ньоєгипетські ювеліри володіли умінням виковувати золотий дріт, проводити спайку ювелірних виробів, наносити емаль, виготовляти сплави золота зі сріблом і сульфідом заліза. Ювелірні прикраси знайшли широке розповсюдження майже у всіх прошарків населення, оскільки крім естетичних властивостей їх наділяли магічною силою.

У період першої династії (3065—2890 рр. до Р. Х.) було зроблено важливий крок на шляху розвитку товарних відносин, які ґрунтувалися на використанні золота як мірила вартості. Під час правління фараона Менеса (Хор-Аха) була введена практика клеймування золотих зливків, що забезпечувала гарантії їх ваги й проби . Крім того, у зазначений період у Єгипті виготовляли типові золоті кільця вагою 7,5 та 15 г, які використовувалися як засіб торговельного обміну. Ці «фінансові» досягнення на багато століть випередили свій час і досвід інших народів в пошуках універсального засобу обміну.

Шумери. Південний Кавказ, Іран, Мала Азія
Організацію масштабних гірничих робіт по освоєнню родовищ срібла приписують шумерам і датують першою половиною III тис. до Р. Х. Експлуатувалися родовища Південного Кавказу, Ірану, Малої Азії. Прикметно, що в стародавній шумерській поемі «Енмеркар і правитель Аратти» (середина III тис. до Р. Х.) згадується про поставки в Межиріччя із «розташованої за сімома узгір'ями» країни Аратти срібла, золота, електруму, лазуриту й «гірського каміння з їх гір». Згідно з описами, місце розташування Аратти могло знаходитися на території Вірменського нагір'я. Знайдений в Еблі (сучасне м. Тель-Мардих, Сирія) унікальний клинописний архів XXIV ст. до Р. Х. свідчить про сталий імпорт благородних металів з Південного Кавказу. У Єгипет, в якому власні родовища срібла були відсутні, «метал Місяця» (або «біле золото») надходив здебільшого з Межиріччя та Малої Азії, причому його вартість довгий час була більша за золото. У Східному Середземномор'ї срібло було відомо з середини III тис. до Р. Х., куди воно потрапляло зі Сходу, а вже за кілька століть почалася розробка срібла на західних родовищах Середземноморського рудного поясу.

Стародавні єгиптяни видобували золото не тільки в Єгипті та прилеглих територіях (сучасні Судан, Ефіопія), але й на Піренейському півострові, куди споряджали чисельні експедиції.
Слід зазначити, що єгиптяни не були одинокі в пошуках «металу сонця». З давніх часів їм складали конкуренцію в цьому народи Балкан, Карпат (Трансільванія) і Кавказу, де також формувалися потужні центри з видобутку золота. Слід зауважити, що освоєння жильних руд золота в гірських масивах Південного Кавказу сталося майже на два тисячоліття раніше, ніж на єгипетських розробках родовищ Нубії. При цьому послідовність в освоєнні розсипних і жильних родовищ Кавказу теж відрізнялась від єгипетського досвіду (розсипні родовища почали розробляти на Кавказі пізніше жильних). Це пояснюється сталими, дуже давніми розробками в горах Південного Кавказу виробничих металів, що дозволило виявити й поклади жильного золота. Давні золоті рудники, що збереглися на території Вірменії та Грузії, датують III тис. до Р. Х. (копальні Кадабекського та Мегринського родовищ), хоча знайдені на Південному Кавказі окремі золоті вироби відносять до більш ранніх часів (V тис. до Р. Х.).

У Східній Вірменії в районі Зангезуру (лівий берег річки Мегрі) на сучасному руднику Тертерасар була виявлена розгорнута мережа давніх виробок, що пронизували найбільш багату золотом верхню частину родовища (розробки датовані кінцем IV — початком III тис. до Р. Х.). Розкриття рудного покладу давні гірники проводили за допомогою похилих стволів, які на визначених глибинах переходили у горизонтальні експлуатаційні виробки. Довжина стволів складала 80—90 м. Від них відходили добувні штреки й ніші. Розробку вели у зворотному напрямку, погашаючи відпрацьовану частину виробок. У руднику були знайдені кам'яні сокири, рубила, залишки кріплен-ня у вигляді опорних кам'яних конструкцій, а також рештки давніх гірників, завалених породою. Не менш цікавим пам'ятником гірництва є золотий рудник Мандеульського родовища у Південній Грузії, датований III тис. до Р. Х. Видобуток жильного золота на цьому родовищі тривав кілька століть.

Припускають, що розробку розсипного золота на південному Кавказі вели з початку II тис. до Р. Х. Одним з найбільш характерних способів видобутку золота в численних річних потоках Кавказу було використання вовняних шкір тварин, у вовнинках яких затримувалися крупинки металу. Натягнуту на дошку овечу шкуру (вовною догори) розташовували на дні бурхливого потоку, що ніс з собою дрібноуламковий матеріал. При цьому глинисто-піщану суміш та уламки породи зносило течією, а більш важкі металеві частки осідали на шкурі й затримувались у вовні. Таку шкуру, відомою під назвою «золоте руно», потім просушували й вибивали з неї крупинки золота. Широке розповсюдження ця технологія знайшла в Колхіді (Західна Грузія), значний видобуток золота якої багаторазово згадували античні автори. Золото Колхіди залишилось у пам'яті людства також завдяки неперевершеному давньогрецькому міфу про аргонавтів, який більше трьох тисячоліть привертає увагу до «золотого руна».

Країна Офір
Між країнами давнього світу, що прославились багатим видобутком золота, помітно виділяється біблійна країна Офір. Загалом золото згадується в Біблії понад 400 разів, що свідчить про величезне значення цього металу в житті давніх народів. Більшість згадок пов'язано з ім'ям мудрого й багатого царя Соломона, який правив Давнім Ізраїлем на межі II і I тис. до Р. Х. Описані у Першій книзі Царів величезні багатства Соломона й золоте начиння збудованого ним храму поставили питання про походження дорогоцінних металів його скарбниці. У Біблії говориться, що на узбережжі Червоного моря неподалік від Ейлата цар Соломон мав свою корабельню, де збудував великі судна. Допомагали йому в цьому фінікійці, найкращі мореплавці свого часу, які й склали команди цих кораблів. «І послав Гірам (цар Фінікії, союзник царя Соломона — авт.) на тих кораблях своїх підданих мореходів, що з морем обізнані були, вкупі з підданими Соломоновими, і прибули вони в Офір, і взяли звідти золота чотириста й двадцять талантів, і привезли до царя Соломона» (Перша книга Царів, гл. 9, вірші 27, 28) . Далі в біблійному тексті повідомляється, що надходження золота й дорогоцінного каміння з країни Офір стали регулярними, флот відправлявся туди «що три роки», «і було в золоті, що приходило до Соломона, ваги шістсот шістдесят і шість талантів».

Існують різноманітні гіпотези, щодо ототожнення країни Офір з відомими золотовидобувними центрами . Одна з найбільш імовірних — золото доставляли з Ефіопії, куди воно потрапляло з розробок родовищ у верхів'ях Нілу. Підкреслимо, що першим з європейців, хто потрапив на ці віддаленні від цивілізації території, був наш земляк, виходець із слобожанської шляхти, вихованець Харківського університету, видатний гірничий інженер і геолог Єгор Ковалевський . Уряд Російської імперії кількаразово направляв цього досвідченого спеціаліста на пошуки корисних копалин у Чорногорію, Середню Азію, Китай, Єгипет (загалом він здійснив тринадцять місій). На прохання володаря Єгипту Мохаммеда-Алі експедиція Ковалевського у 1848 р. успішно провела пошуки розсипного золота й збудувала золотопромивну фабрику на Туматі (притока Блакитного Нілу). Арабське прислів'я, натякаючи на багате золото, стверджує, що «витоки Нілу лежать у раю». За особистою ініціативою Є. Ковалевський разом з частиною експедиції вирушив на пошуки країни Офір у верхів'я Тумату (Ефіопське нагір'я), де знайшов ознаки давніх розробок і багатих корінних родовищ золота. Наукові результати експе-диції були покладені в новаторську (для свого часу) працю Є. Ковалевського «Нільський басейн у геологічному відношенні й золотовмісні розсипи Внутрішньої Африки» (1849 р.).

Ще однією біблійною вказівкою щодо давніх багатих розробок золота є епізод прибуття в Єрусалим цариці Савської з великим почтом і численними дарами «Прибула ж вона в Єрусалим з вельми великим двором, а верблюди несли пахощі й багато золота й дорогоцінного каміння… І подарувала вона цареві сто й двадцять талантів золота…» (Перша книга Царів, гл. 10, вірші 2, 10).

На відміну від країни Офір, географічне розташування давньої країни Саба відоме — це південна частина Аравії (сучасні Ємен та Оман). Йдучи за біблійною підказкою, американський археолог К. Твітчел у 1932 р. дослідив давні покинуті розробки Джебель-Махд-ед-Джахаб (з арабської — «золота колиска», тобто, золотопромивний лоток). Він дійшов висновку, що в I тис. до Р. Х. тут велися масштабні розробки золота, які продовжувалися і в більш пізні часи. Проте, золото було вибране не повністю, а величезні породні відвали обіцяли значний вміст дорогоцінного металу. Заручившись підтримкою еміра Сауда, К. Твітчел заснував синдикат по вторинній переробці відвалів давніх рудників, який з 1937 р. по 1951 р. отримав понад 60 т чистого золота. Таким чином, більш сучасна гірнича техніка й збагачувальне обладнан-ня виявилися здатні оживити давні рудники.

Південна та Східна Азія
Розробки золота в країнах Південної та Східної Азії дещо поступалися в часі й масштабах видобутку основним світовим центрам. Вважають, що організований видобуток золота в Індії та Китаї розпочався у II тис. до Р. Х. і зосереджувався на розсипах річних долин. В Індії — це зокрема басейн Гангу та річки Центрального Індостану. Застосовували промивання річного піску у лотках, способи якого індуси зберігали протягом тисячоліть . Золото згадується вже в індійських Ведах. З середини II тис. до Р. Х. золоті прикраси використовували як своєрідний грошовий еквівалент. Геродот свідчить, що індійські сатрапії платили данину Ахеменідській імперії золотом і наводить величезний розмір данини — близько 9 тонн на рік. Крім видобутку розсипного золота розробляли й жильні родовища, які зосереджувались в гірських масивах північних відрогів Гімалаїв і в Тибеті, а також на півдні — в районі Ченнаї (колишнього Мадрасу).

У Китаї не було своїх багатих розсипних чи корінних родовищ золота, тому його видобували в різних місцях з бідних розсипів наполегливою працею, а також завозили з Алтаю та Індії. Не виключена також можливість давньої розробки багатих амурських розсипів, масштабні сліди якої були виявлені першими російськими дослідниками цього краю (питання датування цих гірничих робіт залишається дискусійним). При археологічних дослідженнях поховань давніх китайських володарів XIV — XII ст. до Р. Х. виявлена велика кількість предметів із бронзи, золота та коштовного каміння, що свідчить про широке уживання дорогоцінних виробів у середовищі вищої знаті.

Серед найбільш давніх золотоносних провінцій Далекого Сходу, виділяється Південний Індокитай, зокрема півострів Малакка, який Птоломей називав «золотим островом». Велася відкрита розробка алювіальних розсипів в Західній Малайзії. Підземним способом розроблялися гірські масиви в районі малайзійського Головного Хребта (корінне родовище самородного золота Рауб та поліметалічні поклади з вмістом благородних металів). Золото потрапляло також з навколишніх островів. Відстежити час початку розробок для більшості родовищ Південно-Східної Азії вельми складно.

Див. також

 Історія гірничої справи
 Видобуток благородних металів у добу античності

Література
 Гайко Г. І., Білецький В. С. Історія гірництва: Підручник. — Київ-Алчевськ: Видавничий дім «Києво-Могилянська академія», видавництво «ЛАДО» ДонДТУ, 2013. — 542 с.

Посилання

 The History Of Gold. 2001.

Історія освоєння мінеральних ресурсів
Благородні метали

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In 2001, Opening of flagship service centre at Asia Standard Tower, Central, which takes up a gross floor area of up to 37,000 square feet. It has been the largest service centre operated by Modern Beauty so far.
Opening of service centre at shopping plaza of Miramar Hotel, being the Group's prime service centre focusing on fitness services in 2000.
Introduced fitness courses such as aerobics.
Modern Beauty Salon Holdings Ltd.©1998-2016. All rights reserved.


Notification for 1st phase of Lok Sabha polls today.
The process of filing nominations for the first phase of Parliamentary elections will begin on Monday with the issuance of notification.
The last date for filing candidature is the 25th of this month. Scrutiny will take place the next day, while 28th is the last date for withdrawal of nominations. Polling will be held on the 11th of next month.
Ninety-one constituencies spread over 20 states and union territories will go to polls in the first phase. Elections will be held for all 25 seats in Andhra Pradesh, and 17 in Telangana.
Other constituencies going to polls in this phase are: eight in Uttar Pradesh; five in Uttarakhand; four in Bihar; seven in Maharashtra; five in Assam; four in Odisha; two each in Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and West Bengal; and one each in Chhattisgarh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Sikkim, Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
In Uttar Pradesh, Saharanpur, Kairana, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Bijnor, and Gautam Buddh Nagar will go to polls in this phase.
Notification will also be issued today for Assembly elections for all the 175 Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh, 28 of the total 147 constituencies in Odisha, all 32 Assembly seats in Sikkim and all 60 constituencies in Arunachal Pradesh.
The counting of votes will be taken up on 23rd May after the completion of all phases of polling.


We all know a tea drinker within our friends and family circle, and whether they drink it to keep their tummy warm, out of a habit, or as a part of their diet there is no denying that teas are part of our daily routine just like breathing.
We understand that gifting a person who likes a brew is never a piece of cake, especially if you aren't a huge tea drinker just like me; and just because you aren't a pro when it comes to tea doesn't mean you have to settle for less when it comes to presents related to it.
I don't want to spoil anything to you but we've found a selection of unique tea inspiration on the internet for the person who enjoys a cuppa tea, and we listed them down below for you to see!
This box of tea comprises of 9 different variants of the brew. Each boasts to have a unique character and taste, they have been selected by professional tasters so you can be sure that the quality were never compromised.
These are organic pressed teas that will instantly dissolve in a cup, and the sampler box has 4 types of tea which are basic flavors if you ask me; but I like being basic. So let the tea lover see it and taste it for herself, if anything, she'd rather get these tea drops than have tear drops. Just saying!
We cannot always assume that a tea lover would just want to receive a tea bag, a tea kettle or a cup. I think we have to branch out to other tea related things even if it means engaging them into arts. Oh yes! There is no stopping a tea lover to express her love for coloring especially when both tea and art makes her relax and relieve her stressors away.
This necklace reminds me of Chip and Mrs. Potts from Beauty and the Beast, but don't ever forget to include this on your gifting list. The ideal gift for a tea lover and even non-tea drinker, because an accessory like this can match anyone's outfit.
If the receiver of your present is a regular traveller, then this tea bag holder should be included in her luggage. This is great for the tea lover who likes to carry tea, aside from convenience, they can definitely save some money if they bring their own packets of tea.
The ideal gift for a tea drinker who extends their stay in bed every morning. These are comfy and has a non-slip grip to ensure that the feet will stay warm just as they want their tea to be warm. So before you make them a cup of tea, give them these socks first then carry on with your duty.
Tough and beautiful just like our mother nature, this bamboo tumbler is constructed to be eco-friendly and non-toxic, just the typical things we look for a trusty bottle. It has a tea infuser inside perfect for the on-the-go lifestyle of the tea person in your life. This also ensures the temperature of any drink that's in it, ask me and I'll say, you have to grab this!
Speaking of infuser, this set of tea infusers are just the cutest. Call me a kid at heart but they simply have the charm, I am not a fan of sharks, but with the ever so gentle looking shark infuser, you can sign me up! I bet your tea person will be glad to receive these as a present.
Most tea drinkers are also cup collectors, I think it's because of the special experience that they get from drinking on their favourite cup or collection. You may find it weird, but I know a lot of tea lovers who have a massive cup compilation.
This is a start up set for a matcha tea drinking ceremonial, you can either give the tea lover a ticket to Japan to taste the original matcha or you can take them on a matcha journey with this gift set, it's way cheaper but it's a lifetime experience.
Not only is green tea good for the tummy, but it is also great for invigorating the skin and awakening the senses. What we love about this whole package is the convenience and practicality that it gives when it comes to gifting a tea fanatic.
This handmade bracelet with a simple little trinket of a tea cup is a dainty gift for any tea lover or even non-tea drinker. You can give this as is or add it to a gift hamper; and we know a little secret about this make a wish bracelet, they say once it wears through, then the wish will come true!
This is no ordinary tea kettle because it comes with a tea infuser. It will give a whistling sound as a signal that the temperature has reached its boiling point; but the premium stainless steel strainer brews the tea in no time, a really smart gift for a tea drinker in your life.
A patterned cushion cover made to please the tea fanatic, the prints are so vivid and promises of no fading, this pillow cover is an ideal gift for any tea drinker. You know that anything relating to tea will be up their alley, so don't forget to include this on your list!
Thank you for making it this far, we do appreciate your time browsing our list/links of tea-themed presents. We hope that our listing didn't disappoint, we know that there are tons of gift ideas out there, but we really tried to keep it short and simple, because the focal point of our listing is to come up with inexpensive gifts that are worth every penny you saved.
And before we let you go, allow us to give a piece of advice when it comes to consumerism: "Remember that good things come to those who choose wisely." Ciao!


We have hit a snag in scheduling our January meeting. Our usual venue, the Jefferson Parish East Bank Regional Library, is updating its meeting rooms. This is good news and bad. It means that our future meetings there will have updated more user friendly equipment, however, the facility will be closed to us for January.
Regretfully, we have been forced to cancel our January meeting.
The bright spot on our horizon is the year long course with Reggie Ezell which begins in February. There is still room in the class and those of us who have signed up to take it can't wait to begin. If you haven't already given it full consideration, please do so. It is a once in a life time opportunity to study with a most generous and talented calligrapher and teacher.


text:
Chapter 1418 – Ji Yu's Identity
How could Chen Xi possibly make a fuss about it with Yue Wenting? He smiled and said, "The unaware carry no blame."
After a chat, Chen Xi finally figures out that the little girl called Yunyun was actually called Chen Yunzhi, and she was the daughter of Chen An and his wife, Wei Zitong. She was six years old now, and she possessed a tranquil bearing that was rather alike to her father.
The little boy called Chen Baobao was actually called Chen Baojing, and he was Chen Yu and Yue Wenting's son. He was two years old now, and he was a rather clever and mischievous fellow.
On the other hand, Chen An's wife, Wei Zitong, and Chen Yu's wife, Yue Wenting, were both young women that Chen An and Chen Yu had come to know while travelling in the Dark Reverie, and then affection gradually grew between them before they became Dao Companions.
After he found about all of this, Chen Xi was extremely happy in his heart as well. I never expected that when I returned after a few hundreds of years, I would actually be able to embrace my grandchildren. This is an extremely nice feeling.
He teased Chen Baobao and Chen Yunyun as he asked Chen Yu. "Where's An'er? I seem to have not sensed his aura when I entered the clan."
"He and sister-in-law have headed to the border to resist the Xeno-race army, and they'll return in a few days." Chen Yu answered casually, and then he invited Chen Xi in an excited manner. "Uncle, my Father is in closed door cultivation. If he knows that you've returned, then he'll definitely be overjoyed. Come, I'll take you to the Grand Hall of the clan to meet some juniors of our clan."
Chen Xi thought for a moment yet shook his head and said in the end, "Forget it, I'll go see them after An'er and his wife returns."
"Right, Uncle has just returned, so you naturally have to catch up with my Father and Senior Ji Yu first." Chen Yu nodded. "Come, I'll take you to go see them."
Chen Xi said with a smile, "Are they at the island at the center of the lake in the depths of the Southern Barbaric Mountain Range, right?"
Chen Yu smiled. "Exactly."
As he spoke, he instructed Yue Wenting. "Wenting, stay in the clan with Baobao and Yunyun, and don't reveal the news of Uncle's return yet."
Yue Wenting hurriedly nodded, and she was still slightly reserved when facing Chen Xi.
It couldn't be helped. She was from the Dark Reverie, so she was naturally very clearly aware of exactly how terrifying Chen Xi's reputation was. It was even to the extent that he could be considered a legendary overlord that was unprecedented in ten thousand years, and even now, the dazzling deeds of Chen Xi in the Dark Reverie was something that she could speak of without even thinking about it.
So at this moment, how could she not be nervous when facing Chen Xi?
"This won't do. I want to go with Grandfather!" Chen Baobao didn't agree with his father's arrangement, and he shouted loudly.
Chen Yunyun didn't speak, yet she gazed at Chen Xi with a look of anticipation as well. Presently, she was already clearly aware that this man who was holding her in his arms was actually the Grandfather that her father frequently mentioned, so she was naturally unwilling to be parted from Chen Xi just like this.
Chen Xi grinned as he said, "Alright, alright, alright! We'll go together."
Now, he finally understood the feeling of being a grandfather. As he gazed at his grandchildren, it was simply like looking at a bright pearl in his palm, and he was filled with tender affection towards them.
All those years ago, he hadn't even been so doting towards Chen An and Chen Yu.
Chen Yu could only nod in agreement when he heard this because this was the decision that his Uncle, Chen Xi, had made.
"Right, Yu'er, there's one more thing I need your help with." Chen Xi suddenly recalled Dou Dian. When he entered Pine Mist City, he'd temporarily left Dou Dian in a restaurant. At this moment, he'd returned to his home, so he naturally couldn't disregard the little girl.
After he heard everything that Chen Xi said, Chen Yu's gaze instantly became slightly strange as if he'd thought of something.
Chen Xi glanced at him. "What is it?"
Chen Yu shook his head repeatedly. "It's nothing."
As he spoke, he shot a glance at Yue Wenting and said, "Wenting, then I'll trouble you to bring Miss Dou Dian back into the clan. Mmm, arrange for her to stay at the Knowledge Pool Pavilion first."
Yue Wenting was stunned, and then she said with a smile, "Alright, then quickly bring Uncle along to meet Father and Senior Ji Yu. Leave this matter to me."
Southern Barbaric Mountain Range. The island at the center of the lake.
All those years ago when Chen Xi left the Darchu Dynasty, he'd once cultivated here for many years, and he'd even met his Third Senior Brother here and obtained the Exalted Bone of a Roc, allowing him to cultivate the Stellar Lightningform and Devour Dao Insight.
At this moment, clouds covered the sky while a clear breeze swept lightly through the air. Ji Yu who had a thin face sat on his rocking chair as usual, and his eyes were slightly narrowed as he looked up towards the sky.
He'd lived for too many years, and he'd become accustomed to all sorts of great events. This was a rare moment in his life where his life was constantly calm, so he really cherished this moment.
A wave of footsteps resounded from afar, and then a young man with a dignified appearance, thick brows, and large eyes walked over. Surprisingly, it was the current Patriarch of the Chen Clan, Chen Hao.
Ji Yu didn't even turn his head around as he asked with an indifferent tone. "What's wrong?"
"In these past few days of closed door cultivation, my heart has been unable to keep calm. I keep having the feeling that something is about to occur." Chen Hao frowned as he sat by Ji Yu's side.
Ji Yu was stunned, and then his narrowed eyes swiftly opened up. His gaze was deep and like a bolt of cold lightning as he looked towards the distance, and a wisp of a mysterious smile appeared on the corners of his mouth after some time. He said, "Something is about to happen indeed."
Chen Hao was stunned.
Right at this moment, a large shout resounded from afar. "Senior Ji Yu, look who I brought to come see you? Eh, my Father has actually left his closed door cultivation as well?"
Along with this voice, Chen Hao suddenly noticed his son, Chen Yu, teleporting over from extremely far in the distance. Moreover, there was a man by Chen Yu's side. The man had a handsome appearance, an indifferent and extraordinary bearing, and his hands were holding Chen Baobao and Chen Yunyun.
In an instant, Chen Hao seemed as if he'd been struck by lightning, and he cried out involuntarily. "Big Brother!"
"He has finally returned…" Ji Yu smiled lightly as well, and a wisp of happiness appeared on his thin face. It seemed as if he'd expected that this day would come.
"Senior Ji Yu, Little Hao." Meanwhile, Chen Xi and Chen Yu had arrived on the island at the center of the lake. He passed the two little fellows in his hands to Chen Yu before he bowed to greet Ji Yu, and then he nodded to Chen Hao.
The two brothers smiled at each other, and everything was conveyed without a single word.
However, Chen Yu was amused when he heard the words 'Little Hao.' His Father that was usually extremely dignified had actually been called Little Hao by his Uncle, and if this was heard by the clansmen of the Chen Clan, then they would definitely burst out with laughter.
"Is it very funny?" Chen Hao suddenly turned around and glared at Chen Yu, causing the latter to smile shyly before hurriedly forming a serious expression on his face.
The island at the center of the lake was just as it was all those years ago, and there was only a single simple house there as Ji Yu's residence.
At this moment, a table was laid out within the house. Clear wine and light tea were laid out on the table, and fruits and snacks lay between them. Chen Xi, Chen Hao, Ji Yu, and Chen Yu sat around the table while drinking wine, eating, and chatting happily.
There was naturally an endless number of things to talk about when reuniting after a very long time.
Chen Xi mentioned some of his experiences in the Immortal Dimension while Chen Hao spoke about the changes in the Chen Clan, and all of them sighed endlessly with emotion as they chatted.
Chen Baobao was running about in the hall. Even though the little fellow seemed to be only around the age of two or three, he didn't stop moving for a moment, and he was filled with energy. On the other hand, Chen Yunyun sat obediently by Chen Xi's side, and her tiny hands held up her fair and pretty face as she silently listened to her Grandfather Chen Xi and Grandfather Chen Hao chat.
At this moment, the atmosphere here was so peaceful and happy that it caused Chen Xi's heart to feel extremely warm, and the one and only regret he had was that his son, Chen An, and his daughter-in-law, Wei Zitong, weren't here…
Of course, if Qing Xiuyi, his mother Zuoqiu Xue, and his father Chen Lingjun were here as well, then it would be even better.
This chat continued until the sun set, and then Chen Hao and Chen Yu returned to the Chen Clan with the two little fellows.
They had to make preparations and notify the clansmen of the Chen Clan and Chen Xi's friends to come meet Chen Xi a few days from now. After all, it was truly too rare for Chen Xi to make a trip back here from the Immortal Dimension, so he naturally had to meet all those that he should meet.
For a time, only Ji Yu and Chen Xi remained within the house.
"Accompany me on a walk." Ji Yu stood up and walked out.
Chen Xi had a lot of things to ask Ji Yu as well, so he immediately followed after Ji Yu.
At this moment, the glow of sunset filled the sky, and the setting sun was dropping down while emanating blood red rays of sunlight. Waves of the cries of birds frequently resounded from the distant mountains, and the surroundings seemed to be exceptionally empty and quiet.
"You saw the Eye of Heavenly Tribulation and God Attainment Chart when you were in the God Attainment Region?" As he stood before the clear lake, Ji Yu went silent for a long time before he spoke and broke this silence.
Chen Xi was stunned. He seemed to have never expected that the first question from Ji Yu would be about this. He immediately nodded and said, "Yes I did. Both of them were extremely mysterious existences."
"They're very mysterious indeed, and extremely formidable. They represent the forces above the Heaven Dao of the three dimensions. All those years ago, I was expelled from the three dimensions and reduced to a criminal of the three dimensions because of the Eye of Heavenly Tribulation." As soon as Ji Yu spoke, he spoke extremely astounding words.
Chen Xi was shocked. Never had he imagined that the existence who'd looked after the Manor for countless years would have actually been persecuted by the Eye of Heavenly Tribulation in the past!
When Chen Xi intended to find out more about this, Ji Yu stopped mentioning this topic and asked. "Has your time in Dao Emperor Academy during these past few years been alright?"
Chen Xi nodded. "All the seniors of the academy were rather caring towards me."
After that, he acutely noticed that even if he'd advanced into the Saint Immortal Realm now, he was still unable to see through Senior Ji Yu's exact cultivation realm.
Even if he sensed it carefully, he was unable to detect the depths of Ji Yu's cultivation, and coupled with a type of understanding he'd deduced in his heart a long time ago, he couldn't refrain himself from asking at this moment. "Senior, exactly…what realm is your cultivation at? Why was it so exhausting for you to take the Profound Disruption Mountain all those years ago?"
He was speaking about the time all those years ago in the depths of the Southern Barbaric Mountain Range. For the sake of obtaining the first River Diagram fragment, Ji Yu hadn't hesitated to exhaust himself in order to take the Profound Disruption Mountain away.
Ji Yu was stunned, and then he recalled this matter of the past. He pondered deeply for a moment before he said, "All those years ago, I was just like you are now, and it was even to the extent that I was greatly inferior to you. 99% of my cultivation was sealed up, and it was done for the sake of avoiding the detection of the energy of the Heaven Dao. So the amount of strength I was able to utilize was naturally extremely small."
He paused for a moment and said in a light voice, "Now, you've already advanced to the Saint Immortal Realm and witnessed the strength of the Eye of Heavenly Tribulation and the God Attainment Chart. Could it be that you've still not guessed the cultivation I possess?"
Chen Xi suddenly had a moment of inspiration. "You…wouldn't have already become a god a long time ago, right?"
Ji Yu seemed to feel Chen Xi's reaction was slightly strange, and he frowned as he said, "Didn't you say that you've already entered the Ancient Dao Emperor Grounds and obtained the Dao Emperor's inheritance from the Past Life Bloodpool?"
Chen Xi was stunned. Is there any relation between this and Senior Ji Yu's cultivation?
But right after that, he looked at Ji Yu who stood before him, and the mighty figure that he saw at the Past Life Bloodpool couldn't help but flash within his mind. At that time, he felt that figure was slightly familiar, yet he was unable to recall where he'd seen that figure in the past. At this moment, when he compared the figure to Ji Yu that stood before him, a tempestuous wave instantly arose in his heart. "You wouldn't be…"
Ji Yu started smiling as he sighed with emotion. "Little Fellow, you've only figured it out now?"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Health And Wellness Programs Improving And Evolving — Wissel & Walsh Insurance, Inc.
Health and benefits management firm, Towers Watson, presented the results of its survey on employee wellness programs. The survey included responses from 5,000 employees about how they participate in their organization's health program.
Overall, the survey found that 50 percent of employees are engaged in some type of health-related program or activity. Of those, about half utilize the programs that have been available the longest, like health risk assessments and biometric screenings. Another 11 percent have accessed online health information. Although only eight percent of those surveyed said they have engaged in telemedicine, experts expect this practice to rapidly increase over the next few years.
The number of employees who opted out of their employee health program (40 percent) was higher than the previous year. Employees say they would rather manage their own health; are uncomfortable giving employers access to their health information; or claim the programs offered do not match their needs. Aditi Pai "Survey: 8 percent of employees used a telemedicine service last year," mobilehealthnews.com (Oct. 7, 2015).
Technological growth is transforming how individuals manage their health care. The number of digital tools available is growing and allowing people to take control of their health.
Mentioned in the above article is telemedicine, a real-time electronic communication between the patient and doctor via phone or video conferencing. This type of diagnosis and treatment is typical in rural areas where access to specialists is limited, but the practice is increasing in all locations.
Online access to health information and doctor/hospital reviews are quickly becoming the tool of choice. Mobile device applications to monitor diet, exercise, or health conditions are also popular. Employers who understand what health tools their employees find most helpful can use that information to create an effective wellness program.
Confidentiality is key. As the above survey shows, many employees are concerned with an employer's access to their health information. Wellness program involvement can increase if employees understand the employer's legal obligation with regard to confidentiality and exactly what steps are taken to fulfill that obligation.
Newer PostAttitude Versus Skills: What Is More Important To Your Workplace?
Older PostIs Micro-Managing Simultaneously Driving Good Employees Away And Attracting Litigation?


text:
Marks posthumously inducted to 4-H hall
The information presented on this page was originally released on March 25, 2004. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Ms. Keryn Page
MISSISSIPPI STATE -- One of Mississippi's first black Extension Service members was posthumously inducted into the 2004 National 4-H Hall of Fame.
Alphonse Marks was a Pike County Extension Service agent for more than 30 years. During his tenure, Marks was recognized by his community and peers for his leadership, intense work habits and people skills with six Extension distinguished and meritorious awards.
"Mr. Marks was a leader in the consolidation of black and white in Mississippi Extension. His career within Extension was diverse, but his passion was for youth," said Morris Houston, MSU Extension 4-H development specialist. "He took the diversity around him and brought it into one focus: success through partnership, especially in his work with 4-H youth."
As an Extension county agent, Marks' focus was on community and resource development, 4-H development and agriculture. With his guidance, 19 4-H members became national winners, 14 regional winners and 41 state winners in various competitions.
"In the last few years of his life, Mr. Marks required dialysis several times a week, but his door was always open and his advice and council were sought and freely given," Houston said.
Marks was a 1941 graduate of Alcorn State University. He received a master's degree from the University of Illinois. He served as Pike County Chapter president of the Alcorn State University Alumni. He received several honors from his alma mater, including the M.M. Hubert and Notable Achievement awards.
Marks received service awards from the Mississippi Association of County Agents, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation and Stabilization Service, Mississippi 4-H, Mississippi Pork Producers Association, Metro-Pike Industrial Foundation Inc. and Pike County Salvation Army. He also received the Outstanding Service Award from Mississippi 4-H and the Outstanding Citizen Award from Pike County Omicron Jr. Federated Club.
Marks served in the U.S. Army Engineer Corps from 1942-1945. He was a vocational agriculture teacher for five years, Mississippi Extension marketing specialist for five years and a Pike County supervisor for eight years.
Marks also served as president of the Mississippi 4-H Advisory Council, the Mississippi County Agent Association and the Southwest District 4-H Leaders Association. The 4-H volunteer leader served as first vice-president of the 4-H Club Foundation of Mississippi and committee chair of the Mississippi Supervisors' Association. He worked diligently to support and fund various Pike County efforts.
Marks, who recently was selected to have his name affixed to a wing of the Mississippi 4-H Museum now under construction, was active in the Pike County Chamber of Commerce, Salvation Army Board of Directors, Rho Chapter of Epsilon Sigma Phi, Masons, American Legion, Red Cross and the Baptist church.
Marks is survived by his wife, Mary B. Marks, and three sons, Brown Marks, Michael Marks and Dr. Robert Marks.
Sponsored by the National Association of Extension 4-H Agents, the virtual 4-H Hall of Fame features Web pages for each inductee and includes biographies, photos, 4-H statistics and quotes. Visit the National 4-H Hall of Fame at http://www.nae4ha.org/hof.
Each state's 4-H department is allowed to nominate one person annually for induction into the hall of fame, which originated in 2002 as part of the 4-H Centennial celebration.
"We collect nominations from the county 4-H offices and then select one to send forward to the national level," Houston said.
Marks is the third Mississippian to be inducted into the national 4-H Hall of Fame. In 2002, William Hall "Corn Club" Smith, considered by many to be one of the founders of 4-H, was inducted. Smith established the first boys and girls clubs in Holmes County in 1907.
The late Francis Jefferson Lundy was inducted in 2003. Lundy served as chair of the 4-H Club Foundation of Mississippi for 11 years and was a Foundation member and adviser for 20 years. At the time of his death in 2001, Lundy worked in Jackson as a legislative consultant, providing invaluable support to Mississippi 4-H.
"We are fortunate to have several truly outstanding individuals associated with Mississippi 4-H these past 100 years," said Susan Holder, state 4-H program leader.
For more information about Mississippi's 4-H program, contact Holder at (662) 325-3352.
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http://extension.msstate.edu/news/feature-story/2004/marks-posthumously-inducted-4-h-hall


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Maharashtra is the third largest state in India. Its capital Mumbai is home to Bollywood, the world's largest film industry in terms of viewership. The economy of the state is driven by manufacturing, international trade and mass media. Mumbai, the financial capital of India, is headquarters to major corporations.
Maharashtra accounts for 11.4% of India's textile and apparel output. The sector is second largest employment generator for both skilled and unskilled labourers in the state.
Maharashtra offers a wide range of attractions such as caves, creeks, beaches, mountains, monuments and forts to engage tourists.
Major processing industries in the state include sugar, milk, poultry, rice and flour mill, edible oil and fruit and vegetable units.
The state accounts for 38% of the country's output of automobiles by value. The major automobile centres in the state include Pune, Nashik, Aurangabad and Nagpur.
Maharashtra accounts for 30.5% of the industrial output of India's ESDM sector. The state has decided to set up three brown field electronic manufacturing clusters in Pune, Aurangabad and Navi Mumbai regions.
The state occupies a share of 20% in India's software exports. Pune is among top three cities in India in software exports.
Maharashtra accounts for more than one-third of the biotech revenue in the country. The state also contributes 20% to India's pharmaceutical output.


text:
Göbeklitepe is known as one of the first temples of the world, and has been very recently cited as UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to archaeological investigations, the temple is located 10 to 15 kilometers from Şanlıurfa. Round structures were found there, built on the elevation, that date to 12,000 years old. These findings were first detected in surface investigations in the 1960s, then the results of the research were published by Peter Benedict in 1980. However, the findings have not been discussed much because the importance of this settlement could not be addressed well at that time.
Findings from the excavations in the Southeastern Anatolian Region belong to ancient times even further back before the making of pottery. Monumental works were created in the form of circles. Archaeologists have identified different evidence of sacred festivals when they made deeper excavation. Stone structures were built, and over time this area was filled with human, animal, and stone remains. For centuries, new structures were built on these ruins and a mound was built there by humans. There were giant stone vessels that could hold over 150 liters of liquid. This could lead us to believe that drinks, perhaps alcoholic beverages, were produced in quantity back then. The stone tools and the processed stones found in Göbeklitepe prove that in this period, people here established the first permanent settlement.
Today, this region appears mountainous and consists of white limestone and brown soil. There are green meadows and flowers around it. When you approach the hill, you might feel something inexpressible. According to studies conducted in the region, only six of the open structures of a predicted 20 have been removed. It is known that the constructions were made for religious purposes and stood as the first temples of the world. The temples are common direction in terms of their construction. T-shaped columns are one of them. The columns are about 6 meters tall and feature abstract symbols and animal illustrations like the demoiselle crane, snakes, ducks, and bulls. The most remarkable among them is the lion relief. The columns weigh 60 tons; however, how the columns were moved in this period of primitive construction machinery has not yet been resolved.
A view of Gobeklitepe valley near ruins and dig site.
Some findings that prove how important Göbeklitepe are the stone sculptures found in excavations. These stone sculptures' weigh about 9 tons. In the field of archaeology, this period is known as the individualistic period when people do not work and live together. However, dozens of people need to work together to carry a column of even about 10 tons. It is astounding that hundreds of people lived together and developed their understanding of art, even at a time when people did not know much about sculpture and live collectively. The figures carved on the stones have certain meanings. It is thought that the snake indicates rebirth, the goat is a symbol of abundance, the demoiselle crane stands as a symbol of a life form that is able to fly between worlds (i.e., the world after death), and the symbol of intelligence is the fox.
There were no traditional graves found in this region dating back 12 thousand years ago. Out in the open, the dead were eaten by predators. It was believed that the souls then went to the happy hunting grounds; this tradition is known as the "bury to sun" tradition. On the stones, we see predators like birds eating the people, a method that was applied in some parts of Tibet and Iran until recently. According to research, human bones and animal bones were found in the excavations process, and it is thought that these animals were cut for the purpose of nutrition, oath, or for sacrifice.
The Oldest Temple of the World
There are also some agricultural findings. In fact, it is revealed that wheat, an important Anatolian product, was grown in Göbeklitepe. Farming at that time was important for a community's nutrition. In the periods to follow, cuneiform writings developed to record crops and other agricultural production. When crowding was noted in post-agricultural society, people were introduced to the concept of foreigners, since there people coming to the region to trade or to settle. Of course, the above-mentioned issues occurred only after the Göbeklitepe was buried underground. In this case, it was determined that Göbeklitepe was inhabited during the Neolithic period and then afterwards abandoned.
The Göbeklitepe remains are impressive findings of history, and it is thought that the region was active about seven thousand years before even the pyramids in Egypt were built. The mystic remains of the temple and the surrounding areas are now exhibited in the museum. It is difficult to find another center with such a deeply rooted and mysterious past, even among countless Anatolian civilizations. Today, Göbeklitepe is known internationally as UNESCO Site, and it hosts quite active tourist visits. Around 10 years ago, people could get to the area by a path, but now, accessibility by vehicle has improved thanks to infrastructure improvements.
Comments Off on Findings in Göbeklitepe
Culture History Southeastern
Göbeklitepe
Eastern Black Sea Region with its People and Accentshttps://i2.wp.com/www.motleyturkey.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Laz-People.jpg?resize=600%2C800&ssl=1
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text:
Q: Reactive-Tables Meteor I am trying to get reactive-tables to work but I am having no luck following the instructions on GitHub.
This is what I have:
In my Main.html:
{{> courseTable }}
in my course_table.html:
<template name="courseTable">

    {{ > reactiveTable collection=Courses}}

</template>

in courses.js:(works with autoForm)
Courses = new Meteor.Collection("courses", {
    schema: {....

Is there something I am missing? From my understanding once these commands are used, the rest is done from within the package. I can't find any more information on this package anywhere.
What I have now just shows a blank screen.
Thanks in advance!

A: This is what I have: (I'm using Meteor framework and bootstrap-3 package)
in index.html
<template name="clientes">

Clientes

                {{> reactiveTable collection=tables settings=tableSettings}}

</template>

in index.js
var Clientes = new Meteor.Collection('clientes')

Template.clientes.tables = function () {
    return Clientes;
}

Template.clientes.tableSettings = function () {
    return {
        rowsPerPage: 10,
        showFilter: false,
        showNavigation: 'auto',
        fields: [
            { key: 'nombre', label: 'Nombre' },
            { key: 'apellido', label: 'Apellido' },
            { key: 'correoe', label: 'E-mail' }
        ],
        useFontAwesome: true,
        group: 'client'
    };
}

With this I can display all the records in the collection.
I hope this help you to go any further.

A: Courses is the collection object. To get some courses, you need to query the courses with find:
Courses.find()

However, to make this accessible in the template, you need a helper function.
//course_table.js
Template.courseTable.helpers({
  courses: function () {
    return Courses.find()
  }
});

Then you can can set the table collection using the helper method (I used a lowercase "courses" for the helper method for clarity):
{{> reactiveTable collection=courses}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Apr 8 Enter the MAGArai
Matthew Da Silva
Pop culture from the 80's is replete with images of post-apocalyptic worlds featuring desperate people scavenging from the refuse of civilized epochs to cudgel together new weapons of defense against roving bands of lawless brigands.
For stories set in this backdrop it was believable to see such anachronistic pairings such as a muzzle loading blunderbuss go against a museum piece two-handed broad sword, a car with mounted machine guns against a kung-fu master, or a talking motorcycle against break dancing ninjas.
In 2019, we are far from the cold war fears which once fueled these visions of chaos and societal collapse and yet an incident on March 29th serves as a reminder such terrors are closer to reality today than at any time in the past.
Promotion: Fine Silver Rounds by The Phaup Company. Visit Here.
It took place in America's premier dystopia-in-progress known as San Francisco before an abandoned Catholic parish re-purposed by the corporate peasants as a roller rink in the aftermath of the devastation that was decades of Democratic party rule.
This is where, according to reports, an argument became physical when a man knocked the MAGA hat off the head of a lone conservative. The MAGA hat man, obviously informed by years of intimidation and violence against Trump supporters (with some of the worst cases in California), decided to defend himself against the assault (because that is legally what you are doing when attempt to take someone's hat away).
So he drew his sword and sliced the assailant's hand.
This is San Francisco now.
As this is still a developing story, much remains unclear. Unfortunately whenever there are holes left in a narrative and one of the people involved is either a conservative, a Republican, or a Trump supporter; the media tends to indulge in typical leftist wish-fulfillment fantasizing.
At first, the MAGArai was blamed for a "sword attack" – making it sound like some redneck with a katana went crazy in a street bazaar.
Then it was reported that he sliced the assailant's hand off.
Then it was reported he nearly sliced the assailant's hand off.
And now it comes out that he cut the dude's hand, the assailant was treated at the hospital for non life-threatening injuries, and was released.
According to the police's own words, the MAGArai was acting in response to aggression. Though he was the guy with the sword, he was the victim and not the attacker.
Yet the police have yet to publicly acknowledge this detail opting instead to treat the victim of assault and battery as the "perpetrator" and his assailants as "victims." The reporting, much of it by the San Francisco Chronicle, uses the same reverse logic which might account for the fact that story originally reversed the roles of attacker and victim.
Apparently San Francisco's prosecuting attorney attended the Kim Foxx school of corrupt law enforcement.
Since the incident, Leor Bergland (the MAGArai) was booked on suspicion of attempted murder, mayhem, and weapons and (of course) assault charges. His bail was set at $1 million dollars.
It is clear the prosecution's argument will rely heavily on the relatively primitive nature of the sword and its apparent barbarity.
Yet the sword is far from barbaric. It is an elegant weapon from a more civilized time. And the assailant is actually fortunate Bergland chose to defend himself with a less deadly close range weapon instead of a gun which would have more likely resulted in the assailant's demise.
A check of California and San Francisco knife laws makes clear there are no blade length restrictions – only on loitering when you carry. This wobbly standard is a good way to discourage the use of long blades such as machetes and swords by leaving citizens confused as to how such a standard would be applied.
Unless more evidence is comes out demonstrating Bergland was indeed the instigator of violence, it looks like the police arrested the wrong party.
It is curious both the police and the press are taking great pains not to reveal the names of the real assailant in this story.
The real assailant is a 27 year-old Berkley man who crossed the street to confront Bergland and promptly knocked the MAGA hat off his head.
In addition, after he was slashed, the Berkley man's injury did not quell his rage at all. He continued to advance and, along with another "witness," chased Bergland several blocks until the man with sword spun on his heels and faced his attackers and scared them off – no doubt to the shrill tune of a shakuhachi playing in the background and a cloud of cherry blossoms swirling in the wind.
Bergland's choice of weapon and his attempt to put distance between himself and the Berkley attackers were both acts of mercy. He could have held his ground against the parties acting in tribal unity with the man who just committed assaulted him. This would have resulted in several bodies strewn before the steps of the desecrated church.
No wonder the San Francisco police are looking for video evidence of the attack. Without proof of an actual crime being committed by MAGArai, the prosecution is stuck relying on the testimony of the criminal assailant against the word of his victim.
But like Chicago, liberal Californians are afforded democratic immunity. Remember:
• Kathryn Steinle's murderer was able to get off by feigning confused immigrant incapable of comprehending such a thing as the gun he shot her with.
• Antifa member Eric Clanton, aka the "Bike Lock Professor" without provocation bashed in the skulls of several random conservatives and was merely sentenced to probation.
• California Senator Dianne Feinstein employed a Chinese spy on her staff and became rich off several deals with the Chinese at the expense of Americans' safety and security. She has yet to face any questions from the media or law enforcement for her treachery.
When self defense is attempted murder and assault victims are charged as perpetrators, you cannot blame people for reacting to this discriminatory legal system by taking up arms in order to defend themselves against sanctioned violence and unchecked lawlessness.
San Francisco is the canary in the coal mine and a sign of what is to come as our institutions continue to collapse. It is rife with crime, infested with disease, and run by kleptocrats. Very much like an indigent drunk aspirating on his last mouthful of vomit before finally succumbing to the rot, the city totters on its last legs.
It is likely too late for San Francisco. To paraphrase a famous post-apocalyptic 80's character, the city may not know it, but it's already dead.
Leor Bergland, MAGArai, Matthew da Silva
Matthew da Silva is a writer, researcher, and consultant with experience in National Security, International Relations, Law, and Business. He speaks three languages and is currently working on writing a book about 21st century business management and public relations.
Apr 17 Leor Bergland Case Update: MAGArai Pleads "Not Guilty," Attorney Blames San Franciscans' Intolerance
Mar 25 Media, Cut the Horses**t


text:
La Resolució 1941 del Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides fou adoptada per unanimitat el 29 de setembre de 2010. Després de reafirmar-se en les anteriors resolucions sobre Sierra Leone, especialment en la resolució 1886 del 2009, el Consell va acordar prorrogar el mandat de l'Oficina de les Nacions Unides per a la Consolidació de la Pau a Sierra Leone (UNIPSIL) fins al 15 de setembre de 2011.

Resolució

Observacions
El preàmbul de la resolució va començar donant el beneplàcit a la visita del Secretari General Ban Ki-moon a Sierra Leone i encomiant la labor de la UNIPSIL al país africà. El Consell va acollir amb beneplàcit també l'informe del Secretari General (S/2010/471) sobre la situació a Sierra Leone, acceptant la seva recomanació de prorrogar el mandat de la UNIPSIL un any més per seguir prestant ajuda al govern de Sierra Leone amb la vista posada fins i tot en les eleccions generals planejades pel 2012. En aquest sentit es va reconèixer la possibilitat que s'intensifiquessin les tensions per les rodalies dels comicis, exhortant esforços al govern i la comunitat internacional per aconseguir un ambient propici per a la celebració de eleccions lliures i netes.

En la resolució 1941 el Consell de Seguretat va reconèixer els esforços realitzats pel govern sierraleonès, altres forces polítiques i la Comissió de Consolidació de la Pau. També va reiterar el reconeixement de la labor realitzada pel Tribunal Especial per a Sierra Leone, posant l'accent en la necessitat que el tribunal processés a Charles Taylor, president de Libèria entre 1997 i 2003 i acusat de crims de guerra.

El Consell de Seguretat es va reafirmar també en la resolució 1940 aprovada aquest mateix dia i a través de la qual quedava aixecades totes les sancions, inclòs l'embargament d'armes, que pesava sobre Sierra Leone des de 1998. El Consell de Seguretat va indicar també que la vigilància de la circulació d'armes petites a la regió corresponia a les autoritats governamentals conforme a l'establert en la Convenció de la Comunitat Econòmica dels Estats d'Àfrica Occidental sobre armes petites i armes lleugeres de 2006.

Accions
El Consell de Seguretat va acordar prorrogar el mandat de la UNIPSIL fins al 15 de setembre de 2011, conservant les atribucions indicades en les resolucions 1829 (2008) i 1886 (2009). Es va indicar expressament que s'havien de complir els objectius centrats en:

i) Suport al govern per a la preparació de les eleccions de 2012;
ii) Assistència a les mesures de prevenció i mitigació de conflictes, promovent el diàleg entre tots els interessats;
iii) Suport al govern per lluitar la desocupació juvenil;
iv) Assistència al govern per a la consecució d'un bon govern, respecte a l'estat de dret i els drets humans, la lluita contra el narcotràfic, la delinqüència organitzada i la corrupció.

Es va exhortar al Govern de Sierra Leone a lluitar, amb l'ajuda de la UNIPSIL, contra aquests problemes i al fet que promogués el respecte pels drets humans, aplicant per a això les recomanacions de la Comissió de la Veritat i la Reconciliació. Es va instar al govern a agilitar el procés d'unió i reconciliació nacional, indicant també que sobre ell requeia la responsabilitat de mantenir la pau, la seguretat i el desenvolupament a llarg termini.

Finalment, a través de la resolució 1941, el Consell de Seguretat va sol·licitar al Secretari General que presentés un informe cada sis mesos sobre el progrés en l'execució del mandat de la UNIPSIL. El Consell va indicar la seva decisió de seguir ocupant-se de la qüestió de Sierra Leone en el futur.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Llista de resolucions del Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides 1901 a la 2000 (2009 - 2011)
 Guerra Civil de Sierra Leone

Enllaços externs
  Text de la Resolució a UN.org

Resolucions del Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides de 2010
Resolucions del Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides sobre Sierra Leone


text:
The purpose of the Chinese Therapeutic Tuina Massage program is to train students to become Chinese Therapeutic Tuina Massage practitioners. The student will be prepared to provide service of Chinese therapeutic Tuina massage — a kind of alternative therapy for persons who have muscular-skeletal disorders, stress and depression, and some internal organ disorders.
course hours credits
100 Foundation of Traditional Chinese Medicine 90 6
101 Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine 90 6
102 Meridians and Points 90 6
103 Massage Hand Manipulations 90 6
104 Anatomy, Physiology & Pathology (1) 90 6
105 Communication Skills, Ethic, Management 45 3
107 Treatment of Diseases with Massage 90 6
108 Health Preservation with Massage 45 3
109 Qi Gong, Tai Ji 45 3
110 Clinical Practice 125 4.2
In total 890 55.2
Royal Pacific Institute/Oshio College accepts applications from all persons who have complete a high school education or mature student status.
Hours of Instruction
Full-time students attend twenty or more hours of classes per week, which includes clinical training and study review. In total, approx. 890hours will be offered for the program.
We enroll students three times a year, January, May and September. One academic year is 30 weeks. It usually starts on the first week of January, May, or September. New students are urged to register as early as possible. Late registration is accepted on special approval of the Principal only, depending on the space available. There is a two-week Christmas break and a one-week clinical assessment week in February.
Earlier Graduation
Earlier Graduation Is Available: You can finish a 4-year program within 3 calendar years If You Do Not Take Summer Break.
Tuition and Student Loan
Tuition: One Academic year consists of approximately 22 instructional hours per week for 30 weeks. A credit hour is given for every 15 hours of classroom instruction, or for 30 hours of supervised clinical practice. Tuition is $8,400 for one academic year. Tuition will not increase after enrolment.
Financial Assistance : Applicants who are residents of Canada may apply to the Student Assistance Program. Applicants residing in British Columbia can apply for your student loan online at www.bcsap.bc.ca or you call them to have an application form mailed out to you at 1-800-561-1818. You may also get the necessary information from their website at http://www.gov.bc.ca/aved. Applicants residing outside British Columbia should contact the student loans office in their region.
Transfer of credits from another recognized school of TCM may be accepted, but the number of transferred credits of one academic year should not exceed the number of credits (hours) normally earned by a student at the College in one academic year, and the number of transferred credits of the acupuncture program should not exceed the credits (hours) normally earned by a student at the College in two academic years. The above rules and regulations are subject to review from time to time in order to maintain and upgrade the standards of Royal Pacific Institute/Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology.
Foreign student tuition will be the same as local residents. Students are required to be proficient in written and spoken English. Students from non-English speaking countries may be required to achieve the minimum TOEFL score of (500 or higher) or equivalent for English proficiency.
One academic year consists of 8 months, 2 terms, or 30 weeks. We enroll students three times a year, January, May and September. It usually starts on the first week of January, May, or September. New students are urged to register as early as possible. Late registration is accepted on special approval of the Principal only, depending on the space available. There is a two-week Christmas break and a one-week Spring break. Full-time students attend twenty or more hours of classes per week, which includes clinical training and study review. In total, approx. 2,685 hours will be offered for the traditional Chinese medicine practitioner program (4 academic years).
Apply Today: A downloadable version of application form is available in the following formats:
Word Format PDF Format
Detailed schedules will be mailed to successful applicants.
Refunding Policy—– Royal Pacific Institute
If Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology receives tuition from the student, or a person on behalf of the student, the institution will refund the student, or the person who paid on behalf of the student, the tuition that was paid in relation to the program in which the student is enrolled if:
the institution receives a notice of withdrawal from the student no later than seven days after the effective contract date and before the contract start date;
the student, or the student's parent or legal guardian, signs the student enrolment contract seven days or less before the contract start date and the institution receives a notice of withdrawal from the student between the date the student, or the student's parent or legal guardian, signed the student enrolment contract and the contract start date; or
the student does not attend a work experience component and the institution does not provide all of the hours of instruction of the work experience component within 30 days of the contract end date.
Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology will refund the tuition for the program and all related fees paid by the student or a person on behalf of the student enrolled in the program if the student is enrolled in the program without having met the admission requirements and did not misrepresent his or her knowledge or skills when applying for admission.
If a student does not attend any of the first 30% of the hours of instruction to be provided during the contract term, Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology may retain up to 50% of the tuition paid under the student enrolment contract unless the program is provided solely through distance education.
Unless the program is provided solely through distance education, if Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology receives a notice of withdrawal from a student:
more than seven days after the effective contract date and
at least 30 days before the contract start date, the institution may retain up to 10% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract, to a maximum of $1,000.
less than 30 days before the contract start date, the institution may retain up to 20% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract, to a maximum of $1,300.
after the contract start date
and up to and including 10% of the hours of instruction to be provided during the contract term have been provided, the institution may retain up to 30% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract.
and after 10% but before 30% of the hours of instruction to be provided during the contract term have been provided, the institution may retain up to 50% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract.
Unless the program is provided solely through distance education, if Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology provides a notice of dismissal to a student and the date the institution delivers the notice to the student is:
equal to or before 10% of the hours of instruction to be provided during the contract term have been provided, the institution may retain up to 30% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract.
after 10% but before 30% of the hours of instruction to be provided during the contract term have been provided, the institution may retain up to 50% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract.
If Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology provides the program solely through distance education and the institution receives a student's notice of withdrawal or the institution delivers a notice of dismissal to the student and:
the student has completed and received an evaluation of his or her performance for up to 30% of the hours of instruction to be provided during the contract term, the institution may retain up to 30% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract, or
the student has completed and received an evaluation of his or her performance for more than 30% but less than 50% of the program, the institution may retain up to 50% of the tuition due under the student enrolment contract.
Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology will refund fees charged for course materials paid for but not received if the student provides a notice of withdrawal to the institution or the institution provides a notice of dismissal to the student.
Refunds required under this policy will be paid to the student, or a person who paid the tuition or fees on behalf of the student, within 30 days:
of the date Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology receives a student's notice of withdrawal,
of the date Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology provides a notice of dismissal to the student,
of the date that the registrar provides notice to Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology that the institution is not complying with section 1(c) or 2 of this policy, or
after the first 30% of the hours of instruction if section 3 of this policy applies.
If an international student delivers a copy of a refusal of a study permit to Oshio College of Acupuncture and Herbology, sections 1(a), 1(b), 4, 7, and 8 of this policy apply as if the copy of the refusal were a notice of withdrawal, unless:
the international student requests an additional letter of acceptance for the same program that was the subject of the refusal of a study permit,
or the program is provided solely through distance education.


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Watch a New Teaser for Manhattan Season 2
By Nolan Feeney
Secrets can be explosive—literally. That's what's at the crux of WGN America's second-ever original series Manhattan, which takes a fictionalized look at the creation of the Manhattan Project in the small town of Los Alamos, New Mexico, and the personalities that get caught up in it.
"Manhattan began as one of those shows that seemed just good enough–one of the growing mass of competent cable series that I might watch regularly if I had 72 hours in a day," wrote TIME television critic James Poniewozik, who called the show the season's "secret weapon" in his review of the first season. "I would fall behind and catch up, but as it went on, it grew into something special. Like Masters of Sex, it used a fictionalized version of history to tell human stories at the same time, while dramatizing the excitement of scientific discovery."
In addition to the show's already winning combination of a period-drama premise, a New Mexico setting, morally ambiguous characters and the thrill of Soviet espionage, season two will add a number of new characters when it returns this fall. Mamie Gummer (Emily Owens, M.D., The Good Wife) joins the cast as a spy named Nora sharing secrets with the Soviets; Griffin Dunne (Dallas Buyers Club) will play a journalist who gets on the trail of the project; and William Petersen play the religious Colonel Emmett Darrow, a man convinced that atomic bombs are God's will.
Get a taste of the new season in a new teaser premiering at TIME, above.
Read next: Lucy Lawless Explains the Gruesome History Behind Salem's 'New Kind of Horror'
Write to Nolan Feeney at nolan.feeney@time.com.


Kanza Cooperative Association has scheduled its district meetings for 2018. This provides an opportunity for the Kanza membership to have more meaningful discussions with the management team concerning the past year, upcoming projects, and any other concerns. Meeting locations are as follows….
All meetings will begin at 8AM. Breakfast will be served.


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Pierce provides a funding lifeline to local disability employer Remexx
Accountancy firm Pierce has helped its client Remexx, which employs local people with disabilities to manufacture educational furniture, to secure vital funding required to keep the business running.
The business, born from the closure of Remploy Blackburn, currently employs seven people from the local area with disabilities to manufacture tables and desks for primary and secondary schools, colleges and academies.
Remexx was set up by former Remploy employees David Sussex and Peter Clarke and the duo have since been joined by new partner Mark Lomax of Lomax Office Furniture after Pierce introduced Mark to the business.
David said: "When we worked at Remploy, we could apply for government grants, however this funding has now been withdrawn. We still wanted to give local people with disabilities employment opportunities as we know how beneficial it is to them, but it has been a challenge to get funding.
"Thankfully the team at Pierce has been able to facilitate funding and introduce us to people who have provided grants for Remexx which have been absolutely vital to the business."
Pierce has also helped Remexx by advising on year end timings, R&D credits and tax breaks and supply them with year-end accounts, management information and cash flow projections.
David added: "Pierce has really helped us since we established Remexx in 2014, but the thing that has been most invaluable is their advice. The team is knowledgeable, excellent to talk to and they have genuinely helped us to transform the business."
Mark Walmsley, Associate Director at Pierce said: "Remexx is a fantastic business that not only manufactures top quality products, but offers an invaluable service to people in our community. We know it has been a real challenge for David and the team to get funding to keep this service running, so we're really proud to have given them the support and contacts to achieve this.
"Remexx has a very strong business model in place and we look forward to continuing to support them as they seek to grow."
David added: "Our main aim is to employ people with disabilities or complex barriers and provide them with opportunities and skills that they could not learn elsewhere. We want to spread these benefits ever further to make a difference to the lives of more people in the local community."
This entry was posted in Client News by Lisa Kennery.


Handzame wegenatlas, formaat A5, van de hele route van Tanger naar Kaapstad langs de westelijke kant van Afrika. Naast de wegenkaarten bevat deze atlas ook een aantal centrumkaarten van de belangrijkste steden die je onderweg tegenkomt.
There are three routes one can follow on an overland expedition from Europe to Cape Town (or the reverse). Last year, ITMB published the eastern route, via Cairo and Sudan to Ethiopia and Kenya. This year, we are pleased to announce the publication of a more practical route to follow, via Tangier, Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Mali and Ghana, through the Congo to Uganda, and then south over a variety of options to Namibia and South Africa. The advantage of this route is that it avoids the conflict-ridden countries closest to infection from the extremist Islam movement. It also avoids the current difficulties of the central route through Algeria (the Hoggar route) and Niger. We do have to caution that all routes through Africa contain risks. Routes are not well-developed and are subject to disruption; also, by the nature of extremist Islam, those countries with a sizeable Muslim population tend to be under threat, although at this time the route should be considered safer than the other two routes. Having used this route myself many years ago, I can attest to its attractiveness. Crossing the Sahara is challenging, due to shifting sand dunes, but the new coastal highway through Morocco and Mauritania makes reaching Senegal much easier than previously. Crossing the Congo also remains a challenge, due to poor infrastructure, but once one reaches Uganda several options are available for southward travel. As we focused on the eastern routes in our first volume (Africa Overland), in this volume we provide more westerly routes. We have chosen to ignore Angola for now, due to lack of knowledge of travel conditions in that country, but we know of no reason for travellers to avoid that country. In addition to providing route maps through all the countries involved (shown on the back cover of the book), 43 full-page maps of cities along the route are included, such as Casablanca, Nouakchott, Banjul, Bobo Diolasso, Lome, Douala, Kigali, Abuja, Livingstone and other cities never before included in a travel atlas of Africa.
Roads by classification, UNESCO World Heritage, National Parks, Hotels, Point of interest, Airports, Tourist information, Hospitals, Shopping centre, Lake, River, Golf course, museums, and much more.


Jesus humbled himself and came to die on the cross to save us from our sins. Today let's think about the identity of Jesus. Fully God and fully man, he grew in his mother's womb. All that power and majesty enclosed in such a small, dark, damp space, just to be born and die for all of us. Wow! And how did he do this, you may ask? Because he knew who he was.
Christine Caine tells a story about her daughter, Catherine Barbie. Every night from birth on, her daddy prayed over her and said, "Catherine Barbie, you are intelligent. You are beautiful. You can be anything you want to be." On her first day of kindergarten, a boy took her teddy bear and said, "You are dumb and ugly." Catherine Barbie squared back her shoulders and proclaimed "No, I'm not. Because my daddy says I am smart and beautiful." Oh yes, Jesus did what he did because his daddy was with him and told him who he was. No one could convince him otherwise because his daddy said.
Do you know that your heavenly daddy, God Almighty, says that about you, too? If you are his, your identity is in Christ. You are smart and beautiful and loved. No matter what anyone else says or does to you.