text:
Steffi Walter (nacida como Steffi Martin, Bad Schlema, RDA, 17 de septiembre de 1962–21 de junio de 2017) fue una deportista alemana que compitió para la RDA en luge en la modalidad individual.

Participó en dos Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno, Sarajevo 1984 y Calgary 1988, obteniendo una medalla de oro en cada edición, ambas en la prueba individual.

Ganó dos medallas de oro en el Campeonato Mundial de Luge, en los años 1983 y 1985, y dos medallas de plata en el Campeonato Europeo de Luge entre los años 1982 y 1986.

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Pilotos de luge de Alemania Oriental
Pilotos de luge en los Juegos Olímpicos de Sarajevo 1984
Pilotos de luge en los Juegos Olímpicos de Calgary 1988
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de luge
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Sarajevo 1984
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Calgary 1988
Medallistas olímpicos de oro de Alemania Oriental
Deportistas de Alemania Oriental en los Juegos Olímpicos de Sarajevo 1984
Deportistas de Alemania Oriental en los Juegos Olímpicos de Calgary 1988
Campeones mundiales de luge


Burial place of Khai Dinh, the 12th king of the Nguyen Dynasty and father of Bao Dai, the last emperor of Vietnam. Completed in 1931, King Khai Dinh's tomb incorporates both Asian and European architecture and design. The mausoleum and its walls are ornately decorated with embedded shards of glass, ceramics, and porcelain. A gilt statue of Khai Dinh, below a canopy, is in the mausoleum at the top of the multi-leveled site. A stele pavilion, rows of statues of elephants, and civil and military officials are in the courtyard.
(khata) Prayer shawl in Tibet. Khatags, traditional white silk shawls, are offered to honored guests in greeting. Khatags or ceremonial scarves are also presented to religious images such as the statues of Buddha.


to invite you to join us setting up to sell as a self representing artist.
design your booth area the way you want & camping is allowed!
Please google "Ponderosa Art & Fiber Festival" for details & registration.
The fee is $50 prepaid, with paypal or check, which is quite reasonable.
why I have nothing for sale on my Etsy site-LOL!
in "The Mac Worthington Gallery", which is located in Columbus, Ohio.
& so much more, for the entire family!
Please tell your friends & fellow artists! If you have never set-up at an outdoor venue, now is your chance to experience a casual relaxed atmosphere, with something for every walk of life!


text:
Q: JavaScript expression parser in Silverlight Hey everybody! I have a Silverlight project that needs to help users create JavaScript logical expressions (e.g. "var1 != var2 && var3 >= var4"). Very simple. The problem is that I do not have much time to create one myself because tweaking the transition table would be a little time consuming.
So I was searching online for one, but all I found was a couple classes that help you validate the JavaScript, but I need a way to load it, parse it and then write it back. So I was wondering if anyone has any ideas about how I can do it. I am assuming it will not require much code, and it does not have to be a C# example either. If only you could give me some ideas in C++ or even pseudo code, that would help a lot.
Thank you,
Vladimir

A: Create a recursive descent parser by hand.  It's fun!
First define a grammar:
Expression -> SimpleExpression ExpressionTail
              (Expression)
SimpleExpression -> Atom Inequality Atom
ExpressionTail -> && Expression |
                  || Expression |
                  e
Atom -> Variable | Literal
Inequality -> == | != | > | >= | < | <=

(This grammar doesn't handle operator precedence, but it is easy to write a grammar that will.)
Next, create a lexical analyzer that will read the input string and create tokens so the string "var1 != 4.0" would be translated to a list of {Variable, !=, Literal}.  This can be hacked together, or if you want to get fancy you can use a finite state machine to analyze the string.
Now create a recursive descent parser to parse the list of tokens into an expression tree.
public class Parser {

    public Parser() {
    }

    public Expression parse( LexicalAnalyzer lex) {
        lex.advance();
        return expression( lex);
    }

    private Expression expression( LexicalAnalyzer lex) {

        switch( lex.current().type() ) {
            case Token.OpenParen:
                lex.advance();
                Expression expression = expression( lex);
                lex.eat( Token.CloseParen);
                return expression;
            case Token.Literal:
            case Token.Variable:
                return expressionTail( lex, simpleExpression(lex));
            default:
                throw new Exception( "ParseError: Expecting (, variable, or literal at character " +
                                      lex.character());
        }
    }

    private SimpleExpression simpleExpression( LexicalAnalyzer lex) {

        Atom atom = atom( lex);
        switch( lex.current().type() ) {
            case Token.Equal:
                lex.advance();
                return new Equal( atom, atom(lex));
            case Token.NotEqual:
                lex.advance();
                return new NotEqual( atom, atom(lex));
            ...
            default:
                throw new Exception( "ParseError: Expecting ==, !=, <, <=, >, >= at" +
                                     lex.character());
        }
     }

     private Expression expressionTail( LexicalAnalyzer lex, SimpleExpression expression) {

        switch( lex.current().type() ) {
            case Token.LogicalOr:
                lex.advance();
                return new OrExpression( expression, expression(lex) );
            case Token.LogicalAnd:
                lex.advance();
                return new AndExpression( expression, exptression(lex) );
            default:
                return expression;
        }
     }

     private Atom atom( LexicalAnalyzer lex) {
         switch( lex.current().type() ) {
             case Token.Literal:
                 Literal literal = new Literal( lex.current() );
                 lex.advance();
                 return literal;
             case Token.Variable:
                 Variable var = new Variable( lex.current() );
                 lex.advance();
                 return var;
             default:
                 throw new Exception("ParseError: ...");
          }
      }
}

public interface Expression {
    boolean evaluate( VariableValues values);
}

public interface SimpleExpression implements Expression {
}

public class Equal implements SimpleExpression {
    private final Atom left, right;
    public Equal( Atom left, Atom right) {
        this.left = left;
        this.right = right;
    }
    public boolean evaluate( VariableValues values) {
        return left.evaluate(values) == right.evaluate(values);
    }
}
public class NotEqual implements SimpleExpression {
    private final Atom left, right;
    public NotEqual( Atom left, Atom right) {
        this.left = left;
        this.right = right;
    }
    public boolean evaluate( VariableValues values) {
        return left.evaluate(values) != right.evaluate(values);
    }
}

public class OrExpression implements Expression {
    private final Expression left, right;

    public OrExpression( Expression left, Expression right) {
        this.left = left;
        this.right = right;
    }

    public boolean evaluate( VariableValues values) {
        return left.evaluate(values) || right.evaluate(values);
    }
}
public class AndExpression implements Expression {
    private final Expression left, right;

    public AndExpression( Expression left, Expression right) {
        this.left = left;
        this.right = right;
    }

    public boolean evaluate( VariableValues values) {
        return left.evaluate(values) && right.evaluate(values);
    }
}
public interface Atom {
    double evaluate( VariableValues values);
}
public class Literal implements Atom {
    private final double value;
    public Literal( double value) {
        this.value = value;
    }
    public double evaluate( VariableValues values) {
        return value;
    }
}
public class Variable implements Atom {
    private final String name;
    public Variable( String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public double evaluate( VariableValues values) {
        return values.getValue( name);
    }
}

A: Here is one written in JavaScript: http://silentmatt.com/parser3.js (from: Javascript parser for simple expression). It will be a pain to port, but it's a start.

A: There is an implementation of a subset of JavaScript available in C# here at CodeProject.

A: I did something like this in flash/actionscrpt. I assume it's pretty much the same in Silverlight. After a quick google search I see that RegisterScriptableObject is similar to ActionScript's ExternalInterface. Anyway, here is my example.
This Silverlight example comes pretty close to doing the same thing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Apple set to launch an OLED MacBook next year
By Frank Olamide on January 12, 2023
According to supply chain analyst Ming-Chi Kuo, Apple is set to ship its first OLED MacBook next year (2024).
Currently, all MacBooks have used LCD panels, and the latest 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pros use mini-LED and ProMotion. So OLED would be a huge move for Apple. And it's kind of surprising that it has taken them this long to make an OLED MacBook, to be quite honest. Since the iPhone has been OLED since 2017.
Kuo did not specify in his tweet storm whether this OLED MacBook would be a Pro or an Air. However, display industry analyst Ross Young did state last month that Apple was planning to introduce a new 13-inch MacBook Air with an OLED display in 2024. Ross is also expecting Apple to release 11.1-inch and 13-inch iPad Pro models with OLED displays next year.
OLED makes sense for a MacBook Air
Since the MacBook Air was first shown off in 2008 – when Steve Jobs took it out of an envelope – it has always stood for a super thin and light laptop. So using OLED on the MacBook Air would make lots of sense here. OLED allows Apple to make a thinner device, as well as foldables. But OLED is thinner and it doesn't overheat like some other display technologies.
So even though an OLED MacBook Air would mean a higher price, and it's really "Pro's" who would really want an OLED laptop, it does make a lot of sense to put it into an Air. Now the price point would be interesting. Since the new M2 MacBook Air is already priced at $1,199. OLED is a lot more expensive than LCD, so we could see it getting closer to $1,499 for an entry-level laptop.
2024 is shaping up to be an exciting year for Apple products, even with 2023 being a pretty boring one. Outside of the much anticipated and rumored AR/VR headset.
Published in Technology
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Arlo Go 2 4G + Wi-Fi security camera now available in Singapore

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Abstract: The present study aims at integrating drug-releasing materials with signal-processing biocomputing systems. Enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)---biomarkers for liver injury---were logically processed by a biocatalytic cascade realizing Boolean AND gate. Citrate produced in the system was used to trigger a drug-mimicking release from alginate microspheres. In order to differentiate low vs. high concentration signals, the microspheres were coated with a protective shell composed of layer-by-layer adsorbed poly(L-lysine) and alginate. The alginate core of the microspheres was prepared from (Fe3+)-cross-linked alginate loaded with rhodamine 6G dye mimicking a drug. Dye release from the core occurred only when both biomarkers, ALT and AST, appeared at their high pathophysiological concentrations jointly indicative of liver injury. The signal-triggered response was studied at the level of a single microsphere, yielding information on the dye release kinetics.


Derived from the popular Didache Semester Series, the Parish Series has been adapted for parishes and home study programs. Presented in an easy and accessible format, the eight-book series provides a thorough overview of the Catholic Faith. The series was created in accordance with the USCCB Curriculum Framework for Parish and Youth Ministry Programs.
In the Didache Series style, includes Christian art by the great masters!


text:
Tom White's Corner
Tom White's Corner was a grocery store that existed where Pulpit Gate now stands at the seaward end of All Saints Street.
For over 100 years the various generations of the family ran the business. Per Sheila Devine (Historical Hastings):
Tom White's son (also named Tom) had three daughters (two of whom - Naomi and Hannah lived into very old age) The shop at No 75 finally passed into the hands of Hannah's son, Henry Richardson (the 4th generation of his family to run it). He must have been well known at the time, combining the role of grocer with a successful auctioneering business, he was a landlord and also an energetic and prominent councillor. He was apparently a man of "fine physique" and often the subject of entertaining pieces in the local press. He married a lady called Sarah and they had 11 children. Unfortunately in 1911, disaster struck. Sarah suddenly died, Henry took solace in drink and soon barely spent a night at home. This started to cause tensions at home and one evening a terrible scene erupted. Screams were heard from No 75, a large crowd gathered and Henry was found with his hands around the throat of his daughter Edith who by "giving him too much mouth" had clearly sent him over the edge. Henry was sent to Lewes Prison for 2 months. On his release, his troubles deepened - he went bankrupt (losing the grocery business that had been in his family for over 100 years) and was in court again for letting sub-standard property which had become "swamped by the sea". In 1912 his health began to fail and he died a month later at the age of 48.
Tom White's Corner c1900
Retrieved from 'https://historymap.info/index.php?title=Tom_White%27s_Corner&oldid=113928'


Though it doesn't officially open until March 12, the modern, longhouse-style building on the University of Washington campus is already steeped in significance.
wǝɫǝbʔaltxʷ – Intellectual House represents a dream four decades in the making. It will be an anchor for indigenous students, a hub for Native learning and a means of acknowledging the Duwamish people whose village and longhouses were once on the university grounds.
The $6 million, 8,400-square-foot building northeast of the Quad is designed with the architectural elements of a traditional Northwest Coast longhouse, including cedar planks and posts.
It features a gathering space that can seat 500 people, a large kitchen suitable for teaching about Native foods and medicines, a smaller meeting room and an outdoor area with a fire pit where salmon can be cooked in the traditional way. Fundraising will start soon for a second building that will provide additional space for teaching and learning.
Leaders envision wǝɫǝbʔaltxʷ – Intellectual House being used for activities ranging from symposiums to community events. And they emphasize that the facility will be a welcoming place for everyone.
wǝɫǝbʔaltxʷ, a term from the Coast Salish Lushootseed language (audio pronunciation here), is the third longhouse-style facility to be built on a Washington college campus — The Evergreen State College in Olympia has one, as does Peninsula College in Port Angeles. Its completion has generated a buzz beyond campus, prompting inquiries from American Indian scholars and students interested in coming to the university, said Sheila Edwards Lange, UW vice president for minority affairs and vice provost for diversity.
10 a.m. to 10 p.m. – Cultural protocols of the Coast Salish people, music, performances and cuisine.
American Indian, Alaska Native and First Nations students currently make up 1.3 percent of UW Seattle undergraduates, and they graduate at a rate that is 23 percentage points higher than the national rate for public four-year institutions, Braine said. He believes the opening of wǝɫǝbʔaltxʷ – Intellectual House will increase those numbers even more.
"I think it's going to put us into a whole new tier," he said.
For Native American students, particularly those who grew up on reservations, arriving on a college campus can be alienating. Charlotte Coté, Nuu-chah-nulth, a UW American Indian Studies associate professor, attended Simon Fraser University in British Columbia in the late 1980s and recalls seeing only one other native student there. Her professors were almost exclusively white men, she said.
"It was tough," Coté said. "It would have been a lot easier if I had a place to go and there was a sense of belonging there.
Indigenous research and learning is going on across UW's three campuses, in departments ranging from law to medicine, social work to art. But that work is often siloed, said Christopher Teuton, UW American Indian Studies chair and a citizen of the Cherokee Nation, and wǝɫǝbʔaltxʷ – Intellectual House will unite those efforts.
Elders, revered in Native American society as mentors and teachers, have played a key role in the project for close to a decade. An advisory committee comprising Elders from around the state came up with the facility's indigenous name, led a spiritual cleansing of the site to honor ancestors before construction began, and provided guidance on tribal protocols and ceremonies for each phase of the project.
Their participation has been integral, said Polly Olsen, Yakama, the Elders committee chair.
Efforts to establish a dedicated space for Native Americans at the UW began in the 1970s, led by a core group of faculty members and students that included Julian Argel, a member of the Tsimshian and Haida tribes and the tribal liaison with the UW's Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity. Braine, director of the new facility, met Argel not long after starting at UW as a freshman in 2000, and Argel — known among students as "Uncle Julian" — soon became his mentor. When Argel died in 2012, those involved in the project resolved to finish the work he started.
The road to completion was a long one. Former UW President Mark Emmert is widely credited for making the facility a priority by putting it on the university's capital construction plan in 2006.
Fundraising efforts stalled during the recession, then in 2011 UW Interim President Phyllis M. Wise pledged matching funds toward the project. The state provided additional funding, and the rest was raised through private donations.
On a recent sunny Friday afternoon, Coté and Braine walked over to the almost-completed building for a meeting. As they waited outside for others to arrive, Coté said, they looked up and to their astonishment, saw an eagle perched in a nearby tree, looking down at them. In her almost 15 years on campus, it was the first time Coté had ever seen an eagle on the property.


text:
Macmillan In New Zealand 1958
VLVACQXMDDBWZ724PA6JLOUSYXV60-MACMILLAN-IN-NEW-ZEALAND
British Prime Minister, Mr. MacMillan has sent a message of congratulation to Doctor Fuchs, leaser?
S.V. Officials towards plane.
L.V. Macmillan out of plane.
S.V. Guard of Honour.
S.V. Mr. Macmillan meeting Mr. Nash and members of party.
Front V. Ditto.
C.U. Air Officer with sword.
S.V. Pan Mr. Macmillan inspects Guard.
C.U. Mr. Macmillan talking to press.
S.V. Press-men taking notes.
Mr. Macmillan talking.
Initials J.H./P.B.
Background: British Prime Minister, Mr. MacMillan has sent a message of congratulation to Doctor Fuchs, leaser of the British party who recently reached the south pole. At a civic reception in Auckland, New Zealand, today, Mr. MacMillan met the father of Sir Edmund Hillary, leader of the New Zealand polar party.
Last night, the British Prime Minister had unscheduled discussions for several hours with the Prime Minister of New Zealand. Earlier, Mr. MacMillan in the course of his Commonwealth tour had reached Auckland by air form Ceylon. A warm welcome awaited him as he and his wife, Lady Dorothy, emerged from their aircraft. On the tarmac a guard of honour presented arms in a smart salute. Greeting Mr. MacMillan - at the right - his New Zealand counterpart, Mr. Nash. Then the two visitors were introduced to other members of the New Zealand welcoming party. At an ensuing Press Conference, the British Prime Minister made these comments:-
VLVACQXMDDBWZ724PA6JLOUSYXV60
Macmillan's Speech From 10 Downing Street
Macmillan makes a speech about Britain being a great country.
Selected Originals - Macmillan's Speech From 10 Downing Street
Extra material of a speech made by Macmillan - not used in "Macmillan's Speech from 10 Downing Street" story in 57/7.
Premier Back In Triumph
Prime Minister Harold Macmillan makes statement on his return from Moscow.
Selected Originals - London Greets The Kennedy's - 61/46
Material relating to newsreel story "London Greets the Kennedy's" - 61/46.
Harold Macmillan makes political speech. London.
Power Strike
T. MacMillan leads power workers strike. Barking, Essex.
Harold Macmillan
Shots of Harold MacMillan sits at desk.
Yugoslav Vice President At Foreign Office
Vice-President of Yugoslavia with Harold Macmillan at Foreign Office, London.


text:
package com.codepath.apps.restclienttemplate.network;

import android.content.Context;

import com.codepath.apps.restclienttemplate.R;
import com.codepath.apps.restclienttemplate.models.TweetDraft;
import com.codepath.apps.restclienttemplate.utils.PaginationParamType;
import com.codepath.oauth.OAuthBaseClient;
import com.github.scribejava.apis.TwitterApi;
import com.github.scribejava.core.builder.api.BaseApi;
import com.loopj.android.http.AsyncHttpResponseHandler;
import com.loopj.android.http.RequestParams;

/*
 *
 * This is the object responsible for communicating with a REST API.
 * Specify the constants below to change the API being communicated with.
 * See a full list of supported API classes:
 *   https://github.com/scribejava/scribejava/tree/master/scribejava-apis/src/main/java/com/github/scribejava/apis
 * Key and Secret are provided by the developer site for the given API i.e dev.twitter.com
 * Add methods for each relevant endpoint in the API.
 *
 * NOTE: You may want to rename this object based on the service i.e TwitterClient or FlickrClient
 *
 */
public class TwitterClient extends OAuthBaseClient {
	public static final BaseApi REST_API_INSTANCE = TwitterApi.instance(); // Change this
	public static final String REST_URL = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1"; // Change this, base API URL
	public static final String REST_CONSUMER_KEY = "8Yk98WZroNw5i73gKCXiSTd4t";       // Change this
	public static final String REST_CONSUMER_SECRET = "TkDkBXyAvilVs7VKL0WHO0Ngm7DgV319GY3Djzs63wUZRW9oYh"; // Change this

	// Landing page to indicate the OAuth flow worked in case Chrome for Android 25+ blocks navigation back to the app.
	public static final String FALLBACK_URL = "https://codepath.github.io/android-rest-client-template/success.html";

	// See https://developer.chrome.com/multidevice/android/intents
	public static final String REST_CALLBACK_URL_TEMPLATE = "intent://%s#Intent;action=android.intent.action.VIEW;scheme=%s;package=%s;S.browser_fallback_url=%s;end";

	public TwitterClient(Context context) {
		super(context, REST_API_INSTANCE,
				REST_URL,
				REST_CONSUMER_KEY,
				REST_CONSUMER_SECRET,
				String.format(REST_CALLBACK_URL_TEMPLATE, context.getString(R.string.intent_host),
						context.getString(R.string.intent_scheme), context.getPackageName(), FALLBACK_URL));
	}

	public void getHomeTimeline(PaginationParamType tweetIdType, long tweetId, AsyncHttpResponseHandler handler) {
		String apiUrl = getApiUrl("/statuses/home_timeline.json");
        RequestParams params = new RequestParams();
        params.put("count", 25);
        params.put(tweetIdType.param(), tweetId);
		client.get(apiUrl, params, handler);
	}

	public void getUserProfile(AsyncHttpResponseHandler handler) {
        String apiUrl = getApiUrl("/account/verify_credentials.json");
        client.get(apiUrl, handler);
    }

    public void postTweet(TweetDraft draft, AsyncHttpResponseHandler handler) {
        String apiUrl = getApiUrl("/statuses/update.json");
        RequestParams params = new RequestParams();
        params.put("status", draft.postBody);
        if (draft.isReply) {
            params.put("in_reply_to_status_id", draft.statusId);
        }
        client.post(apiUrl, params, handler);
    }

	/* 1. Define the endpoint URL with getApiUrl and pass a relative path to the endpoint
	 * 	  i.e getApiUrl("statuses/home_timeline.json");
	 * 2. Define the parameters to pass to the request (query or body)
	 *    i.e RequestParams params = new RequestParams("foo", "bar");
	 * 3. Define the request method and make a call to the client
	 *    i.e client.get(apiUrl, params, handler);
	 *    i.e client.post(apiUrl, params, handler);
	 */
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What I Wish My Loved Ones Understood About Being Suicidal – Let's Queer Things Up!
If you ever have to try to help someone who is suicidal (and don't think you won't) remember, please, what Sam says here.
I wish all of this wasn't needed and that nobody has to deal with this pain. But unfortunately, we aren't so lucky. So thank you for this list of suggestions. Because while I completely understand all of this, everyone's depression is different, same with the way they deal with it.
Thank you! This was so needed.


text:
Children>
Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin has yet to exercise his authority to exempt the coronavirus relief payments from debt collection despite pressure from Democrats in Congress and state attorneys general. (Photo: Mike Segar/Reuters)
'Victory': After Outrage Over Seizure of Coronavirus Relief Payments From Veterans, USAA Reverses Course
The move by USAA, while welcomed, only makes the case for more oversight.
Eoin Higgins
Hours after David Dayen reported Thursday at The American Prospect that USAA was seizing coronavirus stimulus money from veterans with accounts at the financial institution, the bank reversed course, telling Dayen in a statement that the money seized would returned.
"For members with negative deposit account balances, USAA will pause the collection of a negative account balance existing at the time their stimulus payment was deposited for 90 days," USAA spokesman Matthew Hartwig told Dayen. "This will allow members access to their full stimulus payment to help cover the costs of rent, food and other important necessities."
\u201cVICTORY: in a statment, @USAA has announced that they have changed their policy and will no longer take stimulus payments and apply them to other debts. All money confiscated will be returned retroactively to customers. Here's the statement:\u201d
— David Dayen (@David Dayen) 1587056776
As Dayen reported Thursday, while USAA's decision is welcomed, it's ultimately just one bank of many with the technical ability to seize the funds.
"Only a global solution by Treasury can ensure that the payments get into the hands of individuals struggling to make ends meet and afford basic necessities," Dayen wrote. "A bank-by-bank or state-by-state solution will ultimately not protect everyone in time."
Original story below...
The Treasury Department last week gave U.S. financial institutions the go-ahead to seize coronavirus stimulus payments to pay off individuals' outstanding debts, and one of the nation's largest banks is reportedly already taking advantage of the green light.
"USAA, the veteran-serving financial institution, took $3,400 in CARES Act payments from the family of a disabled veteran to offset an existing debt, denying the family emergency funds during a time of personal economic stress," David Dayen, executive editor of The American Prospect, reported Thursday.
Headquartered in San Antonio, USAA has a membership of around 13 million that is comprised largely of current and former members of the military and their families.
"I, along with my colleagues in Congress, are doing everything we can to put an end to this. The Treasury Department and the IRS have the authority to prohibit this cruelty, and they should."
--Rep. Ilhan Omar
"Text messages from USAA customers show that this is not an isolated incident," Dayen noted. "In fact, USAA is using a boilerplate statement to respond to customer complaints about taking their payments."
The New York Times on Thursday also reported that USAA and other institutions are garnishing stimulus payments.
Consumer advocates warned about this possibility after Dayen revealed Tuesday that Ronda Kent, chief disbursing officer at the Treasury Department's Bureau of the Fiscal Service, told bankers in a webinar last week that "there's nothing in the law that precludes" financial institutions from seizing stimulus payments to pay off a person's existing debts.
The law Kent referenced was the CARES Act, a multi-trillion-dollar stimulus package President Donald Trump signed last month. The CARES Act authorized one-time $1,200 payments to adults who earn less than $75,000 a year. The law also approved an additional $500 for each child under the age of 17.
Carrie, a 22-year-old mother of two from Minnesota whose husband was injured while serving in the military, told the Prospect that she doesn't "know where rent is going to come from" now that USAA has seized her family's $3,400 payment.
"It was going to help my 18-month-old get her meds," Carrie said. "I'm at a loss for words, they don't care."
Common Defense, an advocacy group that represents veterans, called USAA's seizure of stimulus payments "absolutely unacceptable" and urged Congress to "make it illegal."
The CARES Act explicitly gives Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin the authority to exempt the coronavirus relief payments from debt collection by banks, but Mnuchin--a former Goldman Sachs executive--has yet to exercise that authority despite pressure from Democrats in Congress and state attorneys general.
\u201c.@USAA is confiscating the emergency $1200 Coronavirus checks from veterans & military families who have debt, leaving us struggling to survive during this crisis.\n\nThis is absolutely unacceptable. @USAA must immediately reverse this practice, & Congress should make it illegal.\u201d
— Common Defense (@Common Defense) 1587054533
Carrie provided the Prospect with a text exchange she had with a representative of USAA, who explained that Carrie's coronavirus payment "will be used to offset the amount owed" on a USAA account she abandoned last year. Because the IRS still had Carrie's USAA account on file, the agency sent the direct deposit there rather than to her new bank account at a different institution.
Dayen reported that Carrie said "her family did run up some debt and get overdrawn after her husband was injured. But they also experienced fraudulent use of the USAA account. The bank concluded that the family did not have sufficient proof of fraud claims, and would be liable for $8,000 in charges."
Adam Weinstein, a Navy veteran and national security editor at The New Republic, tweeted that he will cancel his USAA membership and urge his friends to do the same if the bank doesn't reverse its seizure of coronavirus payments. USAA, which is headquartered in San Antonio, has over 13 million members.
\u201cReverse this now, @USAA, or I'll pull my membership and accounts and encourage my friends to do the same thing\u201d
— Adam Weinstein (@Adam Weinstein) 1587043928
As the Times reported:
The phenomenon is swiftly becoming a political issue, with Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin fielding calls from senators urging him to ensure that relief money isn't garnished. Banks are legally allowed to withhold funds that go into accounts that have negative balances, and no specific provision in the CARES Act, the $2 trillion relief package that authorized the stimulus payments, prevents banks from taking customers' stimulus money to cover debts.
In a statement to the Prospect, Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-Minn.) called USAA's behavior "shameful" and urged the Treasury Department to act.
"This money was supposed to go to Minnesotans who are struggling and instead the administration is using it to help big banks who don't need the cash," said Omar. "I, along with my colleagues in Congress, are doing everything we can to put an end to this. The Treasury Department and the IRS have the authority to prohibit this cruelty, and they should."
Our work is licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). Feel free to republish and share widely.
Jake Johnson is a staff writer for Common Dreams.
Eoin Higgins is a former staff writer for Common Dreams.
ChildrenCoronavirusPovertySteven MnuchinWall Street


text:
Articles Posted in Honors
Farewell to My Friend, Georgia Lawyer Ebb Oakley
February 16, 2022 | Robin Frazer Clark
Ellwood Oakley III
This past Sunday, after attending our regular Worship Service at Glenn Memorial United Methodist Church on the beautiful Emory University Campus, my husband and I journeyed to Buckhead to Peachtree Road United Methodist Church to send off our good, dear friend, Ellwood "Ebb" Oakley. Ebb was in the Navy during the Viet Nam War and, among other awards, had been awarded the Bronze Star and the National Defense Service Medal. His funeral was a military funeral, with the playing of "Taps," "America the Beautiful," and "Eternal Father," the Navy Hymn. Our good friend, Timothy Miller, who sings "God Bless America" before Braves games on Sundays, led us all in "God Bless America" at Ebb's funeral. To say this funeral was moving would be an complete understatement. It was a send-off appropriate for a great man like Ebb.
Posted in: Discrimination, Honors, Professionalism, Public Service and The Legal Profession
Tagged: Georgia Lawyer, Legal Ethics and Professionalism
Updated: February 16, 2022 3:04 pm
Georgia Lawyers: Trailblazers for Justice
May 5, 2015 | Robin Frazer Clark
Lawyers Club of Atlanta
Newsletter – May 2015
The Bridge Builder
An old man going a lone highway
Came in the evening, cold and gray,
To a chasm vast, both deep and wide.
The old man crossed in the twilight dim;
The swollen stream was as naught to him;
But he stopped when safe on the farther side
And built a bridge to span the tide.
"Old man," said a fellow pilgrim near,
"You are wasting your strength in labor here;
Your journey will end with the closing day,
You never again will pass this way.
You've crossed the chasm deep and wide
Why build you this bridge at eventide?"
The laborer lifted his old gray head,
"Good friend, in the path I have come," he
said, "There followeth after me today
A youth whose feet must pass this way.
This chasm which has been naught to me
To that young man may a pitfall be.
He, too, must cross in the twilight dim.
Good friend, I am building this bridge for him."
– Will Allen Dromgoole
Greetings, Friends!
When Past President Edward Krugman handed me the Lawyers Club of Atlanta gavel last May, I told you then I had some pretty big shoes to fill. And that is where I find my thoughts now as I pen my last President's Message as your President…contemplating the shoes of others I have stood in during the last 27 years of practicing law.
I am here standing in the shoes of so many other lawyers who led and cleared the path for me and for you. As we gather in May to honor our 50-year members, which has always been one of my favorite meetings, it is appropriate that we consider those who blazed the trail before us, branch by branch, so that our path might be just a bit smoother. Here are just a few examples of Georgia Trailblazers, in whose shoes I have stood the last 27 years:
Chief Justice Carol Hunstein-1st woman Chief Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court. Justice Hunstein contracted polio when she was two, survived her first bout of bone cancer at age four, lost her mother at age 11, married at 17, became a mother at 19, and a single mother by age 22. That same year, Justice Hunstein lost a leg to cancer and was told by doctors she had only a year to live. But that didn't stop her from getting her law degree. She opened a private law practice in Decatur in 1977 and, spurred on by a trial judge who repeatedly called her "little lady" in open court, Justice Hunstein decided to run for the bench. She defeated four men and in 1984 became the first woman elected to the DeKalb County Superior Court. She has served on the Georgia Supreme Court since 1992.
Judge Anne Workman: When she graduated from Emory Law School less than ten percent of the class of 1972 – one hundred in number – were women, as were less than four percent of all lawyers in the nation. The downtown law firms came to the Emory campus for employment interviews with the male students, but would not interview the women students at all. Judge Workman's first attempt to get a legal job after law school was fruitless, but she recounted it very humorously. She had always loved criminal law and wanted to be a prosecutor when she graduated from Emory. She approached the district attorney at the time about employment in his office. Judge Workman recalled: "He told me in a very matter of fact manner that there were some places a woman did not belong and that a courtroom was one of them. But that was alright because I could have a baby and he couldn't. It was not the reasoning I had hoped to hear; but in one way it was helpful as it provided a considerable amount of focus and direction to me to prove him wrong. You take motivation where you find it. It took twelve years, but in 1985 when I was sworn in as a state court judge, I saw him and reminded him of our long-ago conversation. I remarked that I must belong in a courtroom now because it had my name on it."
Sr. Judge Horace Ward– In 1979, Judge Horace Ward became the first African American federal judge in Georgia, having been nominated by President Jimmy Carter. He had previously served in the Georgia State Senate and as a State Court and Superior Court judge in Fulton County. Since 1993, Judge Ward served the Northern District of Georgia in senior status. He is also well known in Georgia history from his efforts to gain admission to the then-segregated University of Georgia Law School in the 1950s. For years, the Board of Regents denied Judge Ward admission to the law school, stating that the fact that no black had ever been admitted to the university was merely coincidental. Meanwhile, the Board of Regents decided to "modify" the admissions criteria by requiring that candidates take an entrance exam and that they get two additional letters of recommendation-one from a UGA law school alumnus and the other from the superior court judge in the area where the applicant resided. Judge Ward filed suit against the Board of Regents to gain admission, which, after years of delay, was eventually dismissed on the basis that Judge Ward had "refused" to reapply under the new admissions guidelines (which Ward's attorneys had argued was yet another ploy to keep Ward out). Judge Ward decided not to appeal and attended law school at Northwestern University, from which he graduated in 1959. In what can only be described as a moment of poetic justice, Judge Ward was a member of the legal team representing Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes when they were admitted as the first African American students at UGA, thus ending 175 years of segregation at the university.
Judge Clarence Seeliger– Judge Seeliger was a trailblazer for racial justice and equality. He hired the first African American employee of DeKalb County State Courts and courageously removed the Confederate flag from his courtroom at great personal risk. Judge Seeliger made it clear that no one, not even judges, was above the law. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said, "There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular, but he must take it because conscience tells him it is right." Seeliger's life embodies that principle.
Each time a barrier is removed in the leadership of our courts, our Legislature, our profession, a door opens to a new generation of potential great trailblazers, which might include the next Horace Ward, the next Carol Hunstein, the next Clarence Seeliger or the next Anne Workman. Some very big shoes, indeed.
Please be sure to join us on Wednesday, May 20, as we honor our 50 year members who, also, have some pretty big shoes for us to fill. Come and celebrate 17 lives well lived and 17 legal paths blazed. Our 50-year members stand as beacons to promote the cause of justice, to respect the rule of law and to protect the rights of all citizens of the State of Georgia. In this example we should all take pride.
A Rising Tide Lifts All Boats,
Robin Frazer Clark,
Posted in: Georgia Trial Lawyers Association, Honors, Independent Judiciary, Judiciary, State Bar of Georgia and The Legal Profession
Tagged: equality, georgia lawyers, georgia legal trailblazers, justice and liberty
Robin Frazer Clark Named Georgia Trend's 2007 Legal Elite
December 17, 2007 | Robin Frazer Clark
<a href="
2007 Georgia's Legal Elite
I am pleased, humbled and honored to announce I have been named by Georgia Trend Magazine as one of its 2007 Legal Elite in the area of Plaintiff's Personal Injury in Georgia. Of the 43 lawyers named as Legal Elite for the practice area of Personal Injury in Georgia, only 21 were named in the specific are of representing plaintiffs, and of those 21 lawyers only three were female and I am extremely honored to have been named as one of those. Selection to the Legal Elite list means I was one of 21 plaintiff's personal injury lawyers (out of a total of 38,000 lawyers in the state) in Georgia selected by their peers as the most effective in plaintiff's personal injury law practice. Recipients were chosen by our peers, which means my colleagues in personal injury law consider me to be one of the most effective plaintiff's trial lawyers in Georgia for my clients. Quite an honor, indeed!! This honor really acknowledges my level of expertise in plaintiff's personal injury work in Georgia and my dedication to my client's cause.
Posted in: Honors
Updated: December 17, 2007 11:35 am


Advanced digesters are used to create biogas, reciprocating gas engines turn that biogas into electricity, thus enabling plants to become energy neutral. Water treatment plants are increasingly using automation techniques to control and optimize water treatment operations. These automated systems automate water treatment processes such as chemical feed in coagulation, flocculation and sludge dewatering, and also reduce energy usage.
Asia Pacific was the largest region in the water and sewage market in 2017, accounting for one-third of the market share. This was mainly due to presence of a large number of water filtration plants, irrigation canals, impounding reservoirs, pumping stations and sewage treatment facilities in the region.
The chart below shows the year-on-year growth of the global water and sewage market.
According to The Business Research Company's Consultant, Nitin Gianchandani, with growing pressures for cost-efficiency and meeting environmental standards, water treatment companies are using smart solutions for dosing and chemical management. These smart solutions and devices offer odour and corrosion control, fixation and pitch control.
SUEZ SA was the largest player in the market, with revenues of EUR 15.3 ($17 billion) in 2016. SUEZ's business strategy aims at focusing on circular economy and digital technology by rapidly developing its recovery activities, such as raw material recovery, waste recovery and treated wastewater recovery. In addition, the company is also speeding up the deployment of in-house smart solutions to optimize business operations. These digital technologies currently account for 350 million Euro of its turnover.
Water and sewage market is segmented into water supply and irrigation systems, sewage treatment facilities, steam and air-conditioning supply.
Water supply and irrigation systems includes establishments involved in operating water treatment plants and water supply systems. It includes water filtration plants, irrigation canals, impounding reservoirs, pumping stations, aqueducts and distribution mains.
Sewage treatment facilities comprises establishments primarily involved in operating sewer systems or sewage treatment facilities.
Steam and air-conditioning supply includes establishments involved in providing steam, heated air, or cooled air.
Water and sewage market report is a detailed report giving a unique insight into this market. The report is priced at $6000 for an individual user. To use across your office, the price is $9000 and $12000 if you wish to use across a multinational company.


text:
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <auto-generated>This code was generated by LLBLGen Pro v5.6.</auto-generated>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
using System;
using EFCore.Bencher;

namespace EFCore.Bencher.EntityClasses
{
	/// Class which is the common base class for all generated entity classes.
	/// <remarks>As all non-subtype entity classes derive from this class, use a partial class of this class to implement code which is shared among all generated entity classes</remarks>
	public abstract partial class CommonEntityBase
	{
		/// Method called from the constructor
		partial void OnCreated();

		/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="CommonEntityBase"/> class.
		protected CommonEntityBase() : base()
		{
			OnCreated();
		}

	}
}


text:
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I am still a member of APC, but we have MoU with PDP to produce a good and educated leader – Atiku's first witness, Buba Galadima, says
By IBRAHIM KENNETH SULEIMAN
Alhaji Buba Galadima, a former ally of President Muhammadu Buhari, was former Vice President Atiku Abubakar's first witness at the Presidential Election Petitions Tribunal (PEPT) today.
Galadima revealed that he was against President Buhari because of injustice in his administration, lack of inclusiveness and failure to secure the lives and properties of Nigerians.
He noted that it was wrong to say that he was against Buhari because he was not appointed minister in 2015.
Galadima was earlier asked by Chief Wole Olanipekun, Buhari's lawyer, that he; "fell out with the 2nd respondent (Buhari) because he did not make you a minister in 2015."
In his response Galadima said; "No. You should know that I fought all the previous governments since 1999 because of injustice.
"We made good promises to Nigerians, including justice, inclusiveness, and to secure the country, which he has failed to do.
"It has always being part of my characteristics to fight injustice."
He further noted that he supported President Buhari in 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015 presidential elections, but was against him in 2019.
Responding to questions from Lateef Fagbemi (SAN), the lawyer of the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC), noted that he is still a member of the APC because he hasn't been sacked and the Chairman of the Reformed APC (RAPC).
"I'm still a member of APC. I have not been sacked. We are in court. I don't want to be subjudice.
"I'm not a member of PDP, but we have a memorandum of understanding with the PDP to produce God-fearing, good and educated leader."
IBRAHIM KENNETH SULEIMAN
Ibrahim Kenneth Suleiman is the Chief Political Editor at Naija Buzz News Network. He is a graduate of political science from the prestigious Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State. He specializes in preparing/approving of political news contents before publication. He currently heads Naija Buzz News team of political correspondents. From Nasarawa State, North-Central Nigeria, Ibrahim is a strong supporter of Manchester United Football Club England.
Contact: ibrahim[at]naijabuzz.news
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6 Bosch 6 volt Glow Plugs suits Toyota Landcruiser HJ75 Diesel 2H 4.0L 6cyl - Trade Me Motors. New cars and used cars, motorbikes, boats and more for sale on trademe.co.nz New cars and used cars, motorbikes, boats and more for sale on trademe.co.nz... 6 Diesel Glow Plugs Landcruiser 2h 4.0l Hj75 11/84-9/88 Toyota 4x4 Bosch Set for - Compare prices of 733026 products in Auto Parts from 250 Online Stores in Australia. Save with MyShopping.com.au!
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CNN is evaluating Kathy Griffin's role in its annual New Year's Eve coverage after the comedian posed for a photo shoot holding a decapitated, bloody head resembling that of President Donald Trump.
Griffin initially defended herself after the photo surfaced, but then later apologized profusely in a video posted on Twitter.
Griffin has co-hosted CNN's New Year's Eve Live broadcast every January since 2007, along with CNN anchor Anderson Cooper.
But even Cooper tweeted that he was offended by her actions.


text:
The Elite 5% in America's Highest Income Places
The American Community Survey (2006-2008) has included a new table that identifies the mean household income of the highest 5% of households for communities with more than 20,000 residents. The statistics have some interesting patterns when compared to the mean household incomes of ALL households in a given place (The top 50 places on that list can be found on my previous posting: Darien, Connecticut: Wealthiest Town with over 20,ooo.
TABLE of the TOP 5% MEAN HOUSEHOLD INCOMES PLACES
Mean HH Inc Rank
Top 5% Rank
Mean Income of Top 5% of Households1
Mean HH Inc for Entire Community2
Locater
2 1 Lake Forest $1,477,159 $279,052 Chicago IL
1 2 Darien $1,350,718 $295,228 Fairfield County CT
5 3 Greenwich $1,329,664 $235,212 Fairfield County CT
3 4 Westport $1,304,756 $246,977 Fairfield County CT
6 5 Potomac $1,281,593 $228,641 Washington DC MD
4 6 New Trier Township $1,218,595 $243,553 Chicago IL
15 7 Harrison $1,218,103 $196,127 Westchester Co NY
44 8 Laguna Beach $1,170,959 $160,473 Orange County CA
20 9 Manhattan Beach $1,158,357 $189,812 Los Angeles CA
9 10 Summit $1,135,674 $210,564 Union County NJ
10 11 Mountain Brook $1,132,075 $210,089 Birmingham AL
7 12 McLean $1,123,356 $220,631 Washington DC VA
11 13 La Canada Flintridge $1,112,401 $206,861 Los Angeles CA
13 14 Mamaroneck Town $1,096,173 $199,483 Westchester Co NY
26 15 Newport Beach $1,062,775 $185,376 Orange County CA
18 16 Wellesley $1,060,310 $194,155 Boston MA
30 17 Bernards Township $1,050,027 $180,478 Somerset Co NJ
28 18 Lower Merion Twp $1,035,544 $184,033 Philadelphia PA
17 19 Saratoga $1,010,533 $194,984 Silicon Valley CA
64 20 Naples $1,006,462 $143,447 Naples FL
22 21 Ridgewood $1,000,602 $186,935 Bergen County NJ
58 22 Laguna Hills $982,854 $148,254 Orange County CA
57 23 Beverly Hills $976,070 $148,578 Los Angeles CA
34 24 Livingston Twp $973,256 $170,704 Essex County NJ
25 25 Eastchester Town $967,038 $185,392 Westchester Co NY
27 26 Wilmette $953,799 $184,073 Chicago IL
40 27 North Tustin $947,882 $166,319 Orange County CA
16 28 University Park $941,832 $195,076 Dallas TX
32 29 Bethesda $941,623 $174,058 Washington DC MD
52 30 Liberty Township $941,231 $153,752 Columbus OH
23 31 Highland Park $936,199 $186,623 Chicago IL
24 32 Mercer Island $929,034 $186,254 Seattle WA
31 33 Bloomfield Twp $895,628 $177,578 Detroit MI
33 34 Ridgefield $894,291 $170,822 Fairfield County CT
8 35 Southlake $892,048 $217,978 Fort Worth TX
12 36 Garden City $872,930 $203,329 Long Island NY
19 37 Los Altos $860,600 $192,010 Silicon Valley CA
103 38 Southampton Town $849,448 $118,334 The Hamptons NY
45 39 Menlo Park $832,607 $159,788 Silicon Valley CA
75 40 Radnor Township $824,914 $136,183 Philadelphia PA
66 41 Montclair $820,592 $142,688 Essex County NJ
53 42 Town of Fairfield $816,247 $153,077 Fairfield County CT
105 43 Manhattan $816,029 $117,056 New York City NY
29 44 Granite Bay $809,718 $182,691 Sacramento CA
62 45 Coral Gables $807,153 $145,420 Miami FL
82 46 Brookline $804,047 $131,960 Boston MA
21 47 Montgomery Twp $802,150 $188,901 Somerset Co NJ
59 48 Newton $797,937 $147,438 Boston MA
70 49 Palm Valley $794,426 $138,866 Jacksonville FL
101 50 East Hampton Town $793,747 $122,385 The Hamptons NY
1 American Community Survey 2006-8
The newest survey of the top 5% has similar methodology problems compared to looking at all households. The first irksome problem for either table is that the Census Bureau does not let any household claim an income of over $2,000.000 for statistical reasons. Statistically speaking there is good reason to limit the amount a household can claim as income. After all, Bill Gates would surely blow out Medina, Washington's mean household income! However, $2 million seems like an arbitrarily low amount and it will not change for the 2010 Census.
Secondly, because of the use of sampling, variances are very large and although there are real differences, one shouldn't get hung up on whether a community is 3rd or 4th on the list.
Another problem in looking at the wealthiest places is the population cut-off of 20,000. This leaves some of the wealthiest places in America that are so familiar to Americans, off the list (e.g. Scarsdale, Millburn Township aka Short Hills, Winnetka, Hillsborough, and Palm Beach).
The one problem with the data in high income suburbs that is cleared up by looking at just the top 5% of households is the Servant Problem (as I call it). Servants that have their own housekeeping facilities such as kitchens are considered separate households. Naturally their incomes pull down mean household income statistics for any community with particularly large houses that require live-in staff. Greenwich, Connecticut would be a good example of this kind of place.
Climbers: Even Wealthy Places have Stratification
When one compares the mean income for all households to that of the top 5% there are some statistical surprises. Even places that are generally considered to be "wealthy" by any conventional definition can be highly stratified.
Laguna Beach makes the most jarring leap in the standings from 44th for all households compared to 8th place for mean household income ($1,170,959). The stratification of this beautiful beach town is obviously the spectacular ocean front mansions vs. more modest homes and apartments near the center of town.
Beverly Hills climbs from 57nd to 23rd. This is no surprise as the wealth associated with north of Santa Monica Boulevard vs. the tracts south of that major road are from two different strata entirely. The wealthy precincts north of Santa Monica (aka 90210) makes up less than a third of all of Beverly Hills households. The lower 2/3 of the city has a surprisingly low mean household income considering the astronomical real estate prices. Let's face it, living in Beverly Hills means you've made it in America!
Although including Manhattan is a bit like comparing apples and oranges, I couldn't help but add it to the chart as the borough is well known for it's extreme social segmentation. The size and number of extremely wealthy neighborhoods are familiar to most (the Upper East Side, Sutton Place, Greenwich Village and Tribeca). The mean household income of Manhattan's top 5% comes in 42nd on the list at $816,029. Three other highly stratified central cities did not make the top 50 list: San Francisco ($506,233); Atlanta ($506,096); and Washington DC ($487,133).
Southampton to East Hampton: Serious Stratification even in the "off season".
Household income is always counted at one's primary residence so many of the most elite vacation spots have relatively low mean household income due to year round service people statistically overwhelming the relatively few very wealthy permanent residents. The income data from the Towns of East Hampton and Southhampton capture this dichotomy of wealth. However, those wealthy households that due claim the two towns as their "first homes" for personal reasons ensures the Hamptons' representation among the 50 wealthiest communities of the top 5%.
It is safe to assume that the lions share of the top 5% of incomes are located in the high income core of the Hamptons displayed below.
The Southampton and East Hampton Core Communities Map
View Southampton-East Hampton in a larger map
Places that are less Segmented and more Homogeneous
Just as there are places that are more stratified, there are some notable places that have a much higher degree of homogeneous income. A couple of the most extraordinary examples of this pattern of income are two Fort Worth suburbs. Both are collections of monotonously nouveaux riche subdivisions filled with endless McMansions. They exhibit little demographic or architectural difference. Southlake falls from 8th in rank for all households to 35th for the top 5%. Colleyville falls off the top 50 list from 14th to 55th.
New Jersey's Montgomery Township falls from 21st to 47th. It is an illustration of an East Coast homogeneous nouveau riche community.
An example of an older planned community that exhibits less stratification is the gracious Long Island community of Garden City. Although 12th in the nation for all household incomes, it falls to 36th for the top 5% of earners.
Map of Garden City, New York's Higley 1000 Neighborhoods
View Garden City in a larger map
Posted in The US Census, Uncategorized on Nov 14th, 2007, 9:57 am by Stephen Higley
4 Responses to "The Elite 5% in America's Highest Income Places"
Chae Hoppe
October 23rd, 2010 | 4:14 am
Long time reader / first time poster. Really enjoying reading the blog, keep up the good work. Will definitely start posting more in the near future.
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February 9th, 2011 | 10:34 am
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Il Morane-Saulnier MS.406 era un caccia monomotore ad ala bassa prodotto dall'azienda francese Morane-Saulnier alla fine degli anni trenta.

Era il più diffuso tra i caccia in forza all'Armée de l'air nelle prime fasi della seconda guerra mondiale, ma risultava sottopotenziato, debolmente armato e corazzato rispetto ai suoi contemporanei, deficienze rese palesi nei combattimenti effettuati contro i Messerschmitt Bf 109 E della Luftwaffe durante la battaglia di Francia. Se durante le prime fasi della seconda guerra mondiale, quelle definita finta guerra, poteva sufficientemente assolvere ai suoi compiti di difesa aerea, quando nel 1940 l'invasione da parte della Germania nazista divenne reale furono ben 387 gli apparecchi abbattuti, o persi per altri motivi, contro 183 nemici, più del doppio.

Ottenne invece un discreto successo in Finlandia, conosciuto come Mörkö Morane e frutto di un aggiornamento tecnico locale, che venne impiegato nella guerra contro l'Unione Sovietica e in Svizzera, anche in questo caso con una evoluzione locale, che rimasero in servizio attivo nella sua versione più recente fino al 1959.

Nelle unità della finlandese Suomen ilmavoimat i Morane MS.406, inquadrati nell'unità HLeLv 28, si aggiudicarono 118 vittorie aeree, nel periodo 30 novembre 1939-4 settembre 1944. Le perdite totali furono di 39 aerei (ma il HLeLv 28 aveva in servizio anche i Bf 109 G).

Storia

Sviluppo
L'MS.406, il più conosciuto della serie, nasce da una specifica richiesta del Service technique de l'aéronautique effettuata nel 1934 con la quale richiedeva la presentazione di un prototipo di aereo da caccia di concezione moderna, al quale venne assegnata la provvisoria denominazione C1, un monoplano dotato di carrello d'atterraggio completamente retrattile, destinato a integrare e progressivamente sostituire i caccia allora in dotazione all'Armée de l'air. Alla richiesta la Morane-Saulnier rispose con il suo MS.405.

MS.405
L'MS.405, prototipo capostipite di una serie di caccia, venne progettato e realizzato tra il 1934 e il 1935. Era un monoplano caratterizzato da una corta fusoliera a costruzione mista, in tubi saldati in duralluminio sovrapposti da pannelli di un materiale misto formato da legno e metallo, il plymax, che consisteva nell'unione di sottili fogli di duralluminio integrati nei pannelli di compensato. L'ala bassa montata a sbalzo integrava, come da specifiche richieste, il carrello d'atterraggio anteriore completamente retrattile integrato posteriormente da un ruotino d'appoggio. Posteriormente la fusoliera terminava in una tradizionale coda a impennaggio monoderiva.

Per la propulsione era stata scelta l'ultima evoluzione disponibile dei motori aeronautici 12 cilindri a V della francospagnola Hispano-Suiza, l'Hispano-Suiza 12Y-grs da 860 CV (640 kW), abbinato a un'elica Chauvière a doppio passo. In questa configurazione il prototipo volò per la prima volta l'8 agosto 1935.

L'esperienza della Morane-Saulnier nella costruzione di aerei da combattimento risaliva ormai alla prima guerra mondiale, alla fine della quale l'azienda si era concentrata solo su progettazioni a uso civile, così che l'MS.405 risultava essere il primo aereo da caccia progettato dall'azienda francese da oltre vent'anni, il primo che avesse in assoluto una simile configurazione alare, un abitacolo chiuso e un carrello retrattile. Precedentemente i modelli di concezione più moderna che avevano progettato e prodotto erano con ala alta a parasole e carrello fisso.

Probabilmente anche per questo motivo lo sviluppo del nuovo caccia proseguì con estrema lentezza tanto che un secondo prototipo, dotato della più potente versione 12Y-crs da 900 CV (670 kW), non fu pronta per il volo prima del 20 gennaio 1937, più di un anno e mezzo più tardi. Con il nuovo motore le prestazioni migliorarono arrivando alla velocità massima di 481 km/h, abbastanza veloce da garantirgli un ordine di 16 nuovi esemplari di pre-produzione aggiornati all'ultima specifica.

MS.406
Al risultato di questi ultimi cambiamenti fu assegnata la nuova denominazione MS.406. Esso si differenziava dal precedente per due principali caratteristiche: un'ala dal peso ridotto e un radiatore retrattile posizionato sotto la fusoliera. Il motore era una nuova evoluzione più potente del precedente V12 Hispano-Suiza, il 12Y-31 da 860 CV (640 kW) che abbinato alle migliorie costruttive facevano guadagnare 8 km/h in velocità massima rispetto all'MS.405, permettendogli di raggiungere i 489 km/h. L'armamento consisteva in un cannone Hispano-Suiza HS.9 da 20 mm, o in alternativa un HS.404 sempre da 20 mm, dotato di caricatore da 60 colpi e montato per sparare attraverso il mozzo dell'elica, e due mitragliatrici MAC 1934 da 7,5 mm, una per ogni semiala, dotate di caricatori da 300 colpi. Le MAC 1934, pur essendo delle ottime mitragliatrici aeronautiche, tendevano a bloccarsi per il gelo oltre i 6 000 m di quota, inconveniente successivamente risolto adottando un apposito impianto di riscaldamento nelle ali.

MS.410
Nel 1939, mentre l'MS.406 entrava in servizio attivo, venne pianificato un lavoro di sviluppo del progetto originale. Le migliorie si concentrarono sull'ala, sostituita con una di più robusta fabbricazione, sull'adozione di un più semplice radiatore fisso in luogo di quello retrattile, sull'armamento alare, passato da 2 cartucciere a tamburo a 4 caricatori a nastro, e infine dall'adozione di un diverso collettore di scarico che aumentarono l'efficienza del motore e che consentirono all'MS.410 di raggiungere i 509 km/h, con un incremento di 20 km/h rispetto al predecessore.

La produzione ebbe inizio poco prima della caduta della Francia, causando l'arresto della produzione dopo essere riusciti a completare solo 5 esemplari. Successivamente la produzione riprese sotto il controllo tedesco effettuando la conversione dei precedenti MS.406 al nuovo standard, ma su molti di questi venne limitata alla sola sostituzione alare.

MS.411, MS.412
Venne realizzata una nuova evoluzione partendo dal dodicesimo esemplare di pre-produzione al quale venne applicata l'ala dell'MS.406 ed una versione più potente del motore Hispano-Suiza, il 12Y-45 da 1 000 CV (735 kW). A questa versione, a cui venne data la denominazione MS.411, ne seguì un'altra, la MS.412, alla quale venne applicato il più potente 12Y-51 da 1 050 CV (772 kW) ma che non riuscì a essere completata entro la fine del conflitto.

MS.450
Nel 1939, furono disponibili i prototipi dell'ultima evoluzione di motori della serie 12 cilindri a V dell'azienda francospagnola, l'Hispano-Suiza 12Z da 1 300 CV (956 kW), utilizzato dalla Morane-Saulnier su una cellula modificata di un MS.410 e che grazie a questo assunse la nuova denominazione MS.450. Così motorizzato, l'MS.450 ebbe un notevole incremento nelle prestazioni, specialmente ad alta quota, questo grazie all'adozione nel nuovo motore di un compressore monostadio. Tuttavia il motore non entrò in produzione prima della resa della Francia ai tedeschi, i quali ritennero più proficuo utilizzarlo nei pari ruolo Dewoitine D.523/D.551, evoluti nello stesso modo dal precedente Dewoitine D.520, giudicati migliori dell'MS.450.

Altre varianti
La struttura di base dell'MS.406 fu usata per la realizzazione di altri progetti.

Il Morane-Saulnier MS.430 era un biposto da addestramento che adottava una cabina di pilotaggio maggiorata in tandem ed era spinta da un motore radiale Salmson 9Ag da 390 CV (287 kW) abbinato a un'elica bipala.

Il Morane-Saulnier MS.435 era uno sviluppo dell'MS.430 dotato del più potente radiale Gnome-Rhône 9K da 550 CV (405 kW).

Varianti svizzere

D-3800
Nel 1938, la Svizzera acquisì l'autorizzazione per produrre localmente l'MS.406 al quale venne fornita la nuova denominazione D-3800. La Morane-Saulnier approntò due degli esemplari di preproduzione MS.405, modificati con l'ala e il motore 12Y-31 da 860 CV (640 kW) adottati dall'MS.406, che per l'occasione ridenominò MS.406H. In questa configurazione inviò i due esemplari alla fine del 1938 e all'inizio del 1939.

La preproduzione iniziò con un lotto di 8 esemplari dall'EKW che adottarono motori costruiti dalla Saurer accoppiati a una nuova elica Esher-Wyss EW-V3 a passo variabile. La strumentazione venne rimpiazzata da una di produzione locale, così come i caricatori delle MAC 43 passati dal sistema a tamburo a quello a nastro eliminando così i rigonfiamenti sull'ala della versione francese. A questi venne fatto seguire un ordine di altri 74 esemplari consegnati tutti entro l'agosto 1940. Successivamente, nel 1942, ne vennero assemblati altri due esemplari utilizzando pezzi di ricambio originariamente destinati alla manutenzione della produzione originale.

Durante il 1943 i due esemplari originali vennero modificati sostituendo gli originali impianti idraulici e di raffreddamento con quelli di produzione locale e adottando un nuovo tipo di collettori di scarico per il motore. Queste modifiche li portarono allo stesso standard dei D-3800 di serie, rendendoli identici con la sola eccezione dell'originale motore Hispano-Suiza. Dopo il 1945 gli esemplari ancora operativi vennero utilizzati come addestratori fino alla loro radiazione nel 1954.

D-3801
La Svizzera ricevette anche l'unico esemplare dell'MS.412 semicompleto il quale venne terminato con la strumentazione, elica ed armamenti standard dei D-3800. In questa configurazione ne venne avviata la produzione nel 1941 con la denominazione D-3801 conclusa nel 1945 dopo la realizzazione di 207 esemplari, successivamente integrati, tra il 1947 ed il 1948, con altri 17 esemplari assemblati utilizzando pezzi di ricambio. Il D-3801 rimase in servizio come addestratore e aereo da traino fino al 1959.

Dai D-3800 e D-3801 verrà in seguito sviluppato il Doflug D-3802.

Varianti finlandesi

Mörkö-Morane MS.406
I Mörkö-Morane MS.406 erano il risultato di una conversione, operata in Finlandia, utilizzando le cellule originali ed equipaggiandole con i motori di produzione sovietica Klimov M-105P abbinati all'elica VTSh-61P. Questi furono disponibili dopo essere stati catturati dalle armate della Wehrmacht durante l'avanzata sul fronte orientale ed erano stati offerti ai finlandesi per la loro compatibilità con gli MS.406, in quanto l'M-105 era uno sviluppo sovietico dell'Hispano-Suiza 12Y con cui erano motorizzati in origine.

I modelli, citati anche come Morane-Saulnier Mörkö, sono noti più diffusamente con il soprannome LaGG-Morane in quanto gli M-105 sequestrati erano destinati a equipaggiare i caccia sovietici Lavochkin Gorbunov Gudkov LaGG-3.

I motori russi M-105PS, con un cannone montato tra le bancate dei cilindri, erano stati catturati in grandi quantità durante la guerra d'inverno, e l'utilizzo dei nuovi propulsori non creò problemi di adattamento. Il caccia modificato compì il suo primo volo il 25 gennaio 1943 e i risultati andarono oltre ogni aspettativa. La versione finlandese era più veloce del modello originale francese di 40 km/h e la tangenza operativa era salita da 10 000 a 12 000 metri. Furono immediatamente avviati i lavori per convertire tutti i restanti MS.406 e 410 con il motore sovietico da 1 100 hp. Ma ciò richiedeva tempo e i primi aerei di questo tipo cominciarono a essere consegnati agli Hävittäjälentolaivue (HLe.Lv.), i reparti da caccia della Suomen ilmavoimat, solo nel luglio/agosto 1944. L'intero programma di rimotorizzazione non venne completato prima del marzo 1945.

Impiego operativo
Allo scoppio della guerra, il MS.406 equipaggiava 16 Groupes de Chasse e tre Escadrilles in Francia e oltremare, e 12 dei Groupes entrarono in azione contro la Luftwaffe. Nei combattimenti contro gli aerei tedeschi, il caccia francese dimostrò di essere molto maneggevole e di poter sopportare anche pesanti danneggiamenti, ma era surclassato dai Bf 109 e le perdite subite furono pesanti (150 aerei caduti in combattimento e 250-300 persi per altre cause).

Esemplare la storia del GC III/7. Il 15 maggio, nove Morane di questa unità incapparono in una dozzina di 109 Bf su Mézières. I Messerschmitt rimasero a qualche migliaio di piedi sopra i loro avversari francesi e si lanciarono in picchiata per attaccare, per poi salire in cabrata e ripetere l'attacco. Tre M.S.406 caddero in fiamme e un solo pilota si lanciò con il paracadute, gravemente ferito. Un quarto Morane, crivellato di proiettili, si fracassò compiendo un atterraggio di fortuna a Soissons. Un altro M.S. 406 atterrò miracolosamente da solo, a carrello retratto, con il pilota, il Sergente Deshons, svenuto per le ferite alla testa. Sei giorni dopo, il 21 maggio, 17 Morane della stessa unità, su Compiègne, intercettarono 50 Dornier Do 217 scortati da altrettanti Bf 109. Prima che i Morane potessero sparare un singolo colpo, i Messerschmitt li attaccarono e ne abbatterono quattro quasi contemporaneamente. Altri due caccia francesi furono così gravemente danneggiati da non poter essere riparati. Da parte loro, i piloti francesi rivendicarono l'abbattimento di due Bf109.

Utilizzatori

 Vazhdushnite na Negovo Velichestvo Voiski
 20 esemplari sembra destinati al Regno di Bulgaria nel 1942.
 Repubblica di Cina
 Chung-Hua Min-Kuo K'ung-Chün
 12 esemplari ordinati nel 1938 inviati via nave a Haiphong, catturati e dirottati alla Escadrille EC 2, che combatté contro Giappone e Thailandia nel dicembre 1940. Uno o due esemplari riuscirono ad arrivare alle forze aeree repubblicane cinesi.

 Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske

 Suomen ilmavoimat

 Armée de l'air

 Armée de l'air de l'armistice

 Luftwaffe (prede di guerra)

 Regia Aeronautica (prede di guerra)

 Karinės Oro Pajėgos
 ordinati 13 esemplari, nessuno dei quali consegnato.

 Siły Powietrzne
 dopo l'iniziale ordine evaso non fu più possibile evadere l'ordine a causa dell'invasione tedesca del territorio polacco.

 Forze Aeree Svizzere

 Hava Müsteşarlığı
 45 esemplari consegnati.

 Kongthap Akat Thai
 (preda di guerra)

 Jugoslovensko kraljevsko ratno vazduhoplovstvo i pomorska avijacija
 ordinati 25 esemplari, nessuno dei quali consegnato a causa dell'invasione tedesca del territorio francese.

Note

Bibliografia
  Belcarz, Bartłomiej. Morane MS 406C1, Caudron Cyclone CR 714C1, Bloch MB 151/152 (Polskie Skrzydła 2) (in Polish), Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus, 2004. ISBN 83-89450-21-6. About the use of the MS.406 by Polish Pilots of the Armée de l'Air.
  Botquin, Gaston. M.S.406 (Monografie Lotnicze No. 28) (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press, 1996. ISBN 83-86208-46-5
  Botquin, Gaston. The Morane Saulnier 406. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. No ISBN.
  Breffort, Dominique and Jouineau, André. French Aircraft from 1939 to 1942, Vol.2: from Dewoitine to Potez. Paris, France: Histoire & Collections, 2005. ISBN 2-915239-49-5.
  Brindley, John. F. French Fighters of World War Two. Windsor, UK: Hylton Lacy Publishers Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-85064-015-6.
  Comas, Mathieu; Cony; Cortet; Deryakulu; Frka; Garello; Ledet; Luczak; Morareau; Osché; Persyn; Stenman, Kari. Le Morane-Saulnier MS 406 (Historie de l'Aviation series, No. 5 (In French). Boulogne-sur-Mer, France: Lela Presse, 1998 (new edition 2002). ISBN 2-9509485-4-5. (2nd edition ISBN 2-914017-18-9.)
  Comas, Mathieu and others. Additif & correctif à l'ouvrage Le Morane-Saulnier MS 406 (in French). Boulogne-sur-Mer, France: Lela Presse, 2002.
  Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume One: Fighters. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1960 (tenth impression 1972). ISBN 0-356-01445-2.
  Keskinen, Kalevi; Stenman, Kari and Niska, Klaus. Hävittäjä-ässät (Finnish Fighter Aces) (in Finnish). Espoo, Finland: Tietoteos, 1978. ISBN 951-9035-37-0.
  Keskinen, Kalevi, Stenman, Kari and Niska, Klaus. Morane-Saulnier M.S. 406/Caudron C.714, Suomen Ilmavoimien Historia 4 (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Tietoteos, 1975. ISBN 951-9035-19-2.
  Jackson, Robert. Aircraft pf World War II: Development - Weaponry - Specifications. Enderby (LE), Amber nooks, 2003. ISBN 1-85605-751-8.
  Jackson, Robert. Fighter! The Story of Air Combat 1936-1945. London, Artur Barker Limited. 1979. ISBN 0-213-16717-4.
  Marchand, Patrick and Takamori, Junko. Morane-Saulnier MS 406, Les Ailes de Gloire No.7 (in French). Le Muy, France: Editions d'Along, 2002. ISBN 2-914403-14-3.(second edition -No.7r- ISBN 2-914403-23-2).
 Neulen, Hans Werner. In the Skies of Europe. Air forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939-1945 Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2000. ISBN 1-86126-799-1.
  Pelletier, Alain. French Fighters of World War II. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-89747-440-6.
  Ries, Karl. Deutsche Luftwaffe über der Schweiz 1939-1945 (German Luftwaffe over Switzerland 1939-1945). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann, 1978. ISBN 3-87341-022-2.
  Stenman, Kari and Keskinen, Kalevi. Finnish Aces of World War 2 (Aircraft of the Aces 23). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-783-X.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Aerei militari della seconda guerra mondiale
Aerei militari dal 1931 al 1945
Morane-Saulnier MS.0406

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The park's topography is characterized by a strong slope from the southwest down to the northeast, offering an unobstructed northeast-looking view of downtown San Francisco, in particular from the southwest corner.
The southern half of the park is also notable for its views of the Mission district, downtown, the San Francisco Bay and the East Bay. The Muni Metro J-Church streetcar line runs through the park along its western border.
The park lies east of Twin Peaks in the warm and sunny microclimate of the Mission neighborhood, which was named one of the coolest neighborhoods in the world in 2016, and as of 2016 it was attracting up to 7,000–10,000 people on a sunny weekend day.
Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco
By Miguel Dominguez
The Palace of Fine Arts is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art. Completely rebuilt from 1964 to 1974, it is the only structure from the Exposition that survives on site.
The most prominent building of the complex, a 162 feet high open rotunda, is enclosed by a lagoon on one side, and is neighboring a large, curved exhibition center on the other side, which is separated from the lagoon by colonnades.
Conceived to evoke a decaying ruin of ancient Rome, the Palace of Fine Arts became one of San Francisco's most recognizable landmarks.
By Derick Daily
The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, known locally as the Bay Bridge, is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California. As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland, it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day and has one of the longest spans in the United States.
Construction began in 1933 by the American Bridge Company, it opened November 12, 1936, six months before the Golden Gate Bridge.
The bridge has two sections of roughly equal length; the older western section, officially known as the Willie L. Brown Jr. Bridge, connects downtown San Francisco to Yerba Buena Island, and the newer unnamed eastern section connects the island to Oakland.
The western section is a double suspension bridge with two decks, westbound traffic being carried on the upper deck while eastbound is carried on the lower one.
The largest span of the original eastern section was a cantilever bridge. During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, a portion of the eastern section's upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck and the bridge was closed for a month. Reconstruction of the eastern section of the bridge as a causeway connected to a self-anchored suspension bridge began in 2002; the new eastern section opened September 2, 2013, at a reported cost of over $6.5 billion. Unlike the western section and the original eastern section of the bridge, the new eastern section is a single deck carrying all eastbound and westbound lanes, making it the world's widest bridge, according to Guinness World Records, as of 2014.
Dutch Windmill
By Kyle Glenn
The Dutch Windmill is the northern of two functioning windmills, the other being Murphy Windmill, on the western edge of Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, California. It was completed in 1903, and placed on the San Francisco Designated Landmark list on December 6, 1981.
Lincoln Park Steps
By Casey Horner
The Lincoln Park Steps in San Francisco is a gorgeous staircase with colorfully tiled stairs. They feature lovely designs with colors of blue, yellow, orange and green tiles.
The original concrete stairs date back to the early 1900s. Over the years, they fell into some disrepair and needed a face-lift.
In 2007, the organization Friends of Lincoln Park wanted to make a change so they could update and beautify the stairs.
You will find the stairs where California Street dead ends, just after 32nd Street. At the top of the stairs is Lincoln Park which features a golf course, the Legion of Honor, and parts of the Land's End trail.
California Street
By Rezaul Karim
California Street is a major thoroughfare in San Francisco, California. It is one of the longest streets in San Francisco, and includes a number of important landmarks. It runs in an approximately straight 5.2 mi east-west line from the Financial District to Lincoln Park in the far Northwest corner of the City.
By Fran M.
The Twin Peaks are two prominent hills with an elevation of about 925 feet located near the geographic center of San Francisco, California. Within the city only 928 foot Mount Davidson is higher.
The North and South Twin Peaks, also known as "Eureka" and "Noe" respectively, are about 660 ft apart. The peaks form a divide for the summer coastal fog that pushes in from the Pacific Ocean. Their west-facing slopes often get fog and strong winds, while the east-facing slopes receive more sun and warmth. Elevation at each summit is just over 900 feet. On some rare occasions, Twin Peaks has been able to get a dusting of snow.
Great Highway
By Alex Bierwagen
The Great Highway is a road in San Francisco that forms the city's western edge along the Pacific coast. Built in 1929, it runs for approximately 3.5 miles next to Ocean Beach. Its southern end is at Skyline Boulevard (State Route 35) near Lake Merced; it extends to Point Lobos Avenue and the Cliff House at its northern end.
By Edgar Chaparro
The Chinatown centered on Grant Avenue and Stockton Street in San Francisco, California, is the oldest Chinatown in North America and the largest Chinese enclave outside Asia.
By Jesse Collins
Coit Tower is a 210-foot tower in Telegraph Hill that offers panoramic views over the city and the bay. At Lillie Hitchcock Coit's bequest to beautify the city the tower was built between 1932 and 1933.
Also known as the Coit Memorial Tower, it was dedicated to the volunteer firemen who had died in San Francisco's five major fires.
Fun Facts About Christmas
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many countries, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season organized around it.
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