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RAMPD Partners with Netflix to Develop Disabled TV/Film Composers and Songwriters
Netflix will sponsor a RAMPD program to help in efforts to develop disabled composers, songwriters and Below-the-Line music creators.
Tiqua Jackson
Photo by Venti Views on Unsplash
As an award-winning global network of established artists, composers, music supervisors–and everything in between–with disabilities, RAMPD.org has been on a mission since launching in 2022 to amplify Disability Culture and promote inclusion in the music industry. RAMPD (Recording Artists and Music Professionals with Disabilities) announced on October 26th that Netflix will sponsor a RAMPD program to help in efforts to develop disabled composers, songwriters and Below-the-Line music creators. The event, held November 4th, comprised a roundtable and Q&A with Netflix music decision-makers from the world of series and trailers.
Recent studies have shown that 1 in 2 musicians with disabilities encounter access barriers and about 60% have their access requirements ignored or not taken seriously. This is generally due to lack of industry awareness concerning disability needs, along with a skewed societal perception of musicians with disabilities. However, 70% of musicians with disabilities withhold details about a condition or impairment due to concerns it would damage a professional relationship, thus RAMPD's mission is to fortify awareness and advocate equitable access, not only physically, but in regards to opportunity.
"RAMPD's Professional membership comprises music creators who've traversed a not-so-inclusive industry to establish a professional career," says Lachi, Founder/President of RAMPD. "Our initiative with Netflix addresses the need for more composers and songwriters with disabilities to make a sustainable living creating, while bridging the gap between disabled creators and the decision makers behind the trailer and ads music we hear everyday on Netflix."
RAMPD, supported by great artists like Gaelynn Lea, Adrian Anantawan and Joey Stuckey, has since partnered or collaborated with prominent music and entertainment organizations, including Folk Alliance International, American Association of Independent Music, the National Independent Venue Association, and others to help bring awareness and accessibility through discussion and programming. RAMPD worked closely with the Recording Academy to bring accessibility to the 64th GRAMMY Awards ceremony. On April 3, 2022, the global awards show possessed a visible ramp to the stage, American Sign Language on the red carpet, and live caption and Audio description for home viewers.
RAMPD's programs like the one with Netflix are open to professional members. Learn more about RAMPD and how you can support or become a member at www.RAMPD.org
Disabled Artistsnetflixmusicians
Tiqua Jackson, a U.S. Marine Corps veteran, currently works as a freelance technical editor and writer in Silicon Valley. Originally from Little Rock, Arkansas, her interests have recently turned to the stage and she has appeared in several plays at community theatres in the Bay Area.


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The Association of Dietary Phytochemical Index and Migraine Headaches
Moein Askarpour
yarizadeh yarizadeh
Faezeh Khorsha
Khadijeh Mirzaei
Mansoureh Togha
Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
Background: Migraine is a neurological disorder which can threaten public health and cause socio-economic burdens. Dietary factors are proposed to be associated with migraine pain. The aim of this study was to examine the association between Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) and headache severity and duration among migraine patients.
Methods: A sample of two hundred and sixty-six women (18-50 years) took part in the study. Dietary data was collected using a validated and reliable food-frequency questionnaire. DPI was estimated by a formula (Daily energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods (kcal)/total daily energy intake (kcal)×100), based on dietary intake. Anthropometric measurements, headache duration, and visual analog scale for pain questionnaire were assessed for all cases.
Results: An inverse association was found between high-DPI score and severe headaches (OR=0.67; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.98; p=0.011). However, headache duration showed no significant association with DPI score (β= -0.10, 95% CI: -0.51, 0.27, p=0.25).
Conclusion: The present study showed that adherence to phytochemical-rich diets may be associated with reduced headache in migraine patients.
Migraine disorders
Visual analog scale
Migraine is a neurologic disease characterized by severe headaches which could last to 72 hr (1). Migraine, affecting 12% of the world population (2), is considered as the first cause of disability in people under 50 yrs (3). It could impose economic burden and affect the quality of life (4). Therefore, finding the best approach to manage and control this disease is of utmost importance.
Certain drugs have been proposed to control and manage this disease (5), but due to the major side effects that they could create (6), proper dietary intervention could be a supplementary approach with fewer side effects towards migraine. It was reported that dietary intake especially with high antioxidants and phytochemical content related to reduced headache duration and intensity (7).
The Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI), is a simple and practical method for the evaluation of diet quality and phytochemical intake (8). Phytochemicals are plant-based bioactive compounds including phenolic, isoperenoids, organosulfor compounds (9). Dietary intake with high phytochemical compounds has gained significant attention due to its effect on control and management of chronic diseases (10-12).
It seems that the risk of migraine headaches and DPI has not been studied before. Therefore, this cross-sectional observational study was conducted to examine a hypothesized association between DPI and intensity and duration of migraine headaches.
In the current study, 266 women aged 18-50 years with migraine headaches were chosen from two neurology clinics in Tehran. Inclusion criteria in the present study were voluntary participation in the study, women with history of migraine headache diagnosed by a professional neurologist and Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 30. Participants were excluded from the study if they were on specific diets, lactating or pregnant or their daily energy intakes were lower than 800 kcal/day or higher than 4,200 kcal/day (n=28). Moreover, women with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer were excluded.
Ethical considerations: The present study protocol was approved by the research committee of the School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). All of the participants were asked to sign consent forms.
Assessment of dietary intakes and phytochemical index
Dietary intake was evaluated using a 147-items semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and its reliability and validity had been already approved in Iran (13). Nutritionists filled participants FFQ's during a face- to- face interview. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Composition Tables (FCT) were applied to assess participant's dietary intake due to limited data on Iranian FCT. Then, nutrients intakes were analyzed using Nutritionist IV software (Version 7.0; N-Squared Computing, Salem, OR, USA).
The DPI was determined based on the method developed by McCarty [DPI=(Daily energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods (kcal)/total daily energy intake (kcal))×100] (8). Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, fruit and vegetable juices, tomato sauces, soy products and olive oil were considered as phytochemical-rich foods. Potatoes were not calculated because of their poor source of phytochemicals.
Migraine severity and duration
In the current study, neurologists diagnosed migraine according to International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3) (14).
VAS (Visual analog scale) questionnaire was applied to evaluate headache severity (Categorical variable). The VAS had a 10 cm horizontal line and migraine patients pointed to the line to represent their pain. The VAS score ranged from 1 to 10 and categorized pain in three levels of 1 to 3 (Mild pain), 4 to 7 (Moderate pain) and 8 to 10 (Severe pain) (15). A headache diary was given to participants to obtain headache duration (Numerical variable) and record how many hours they had suffered from each migraine attack.
Assessment of other variables
Weight was assessed by a digital scale (SECA, Hamburg, Germany) to the nearest 0.1 kg. Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm by a wall-mounted stadiometer. BMI was calculated based on following formula "weight (kg)/height2 (m2)". Characteristics including age, family history of migraine (Yes/no), specific diet, education status (≤Diploma or >Diploma), supplement use (Yes/no), and chronic disease history (Yes/no) were assessed by giving all participants a questionnaire.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAC) was used to assess Physical Activity (PA). Activity level was classified into low, moderate and high levels as described by the IPAQ scoring protocol (16).
The chi-square test was applied to determine the association between DPI and qualitative variables. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the relationship between DPI and quantitative variables.
In addition, to compare the dietary intakes of participants among tertile of DPI, covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was applied. To assess the association between DPI scores and the headache severity, multinomial logistic regression was used in crude and adjusted models by adjusting the effect of energy intake, age, BMI, PA, smoking status, menstruation, headaches, water intake, and medication usage.
In addition, to determine the association between DPI (Independent variables) and headache duration (Dependent variable), linear regression was applied in crude and adjusted models. SPSS version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform statistical analysis. The level of statistical significance was considered as p<0.05.
Characteristics of study population
The baseline characteristics of the participants among tertiles of DPI are presented in table 1. The mean (SD) age, height, weight, BMI, and headache duration of patients were 34.32 (7.86) years, 161.87 (5.14) cm, 69.41 (13.02) kg, 26.50 (4.88) kg/m2, 10.03 (10.78) hr, respectively. Quantitative and qualitative variables did not show any significant differences across DPI tertiles. However, headache duration showed a statistically significant difference across DPI, with an ascending trend from highest to lowest tertile of DPI. Moreover, 84% of our participants reported that some dietary intakes could aggravate their headache severity and they eliminated those dietary factors from their diet.
Dietary intake and DPI
Dietary intakes of the participants among DPI tertiles are shown in table 2. Participants with higher scores of DPI had more consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes and nuts, while having lower intake of refined grain and meat compared to the lower scores of DPI. Moreover, the dairy and water intake across tertiles of DPI did not present any significant differences.
DPI score and migraine headache severity and duration
The association between severity and duration of migraine headache and DPI score, in crude model and adjusted model are presented in table 3. A significant inverse association was observed between DPI score and odds of severe headaches in crude and adjusted models.
Participants with higher score of DPI were less likely to have severe headache compared with those with lower score in crude (OR= 0.74; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.87; p<0.001) and adjusted models (OR= 0.67; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.98; p=0.011).
Linear Regression Models (LRM) presented no statistically significant relation between DPI score and headache duration in crude (β= -0.12, 95% CI: -0.57, 0.18; p=0.19), and adjusted models (β= -0.10, 95% CI: -0.51, 0.27, p=0.25).
Table 1. Characteristics of study population among tertiles (T) of dietary phytochemical index
Dietary phytochemical index
*p-value
34.32±7.86
69.41±13.02
BMI (kg/m2)
PA (MET-h/wk)
407.73±519.13
Headache duration (hr)
10.03 (10.78)
11.35 (9.65)
9.74 (11.32)
Current smoker n (%)
245 (95.1)
84 (31.1)
Marital status n (%)
Education status n (%)
≤Diploma
>Diploma
Medication use n (%)
Family history of migraine n (%)
BMI, body mass index; PA, physical activity.
Quantitative variables (Age, height, weight, BMI, PA, headache duration) reported as Mean±SD.
Qualitative variables (Current smoker, education, medication use, marital and history of migraine) reported as number (%).
* Chi-square test and ANOVA were applied for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively.
Table 2. Dietary intake of study population among tertiles (T) of dietary phytochemical index
Vegetables (g/d)
135.91±41.35
<0.001
Fruits (g/d)
Dairy (g/d)
Legumes and nuts (g/d)
Refined grain (g/d)
Meat (g/d)
Water intake (L/d)
* Based on ANCOVA, adjusted for total energy except total energy.
Mean±SD (All such values).
Table 3. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for severity and duration of migraine headaches across DPI scores
Crude models
Adjusted models
a p-value
OR (0.95% CI)
Mild pain∞
(0.45, 1.07)
Headache duration of each attack
*-0.12
(-0.57, 0.18)
DPI, dietary phytochemical index.
VAS, visual analog scale.
* The β coefficient has been shown.
a Adjusted for confounders.
∞ Considered as reference group.
Our main analyses showed that there was no significant association between DPI scores and headache duration. However, it was found that higher DPI scores were significantly associated with reduced headache intensity. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first study to examine the association between the DPI score and migraine headaches.
There are possible mechanisms through which the hypothesis of the effect of phytochemicals on migraine could be justified. Migraine is a neurovascular disease, trigged by a set of actions starting within the brain and then involving the blood vessels (17). Fluctuation of blood flow in the brain may contribute to the pain (18). Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that acts as a vasodilator and could cause neurogenic inflammation (19). Some studies proposed the role of CGRP in migraine (20,21). CGRP antagonist drugs were shown to reduce the average number of migraine frequency in migraine sufferers (22). Several studies indicated that food intake could also be capable of altering CGRP levels (23,24).
Plant foods as phytochemical rich sources were also found to combat migraine with an antagonistic ability against CGRP (25). Previous studies have shown the value of high-DPI diet that is inversely related to oxidative stress, hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, hypertension, and prediabetes (26-28). Phytochemicals also have been shown to have neuroprotective activity.
Inflammation plays an important role in migraine pain, with sensitization of nerve endings in meninges. High-DPI diets have anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing biomarkers of inflammation via inhibiting neuronal growth especially in the hippocampus, altering gut microflora, and suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines (29,30). In addition, nutritional antioxidants protect the body cells from the free radicals and act in favor of anti-inflammatory balance (31).
Several studies are suggesting a positive association between hypertension and migraine (32-34). On other hand, many experimental studies in rats have shown that phytochemicals may reduce the arterial pressure and enhance the vasorelaxant process (35).
The study population was relatively low. If men also had been recruited, better insights could have been achieved. In addition, questionnaires are based on participants' feeling of pain and their memory. Our results are associational and do not prove causality. It is better to confirm a hypothesized association by using evidence from multiple epidemiological studies, especially in different populations and/or countries.
In conclusion, our findings showed that higher adherence to phytochemical-rich diets may be associated with reduced headache.
Not declared.
The authors thank the participants and the neurology clinics of Sina and Khatam Alanbia hospitals. This study was extracted from a dissertation that was confirmed by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Grants ID: 95-01- 103-31348). The authors report no conflict of interest. The ethical code number of the ethics committee of Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS) was IR.TUMS.REC.2141.1394.
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29. Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D, Basora-Gallisa J, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Covas MI, et al. Effects of dietary fibre intake on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in subjects at high risk. J Epidemiol Community Health 2009;63(7):582-8.
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33. Gudmundsson LS, Thorgeirsson G, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H, Johannsson M. Migraine patients have lower systolic but higher diastolic blood pressure compared with controls in a population-based study of 21,537 subjects. The Reykjavik Study. Cephalalgia 2006;26(4):436-44.
34. Franceschi M, Colombo B, Rossi P, Canal N. Headache in a population-based elderly cohort. An ancillary study to the Italian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ILSA). Headache 1997;37(2):79-82.
35. Harnafi H, Amrani S. Flavonoids as potent phytochemicals in cardiovascular diseases prevention. Pharmacogn Rev 2007;1(2):193-202.
Askarpour, M., yarizadeh, Y., Khorsha, F., Mirzaei, K., Togha, M. (2020). The Association of Dietary Phytochemical Index and Migraine Headaches. Journal of Iranian Medical Council, 3(2), 99-105.
Moein Askarpour; yarizadeh yarizadeh; Faezeh Khorsha; Khadijeh Mirzaei; Mansoureh Togha. "The Association of Dietary Phytochemical Index and Migraine Headaches". Journal of Iranian Medical Council, 3, 2, 2020, 99-105.
Askarpour, M., yarizadeh, Y., Khorsha, F., Mirzaei, K., Togha, M. (2020). 'The Association of Dietary Phytochemical Index and Migraine Headaches', Journal of Iranian Medical Council, 3(2), pp. 99-105.
Askarpour, M., yarizadeh, Y., Khorsha, F., Mirzaei, K., Togha, M. The Association of Dietary Phytochemical Index and Migraine Headaches. Journal of Iranian Medical Council, 2020; 3(2): 99-105.

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News from the Hudson River Watershed Alliance
WATERSHED DIGEST
Update from the Hudson River Watershed Alliance
Breakfast Webinar Series
Our monthly Mid-Hudson Breakfast Lecture Series continues as a webinar. Enjoy breakfast at home, and join us on Thursday, June 11 from 8:30-9:30 AM via Zoom. Registration and more info here .
Featured speaker Brian Yellen, from UMass Amherst, will discuss research on likely impacts from future dam removals on sediment and the Hudson River. This research was conducted with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve. The research team estimated the amount of sediment detained behind dams throughout the Hudson River watershed, and compared this to the total sediment budget of the Hudson River.
Wallkill River Summit
The 6th annual Wallkill River Summit is a 2-part webinar series. Join us for updates on Wallkill River projects and presentations to learn more about getting involved.
Part 2 will be held on Tuesday, June 9, from 7-8 PM. Registration and more info here . If you missed Part 1, it's available to view on YouTube here . To learn more about the Wallkill River Watershed Alliance's assistance on MS4 (Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System) work, see the Watershed Highlight below.
Presented by the Wallkill River Watershed Alliance and the Hudson River Watershed Alliance.
Toast to the Tribs Livestream
Hudson River Watershed Alliance supports the fight against systemic racism. Black Lives Matter. In solidarity, we observed Blackout Tuesday and postponed Toast to the Tribs, the Hudson River Watershed Alliance's annual awards benefit. We recognize "the long-standing racism and inequality that exists from the boardroom to the boulevard. We will not continue to conduct business as usual without regard for Black lives." #theshowmustbepaused
Our livestream will be on Tuesday, June 23 from 7-8 PM. We look forward to celebrating and sharing the inspirational stories of our Watershed WaveMakers then. You can register online here . The livestream is free to view, with donations accepted.
Watershed Highlight
Wallkill River Watershed Alliance's MS4 Assistance
Storm drain in Kingston, labeled by Kingston YMCA Farm Project, Beautifying and Restoring Kingston, and Riverkeeper.
Stormwater outfall, part of the Village of New Paltz's MS4, carrying runoff into the Wallkill River.
From left to right, Wallkill River Watershed Alliance members Rich Picone, Rob Ferri, and Brenda Cemelli at the Great Wallkill River Race.
The first Wallkill River Roundtable brought together agencies, municipalities, legislators, non-profits, and other partners to improve coordination on Wallkill River projects.
Planting trees along the Saw Mill Brook where it meets the Wallkill River, through the Hudson Estuary Trees for Tribs program.
Stormwater pollution impacts a significant number of rivers and streams in the Hudson River watershed. Community-based watershed groups like the Wallkill River Watershed Alliance are working with municipalities to improve stormwater management.
Urban storm/runoff is the top cause of impairment for waterbodies in the Lower Hudson River Drainage Basin, according to the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation's Priority Waterbodies List/Waterbody Inventory. Impervious surfaces like roads, parking lots, and buildings prevent rain from soaking into the soil. Stormwater sewer systems were designed to convey that water directly to rivers and streams as quickly as possible. This has impacts on water quality, in-stream flows, and channel stability.
MS4 stands for Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System . According to EPA, an MS4 is a conveyance or system of conveyances that is:
owned by a state, city, town, village, or other public entity that discharges to waters of the U.S.,
designed or used to collect or convey stormwater (e.g., storm drains, pipes, ditches),
not a combined sewer, and
not part of a sewage treatment plant, or publicly owned treatment works.
In 1990, Phase I of the MS4 program began. Phase II followed in 1999, and required municipalities with urbanized areas (based on the US Census Bureau) to obtain a permit for their stormwater discharges. The DECinfo Locator online mapper shows these designated MS4 areas. In New York State, owners or operators MS4s must be authorized in accordance with the State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) General Permit for Stormwater Discharges from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems .
This permit requires municipalities to develop a stormwater management program to reduce pollution in runoff by implement 6 minimum control measures:
Public Education and Outreach
Public Participation/Involvement
Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination
Construction Site Runoff Control
Post-construction Runoff Control
Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping
The NYS DEC's MS4 Toolbox website gives an overview of each minimum control measure, along with other resources.
Rob Ferri is a board member of the Wallkill River Watershed Alliance and retired U.S. EPA Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act Enforcement Officer. Through his work with the Wallkill River Watershed Alliance, Rob has worked closely with municipalities to help them improve their MS4 documentation and reporting. He created a detailed report for the Village of New Paltz to outline all of the work that the Alliance had done, which the Village can use for their MS4 requirements. This included substantial work on Public Education and Outreach and Public Participation/Involvement.
Wallkill River Watershed Alliance events such as the annual Wallkill River Summit, Great Wallkill River Race, Wallkill Watershed Roundtable, and tabling at the Village of Walden's Harvest Fair all count for Public Education and Outreach. Participating in the New Paltz Regatta, monitoring water quality, leading clean-ups, and planting trees along streams through Trees for Tribs all count for Public Participation/Involvement.
Tim Rogers, Mayor of the Village of New Paltz, said, "Our village government has spent significant effort during the last few years updating our stormwater and sanitary sewer conveyance systems. We recognize how these projects protect the Wallkill River and augment the Alliance's important work. Time and again we hear from our constituents how they care deeply about and want a clean, safe, and healthy Wallkill River."
This work by the Wallkill River Watershed Alliance to support the Village of New Paltz with MS4 documentation was funded by the NYS DEC Hudson River Estuary Program, through an Estuary Stewardship Grant that was awarded to Riverkeeper.
Rob also held two general MS4 classes in 2019 to train municipal staff on MS4 implementation and documentation, sponsored by the Hudson Valley Regional Council. To provide more specific assistance, Rob attended a Town of Esopus Stormwater Meeting and conducted a site visit to evaluate Town facilities for compliance with their MS4 permit.
Watershed groups can partner with municipalities to help fulfill permit requirements and improve stormwater management in our communities. In many cases, this is work that watershed groups are already doing, and it's a win-win for these groups to work together.
River Network: EDI (Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion) Resources for Nonprofits
River Network has compiled resources to help organizations be catalysts and partners in building a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive movement for our nation's waters.These resources include materials on white privilege and racial equity; conservation, environmentalism, and race; organizational EDI; becoming an ally; and other resources.
Hudson River Estuary Program Conservation and Land Use 101 webinar series: Best Practices for Local Environmental Review
June 17, 12-1pm
Reviews and approvals of most land development and subdivision projects are carried out at the local level by municipal planning boards and zoning boards of appeal. This webinar will address how to obtain natural resource information for a site, techniques for map interpretation, and effective ways to incorporate conservation principles for significant habitats, wildlife, and water resources into those reviews. Building a collaborative relationship between the reviewing agency and the applicant from the earliest stage of project planning can lead to a speedier review process and improve project outcomes.
Presenter: Gretchen Stevens, Hudsonia Ltd.
Previous webinars in this series have included stormwater management, conserving wetlands, and an introduction to Conservation Advisory Councils and Boards. To see the previous webinar recordings and slides, click here .
National Estuary Program: Coastal Watershed Grant Program due August 7
The National Estuary Program (NEP) Coastal Watershed Grant Program has announced a Request for Proposals (RFP) for projects that address threats to coastal and estuarine areas of national significance, including the Hudson River Estuary watershed in New York. Priorities include nutrients, loss of habitat, flooding and coastal erosion. This newly created, nationally competitive grant program is administered by Restore America's Estuaries in coordination with the EPA. Letters of Intent are due by 5 p.m. on August 7, 2020. Full proposals, by invitation only, are due November 6, 2020.
The Hudson River Watershed Alliance unites and empowers communities to protect their local water resources
This newsletter is supported in part by the Hudson River Estuary Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, with support from the New York State Environmental Protection Fund.


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Blood & Beauty
Acclaimed novelist of the Italian Renaissance Sarah Dunant now takes on the era's most infamous family: the Borgias.
By the end of the fifteenth century, the beauty and creativity of Italy is matched by its brutality and corruption, nowhere more than in Rome and in the Church. When Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia buys his way into the papacy as Alexander VI, he is defined not just by his wealth or his passionate love for his illegitimate children, but by his blood: he is a Spanish Pope in a city run by Italians. If the Borgias are to triumph, this charismatic, consummate politician with a huge appetite for life, women and power must use papacy and family to succeed.
His eldest son Cesare, a dazzlingly cold intelligence and an even colder soul, is his greatest – though increasingly unstable – weapon. Later immortalised in Machiavelli's The Prince, he provides the energy and the muscle. His daughter Lucrezia, beloved by both men, is the prime dynastic tool. Twelve years old when the novel opens, hers is a journey through three marriages: from childish innocence to painful experience, from pawn to political player.
Stripping away the myths around the Borgias, Blood & Beauty is a majestic novel that breathes life into this astonishing family and celebrates the raw power of history itself: compelling, complex and relentless.
Genre: Fiction & Related Items / Modern & Contemporary Fiction (post C 1945)
On Sale: 2nd May 2013
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Q: closing windowA which opened windowB from window B in powerbuilder 11.5 Suppose I have windowA, windowB and windowC and many other.
I want to close a window which opened another window from the opened window.
like How do I close windowA from windowB If windowB is opened from windowA?
Any window may open any other window and they have the same menu item.
All windows are of main type.

A: Since there is no way to find out how a particular window was opened, you'll have to pass the reference to the new window and store it there for later use.
On window A, use OpenWithParm(windowB,this) (where this refers to Window A), and on WindowB in the open event: iw_opener = Message.PowerObjectParm. Of course some sanity checking should be done here, and iw_opener has to be declared as an instance variable as window iw_openener.
To close WindowA from WindowB just do close(iw_opener).

A: Without knowing what kind of windows your windows are the answer is 'it depends'.
If they are all main type windows you do something like:
IF IsValid(w_a) THEN
  Close(w_a)
END IF
This calls the close function on window 'w_a'.  There may be code in the closequery event which will prevent it from closing however.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It takes a lot of hard work to be a great volleyball player, but being a great coach isn't easy either. In addition to teaching your players the skills and techniques they need to play the game, being a great coach means acting as a role model for your team, practicing good sportsmanship and motivating and encouraging your players to continue to improve. If you're looking for a way to pump up your coaching skills, attending a volleyball-coaching clinic is an excellent place to start.
Each year, USA Volleyball hosts a clinic for volleyball coaches at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, Colo. The clinic costs $425 for U.S. citizens and $500 for noncitizens and includes discussions by the head coaches of the U.S. Women's and Men's National Team on such topics as serving and passing, offensive and defensive tactics, and different coaching styles. The clinic focuses on helping coaches develop strategies and techniques for handling various situations both on and off the court [source: Kauffman].
If that sounds a little too intense for a youth volleyball coach like you, the great news is that there are volleyball associations throughout the country that offer clinics for coaches at every level of the game. For example, the Minnesota Volleyball Coaches Association puts together an annual clinic for coaches at the junior, high school and college level to discuss drills, rule changes, the challenges of coaching and other relevant topics [source: Minnesota Volleyball Coaches Association]. Check out your local park district or volleyball association to find out about coaching clinics in your area.
For more information on coaching youth volleyball, see the links on the following page.
It may be a bit early to be thinking about an induction into the Volleyball Coaches Hall of Fame, but you may as well have a goal in mind. The Minnesota Volleyball Coaches Association gives out a Coach of the Year award and recognizes coaches who reach milestones of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 wins during their career [source: Minnesota Volleyball Coaches Association].


text:
Der Arbeitskreis für Vergleichende Mythologie (AVM) ist ein eingetragener Literaturverein, der sich der interdisziplinären Erforschung der Mythologie sowie der Religions- und Kulturgeschichte, der Brauchtumsforschung, dem Aberglauben, der Philosophie sowie der Mythentheorie und Mythenrezeption widmet. Damit ist der AVM eine der wenigen Forschungsgemeinschaften ihrer Art im deutschen Sprachraum.

Der Verein fördert Weltoffenheit und Toleranz und wendet sich entschieden gegen alle Arten der Manipulation und der Instrumentalisierung von Mythen sowie gegen politischen und religiösen Extremismus.

Geschichte
Der AVM wurde am 27. Januar 1995 in Leipzig auf Initiative von mythen- und kulturbegeisterten Autoren, Wissenschaftlern und Interessierten gegründet. Seine Aufgabe sollte es fortan sein, sich mit den Mythen und Religionen verschiedener Kulturkreise zu befassen, sie zu vergleichen und ihren Einfluss auf gegenwärtige Lebens- und Denkweisen zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus beschäftigt sich der Arbeitskreis auch mit den Beziehungen von Mythologie einerseits und Literatur und bildender Kunst andererseits, insbesondere mit der Rezeption des Mythischen in den Werken von Autoren und Künstlern.

Der Arbeitskreis für Vergleichende Mythologie hat es sich von Anfang an zur Aufgabe gemacht, Mythen vor Vergessen und unkritischer Deutung zu bewahren sowie die Einflüsse der Mythologie in Gänze auf die Gegenwart in Bereichen wie der Literatur, der Kunst und der Kultur zu untersuchen. Der häufigen politischen oder wirtschaftlichen Instrumentalisierung und Verfälschung von Mythen (besonders der germanischen Mythologie) begegnet der AVM mit publizistischer Aufklärung und offenem Diskurs.

Was den Verein darüber hinaus besonders macht, ist, dass der Mythosbegriff als grundlegend für die Weltkulturen und Weltreligionen verstanden wird, deren Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede es zu untersuchen, zu vergleichen und zu hinterfragen gilt. Woher kommen wir? Wer sind wir? Wohin gehen wir?, bilden die Fragen, die bei jedem der jährlich durchgeführten Projekte mitschwingen, zu denen der Arbeitskreis bis zu 20 Veranstaltungen (Lesungen, Vorträge, Podiumsdiskussionen) durchführt.

Gründungsmitglied und erster Vorsitzender des AVM war bis 2019 der Schriftsteller und Publizist Reiner Tetzner. Seit 1. März 2019 hat der Anglist Elmar Schenkel den Vereinsvorsitz übernommen. Die Mitglieder des Arbeitskreises sind vielfach sowohl forschend als auch publizistisch tätig.

Bekannte Schriftsteller, Autoren und Wissenschaftler, die ihre Werke und Forschungen beim Arbeitskreis vorgestellt haben, sind u. a. der Historiker Johannes Fried, der Archäologe Harald Meller, die Journalistin Eva Menasse, der Politologe Herfried Münkler, die Islamwissenschaftlerin Annemarie Schimmel, der Theologe Friedrich Schorlemmer, der Philologe Rudolf Simek, der Philosoph Peter Sloterdijk sowie zahlreiche Schriftsteller wie Thomas Böhme, Volker Braun, Peter Gosse, Werner Heiduczek, Wolfgang Hohlbein, Adel Karasholi, Bernd-Lutz Lange, Erich Loest, Clemens Meyer und Uwe Tellkamp.

Bis heute hat der AVM rund 500 Veranstaltungen sowie zahlreiche Exkursionen durchgeführt, 27 Förderprojekte realisiert und über 30 Fachpublikationen im vereinseigenen Verlag Edition Vulcanus veröffentlicht.

Seit 2018 werden besondere Veranstaltungen, Exkursionen, Ausstellungen, Lektüre über literarische und wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzungen mit Kultur und Mythen sowie besondere mythische, literarische, kulturhistorische, ethnologische Themen auch im vereinsgeführten MYTHO-Blog besprochen. Die Artikel aus der Feder von Wissenschaftlern und Literaten werden jeden Freitag veröffentlicht und von Lesern weltweit rezipiert.

Unterstützt wird der AVM vom Leipziger Kulturamt, vom Kuratorium Haus des Buches Leipzig, dem Bundesamt für Familie und zivilgesellschaftliche Aufgaben, der Bürgerstiftung Dresden sowie der Sparkasse Leipzig.

Sitz des AVM ist das Haus des Buches in Leipzig.

Weblinks
 www.vergleichende-mythologie.de – Offizielle Internetpräsenz des Arbeitskreises für Vergleichende Mythologie
 MYTHO-Blog – Literatur- und Kultur-Blog des Arbeitskreises für Vergleichende Mythologie
 https://www.facebook.com/VergleichendeMythologie/ – Facebook-Seite des Arbeitskreises für Vergleichende Mythologie
 https://twitter.com/LE_Mythologie – Twitterseite des Arbeitskreises

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1995
Verein (Leipzig)
Mythologie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Leith Harbour: a bleak, abandoned Antarctic whaling station
January 7, 2018 Nikola Petrovski
Meat, oil and blubber, the equivalent of gold back in the days of whaling–a quest to hunt this underwater beast that spread across several millennia. A practice and tradition that with time matured to an industry with devastating effect – it is estimated that during the 1930s, around 50,000 whales were caught and slaughtered for profit each year.
This happened around the world, from the United States to Japan, from the Faroe Islands to South Korea. It was all banned by the International Whaling Commission in 1986. Nowadays, whaling is done under strict regulations.
The whale hunting stations. Author: historicair CC BY-SA 3.0
One such story of conquering this mammal whose heart alone weighed around 200 kilograms, not to mention the rest, begins with a whaling station know as either Port Leith or Leith Harbour. This station stood on the northeast coast of an island in the southern Atlantic Ocean known as South Georgia Island. It was here that Christian Salvesen Ltd. from Edinburgh – a company that is still in the business of whaling – opened their whaling station.
A whaler in a workshop. Author: Chrismackinnon Public Domain
The island of South Georgia itself has a long and varied history of whaling and this station played a major role, for it was one of the world's biggest centers for whale hunting and processing. But Leith Harbour was not the only thing on this island. Here were also Prince Olav Harbour, Stromness, Ocean Harbour to name a few. The business flourished until 1963. From this period until 1935, the station was partly leased by Japanese marine companies. This year marked the end of South Georgia's whaling season.
Years later, a population of reindeer was introduced to the island of South Georgia for the second time. However, an avalanche in 1918 swept clean the whole reindeer population.
General view of the harbor. Author: David Stanley CC BY 2.0
Once the Second World War broke out and the oceans became infested with submarines and warships, all of the stations on the island were closed except for Leith Harbour and Grytviken – the war called upon the catchers to serve their part in the war, many of whom were destroyed by German warships.
Leith Harbour from afar. Author: Liam Quinn CC BY-SA 2.0
The British Magistrates protected the island throughout the war. The Royal Navy was responsible for training the whalers; at Leith Harbour and Grytviken, two four-inch guns were installed at strategic locations, and whalers were given training on how to use these guns. And a merchant ship was repurposed and armed to patrol the Antarctic as well as the South Georgian waters. The batteries used during the war hold their ground to this very day.
Part of the abandoned station alternative view. Author: David Stanley CC BY 2.0
Years after the war, the island was the reason for the start of another conflict known as the Falklands War. No more than fifty Argentinians stormed the whaling station of Leith Harbour disguised as scrap metal traders. And this is when the conflict began.
Part of the abandoned station. Author: Markabq Public Domain
Today, only rusty chimneys and buildings remain. "Some of the huge steel cylinders of the whale oil tanks, 30ft high and 30ft across, have had their sides folded in, as if by a giant hand.
"But these are just the effects of time and the brutal winds of the Southern Ocean," wrote the BBC in their article "South Georgia: The lost whaling station at the end of the world." Abandoned since 1965, this station is the epitome of a ghost town, for there is nothing the buildings can do in their battle against the elements.
This is the reason why this station is off public access. The danger of falling building, chimneys, and oil tanks is so great that the island off-limits to the public and a special permit is required to enter the island.
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New Listing on Etsy. Lion Print.
I added another print to my etsy store a little while back. I did a lion a few years ago for a friend's baby that was full of prophetic words over his life and I had so many people say that if I did another one that they would want a copy. So here it is and I must say I love it. I love how God leads and puts together themes as you create and seek Him for words and verses to fill the shape. This one started with Proverbs, "The righteous are as bold as a lion." and from there God kept speaking of how much courage it takes takes to actually be righteous and how we will find it in Jesus. There are so many simple connecting words and verses. Enjoy!
Can you believe it is March already?! This year is already going by so fast I feel like digging my heels in the ground and trying to slow time down a little. We have been very busy in Cape Town with leadership, structuring a new ministry year, parenting, and having visitors! My parents as well as a close friend whom I (Jillian) have not seen in almost 8 years came to visit with her husband. So on our off times from work we have been tour guides and have grown more enthralled with this beautiful nation every day.
As a family we are doing well and learning to balance ministry and parenting better without getting burnt out. That was one of our struggles last year as we can tend to get really busy but we are learning how to schedule things and still prioritize Ira's walks at the beach and reading books and playing silly games, etc. All the fun things. Ira is doing really well and growing much too quickly. It's hard to believe we have a toddler. He is sweet and friendly and well loved by everyone here.
Overall the year is off to a good start so thank you for praying for us and supporting us! It is summer here which has been a huge blessing to us as we had winter in South Africa then winter in Canada and then winter in South Africa again. We were in need of some warm days for a long period of time. The above picture is from the day after new years on Muizenberg beach. Its is always crazy busy on that holiday weekend but thankfully it is not always like that.
Getting Bethesda running again this year has been a bit of a challenge. We ended last year without a building but were still doing a lot of ministry all over Cape Town. With the start of the new year we felt the need to be very strategic in planning how we were going to run everything and instead of rushing into it we spent a lot of time praying and seeking God for His plan for the year. It has taken a lot of work and wisdom but we have a schedule that looks like it will be very fruitful.
In addition to the normal ministry sessions we always offer we will also be partnering with two small communities in our area. They are called Oceanview and 7de Laan. Both are extremely impoverished and as soon as you get to know the beautiful people in them your heart breaks. We will be partnering with friends of Bethesda who have already been working in these areas and offering support and help. Jason and I will be focusing on 7de Laan doing men's and women's Bible studies as well as visiting people in their homes and ministering to the teachers and staff in the area.
My parents visited for the whole month of January which meant squeezing in as many of the amazing things Cape Town has to offer as possible. The above picture is from Chapman's Peak, one of the world's most beautiful drives. (Thank you again to everyone who donated towards out car last year! We couldn't have driven them there without you!) We took them to all our favourite places and enjoyed each others company. I know Ira loved having his grandparents around! It was a very sad goodbye. Having family visit makes the sacrifice of living so far away very real but getting to show them our home and all it's beauty also makes us realize how deeply we love this place.
Even though it has been over a month since his birthday Jason and I still find it hard to believe that we have a one year old. He is absolutely delightful and full of fun. He says a few words, his favourite of which are "bye" and "mama" and "papa". He is almost walking and can take quite a few steps on his own. He loves reading and climbing and eating. He is the friendliest person I know and waves and smiles at everyone. Here is a blog about why we chose his name if you would like to read it.
We are all just recovering from a cold and have felt quite tired and sick the past week.
We are constantly seeking God for wisdom in leadership as we make decisions and move our ministry forward.
That we would work had and rest hard. Ira has slept through the night but lately it seems like one thing after the other that is disrupting his sleep and naps, whether it is teething or a cold, and that gets us all very tired.
- For our Bethesda Team.
As a team we are still in a weird transition season as we look for another building to move into and although we have dealt well with it there have still been struggles. A lot of people are also dealing with some very heavy personal things and attack from the enemy so prayer for our team as a whole would be amazing.
It's really simple and there is a place for both Canadians and Americans to sign up and receive tax deductible receipts.
Thanks for reading! Don't hesitate to contact us because we would love to hear from you!


text:
How Influenza A Virus Causes and#8216;and#8216;Epidemicsand#8217;and#8217; and and#8216;and#8216;Pandemicsand#8217;and#8217; among the Populations? | OMICS International
Journal of Infectious Diseases & Therapy
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Review Article Open Access
How Influenza A Virus Causes ''Epidemics'' and ''Pandemics'' among the Populations?
Sleman SS*
Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Iraq
Sleman SS
Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Sulaimani, Sulaimanyah, Iraq
Received date: April 26, 2017; Accepted date: May 5, 2017; Published date: May 11, 2017
Citation: Sleman SS (2017) How Influenza A Virus Causes ''Epidemics'' and ''Pandemics'' among the Populations?. J Infect Dis Ther 5:319. doi: 10.4172/2332-0877.1000319
Copyright: © 2017 Sleman SS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Visit for more related articles at Journal of Infectious Diseases & Therapy
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Influenza is a major cause of sickness and death around the world and is one of the most important infectious diseases confronting the world today. Influenza A virus is the leading cause of seasonal epidemic and pandemic flu globally. Both epidemic and pandemic flu are found to be associated with the high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, but that pandemic is thought to have accounted for about 50 million or more deaths and is obviously a matter of great concern, can cause a severe, easily transmissible disease among the community and everyone at risk of infection. The purpose of this study is to describe the mechanisms by which the influenza A viruses can cause epidemic and pandemic flu worldwide. In conclusion the extensive infection is mainly because the influenza A virus, like other RNA viruses, has capability to undergo a continuous antigenic variation either via a point mutation causing gradual change in the shape of the HA surface antigens known as ''Antigenic drift'' and it is found to be responsible for seasonal epidemics or through a genetic reassortment that leads to a major change in the surface antigens known as ''Antigenic shift'' and generation of entirely novel strains among the population with no pre-existing immunity as a result sporadic pandemics will occur.
Pandemic flu; Seasonal flu; Human flu; Antigenic shift; Antigenic drift
Influenza or flu is a contagious respiratory disease of birds, human and many other mammals and it is caused by influenza viruses. Influenza viruses are of three types A, B and C but only type A is found to cause severe epidemics and pandemics among human population. This is because the influenza A virus is serologically has several different subtypes based on combination between their surface antigens known as Haemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) [1], which are 18 and 11 in number respectively [2]. This serological variation is thought to enable the virus toundergo a constant antigenic variation to evade host immune system by using different mechanisms and as a result new strains with new surface antigens will develop which cannot be recognized by the pre-existing immunity arouse against the older virus. Thus the new variants cause infection and spread rapidly among the previously resistant population causing an epidemic or my spread more extensively and globally causing a rare pandemic [1].
Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus is an enveloped RNA virus that has two major surface proteins known as Haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) [3]. The HA is a molecule that responsible for binding to specific receptors on the host cell surface where by which the virus picks up and produces infection whilst neuraminidase molecule is an important enzyme that releases new virus particles are produced by the host cell and also cleaves sialic acid from the host cell surface and virion envelope to prevent aggregation of emerging viral particles [4,5].
Influenza A viruses are reported to have 18 different HA molecules (H1-18) and 11 different NA molecules (NA1-11) on their cell surfaces till now (Table 1) [2]. Based on the combination of these two proteins, many different subtypes can be produced and each with a specific immunity [1].
H Subtypes
N Subtypes
H1 1934 1976 1930 N1 1934 1959 1930
H2 1957 1973 N2 1957 1965 1970
H3 1968 1963 1970 N3 1963
H4 1956 N4 1968
H5 1997 1961 N5 1972
H7 1996 1927 N7 2003 1927
H10 1949 N10 2009 2009
H12 1976
H17 2009 2009
Table 1: This table illustrate Influenza A virus subtypes reported in human and animals [2].
All influenza A strains are basically found in birds (with exception of H17N10 and H18N11 which have only detected in bats) [2] and only H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 has described to infect human and pass person to person (Table 1). In addition, there are some other strains of the avian influenza A viruses can human infection such as H5N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H9 [6], H7N9 [7], H17N10 H18N11 [2] but hopefully they are still not found to transmit among human populations and causing epidemics or pandemics [6].
Epidemic and pandemic flu
Epidemic flu is a seasonal outbreak that attacks many people at about the same time and may spread through one or several countries and it occurs due to re-emergence of the previous year's virus strain with a slight change in its surface binding proteins that may not be recognizable by the body's immune system. Whereas, pandemic flu is an extensive epidemic or a worldwide outbreak that caused by the introduction of new influenza A virus strain that can pass easily from person to person with no pre-existing immunity and everybody will be at risk of gaining the infection [8,9]. By far four major influenza pandemics occur globally in the 20th and the 21st centuries which are Spanish flu in the 1918/1919, 'Asian flu' in the 1957/1958, 'Hong Kong flu' in the 1968/1969 and 'Pandemic (H1N1)' in (2009–2010) and each caused by different strains of influenza A. The most deadly pandemic was the Spanish flu outbreak, which had caused the highest morbidity and mortality rate among the population, probably more than 20 million people had died globally [5,10]. This is increasing the risk that other pandemics may occur in the future either though the reintroduction of older avian strains (especially H3, H5 and H7 that are now circulating among the population) or by the generation of other new human strains [11]. Therefore, the well understanding of influenza A strains and the process of their antigenic variation are essential and would be useful in dealing with any other possible epidemics and pandemics in the future.
Mechanism of Influenza A Virus Antigenic Variation
The mechanisms of surface antigenic variation by the influenza A viruses are commonly known as "antigenic drift" and "antigenic shift". Antigenic drift is typically defined as a small change in the HA antigens caused by point mutation and immune selection pressure that directly leads to change of the HA epitopes (Figure 1). As it is well known, epitopes are binding sites of antigen that can be recognised by the components of host immune system, especially neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, any changes happen to these epitopes may not be recognition by the pre-existing antibody i.e. the new variant will replace the older ones and it may no longer or less effectively be recognized by the host immune system. As a result it rapidly spread through the same population that had developed immunity to the previous strain leading to an epidemic arise. The epidemic outbreak occurs every few years and vaccines are updated every year based on strains projected to be circulating to minimize the infection. However, some people may still normally produce immunity against newly produced viruses because they still have some similarity to the older strains [12-14].
Figure 1: This is a conceptual illustration of antigenic drift and antigenic shift. Antigenic drift produces viruses with a slightlymodified antigens, which is shown here as a change in the circular Haemagglutinins molecule to half-circular. Antigenic shift generates viruses with entirely novel antigens, as shown here by the change from a purple color to another color like red, green, yellow.
While antigenic shift is generally described as a process of a sudden, major change of influenza A surface proteins (mainly HA) resulting from the recombination of the viral genomes of two different strains which may lead to introduction of entirely new strain into the human population with little or no immunity to them (Figure 1). So that everyone are at risk of acquiring infection and extensive epidemics or pandemics will result. The source of these new strains is primarily avian influenza viruses that found naturally in migratory wild birds (the natural reservoir) [1,12-14].
Generally, antigenic shift are described to occur through several ways: genetic reassortment; direct transmission and adaptation; reintroduction of old strains (Figure 2).
Figure 2: This illustration demonstrates the concept of antigenic shift through three mechanisms: Genetic reassortment, direct transmission and Re-emergence.
Genetic reassortment
It occurs through cross linking between two different strains of influenza A viruses in a single host cell (Figure 1), where the RNA segments from the two strains are mixed together during the new virus particles reassembly. As a result, a third viral strain will arise which contains the combined genes of both strains [12,15,16]. Pigs and humans possess both receptors of human and avian influenza virus strains so that they can be infected by both strains at the same time leading to the mixed gene strains to emerge. 'Asian flu' in the 1957/1958, 'Hong Kong flu' in the 1968/1969 and Pandemic (H1N1) in (2009-2010) are good examples that are thought to be caused by genetic reassortment [10].
Direct transmission and adaptation
The direct transmission of avian influenza A, especially with a highly pathogenic strain, has found to occur from birds to humans and then by adaptation of the virus in humans. This adaptation has occurred through changing the receptor binding site of HA from α 2,3 linked sialic acid receptors in avian cells into α 2,6 linked sialic acid receptors in human cells by mutation. As a result, a novel human strain might generate and be capable to transmit among the population and causing a pandemic. The ''Spanish flu'' in 1918/1919 is an example of pandemics that was thought to be transmitted by direct contact from avian to human beings based on the characteristic features of genetic material isolated from victims [10].
Re-emergence of old strains
Once the population's immunity becomes weakened to a specific stain, then the virus can re-emerge and causing a pandemic outbreak among that population. For example, the Russian flu in 1950 and 1977 is found that it was probably caused by the re-emergence of the same H1N1 virus subtype [10].
It is clear that influenza A virus is a real threat to human health, mostly due to the presence of non-eradicable reservoirs among migratory birds and the continuous capability of influenza A virus to undergo antigenic variation to evade the host immune system either through a slight gradual change in the surface glycoprotein's of the previous subtype (antigenic drift) causing seasonal epidemics or by a sudden big change in surface antigens (antigenic shift) with the emergence of entirely new strain that can cause serious illness and spread quickly from human-to-human resulting a rare pandemics.
Special thanks to the staff of Department of Microbiology and Virology, University of Manchester, UK.
No conflict of interest
Khan FH (2009) The Elements of Immunology. Dorling Kindersley, Pearson education.
CDC (2014) Influenza (flu): Transmission of Influenza Viruses from Animals to People.
Noda T (2012) Native morphology of influenza virions. Front Microbiol 2: 136-137.
Stanley J (2002) Essentials of Immunology & Serology. Influenza Virus 138.
Taubenberger JK and Kash JC (2010) Influenza Virus Evolution, Host Adaptation and 139 Pandemic Formation. Cell host & microbe 7: 440-451.
WHO (2013) Influenza.
WHO (2013) Overview of the emergence and characteristics of the avian influenza 143 A(H7N9) virus 1-38
Nordqvist C (2014) "What is a pandemic? What is an epidemic?" Medical News Today.
Morens DM, Folkers GK and Fauci AS (2009) What is a pandemic? J Infect Dis 200: 1018-1021.
Knowledge Centre (2014) Pandemic Flu: How do pandemics Occur. ESWI.
Influenza Pandemics–history (2012) Health Protection Agency.
Parija SC (2009) Textbook Of Microbiology And Immunology. Mosby: Elsevier.
CDC (2015) Influenza: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases 187-208.
Glezen WP, Couch RB (1997) Influenza viruses. In: Evans AS, and Kaslow RA, Viral Infections of Humans. Epidemiology and Control 473–505
Microblog (2006) Antigen Shift vs Antigenic Drift.
Racaniello V (2013) Influenza A viruses in bats. Virology blog.
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