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The Shifting Dangers of Nagorno-Karabakh
A Listening Tour of the Azerbaijani Front Lines
Agdam is a ghost town destroyed by fighting in and around Nagorno-Karabakh. WIKIMEDIA/João Leitão
Commentary / Europe & Central Asia 26 February 2016
Magdalena Grono
Former Program Director, Europe & Central Asia
As the EU's foreign policy chief, Federica Mogherini, visits Azerbaijan and Armenia next week, Nagorno-Karabakh will be high on the agenda in Baku and Yerevan. The conflict may seem frozen from afar, but it is anything but quiet. This unfinished war on Europe's edge looks much more threatening than even a year ago.
At least four important variables have changed which require the EU High Representative and the EU member states to pay close attention. And they are more closely linked to Europe's preoccupations with Syria and Russia than may at first appear to be the case.
First is the new dynamic of hostility between Turkey and Russia. The stubborn and apparently irrational stand-off between Moscow and Ankara is not just suffocating mutual trade, squeezing Turkey's tourism and keeping Western nations preoccupied about dangers of their confrontation in Syria. It is also causing new tensions in the countries situated between Russia and Turkey or with special ties to them both, in particular in the Caucasus and Central Asia.
These tensions are acute in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, a territory fought over in the 1988-1994 war between Armenia and Azerbaijan after the Armenian majority community of this former autonomous oblast of Soviet Azerbaijan sought to unite with Armenia. Armenian forces won control of almost all of the territory and seven districts of Azerbaijan around it. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe's Minsk Group, co-chaired by Russia, the U.S. and France, leads a long drawn-out conflict resolution process. It is stuck on much the same stumbling blocks today as it was when the 'basic principles' for resolution were formulated in 2007.
Russia-Turkey strains have long been a factor because of Baku and Yerevan's relationship with each. Armenia is a member of both of Moscow's regional organisations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Eurasian Economic Union. Its strong security links with Russia were further upgraded in December 2015 when the two agreed on a Joint Air Defense System in the Caucasus.
Azerbaijan meanwhile has traditionally enjoyed strong links with Turkey. They see themselves as brother nations speaking Turkic languages. Baku has relied on security cooperation with Turkey, including through the 2010 Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support. Azerbaijan's main oil and gas export pipelines pass through Turkey and a new gas export pipeline will open alongside them soon.
But Baku has recently turned increasingly to Moscow to strengthen its military position: over the last five years, 85 per cent of Azerbaijan's arms imports have come from Russia, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Azerbaijan's loyalties are thus challenged in the Russia-Turkey stand-off. The number of Azerbaijani actors whose strategic calculations are aligning more with Russia have increased – both because of their waning conviction that the West or Turkey could prevail in a showdown with Russia, and due to personal economic interests, a factor that runs through the whole region. This has led to extra pressures, including an apparent split within the Baku administration.
Baku for its part has increasingly been on the receiving end of ever-stronger Russian overtures for closer cooperation. After Turkey shot down a Russian warplane on the Syrian border in November 2015, Russia was quick to dial up its interest in Karabakh in an informal way.
Moscow has worked bilaterally in parallel to the Minsk Group to float ideas like the Armenian restitution to Azerbaijan of some of the territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh in return for Azerbaijan granting an 'interim status' to Karabakh itself. This option is drawn from the Minsk basic principles, but could consolidate Moscow's role in both countries, especially if Russian peacekeepers are part of the proposal. Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov has said there was no 'Lavrov's or any other person's document', but speculation about Russia's intentions is rife.
The second new dynamic is the re-entry into the region's politics of Iran, which borders both Armenia and Azerbaijan. In January, Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister announced that the country was ready to mediate in the Karabakh conflict. Where this will lead remains unclear. Iran traditionally has had warm links with Armenia, but has multiple rivalries with Azerbaijan over energy and security in the Caspian Sea, Iranian proselytising among the (mostly nominally) Shia Azerbaijanis, and Azerbaijan's influence on ethnic Azeris in Iran, at least one fifth of the Iranian population. Tehran's involvement injects an element of unpredictability, especially from Moscow's perspective.
The third change are the budgetary problems in both Armenia and Azerbaijan, which may prompt political leaderships to seek flag-waving adventures in Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan has been hard hit by the drop in oil prices and the devaluation of its currency. Recent protests and localized social unrest in rural Azerbaijan indicate that levels of dissatisfaction of ordinary citizens may be high. Armenia's economy has also been hard hit by the downturn in Russia, its top trading partner and investor, and a key source country of personal remittances, which made up to 18% of the country's GDP in 2011-2015, according to the World Bank.
The fourth and most worrying element is a rise in security incidents. The Line of Contact and the international border between Armenia and Azerbaijan have never been calm since hostilities ceased in 1994. But 2014 and 2015 have seen a dramatic increase in the intensity and frequency of incidents, including the use of heavy weapons such as mortars and artillery in and around civilian areas and the downing of a military helicopter. One soldier was reported killed in January, three in December.
The West has seen the Karabakh conflict as fairly reliably frozen for the past 22 years, despite often vicious rhetoric and periodic escalations, and despite warnings by observers of risks given the past decades' dramatic arms acquisitions.
But risk-aversion in Baku and Yerevan is dropping at the same time as nationalist rhetoric and arms races continue to rise. The dangers of the use of force to change the military situation on the ground may seem far-fetched. But recent shifts in the region, especially the possibility of new proxy conflicts between Turkey and Russia, make such events more likely and require renewed analysis and bold thinking. As Federica Mogherini visits Baku and Yerevan, she should be aware that business as usual is rife with risk and that the EU must prepare for the possibility that the situation will get worse and not better.
Report / Europe & Central Asia
Our Journeys / Europe & Central Asia
Picturing the Uncertain Calm on Armenia's Front Lines
View of Talish village from Azerbaijani positions. Lala tapa, Tap Qaraqoyunlu CRISISGROUP/Zaur Shiriyev
Our Journeys / Europe & Central Asia 17 September 2019
A new communication channel has sparked hope for negotiations between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. But as Crisis Group Analyst Zaur Shiriyev found talking to Azerbaijani soldiers and villagers living near the front, decades of conflict mean that the path to peace will be rocky.
Zaur Shiriyev
Analyst, South Caucasus
ZaurShiriyev
BAKU – I am standing among the mourners at the grave of my friend Eldar's mother, who died suddenly of cancer. She was born in Fizuli, a town controlled by Armenian forces since the 1994 ceasefire with Azerbaijan. Eldar's mother fled her home in 1993, along with many others. Several of these other displaced people have come to pay their respects, and though many of them have lived in Baku for decades, they retain a deep connection to their place of origin: when I arrive at the mosque for the ceremony, all I have to say is "the one from Fizuli" before the caretaker points me in the right direction. His mother's last wish, Eldar tells me, was to be buried in her native town. That's not possible – Azerbaijan lost control of that territory more than 25 years ago and remains at loggerheads with Armenia seeking to recover it – but I tell Eldar I'm going to the front lines in the coming days, so I'll carry her wish with me.
I have a rare opportunity to see the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict's realities up close. With a long-awaited permit from the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence, I'll be touring the Azerbaijani side of the Line of Contact around Nagorno-Karabakh, the territory over which Armenia and Azerbaijan fought a brutal war in the early 1990s resulting in a loss of Azerbaijani control. I'll visit the Azerbaijani army units stationed along the Line of Contact, as well as military installations along the international Armenia-Azerbaijan border. My trip will last five days.
Interview with local people in Hasanqaya village of Tartar, 100m from the Line of Contact. CRISISGROUP/Jorge Gutierrez Lucena
The Nagorno-Karabakh war was one of the bloodiest ethnic conflicts to erupt after the Soviet Union's demise. Moscow had placed the majority-Armenian region, which was also home to hundreds of thousands of Azerbaijanis, under the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic's administration. The war, which lasted from 1992 to 1994, ended with Nagorno-Karabakh and seven adjacent districts wholly or partially controlled by Armenian forces. The conflict forced more than a million people from their homes, including Azerbaijanis from throughout Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and the adjacent territories, and Armenians from throughout Azerbaijan. Years of negotiations after the 1994 ceasefire led nowhere. Fighting broke out again in April 2016, followed by more diplomatic deadlock.
Of late, however, hope of progress has risen slightly, thanks to political changes in Armenia. These began with an April 2018 popular revolt that toppled the long-time leader in Yerevan, leading to elections and a new prime minister, Nikol Pashinyan. In a real breakthrough four months after the uprising, Armenian and Azerbaijani leaders meeting in the Tajikistani capital of Dushanbe agreed to create a communication channel at the Line of Contact to reduce the risk of accidental escalation and build confidence. In January, the two countries' foreign ministers met in Paris where each agreed to take on the task of "preparing the population for peace".
At Eldar's mother's burial, the mourners from Fizuli start asking me questions when they hear where I'm going. They get contradictory reports about the conflict. One day, the media tells them that Pashinyan is eager to make peace; the next day, the same outlets call for more war. The mourners' confusion drives home to me how badly people on both sides of the conflict need reliable, unbiased information. That kind of reporting is lacking in local languages.
I meet the Defence Ministry's spokesman for a last briefing before my journey. He tells me that ceasefire violations at the Line of Contact have fallen dramatically since the Dushanbe meeting. A violation can be anything from a single shot to a one-minute volley. The Azerbaijanis publish a tally every day: from September 2018 to 2 April 2019, the total is 5,018. During the same time span in previous years, the number was 10,000 or higher. My trip, however, coincides with an uptick in violations, beginning after an Azerbaijani soldier's death on 26 March. At the end of our meeting, the spokesman assigns an officer to accompany me on my trip, a major named Ramin. A man of modest demeanour in his thirties, Ramin represents the army's best and brightest.
Road sign shows Jojug Mercanli and also Armenian controlled territories, and Nagorno Karabakh itself. Jojug Mercanli, Jebrail. CRISISGROUP/Zaur Shiriyev
"Preparing the population for peace"
After a five-hour drive, we arrive in Shamkir, where an army corps is situated. In order to visit the military positions on the international border with Armenia, we have to talk with the corps commander.
Entering the city, I see posters advertising a chess tournament in which grandmasters including world champion Magnus Carlsen faced off against Azerbaijani internally displaced (IDP) schoolchildren. The tournament was held in memory of Vugar Gashimov, an Azerbaijani grandmaster who was ranked sixth in the world at his peak and died in 2014. No Armenian competed, though both Armenia and Azerbaijan now have a player among the world's top ten. The Armenian is Levon Aronian, symbol of a new generation; the Azerbaijani is Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, whom his compatriots call a "shah" or king. In chess, the two countries have long maintained a sharp rivalry, as they now do on the battlefield, but without the lethal consequences. These days, no Armenian or Azerbaijani player visits the other's country to match wits.
The corps commander in Shamkir, a middle-aged colonel, expresses some optimism regarding prospects for peace. A few months before my trip, the Azerbaijani state border service took over a short stretch of the international border – from Kazakh to Aghstafa – from the army. The colonel sees this as a positive step. "If you give control over the border to the border service", he says, "it means that you don't want war in this particular place". Regardless, wartime restrictions still apply at this section of the border. Anyone seeking to visit the villages there – including journalists and researchers – must get special permission from the government, as I did. The process takes months, which could be one reason why the Azerbaijani public lacks information about the front and the opinions of their compatriots who live there.
The phrase "preparing the populations for peace" has been circulating among Armenians and Azerbaijanis [...] but no one has explained what it means, leaving it open to interpretation.
But the colonel soon tempers his optimism, commenting that is it is hard to imagine "preparing the population for peace", as politicians on both sides have pledged to do. "People in border villages witness first-hand every loss and every small move", he says. Only those living near the front lines in Azerbaijan and Armenia fully grasp the importance of reductions or surges in ceasefire violations. More than anyone residing in the safety of capital cities, they know the fear of being shot or their kid being killed by a sniper while coming home from school. Only they know the relief when the fear lessens. But the locals have also lived through lulls in the shooting before. They know it usually restarts.
The phrase "preparing the populations for peace" has been circulating among Armenians and Azerbaijanis since the two foreign ministers' January meeting. But no one has explained what it means, leaving it open to interpretation. Some analysts think it indicates bilateral agreement to move quickly toward resolving the conflict; others see it as public relations, a way of delaying negotiations while giving the impression that they're on the right track.
I am not shocked to hear a front-line officer voicing the latter opinion. For years, the societies in both countries have cast the respective armies as champions of national security. With memories of the April 2016 fighting still fairly fresh, the words "preparing the populations for peace" might sound to the colonel's ears as though they diminish the importance of the army's role. He may have institutional interests as well as patriotic sentiment at heart.
In Azerbaijan, the government has spent heavily on modernising the army, buying $10 billion in arms from Russia and Israel just in the last decade. The army's stature has grown considerably since 2016, when for the first time in the war it made some battlefield gains, convincing more of the population that the lost territories could be recouped through military means. Since then, the government has upped its military spending again. It will be difficult for the army – and the country – to shift gears if and when peace comes.
Better food, better discipline
The colonel grants us permission to visit the military posts under his command, and we head for the highlands of Gadabay. It's April, but it's still cold and snow lies on the ground. We arrive at a place called Nova Saratovka to meet the brigade commander. Ethnic Russians from Saratov, a town on the Volga River, settled this area in the mid-19th century; the villagers were known as "milk drinkers" for their refusal to observe Orthodox Christian fasts. Most of the Russians left during the 1992-1994 war, however, and today only Azerbaijanis live here. Soldiers are everywhere.
At the first post in Nova Saratovka, the soldiers show us their barracks. They serve us tea and ask me to compare their food to what I ate during my military service ten years ago (Azerbaijan mandates military service for all able-bodied males at the age of eighteen). My expectations are low. The army delivers rations to these outlying locales only once every six months. I remember media reporting in 2013 and earlier about low-ranking officials selling rations for extra money rather than distributing them at the front. But when I taste the food, I have to admit that it's incomparably better than what I had eaten a decade earlier. One soldier, pointing to the olive oil and canned fish, says he never enjoyed such fare as a civilian.
Military position in Gadabay, Azerbaijan. CRISISGROUP/Zaur Shiriyev
Though I only visit part of the front line, army morale seems better than it was when I served. The officers I speak to credit the defence minister appointed in 2013. During his tenure, the ministry has digitised the conscription system, which, by limiting opportunities for manipulation, has made it harder for those who can afford it to bribe their way out of service. The new minister has also worked to reduce the number of non-combat deaths due to hazing, which was widespread before he took office. In early 2013, before his appointment, thousands poured into the streets of Baku to protest hazing under the slogan, "No more dead soldiers". Lastly, he has helped the army hone its fighting skills by hiring contractors to perform non-military duties like cooking and cleaning on base. The new minister has not solved all the army's problems: media reports still suggest some hazing and bribery to avoid service. But these phenomena appear to be far less common than in the past.
Here in remote Gadabay, the army's professionalisation is noticeable. The new generation of officers, made up of men like my guide Ramin, appear far superior to their predecessors in both knowledge of military tactics and the techniques of command. In the early 1990s, when Azerbaijan established its own standing army, there were few such professional officers. The Soviets had routinely assigned Azerbaijanis to construction battalions and given them minimal military training.
I am pleasantly surprised to see other improvements. Conscripts eat the same food that the officers do – jam, cheese and a delicious, hot bread that wards off the cold – sitting at tea tables that are set close together. Later, as I chat with soldiers about the conditions in their unit, I ask one quiet young man from the mountainous Quba region if he would like to say something. "A few days ago, I celebrated my birthday", he replies shyly. "My family couldn't reach me here, for obvious reasons, but I got a call from the general of the army corps, who wished me a happy birthday". I am astounded. No top commander would have made such a gesture in my day.
At my first stop in Nova Saratovka, the officers try to avoid discussions about the Nagorno-Karabakh peace process and are more comfortable talking about how to conduct the war. They would rather point out what they believe to be Armenia's weaknesses than their own. They try out an argument I will hear frequently on my trip – that Armenia is economically incapable of waging a long war, should major combat erupt again. They cite Azerbaijan's burgeoning military budget and weapons spending. But Armenia has been modernising its army as well. De facto Nagorno-Karabakh forces – loyal to the local Armenian self-declared entity – control most of the mountain heights, strategic positions that are more important than armaments.
No one will give back our territories peacefully.
The commander interrupts the conversation to ask my opinion of a speech in March by the Armenian defence minister, Davit Tonoyan. Speaking to an Armenian diaspora audience in New York, Tonoyan said he had "reformulated" the longstanding concept of "territories for peace" to "new territories in the event of a new war". He meant that the Armenian side will advance into lands it does not now control if it feels threatened by Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani politicians have long seen the Armenian side's withdrawal from areas it now controls as the necessary prelude to any lasting settlement. The commander thus perceives Tonoyan's rhetoric as aggressive. Armenians, however, perceive statements by Azerbaijani military leaders as equally threatening. For instance, the Azerbaijani defence minister Zakir Hasanov said, "If the Armenians go on the offensive, I'll have the chance to meet Tonoyan in Yerevan".
At my next stop in Gadabay, I find the same sense of determination to fight on. The commander allows me to ask the soldiers questions about the peace process. A young man named Elnur from Baku says he doesn't believe in conflict resolution. "No one will give back our territories peacefully", he declares. I am sure that Elnur is saying what the officers want him to say. But I don't know what he really thinks: the soldiers treat me as if I am an international inspector of army morale, and they are careful not to send the wrong political message. I recognise the mindset. I thought much the same way in my army days.
Other soldiers give clipped answers. But it is clear they are well informed about the Armenian-Azerbaijani negotiations. They say they watch the television news daily and read digests prepared by officers of politicians' speeches and interviews, as well as articles about the peace process, all in Azerbaijani. The commander says the army distributes these materials to shield the conscripts from outside propaganda.
Up close and impersonal
Army life may have changed since my time in uniform, but what hasn't changed is the regular shooting across the front lines. In Tovuz, to the north west of Shamkir, the fighting is more intense – or perhaps the officers are more candid about it – than in Gadabay. Part of it is sheer proximity: from the village of Agdam, I can see the Armenian troops' positions. Seven Azerbaijani villages are nearby – Alibayli is 600m and Agbulag 800m from the front – and all are vulnerable to rifle fire.
Every day the soldiers peer at each other across the front, but they never speak, much less learn their counterparts' names.
The local commander, Emil, says he has seen a decrease in ceasefire violations since the Dushanbe agreement. At night, however, "Armenian soldiers shoot toward our position just to show us they are here". It's a sort of unspoken language – "don't dare cross the line" – used in any conflict where mere tens of metres separate the sides. Azerbaijani soldiers do it, too. Every day the soldiers peer at each other across the front, but they never speak, much less learn their counterparts' names. This language has historically had strict and ruthless rules: if a soldier is killed on one side, the other side can expect to suffer a loss the next day.
Yet when I ask another officer about the rules of engagement for Azerbaijani forces after the Dushanbe agreement, I hear a somewhat different response. An officer says there are three: first, no shooting at Armenian residential areas; secondly, no artillery; and thirdly, no heavy return fire unless the Armenian side mounts an attack meant to overrun Azerbaijani positions. The officer swears that "on the president's orders" his unit has never exceeded these instructions. If an Armenian sniper kills or wounds an Azerbaijani soldier, he always awaits orders from his superiors before he reacts. (Previously, front-line commanders had more leeway to determine the response themselves.) Risks of civilian casualties are too high for both sides if a firefight breaks out over every gunshot.
From Tovuz we head south to the Line of Contact for a few days. We arrive first in the Goranboy region.
I'm looking forward to one Goranboy destination in particular, Gulustan. Every Azerbaijani knows the village's historical significance. In 1813, Russia and Persia concluded their war at Gulustan's fortress, signing a treaty that divided Azerbaijan in two. One half is now the independent nation and the other is part of Iran, where millions of Azerbaijanis live. Ironically, the fortress itself is now divided, controlled partly by Azerbaijani troops and partly by Armenian forces. It is one of the most dangerous places along the Line of Contact.
Goranboy, Gülüstan fortress. Azerbaijan CRISISGROUP/Zaur Shiriyev
Nonetheless, I have high hopes of seeing marvellous sights – Gulustan translates literally as "rose garden". I sense it could become a major tourist attraction. But upon arrival I can view the fortress only from atop a nearby hill. The Armenian surveillance cameras make it dangerous to get closer. The castle itself is only an abandoned hulk with a few of its towers left standing. According to the officers, the Armenians installed the surveillance cameras after the April 2016 war; they say they know exactly where every one of them is. Gulustan is also one of the front-line locations that the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe visits on occasion as part of its limited monitoring role.
The soldiers here take a dimmer view of peace prospects than their comrades at the international border. The reason, according to one officer, is that "we are not shooting at their position, yet they are carrying out engineering works to strengthen it". They feel powerless to stop the Armenian side from digging in. Before the Dushanbe agreement, more regular exchanges of fire helped them slow the Armenians' projects. I later learn that the Armenian soldiers similarly suspect Azerbaijani troops of using breaks in the fighting to reinforce their positions.
Back in Goranboy, I meet the middle-aged colonel who commands the nearby units, including the one in Gulustan. He shares his subordinates' scepticism about the ceasefire. A number of Turkish- and English-language books on military history in his office catch my eye. I notice one of his volumes, Ian Morris's 2014 book War: What Is It Good For?, which I know contains the line "war makes the state and the state makes peace". It's essentially an excursus of Thomas Hobbes' reasoning in Leviathan that the rise of a strong central authority tempered a state of nature that was a war of all against all. Morris argues that violent deaths globally have declined over five thousand years (albeit with peaks and valleys) as central government has become stronger and spread to more places. I wonder during my conversation with the colonel which passage of the book he finds most compelling.
View of Talish village and trenches of the 2016 April war, Azerbaijan. CRISISGROUP/Zaur Shiriyev
The April 2016 war
From Goranboy we go to nearby military posts bunched together, all operating surveillance cameras. There are two Azerbaijani villages in this district, Qazaxlar and Tapqaraqoyunlu. The first has been abandoned since the 1990s, but people still live in the second. Both were sites of heavy fighting in April 2016.
The villagers show me the trenches where Armenian soldiers were dug in before fighting broke out three years ago. Local media said this "Ohanyan line", named after Armenia's former defence minister Seyran Ohanyan, was supposed to be impregnable. But the officers here say proudly, "We crossed it in eighteen minutes". From here, I can see the village of Talish, where another 2016 battle took place. The commander explains that only a few of its houses light up at night, suggesting that Armenian officers, rather than civilians, bunk there. After Talish comes Mataghis (Madağiz), located on the main road to Martakert, a major town. Capturing this road would allow Azerbaijan to open the gorge leading to the Armenian-populated areas of Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Mataghis also sits near the dam holding the Sarsang reservoir, the only source of water for the Tartar, Aghdam and Barda regions of Azerbaijan.
As I talk to the commander about resolving the conflict, he says: "Hold on. Answer my question: if they are preparing to give back our territories through peace, why are they strengthening their military positions?" He adds that renewed artillery fire would destroy Tapqaraqoyunlu in a minute. The good news is that people in Tapqaraqoyunlu do not seem to feel that they are in the firing line – at least not imminently. They are renovating their homes, saying "the danger is far away", though they're aware that war could return to destroy the village again.
For peace, everyone may have to give up some of what they see as justice.
From Goranboy, we go further south to Beylagan, where I meet another colonel. He's in a hurry, so we talk as we walk. He asks about my organisation's purpose. I repeat the tagline printed on my Crisis Group business card: "Preventing war, shaping peace". He stops abruptly. "Where is the justice in peace, if it makes us surrender?" While I believe that both peace and justice are attainable, I see his point. Peace and justice are abstractions, and when it comes to Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijanis and Armenians have very different understandings of the terms. For Azerbaijanis, the return of territories to Azerbaijani control and displaced Azerbaijanis to their homes is the foundation of peace and justice. For Armenians, justice for the area's Armenian population – their self-determination and security – is the key to peace. Given these contrasting stances, it is perhaps not surprising that in more than 25 years, negotiators have yet to find a formula that meets everyone's definition. For peace, everyone may have to give up some of what they see as justice.
Alakhanli, Fizuli, Azerbaijan CRISISGROUP/Zaur Shiriyev
From Beylagan, we head further south west to the end of the Line of Contact. A military post sits there, at the entrance to the village of Jojug Mercanli. A poster-sized map shows the village and the distance from it to other places in Nagorno-Karabakh. Before the April 2016 war, only one family lived here, but now there are 150 houses and a school under construction, with many children already in its playground. The villagers have built a replica of a mosque in Shusha, the city some call "the Azerbaijani Jerusalem". Shusha – a cultural centre and musical hub within Nagorno-Karabakh – has a special place in Azerbaijani history and identity. The city's mosques, especially Yukhari Govhar Agha and Ashagi Govhar Agha, are symbols of its importance.
My childhood memories of the day Azerbaijan lost Shusha in 1992 are still vivid. I recall one old man weeping because Armenian forces had captured the city. Looking at the replica mosque in Jojug Mercanli, I remember when, the year before, on 20 November 1991, an Azerbaijani helicopter carrying a peace mission – Azerbaijani, Kazakh and Russian officials set to discuss an early end to fighting – was shot down in Nagorno-Karabakh. The crash, I believe, altered the conflict's trajectory – and maybe that of Azerbaijan itself. At the time, there may have been a chance of resolving the conflict without further bloodshed. But it was not to be. One of the dead was Ismet Gayibov, the public prosecutor general and my father's colleague. He was a remarkable man, an intellectual of strong character. In a single incident, the country lost several such high-quality politicians and thinkers only a month after it regained independence.
Flowers bloom on the hillside, portending spring, if not an end to hostilities.
Leaving Jojug Merjanli, we move on to Lalatapa, a strategic hilltop now under Azerbaijani control. The military sees regaining it as the biggest success of the April 2016 escalation. When we arrive, the post commander says I have twenty seconds, no more, to take photos of the Armenian positions, because we are in sniper range. While we were on the road, he had received a warning not to allow any civilian – me, in other words – to look out from the position. He opens the window, and I snap a few shots. Flowers bloom on the hillside, portending spring, if not an end to hostilities.
Lalatapa is a strategic military position under Azerbaijani control. Through the windows blooming flowers are visible on the hillside, portending spring, if not an end to hostilities. CRISISGROUP/Zaur Shiriyev
I return home with a better understanding of why it will be hard to bring peace to Nagorno-Karabakh any time soon. It's no wonder that people living along the front lines doubt all the talk of "preparing the population for peace". Ceasefires are welcome to everyone, but without substantive movement in the negotiations, this phrase makes little sense to people who experience conflict and its consequences every day.
My friend Eldar, whose mother's funeral I attended before my trip, is in his late twenties and works on a Nagorno-Karabakh peacebuilding project. He believes that peace requires genuine empathy between the two nations. As Eldar's mother's dying wish reminds me, the hundreds of thousands of IDPs still long to return to where they came from. My main takeaway from this trip and past trips to the front lines is how easy it is to forget the imperative of empathy and that Armenians affected by the conflict have their own aspirations, felt as keenly as we feel ours.
If greater empathy is critical, finding a path forward everyone can live with requires the two sides to talk to each other. If the two governments can take advantage of the thaw in relations between Baku and Yerevan to pursue negotiations, there might be some hope, even if slim, that fewer mothers, whether Armenian or Azerbaijani, will be buried with their wishes unfulfilled.
Map of Nagorno-Karabakh


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Aldar Hotels Will Open 7 Hotels On Yas Island Before F1
Aldar Hotels and Hospitality will open seven hotels on Yas Island before the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix event begins on November 1. Managing Director Paul Bell said they have 2,500 hotels rooms open on Yas Island for the F1 race, and "We are also operating a long-stay product. We have hired 3,000 staff for the hotels." Mr. Bell said the formula one track runs underneath the Yas Hotel, which is managed by Aldar. Six Aldar Hotels are in the Plaza about 200 meters from the track. Aldar Hotels will have one five-star, four four-star, and two two-star properties.
Mr. Bell said Yas Island has become an ideal desirable destination in its own right, aside from the Formula 1 event, and it is ideal for conferences. There are 24 bars and restaurants, a golf course, and marina. Aldar Hotels and Hospitality is part of Aldar Properties and has four hotels under construction and four more in the planning stage.
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One of the most famous artists in history, Van Gogh's work is displayed at the Van Gogh Museum. Located between the Rijksmuseum and the Stedelijk Museum, the museum entrance is at the Paulus, Potterstraat 7. Tram No 2 and 5 from the Central Station will take you to the museum. The museum is disabled friendly. Opening hours Museum: daily 10am - 6pm/ Friday 10am- 10pm Closed 1 Janua...
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This historic site is located in two in two early 19th century Victorian villas of the Cartier family. They have been renovated and now serve as a cultural and educational center. Known as the 'Father of the Confederation', George Cartier played an instrumental role in the independence of Canada. He helped bring Quebec into the confederation, and later served as one of the countr...
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The Hugh Lane Gallery serves as Dublin's museum of modern art and was the first of its kind in the world. It was founded in 1908 by none other than Hugh Lane, an Irish art dealer who died on the RMS Lusitania. The collection moved to the Charlemont House in 1933. This handsome dark grey Neo-classical mansion was built by famed Scottish architect Sir William Chambers. Today t...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sometimes in our lives there are moments that determine our destiny; thus, this was my "Ahh-ha" moment! A closer look through my magnifying glass, my constant companion, transported me into a whole new world of botanical wonder!
Encouraged by my family and friends, I ventured into further illustrations that focus specifically on our unique native flora; not always as big and bold as many exotics, but rather more discreet and gorgeous!
My fascination grew even more when I was lucky enough to observe various butterflies settling on native host plants in my garden, so of course I was compelled to illustrate these special events!
Illustrations of Australian flora by renowned botanicals artists such as Ferdinand Bauer, Ellis Rowan, Vera Scarth-Johnson and Kathleen McArthur, to mention but a few, inspire and energise me to continue this quiet, contemplative art form using water colour, pen and pencil.
Botanical illustration is defined as the symbiotic relationship between science and art. Respecting the characteristics of plant subjects is essential, demanding patience and persistence, often following development through the seasons from flowering to fruiting.
The Art of Botanical Drawing by Agathe Ravet-Haevermans, Scientific Illustrator, Museum of Natural History, Paris.
Create More Butterflies by Frank Jordan and Helen Schwenke; Discovering Australian Butterflies by Vanessa Bugg.
When you pause to take a closer look, you never know what you may discover!


text:
Q: How can I get terms (post_tag) of custom taxonomy item? Wordpress I created custom post type 'photo' and custom taxonomy 'catphoto'.
The type 'photo' supports 'catphoto' and 'post_tag' as taxonomies.
Now I should make one filter for a client.
I need to show on taxonomy-catphoto.php page all post_tags, which belong to the current 'catphoto' item.
For example, I have a post of custom post type 'photo'. The name of this post is 'Plane'. This post belongs to '1961-1981' catphoto item. Also it has post tags like 'space', 'planes', 'stars', 'war'.
Also, for example, I have a post of 'photo' which name is 'Soldier'. It belongs to '1941-1961' catphoto item and has 'WW2', 'USA', 'USSR' like post tags.
And now when I select 1941-1961 catphoto item I should get a list with:
WW2
USA
USSR
I try like this:
if (substr($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'],1,8) == 'catphoto'){
    $cur_terms = get_terms('post_tag');
    if ($cur_terms) {
        foreach( $cur_terms as $cur_term ){
            echo $cur_term->name.'
';
        }
    }
}

Now I get all post tags of all catphoto items. How can I fix to restrict for definite catphoto item. For example, '1941-1961' ?

A: I have solved this via $_GET query. So easy...
For beginning, I had decided to create own taxonomy type (like post_tags). Its name is 'mark'.
and after that the snippet is:
if (substr($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'],1,8) == 'catphoto'){
    $term = get_term_by( 'slug', get_query_var( 'term' ), get_query_var( 'taxonomy' ) );

    $query = new WP_Query( array('post_type' => 'photo', 'catphoto' => $term->name));

    echo '
';

    $uniqueTerms = array();
    $uniqueSlugs = array();
    $uniquePar = $term->slug;

    while ( $query->have_posts() ) {
        $query->the_post();
        $terms = wp_get_post_terms(get_the_ID(), 'mark', array("fields" => "all"));

        foreach ($terms as $term1)
        {
            if(!in_array($term1->name, $uniqueTerms)) {
               $uniqueTerms[] = $term1->name;
               $uniqueSlugs[] = $term1->slug;
            }
        }
    }

    for ($var = 0; $var < count($uniqueTerms); $var++)
        echo '
'.$uniqueTerms[$var].'
';
    echo '
';
}

So ugly code here and there but it works.
and now in taxonomy-catphoto.php I fill in:
$mark = $_GET['mark'];

and after that a little change inside WP_Query query
$query = new WP_Query( array( 'post_type' => 'photo', 'posts_per_page'=>56, 'paged'=> $paged, 'catphoto' => $term->name, 'mark' =>$mark) );

Best regards, Igor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
2020 United States Mint Annual Set of Uncirculated Coins Goes on Sale on November 30
WASHINGTON–The 2020 United States Mint (Mint) Uncirculated Coin Set® (product code 20RJ) will be available for purchase starting on November 30, at noon (EDT). The set is priced at $25.25. This is the final annual set to be released this year. Due to the effects of COVID-19 at the Mint's manufacturing facilities, this set has a limited production quantity of 213,000. In addition, we are not able to include the premium West Point nickel with an uncirculated finish as previously planned. This change was necessary to free up manufacturing resources for other legislatively-mandated products that will be released for sale in 2020.
The 2020 Uncirculated Set contains two folders with 10 coins each—one with coins from the United States Mint at Philadelphia and the other with coins from the United States Mint at Denver. Each folder has the following uncirculated finish coins:
Five America the Beautiful Quarters® Program coins honoring the National Park of American Samoa, Weir Farm National Historic Site (Connecticut), Salt River Bay National Historic Forest Ecological Preserve (U.S. Virgin Islands), Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historic Park (Vermont), and Tall Grass National Prairie (Kansas).
One Native American $1 Coin with a reverse design depicting Elizabeth Peratrovich, whose advocacy was considered a deciding factor in the passage of the 1945 Anti-Discrimination Law in the Alaskan Territorial Government. The foreground features a symbol of the Tlingit Raven moiety, of which she was a member. Inscriptions are "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" along the top border, "ELIZABETH PERATROVICH" across from the portrait, and "ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW OF 1945" and "$1" along the bottom border. The obverse design (heads) retains the central figure Sacagawea carrying her infant son, Jean Baptiste. Inscriptions are "LIBERTY" and "IN GOD WE TRUST."
One Kennedy half dollar
One Roosevelt dime
One Jefferson nickel
One Lincoln penny
The Mint strikes its uncirculated coins on dedicated presses that use greater force than those used to produce circulating coins. This technique results in a sharp, intricately detailed image. A blister secures the coins in a folder.
For more information about this product and our annual sets currently on sale, visit https://catalog.usmint.gov/mint-annual-sets/. To sign up for Remind Me alerts, visit https://catalog.usmint.gov/uncirculated-coin-set-2020-20RJ.html. Order early as supplies are limited.
To reduce the risk of employee exposure to COVID-19 in the workplace, the Mint's sales centers are closed until further notice. Additionally, due to operational adjustments in response to COVID-19, our customer service representatives are available to assist with any questions you may have, but are unable to accept credit card information or place your order over the phone. Please use our website for all order placements at this time.
About the United States Mint
Congress created the United States Mint in 1792, and the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury in 1873. As the Nation's sole manufacturer of legal tender coinage, the Mint is responsible for producing circulating coinage for the Nation to conduct its trade and commerce. The Mint also produces numismatic products, including proof, uncirculated, and commemorative coins; Congressional Gold Medals; silver and bronze medals; and silver and gold bullion coins. Its numismatic programs are self-sustaining and operate at no cost to taxpayers.
Note: To ensure that all members of the public have fair and equal access to United States Mint products, the United States Mint will not accept and will not honor orders placed prior to the official on-sale date of Nov. 30, 2020, at noon EST.
The original article and others like it can be found at https://www.usmint.gov/news


text:
Ivermectina para herpes
Quanox para piojos
Como tomar ivermectina 6 mg para prevenir covid
setembro 22nd, 2021 Can humans take ivermectin horse wormer 0
Long Term Effects Of Ivermectin
In our patient, the additional topical use of a permethrin solution on the long term effects of ivermectin hands may have exacerbate the paresthesia and lead to Ivermectin abuse long term effects of ivermectin Long term effects of.Silencerco promo - Spend 9 or more and receive a free lower!Annual and twice-annual treatments with ivermectin over a period of up to 17 years may have had a significant impact on T."This is going to sound crazy, but people have been taking it in the form of horse paste, which is like an over the counter de-wormer for horses.See "What Are Side Effects Associated with Using Ivermectin Topical?CDC "Ivermectin is not authorized or approved by.Applies to ivermectin: oral tablet.Precautions It is well known that pruritus is a long lasting symptom after scabies infestation and is not a sign of persisting infection.Long Term Side Effects Of Ivermectin Precautions Serious neurological adverse events have been reported from large scale community-based ivermectin treatment campaigns against Onchocerciasis volvulus in Africa.Ivermectin (an antiparasitic long term effects of ivermectin use drug) has anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties.Joined Mar 21, 2013 · 3 Posts.I don't particularly care and I'm not rushing out to take it, but two points:.It's used to de-worm livestock and comes in both topical and pill forms.Long-term effects of Ivermectin: - AR15.Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects.When choosing a recipe, take precautions and warnings to prevent dangerous health consequences.In addition, after stopping taking ivermectin for 2 days (the 3rd and 4th day), take a dose of 0.In humans, ivermectin is approved to treat roundworms in the intestine as well as river blindness.Our Stromectol (ivermectin) Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication.Side effects requiring immediate medical attention.Long Term Side Effects Of Ivermectin Precautions Serious neurological adverse events have been reported from large scale community-based ivermectin treatment campaigns against Onchocerciasis volvulus in Africa.Long Term Side Effects Of Ivermectin Precautions Serious neurological adverse events have been reported from large scale community-based ivermectin treatment campaigns against Onchocerciasis volvulus in Africa.You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 The 'unpleasant' side effects of taking ivermectin drug, according to medical professionals.The signs of ivermectin toxicity can be acute or mild.It is highly effective against many microorganisms including some viruses.
Quanox Ivermectina
Long Term Ivermectin Use In Humans Ivermectin is metabolized in the liver, and ivermectin and/or its metabolites are excreted almost exclusively in the feces over an estimated 12 days, with less than 1% of the administered dose excreted in the urine.Lastly, all COVID-19 vaccines have been empirically untested over the long-term simply because not enough time has passed.Long term side effects of ivermectin.Long-term effects of Ivermectin: (Page 1 of 2) Previous Page Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic compound.Zelenko recommends HCQ once a week for Covid prophylaxis.One of them is ivermectin, an inexpensive, already approved drug with a broad‐spectrum antiparasitic action, which has also been proven its antiviral potential.In humans, ivermectin is approved to treat roundworms in the intestine as well as river blindness.When the entirety long term effects of ivermectin of the protocol is not possible or feasible, which is most often the case, the combination of HP nebulization, high-dose vitamin C, and appropriately-dosed ivermectin is an excellent way to effectively address long-haul COVID and persistent spike protein syndromes..Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur while taking ivermectin topical:.Annual and twice-annual treatments with ivermectin over a period of up to 17 years may have had a significant impact on T.Long Term Use Of Ivermectin In Humans People at high risk living in an epidemically active area should consider prophylactic treatment together with their doctor.Pregnant women should not take Iverheal 6 mg..Commonly reported side effects of ivermectin include: fever, pruritus, and skin rash.Fluvoxamine 50 mg twice daily for 10–14 days.Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic compound.It's used to de-worm livestock and comes in both topical and pill forms.Per kilogram of weight per day for 2 days (the 5th and 6th day), indicating that you take.Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic compound.Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic compound.Applies to ivermectin topical: topical cream, topical lotion.Long Term Side Effects Of Ivermectin Precautions Serious neurological adverse events have been reported from large scale community-based ivermectin treatment campaigns against Onchocerciasis volvulus in Africa.Applies to ivermectin: oral tablet.Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur while taking ivermectin topical:.Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients.In this comprehensive systematic review, antiviral effects of ivermecti ….To avoid long-term negative effects, try to avoid some of these warnings: It tells you to follow the correct path of using Iverheal 6 mg and also saves you from post-indication results.Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic compound.Efficacy of the combined use of ivermectin, 4.It can be taken by mouth or applied to the skin for external.Ivermectin is an FDA-approved drug.Some topical forms of ivermectin are approved for treating head lice and skin conditions such as rosacea Long term side effects of ivermectin.Some topical forms of ivermectin are approved for treating head lice and skin conditions such as rosacea Long term side effects of ivermectin in humans Ivermectin acts as a GABA receptor agonist (Ref 2).Other side effects not listed long term effects of ivermectin may also occur in some patients.Long term side effects of ivermectin.Long Term Side Effects Of Ivermectin In Humans 2014 Nov;13(11):1380-6 Long term effects of ivermectin Azelaic acid 15% gel in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: results of two 40-week controlled, investigator-blinded trials.
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text:
Q: PL/SQL Oracle 10g Ask user for input (other than substitution variable) pseudo code:
declare
    n number(10);
begin
    dbms_output.put_line('Welcome to Oracle');
    dbms_output.put_line('1. Insert');
    dbms_output.put_line('2. Delete');
    dbms_output.put_line('Choose an option');

    n:=&choice;

    if(n=1)
        .....
        .....
    else
        ....
        ....
    end if;
end;

I am getting a problem here.  When I try to run it, it asks for '&choice' first and after that it shows the dbms_output.put_line() statements.
But I want to show choices first and then ask for user for their input.
sample output (how I want it):
 Welcome to Oracle
 1. Insert
 2. Delete
 Choose an option:
 Enter the value for choice:

so what is the solution for this? is there any other way to take input from user?
thanks in advance.

A: PL/SQL is not interactive, so you cannot do that in PL/SQL.
Using & to prompt user for an input is a SQL*Plus command and not in PL/SQL. PL/SQL is executed inside the database engine and cannot access the terminal window or the GUI tool like SQL Developer etc.
Having said that, you could pass parameters.
For example,
SQL> SET serveroutput ON
SQL> DECLARE
  2    prompt_input NUMBER;
  3  BEGIN
  4    dbms_output.put_line('Welcome to Oracle');
  5    dbms_output.put_line('1. Insert');
  6    dbms_output.put_line('2. Delete');
  7    dbms_output.put_line('Choose an option');
  8    prompt_input := '&1';
  9    IF prompt_input = 1
 10    THEN
 11    dbms_output.put_line('You have selected '||prompt_input||' .Insert');
 12    ELSE
 13    dbms_output.put_line('You have selected '||prompt_input||' . Delete');
 14    END IF;
 15  END;
 16  /
Enter value for 1: 1
old   8:   prompt_input := '&1';
new   8:   prompt_input := '1';
Welcome to Oracle
1. Insert
2. Delete
Choose an option
You have selected 1 .Insert

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SQL>


text:
Covid 19 coronavirus: Receivers propose closing five Burger King outlets
11 May, 2020 08:21 PM 4 minutes to read
BusinessDesk
By: Victoria Young
Burger King's receivers are proposing five loss-making outlets be shut permanently as they prepare the business for sale.
And, according to the creditors' compromise proposal, suppliers and landlords will get more money if the business is sold for more than $30 million.
• Covid 19 coronavirus: Burger King slumps into receivership
• Premium - Covid 19 coronavirus: Can Burger King find a buyer? Retail expert's view
• Covid 19 coronavirus: McDonald's, KFC, Subway, BurgerFuel - when your favourite fast food stores will open
• Covid 19 coronavirus: Macca's fries but no shake, KFC chicken but not burgers - level 3 menus revealed
The burger chain's New Zealand franchise was bought by private equity firm Blackstone for $107 million back in 2011 through holding company Tango New Zealand.
The company was moved into receivership on April 14, and its owners said they wouldn't put any more money into the business.
The receivers, KordaMentha's Grant Graham and Brendon Gibson, have set a deadline of May 12 for the compromise. If that goes through they'll proceed with the sale of the business.
According to documents lodged at the Companies Office on May 6, $50 million is owed to the senior lenders. The lenders are a consortium of ANZ, ASB and Rabobank, the receivers have previously said.
Burger King was recently handed over to receivers. Photo / File
Cashflow-positive
The banks have agreed to share half of any sale proceeds over $30 million if the company is sold as a going concern, and have forgiven some interest payments. They have also provided an overdraft to assist in the restart of the business.
The receivers estimated the business would remain cashflow-positive until December if the creditors' compromise went ahead.
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At April 1, the company had creditors of approximately $11.8 million, plus monthly rents of $1.7 million it could not meet, the documents say.
Under alert level 3, Burger King is operating 71 outlets, with only a dozen, which don't have drive-through facilities, still shut.
If the deal goes ahead, five of Burger King's 83 outlets will never reopen. These are in Courtenay Place and Lambton Quay in Wellington, and Queen St, Takapuna and WestCity Mall in Auckland.
"These five are loss-making restaurants and their closure will improve the profitability and long-term sustainability of the overall business," a spokeswoman said.
Redundancies likely
"We have advised all team members who work in these restaurants and will do our best to deploy as many as possible to other restaurants. However, redundancies are unfortunately likely."
She said she could not confirm how many job losses as the deal was not yet done.
Burger King's operating company Antares received $11.5 million of wage support for 1,918 employers, according to the Ministry of Social Development's wage subsidy database, updated to April 22.
According to the receivers, this has allowed the company to pay staff at least 80 percent of normal wages for 12 weeks.
"Even though the business has now restarted, it will take time for the company to reach its pre-lockdown trading levels and there is uncertainty as to how quickly trading will recover," the documents said.
"We are not prepared to comment in detail on turnover. However, it has been great to have the restaurants open and, once again, be serving BK's loyal customers," a spokeswoman said in response to BusinessDesk's request for more specific sales figures.
TO READ THE HERALD'S FULL CORONAVIRUS COVERAGE CLICK HERE
Creditors owed more than $30,000 were categorised class 1 and would be paid 75 percent of what they were owed by the end of the year. Those creditors were owed roughly $10 million, the documents show.
Rents repayments reduced
Smaller creditors would be paid all they were due but over a six-month period.
The biggest supplier listed in the creditor's proposal is chicken supplier Ingham Enterprises, which is owed $1.5 million. The second-biggest creditor is Queensland-headquartered Comgroup Supplies, whose website says it produces "mouth-watering meat patties." It is owed $1.08 million.
Drinks company Coca-Cola Amatil and baker Goodman Fielder are owed just less than $1 million, while potato producer McCain Foods is owed $667,000.
Under the deal, landlords are to receive none of April's rent, 25 percent of May, June and July's rent, half of August and 75 percent of rent in September. The documents do not provide details of who the landlords are.
Inland Revenue has said, if the compromise goes ahead, it would give the business a payment holiday to restart in July this year.
Tango's most recent financial statements for the 2018 calendar year reported steady revenue at $188.3 million from $187.3 million in 2017 but its loss was $72.3 million from a $3.1 million profit the year before.
- BusinessDesk
Pushpay gets a haircut
Market close: Big price swings for leading stocks
Ben Kepes: The smart innovation happening in NZ's film sector


2. A jance: and to give understanding to him who will make the said jance let him take a great quantity of fair and good fine white bread according to what he wants to make and make it into crumbs well and properly on a fair cloth; then let him take a fair, clear, and clean pot and pour in fat broth of beef and mutton, and let him check that it is not too salty; and then let him take eggs and mix them with the said bread and then put this gently into the said broth while stirring constantly with a fair wooden spoon; and also let him put in his spices, that is white ginger, grains of paradise, and a little pepper, and saffron to give it color, and let him flavor it with verjuice; and let him put all this to boil together and then dress it for serving.
As with all such recipes, as many questions were raised as answered as we attempted to cook this sauce. The "we" in this case is myself, my squire and his wise and lovely wife.
We ended up creating four different sauces from this recipe, one of which ended up being vegetarian as we used a vegetarian "beef" stockcube for stock (as my squire is vegetarian).
- how white was white bread?
- how runny is this sauce meant to be?
- how big were eggs?
- were the breadcrumbs toasted?
- would the bread be fresh or stale?
- how fine would the breadcrumbs be? Does it make a difference?
- do you use the crusts?
- how much spice to use?
Some of these questions were answered by the cooking experience itself, and others by research and experience.
I had both modern white white bread, and also a light wholemeal bread, which is probably a pretty close equivalent to decent quality medieval white bread - having ground flour with grinding stones myself, I know that you can actually get very fine flour by medieval means.
Ginger in period was grown in Europe in pots in period, so it was entirely possible that the ginger could have been fresh or dried. In this case we used dried ground ginger.
Here are the four recipes, with some comments after testing, some of which surprised us.
This was spicier with a distinct taste of grains of paradise.
We judged that we could happily eat it just as soup! This was particularly delicious served on pork.
Whether we used white or wholemeal bread made no real difference to the final sauce.
These would be even better if pushed through a sieve or given some other form of further blending.
Grains of paradise are "more like a taste you can smell"
My squire's wife said she would add more ginger to all of them.
Take the time to play with this recipe and see what you think!


This roster lets you get both Bull Centaurs in and keep three rerolls, though it is at the expense of one of the Chaos Dwarfs. This gives you more strength and speed but removes a Block player from the team, which is handy early on. The main drawback is that when you get that last Chaos Dwarf he may take a while to skill up and get Guard. Having both Bull Centaurs though may make playing against some of the stronger teams easier initially, it is personal preference if you would rather have more Block and an extra reroll instead.
Put the saved 20k towards an Apothecary as your first purchase and then save up to get that last Chaos Dwarf asap. The next purchase will likely be either another reroll or the Minotaur, which you get is a personal preference and if you find you tend to use rerolls a lot then I'd get that first.
This option gives you both Bull Centaurs so it has the most strength and speed of all three, though due to the cost of including them you can only afford to go with two rerolls. Bull Centaurs though do work really well in tandem and the earlier you take them, the sooner you can get them Block and Break Tackle. The other advantage is that you have 12 players, though you could drop a Hobgoblin and get an apothecary saving 10k instead of 20k. The extra player early on can let you do some fouling or just help keep you at 11 players if you get an injury. You may find you struggle with two rerolls though.
Again with the 20k saved get an apothecary first, you don't want to lose one of those expensive Bull Centaurs early on because you didn't! Then you probably will want to save up for a third reroll before going for the Minotaur, living with only two rerolls can be really painful.


In an age where news is hard to come by for royalty let alone to standard citizens, it would be interesting to see how the average people who lived in Westeros were able to get news of the realm and what they thought about the ruling houses while they went about their daily lives.
"Hamlet is going on in the background, but it's all about Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. I wanted to do a show called Spear Carriers, which would actually be set during the events of Game of Thrones, but it wouldn't be following Dany, Tyrion, and Jaime. They would all be there in the background like Hamlet.
It would be more like, 'Here's a story about a guy in the City Watch; here's a story about a prostitute at one of Littlefinger's brothels; here's a story about a mummer who's in town to do juggling and tricks.' And they all get caught up in the events. I think that kind of show would be a lot of fun to do.
It would be a fun way to get an entirely different perspective in the world of 'Game of Thrones' which would also allow for some highly visible background cameos from actors who have died in the series over the years.
As much as I'm excited to see the 'Game of Thrones' prequel and someday read the end of "A Song of Ice and Fire," I can't help but think but think this show could be a great idea.
Are you thrilled about this new idea which George R.R. Martin has created? Do you feel that HBO might end up putting this one into production as well? Will "A Song of Ice and Fire" ever actually be completed? Share your thoughts in the comments below!


text:
Q: How to grab text from anonymous MenuItem in JavaFX? My goal is to create MenuItems from an ArrayList, and then add an event to each menuitem that searches the arraylist for the selected menuitem so that it can be transferred over to the next scene. The menu items will be inside a menu button.
    MenuButton selectAccount = new MenuButton("Select an Account");
    selectAccount.setMaxWidth(Double.MAX_VALUE);

    for (int i = 0; i < accountList.size(); i++) {

        //add the items. accountList is my arraylist
        selectAccount.getItems().add(new MenuItem(accountList.get(i).getName()));

        //add the event to items.
        selectAccount.getItems().get(i).setOnAction((ActionEvent e)->{

         // need to grab the text that is inside the menuitem here
         // will run loop to compare text with names in my accountList arraylist
         // if name matches, then the object from arraylist will be loaded into next scene

        });
    }

The trouble I'm having is figuring out how to pull the text from the Menu items. How do I reference the text of these anonymous menu items?

A: Assuming the type of the elements in accountList is a class Account (just change it accordingly if not), if you use the normal list iteration (instead of an index-based for loop), this all works perfectly naturally:
MenuButton selectAccount = new MenuButton("Select an Account");
selectAccount.setMaxWidth(Double.MAX_VALUE);

for (Account account : accountList) {

    MenuItem item = new MenuItem(account.getName());
    selectAccount.getItems().add(item);

    item.setOnAction((ActionEvent e)->{

        // now just do whatever you need to do with account, e.g.
        showAccountDetails(account);

    });
}


Classification folders are made of 100 percent recycled material with 30 percent post-consumer material. Dividers with tabs and fasteners on both sides let you store information under several subdivisions, and fasteners on the front and back panels add two more filing surfaces. Design creates six separate filing surfaces. Sturdy Tyvek gusset expands up to 2". Pressboard covers provide strength and durability. Dividers are made of 100 percent recycled material with 80 percent post-consumer material.


text:
package de.tum.in.www1.exerciseapp.domain;

import org.hibernate.annotations.Cache;
import org.hibernate.annotations.CacheConcurrencyStrategy;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Objects;

/**
 * A AnswerOption.
 */
@Entity
@Table(name = "answer_option")
@Cache(usage = CacheConcurrencyStrategy.NONSTRICT_READ_WRITE)
public class AnswerOption implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
    private Long id;

    @Column(name = "text")
    private String text;

    @Column(name = "is_correct")
    private Boolean isCorrect;

    @Column(name = "correct_score")
    private Integer correctScore;

    @Column(name = "incorrect_score")
    private Integer incorrectScore;

    @ManyToOne
    private MultipleChoiceQuestion question;

    // jhipster-needle-entity-add-field - Jhipster will add fields here, do not remove
    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getText() {
        return text;
    }

    public AnswerOption text(String text) {
        this.text = text;
        return this;
    }

    public void setText(String text) {
        this.text = text;
    }

    public Boolean isIsCorrect() {
        return isCorrect;
    }

    public AnswerOption isCorrect(Boolean isCorrect) {
        this.isCorrect = isCorrect;
        return this;
    }

    public void setIsCorrect(Boolean isCorrect) {
        this.isCorrect = isCorrect;
    }

    public Integer getCorrectScore() {
        return correctScore;
    }

    public AnswerOption correctScore(Integer correctScore) {
        this.correctScore = correctScore;
        return this;
    }

    public void setCorrectScore(Integer correctScore) {
        this.correctScore = correctScore;
    }

    public Integer getIncorrectScore() {
        return incorrectScore;
    }

    public AnswerOption incorrectScore(Integer incorrectScore) {
        this.incorrectScore = incorrectScore;
        return this;
    }

    public void setIncorrectScore(Integer incorrectScore) {
        this.incorrectScore = incorrectScore;
    }

    public MultipleChoiceQuestion getQuestion() {
        return question;
    }

    public AnswerOption question(MultipleChoiceQuestion multipleChoiceQuestion) {
        this.question = multipleChoiceQuestion;
        return this;
    }

    public void setQuestion(MultipleChoiceQuestion multipleChoiceQuestion) {
        this.question = multipleChoiceQuestion;
    }
    // jhipster-needle-entity-add-getters-setters - Jhipster will add getters and setters here, do not remove

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) {
            return true;
        }
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) {
            return false;
        }
        AnswerOption answerOption = (AnswerOption) o;
        if (answerOption.getId() == null || getId() == null) {
            return false;
        }
        return Objects.equals(getId(), answerOption.getId());
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hashCode(getId());
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "AnswerOption{" +
            "id=" + getId() +
            ", text='" + getText() + "'" +
            ", isCorrect='" + isIsCorrect() + "'" +
            ", correctScore='" + getCorrectScore() + "'" +
            ", incorrectScore='" + getIncorrectScore() + "'" +
            "}";
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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News > Medscape Medical News > Conference News > American Epilepsy Society (AES) 2016 Annual Meeting
CBT Nonadherence Common in Patients With Psychogenic Seizures
Pauline Anderson
HOUSTON — A new study shows a very high rate of dropout from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) among patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), with almost 90% of patients not attending the fourth follow-up appointment.
A prior diagnosis of PNES was the main risk factor for nonadherence to CBT, and a higher score on the Bereaved Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) — indicating higher concern about their illness — predicted better adherence, the researchers found. Preliminary data also suggest that adherence to therapy reduces seizure frequency in these patients.
"Neurologists diagnosing PNES, and behavioral health specialists treating the condition, need new interventions to improve adherence with treatment and to prevent long-term disability," said Benjamin Tolchin, MD, a clinical neurophysiology fellow at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
One potential intervention to improve adherence might be the use of text message reminders, said Dr Tolchin.
He presented the findings at a platform session during the American Epilepsy Society (AES) 2016 Annual Meeting. His work received the Rebecca Goldberg Kaufman Honor, awarded to the highest-ranking abstract in the category of comorbidities.
PNES is a relatively common condition; 25% to 40% of patients admitted to epilepsy monitoring units are ultimately diagnosed with it, Dr Tolchin said.
It's also highly disabling. Most patients with PNES are economically and socially dependent, frequently visit emergency departments, and incur high medical care costs.
Multiple studies have shown that CBT is effective in reducing seizure frequency and improving quality of life for patients with PNES. Despite this evidence, however, most patients don't receive effective therapy.
For the current study, Dr Tolchin and colleagues prospectively followed 123 patients, mean age 38 years, who were newly diagnosed with video electroencephalography–confirmed PNES. About 85% were female and 77% were white and non-Hispanic.
About a third of the sample was single and another third was married. The rest were split evenly between divorced patients and those living with partners.
Notably, 61% of the sample was unemployed, most of whom were on disability. Only 8% worked full time.
Seizure Frequency
The psychogenic seizure frequency rate among the sample varied from 0 to 350 per week (median, 2). "This means that most subjects were having 1 or 2 seizures per week, but there were a few outliers having literally hundreds of psychogenic seizures per week," said Dr Tolchin.
The rate of delayed diagnosis also varied substantially: from 0 to 51 years (median, 1 year). Again, there were a few outliers who weren't diagnosed for decades, said Dr Tolchin.
Just over a third (37%) of patients had been diagnosed with PNES before. About 94% had at least one psychiatric comorbidity, most commonly depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Just under a third had a personality disorder; 23% had a history of at least one suicide attempt; 39% had been hospitalized for a psychiatric condition; and 74% had a history of physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.
After their diagnosis, patients were referred for psychotherapy for a period of at least 12 weeks and scheduled for a minimum of four regular visits with a psychiatrist.
The study found that adherence to treatment fell steadily over the course of 18 months. About 80% of the patients attended their first postdiagnosis psychiatric appointment, but that fell to 42% for the second visit and 24% for the third visit. Only 14% were still adherent at the fourth visit.
"This level of nonadherence is dramatically worse than appreciated among most neurologists and behavioral health specialists caring for patients with PNES," said Dr Tolchin.
Researchers examined potential risk factors for nonadherence, including psychogenic seizure frequency, delay to diagnosis, history of a prior diagnosis of PNES, psychiatric comorbidities, history of abuse, and illness perception as measured by the BIPQ (a validated 80-point scale, with 0 indicating no concern about their illness and 80 the greatest concern).
The analysis uncovered two covariates with a statistically significant correlation with dropout from psychiatric treatment. A prior diagnosis of PNES was associated with increased odds of leaving therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.57; P = .047), and a higher score on the BIPQ correlated with decreased odds of dropout (HR, 0.77 for every 10-point increment on the scale; P = .008).
A history of substance abuse trended to a greater risk for drop-out but didn't reach statistical significance.
Outcome Impact
The researchers are now following up on these patients to determine whether nonadherence is associated with worse outcomes in terms of seizure frequency, quality of life, and healthcare utilization.
So far, they have data on 59 patients. Among nonadherent patients, 61% had a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency from baseline to 24 months. This compares to 90% in the adherent group.
"Based on this preliminary data, adherence to treatment does appear to correlate with greater improvement in seizure frequency," said Dr Tolchin.
Asked by a delegate whether patients didn't come back for appointments because they felt "cured," Dr Tolchin said this is an "important question." That is precisely what is now being studied, he noted, with preliminary findings showing that this is not the case.
Another session attendee inquired about the profile of patients who were adherent throughout the study. In addition to most having a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency, those adherent to therapy also appear to have a "substantial" improvement in quality of life, said Dr Tolchin.
"Is that because they were getting all this CBT or because they were initially less sick?' he speculated. "We are working on studies that might get at that, but we can't answer that with this data."
Dr Tolchin received research support from the American Academy of Neurology and the American Brain Foundation.
American Epilepsy Society (AES) 2016 Annual Meeting. Abstract 1.247. Presented December 5, 2016.
For more Medscape Neurology news, join us on Facebook and Twitter
Medscape Medical News © 2016 WebMD, LLC
Send comments and news tips to news@medscape.net.
Cite this: CBT Nonadherence Common in Patients With Psychogenic Seizures - Medscape - Dec 14, 2016.
Freelance writer, Medscape
Disclosure: Pauline Anderson has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
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19 Wonderful Seven-Letter Names For Your Baby
See also 184 Pretty Unique Girl Names : Unusual and Rare
See also 99 Irish Baby Names with Meanings
See also 22 unique classical music-inspired baby names
Top 10 Seven Letter Boy Names:
1. Griffin:
Griffin is one of the most appealing Celtic names. It is a variation of the classic Welsh name Griffith.
2. Stephen:
Stephen is a strong and likable baby boy name. The name is currently popular in Ireland, Greece, and New Zealand. Stephen was one of the seven men who spread the gospel of Christianity.
3. Richard:
Richard, the classic old Norman name, was once the sixth most popular name in the United States. The meaning of Richard is 'dominant ruler'. Richie and Ricky are the best nicknames for Richard.
4. Patrick:
Just like Richard, Patrick is also experiencing a kind of resurgence. It is a derivative of an Irish name Padraig. Children will tie the name to Patrick from SpongeBob Squarepants, a cartoon series.
5. Maxwell:
Maxwell is a blend of the weighty Maximilian and simple Max. Earlier, parents thought Maxwell to be a bit more pompous and grand for their baby. But now a significant number of people are opting for it.
6. Vincent:
The overused British name Vincent is suddenly gaining popularity along with other 7 letter boy names that begin with a V. Vincent was very popular in France in the middle ages and was a particular favorite of the Roman Catholic families.
7. Antonio:
Antonio is the Italian variation of Anthony. It means the 'priceless one'. The Shakespearean name has a certain panache to it that makes it sound alluring.
8. Charles:
Charles is one of the long time traditional favorites. It was a royal name of its time. Many celebrities have used the name for their children, from Russell Crowe and Jodie Foster.
9. Cameron:
Cameron is a traditional Scottish name meaning 'crooked nose'. The beautiful name has a deluge of variant spelling. The name reached the peak of its popularity in the 2000s.


text:
Home » Sports Channel » Sports And Torts » Football Talk With Paul, Jerry And Nadia
Football Talk with Paul, Jerry and Nadia
David & Elliott preview Bears /Packers with Green Bay Great Jerry Kramer. Then, Nadia Larysa of the Lingerie Football League's Chicago Bliss joins the guys live in studio. (She's in the February Playboy, BTW). Plus, more football talk with NFL Hall of Famer Paul Warfield, one of the premier wide receivers ever to have played in the National Football League.
Sports & Torts: Nadia Larysa
Nadia tells us what it's like playing for the Lingerie Football League, and her upcoming Playboy spread for the league. We'll also get some stories about Hef and the Playboy Mansion, and her recent PETA campaign.
Sports & Torts: Hall of Famer Paul Warfield
Paul tells us about the keys to success on the teams he played for, and why Lovie Smith deserves a lot more credit than he's given. Paul also talks about the tradition of the Cleveland Browns, who he's pulling for in the playoffs, and that famous call from President Nixon to Don Shula during the Super Bowl.
Sports & Torts: Packers Legend Jerry Kramer
Jerry gives his take on this weekend's Bears / Packers showdown, and the rivalry between the two teams, Then, he's got some great stories about Vince Lombardi, including the coach's reaction to his book Instant Replay
Sports & Torts BONUS: Jesse Jackson
Elliott chatted with the Reverend Jesse Jackson about the legacy of Martin Luther KIng
Paul Warfield
Warfield graduated from Warren G. Harding High School in Warren, Ohio in 1960. He was a star running back and defensive back for the Panthers, joining the varsity as a sophomore in 1957. In 1958, Warfield ran for 810 yards and scored 15 touchdowns - a campaign highlighted by a 6-0 victory over the powerhouse Massillon Tigers. Warfield ran for 1158 yards in 1959 and hit the paydirt 13 times. Warfield also set a state mark in the long jump. He graduated from The Ohio State University where he shined as a two time all Big 10 halfback in the 1962-1963 season and as a track team sprinter, jumper and hurdler. Warfield played for the Cleveland Browns as a wide receiver from 1964 to 1969. In 1970, he was traded to the Miami Dolphins for a draft pick which the Browns used on Purdue University All-American quarterback Mike Phipps. Phipps had limited success for the Browns and Warfield was a major factor in the Dolphins' championships in the early 1970s. Shortly before Super Bowl VI President Richard M. Nixon famously telephoned Dolphins coach Don Shula to suggest that they run a particular pass play to Warfield. The play, a down-and-in pattern, was tried and resulted in an incomplete pass. In 1974, shortly after the Dolphins' won Super Bowl VIII, Warfield and teammates Larry Csonka and Jim Kiick made what were then surprising decisions. They left the Dolphins at the conclusion of the season for what appeared to be more lucrative pastures with the Toronto Northmen of World Football League.[2] (The Northmen moved to Memphis without playing a game in Toronto). Warfield played the 1975 season with the Memphis Southmen, before finishing his playing career with the Browns in 1976 and 1977. He was in the Pro Bowl eight times, and was named All League six times. In his 13 NFL seasons Warfield caught 427 passes for 8,565 yards for 20.1 yards per catch, 9th highest all time, and scored 85 touchdowns. He added another 204 yards on 22 rushing attempts. In his only WFL season (1975) he caught 25 passes for 422 yards, a 16.9 yards per catch average, with 3 touchdowns. In his rookie season 1964, he caught 52 receptions (his best season for receptions) for 920 yards and 9 touchdowns as the Browns won the NFL Championship. In 1968 he caught 50 passes and for the only time in his career gained over 1,000 yards in receiving (1,067 yards). That year he scored 12 touchdowns as the Browns reached the NFL Championship for the third time in the 1960s. For most of Warfield's tenure in Miami the Dolphins ran an offense which stressed running the ball. Warfield was considered a major threat on any given play. Even though he only caught 29 passes during the 1973 NFL season, 11 of those receptions were touchdowns, with four coming in the first half of the regular season finale. Three years earlier, when he arrived in Miami, he caught only 28 passes but he averaged 25.1 yards per catch. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983. In 1999, he was ranked number 60 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. In 1979 Ohio State inducted him into its Varsity O Hall of Fame for both his football and track accomplishments. In 1977 he earned a M.A. degree from Kent State University. He worked for WKYC in Cleveland as a sportscaster in 1977-78. He also worked as a scout and football front office executive.
Paul's Career Stats
Nadia Larysa
Nadia Larysa is an American glamour model from Illinois. Nadia played college volleyball and professional beach volleyball. She is wide receiver for the Chicago Bliss in the Lingerie Football league. She appeared in Playboy's Busty Babes series in October 2010, and appears again in the February 2011 issue.
Follow Nadia on Facebook
Jerry Kramer
Guard and kicker Jerry Kramer went from number four draft choice in 1958 to one of the best lineman in Packer history. A starter at right guard in his rookie season, the former University of Idaho Vandal and fellow guard Fuzzy Thurston became keys to the success of Vince Lombardi's running attack. The 6'3", 250-pound Kramer was also a kicker. His three field goals helped the Packers win the 1962 championship in New York, 16-7. He scored 65 points in '62 and was the team's leading scorer with 91 points in 1963. Teammates nicknamed Kramer "Zipper" because of his numerous injuries and scars. In 1961, he fractured an ankle and suffered a detached retina. In 1964, doctors performed surgery and found pieces of a board lodged in his abdomen from a childhood accident. Kramer lost so much weight that some doubted he would play again. He returned in 1965 and was All Pro in 1966 and '67. Kramer teamed with center Ken Bowman on a key block that propelled Bart Starr to the winning touchdown in the 1967 NFL "Ice Bowl" championship win over Dallas. Kramer, host of the television show "Packerama" with Jim Irwin during his playing days, changed the way sports books were written with his literate, reflective Instant Replay and Farewell to Football. A successful businessman after his retirement in 1968, Kramer followed up those books with Lombardi and Distant Replay. He was rated #1 in NFL Network's Top 10 list of players not in the Hall of Fame.
Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame
Some of the music heard on Sports and Torts is from Memio's Music Alley.


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YEREVAN (Noyan Tapan)–Militiaman of the guards division of the Interior Ministry's operative regiment–junior sergeant Armen Gasparian–22–was arrested Monday on suspicion on professional negligence. On October 27–when the terrorist attack on the parliament was made–Gasparian was assigned to post N 2 of the National Assembly building–the entrance from Baghramian avenue–Military Procurator Gagik Jangirian said at a press conference on December 6. He added that there are one or two others who may become suspects in the case. The total number of those arrested in connection with the case has now reached 11. Jangirian does not exclude that the number may still increase.
Jangirian said that besides the five arrested members of the group charged with terrorism and premeditated murder with aggravating circumstances–the gained evidence established that several people–including defendants Nairi Badalian–Ashot Knyazian–Hamlet Stepanian and Mushegh Movsissian–assisted in the terrorist act. Another two persons–Misak Mkrtchian and Norair Yeghiazarian–have been charged with illegal possession–manufacture–purchase or sale of weapons–ammunition or explosives. Pointing out that all defendants are healthy–Jangirian said that only Misak Mkrtchian–a second group disabled–was hospitalized in the medical unit of the holding prison.
The military procurator said that 49 various expert commissions had been assigned–including forensic–ballistic–pyrotechnical–traceological commodity research–dactyloscopic–biological–psychological and psychiatric. 32 expert commissions have already presented their conclusions. Alcohol was detected in the blood of 3 of the 5 members of Nairi Hunanian's group–heroine was found in the blood of one member.
The examination of the NA meeting hall and adjacent areas revealed 82 cartridges–16 bullets of various calibers. 4 submachine-guns–4 pistols–7 hand-grenades and 1 package with explosives were confiscated from the group members in the meeting hall. Defendant Derenik Bejanian acquired an AKM submachine-gun in 1994 when he was in three-month training assemblies and was still a serviceman. Two more pistols were confiscated from other people–including a member of parliament.
The military procurator said that an expert commission has been assigned in connection with the shot fired from a submachine-gun by the prime minister's security official. The shot was fired after all the killings. According to preliminary data–no one died or was wounded of Edward Grigorian's shot. As for defendant Vram Galstian's not shooting–there are facts and suspicion that "it was not the case." Saying that there is still a need to interrogate Nairi Hunanian–Jangirian said that according to his preliminary testimony given recently–defendant Nairi Badalian was to wait at the entrance to the NA meeting hall so as to inform the group whether Vazgen Sargsyan is in or not.
The military procurator confirmed the information appearing in the press that Nairi Hunanian asked the President of Armenia for a meeting through the Prosecutor General but that plea was rejected by the President.
Jangirian said that over two dozens of theories were put forth during the preliminary investigation and all of them are being overhauled (including political terrorism). There was also a theory suggesting that the action was to have been committed during the previous three-day session of the National Assembly on October 13.
Investigators are now working to establish the involvement of concrete political forces and Mafia groups mentioned in the testimony of the defendants and suspects. The military procurator said he did not mind accepting help of foreign experts but only after the core version of the crime was established.
Jangirian said that the rumors circulating in the press that on the day of the terrorist act there was a man in the parliament chamber giving instructions have in fact been disproved. The man who offered an occasion for such suspicions was the deputy chief of the National Assembly staff–who–according to the evidence available–was trying to lead the staff officials out of the hall. Investigators possess no evidence that used cartridges were picked up from the floor.
Saying that there are no obstacles to the investigation–Jangirian ruled out the possibility of outside participation in interrogations–including Defense Minister Vagharshak Haroutiunian. He stressed that the investigation group would try to complete the preliminary investigation as early as possible and would do everything for the case to be disclosed fully and impartially.


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