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Redefining disease emergence to improve prioritization and macro-ecological analyses
'Emerging infectious disease' — evolution of a term
"I always like informally to define emerging infections as those that would knock a really important story off the front page of the newspaper."Stephen Morse
Infectious disease events in humans, such as the initial outbreaks of measles in early agrarian societies 11,000 years ago, the geographic scope of the Black Death in the 14th century, and the introduction of smallpox to the New World in the 1500s undoubtedly would have made the 'front page' news of the time. These events have shaped human history for millennia, yet a growing body of literature suggests that host–pathogen dynamics are changing and giving rise to a novel cohort of 'emerging infectious diseases' (EIDs). Conceptualizations and definitions of EIDs have evolved in recent decades, affecting how epidemiologists and others interpret the causes and consequences of disease emergence. Below we explore the changing definitions of EIDs and their consequences, and offer an alternative framework that we hope will stimulate new efforts to better prioritize proactive and reactive approaches to disease emergence.
The earliest publications with 'emerging disease', 'emerging pathogen', or variations thereof in the title appeared in the 1950s and focused primarily on single disease events in livestock. Among these is a 1962 report on the introduction of Equine Piroplasmosis into the United States. The paper's title, Equine Piroplasmosis — Another Emerging Disease, suggests that emergence was already a recognized phenomenon by the early 1960s. The 1970s and 1980s saw reports on EIDs in humans, livestock, pets, and in association with food crops,,,,,. The first review of the topic, published in 1971, chronicled the important EIDs of the time (cholera, diphtheria, gonorrhea, cryptococcosis, malaria, and hemorrhagic fevers to name a few), but did not provide a specific definition for emerging infectious diseases or emerging pathogens. Nevertheless, the final sentences established what most EID researchers would agree with today — change is to be expected. "The microbiological system is closely allied with man; changes in the environment alter his relationship with organisms whether they be beneficial, symbiotic, or pathogenic. Man's way of life, his human behavior, his technological advances, his mere existence foster the conquest of some disease organisms, the emergence of others, and his introduction to unfamiliar ones. The infectious disease picture, therefore, is as subject to change as life itself
It was not until the late 1980s/early 1990s that organized scientific groups like the Institute of Medicine (IOM) became publically concerned with EIDs,. Institutional interest in EIDs manifested through conferences, reports, and publications that sparked multi-disciplinary focus on the topic and set the stage for the surge in research that followed (Fig. 1),,. Two scientists in particular were especially influential in these years, Stephen Morse and Joshua Lederberg. Morse's work on viruses provided some of the first published definitions of emergence. "We may use the term 'emerging viruses' to refer to viruses that either have newly appeared in the population or are rapidly expanding their range, with a corresponding increase in cases of disease
[12],." Morse's opinion was that despite appearances, emerging viruses are often not newly evolved organisms, but instead are existing viruses in the process of invading new host groups or regions, a process he called 'viral traffic'[12],.
Arguably, it was the 1992 IOM study, Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States, co-authored by Lederberg, Robert Shope and Stanley Oaks, that launched the current phase of research on patterns, causes and consequences of emerging infectious diseases. The establishment of the Program for Monitoring of Emerging Diseases (ProMED) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) journal Emerging Infectious Diseases soon followed, as did initial research aimed at identifying the general characteristics and drivers of emerging diseases,. EIDs were defined in the IOM (1992) report as "clinically distinct conditions whose incidence in humans has increased" while re-emergence was defined as "the reappearance of a known disease after a decline in its incidence". The CDC was the first to add a timeframe to the definition, promulgating EIDs as "diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future".
The first attempts to identify which of the more than 1400 infectious agents known to humans were causing, or were likely to cause, emerging diseases and to use these lists to identify EID risk factors occurred in the 21st century. Seminal work conducted during this period began to shed light on the myriad linkages between human, wildlife and livestock hosts that result in pathogen spillover (successful transmission from one host species to another) and subsequent emergence events. Taylor et al. produced the first list and quantitative study of emerging pathogens (not diseases) which they defined as, "… those that have appeared in a human population for the first time, or have occurred previously but are increasing in incidence or expanding into areas where they had not previously been reported, usually over the last 20 years." They noted, "Some definitions of emerging also include recently discovered aetiological agents of already-described diseases. However, if there was no evidence that such a pathogen was increasing in incidence, it was not regarded in this database as emerging." Their tally identified 175 pathogenic species associated with emerging diseases, 75% of which were zoonotic (transmitted to humans from non-human vertebrates). Viruses and protozoa were deemed especially likely to emerge while helminthes were not, and no effect of transmission type (i.e., vector-borne vs. direct transmission) was detected. This research paved the way for additional studies on the risk factors for human disease emergence. One of these studies updated the list assembled by Taylor et al., examined the relationship between host range and pathogen emergence, and identified social and environmental causal factors, i.e., "drivers". This study also revealed that emerging zoonotic pathogens can be maintained in a wide variety of non-human hosts, tend to have broad host ranges, and are largely the result of human impacts on the landscape (e.g., deforestation to support agriculture and livestock) and changing human demographics (e.g., population density in particular).
The definition of emerging infectious disease continued to evolve with the 2003 update of the 1992 IOM report: "… either a newly recognized, clinically distinct infectious disease, or a known infectious disease whose reported incidence is increasing in a given place or among a specific population". Five years later Jones et al. published what is among the most cited EID papers to date. The authors presented the first spatiotemporal analysis of EID events (the original case or cluster of cases representing an infectious disease emerging in human populations for the first time) and their causal factors. They defined an emerging infectious disease as that which has "recently increased in incidence, impact or geographic range. Specifically, it is caused by a pathogen that has recently evolved or entered the human population for the first time, or which has occurred previously, but is increasing in incidence or expanding into an area in which it has not previously been reported, or which has significantly changed its pathological or clinical presentation." Their compilation and analyses of 335 EID events was novel in a few ways. First, the report provided quantitative evidence for the long-held assumption that EIDs were increasing over time in the human population (since 1940). Second, each individual drug-resistant microbial strain was counted as a unique pathogen in the dataset, leading to the new finding that bacteria were more likely to be emerging pathogens than viruses. Third, using a method that accounted for an expected geographically-based bias in the reporting of EIDs, potential future EID hotspots were predicted in low and middle income countries where high human population density and biological diversity overlap; the very regions of the world where disease surveillance is most lacking.
Advances in infectious disease research have been rapid and multi-disciplinary in the last twenty years, and have been influential in resource allocation to improve EID prediction and prevention (e.g., USAID's Emerging Pandemic Threats Program). What are the next steps for the field? How can the infectious disease research community better understand the macro-ecology of emerging infectious diseases? How can we sharpen our focus to be better at preventing and responding to the next influenza strain, coronavirus or Ebola outbreak? The working definition of emerging infectious diseases and pathogens plays a crucial role in efforts to do so. An evolving and vague or inconsistent definition is likely impeding these efforts.
In the sections below, we: 1) examine the pathways (how) by which diseases emerge; 2) propose a new framework for emergence to inform prioritization efforts; and 3) illustrate how the operational definition of an EID affects conclusions concerning the ecological and socioeconomic drivers (e.g., land use change, antimicrobial agent use) that elicit emergence.
Pathways to emergence
The attributes that constitute emergence among pathogens and diseases have varied over time and space, as well as between studies. The medical and public health fields tend to focus on emerging diseases,, while ecologists are largely interested in their causal agents — emerging pathogens,,. By chronicling changes in the definition of EIDs in the literature, we identified seven 'pathways' that researchers have used to identify diseases and pathogens as emerging in humans: 1) when a disease increases in incidence, 2) when a disease increases in impact (as measured, for example, by the associated disability in terms of morbidity and mortality), 3) when a disease increases in geographic range, 4) when a pathogen has undergone recent evolutionary change, 5) when a pathogen is detected the human population for the first time, 6) when a pathogen significantly changes its pathology or clinical presentation, or 7) when a pathogen is discovered for the first time. Collectively, these pathways capture nearly all the ways in which pathogens and the diseases they cause can change in the human population. These seven pathways have been used predominantly to identify emergence, but have been overlooked in macro-scale analyses of EIDs,,. Neglect of the pathways used to designate diseases as emerging has left some important questions unanswered. Do most EIDs emerge via one or multiple pathways? Are some pathways more common than others in the emergence process? We consider these questions using a subset of chronicled EID events.
We took a disproportionate random sample from the database of 335 pathogens reported by Jones et al. as causing EID events since 1940. Using Stata 10.0, we selected a sample with equal numbers of viruses, both zoonotic (n = 20) and non-zoonotic (n = 20), and bacteria, both zoonotic (n = 20) and non-zoonotic (n = 20), yielding a total of 80 events. A disproportionate sample was selected in this manner to increase the power to detect associations between pathogen type or host type and pathways or drivers. We focused on bacteria and viruses as these taxonomic groups are best studied (e.g., as compared to emerging helminths) and represent the majority of EID events.
Literature surveys were conducted to identify the pathways associated with each of the 80 EID events. The original references cited in Jones et al. were reviewed first, followed by PubMed and Google Scholar searches for the specific event until sufficient information was compiled to categorize events by one, some, or all of the seven proposed pathways of emergence. After examining references from Jones et al., if the disease pathogen could not be categorized sufficiently, we then searched PubMed by the name of the pathogen, followed by the year of the event, noted in Jones et al. If the pathogen still could not be sufficiently categorized based on results from the PubMed search, the same searches were conducted using Google Scholar. For a more detailed explanation of EID events, associated references, and assigned pathways see the supplemental information.
Our findings suggest that emergence rarely occurs as a result of only one pathway (Table 1). In fact, all of the 80 events we examined emerged via two to three pathways (38 events by two pathways, 33 events by three pathways, 9 events by four pathways). More than 40% of events were characterized by the pathways 'detected in the human population for the first time' and 'newly discovered'. The only pathway not associated with any EID event in our sample was 'changing in pathology or clinical presentation'. The broad way in which EIDs have been identified previously (by demonstrating one or more pathways of emergence) has the potential to mask critically important heterogeneity in these events, their drivers, and future hotspots of EID events.
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are those that have a clear detrimental impact on a human host population. Impact can occur both over space and time and is an inherent outcome of the spread of infectious disease to new human hosts. The pathways that constitute an emerging infectious disease are the three described in the most recent literature: 1) when a disease increases in incidence, 2) when a disease increases in impact, and 3) when a disease increases in geographic range. The question raised above, what constitutes impact, is key here. The impact of any given infectious disease can vary greatly between host individuals, populations, and places. Highly virulent pathogens, those that are challenging to treat, and those with high basic reproductive numbers (R0: the average number of cases one infected individual causes in a completely susceptible population) can result in widespread morbidity and mortality that in the worst cases also cause public unrest and economic loss. SARS and Ebola serve as examples of EIDs. Moving quickly via the commercial aviation network, SARS spread to 29 countries and infected more than 8000 people in eight months, costing the global economy 30–100 billion USD. SARS in 2002–2003 was 'emerging' due to its increase in geographic range, impact and incidence. Similarly, the emergence of Ebola virus in several parts of Africa is another clear case of an EID. The original outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo (then Zaire) and South Sudan (then Sudan) in 1976 involved > 600 cases with > 70% case fatality. Periodic outbreaks in Central Africa continued throughout the late 20th and early 21st Centuries, affecting dozens to hundreds of people each time, with similarly high fatality rates. The first cases of the current Ebola virus outbreak were confirmed in March 2014, and as of the end of October 2014 there were > 6500 cases in Liberia, > 5300 in Sierra Leone, and > 1600 in Guinea, with other laboratory-confirmed cases in Mali, Senegal, Nigeria, Spain, and the United States,. Ebola clearly meets the definition of an EID given the increase in the disease's incidence, impact (in terms of morbidity and mortality) and geographic range.
Emerging pathogens (EPs)
Emerging pathogens (EPs) are those characterized by the following pathways: 4) when a pathogen has undergone recent, rapid evolutionary change tantamount to speciation or strain differentiation, 5) when a pathogen is detected the human population for the first time, 6) when a pathogen significantly changes its pathology or clinical presentation, or 7) when a pathogen is discovered for the first time. Emerging pathogens are distinguished from the next stage, novel potential pathogens, in that there is clear evidence that they can cause disease in humans. Relative to emerging infectious diseases, however, emerging pathogens (in their present state) do not cause significant levels of morbidity or mortality. This is not to imply that they do not have the potential to become an emerging infectious disease; some will and some may never. In many cases emerging pathogens will have been identified as infectious in a single or small number of local cases. Examples of emerging pathogens include many multi-drug resistant microbes. For these pathogens, the potential health impact will vary with the availability and accessibility of treatment options. Another example of an emerging pathogen is Jamestown Canyon virus. Jamestown Canyon virus is a member of the California serogroup of bunyaviruses spread by mosquitoes from the typical cervid reservoir. Though this pathogen was originally discovered in the 1960s in mosquitoes, only 15 human cases have been reported in the United States since 2004. The Jamestown Canyon virus is rare, yet endemic in parts of the United States and Canada. Though it was newly discovered in the 1960s and now found to cause illness in humans, it is not increasing in incidence, impact, or geographic range. Therefore, Jamestown Canyon virus is an emerging pathogen that should be targeted for surveillance and prevention measures, but not for the wide-scale mitigation efforts an EID would require.
Novel potential pathogens (NPPs)
Novel potential pathogens (NPPs) are also characterized by pathways 4, 5 and 7, but are distinct from emerging pathogens in that there is no evidence that their presence in a human host causes clinical illness. Novel potential pathogens might include opportunistic microbes that are typical members of a human host microbiome. Only under unusual circumstances might they become pathogenic; for example when the human host becomes immune-compromised, the microbiome is altered in a manner that allows a particular microbe to reach high abundances and become pathogenic, or virulence increases due to a genetic or physiological change. Other examples of novel potential pathogens are those newly discovered in humans, but which do not yet cause clinical illness. Simian foamy viruses (SFVs), retroviruses highly prevalent in several animal species, are one example. Studies in central Africa have demonstrated spillover of these viruses from primates to primate hunters though to date there is no evidence that infection causes clinical illness in the latter.
Submerging infectious diseases and pathogens
Submerging infectious diseases and pathogens are those receding in scope and impact due to human intervention or through natural means. We have the power to reduce the impact, incidence and geographic scope of emerging infectious diseases over time and so submergence should be part of a prioritization framework. In a few extraordinary cases, infectious diseases of global concern have been eliminated from the planet. Smallpox was eradicated from the human population, Rinderpest was eradicated from ungulates, and the end of Guinea Worm looks to be within reach,,. Not so long ago, Smallpox and Rinderpest were harmful emerging infectious diseases. Smallpox emerged in the New World during the Age of Exploration and went on to decimate Native American populations, whereas Rinderpest was introduced to Africa in the late 1800s and wiped out such large numbers of domestic and wild ungulates that the entire southern part of the continent experienced sweeping ecosystem change. Both diseases submerged over time, became endemic, and thanks to tireless human effort are now a part of history. Submerging infectious diseases are overlooked by the current EID literature, but an important stage in this new framework is the power of science-based policy to reduce the impact, incidence and geographic scope of emerging infectious diseases.
Applying the framework
We redefined the 80 EID events according to our new framework to illustrate how the definition of EIDs affects biological conclusions regarding both pathways and drivers of EIDs. When describing drivers we considered all drivers assigned to at least five EID events (in our subset of 80 EID events). This led to a categorical variable for drivers that included: industry changes, international travel & commerce, land use changes, antimicrobial agent use, human susceptibility to infection, and other. 'Other' was created by combining all other drivers that were assigned to fewer than five EID events (e.g., breakdown in public health measures, bushmeat consumption, climate & weather, human demographics & behavior, war & famine, and unspecified).
After the reclassification of these EID events, only 41% of EID events considered maintained the classification of an EID under our framework. Over half (54%) were reclassified as EPs and 5% as NPPs (Table S1). Using Pearson's chi-square test, EIDs and EPs were shown to have significantly different drivers (p = 0.03; there were too few NPPs to consider; Fig. 3). Whereas EIDs were largely associated with industrial change, international trade and commerce, and 'other drivers', antimicrobial agent use was the dominant driver of EPs. This new classification demonstrates that the broad way in which EIDs have been categorized to date masks critically important heterogeneity in these events, their drivers, and therefore predictions of future occurrence (Fig. 3). These observations underscore the need for a consistent, transparent definition of EID and related concepts.
Stage shifts in the emergence process
Our ability to identify a stage shift (e.g., when an NPP becomes an EP, when an EP becomes an EID, etc.) in the EID framework depends on three overarching conditions. First, detecting a shift depends on who is looking, when, and the factors that facilitate disease reporting, including scientific infrastructure, open media and internet usage,. The shift of SARS from an emerging pathogen to an emerging disease took place over a matter of weeks. If Chinese public health officials had identified, contained and publically reported cases earlier, SARS might not have had the global impact that it did. Recognizing that there will always be criticism during an epidemic, officials covering MERS-CoV seem to have benefitted from the lessons of SARS. Newly discovered cases are being reported in almost real-time to the public, and agencies (including the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, U.S. CDC and the WHO) are coordinating surveillance internationally.
Second, identifying a shift from emerging pathogen to emerging disease depends on how we choose to quantify significant increases and decreases in incidence, geographic range and impact. The research community is just now considering empirical methods to accomplish this. A recent proposal for segmented linear regression to examine changes in the incidence of a specific disease in a defined location is a promising start. The next steps for such methods will be more effectively controlling for the influence of surveillance effort, discovery bias and reporting on incidence trends, adding a spatial dimension, and considering how best to calculate and track changes in impact. Related to this last point, the research community needs to decide which stages of emergence are most permeable to prevention and control efforts. This is the third condition that influences our ability to identify stage shifts.
Our literature review reinforces the notion that the distribution and impact of pathogens vary continuously in space and time, but when these facts should matter to public health is not straightforward. The economic costs and R0 values of EIDs are two metrics that have been used to quantify impact,,,. R0 is typically calculated retrospectively, after diseases have emerged and are widely spread within a population and can vary geographically or between host populations. New methods from physics, based on the principles of network theory, offer the possibility of real-time estimates of R0
[43] and potential for assessing and comparing the impacts of emerging pathogens before they move to the next stage. While Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) have been valuable in characterizing the global burden of many endemic and chronic infectious diseases, their application to EIDs remains notably absent but potentially promising in estimating impacts.
We have reviewed the literature to describe the evolution of the term emerging infectious disease, identified the major pathways of emergence, presented a new framework for classifying pathogens and diseases at varying levels of emergence, and laid out the challenges associated with the current definition of EIDs. We have shown that the definition of an EID strongly affects our understanding of how and why diseases emerge, which in turn informs efforts to prevent and mitigate emergence. Ultimately, what the scientific and health communities want to understand is what causes pathogens and infectious diseases to become increasing threats so that they can either be prevented or mitigated quickly and efficiently. Having a consistent, operational, and transparent definition of emergence and related concepts is critical for this purpose, yet the current definition has drifted, becoming less operational and less consistent. The framework we propose suggests a prioritization scheme that focuses on pathogens with realized or likely imminent public health impact, but the impact threshold remains elusive. We suggest that EIDs should be prioritized for adaptation and mitigation, emerging pathogens for preventive measures, and novel potential pathogens for intensive surveillance. We think this new approach to emergence is likely to improve our ability to generate accurate generalizations about the patterns and processes governing trends in infectious disease, which will be critical for future efforts to protect global public health.


In Nina Simone's classic Four Women, she serenades her listeners with the external and internal struggles of being a Black woman in a White world. Simone narrates the lonely journey Black women must travel to maintain their spiritual, mental and physical well-being. For centuries, White society has attempted to nurture self-doubt and self-hatred in Black women by disparaging all facets of their humanity. Appearance: unattractive. Personality: angry. Intelligence: nonexistent. The efficacy of this propaganda can be seen in Black men's infantile degradation/rejection of Black women, White women's inability to make the feminist movement inclusive and law enforcement agencies' lack of urgency in locating missing Black girls. While the aforementioned groups have fallen prey to Western society's dehumanization of Black women, Black women have provided the blueprint on how to combat these White supremacist tactics.
When I think of Black womanhood, I think of Addie Jane Blackshear Daniels, my maternal grandmother. She was born into poverty in Georgia at the beginning of the 20th century and only completed the sixth grade. As a teenager, she married Levi Daniels and moved to Delray Beach, Florida. Over the next 30 years, they would have 10 children. For a living, my grandfather worked as a farmer and construction worker. My grandmother's job was to be the wife of a farmer and construction worker and Mother to their ten children. In the early to mid-twentieth century, White women had few rights and Black women had even fewer rights than that, especially in the Jim Crow South.
In fifth grade, I wrote an essay asking my grandparents and parents what they wanted to be when they were children. My grandfather: Baseball player. My dad: Educator. My mom: Violinist. My grandmother said, "I wanted to be your grandma." Of course, that was the best answer any 10-year-old could ever hear. Twelve years later and a decade after my grandmother's death, I re-read that essay and her response angered me.
I was angry that my grandmother had been forced to live in a world that deprived her of dreams. I shared these thoughts with my mom and she laughed at me. "Without women like your grandma, neither you nor I would be where we are today. You inherited what those women taught their sons and daughters." That was when I thought about the lessons my grandmother shared with all of her grandchildren: Black pride, self-confidence and the importance of education. At that moment, I realized that my grandmother was one of the most confident and self-assured people I had ever met. White society had failed in its attempts to make her feel inferior.
In the face of seemingly insurmountable racial and gender-based oppression, my grandmother and Black women of her generation laid the foundation that ended Jim Crow and sprinkled magic on Black girls. Those Black women tipped the scales in favor of opportunity over opposition. Today, there are doors that previous generations of Black Women prayed and worked to open and when Black women open doors, those doors are open for all women.


The hyperbole about ISO45001 keeps coming now that the International Standard for Occupational Health and Management Systems has been finalised and due for publication on March 18 2018.
"ISO45001 is one of the most significant developments in workplace safety over the past 50 years, presenting an opportunity to move the needle on reducing occupational health and safety risks…..
ISO45001 does have great potential for change but primarily in those countries that have no such standard already and where OHS laws are under-developed or poorly enforced.
But many of the current crop of statements imply that nothing existed before this Standard. Most countries have OHS laws of some form, and the International Labor Organisation has published freely available OHS Management System guidelines and other relevant documents since 2001.
The EHS Today article did acknowledge the three-year transition period for those countries that choose to replace their own Standard with ISO45001.
The best advice to any business owner wondering what this ISO45001 stuff is all about is to keep reading, listening and watching the discussion but to wait, for a few more years, and see exactly what it means for your business. In the meantime continue to comply with the workplace health and safety laws and auditing your OHS management systems for continuous improvement.
The author will be speaking on ISO45001 at the March 2018 meeting of the Central Safety Group.
Next Next post: Who reads the Robens Report and who will write the next one?


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Q: Rxjs: map each element in an array field from an observable of object with another observable I have a method called getTransactionDetails(id:string), and it returns an Observable of TransactionDetails object
getTransactionDetails(id:string):Observable<TransactionDetails>

The TransactionDetails object looks like this:
class TranscationDetails{
    id:string;
    accessCode: string;
    veggiesList: Array<Veggie>;
    meatList: Array<Meat>;
}

The Veggie object looks like this:
class Veggie{
    id: string;
    name: string;
}

I have another method called getVeggieSummary(veggieId: string), and it returns an Observable of VeggieSummary:
getVeggieSummary(veggiesId:string):Observable<VeggieSummary>

VeggieSummary looks like this
class VeggieSummary{
    id:string;
    name:string;
    color:string;
    kind:string;
}

I would like to call getTransactionDetails(1), and transform all the Veggies elements in the veggiesList to be VeggieSummary and return an VeggieSummary array.
This is what I have
getTransactionDetails(1)
.flatMap(transactionDetails=>
    transactionDetails.veggiesList
       .map(veggie=>getVeggieSummary(veggie.id)))
.subscribe(result=>
    console.log(result)
)

Currently, result is an Observable<VeggieSummary> and the inner observable is not even getting subscribed...
How can I have an Observable<VeggieSummary[]> with rxjs operators?
note: My app's angular version does not support pipe. The RxJS version is v5

A: Could you try wrapping the array with forkjoin to see if it fixes the issue? I think currently it is returning  Observable<VeggieSummary>[]
getTransactionDetails(1)
.flatMap(transactionDetails=>
    forkJoin(transactionDetails.veggiesList
       .map(veggie=>getVeggieSummary(veggie.id))))
.subscribe(result=>
    console.log(result)
)

A: You just need to wrap the inner observable with forkJoin, this converts the Observable<VeggieSummary>[] to Observable<VeggieSummary[]>
    getTransactionDetails(1)
      .flatMap((transactionDetails) =>
        forkJoin(
          transactionDetails.veggiesList.map((veggie) =>
            getVeggieSummary(veggie.id)
          )
        )
      )
      .subscribe((result) => console.log(result));

A: with forkjoin, this works:
  getTransactionDetails(1)
  .flatMap((transactionDetails) =>
    forkJoin(
      transactionDetails.veggiesList.map((veggie) =>
        getVeggieSummary(veggie.id)
      )
    )
  )
  .subscribe((result) => console.log(result));

I found zip with the spread operator (...) also works:
   getTransactionDetails(1)
  .flatMap((transactionDetails) =>
    zip(
      ...transactionDetails.veggiesList.map((veggie) =>
        getVeggieSummary(veggie.id)
      )
    )
  )
  .subscribe((result) => console.log(result));

I learned that from another post.
But I am not sure which one to use, forkjoin or zip?
Does it matter?
I also learned about rest operator/spread operator (...) from that post.
But I still don't quite understand fully how it works in this example.
I am not sure which one I am using, am I using the rest or spread operator?
and what is it equivalent?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Home Destinations Mexico The Art of Cooking
The Art of Cooking
The specialty Japanese restaurant at Iberostar Cancun is one of four
specialty restaurants.
In 2006, tequila was named a World Heritage by UNESCO, and in 2010, UNESCO proclaimed traditional Mexican cooking an Intangible Cultural Heritage. No wonder Mexicans boastfully say, "In Mexico, cooking is an art."
This is a country that likes to show off its culinary prowess. Whether it's dinner at a gourmet restaurant in a colonial town, lunch at a beachside bar at one of the many all-inclusive resorts, or a quick bite to eat at a streetside taco stand in Mexico City, every meal pays homage to the country's heritage. Imagine this…the first mole sauce in Puebla was made in 1681, and mole is still a staple of Puebla's cuisine. In other words, it's not just a meal—it's a way of life, and no matter where your clients decide to vacation, their palate will be the better for it. Follow me on a culinary journey that gives you a taste of what your clients can expect.
the dish on hotels
Here's a sprinkling of culinary offerings at hotels—from all-inclusive to boutique-style properties.
Karisma Hotels & Resorts, known for being the "gourmet-inclusive" brand, offers the year-round Jackson Family Wines Culinary Series at El Dorado Royale and El Dorado Casitas Royale, A Spa Resort, by Karisma. The series, which will continue into 2016, takes place the first week of each month and spotlights notable chefs, restaurateurs, winemakers and sommeliers. Next up, Dec. 7-11, is Cristian Rebolledo, executive chef of Blue Haven and Beach House in Turks and Caicos, and Steve Heimoff, director of wine communications and education at Jackson Family Wines. The resort itself is home to seven restaurants, including Fuentes, where dishes are prepared in one of three open kitchens. Here, too, is the region's largest greenhouse, measuring 75,000 sq. ft. and providing produce to
all of Karisma's Mexican properties.
Take a detour over to the Iberostar Hotels & Resorts properties and you'll find a long list of master chefs hailing from Spain preparing Mexican, Japanese, Italian, Cajun and Mediterranean cuisine. At Iberostar Grand Hotel Paraiso in the Riviera Maya, a top recommendation from Iberostar insiders is Tony's Surf and Turf Restaurant, with panoramic views of the Caribbean Sea. Of course, guests of Iberostar will also be able to sample local delicacies at one of the many onsite restaurants, including huachinango, a locally caught fish that's wrapped in spinach and accompanied by a light cream of mushroom.
The All-Inclusive Hard Rock Hotels collection pays tribute to Mexico's artistic history at the Frida restaurant, which can be found at the Riviera Maya, Puerto Vallarta and Cancun properties. Clients can expect traditional and spicy Mexican dishes—it's a tip of the hat to one of Mexico's most fiery artists, Frida Kahlo.
At the 8-room Meson Sacristia de la Compañia in Puebla, meanwhile, the Pueblan Cuisine package (available through Dec. 18 and starting at $1,300) is a 6-night feast that includes accommodations in a jr. suite for two; daily breakfast at the hotel; a guided tour of the city's historic center; two local museum entries; three meals of your client's choice—either lunch or dinner—at the hotel; a Talavera platter of regional sweets; and an in-depth course on basic Mexican cuisine.
True chocolate lovers will want to head to Merida, where they'll find the boutique 17-room Rosas & Xocolate, which pays homage to the region's long history of cacao use—the Mayan civilization started using cacao in the fourth century BC. The hotel even has a Xocolate Suite and handmade chocolate soap.
a sampling of mouth-watering local dishes
• In Baja California Sur, batter-fried scallops and seafood
• In Mexico City, spit-roasted on a grill marinated pork tacos
• In Oaxaca, regional moles
• In Puebla, stuffed chile in walnut sauce
• In Veracruz, fried fish quesadillas
• In Yucatan, annatto-marinated pork steamed in a banana leaf
Here are three restaurants this editor can't get enough of:
• Paxia in the San Angel neighborhood of Mexico City offers one of the most inventive dining experiences I've ever come across. The food is divine, but one almost doesn't want to take a bite because each item on the menu is an art piece.
• Maia in Puerto Vallarta is a funky restaurant in the city's Romantic Zone. It serves innovative and genuinely creative cuisine, and everything is recycled, even the coasters.
• Mi Casa in the center of historic San Jose del Cabo is a charming restaurant serving authentic Mexican cuisine. It spills over with character and feels more like an eclectic art gallery than a dining establishment, although the food is very tasty.
All-Inclusive Hard Rock Hotels: hardrockhotels.com/all-inclusive-resorts.htm
Iberostar Hotels & Resorts: iberostar.com
Karisma Hotels & Resorts: karismahotels.com
Meson Sacristia de la Compañia: mesones-sacristia.com
Mexico Tourism Board: visitmexico.com
Rosas & Xocolate: rosasandxocolate.com
TOUR OPERATOR INTEL
In Mexico, it's no longer just about the beach destinations. U.S. travelers are discovering that this fascinating country offers a world that extends far beyond its golden shoreline—from colonial charmers to vibrant cosmopolitan cities. In fact, notes Richard Krieger, president, Isramworld Portfolio of Brands/Latour, "[today's] travelers seek to have more authentic travel experiences, and colonial Mexico provides them with the most popular elements of experiential travel—food, wine, art, architecture and history." To that end, Latour offers a Food, Wine & Tequila (by Private Car) itinerary that visits both Mexico City and colonial San Miguel de Allende.
"Mexico City is fast becoming one of the great culinary cities of the world," points out Krieger. "Great chefs, both Mexican and international, are opening restaurants and eateries that present a wide array of great food experiences, from fine dining to the culture of street food. The small, charming and quite lovely city of San Miguel de Allende is big with gourmet offerings. Considered by many a rival to Mexico City when it comes to dining, this is a must experience stop for any food lover."
The 6-day trip (rates start at $3,861), with stays at the St. Regis Mexico City and the Rosewood San Miguel de Allende, starts off in Mexico City, where guests enjoy a market tour, wine tasting, and a visit to a chocolatier. In San Miguel de Allende, there's tequila tasting, a cooking class, and a visit to an
organic farm.
It makes perfect sense to have a culinary tour in Mexico, says Krieger, because "all you have to do is walk down any major street across the country and chances are you will see not one, but many Mexican restaurants. The wonderful thing about our programs is that they offer the chance not only to have what we know as Mexican food, but to delve into the traditional regional dishes of the country and to taste plates we may not be
familiar with."
And if you are thinking of approaching your well-heeled baby boomer clients only, think again. Krieger says that although most guests for this tour are "over 35 years old, well traveled and highly educated, our program is geared to anyone seeking a wonderful food and cultural experience with all the services and accommodations of a luxury tour. We have many Gen-Xers booking with us and while we certainly have baby boomers, we are pleased to have a number of savvy millennials joining us." latour.com
Xenses Flips Your World Upside Down
The Impact of Sargasso on Clients' Vacations in Quintana Roo
Le Blanc's Royale Residence Now Open to the Public

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Perspectives The madness in Sudan and the Gulf States
The madness in Sudan and the Gulf States
Mustafa Bothwell Mheta
Someone recently recounted how the country called Sudan has lost out because of its inability to be original and consistent in setting up its own policies, priorities, and laws in order to move forward its economy, politics, and people.
During the tenure of the deposed President Omar al-Bashir, Sudan was all over the show invited by some rich Gulf States to fight in their senseless created wars, voting for resolutions that would have been passed at the Arab League at the instigation of these rich Gulf States without questioning the wisdom behind these so-called resolutions.
The Arab League financially is firmly in the hands of Saudi Arabia. For Sudan, because of its lack of clarity in policymaking and its failure in clearly defining what it wants as a country, has failed to keep the unity of the country intact. It allowed South Sudan to become an independent state. According to critics, they sold out South Sudan to the highest bidder and got nothing out of it. It went out to protect Southern Yemen at the invitation of the Gulf monarchies. The Arabs in Southern Yemen in turn sold out and went to protect Southern Saudi Arabia.
As for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it left the occupied carrot to Iran and came to occupy the Yemen Islands. The Saudis left their wealth and experiences to the USA and Israel and came to occupy and control the wealth and bounties of Yemen. Yemen in itself is described as a school of education and manliness, and a cemetery that will accommodate them all. What is a poor country like Sudan doing in Yemen? What is it that they are told they are fighting for? The poor Sudanese soldiers might not even be paid anything, but they are dying in a war that they do not even understand why it is being fought. Surely, the only people who are benefiting from this whole escapade are the Sudanese generals who are paid millions by the Saudis to keep providing for the soldiers on the frontlines in Yemen.
Do you know that Israel supplies Ethiopia with the latest missile systems to protect the Renaissance Dam from Egyptian attacks, while Egypt is blockading Gaza to protect Israel from any Palestinian attacks? The Egyptians are doing all the dirty work clamping on the Palestinian Arab people not to attack Israel, while Israel is busy arming Ethiopia the arch-enemy of the Egyptians at the moment. What kind of friendship is this? When one looks at how the Arab rulers' mind works, one wonders why they cannot see this for what it is. Are they not seeing through how this game is being played? They are being used by Zionist Israel in daylight and yet they have the audacity to think they are smart. What is going on in the Middle East does not require a rocket scientist to know that the Arab rulers will lose this game in the end. Perhaps their time for destruction has come and there is nothing that can be done to stop it. After all, there is this thing called predestination (taqdir).
We know for sure that in the end, there will be two countries that will emerge as winners in this game, Iran, and Israel. Iran will come out of this quagmire stronger, if not a new regional powerhouse, militarily, economically, and politically. But for Iran too, this will depend on whether they will be able to continue on their current path of continuously fighting Zionist oppression and siding with the oppressed Palestinian people. Israel will in the end, also overwhelm the stupid and foolish Arab states led by Saudi Arabia, by annexing their territories for a greater expanded Israel. The moment Israel begins to strategically position its troops in the Arab territories, it will be game over for the Arabs. They will not manage to uproot the Zionist from those territories.
Indeed, what we are seeing unfolding now in the Arabian Gulf, does not blind the eyes but blinds the hearts!
accommodate
annexing
Arab Rulers
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Mustafa Bothwell Mheta, Ph.D. in Semitic Languages and Cultures, contributed this article to Media Monitors Network (MMN) from South Africa.
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Halloween is just around the corner and we can't help but get excited. It's that one time of year we get to fill our houses with eerie décor and play pretend for a whole evening. But as fun as this holiday may be, it has developed quite the reputation for its dark and moody home décor – not to mention all the realistically terrifying costumes.
Halloween can still be just as playful as any holiday…all it needs is a modern spin. Add a pop of white to your typical Halloween color combination of black and orange. Instead of carving a pumpkin, try painting a cool chevron design on it. Give your costume a sleek update by adding a classy, fashionable spin. After all, there's no rule saying Halloween can't be hauntingly chic. You don't have to sacrifice your modern style to get into the Halloween Spirit.
Here are some spooky, but bright inspirations, as well as some pieces from ModShop you can use to embrace the ghostly festivities.
Amethyst, Topaz , Sapphire , Ruby , Emerald , and golds…jewel tones are a timeless classic that we see year after year. This year somehow the colors seem richer and more vibrant, and inspire us to create interiors that are both luxe and chic. This color palette is not for minimalists, it requires layering and an eclectic taste to create the perfect jewel toned space.
There is SO much out there that inspires us …. it's really hard to filter the number of images needed to fully show how fantastic these rich hues can be. They can be used in so many creative ways. So take your time and view them all and enjoy the full spectrum of this amazing color palette.
We've seen animal prints appearing year after year when fall approaches… Now it seems to be given a fresh new face by pairing with fun pastel pinks and bright sunny yellow hues. Maybe it's because I'm South African at heart (or at the very least by birth…), but of all the animal prints out there, for me the leopard is by far the most sophisticated looking… and inspires many…from street style, to high end fashion and trendsetting home decor.
This fun animalistic trend was "spotted" on the runways at fashion week, featured by designers like DKNY, Emilio Pucci, Kate Spade, Tom Ford and Burburry Prorsum.
Here's what we found inspiring……I'm very sad to say that ModShop by RoomService needs a good dose of this trendy style ourselves… working on some fun fall floor models that fit this fashion forward trend as we speak…..Roar!!
Today's lighter shades of pink are not just for baby girl's nurseries, they can be found adorning modern tablescapes, adding a feminine edge to masculine styled shoes, adding a fresh touch to accessories and home decor. Add a wash of baby pink to blond hair, for those who dare! Best paired with other pastel shades, metallic gold, or neutrals like black and white of softer grays.
Here's what we found inspiring…and how you could add some of this look to your space using ModShop by Room Service pieces. Enjoy!
Feeling somewhat inspired by our recent visit to Hawaii, I wondered how I would design the decor of a tropical home (if we had one!)…first thing that might come to mind is Tommy Bahama or Tiki… NO THANKS! (No offense intended, but we have a much more modern aesthetic…). Inspired by design icons like Dorothy Draper, who's "Brazilliance" Wallpaper has inspired generations to come…today's hottest designers like Tory Burch and Nate Berkus use this palm frond wallpaper to create the chicest of spaces.
Our favorite accent colors for this fun tropical trend are the fresh pinks and soft blues…take yourself away with this fresh design choice…ENJOY!


Sausage sizzle and drinks for sale or bring a picnic.
Shuttle bus service running between Bowelling and Cowcher.
Contact: 97363056 or 97363040 for more information on the event.
Sorry but no dogs will be permitted.
See our Collie-Darkan Rail Trail Description for more information on the trail.


Code of laws that was written in cuneiform, written for kings as a balancing act of how one should rule.
Austronesian's, that expanded into the south pacific, and whose trade did not ingrate the islands into a mainland style culture.
City-states of the riverine societies organized around the temple and palace, were autonomous polities.
Exertion of power over distant hinterlands; an organized centralized kingdom ruled by charismatic rulers-people allied themselves with larger territories over small cities.
Herder's that were living in close proximity to settled agriculturalists.
Weaker neighboring states that were forced to become allies that had to pay tribute with luxury goods, raw materials, and manpower for the protection of the ruler of the stronger state.
Aryans that wandered into inner Eurasia, descended into the Indus region, singing what would become sacred texts, and sacrificing livestock to their gods. Could speak sanskrit-basis for all other languages.
2000-1600 BCE: small kingdoms, territorial and ethnic identities, Babylon and Egypt most powerful.
1600 BCE onward: nomadic migrations undermined new territorial states, then expansionist states.
2040-1640 BCE: 350 years, new pharaonic line built on earlier foundations to increase the states' power.
Presided over the golden age of trade with chariots, horses, and lapis lazuli.
Arrived with sanskrit, source for latin based languages, in the Indus River Valley. had domesticated horses and chariots made them militarily superior.
Millet, wheat, barley, and rice with stone plows, spades, and sickles. They raised pigs, dogs, sheep, and oxen.
Depended on tributes from elites and allies. Elites were warriors and laborers, they gave horses and cattle. Allies sent foodstuff, soldiers, workers and assisted in Kings affairs, or gave divination shells.
People had seafaring skills, used double outrigger canoes.
Innovations came from the east by the sea, Cyprus an important point of trade.
Migrated from Greece to central Europe with language, chariots, and metalworking skills.
What caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom of Egypt and what other societies collapsed because of it?
What revolutionary new military weapon was introduced by herders and pastoral nomads?
What did the rulers and elitists of different civilizations call the nomads and pastoralists for their brutal use of horse-drawn chariots?
What were the most vital breakthroughs that the pastoralists brought with them?
Pastoralists created the chariot; what did the Agrarians contribute?
Making them lighter, more durable, and more useful in war.
Other than war, what else did horse-drawn chariots improve?
What is the difference between territorial states and city states?
What form of writing did the Mesopotamians use?
When did King Tut rule?
What was different between the Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Middle/New Kingdoms?
In the Old Kingdom, the pharaoh was a mighty ruler. In the Middle/New Kingdoms, the pharaoh's prime responsibility was to be a steward and fulfill the needs of his people.
What region did Egypt colonize to broaden their trade routes and secure coveted resources?
How did Middle Kingdom Egypt end?
The Hyksos invaded. Though, they did not conquer Egypt- they ruled over it and improved it.
How long did the Hyksos rule?
How did the New Kingdom Egypt start?
Ahmosis used the Hyksos' weaponry against them and made himself Pharaoh.
What did the migrants and invaders from the west bring to Egypt with them?
Bronze working, an improved potter's wheel, and a vertical loom.
Why did the Egyptians want to colonize Nubia?
Gold, exotic materials and manpower.
Who was Egypt's most powerful woman ruler and what is her claim to fame?
Hatshepsut; she broadened trade into Nubia, the Levant and Mediterranean.
Which pharaoh commanded the first chariot battle in history, and what was its impact?
Hatshepsut's son, Thutmosis III; it established an Egyptian presence in Palestine.
Where is Anatolia and why was it so sought after?
Anatolia is located in modern-day Turkey; it linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea.
What ruined Mesopotamia's land productivity and what caused people to move?
A millennium of intense land cultivation combined with severe drought. Salt water entered the Euphrates from the Persian Gulf.
What was the name given to the people who conquered Mesopotamian cities?
What did the Amorites eventually do in 2004 BC?
They brought down the Third Dynasty or Ur, and restored order, increased wealth, expanded trade, and founded new kinds of political communities.
What did restored order and prosperity enable the new kings of Babylonia to do?
Nourish a vibrant and cultural society through art and learning.
What is the most famous poem of this time period and who wrote it?
The Epic of Gilgamesh written by the Sumerians.
What industry powered trade from all over Afro-Eurasia?
Who was the most famous Mesopotamian ruler and what are they known for?
Hammurabi created Hammurabi's Code, which was the first known legal code ever established.
How did the Code classify people?
What group took over Mesopotamia after the Hittites?
What group of nomads entered the Indus River Valley and what did they bring with them?
What were the Aryans known for?
Where did the Aryans settle?
What religion did the Aryans develop?
What two elements aided the Shang success?
Why didn't the chariot have as much success in China?
China was already intimidating enough to its neighbors. Chariots were not necessary.
Who defeated the Shang by using chariots?
What are the Shang known for creating and what made it so advanced?
A 12 month 360-day lunar calendar. It helped predict lunar and solar eclipses.
What type of government was the Shang dynasty?
What is so special about the writing system of the Shang?
They created the character system that was later used in Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese.
Which group is usually seen in paintings with shirtless women and where are they located?
Why was Cyprus a main focal point of trade?
It straddled the middle sea-lane, and was rich in copper.
Which city is considered the oldest city in Europe, who lived there, and where was it located?
Knossos was home to the Minoans. It was located in modern-day Crete.
Why were the Mycanaeans so intimidating, and what were they known for?
What happened to the Minoan civilization on Crete?
political power reaching out from the city into the distant hinterland.
sought to lower their risk by creating commercial rules and developing early forms of insurance.
Minoan culture mixed imported and indigenous influences. Which of the following represents an indigenous trait?
Worship of a female deity, known as the "Lady."
scribes, who recorded the goods and services allocated to local people.
How did restored prosperity impact the Mesopotamian economy?
It caused a shift away from economic activity dominated by the city-state and toward independent private ventures.
What were taxes paid with?


The Read Speed is 80MB/s, and the Write Speed is 30M/S.
The actual test speed depends on the level of the card reader or computer.Please use a USB 3.0 card reader and the USB3.0 port of the computer.
Can this Android memory card be used in Xiaomi4A?
Yes, it can be used in Xiaomi4A.


text:
Q: Unable to pkill a subprocess Consider:
import subprocess
import time

def run_instance():
    command = "sleep 30 >out 2>err &"
    subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True, start_new_session=True)

def kill_instance():
    print(subprocess.check_output(f"pgrep -f 30", shell=True))
    subprocess.check_output(f"pkill -f 30", shell=True)

run_instance()
time.sleep(1)
kill_instance()

The output (run under Ubuntu) is:
b'17483\n17484\n'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 15, in <module>
    kill_instance()
  File "test.py", line 10, in kill_instance
    subprocess.check_output(f"pkill -f 30", shell=True)
  File "/usr/lib/python3.8/subprocess.py", line 411, in check_output
    return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
  File "/usr/lib/python3.8/subprocess.py", line 512, in run
    raise CalledProcessError(retcode, process.args,
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'pkill -f 30' died with <Signals.SIGTERM: 15>.

Why does pkill fail even though pgrep finds the process?

A: Common way
The most clean, IMO, way here is to just manage your instance within python (note you don't even need shell=True):
import subprocess
import time

def start_instance():
    with open('err', 'w') as err, open('out', 'w') as out:
        return subprocess.Popen(['/usr/bin/sleep', '30'], stdout=out, stderr=err)

def kill_instance(proc):
    proc.kill()

process = start_instance()
time.sleep(1)
kill_instance(process)

Your code
Disclaimer: you shouldn't be doing this in production.
You are killing your pkill. Here's the same with more verbose output:
import subprocess
import time

def run_instance():
    command = "sleep 30 >out 2>err &"
    subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True, start_new_session=True)

def kill_instance():
    print(subprocess.check_output(f"pgrep -f 30 -la", shell=True, universal_newlines=True))  # More verbose output
    subprocess.check_output(f"pkill -f 30", shell=True)

run_instance()
time.sleep(1)
kill_instance()

This outputs on my machine:
2446344 /usr/bin/docker-proxy -proto tcp -host-ip 0.0.0.0 -host-port 5434 -container-ip 172.30.0.2 -container-port 5434
2446350 /usr/bin/docker-proxy -proto tcp -host-ip :: -host-port 5434 -container-ip 172.30.0.2 -container-port 5434
2446618 /usr/bin/docker-proxy -proto tcp -host-ip 0.0.0.0 -host-port 8080 -container-ip 172.30.0.4 -container-port 8080
2446624 /usr/bin/docker-proxy -proto tcp -host-ip :: -host-port 8080 -container-ip 172.30.0.4 -container-port 8080
2446657 /usr/bin/docker-proxy -proto tcp -host-ip 0.0.0.0 -host-port 5001 -container-ip 172.30.0.5 -container-port 5000
2446666 /usr/bin/docker-proxy -proto tcp -host-ip :: -host-port 5001 -container-ip 172.30.0.5 -container-port 5000
2470568 kworker/u8:30-i915
2484058 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2176 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484060 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2177 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484067 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2178 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484121 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2179 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484283 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2181 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484293 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2182 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484392 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2183 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484394 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2184 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484423 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2185 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484442 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true socket
2484491 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2186 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2484546 /usr/lib/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 2187 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 41465 -prefMapSize 226778 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20220623063721 -appDir /usr/lib/firefox/browser 7462 true tab
2487379 sleep 30
2487381 /bin/sh -c pgrep -f 30 -la

pkill: killing pid 2446344 failed: Operation not permitted
pkill: killing pid 2446350 failed: Operation not permitted
pkill: killing pid 2446618 failed: Operation not permitted
pkill: killing pid 2446624 failed: Operation not permitted
pkill: killing pid 2446657 failed: Operation not permitted
pkill: killing pid 2446666 failed: Operation not permitted
pkill: killing pid 2470568 failed: Operation not permitted
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/tmp/a.py", line 14, in <module>
    kill_instance()
  File "/tmp/a.py", line 10, in kill_instance
    subprocess.check_output(f"pkill -f 30", shell=True)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py", line 420, in check_output
    return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/subprocess.py", line 524, in run
    raise CalledProcessError(retcode, process.args,
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'pkill -f 30' died with <Signals.SIGTERM: 15>.

(ignore docker and firefox processes here, they're just for completeness here and to demonstrate that you're killing too much processes, ff tabs crash after this)
The interesting output part from pgrep here:
2487379 sleep 30
2487381 /bin/sh -c pgrep -f 30 -la

When you call pkill, it is a process. It will be there instead of pgrep, something like
2487379 sleep 30
2487xxx /bin/sh -c pkill -f 30

... and you pkill all matching processes. So you can kill the running instance successfully, but then kill yourself.
To demonstrate that, the following succeeds:
import subprocess
import time

def run_instance():
    command = "sleep 30 >out 2>err &"
    subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True, start_new_session=True)

def kill_instance():
    print(subprocess.check_output("pgrep -f 'sleep 30' -la", shell=True, universal_newlines=True))
    subprocess.check_output("pgrep -f 'sleep 30' | grep -v $$ | xargs kill -SIGTERM", shell=True, universal_newlines=True)

run_instance()
time.sleep(1)
kill_instance()

Output:
2508440 sleep 30
2508441 /bin/sh -c pgrep -f 'sleep 30' -la

Sorry for that ugly pipe, maybe there is a simpler way, but Linux pgrep cannot exclude self (as opposed to FreeBSD, discussed here). This pipe lists processes, excludes pgrep itself ($$ refers to current parent shell, which is that runs pgrep here) and passes them to kill.

A: You are vastly overcomplicating things by basically running shell scripts on top of Python.
Here's (something like) the proper solution.
def run_instance():
    command = ["sleep", "30"]
    return subprocess.Popen(command,
        stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL,
        stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
        stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)

def kill_instance(proc):
    proc.kill()

proc = run_instance()
time.sleep(1)
kill_instance(proc)

A more complete example would proc.wait() if the kill failed for whatever reason.


Within a new community it can be a challenge meeting and getting to know others — to feel like you're truly part of the church community. We encourage everyone to form meaningful relationships with others at the ICCL by doing the following: make one congregation your home, get into a Community Group like a Women's or Men's Study, find a team or ministry where you can regularly serve with others, and be in conversations with your friends about what the gospel means to you.
The ICCL Provides Two Bible Studies For Women.
The daytime women's study is a group of international women who have been meeting for several years, not only to study the word of God but also to share our lives and struggles.
We meet on Thursday, at 12h30, for a shared lunch and then begin our study at 1:30-3:30. In October we will be meeting on the 11th and 25. In November we will meet on the 8th and 22nd. All are welcome.
We meet at 37 cours Aristide Briand 69300 Caluire et Cuire.
The Women's evening study is on Tuesday at 6:30 with a shared snack time with the men's study and then the women's study begins at 7:00 to 8:30.
For more information on what we are studying please use our Contact Page to connect with us at the ICCL.
The ICCL Provides Two Bible Studies for men.
1. Every Tuesday at 18h30, the men of the ICCL meet at the Temple du Change to build community as we study and discuss God's Word together. All are welcome. For more info and to be put on our men's email list, please use our Contact Page.
2. Every Thursday at 13h, a network of men from different churches (French and English) around Lyon meet to study God's Word and build community. We meet every Thursday at 13h at 115 Rue de la Guillotiere 69003. Please use our Contact Page to connect with us.
At the ICCL, we believe that there is much to live for as 21st century men and want to combine forces, skills and gifts to live life to the maximum and help other men do the same.
Jesus said in the Gospel of Mark, "...you must love the LORD your God with all your heart, all your soul, all your mind, and all your strength. The second is equally important: 'Love your neighbor as yourself. No other commandment is greater than these." Every Thursday we meet at the Temple du Change to pray, make sandwiches, coffee and tea and then head out to the streets to express our love to those who are hungry, cold and without a home. Come Join Us!


text:
Bentley to restructure by closing 88 stores and shedding hundreds of jobs
MONTREAL — Baggage retailer Bentley says it has secured the backing of lenders and key stakeholders to exit creditor protection while shutting more than one-third of its stores and shedding hundreds of employees.
The Montreal-based company said the support of employees, landlords and suppliers was critical for its restructuring that will provide new lines of credit and a strengthened balance sheet.
Bentley says it plans to operate 163 stores and employ 1,300 people.
The retailer formally notified its creditors on Nov. 27 of its plan to restructure while under court protection. The move came more than a decade after an earlier restructuring.
Bentley claimed this time that the chain's profitability had been hurt by changing consumer behaviour, disruptions from internet shopping and the challenges associated with operating more than 250 stores across the country.
Founded in 1987 in St. John's, N.L., Bentley has grown to be one of the largest Canadian retailers of luggage, handbags, business bags and travel accessories.
"The last couple of weeks have been very difficult for all our employees, particularly with the holiday season so close," stated president and chief executive Walter Lamothe.
"We were pleased to be able to end the uncertainty faced by our staff, although clearly it is very sad that we were unable to save all the stores."


Gastro-intestinal parasites, such as tapeworms or hookworms, can drain a dog of vitality and cause many other problems. There are three ways to prevent them from being a problem for your dog that involve his environment, other places you take him, and his regular veterinary treatment.
Parasites thrive in cool, shady, and moist environments, so clean and warm, light-filled environments are best for your dog.
Inside your house, you should launder your pet's bedding frequently, and clean the feeding/water bowls daily. Vacuuming and keeping the floors clean is helpful as well.
Get rid of yard clutter.
Clean the lawn furniture with a mild bleach solution.
Clean up any stools from animals that have defecated.
Fence the yard to keep out stray animals.
Give lawn furniture or other surfaces a fresh coat of paint.
Bring in some sunlight in densely shaded areas.
Pick up and dispose of your dog's stools promptly.
You should avoid doing anything to encourage mammal wildlife (such as leaving out food for them) to come into areas where your dog will be.
Keep your dog on a leash when away from home, and keep a watch on what she wants to stop and sniff.
Hire a pet sitter or a dog walker rather than use doggy daycare businesses when you have to be away.
Don't bring in other pets unless you know their parasite status is negative/non-existent.
Sanitize objects such as chew toys before giving them to your dog.
Your veterinarian can prescribe a monthly flea/tick/heartworm product that also controls other parasites for your dog. This medicine will be specific to your dog's breed and also to the parasites prevalent in your locality. Be sure to worm your pet several times before breeding her, and use a pregnancy-safe medication.
Keep a clean, dry, environment for your dog and limit its interaction to other animals (mammals) that are free from parasite infestation. Leash train your dog and do not allow him to get in contact with other animal's feces. Take your pet to the veterinarian, such as Fischer Animal Hospital, regularly and put him on a medicine tailored to its needs.


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Home Tags Posts tagged with "YouTube"
Don't Fall for These Cyber Scams
Internet scams used to be like the villain in a low-budget children's show. You could spot the bad guy a mile away, and you were probably more amused than afraid. Remember the Nigerian prince who insisted you were due an inheritance, if you'd send in your personal information? Or the email declaring you'd won a giant lottery? All you had to do was send in your bank account numbers, and you'd get your prize.How quaint. Even cute, almost.But today's scammers have grown up and are decidedly scary. Which is why it's smart to stay familiar with the latest and not so greatest in cyber scams. How might you get ripped off in the near future? Lots of ways, if you aren't on guard.[See: 9 Scary Things Consumers Do With Their Money.]Be wary of any financial institution that asks you to take a selfie – with your ID. That's a malware trick that McAfee technicians have discovered in the last few months, according to Gary Davis, chief consumer security evangelist at Intel Security, a Santa Clara, California-based company that makes McAfee computer security software. He says a type of malware (software, used for evil purposes) has surfaced in Hong Kong and Singapore, and attempts to trick computer users into taking a selfie with a personal ID, which obviously would be the worst sort of personal information for a criminal to have."I'm in awe every time I see how creative and clever the bad guys are," Davis says.And, sure, you might think that this sounds on par with the Nigerian prince and lottery scam (Who would fall for this?), but Davis says this malware, once you've managed to download it, will lay dormant and not ask you for financial information until you do some online banking and are probably expecting to be asked some questions. One would like to think that most consumers would stop and reflect –and not pose for a selfie – with their driver's license (even if they do think their bank is asking them to snap the shot), but it's easy to imagine that many consumers would answer the more routine questions, like, "What's your mother's maiden name?"[See: 10 Warning Signs of Identity Theft.]Be skeptical of USB sticks. You can use these data storage devices, also called USB flash drives, to back up information but also to download software, a PowerPoint presentation, a computer game, recipes or almost anything you can imagine. And while most USB sticks or flash drives are perfectly safe to use, Davis says that Intel Security's technicians have been finding ransomware being transmitted through USB sticks.Ransomware is a type of malware that, once it's in your computer, will shut everything down. Suddenly you won't be able to access any of your files until you pay a cash ransom to the hacker who sent you the ransomware. Ransomware is on the rise, industry experts say, affecting not only individuals but school districts, hospitals and businesses. Meanwhile, think about all the times you've stuck a USB stick into your computer. Many people use these frequently without second thought."I can't count the number of conferences I've been to, where they're just handing out USB sticks … If you don't know the history of the USB stick, don't connect it to your drive," Davis advises.[See: 10 Money Leaks to Shut Down Now.]Be aware of Google Voice scams. Jayne Hitchcock – whose pen name is J.A. Hitchcock – had this particular scam attempted on her very recently. Hitchcock, a Maine-based author of the upcoming book, "Cyberbullying & The Wild, Wild Web: What Everyone Needs To Know," put her phone number on a Craigslist ad she posted in hopes of selling a bunch of books she no longer wanted. Not long after the ad went up, she received a text from a phone number she didn't recognize. She Googled the number and found nothing bad, so she replied."Then I got a call from a 202 Washington, D.C., area code that had a prerecorded female voice saying it was Google Voice and to input the two-digit code I received," Hitchcock says. "I then got a text from this person telling me to input '50.'"That made Hitchcock's something's wrong antenna go up, so she wrote back and said to check out her website, netcrimes.net; if he wasn't a scammer, she wrote, she invited him to call her from the local number he was texting from."I never heard from him again," Hitchcock says.So what was the problem? What would have been so bad if Hitchcock had typed in the two-digit code?"What they do is steal your phone number, essentially using it as a forwarding number for them to scam other people," Hitchcock says. It can be such a hassle to get your phone number back that some people don't even bother and instead cancel it, she adds.Steer clear of emails with links to YouTube.com. Nobody needs to be told that YouTube is a massively popular website, and con artists are leveraging its all-ages appeal, according to Rich Drees, a Miami-based entrepreneur who runs a social media marketing company.Drees says crooks will sometimes send consumers emails with a link that leads to a YouTube video. Or, rather, it looks like it's going to lead to a YouTube video."Instead, you're taken to a page that looks exactly like the real thing, but you're asked to sign on, thus enabling the scammer to hijack your account," Drees says.One major hint that you have a problem, Drees says: "Check the address bar carefully when you arrive to ensure that it contains YouTube.com. If it contains another word before that, like Anotherword-YouTube.com, it's not YouTube. "These cyber tactics are only going to get worse, according to Davis."It used to be that proximity mattered," he says. "If you were a thief, you had to go to the bank, and it was high-risk, low reward. But that's why cyber crime is so attractive. It isn't dangerous for the bad guys, and it's difficult for them to be caught, especially if it's somebody who lives in another country. It's a growth market." 10 Ways to Protect Yourself From Online Fraud.


Al Falah University strives to be continuously ahead in terms of global developments in the field of higher education. In this regard, Al Falah University will sign memoranda of understanding with several universities within United Arab Emirates to strengthen the bonds of cooperation and joint action institutions.
A prior meeting was held and key items were discussed, notably, the exchange of faculty and students between universities in addition to the disclosing of experiences of cooperation in the field of scientific research and community service.
The possibility of issuing scientific journals, selecting and nominating of members for Journal Committee of the different universities participating in the MOU were also discussed.
Al Falah University in part of its vision to distinguish itself as one of the premier universities in UAE and the GCC, constantly endeavors to participate in programs of scientific research, to serve the community and to put forth efforts in improving the quality of education in the United Arab Emirates.


The number of Americans without health insurance was stable during the first year of the Trump administration, with the uninsured rate rising to 9.1 percent, a statistically insignificant increase from 9 percent in 2016, according to an analysis released Tuesday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The CDC said that 29.3 million Americans were uninsured in 2017, compared with 28.6 million the prior year.
The report appears to contradict a recent survey by the Commonwealth Fund indicating that the number of people lacking health insurance has risen by 4 million since 2016, as well as a Gallup poll that showed a slight increase in the uninsured rate in 2017. The CDC survey, however, is much larger and covers the entire calendar year, and is generally seen as the more authoritative analysis.
The findings came as a surprise to some supporters of the Affordable Care Act, who have warned that "sabotage" by the Trump administration and Republican lawmakers will cause more people to lose or go without health insurance. At the same time, the report contradicts President Trump's repeated claim that Republicans have effectively repealed Obamacare. The number of people getting health insurance through the federal exchanges was relatively stable last year.
Larry Levitt of the Kaiser Family Foundation pointed out that the changes Republicans have made to Obamacare – including the reduction in outreach programs and the elimination of the individual mandate penalty, as well as the possible expanded availability of non-ACA compliant insurance plans – have not taken full effect yet, and the numbers may worsen in the next few years.
Levitt also noted that the report shows a significant difference in insurance rates between states that expanded Medicaid under Obamacare and those that did not. While the gap has been substantial from the start, it grew larger in 2017 as the percentage of uninsured in non-expansion states increased to 19 percent, up from 17.5 percent in 2015.
Another sign of deterioration in coverage was an increase in the uninsured rate for middle class ("not poor") adults, which rose to 8.2 percent in 2017. Katherine Hempstead of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation told the Associated Press that this increase could reflect the big jumps in Obamacare premiums that hit those without subsidies the hardest. "They are uniquely required to pay the full retail cost of health care," Hempstead said.


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Home News Politics
Government formation talks focus on direct provision and economic recovery
Ali Condon
As negotiations between Fine Gael, Fianna Fail and the Green Party continue, direct provision, economic recovery, and agriculture have been the key focus.
Following a meeting with all three parties on Friday night that ran into the morning, the potential new government reached a number of agreements.
Among a list of new measures was an increase in the rate of recycled plastic, including a deposit return scheme.
Following a meeting with all three parties on Friday night that ran into the morning, the potential new government reached a number of agreements. Pic: RollingNews.ie
This scheme would involve paying an additional levy on every plastic bottle, which would then be refunded when recycled.
The refund would then be provided by a reverse vending machine situated near shops, where the empty plastic bottles can be deposited.
According to RTE News, an estimated one million plastic bottles go unrecycled every day in Ireland.
The talks focused on direct provision, economic recovery, and agriculture as well as recycling. Pic: Leon Farrell / Photocall Ireland
Following formation talks, Minister for Agriculture, Food and Marine Michael Creed told RTE Countrywide that a government formation 'is more likely than not at this stage.'
'Whether or not that acquires the support of three parties through their individual approval processes remains to be seen.'
With regards to the reduction of carbon emissions, Minister Creed said: 'It is not about resisting or denying climate change or ambition but about doing it in a way that does not undermine the industry or confidence that farmers have.'
He added that there will be no government programme that does not acknowledge the 'critical role' of beef farmers.
Following formation talks, Minister for Agriculture, Food and Marine Michael Creed told RTE Countrywide that a government formation 'is more likely than not at this stage.' Pic: RollingNews.ie
This comes after the Minister's announcement of a €50million relief package for beef farmers affected by the coronavirus pandemic.
As the government also makes plans to elect its 11 senators, it has been revealed that Taoiseach Leo Varadkar will nominate four Fianna Fail senators, five Fine Gael senators, and two Green Party senators.
This comes after a number of Green Party members turned their back on party leader Eamon Ryan for his use of the n-word in the Dail this week.
This comes after a number of Green Party members turned their back on party leader Eamon Ryan for his use of the n-word in the Dail this week. Pic: Oireachtas TV
Councillors within the party have called for a change from Eamon Ryan due to his unparliamentary language, encouraging him to drop out of the leadership race.
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Next articleFlooding expected as thundery downpours to continue over weekend across Ireland
Authorities scramble after nearly 5,000 boxes of ice cream infected with coronavirus


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Q: How to check if node containing certain text exists in XML DOM? My XML is as below:

I need to check whether "anil" is in the DOM or not without using loop. Is it possible to do this in one line?
This is the code I tried:
If not(xmldom.selectsinglenode("//xml/xmlfile/name/"+xname)is nothing) then
    .....
end if

Here xname will be the text (eg anil or amith).

A: The correct XPath to get <name> element having inner text equals anil is as follow :
//xml/xmlfile/name[.='anil']

So the string parameter of selectsinglenode() should look about like this instead (or better yet using / instead of // at the beginning) :
"//xml/xmlfile/name[.='"+xname+"']"


Posted 9:40 PM, September 25, 2017, by Mike H.
WASHINGTON, D.C. - The Republican healthcare bill to repeal Obamacare is barely staying alive!
Healthcare protesters are vowing to fight the bill at rallies all over the country, and showed up at a Senate Committee Hearing on Monday.
Sen. John McCain has announced he will vote against it, and Maine Sen. Susan Collins is also leaning that way, so Republicans are now tweaking the Graham-Cassidy Bill to please some fence-sitters.
Among those GOP holdouts is Texas Senator Ted Cruz, who says he wants to be a 'yes,' but "the price to getting there, I believe, is focusing on consumer freedom."
.....Meaning Cruz wants more healthcare competition.
Two other potential 'no' votes are Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski and Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul.
The GOP is currently overhauling the bill to make it more Alaska-friendly, according to reports.
Although Paul already vowed to vote 'no,' he softened his position Sunday by saying he would vote 'yes' if colleagues end plans to turn Obamacare subsidies into a block grant program.
Comedian Jimmy Kimmel has been credited with expanding the debate about the bill, but now some Republicans are calling out the comic for 'quietly' taking talking points from Democratic Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer.
There are still lingering questions about protections for pre-existing conditions under the current bill, and those could stop the bill from being pushed through by Sept. 30.
"I don't know what they're doing, but you know what? Eventually we'll win, whether it's now or later," President Trump vowed.


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Awards Grants Honors
Nominations Open For $1 Million Prize, Now Not Just For Philosophers
. April 19, 2017 at 1:50 pm 7
The Berggruen Institute has begun soliciting nominations for the second winner of its $1 million "Berggruen Prize." The inaugural winner was Charles Taylor. Who should win it this time around?
One development is worth noting: last year, the prize was called the "Berggruen Philosophy Prize," while this year, the word "philosophy" does not appear in the name. Similarly, last year, the prize was pitched as aiming to "recognize and encourage philosophy in the ancient sense of the love of wisdom and in the 18th Century sense of intellectual inquiry into all the basic questions of human knowledge." This year (see below), the prize aims to recognize "humanistic thinkers whose ideas have helped us find direction, wisdom, and improved self-understanding in a world being rapidly transformed by profound social, technological, political, cultural, and economic change."
In short—and this fits with remarks made at the recent Pacific Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association (APA) by Berggruen Institute President Craig Calhoun—the pool of potential winners of the Berggruen Prize includes more than just those who've held academic positions in philosophy.
Share your suggested nominees in the comments.
Categories Awards Grants Honors
Tags awardBerggruenphilosophyprize
David Sobel
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Angela Davis!Report
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Indonesia's P/E Ratio Relatively Low Compared to Regional Economies
Asian Stock Markets
Indonesian newspaper Investor Daily reported that stocks at the Indonesia Stock Exchange are still relatively cheap compared to regional stock indices. Currently, the price to earnings ratio (P/E ratio) of Indonesia's main index is about 18. In contrast, South Korea's Kospi index amounts to 34, Japan's Nikkei 28, Taiwan's Taiex 23, and Philippines' PSE stands at 23 times earnings. As the Indonesian economy as well as its companies' profit figures are projected to grow, the P/E is expected to fall to 16 this year.
Various international and national institutions estimate that Indonesia's economy will grow between 6.0 and 6.5 percent in 2013. Profit of Indonesian companies this year is projected to increase 20 to 22 percent. In recent years, many Indonesian companies that rely on domestic consumption have posted impressive profit figures due to the country's expanding economy (and burgeoning population), whereas companies engaged in commodities have seen their profits fall amid a drastic decline in demand and subsequent fall in commodity prices. With the current better forecasts for the economies of China, America and Japan in Q2-2013, demand for Indonesian commodities (in particular crude palm oil, metals and coal) is estimated to increase and should result in better performances of Indonesia's commodity exporting companies. Total profitability of Indonesian companies thus has a positive outlook.
Foreigners have kept high confidence in the Indonesian market as they have been pouring in money during Q1-2013: IDR 18.77 trillion (USD $1.95 billion) in stocks, IDR 10.23 trillion (USD $1.05 billion) in government bonds, and 65.5 trillion (USD $6.75 billion) in foreign direct investment (FDI). Analysts assume that the stock index will rise to 5,300-5,500 by the end of the year.
A number of risks that can damage current positive outlooks are high inflation (reduction in subsidized fuel), a weakening trade balance, a weakening IDR rupiah, and falling foreign exchange reserves.
Stock Index P/E Ratio x
Index Performance
1 Jan – 25 Apr 2013 Economic Growth
Projection 2013
18.2 15.70% 6.2
33.6 -2.28% 3.1
Malaysia 15.7 1.03% 5.1
Singapore 13.5 5.39% 2.0
China - Shanghai 12.0 -3.08% 8.3
Source: Investor Daily
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