Electric Vehicles: The Why and Misconceptions.
Will the automotive era come to an end in the 21th century? Looking at today's environmental and economic challenges one could think so, as we might develop towards a modern society in which cars can be regarded as an old school status product, for which there is no use, no place, no money and no interest1. We don't believe so. At Business Lease, we predict that mobility will move towards Autonomous, Electrified, Connected and Shared models. In this blog, we will investigate the electrification of mobility and why Business Lease welcomes this trend.
Did you know, that around the 1900s, electric vehicles accounted for around a third of all road vehicles in the U.S.? With the introduction of the Model-T however, Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) took the definitive lead due to high driving range, affordability and low price of oil2. However, we are not living in the 1900s anymore. Nowadays, CO2 and NOx emissions are everywhere, oil prices are rising and resources will be running out in the future. With Electric Vehicles (EV), mobility is moving towards Neutral Emission Design and Neutral Energy Design.
Tailpipe emission of EV's are zero, which has an immediate positive effect on local air quality and livability. Depending on the energy source, CO2 emissions can be ultra low or even zero. In contrast to some popular opinions, even the worst case environmental impact, with an EV driven on electricity from hard coal, is better than the current ICE car3. Furthermore, this figure also shows that the total environmental impact (including all emissions and materials, y-axis) is four times lower when driving on renewable energy.
With an ICE, only two-fifths of the energy content in the fuel is transferred to useful mechanical power. In practice, with variable speed and load and the engine, this is significantly less. The efficiency of an EV is much higher. An efficiency of 85% is feasible at all loads and speeds4. It becomes even more interesting when including the origin and transportation of the fuel and electricity. This total energy chain is called Well (energy) to Wheel (car). For fuel, transportation, refining and distribution takes a significant amount of energy. Electricity is generated from different energy sources and generally comes in a mix. The current development is that this mix gets more and more electricity from renewable sources (Hydropower plants, wind farms and solar parks do not need additional energy). This increases the Well to Wheel efficiency in the future. If one compares Well to Wheel efficiency, it becomes clear that even the worst case efficiency for an EV, with electricity from coal-fired utilities, is still better than the ICE5. More so, EV's running on electricity from renewable energy, are on average three times more efficient than the car using the ICE6.
You could now ask yourself, but battery chemicals are bad for the environment and can't be recycled, and there isn't enough lithium in the world to make all the new batteries? New battery models are now being developed which could offer significant improvements and make use of different resources (for example Solid-State batteries). Experts predict that by 2025, about three-quarters of spent EV batteries will be reused and then recycled to harvest raw materials7. Utilities plan to use batteries for energy storage once they are no longer viable in a vehicle. This will be further explained in the next blog as electric cars are more and more seen as storage capacity for the fluctuation of renewable energy as well as dive deeper in the issue of batteries.
Has this gotten your attention? We are always thinking about the next steps in mobility at the Business Lease Innovation Lab. If you are interested in working together, or want to know more about the offerings we are developing, please contact Luuk.
1 Rieck, F., & Machielse, C. (2017, October). Automotive, the Future of Mobility. EVS30 Symposium.
3 Messagie, M., Boureima, F. S., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., & Mierlo, J. V. (2014). A range-based vehicle life cycle assessment incorporating variability in the environmental assessment of different vehicle technologies and fuels. Energies, 7(3), 1467-1482.
4 Rieck, F., & Machielse, C. (2017, October). Automotive, the Future of Mobility. EVS30 Symposium.
6 Righolt, H. C., & Rieck, F. G. (2013, November). Energy chain and efficiency in urban traffic for ICE and EV. In 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.


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Leonie (Hazel Court) is married to pianist Vladimir Vicek, who is determined to play music created by his arch rival Carnovitz. Yet only Carnovitz was able to play the tune-and he's now dead. Vicek chooses to seclude himself while he's practicing on his piano-and oftentimes leaves the room as if he'd been attacked by someone.The first time we are introduced to Vicek he's paying off a grave attendant in order to take something from Carnovitz's crypt. We don't know what it is, exactly, and it's kept in this small teakwood box. It's later revealed that he has stolen his rival's hands-and is able to slip them over his own, as if they were gloves. Once on, he's able to play Carnovitz's music.Disembodied hand movies have always given me the creeps-from BEAST WITH FIVE FINGERS to Thing from THE ADDAMS FAMILY-so that was a plus for this episode.


>this mailing list is really active!
it's the same Julian May.
>I wounder: what has Julian May written anyway?
>Can you please tell me?
where it can become part of the galactic community.
the series is about other things.
first written.  Overall, this is a very good series which I like a lot.


I know it's a personal preference but I got 3 new Vokey wedges 2 months ago and debating whether to get them stamped or not? They look so beautiful just the way they are but am worried because stamping leaves a little indentation around the edges. Has anyone had theirs stamped and did you like the way they came out? Thanks!!
Hi Jeffery, ... I own three SM5 wedges. They were all fitted and custom ordered through Titleist/Vokey. I decided to take advantage of the customized options and had my wedges stamped. I understand what you are thinking regarding the "edges" around the stamping, but I am totally happy with mine. Plus, the level of customization is pretty cool too and has received some compliments. I would definitely do it again for a future set of wedges!
Thanks a lot Dino. Now the tough part is what I want stamped on them.
Lots of stamped Vokeys here. Not sure what you mean by indentations, but you won't see anything in the playing position.
I love my Vokey wedges and they play a huge part in my game. I have mine stamped with my nickname. Waiting for my 1/8 stamps to do the same to my Vokey divot tool.
I've just ordered a set of three SM7's and was thinking of having them stamped with my initials. I've been told that it cost's about £17 per club, £20 a club for snowflake design thats another £51 to £60 on top of approx £390 (ouch). Surley there's a deal to be made especially as the snowflake design has about a dozen initial stamps on one wedge.


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text:
5 Most Popular Sports in The World
By Anees
Leave a comment Thursday, April 19, 2018 / Published in Sports
Sports have been around for thousands of years and now it has become a key pastime for many. Sports are played as a hobby and adopted as a career or part of a fitness regimen to make a positive impact on health. Different sports have a following of their own totaling billions of people and that is partly due to television broadcasts, sports websites like CBS Sports, ESPN etc, and smartphones that give you access to any livescore app and live streaming service. Here I have assembled a list of 5 most popular sports in the world that are warming the hearts of their fans.
1) Soccer or Football:
Image by Pexels
Soccer or Football as it is known throughout the world is the most watched and played sport of today. With a massive following of over 4 billion, Soccer takes the number one spot on our list. Soccer is a very simple sport that requires only a ball to play, unlike other sports where you require safety equipment, tools etc. Hence, it is very accessible especially due to technology and Soccer apps. According to data collected during the 2014 FIFA World Cup, around 3.9 billion people switched on their TVs to watch the competition. Other than being the most watched sport, soccer has the highest prize money for winners (around 1.5 million euros distributed in Champions League).It is also a fact that among 50 richest clubs, 30belong to soccer.
2) Cricket:
With an estimated following of over 2.5 billion fans worldwide, Cricket comes on the second spot. However, its primary focus in the Commonwealth countries. The Twenty20 League is the third most watched sporting event after the FIFA World Cup and The Rugby World Cup. Cricket is growing as a sport with more countries like Germany, China, and Afghanistan taking an interest. Furthermore, the women cricket scene has flourished to become an important branch of the sport.
3) Field Hockey:
Field Hockey has an estimated following of 2 billion people. The sport is much like soccer but instead of using their foot, players use sticks to guide a hard ball to the goal. Field Hockey has its influence in Europe, Asia and Oceana countries. The sport was initially played in England in the 1800s but national teams from Pakistan, India, and Australia now dominate this sport.
4) Basketball:
Basketball has certainly gained a lot of followers in the past 10-15 years. Earlier, its sole concentration was in the North American region albeit other European countries were playing the sport. Basketball leagues have been initiated in Eastern European countries like Lithuania, Poland, and Serbia accentuating the already established leagues in America, Spain, Italy, Turkey, and Greece. Basketball is a fast-paced game with every moment keeping you on the edge of your seat, and that is perhaps the biggest reason people watch it. Furthermore, basketball players get the highest average salary of $4.4 million making them one of the highest paid players in any sport.
5) Tennis:
Tennis is an old sport with its roots in the remains of Egyptian, Roman, and Greek dynasties. Currently, Tennis amasses over a billion followers and has the accolade of having 30 countries win the Grand Slam at least once, which shows there is no clear favorite in the sport. In 2014, 2015 and 2016, at least a billion viewers tuned at one point to watch the Wimbledon tournament, so there is no denying its popularity.
Read PreviousPerfect Road Trip: 7 Things To Consider Before Traveling
Read NextHow To Buy A Home – Even With Bad Credit
Written by Anees
I love to share business and lifestyle content with all related communities. With a focus on content marketing and branding, I hope to inspire you to improve the performance of your online business.
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text:
United Wants You to Design a Plane in the Name of Badass Women — Find Out How
United Airlines #HerArtHere Contest
March 21, 2019 by Katelyn Evans
Did you know 50 percent of artists are women? (Woot, woot!) But only about 13 percent of art on display in galleries is by female artists. (Boo!)
In honor of Women's History Month, United Airlines wants to take women in the arts to new heights, literally. #HerArtHere is a campaign and contest hosted by United to "find and uplift underrepresented women artists," according to the official press release. How will United do that? By giving women artists a canvas 3,666 times larger than the average 18" x 24" canvas you can buy at your local art store: a Boeing 757 plane.
"As a company, we believe in the importance of equality of women in what has historically been a male-dominated field," United's New York and New Jersey President Jill Kaplan said. "When we heard the statistics about how underrepresented women are when it comes to displaying their art, we thought, 'What better way to contribute to changing this narrative than by offering the biggest canvas we have access to — an aircraft?'"
The rules to enter are simple: you must live in the United States and identify as a woman (cisgender, transgender, woman-aligned, or nonbinary) — sorry, not sorry, boys! Using the Boeing 757 plane as your 11,000-square-foot canvas, you should create a design that reflects your own personal style and that represents United's mission of "Connecting people. Uniting the world," specifically as it pertains to the company's two main hubs in the New York/New Jersey area and California.
The six finalists will each have their own open gallery show, have their art displayed in United terminals and be made available for purchase, and will receive 100,000 MileagePlus award miles. The two winners will also get $10,000 each and to work with famous (and female) artist Shantell Martin, who has worked with a range of artists from members of the New York City Ballet to Kenderick Lamar, before their designs take flight in the fall.
"We are thrilled to have the opportunity through this unique contest to bring visibility to the work of these exceptional female artists. We take pride in leveraging our global presence to showcase their great work to millions of people who see our planes on the ground and in the sky," United's California President Janet Lamkin said.
To enter, visit the #HerArtHere hub on United's website
Image Source: United Airlines
UnstoppableGender EqualityUnited AirlinesUS News
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Nations Press feature news Be Inspired:The Shortest Couple on Earth.
Be Inspired:The Shortest Couple on Earth.
Love has no limits. It does not define sizes,heights and even gender. This girl and her boyfriend are a perfect match. Both of them barely reach 1 meter in height. The happy couple resides in Brazil.
They are short but their love is for each other is immeasurable.
His name is Paulo Gabriel da Silva Barros and he is 88.4 cm tall. Her name is Katyucia Hoshino and she is 89.4 cm tall.
How did they meet and develop love with each other? Well, they use social media. At first they started to chat on MSN. This chatting and their love lasted for 10 years.
Presently the man is already 30 and his girlfriend is 26. He took to her at once, but she blocked him from her messenger at first. Katyucia considered Paulo boring, but later on she changed her mind and got back to him.
The couple aims to get into the Book of Guinness as the shortest couple in the world, the lady is a Business owner and run a beauty salon.
It took only for 5 days of dating and they decide to live together after four years.
"I had never dated before so Paulo is my first boyfriend, my first everything."Katyucia said.
Both of them have to overcome many difficulties of being little people in big men world..
These lovers prove once more – true love has no boundaries!


There are a number of ways in which a home can be adapted to make it more comfortable, especially for the elderly or the disabled. Aspects which need to be taken into account include lighting, getting in and out of the house, getting around the house and ease of use of the bathroom and toilet. Many pieces of equipment can be obtained at relatively little expense, and in some cases are available free to people in particular need.
In 1989, more than 3 million injuries requiring medical attention occured at home. Slips and falls are the most common accidents to occur in the garage, garden and living areas, followed by cuts and wounds. In the kitchen, cuts and wounds happen most, followed by burns and scalds, and finally slips and falls. Safety check lists are included for each area, together with a focus on child safety devices.
Advice on making the home safe for children is presented. The main areas where accidents occur are stairs, the kitchen, the living room and the bathroom.


text:
La lune blanche (1894) Op. 61 no.3
Part of a series or song cycle:
La bonne chanson (Op. 61)
La lune blanche
Hermann Allmers
Luit dans les bois;
De chaque branche
Part une voix
Sous la ramée...
Ô bien aimée.
L'étang reflète,
Profond miroir,
Du saule noir
Où le vent pleure...
Rêvons, c'est l'heure.
Un vaste et tendre
Semble descendre
Du firmament
Que l'astre irise...
C'est l'heure exquise.
The white moon
Gleams in the woods;
From every branch
There comes a voice
Beneath the boughs...
O my beloved.
The pool reflects,
Deep mirror,
The silhouette
Of the black willow
Where the wind is weeping...
Let us dream, it is the hour.
A vast and tender
Seems to fall
The moon illumines...
Exquisite hour.
Translation © Richard Stokes, from A French Song Companion (Oxford, 2000)
Gabriel Fauré
"Gabriel Urbain Fauré (12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher. He was one of the foremost French composers of his generation, and his musical style influenced many 20th-century composers. Among his best-known works are his Pavane, Requiem, nocturnes for piano and the songs "Après un rêve" and "Clair de lune". Although his best-known and most accessible compositions are generally his earlier ones, Fauré composed many of his most highly regarded works in his later years, in a more harmonically and melodically complex style." (Wikipedia)
For more information about the life and work of Gabriel Fauré please see the Wikipedia article here.
Hermann Allmers was a German poet.
(As part of a song cycle/series:)
30 Mar 2020: Dvorák, Schumann & Fauré: Dorottya Láng & Julius Drake
12 Oct 2019: 9. Stories in Song: Stéphane Degout & Cédric Tiberghien
19 Oct 2017: La Bonne Chanson: Mark Padmore & Imogen Cooper


text:
Q: Test if a fact with a field value of a multifield exists in Clips I have the following fact templates for a station and a train:
(deftemplate station
    (slot name (type SYMBOL))
    (slot status (type SYMBOL) (default open)))

(deftemplate train
    (slot departs-from (type SYMBOL))
    (multislot stops-at (type SYMBOL)))

Both slots departs-from and stops-at reference names of stations.
(deffacts trains-and-stations
    (station (name station-a))
    (station (name station-b))
    (station (name station-c))

    (train (departs-from station-a) (stops-at unknown-station))
    (train (departs-from station-a) (stops-at station-b station-c))
    (train (departs-from station-b) (stops-at station-c station-a)))

I want to make a rule that tests if a station fact used in each train exists:
(defrule check-valid-stations
    ?train <- (train (departs-from ?from) (stops-at $?stops))
    (not (exists (station (name ?from))))
    =>
    (printout t "Route of " $train " contains an unknown station!" crlf))

The rule above only checks if a departure station is valid, how do I check if both departure station and every stop station exist?

A: The simplest thing to do is have separate rules that check the departs-from and stops-at stations and fire each time an unknown station is found. If you want a single message to be printed regardless of the number of unknown stations, then add an id slot to each train fact so that you can write more complex patterns that will match just once for each train.
         CLIPS (6.31 6/12/19)
CLIPS>
(deftemplate station
    (slot name (type SYMBOL))
    (slot status (type SYMBOL) (default open)))
CLIPS>
(deftemplate train
    (slot id)
    (slot departs-from (type SYMBOL))
    (multislot stops-at (type SYMBOL)))
CLIPS>
(deffacts trains-and-stations
    (station (name station-a))
    (station (name station-b))
    (station (name station-c))

    (train (id 1) (departs-from station-a) (stops-at unknown-station))
    (train (id 2) (departs-from station-a) (stops-at station-b station-c))
    (train (id 3) (departs-from station-b) (stops-at station-c station-a))
    (train (id 4) (departs-from some-station) (stops-at station-c station-a bad-location)))
CLIPS>
(defrule check-valid-stations-departs
    ?train <- (train (departs-from ?from))
    (not (station (name ?from)))
    =>
    (printout t "Route of " ?train " contains an unknown station: " ?from crlf))
CLIPS>
(defrule check-valid-stations-stops
    ?train <- (train (stops-at $? ?to $?))
    (not (station (name ?to)))
    =>
    (printout t "Route of " ?train " contains an unknown station: " ?to crlf))
CLIPS>
(defrule check-valid-stations
    ?train <- (train (id ?id) (departs-from ?from))
    (exists (or (not (station (name ?from)))
                (and (train (id ?id) (stops-at $? ?to $?))
                     (not (station (name ?to))))))
    =>
    (printout t "Route of " ?train " contains an unknown station!" crlf))
CLIPS> (reset)
CLIPS> (run)
Route of <Fact-7> contains an unknown station: some-station
Route of <Fact-7> contains an unknown station!
Route of <Fact-7> contains an unknown station: bad-location
Route of <Fact-4> contains an unknown station!
Route of <Fact-4> contains an unknown station: unknown-station
CLIPS>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tag Archives: Jimmy Nelson
PBS News, BBC Click, TED Talks, Elian Silverman and Scientific American
Posted on November 26, 2019 by ingon
PBS News: November 22-25,2019, How these 2 economists are using randomized trials to solve global poverty, Is the distinction between migrant and refugee meaningful?, and Winslow Homer's long love affair with the sea,
BBC Click: What's The Impact Of 5G?
TED Talks: Daniel Bogre Udell How to save a language from extinction?, Jimmy Nelson Gorgeous portraits of the world's vanishing people,
Elian Silverman: Photo gallery: Stunning images of indigenous peoples in their traditional splendor
Scientific American: Can Scientists Predict Fire Tornadoes?
PBS NewsHour full episode November 25, 2019
Nov 25, 2019 PBS NewsHour
Monday on the NewsHour, Hong Kong voters deliver a stunning rebuke to Beijing in the first election since protests began months ago. Plus: President Trump clashes with military leadership over a Navy SEAL, Politics Monday with Amy Walter and Tamara Keith, Italy's falling birthrate drives rising anxiety, David Rubeinstein on America's story and art brings joy to people with Alzheimer's disease. WATCH TODAY'S SEGMENTS: News Wrap: Judge rules McGahn must testify to Congress https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlKk5… How will Beijing respond to Hong Kong election results? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7r0BC… The fallout from Trump's intervention in Navy SEAL case https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uiZb… Tamara Keith and Amy Walter on impeachment polls, Bloomberg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igLPJ… In Italy, rising anxiety over falling birth rates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYYzT… David Rubenstein on what history can teach our politicians https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VNhf… How art can help people with Alzheimer's enjoy the moment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zW-3j… Stream your PBS favorites with the PBS app: https://to.pbs.org/2Jb8twG Find more from PBS NewsHour at https://www.pbs.org/newshour Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/2HfsCD6
PBS NewsHour Weekend full episode November 24, 2019
Nov 24, 2019 BS NewsHour
On this edition for Sunday, November 24, the latest on the impeachment inquiry, Michael Bloomberg officially enters the 2020 presidential race, a look a racial bias in algorithms used by hospitals, and reenacting the largest slave rebellion in U.S. history more than two centuries later. Hari Sreenivasan anchors from New York. Stream your PBS favorites with the PBS app: https://to.pbs.org/2Jb8twG Find more from PBS NewsHour at https://www.pbs.org/newshour Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/2HfsCD6 Follow us: Facebook: https://www.pbs.org/newshour Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/newshour Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/newshour Snapchat: @pbsnews Subscribe: PBS NewsHour podcasts: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/podcasts Newsletters: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/subscribe
Category News & Politics
On this edition for Saturday, November 23, a look ahead at the next steps in the impeachment inquiry, Minneapolis eliminates single-family zoning as it searches for a solution to its housing crisis, and the Navy secretary downplays reports he may resign. Hari Sreenivasan anchors from New York. Stream your PBS favorites with the PBS app: https://to.pbs.org/2Jb8twG Find more from PBS NewsHour at https://www.pbs.org/newshour Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/2HfsCD6
Friday on the NewsHour, the week's impeachment hearings are over, but analysis of their impact continues. Plus: The significance of Hong Kong's upcoming election, countering the dangers of vaping through public policy, political analysis with Mark Shields and David Brooks, a Brief But Spectacular take on women in comedy and a preview of a movie about beloved children's entertainer Mister Rogers. WATCH TODAY'S SEGMENTS: News Wrap: DOJ says political bias didn't alter Russia probe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFr1P… What happens next in the impeachment inquiry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQPFZ… Will Trump take action on medical crisis of youth vaping? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz4Uw… Shields and Brooks on impeachment hearing revelations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkE0F… Amid protests, Hong Kong's interest in local elections soars https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5Btj… A Brief But Spectacular take on women in late-night comedy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJrfd… Honoring Mister Rogers with a film starring Tom Hanks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNz-t… Stream your PBS favorites with the PBS app: https://to.pbs.org/2Jb8twG Find more from PBS NewsHour at https://www.pbs.org/newshour Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/2HfsCD6
How these 2 economists are using randomized trials to solve global poverty
More than 700 million people across the globe live on extremely low wages. This year, a trio of economists won the Nobel Prize for their work on addressing global poverty, using randomized control trials to test and improve social policy. Economics correspondent Paul Solman talks to two of those winners, husband-and-wife duo Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo, about their work. Stream your PBS favorites with the PBS app: https://to.pbs.org/2Jb8twG Find more from PBS NewsHour at https://www.pbs.org/newshour Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/2HfsCD6
Is the distinction between migrant and refugee meaningful?
Under President Trump, American immigration policy has been in the spotlight. While Trump may talk the most about stopping illegal entry into the U.S., he is also taking action to reduce the volume of legal migrants the country accepts as refugees. But what makes one immigrant a refugee and another simply a migrant? Writer Dina Nayeri offers her humble opinion questioning that distinction. Stream your PBS favorites with the PBS app: https://to.pbs.org/2Jb8twG Find more from PBS NewsHour at https://www.pbs.org/newshour Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/2HfsCD6
Winslow Homer's long love affair with the sea
Renowned 19th century American artist Winslow Homer began his journey in marine painting with a trip to Europe, following his well-known work documenting the frontlines of the Civil War as an illustrator. But it was back in the U.S., and specifically on the shores of Gloucester, Massachusetts, where Homer became "enchanted" with land, sea and sky. Jared Bowen of PBS station WGBH in Boston reports. Stream your PBS favorites with the PBS app: https://to.pbs.org/2Jb8twG Find more from PBS NewsHour at https://www.pbs.org/newshour Subscribe to our YouTube channel: https://bit.ly/2HfsCD6
What's The Impact Of 5G? – BBC Click
•Nov 15, 2019 BBC Click
Click investigates whether 5G networks could damage our health as some fear, and whether 5G might take our weather forecasting ability back to the 1980s? Subscribe HERE https://bit.ly/1uNQEWR Find us online at www.bbc.com/click Twitter: @bbcclick Facebook: www.facebook.com/BBCClick
Category Science & Technology
As many as 3,000 languages could disappear within the next 80 years, all but silencing entire cultures. In this quick talk, language activist Daniel Bögre Udell shows how people around the world are finding new ways to revive ancestral languages and rebuild their traditions — and encourages us all to investigate the tongues of our ancestors. "Reclaiming your language and embracing your culture is a powerful way to be yourself," he says.
This talk was presented at an official TED conference, and was featured by our editors on the home page.
Daniel Bögre Udell · Language activist
Daniel Bögre Udell is the cofounder and director of Wikitongues, working with a global network of grassroots linguists to build a seed bank of every language in the world.
Contribute a video of your language to the Wikitongues seed bank.
Learn more ?
Donate to Wikitongues and help safeguard linguistic diversity.
TED Residency | May 2019
When Jimmy Nelson traveled to Siberia to photograph the Chukchi people, elders told him: "You cannot photograph us. You have to wait, you have to wait until you get to know us, you have to wait until you understand us." In this gorgeously photo-filled talk, join Nelson's quest to understand — the world, other people, himself — by making astonishing portraits of the world's vanishing tribes and cultures.
Jimmy Nelson · Last tribes photographer
Jimmy Nelson's photographs of vanishing tribes illuminate the indigenous cultures of our shared world.
More Resources book
teNeues (2013)
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Support the effort to protect the homes of indigenous people who live in the rainforest.
TEDGlobal 2014 | October 2014
https://www.ted.com/speakers/jimmy_nelson
Why you should listen
In his quest to photograph endangered cultures, Jimmy Nelson has endured Kalishnikov-toting Banna tribesmen, subzero reindeer attacks, and thousands of miles of hard travel. With a blend of humility and humor, Nelson won the trust of each of his subjects, using an antique plate camera to create stunning portraits of 35 indigenous tribes.
The result is Before They Pass Away, a photo treasury that Nelson hopes will not only help preserve the lifestyles of people the world over, but also perhaps inspire readers in the developed world to ponder their own connections with their ancestral environments.
"There is a pure beauty in their goals and family ties, their belief in gods and nature, and their will to do the right thing in order to be taken care of when their time comes. Whether in Papua New Guinea or in Kazakhstan, in Ethiopia or in Siberia, tribes are the last resorts of natural authenticity." — beforethey.com
Jimmy Nelson's TED talk
More news and ideas from Jimmy Nelson
Photo gallery: Stunning images of indigenous peoples in their traditional splendor
Jimmy Nelson has gone all over the earth to photograph native peoples at their proudest moments and to show you their soul.
Live from TEDGlobal
Through the looking glass: A recap of session 8 of TEDGlobal 2014
In this session, "Lenses," speakers look through cameras and new lenses — at subjects from the very, very big to the very, very small to the very, very far away. Wendy Freedman talks about a remote location in the Andes, far from the lights of civilization, where the stars can be seen clearly with the naked eye. In that location, […]
Lenses: A sneak peek of session 8 at TEDGlobal 2014
Lenses allow us to look at far away worlds and to examine our own more closely. In this session hidden social and scientific fabrics will be amplified by several orders of magnitude, bringing us a richer and more vibrant experience than the naked eye can see on its own. The speakers who'll appear in this […]
Dec 7, 2018 / Elian Silverman
"This is us at our best" — that's the caption that could hover over these images from Dutch photographer Jimmy Nelson (TED talk: Gorgeous portraits of the world's vanishing people), who works to put the world's peoples and their rich traditions front and center in his pictures.
"I don't think there's anyone else in the world who looks like us or does things the way we do," says Mucathalepa Tchombo, a 32-year-old Muchimba woman from southwestern Africa, and one of the subjects of Nelson's work. "I'm very proud of my culture, but the world is changing fast, and we're part of that too."
Nelson is keenly aware that customs can vanish in a flash. To document them before they do, he spends months immersing himself in remote communities, connecting with people and really learning about their lives. Later, he returns to share the finished pictures with them. "In some cases, I'm not the first person to have photographed them," he says. "But, in most cases, I'm the first to return and show them the imagery."
While Nelson's images are undeniably beautiful, some critics have accused him of perpetuating stereotypes and "othering" his subjects. But he disagrees. "I think a lot of judgement is based on fear," he says. "And that's the antithesis of my project — it's about trying to break down those barriers and bring the people closer to you."
Nelson's new book, Jimmy Nelson: Homage to Humanity, is his latest attempt to showcase the pride, strength and resilience of the people he has come to know; all shown, as he puts it, "standing at their most proud." The book's smartphone app lets viewers access 360-degree images and videos, letting readers feel as if they are witnessing these rituals firsthand. "The idea is that the whole world can get access to what's going on behind the pictures, see who these people really are, and dispel myths about them," he says. "I want to show you the soul of these people."
The Huli people, Papua New Guinea
The Huli are believed to have laid down roots in Papua New Guinea as far back as 45,000 years ago. The people shown are from the town of Tari, and many still live according to the traditional ways. "The Huli men are famous for their unique custom of creating and wearing impressive wigs decorated with feathers. They also wear bright facial paint in red, yellow and white — colors originally chosen to strike fear into their enemy in times of conflict," says Nelson. "Nowadays, they usually wear them to sing and dance."
The so-called Wigmen make their wigs out of their own hair — yes, that's right — and weave them with feathers from the island's 700 bird species. Each feather carries its own symbolic meaning (such as strength and courage). The Huli who participated in Nelson's photographs did so in the hopes that their portraits will inspire their youth to follow in their elders' footsteps. But they also want their images to reach people outside their community.
"The forest in which we live is essential to us. It provides for all our needs, it is sacred, and I would do anything in my power to protect it," writes Mundiya Kepanga, a 53-year-old Huli Wigman, in the foreword to Homage to Humanity. "I hope that by helping people to better understand my culture, they will also respect our environment."
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The Dolgan people, Siberia
The nomadic Dolgans roam one of the coldest regions on earth, the tundra of the northern Anabar Republic of Yakutia in Siberia. On a particularly brutal day, the temperature may drop to -76 degrees Fahrenheit. "Dolgan means 'people who live close to water' — or, in this case, ice. They live on icy white plains that stretch out as far as the eye can see," says Nelson.
The herders move every few days to find enough lichen for their reindeer to eat. For maximum efficiency, the Dolgan put everything they need to carry with them — including their homes, which are called balok — on skis. They travel with more than 1,500 animals, including packs of herding dogs and herds of reindeer.
"We Dolgan have been the envy of many people. During perestroika in the 1990s, the reindeer herders were the only ones who were well-fed because the tundra always keeps providing," says Roman Dimitruvik Tupirin, a 44-year-old Dolgan who was interviewed by Nelson and his team. "Now we're fearful of losing our connection to nature because people are coming here to hunt for diamonds and oil."
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The Ngalop people, Bhutan
Buddhism is the most widely practiced religion in Bhutan — an estimated two-thirds to three-quarters of the population are adherents — so the Ngalop people hold a special place in their country. "Ngalop means 'the first risen,' and they are known as the people who brought Tibetan Buddhism to Bhutan when they migrated there in the ninth century," says Nelson. The Ngalop live mainly in the northwest region of the country.
Shown are a group of Ngalop masked dancers. Symbolizing different deities, demons and animals, the masks are used when the Ngalop act out spiritual stories from their collective past. In this photo, they're dressed for the annual Tshechu festival. "Religious gatherings such as the Tschechu festival are an important way to promote and share cultural heritage between the people from remote villages," Nelson says. The temple complex seen on the left-hand side of the image is Paro Takstang or "The Tiger's Nest." Located more than 10,000 feet above sea level, it is is one of the most sacred sites in Bhutan.
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The Marquesan people, the Marquesas Islands, Polynesia
When Captain Cook and his crew arrived at the Marquesas Islands — a volcanic chain in the southern Pacific — in the late 1700s, they were struck by the appearance of the inhabitants. A crew member said they were "the most beautiful … people I ever beheld." Unfortunately, Cook and co. (and subsequent European settlers) ended up bringing disease and conflict to the people they so admired. In a matter of years, the Marquesan population shrunk from 80,000 to 2,000 — today, the population of the 15 islands totals just over 9,000 people.
"The native inhabitants are known in the local language as Enanaa, meaning 'people,'" says Nelson. "Traditionally, Marquesans wore clothing made of leaves and grasses that were decorated with animal teeth and beads. Today, their skirts are more likely to be made of cloth."
Historically, Enanaa had no written alphabet, so tattoos are an important part of their identities. Shapes and symbols enable people to communicate their status and their genealogy. After a child is born, parents start saving money — by raising pigs and growing crops — to pay for their child's tattoos in adulthood. Getting inked isn't just a young person's game; it's a lifelong pursuit. Subsequent tattoos are earned as people accrue wealth and achieve higher status in their community. Today, even though many Marquesans speak and write French, tattoos are still an important part of their culture.
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The Q'ero people, Peru
The Inca empire is believed to be the largest pre-European civilization in the Americas, numbering some 10 million. The Q'ero, shown here, are thought to be direct descendants of the Inca, and their 2,000 members live in and around the community of Qochamoqo, located in eastern Peru and perched over 14,000 feet above sea level in the Andes Mountains.
Considered part of the Quechua population group — with whom they share a language — "the Q'ero are one of the most isolated Andean communities, moving with the seasons to live and work at various altitudes, growing potatoes, corn and bamboo," says Nelson. "They are known for their weaving techniques, with which they make the colorful unkuña carrying cloths." The cloth is made from a blend of alpaca, sheep and llama wool, and the fabrics' designs communicate their people's history and mythology.
Some of the Q'ero's other traditions aren't as visible. "We still believe there should always be equal exchange, a sacred reciprocity we call ayni: I do something for you today; you do something for me tomorrow," says Fredy Flores Machacca, 30, the youngest-ever president of the Q'ero nation, to Nelson. Added Machacca, "We Q'eros live close to nature and we sleep close to the earth. I want to protect it like it protects us. That is ayni."
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The Muchimba people, Angola/Namibia
In recent times, the Kaokoveld Plateau in southern Africa has become known for rare minerals such as shattuckite and dioptase. Yet the culture of its native inhabitants — which includes the semi-nomadic Muchimba people — is similarly rich. They spend much of their time along the Cunene River, which is an important resource for them and their herds of cattle and goats, and live in dome-shaped houses made from sticks, clay, straw and cow dung.
Since water is so scarce, the Muchimba reserve it for livestock. To keep clean, says Nelson, "the women cover their skin and hair in a mixture of butterfat and ochre pigment known as otjize, which also protects them from the sun." Additional bonus: Otjize acts as a moisturizer and insect repellant, too. Only the women wear it — not the men — and they use it in their hair as well. "We rub the wet [ochre] paste into our hair to make long braids. A few times a year, we wash it all out and redo it," Mucathalepa Tchombo, a Muchimba woman, tells Nelson. "If there's a special occasion coming up, we put on more ochre. It's a kind of makeup.
The Kazakh people, Mongolia
Dalaikhan Boskay, the man shown here, is an eagle hunter and one of the Kazakhs, the largest ethnic minority group in Mongolia. The term doesn't mean that he hunts down eagles; rather, he hunts red foxes, rabbits and wolves withthe assistance of these powerful birds of prey. His thick coat and hat are made from animal hides, fur and felt; whenever a Kazakh hunts and kills an animal, they are careful to use every piece of it — for utility and as a sign of respect to the creature.
The Kazakhs, who live in northwestern Mongolia, rely primarily on golden eagles. And while this kind of falconry was once the domain of men, the thousands-year-old tradition is open to change — women, girls and boys are now taking it up. People start training their eagles as fledglings, so human and bird develop an intense bond. "Hunters usually keep their eagles for around 10 years, which is about a third of their lifespan. We can feel when it's time to give them back to the wild," Boskay tells Nelson. "We only use female eagles, and it's important to release them so they can have offspring and keep the natural balance."
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The Miao people, China
The mountainous province of Guizhou in southwest China is home to more than 50 minority groups. However, few of them still follow traditional customs, but among those who do are the Miao people (sometimes called the Hmong or Guizhou people). But the 7 million-strong Miao are not all the same — they're split among distinct groups.
Shown is an 11-year-old girl, who is one of the Longhorn Miao. "They're named for their impressive headpieces, which were originally made from the hair of their ancestors in order to keep them close," says Nelson. "Nowadays most headpieces are made of wool. Their shape is derived from the oxen and water buffalo that play such an important part in their agricultural life." To form that distinctive shape, wool is wrapped around a horn-shaped wooden comb. The headpieces are worn by the Miao during their spiritual rituals. Most Miao people are animists and believe that rocks, trees, rivers and human creations all possess their own spirits.
Watch Jimmy Nelson's TED talk here:
Elian Silverman is a writer based in New York City who covers science and technology.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-scientists-predict-fire-tornadoes/
Can Scientists Predict Fire Tornadoes?
Inside the effort to understand wildfire season's scariest phenomena
AUTHOR Jason M. Forthofer
Jason M. Forthofer is a firefighter and mechanical engineer at the U.S. Forest Service's Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Montana. His research involves field, laboratory and computational studies of heat transfer and fluid flow related to wildland fires. Credit: Nick Higgins
Fire tornadoes, vortices of fire with tornadolike wind speeds, are exceedingly rare but deadly. The Carr Fire tornado near Redding, Calif., killed up to four people.
Apart from fire itself, generation of a fire tornado requires a source of rotation in the atmosphere. The fire can concentrate this vorticity into a spinning tube of air and stand it up.
Scientists understand the physics of fire tornadoes rather well, but they cannot yet predict when and where one might appear.
As the plane began its descent into Medford, we dropped into the blanket of smoke that covered southwestern Oregon and northern California. It was late July 2018, and several major fires were burning in the region. I was en route to join a Cal Fire (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection) team investigating a fatal incident that had taken place two days earlier. What the group leader told me over the phone had sent chills up my spine: "A firefighter has been killed in a fire tornado. His vehicle was thrown hundreds of feet across the ground."
I, perhaps more than anyone, had known that this might happen someday. Ten years earlier I had gotten my first look at the aftermath of a fire tornado. The object, almost 1,000 feet in diameter, had moved out of the Indians Fire in California and overrun a group of firefighters. So strong was the wind that trying to get to safety felt like running through chest-deep water, one of the survivors told me. Fortunately, the men were standing on a paved two-lane highway, which probably saved their lives: had they been even 10 feet away and among the trees and grass, they would have died. When I reached the site, massive oak branches lay all around, and the ground had been scoured of pebbles.
The scene left me impressed and worried. A fire tornado could evidently harm firefighters taking refuge in areas usually thought to be safe. It had been a close call. Many of us had seen fire whirls, dust-devil-sized rotating columns of fire, and did not regard them as particularly dangerous. In contrast, fire tornadoes—which combine the destructive power of fire with that of winds as ferocious as in an actual tornado—were so rare as to be almost mythical. Even I, a firefighter since 1996 and a fire-behavior researcher for eight years, had heard of only one, from a story a veteran firefighter told me.
On returning to my home base at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Montana, I conducted a literature survey. It turned up reports, most rather sketchy, of several fire tornadoes that had occurred around the world in the near and distant past. So scant was the information on the subject that scientists did not even agree on what qualified as a fire tornado. Massive forest fires can generate so-called pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) clouds at high altitudes. These are ice-capped thunderclouds that condense from the moisture released above a fire—from the vegetation it consumed, from the water vapor in the atmosphere and as a by-product of combustion itself. A few researchers held that only those fire vortices that connect to overhead pyroCb clouds are true fire tornadoes. By that definition, only one had ever been documented, in a 2003 firestorm near Canberra, Australia. It had left a damage path almost 15 miles long.
That framework seemed far too restrictive to be of much use to firefighters, however. Using the working definition of a fire tornado as a fire whirl with tornadolike wind speeds, my colleague Bret Butler and I had gathered up whatever documentation we could find and consolidated it into firefighter-training manuals and classes. But now I found myself driving south toward the Carr Fire just outside Redding, Calif., to investigate the death of a firefighter in a fire tornado—a tragedy I had long sought to avert.
The Carr Fire Tornado
The site looked like a war zone. Neither the famous tornado researcher Josh Wurman, whom I had recruited for the investigation, nor I had ever seen anything like this. Entire blocks of homes had been leveled, with only the foundations remaining. Roofing and other debris littered the area, and vehicles had been rolled multiple times over the ground. Trees were uprooted or broken off, and flying particles of sand and rock had stripped them of their bark. Three power-line towers built of metal lattice, each roughly 100 feet tall, had been blown down, with one of them having been lifted off its base and carried 1,000 feet through the air. A 40-foot shipping container had been torn apart, and a steel pipe was wrapped around downed power poles.
We estimated that the winds could have reached 165 miles per hour, a speed that occurs in class 3 tornadoes on the Enhanced Fujita scale. (This scale rates tornadoes on a scale ranging from 0 to 5, with 5 indicating the fastest and most destructive winds.) In California, only two regular tornadoes of this strength had ever been recorded. Peak temperatures of the burning gases inside the fire tornado may have reached almost 2,700 degrees Fahrenheit. The object was more than 1,000 feet wide at its base and, according to radar imagery, three miles high. It lasted for at least 40 minutes, during which time it moved slowly across the ground, leaving a path of destruction nearly a mile long.
Burning boards arranged in a rough triangle allow air to swirl into the central area, where another fire gathers the rotation into a vortex. Forest or urban fires of certain shapes can similarly generate fire tornadoes. Credit: Spencer Lowell
Our team interviewed witnesses and collected video evidence in the hope of learning from the event. The fire tornado occurred on the evening of July 26, 2018, in the course of a forest fire covering thousands of acres northwest of Redding. So extensive and intense was the fire that it generated pyroCb clouds at altitudes higher than three miles. Suddenly, at around 5:30 P.M., the flames raced eastward, killing firefighting bulldozer operator Don Smith, as well as a civilian in his home. As the wildfire neared the outskirts of Redding, it spawned a number of fire whirls and threw embers more than a mile ahead of the fire and across the Sacramento River. These started several "spot," or small, isolated fires near two subdivisions at the end of a dead-end road. An extremely chaotic scene unfolded as firefighters tried to evacuate homeowners and save houses even as their escape route was being cut off. People were literally running for their lives.
Redding firefighter Jeremy Stoke headed to the scene to help. Just as he was arriving, at about 7:30 P.M., the fire tornado formed over the road, trapping residents and firefighters at the subdivisions. It apparently caught Stoke on the road. He transmitted a mayday call on his radio before powerful winds rolled his truck multiple times; it eventually came to rest against a tree hundreds of feet away. Stoke was found hours later, dead from traumatic injuries.
Two Cal Fire vehicles being driven down the road had most of their windows blown out and were battered by flying debris. Strangely, one of the trucks was damaged mostly on the driver's side and the other on the passenger side—even though they were only 150 feet apart and facing the same direction—indicating the rotating motion of the air. The occupants huddled on the floorboards to save themselves from projectiles. Three nearby bulldozers also had their windows blown out, with one operator getting glass in his eye and another receiving serious burns to his hands. A retired police officer who was driving out realized his truck bed was on fire and pulled over; he survived but sustained burns to his airways. Most tragically, on the outer edge of the revolving inferno two children and their great-grandmother perished inside their burned home.
In the Laboratory
What can we learn from an event like this? Can we predict when and where a fire tornado will occur so that we can evacuate residents and firefighters? What causes fire tornadoes? A first step toward answering these questions is to look back in history. In 1871 a town in Wisconsin was devastated by what was probably a fire tornado, judging by the massive amount of debris—which included a house—thrown around. In 1964 the Polo Fire in California spawned one that injured four people and destroyed two homes, a barn, three cars and an avocado orchard. One of the most horrific occurred during the World War II incendiary bombing of Hamburg, Germany: the resulting firestorm generated a fire tornado that, according to geographer Charles Ebert, was up to two miles wide and three miles tall. More than 40,000 civilians died in the conflagration.
Credit: Bryan Christie Design
This is what a lethal fire tornado looks like
Nov 21, 2019 Scientific American
Fire tornadoes are terrifying forces of nature. They're rare, but as wildfires become bigger and more frequent, they may grow more common. Thankfully, scientists are getting closer to predicting when and where these lethal vortices will appear. Read the full story this hellish phenomenon: https://bit.ly/2O4xJIK
In 1923 a major earthquake sparked an urban fire in Tokyo. As it spread from building to building, residents evacuated to an open area between the structures. A large fire tornado formed over this area, killing an estimated 38,000 people in 15 minutes. For more than half a century the accepted explanation for this terrible event was that a regular tornado happened to form at the exact same time and location as the fire. But in the 1980s and 1990s engineers S. Soma and K. Saito of the University of Kentucky used historical records to construct a small-scale model of the actual fire, painstakingly reproducing its geometry and ambient winds. Their laboratory fire generated a vortex—proving that the original one was not a coincidence but was caused by the fire itself.
This research built on pioneering lab work conducted two decades earlier, when George Byram and Robert Martin of the U.S. Forest Service Southern Research Station created small fire whirls at their facility in Macon, Ga. Their apparatus consisted of a small circular pool of burning alcohol surrounded by cylindrical walls with vertical slits, which forced drafts into the fire to enter in a rotating motion. Significantly, the resulting fire whirl caused the fuel to burn—and its energy to be released—up to three times faster than in a nonrotating fire. The rotating wind appears to have increased the rate of burning by pushing the flames down toward the surface of the alcohol, heating it up. Subsequent research has found the energy-release rate to be enhanced by up to seven times in such fires.
Something similar occurs in wildfire whirls and fire tornadoes. A heated piece of wood generates hundreds of different flammable gases, the further combustion of which yields flames. The strong horizontal, rotating winds in the fire tornado can force the flames down into the vegetation, causing it to burn more fiercely.
In 1967 Howard Emmons and Shuh-Jing Ying of Harvard University surrounded a stationary lab fire with a cylindrical wire screen that could be spun at various speeds, imparting rotation to the air flowing into the flames. The researchers measured the wind velocity and temperature distribution of the fire whirl thus generated, getting a glimpse into its inner workings. They found that, apart from fire itself, the formation of such a vortex requires a source of rotation and a mechanism to intensify it.
A fire tornado has essentially the same hydrodynamics. Significant vorticity often exists in the atmosphere—generated by wind curling around mountains or dragging along the ground or by variations in density and pressure. The fire itself carries out two other crucial functions: it concentrates the rotation and stands it up, so that a tight tube of air ends up spinning around a vertical axis.
First the hot air rising above the fire pulls in replacement air at the base, thereby gathering rotating air from the surroundings. Some of the vorticity might originally be around a horizontal axis, but once air is sucked up into the fire plume, its hot, buoyant upward stream causes the axis to tilt to a vertical orientation. Second, although the upwardly moving air starts out slow when it is near the ground, it heats up as the gases in it burn. The air pressure all around the vortex forces the hot, light air within the core upward. The accelerating air in the fire plume stretches the fire whirl or fire tornado vertically along its axis, reducing its diameter, much as pulling apart a clump of dough causes a long, thin neck to form. The reduced diameter drives the air to turn faster to conserve its angular momentum—the same effect seen when a spinning ice skater draws in his or her arms.
It appears that when a fire whirl or fire tornado moves over a burning area, it stretches to a considerable height and spins tight and fast, but when it moves over an already burned area, it spreads out and slows down into a diffuse cylinder of smoke. Sometimes the rotating object is so wide and slow that firefighters fail to perceive it. The direction of motion of the vortex across the ground depends on ambient winds and details of terrain in ways that we have yet to understand.
Emmons and Ying also found that fire vortices are remarkably efficient at conserving their rotational energy, which makes them (unfortunately) rather long-lived. The Indians Fire tornado, for example, lasted for about an hour. As the fire tornado spins up, two opposing forces in the radial direction strengthen: centrifugal force pulling a parcel of rotating air outward and, in opposition, low pressure in the core pulling it inward. The resulting balance limits the movement of air in the radial direction and therefore the loss of energy from the vortex. In contrast, nonrotating fires exchange roughly 10 times more energy with the surrounding atmosphere. This mechanism also makes fire whirls thinner and taller than nonrotating fires because with practically no air being drawn in, except at the base, less oxygen is available for combustion. Thus, some of the fuel gases must travel high up the core before they encounter sufficient oxygen to burn.
Just as dangerous, the towering column of hot, low-density gases induces very low pressure at the base of the whirl. Drag near the ground slows the rotation, reducing the centrifugal force pushing the air outward. Because the inward force generated by pressure remains the same, however, the wind near the ground streams into the fire tornado. It ends up acting like a giant vacuum cleaner, sucking air and, often, burning debris into the base, forcing it vertically up the core at extreme velocities and spitting it out from high up—unpredictably generating spot fires.
Despite all this knowledge about the physics of fire tornadoes, we still cannot predict where and when one will occur. One thing is clear, however: given how rare fire tornadoes are even though a large, intensely burning fire always has the capacity to concentrate rotation, the essential factor for their appearance seems to be the presence of a strong source of rotation.
Corona fire in Yorba Linda, Calif., in November 2008 generated a flaming vortex—possibly a fire tornado—that threatened homes. Credit: David McNew Getty Images
We know from case studies, for example, that one of the likeliest locations for fire tornadoes to form is on the lee side of a mountain. Wind blowing around the mountain causes swirling motions on the downwind side, like water moving around a large rock in a river. A fire burning there can gather and stretch this rotation into a fire tornado. But matters are in fact more complicated: Fiery vortices can also show up on flat ground and in calm wind conditions. For example, a large fire whirl in Kansas was likely generated by a cold front that collided with warm ambient air as it passed over a fire in a field. And a 2007 study by Rui Zhou and Zi-Niu Wu of Tsinghua University in Beijing showed that multiple fires burning in certain specific configurations—which can happen when a fire throws embers ahead of itself, starting new fires—may even generate their own rotation by inducing jets of air to flow along the ground between them.
So where did the rotation that caused the deadly Carr Fire tornado come from? Given the several fire whirls that preceded the fire tornado, an abnormally high amount of rotation obviously existed in the area. On a hunch, I asked Natalie Wagenbrenner, a colleague at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, to run some specialized computer simulations of the weather that day. Her studies showed that cool, dense air from the Pacific Ocean was being pushed eastward and over the top of a mountain range west of Redding. This cool air was much heavier than the hot air in the Sacramento Valley: the Redding airport reported a peak temperature that day of 113 degrees F, a record. So gravity caused the air to accelerate as it moved down the slopes toward the valley, much like water flowing downhill. Oddly, these strong surface winds stopped abruptly—right where the fire tornado formed.
What happened to the wind? Finally, I realized that a hydraulic jump was occurring—the atmospheric equivalent of what happens to water when it flows down the spillway below a dam. When the fast-moving water hits the low-speed pool below, the surface of the water jumps upward, forming a breaking wave that stays in place and marks the boundary between the two flows. This region contains intense swirling motions. In much the same way, the cold, dense air speeding down the mountainside hit the slow-moving pool of air in the Sacramento Valley, most likely generating the powerful rotation that formed the Carr Fire tornado [see graphic above]. N. P. Lareau of the University of Nevada and his colleagues speculated in a 2018 paper that the pyroCb clouds overhead, which reached altitudes of up to seven miles even as the fire tornado formed, helped to stretch the vortex to a great height, thereby thinning it and spinning it up even more.
If wildfires continue to become more extensive, we may encounter such lethal objects more frequently. The silver lining is that lessons learned from studying them carefully might help prevent future tragedies. I am hopeful that further research into fire tornadoes, combined with advances in weather prediction and computing power, will, in the near future, give us the ability to issue fire tornado warnings—possibly saving lives.
Fire whirl is formed by rotating air drafting into a pan of burning alcohol at the Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory in Montana. Credit: Spencer Lowell
This article was originally published with the title "Fire Tornadoes" in Scientific American 321, 6, 60-67 (December 2019)
doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1219-60 View This Issue
Posted in Blog | Tagged BBC – Click, Elian Silverman, Jimmy Nelson, PBS news, Scientific American, TED Talks | Leave a reply


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namespace Drupal\Core\ParamConverter;

use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerAware;
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use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;

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 * Manages converter services for converting request parameters to full objects.
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class ParamConverterManager extends ContainerAware implements RouteEnhancerInterface {

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   */
  protected $sortedConverterIds;

  /**
   * Array of loaded converter services keyed by their ids.
   *
   * @var array
   */
  protected $converters = array();

  /**
   * Registers a parameter converter with the manager.
   *
   * @param string $converter
   *   The parameter converter service id to register.
   * @param int $priority
   *   (optional) The priority of the converter. Defaults to 0.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\ParamConverter\ParamConverterManager
   *   The called object for chaining.
   */
  public function addConverter($converter, $priority = 0) {
    if (empty($this->converterIds[$priority])) {
      $this->converterIds[$priority] = array();
    }
    $this->converterIds[$priority][] = $converter;
    unset($this->sortedConverterIds);
    return $this;
  }

  /**
   * Sorts the converter service ids and flattens them.
   *
   * @return array
   *   The sorted parameter converter service ids.
   */
  public function getConverterIds() {
    if (!isset($this->sortedConverterIds)) {
      krsort($this->converterIds);
      $this->sortedConverterIds = array();
      foreach ($this->converterIds as $resolvers) {
        $this->sortedConverterIds = array_merge($this->sortedConverterIds, $resolvers);
      }
    }
    return $this->sortedConverterIds;
  }

  /**
   * Lazy-loads converter services.
   *
   * @param string $converter
   *   The service id of converter service to load.
   *
   * @return \Drupal\Core\ParamConverter\ParamConverterInterface
   *   The loaded converter service identified by the given service id.
   *
   * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
   *   If the given service id is not a registered converter.
   */
  public function getConverter($converter) {
    if (isset($this->converters[$converter])) {
      return $this->converters[$converter];
    }
    if (!in_array($converter, $this->getConverterIds())) {
      throw new \InvalidArgumentException(sprintf('No converter has been registered for %s', $converter));
    }
    return $this->converters[$converter] = $this->container->get($converter);
  }

  /**
   * Saves a list of applicable converters to each route.
   *
   * @param \Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection $routes
   *   A collection of routes to apply converters to.
   */
  public function setRouteParameterConverters(RouteCollection $routes) {
    foreach ($routes->all() as $route) {
      if (!$parameters = $route->getOption('parameters')) {
        // Continue with the next route if no parameters have been defined.
        continue;
      }

      // Loop over all defined parameters and look up the right converter.
      foreach ($parameters as $name => &$definition) {
        if (isset($definition['converter'])) {
          // Skip parameters that already have a manually set converter.
          continue;
        }

        foreach ($this->getConverterIds() as $converter) {
          if ($this->getConverter($converter)->applies($definition, $name, $route)) {
            $definition['converter'] = $converter;
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      // Override the parameters array.
      $route->setOption('parameters', $parameters);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Invokes the registered converter for each defined parameter on a route.
   *
   * @param array $defaults
   *   The route defaults array.
   * @param \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request $request
   *   The current request.
   *
   * @throws \Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\NotFoundHttpException
   *   If one of the assigned converters returned NULL because the given
   *   variable could not be converted.
   *
   * @return array
   *   The modified defaults.
   */
  public function enhance(array $defaults, Request $request) {
    // Store a backup of the raw $defaults values corresponding to
    // variables in the route path pattern.
    $route = $defaults[RouteObjectInterface::ROUTE_OBJECT];
    $variables = array_flip($route->compile()->getVariables());
    $defaults['_raw_variables'] = new ParameterBag(array_intersect_key($defaults, $variables));

    // Skip this enhancer if there are no parameter definitions.
    if (!$parameters = $route->getOption('parameters')) {
      return $defaults;
    }

    // Invoke the registered converter for each parameter.
    foreach ($parameters as $name => $definition) {
      if (!isset($defaults[$name])) {
        // Do not try to convert anything that is already set to NULL.
        continue;
      }

      if (!isset($definition['converter'])) {
        // Continue if no converter has been specified.
        continue;
      }

      // If a converter returns NULL it means that the parameter could not be
      // converted in which case we throw a 404.
      $defaults[$name] = $this->getConverter($definition['converter'])->convert($defaults[$name], $definition, $name, $defaults, $request);
      if (!isset($defaults[$name])) {
        throw new NotFoundHttpException();
      }
    }

    return $defaults;
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Kevin Durant is officially a member of the Golden State Warriors. Durant signed a two-year deal with the option to become a free agent again next season. Durant will wear his signature jersey number 35 with the Warriors.
While the decision came as a surprise to many NBA fans, Durant believed he had the best chance of winning multiple titles by signing with the Warriors. Durant will be paired with back-to-back MVP Steph Curry, Klay Thompson and Draymond Green to form arguably the most talented team in the league.
The press conference was Durant's first public comments aside from his July 4th announcement in the Player's Tribune.
"I am also at a point in my life where it is of equal importance to find an opportunity that encourages my evolution as a man: moving out of my comfort zone to a new city and community which offers the greatest potential for my contribution and personal growth. With this in mind, I have decided that I am going to join the Golden State Warriors," Durant wrote in the article.
Durant: "I plan on being here. I don't want to go through that again."
Kevin Durant: "That call to Oklahoma City was the hardest thing I've had to do in my life. Tears were shed…I trusted my gut."
Durant says he was torn between GS-OKC for 2-3 days: "Those nine years, you can't erase. That love doesn't fade. Those memories don't erase"
Kevin Durant is officially a member of the Golden State Warriors. Watch the full press conference video here.


text:
International Trade Working Paper
Harnessing Africa's External Trade Partnerships for 'Agenda 2063'
Continues:
Commonwealth Trade Policy Discussion Papers
The International Trade Working Paper series promptly documents and disseminates reviews, analytical work and think-pieces to facilitate the exchange of ideas and to stimulate debates and discussions on issues that are of interest to developing countries in general and Commonwealth members in particular. The issues considered in the papers may be evolving in nature, leading to further work and refinement at a later stage.
ISSN: 24133175 (online)
https://doi.org/10.14217/24133175
In the context of the African Union's 50-year vision, Agenda 2063, this paper provides an analytical account and critical assessment of Africa's strategic trade relations with two of its most important traditional partners, the European Union and the United States; and with two of its most important emerging partners, China and India. Based on the insights these provide, the paper identifies some emerging global issues which could have an impact on Africa's trading position and its prospects for industrial development. This is followed by indicative policy considerations that could provide strategic guidance to African leaders as well as highlight opportunities and challenges for realising the goals of Agenda 2063. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the changing dynamics of Africa's key trade relations.
Keywords: international relations, economic development, economic growth, international trade, Agenda 2063
JEL: F5: International Economics / International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy; O3: Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth / Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights; F1: International Economics / Trade; O1: Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth / Economic Development; F2: International Economics / International Factor Movements and International Business
Garth le Pere
No. 2017/02
https://doi.org/10.14217/bedeefe8-en
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/paper/bedeefe8-en


I've recently heard the term "adventure bod" and it was something I could completely relate to. As a fitness trainer/enthusiast and travel guru, 'Bikini Body' is no longer the ideal. I workout 5-6 days a week, year round no matter the season. Whether I am in a Bikini or a Parka, I want to feel good for myself, not just on the beach or at the pool. Additionally, I'm OK with enjoying vacation by tasting the local foods and drinking the local wines.
Most importantly, I want to feel strong so I can climb the subway stairs, hike a Glacier, SCUBA dive, and bike through a city. I want to encourage people to work out and make it a part of their lifestyle rather than workout for a goal to be "skinny". Because truth is, strong is the new skinny.
My go-to exercises when on the road are squats for the booty & legs, and planks for the arms & abs. Not only are these great moves but you do not need equipment, can do them anywhere, and can incorporate a cardio aspect with them. This will get the heart rate up and burn more calories throughout the day.
So next time you set a goal for your body, prepare for your next adventure rather than your next outfit. Be sure to follow my sweaty adventures on Instagram @TravelFitLove for more ways to stay active while traveling!


Giselle was Ivan Cavallari's first ballet crush.
A toddler at the time, he doesn't specifically remember watching the romantic classic on his family's black-and-white television while growing up in Italy but his parents tell him the production, starring Carla Fracci and Rudolf Nureyev, made a big impression.
More than 50 years later, he's made a career out of dancing around. Before landing in Montreal's top ballet job a couple of years ago, Cavallari danced with La Scala Ballet and Stuttgart Ballet, freelanced as a dance master and choreographer and was artistic director of the West Australian Ballet and Ballet de l'Opéra national du Rhin in France. He's had several turns in Giselle over the years, having danced both the main male roles of gamekeeper Hilarion and two-timing duke, Albrecht.
Although it's one of the few classical ballets, along with the Nutcracker, in the Montreal company's repertoire, Giselle hadn't been performed in at least 20 years. With the set and costumes still in storage, Cavallari decided it was a good starting point for a remake.
The new version, he says, is a slightly more streamlined production that maintains the key elements of the classical form. It's based on Marius Petipa's choreography and includes the ghostly ballet blanc of the second act, where the dancers are clad in white tutus.
Cavallari also wanted to emphasize the emotional depth of the main characters, including the young and fragile Giselle, whose weak heart can't take Albrecht's betrayal. When she finds out he's already engaged, she succumbs to a heart attack.
In ballet, the full-length classics like Giselle are traditionally popular with audiences, and Cavallari sees the new production as a way "to make the budget solid enough so that we can do other things." The Montreal company is regarded as an excellent modern company with plenty of creativity, but he's determined to build the classical side of its repertoire, too.
Cavallari also wants to see more of Canada's companies, and fewer splashy imports, included in Montreal's ballet season.
Audience development is another area of concern for ballet companies. While classics like the Nutcracker and Sleeping Beauty continue to attract young families, audiences for all types of live entertainment tend to drop off in the 16- to 29-year-old demographic.
"They maybe appreciate less the time spent in one room looking and thinking and concentrating on one thing without touching the mobile to see how many people have sent SMS (messages) during the performance," Cavallari says, adding that he's working on a Nutcracker that brings ballet into the computer world.


text:
Katie Cardwell Recap TV
Elementary: Be My Guest Recap
Katie Cardwell
Synopsis for 05×11: Sherlock inadvertently gets drawn into the case of a missing woman when it overlaps with the wrap-up of another. He, with the rest of the team, begin the frantic search for the woman who appears to be in serious danger.
Elementary started full throttle as a rather happy looking man started his day. Unfortunately the woman he started it with was less happy as it became abundantly clear that she was being kept against her well. To seal it, he attached her collar to an indoor version of a dog zip line. We encountered him moments later when we caught up with Sherlock and the Captain who were at a business arresting a guy based on pipe ash he had left behind, a cute reference to book!Sherlock.
While the Captain explained to the guy why he was guilty, Sherlock was busy staring at the creepy guy through the window who appeared to be unnerved by the presence of the police. Sherlock saw him mouth "take care of her" and immediately jumped into action. He stole the man's phone and found a video of the woman who he had kept captive and ended up jumped by the angry individual, whom Sherlock easily subdued and shouted at to tell him where he was keeping the woman.
Captain Gregson came around the corner and wanted to know what was going on, effectively quieting Sherlock and further spooking Decker, the creeper. Sherlock did not clue the Captain in and instead left and returned to the Brownstone where Joan was chastising Shinwell for being unable to pick a lock. He admitted he was having a hard time with it but before Joan could get more information, Sherlock busted into the place and shouted for her to meet him downstairs.
Joan and Shinwell met Sherlock downstairs and watched as he gathered supplies. He explained what happened at the office and told Joan he did not inform the Captain because they would want to wait to do things legally. Given Decker's command to "take care of her," they did not appear to have the luxury of time to wait for a warrant. He planned to go break into the house and wanted Joan's help. She accompanied him and they found nothing except bootleg DVDs.
Using the DVDs, claiming he found them in the dumpster outside, Sherlock filled the Captain in and they brought Decker in for questioning. Of course Decker asked for a lawyer and acted as if he were innocent, disinterested in the hoops they jumped through to bring him in. Joan went to talk to Decker's ex-wife who worked for immigration and she explained that after the divorce, Decker quit the agency, but he used to work there with her and built their computer systems.
Joan thought that he had used a back door to get in and get information on immigrant women, but Mason (an irregular) investigated and found no such back door. Sherlock asked about Shinwell and Joan told him that training was slow going. Sherlock suggested to her that perhaps, more than a trainer, Shinwell needed a mentor to motivate him. They, as usual, did not finish the conversation since Sherlock found the woman's picture and determined she had been missing since 2011.
With the picture they identified her and found a friend who worked with her on a cruise ship, the very same one she disappeared from. The friend put them on the trail of a gentleman named Darnell who had been a mechanic for the cruise company who kept offering the women work at a massage parlor. Finding Darnell was significantly harder than getting his identification, but Shinwell looked into it through an old prison contact and came up with a list of Darnell's family members.
He also explained why he could not pick the locks. Shinwell had been working on something with SPK, trying to put together a deal that would push him up the leadership ladder so that he would be able to get better information. Joan expressed her worry that leadership higher up would be more keen and catch Shinwell, but he did not seem bothered.
Sherlock and Bell found Darnell and Sherlock ended up at gunpoint. They diffused the situation and determined that Darnell was not Decker's accomplice, as he had an alibi working on a fishing boat. Without any evidence to hold him, the Captain was forced to let Decker go, though he did get permission to put a tracker on him and to conduct surveillance. They tried to make a deal with him before he left, asking him to give up his partner in exchange for a lighter sentence, but with the prospect of freedom on the horizon Decker turned them down.
Shinwell met with a potential supplier named Diego who was offering better product at a slight discount. Shinwell was interested in negotiating down more and noticed how squirrelly Diego was being about needing the money and insisting Shinwell take the sample back to his people.
At the Brownstone, Sherlock sulked over the loss of Decker. Joan engaged him in another discussion about Shinwell, Sherlock did not sound particularly approving of his actions. They eventually got the news that they lost track of Decker and the last signal led them out to Far Rockaway. After combing the shore they found a lot of blood but no body, and further down the way Sherlock found a ring of keys that had been dropped and realized they belonged to Decker.
With the keys in hand and some more investigating, they found Decker's other house and discovered a woman there. She had been there for a couple of months and was not the original woman that Sherlock had seen on the video. Sherlock was displeased and disappointed even though the Captain reassured him that they saved at least one life. Joan was the only one to catch on to who the accomplice was when they realized Decker's claim to "take care of her" was literal. She noticed that the milk in the fridge was soy, the same brand that Decker's ex-wife had used as creamer in her coffee.
Realizing that the couple had kept women as a team when they were married, they went searching for her and found her ready to burn down another house. She got caught but they did not find the woman until they heard pounding in the trunk. There was the original woman they had been looking for, alive, and they came to realize that Decker was the one who had been killed on the beach, body dumped in the water. The ex-wife had used her status as an agent to find women to victimize and Sherlock was happy to let her rot in prison, and her ex-husband rot in the water.
Back at the Brownstone, Joan found Shinwell had broken in and was able to crack almost all of the locks. He explained to her that his deal had fallen through because he noticed how agitated Diego had been and it tipped him off that something was not right. When he looked into it, he found that Diego's connections had dried up, he was broke, and was trying to get half the money up front so he could take it and run. Shinwell, apparently, had been listening to the training after all.
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text:
Billy Garrett Jr. (born October 16, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for Legia Warszawa of the Polish Basketball League. He played college basketball for DePaul.

High school career

Garrett's grandfather was Bill Garrett, the first African-American basketball player in the Big Ten. His father, Billy Garrett Sr., is a DePaul assistant coach. The younger Garrett attended Morgan Park High School. He committed to DePaul early in his high school career. Garrett achieved basketball success despite being diagnosed with sickle cell disease. When Wayne Blackshear graduated in 2011, Garrett became the focal point of the team as a junior. As a senior, he led the team to the 2013 IHSA 3A championship over Cahokia High School.

College career

In January 2014, he nearly died from a sickle cell crisis. Garrett managed to rebound from his attack and win conference rookie of the year honors. He averaged 12.4 points and 3.2 assists per game as a freshman. As a junior, he averaged 12.6 points, 3.5 assists, and 2.9 rebounds per game on a 9–22 team. "It has been disappointing for me," Garrett said. "I wanted to come in and help change the culture and bring a positive outlook on DePaul basketball citywide and nationwide." As a senior, he averaged 14.9 points per game while shooting 36 percent from three. He was Big East Scholar-Athlete of the year as a senior. Garrett finished his career as DePaul's all-time leader in made free throws.

Professional career

Westchester Knicks (2017–2019)
After going undrafted in the 2017 NBA Draft, Garrett did not play in the NBA Summer League. He joined the Westchester Knicks of the NBA G-League. Garrett increased his role on the team after Trey Burke was called up to the New York Knicks. Garrett averaged 11.9 points, 2.7 boards, 2.5 assists and 1.0 steals in 27.1 minutes per game. On October 4, 2018, he signed an Exhibit 10 deal with the New York Knicks.

New York Knicks (2019)
On April 2, 2019, the New York Knicks announced that they had signed Garrett to a 10-day contract. He became the first NBA player with sickle-cell disease. In four games, he averaged 6.5 points per game. In July 2019, Garrett joined the Phoenix Suns for the 2019 NBA Summer League.

Élan Chalon (2019)
On July 25, 2019, Garrett signed a deal with French club Élan Chalon.

Larisa (2020)
On January 2, 2020, Garrett officially signed with Greek club Larisa for the remainder of the season.

Garrett joined House of 'Paign, a team composed primarily of Illinois alumni in The Basketball Tournament 2020. He scored nine points in a 76–53 win over War Tampa in the first round.

Lakeland Magic (2021)
For the 2020–21 season, Garrett joined the Lakeland Magic of the G League where he averaged 11.7 points, 2.9 rebounds and 5.3 assists in 29.4 minutes en route to the NBA G League title.

Czarni Słupsk (2021–2022)
On July 22, 2021, Garrett signed with Czarni Słupsk of the Energa Basket Liga.

Riesen Ludwigsburg (2022)
On August 23, 2022, he has signed with Riesen Ludwigsburg of the Basketball Bundesliga.

Arka Gdynia (2022)
On November 10, 2022, he signed with Arka Gdynia of the Polish Basketball League.

Legia Warszawa (2022–present)
On December 2, 2022, he signed with Legia Warszawa of the Polish Basketball League.

Career statistics

NBA

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| New York
| 4 || 0 || 15.8 || .407 || .000 || 1.000 || .8 || 1.8 || .3 || .3 || 6.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 4 || 0 || 15.8 || .407 || .000 || 1.000 || .8 || 1.8 || .3 || .3 || 6.5

References

External links
 DePaul Blue Demons bio

1994 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Chicago
Czarni Słupsk players
DePaul Blue Demons men's basketball players
Élan Chalon players
Lakeland Magic players
Larisa B.C. players
Legia Warsaw (basketball) players
Morgan Park Academy alumni
New York Knicks players
People with sickle-cell disease
Shooting guards
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Westchester Knicks players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia