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The Confederate Flag: America's Most Loaded Generic Symbol of Rebellion
May 11, 2015 JarretR 35 Comments
Rebels without a clue in Colorado.
The Confederate flag is an American symbol like no other. The reasons for this aren't complicated: the Rebel flag is both distinctly American and functionally anti-American at the same time. It's American in the sense that it once stood for a rebellion started by Americans, but anti-American in the sense that those American rebels waged a treasonous war against, you know, the United States. Yes-sir-ee-Bob, the stars and bars represents the most chaotic moment in U.S. history, when the land of the free went to war over the fact that millions of its residents were decidedly unfree, and plenty of (white) Americans wanted to maintain that status quo.
Historically, the Confederate battle flag represents the attempt in 1861 by the majority of the southern states to establish an independent, slaveholding republic: the Confederate States of America. This was during an era when emancipation was kind of a trendy thing, but leave it to some entrepreneurial Americans to buck feel-good, humanitarian fads when their pocketbooks, their cotton crops, and their entire social order was at stake.
As the old notion goes, the Confederacy lost the Civil War, but its underlying ideology of white supremacy won the peace for a long period afterwards — in some respects even up to the present day (cough *Ferguson* cough *Baltimore*). This is why the Confederate flag, as much as it remains a symbol of rebellion and slavery, is still very much an American symbol that will always be pretty damn controversial — as it should be. By the nineteenth century, slavery was an exclusively southern thing, but white supremacy was — and is — an American thing (if you're white and you don't believe this, then you're wrong and in need of a good ole' fashioned caning). This is the hard truth that we have to wrestle with whenever we discuss what it means to fly the Rebel flag in twenty-first century America.
Perhaps this historical reckoning is a bit much for today's youngins to handle, but Heavens to Betsy, it really shouldn't be. Case in point: recently, a group of teenage John Hughes-movie knockoffs in Colorado decided that it would be an awesome idea to like, OMG, totally have their prom pictures taken while holding big guns and an even bigger Confederate flag! In a related instance, a couple of North Carolina students had a pic taken of themselves waving the Rebel flag on a class field trip to Gettysburg National Military Park (talk about siding with the losers). Both instances made local newscasts and caused some internet controversy.
Over at Civil War Memory, Kevin Levin discusses why flying the stars and bars without any historical context in both of these instances is deeply problematic. But there's something else going on when America's alabaster progeny decide to take up the Confederate banner seemingly without much appreciation for what that banner stands for. Teenagers have always fancied themselves as rebels. And when it comes to proving your rebel bona-fides while posing in tacky rented gowns and trying to show the football team that you're totally badass because you're shouldering a needlessly large-scale firearm, few symbols are more effective than the Confederate flag.
These North Carolina students likely weren't thinking much about the historical implications of flying the Confederate flag at Gettysburg — and that's the problem.
I've already written about the history behind the Confederate flag in the post "Why you Can't Separate the Confederate Flag from its History," and I've detailed the underlying white supremacy that was at the heart of the Southern rebellion in "The Confederacy, Slavery, and the Fog of Historical Memory," so I'm not gonna rehash much of those points here. But there's another aspect to the Confederate flag that should be noted: how it became a very loaded, but nonetheless generic, symbol of rebellion that still appeals to America's impressionable teenage moppets.
By the late 1870s, the American public had grown tired of the chaos of Reconstruction, what with all of its political discord and Klan-led racial terrorism. Thus, in an attempt to finally heal long-festering wounds, white Americans North and South adopted a reconciliationist stance on the Civil War that de-emphasized the central roles that slavery and racism played in the conflict. In the place of slavery, whites constructed a collective memory of the war as an unfortunate spat between two groups of noble Caucasians — a version of the still-popular, overly sentimental schlockfest known as the "brother-against-brother" trope. By removing black Americans from the memory of the war, whites downplayed the very raw, and very real racial conflict that sparked the violence but didn't die out when Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomatox. By culturally amputating the Civil War's beating ideological heart of slavery from the collective national memory, post-war whites normalized "whiteness" as the default national identity. They also stripped the Confederacy — and, by extension, its battle flag — of its core political meanings, at least in the popular consciousness.
Enter American capitalism. In the many decades after the post-war reconciliationists stripped the Confederate flag of its real meaning, marketing geniuses like North Carolina's Dixie Outfitters filled that void by mass-producing the battle flag as a catch-all emblem of "rebellion." They at least have some keen business sense, because millions of Americans have been willing to hand over plenty of dead presidents (including, ironically, President Lincolns) to purchase a little bit of Rebel glory. And isn't that just so damn American? Before we even knew what we had, we patented the Confederate flag, and packaged it, and slapped it on a plastic lunchbox, and now we're selling it, we wanna sell it!!!
For many Americans, including the teens in the previously mentioned pictures, the Rebel flag is just that: a rebel flag, a form of generic, only vaguely historical, commodified rebellion. Heck, a mother of one of the Colorado students observed about the kids displaying the Confederate flag: "I think in their immaturity they kind of think it is a cowboy thing." Ya see? What's more of an American rebel than a cowboy?! In many cases, kids like this are as likely to think about the flag's historical connotations as the Cleveland Indians are to win the World Series. The same goes for much of the general public.
Y'know why this guy's more of a rebel than you? Because he voted for the other major American political party. Boo-Yah!!
Of course, there's always been a small subculture of Confederate "Heritage" bozos who actively deny the Rebel flag's deep connections to slavery and white supremacy because they'd like to think that great, great, great Uncle Bocephus donned his butternut duds to fight for something a bit more noble than keepin' the darkies in their place. Aren't they precious…
But beyond the Neo-Confederates, a good chunk of the American public simply doesn't attach much political or historical meaning to the Confederate flag. To them, the flag just stands for "rebellion," and even though most contemporary Americans have never rebelled against anything beyond leaving nasty Yelp reviews about their local Golden Corral buffet, they nonetheless like to think that they're rebels because, you know, freedom and such. Thus, waving a Confederate flag, or plastering the stars and bars on the bumper of their 1987 Ford Pinto allows some people to feel like rebels in the generic sense without actually having to rebel against something. This says a lot about how American history is filtered through the national consciousness, and it says even more about some Americans' willingness to plaster over their tragic racial past by making the Confederate flag into little more than a questionable fashion statement or a lame prom photo prop.
Confederate flag, consumerism Capitalism, Civil War, Colorado, Confederate Flag, Confederate States of America, Gettysburg, high school students, historical memory, North Carolina, prom, rebel, Reconstruction, Robert E. Lee, slavery, White Supremacy
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jdtcreates
I think the saddest part are the African Americans who make themselves seen with the flag. If any group of people should recognize the historical/political significance…
Jarret Ruminski
Just because you're a particular color, doesn't mean you're educated about the Civil War and what the Confederacy stood for. And it's likely that this person you're referring to is H.K. Edgerton: a guy who is either completely nuts, very ill-informed, or just in it for the cash that these goofball Heritage groups offer to him.
"Commodified rebellion. " Nice.
Those purveyors of Confederate wears were so preoccupied with whether or not they could that they didn't stop to think if they should.
LOL, bingo.
BorderRuffian
Many see it as a symbol against tyranny…
http://budswebs.homeip.net/confederate/ConfederateFlagattheBerlinWall(1988).jpg
Many are ignorant.
Anyone that uses the CBF which itself is a symbol of tyranny and oppression as a symbol against tyranny and oppression fails on several levels.
To view the Confederacy as "a symbol against tyranny," you'd have to be astonishingly ignorant of anything that it actually DID during the Civil War.
Connie Chastain
Ruminsky, scrolling through your blog is like walking through some bizarre, alien landscape. There's stuff here that looks impossible to wrap a level head around…
I note in passing that individualism is no more cultish than leftist groupism…. in fact, probably less so.
Slavery was an exclusively Southern thing? Well, golly geepers, sho nuff, IF you don't count its inextricable role in contributing to the wealth of the slave-less northeast… (Actually, the South was just where the slaves were domiciled, but institutional slavery's economic and social soaker hoses and sprinkler systems reached across the country, keeping it all … green. And white.)
White supremacy is merely one flavor of tribal supremacy (you ought to really identify with this; it's the original group-think), and tribal supremacy only problematic when it's the white tribe being, well, white and tribal, because white contributions to the world have been numerous and superior (western civilization, for example), and people, bless their hearts, are apt to confuse superior contributions with racial supremacy (especially when the confusion encouraged by people who dislike or are jealous of those contributions and the tribe making them).
Kevin Levin, btw, is deeply problematic.
Despite my profound affinity for, and attachment to, my homeland — the South — and its culture, and my belief in and support for secession (anywhere that it's needed, not just in Dixie), I still have more affection and respect for the good ol' US of A than many leftist critics who have been trying for so long to tear it down, especially since WWII, and have been making alarming headway in the Obama era.
BTW, it isn't totally Mr. Lang's fault that he can't pay his medical expenses himself. When a bag of saline water for an IV costs $120, it's evidence that the whole medical establishment (doctors/hospitals/suppliers, insurance companies, the feds) are conspiring, and have been for a long time, to take his responsibility for himself away from him.
See, certain folks in this country don't want to be responsible for themselves, but relying on the government has (or has had) a stigma attached, so the idea now is to force everyone to rely on the government (by making everything, but especially health insurance and medical care, unaffordable without government "help"); and when all share the same stigma, there is no stigma — just as when all are special or exceptional, there's no longer any such thing as special or exceptional, and Bob's your uncle.
Maybe someday you will consider doing a blog post about why leftists such ardent, nay obsessive, devotees of dependency…. or is it simply hostility to personal responsibility?
(P.S. and BTW, no posts about the departure of Mad Men from the vast wasteland? Here are a couple of things that you might find good starting points — http://www.vdare.com/posts/matthew-weiner-explains-mad-men-is-about-white-power …and… http://www.unz.com/isteve/matthew-weiner-on-how-mad-men-is-driven-by-his-resentment-of-wasp-country-clubs/ Enjoy! )
Lan' sakes alive, Connie, that's a might much to chew on, I'll have to ruminate over it for a while.
You can start by going through her victim mentality.
If she can handle actually learning something she can read Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel. Since that would be too difficult for her to do, she can go here http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/index.html . She can also watch the three episodes here on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwZ4s8Fsv94&list=PLhzqSO983AmHwWvGwccC46gs0SNObwnZX
She would learn exactly why "white" civilization was able to use its resources to gain ascendency over much of the world. It has nothing to do with the color of someone's skin and everything to do with geography.
I'm not sure I buy the whole "white civilization" is supreme thing. I mean, white folks started World Wars I and II, which amounted to the most cataclysmic destruction of human life in all of history. So, yeah, we whities ain't perfect.
Mr. Dick, "victim mentality" — term used to justify disregarding the complaints of those who have legitimate gripes.
It doesn't matter WHY the white tribe was so successful; only that it was successful. The issue has been related to skin color by critics of the white tribe as much as by cheerleaders of the white tribe.
Mr. Ruminski, I didn't say whites were perfect, or even supreme — only that their accomplishments were superior (in both number and quality). And actually, I believe communism in the 20th century resulted in the greatest destruction of human life. Not always by cataclysms such as war, but no less horrendous.
WWI — 37 million casualties, military and civilian
WWII — 60 milllion deaths, military and civilian
http://apworldhistory2012-2013.weebly.com/wwi-vs-wwii.html
Soviet communism — 70 million, murdered by government
Chinese communism — 77 million, murdered by government
(and these don't include other murderous regimes, not all of them white)
https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM
But what we're measuring, however approximately, is not destructiveness but positive achievement, although it just stands to reason that the originator of superior accomplishment can channel it into both good and bad. On the positive side, Western civilization, which is (primarily but not solely) a product of the white tribe, put a man on the moon. It wiped out some of the worst diseases in the history of man. Western civilization has led the way in exploration, discovery, development.
Whose medical achievements have been taken to western Africa to deal with the current ebola epidemic (and who took them there)? By contrast, whose medical achievements were used in the 1950s USA to deal with the polio epidemic? Well, there is no contrast, because polio was eradicated by the same medical achievements and the same people (of earlier generations).
You're a historian. Why don't you quantify the positive accomplishments of the tribes of mankind and see which, if any, are the most and best?
The "white tribe?" The "tribes of mankind?" This is the twenty-first century, right? Anyone? Bueller!
How do you expect to quantify anything without understanding why one race or region came to dominate others? Do you even have a clue why we have Western Civilization in the first place?
Communism is a product of Western Civilization so when you list the deaths it caused you can point right to Western Civilization and lay them at its feet.
What conditions had to exist for any race of man to extract and work iron ore? What enabled some men to literally use time to think instead of producing food? What conditions had to exist for mankind to expand beyond small villages into kingdoms and empires? What advantages did inhabitants of Eurasia have that Sub-Saharan Africans, Polynesians, Australian aborigines, and Native Americans on two continents did not have?
When you understand those advantages you see why the axises of two great civilizations arose where they did, and have lasted for so long.
As for victim mentality, you do not have a legitimate gripe.
Mr. Dick, what causes you to imagine I can't read, or would have difficulty reading Mr. Diamond?
The fact that you don't read what he wrote. If you did you would actually learn something. Your racist fantasies have been rejected by people with intelligence. Yet, you made those claims which have nothing to support them.
If you want to make a claim, back it up with facts. Otherwise you are just running your mouth. Disprove Diamond's work…but to do that you would have to read it.
I don't have a victim mentality.
Your statements prove otherwise.
Mr. Ruminski, my use of the word "tribe" was in reference to those who use "tribalism" to mean race, usually in response to a comment by someone who believes differently than they do about race. I just think it's interesting that sometimes the concept of a group (tribe, race, culture) is bad and a no-no, and sometimes it is good, as in groups that comprise multiculturalism and diversity.
Mr. Dick, what statements of mine prove otherwise?
Am I supposed to believe nobody understood the "why" of the rise of western civilization before 1997 when Mr. Diamond's book was published?
Pretty much all of them. People were making some good studies of what was going on. Unfortunately, some here in the US got this idea that skin color had something to do with western civilization being superior. Most people disagreed with them, but their ideas are still around. Diamond's research positively crushed the idea of race as a determining factor.
Read the book.
I don't have or display a victim mentality, and your "Pretty much all of them" is an evasion — and once again you have made a statement you can't prove, though it should be easy to. I understand your aversion to choosing a statement and holding it up as an example of my "victim mentality" because I'll tear it apart. But until you do, you've made a charge you're unwilling to substantiate.
And in front of all your peers who visit here.
"Mr. Dick, it is not a "victim mentality" to acknowledge the war on Confederate heritage that has been taking place since the middle or latter part of the 20th century. It's not an "us against the world" mindset — only us against those warring against our heritage. We don't ignore reality. I'd say that you ignore huge chunks of reality that lie outside your all-slavery, only-slavery mindset." Taken from your own comments on Crossroads.
Let's get something straight right now. The Civil War was caused by slavery. The South as a united group did not exist any more than it does now. Fully a third of the men in the southern states rejected secession and supported the Union during the war. You do not have a heritage built on facts. You have the lost cause myth. It has been completely repudiated by the facts and you do not like that so there is your victim mentality.
Your "heritage" is not under attack. Just the lies that prop up the moronic bullshit that is the lost cause. If you want to defend lies by saying your heritage is under attack, then you are an idiot.
As for my peers, they laugh at you. You can try to run your mouth on your blog and then delete the comments like you do all the time, but you've been caught doing it too many times. Brooks ripped you a new asshole along with most of the other bloggers. You are nothing but entertainment for Brooks to use on slow days.
From what I've read about Diamond's book (reviews on Amazon and on various blogs — not Confederate heritage blogs), there's plenty of room for criticism and questioning of his conclusions. And I thoroughly reject the notion that until he published this book, nobody understood the ascendancy of western civilization. From what I can tell just from discussions like this, it appears that his book is welcomed by folks such as yourself because it takes a post-civil-rights, politically correct view of race.
Here we have an example of research by Connie Chastain. "From what I've read about Diamond's book (reviews on Amazon and on various blogs — not Confederate heritage blogs), there's plenty of room for criticism and questioning of his conclusions." She reads the comments on Amazon to learn from. Why is that? Too lazy to read a book…or too skeered?
As for western civilization, you may have a racist viewpoint of it which was probably taught to you by other white supremacists who opposed civil rights in America, but predating Diamond were a lot of other historians. The historians who put together the Time-Life series in the 1960s were not racists making the claim that whites were superior because of their race. They and others placed western civilization as part of a multi racial theme because it comes from the Middle East.
Many non-historians wanted to claim a racial reason for this because it gave them a rationale to defend colonialism which was a major set back for emerging African nations. The concept of superior races was being rejected a long time ago. The Agricultural Revolution was seen to be part of why Western Civilization expanded like it did as well as geographic boundaries, but Diamond expanded upon this and realized that Geography had practically everything to do with why Western Europe became dominant after 1500 AD.
Here's the thing you and others miss. There is no guarantee that western civilization will be the main civilization. In fact, as we see the effects of globalization, it is more and more probable that a global civilization will replace it, but pieces of it and other civilizations will be what forms that global civilization. That is the nature order of things, not that of one race dominating the others.
There's nothing wrong with getting other people's views on the book… that's what Amazon's reviews are for. You just spent words and words giving your view of it. I don't think yours is the only view that should count in my decision whether to buy and read it. (BTW, the Internet is how we do things in the 21st century — how we communicate, how we teach, how we learn. You have a website don't you?" Mr. Ruminski… Levin, Simpson, all educators with blogs… You yourself have stuff online, correct?).
Too lazy or skeered? Nope, too broke, right now. Kindle version is under $10, so I'll consider that. But you still haven't convinced me that Diamond's book is the be-all and end-all you seem to think, or that I should spend my $10 on him instead of somebody else. If you're presenting it accurately, his explanation sounds way too simplistic…
One blog I read about Diamond examines his self-contradiction. It says: "The Jared Diamond of Guns, Germs, and Steel has almost no role for human agency–the ability people have to make decisions and influence outcomes. Europeans become inadvertent, accidental conquerors. Natives succumb passively to their fate. But in 2005 out comes another book from Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Suddenly choice and agency are back!"
This article, BTW, is quite interesting, and it would have a lot more to do with my choosing to read Guns, Germs and Steel (should I decide to do so) than your comments:
http://www.livinganthropologically.com/anthropology/guns-germs-and-steel/
I haven't taken courses in western civilization. I've observed and learned from numerous sources, starting in elementary school.
BTW, I have one volume of the Time-Life series titled "The Old South." It is subjective and opinionated and it heralds the coming of political correctness two or three decades later.
The effects of globalization — war, poverty, gradual third world status for previously prosperous countries, generalized, worldwide misery except for an elite few. Competition and conflict, not cooperation, are the natural order at the societal level. Without civilizational hierarchy, there will be no superior civilization to help the less fortunate ones. We'll all be one big, miserable planet.
Why would we be miserable? People get to make choices in democratic societies. One can vote for a party that is opposed to minimum wage increases, progressive taxation, a leveled playing field for business, social programs for people and not corporations, and the general welfare of people over profits OR one can vote for a party that puts people over profits, seeks minimum wage increases, seeks a level playing field for business, wants to maintain a social safety net including Social Security, the ACA, Medicare, Medicaid and other programs, and is an advocate of progressive taxation in order to prevent the elites from controlling the wealth produced by people.
You are subscribing to social darwinism. That can only happen if people allow it.
As for the Internet, it's a great place. It has all kinds of information on it as well as all kinds of trash. Sorting it out is an important concern that I have to teach students about as they seek information on it. Some blogs are written by people who have educations and use facts when developing their interpretations. They have degrees and have reached the point in their education where they are the ones who develop lessons and educate others.
Then we have those who state their opinions while rejecting facts. When confronted with sources they still reject those facts and cling to their discredited beliefs. That would be the lost cause crowd.
The choice to learn is yours. You can take the red pill of ignorance or the blue pill of knowledge.
Watch the Diamond videos. I show them in my Geography class.
Global civilization, should it occur, won't be a big version of the United States. 7+ billion people aren't all gonna hold hands and sing Kumbaya and buy the world a Coke and vote for progressive taxation and a higher minimum wage. It will take the most tyrannical, bloody, brutal dictatorship in the history of mankind to make it work. The bad old days of progressive and backward cultures will look like paradise by comparison.
And it won't work; not for long. Sooner or later, people under that kind of brutal repression reach a point where they have nothing left to lose and they fight back. This would be especially true if the whole planet is under domination, and there are no free places to escape to.
A degree is not proof educational attainment, or of the possession of knowledge or wisdom. It is possible to be self-educated and be a better teacher than somebody with advanced degrees.
The educational establishment today is about indoctrination. It has an agenda that is not about educating students. Education, especially higher education, used to be about free thought and free speech, about teaching people how to think and learn for themselves. Today, in the era of speech codes and "trigger word warnings," it's about telling people what to think. It also seems that the teaching profession increasingly attracts those who want to tell others what to think.
Disagreement with you — seeing things differently than you — is not ignorance, as much as you might like to see it that way.
I would just say, the "lost cause crowd" thinks the same thing about you and your educational establishment. Regardless of what you say, you pick and choose what you accept and reject based not on whether it's true or factual, but whether it is racially sensitive or caters to currently popular racial interpretations.
You have opinions and I have facts. Not my fault you reject facts in favor of fiction. Enjoy the red pill of ignorance.
Let me add to that, Connie. What I find with the people who whine about higher education is that they don't hear what they want from professors. That is not what higher ed is about. It is about teaching with facts whether you like them or not. You can bitch about that all day long, but the bottom line is you reject the facts and choose to hear lies. Then you complain about higher ed.
Sorry, I'm not going to lie to you so you can feel good about yourself. I'm going to tell you the truth. If you get butt hurt over it, tough. The world moved past you and you just can't stand it. The world isn't the way you want it to be because we've rejected your version. It wasn't based on facts and its history was total fiction.
You made your own hell. Enjoy it.
Hell? LOL! What have you been smoking?
Did you go to one of the Memorial Day Confederate flag burnings? Be careful, synthetic fabrics can give off toxic fumes when they're on fire. You're certainly the one who sounds distressed, not I.
You don't deal in facts. You deal in politically correct fantasy — such as, everyone who waves a Confederate flag is an evil white supremacist. You have drunk deeply of the leftist koolaid. Virtually everything is about race to you, and what ain't about race is about sexism/gender/orientation. (And that's not true, either.)
That little side trip is several decades old and about to run it's course. Longsuffering people who put up with the tantrums have about reached their limit. You and Mr. Ruminski have a dwindling audience except for the captives in your classrooms… (presuming Mr. Ruminski resumes teaching). It's too late to save the country, so everybody loses but it's almost worth it to see the leftist culture-changers in defeat.
Once again, Connie Chastain shows us she is incapable of learning because she chooses to be ignorant. When challenged with learning she flees like a cockroach when the lights come on. Given the opportunity to learn by watching Diamond's videos she flees. Given the opportunity to learn from Eric Foner's free classes she flees.
I love it that you say I don't deal in facts. It is hilarious. Coming from a woman who refuses to learn and who rejects facts, that is just complete and utter ignorance.
"It's too late to save the country" is just another example of your victim mentality. Go crawl back to your blog of backassed stupidity and your "heavy hitting" for the flaggers of futility. Together you have accomplished absolutely nothing except to give us all good laughs.
Goodbye, Connie. You had a chance to learn and instead you took the red pill of ignorance. You are one of the many poster children for why the lost cause is disappearing.
Dale Fielder
Great argument guys! Ended just when my popcorn ran out! I think the Blue Pillers won this one! Facts triumph ideology!


It is natural to experience intense grief after someone close dies, but complicated grief is different. Troubling thoughts, dysfunctional behaviors or problems regulating emotions get a foothold and stall adaptation. Complicated grief is the condition that occurs when this happens. People with complicated grief don't know what's wrong. They assume that their lives have been irreparably damaged by their loss and cannot imagine how they can ever feel better. Grief dominates their thoughts and feelings with no respite in sight. Relationships with family and friends flounder. Life can seem purposeless, like nothing seems to matter without their loved one. Others begin to feel frustrated, helpless and discouraged. Even professionals may be uncertain about how to help. People often think this is depression but complicated grief and depression are not the same thing.
Grief is a person's response to loss, entailing emotions, thoughts and behaviors as well as physiological changes. Grief is permanent after we lose someone close though it's manifestations are variable both within and between people. Still, there are some commonalities that can help you recognize complicated grief.
Acute grief occurs in the initial period after a loss. It almost always includes strong feelings of yearning, longing and sadness along with anxiety, bitterness, anger, remorse, guilt and/or shame. Thoughts are mostly focused on the person who died and it can be difficult to concentrate on anything else. Acute grief dominates a person's life.
Integrated grief is the result of adaptation to the loss. When a person adapts to a loss grief is not over. Instead, thoughts, feelings and behaviors related to their loss are integrated in ways that allow them to remember and honor the person who died. Grief finds a place in their life.
Complicated grief occurs when something interferes with adaptation. When this happens acute grief can persist for very long periods of time. A person with complicated grief feels intense emotional pain. They can't stop feeling like their loved one might somehow reappear and they don't see a pathway forward. A future without their loved one seems forever dismal and unappealing.
There are three key processes entailed in adapting to a loss: 1) accepting the reality, including the finality and consequences of the loss, 2) reconfiguring the internalized relationship with the deceased person to incorporate this reality, and 3) envisioning ways to move forward with a sense of purpose and meaning and possibilities for happiness. Most people move forward naturally in this way and grief finds a place in their lives as they do. Sometimes there are thoughts, feelings or behaviors that interfere with adaptation. Complicated Grief Therapy (CGT) helps people identify and resolve these interfering issues.
Troubling thoughts: After a loved one dies, almost everyone has some unsettling thoughts about how things could have been different. People with complicated grief get caught up in these kinds of thoughts.
Avoidance of reminders: People with complicated grief often think the only way they can manage pain is to stop the emotions from being triggered. To do this they try to avoid reminders of the loss.
Difficulty managing painful emotions: Emotions are almost always strong and uncontrollable during acute grief and managing them is different than at other times in our lives. Most people find a way to balance the pain with respite by doing other things, being with other people or distracting themselves. People with complicated grief are often unable to do this.


When faced with patients suffering a heart attack, doctors have two choices. One is to inject them with medication to dissolve the blood clot, that is fibrinolytic therapy, and second is to insert a small balloon to open the blocked artery i.e. primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Guidelines for treating heart attacks are generally based on clinical trials that do not take "real-life" conditions into account.
The latest study by Dr. Thao Huynh of the Research Institute of the MUHC analyses these gaps and provides potential solutions to improve treatment of heart attack. Her article was published in the June 23rd issue of Circulation.
In this study, Dr. Huynh compares the results of 23 randomized controlled trials conducted under controlled experimental conditions, with the results of 32 observational studies reporting on the treatment of patients with heart attacks in routine clinical conditions.
Both types of studies show the superiority of PCI over fibrinolytic therapy in reducing mortality and the risk of further episodes of cardiac arrest and stroke over the short term. However, the advantage of PCI is even more apparent in randomized controlled trials where delays in providing primary PCI are shorter than in routine clinical conditions.
Analysis of randomized controlled trials shows that primary PCI also reduces long-term mortality and repeat heart attack. However, this long-term benefit of primary PCI is not observed in observational studies where patients receive treatment within routine clinical conditions.
"The benefit of primary PCI can be lost over the long term if patients are not receiving optimal medical therapy after discharge from hospital. These medications are essential to prevent repeat heart attack." warned Dr. Huynh.


The Non-Profit Jobs Fund was established to provide tuition for students who work at non-profit organizations. All Cristo Rey students hold full-time work study positions to help finance their high school tuition. In addition to our for-profit companies, each year there are 24-40 students who work at local non-profit organizations.
Students working at for-profit companies earn tuition for each team of four students. Non-profit organizations, however, are not asked to pay for their student help. Instead, Cristo Rey absorbs the potential tuition income that these students could be making at a for-profit corporation as a part of our commitment to our community. Our goal is to find funding for six non-profit job teams so that our school can continue to send students to support the work of these important organizations.
Why do our students work at Non-Profit Organizations?
Providing work experience in the non-profit sector is an essential component of the leadership formation of Cristo Rey students as they become "Men and Women for Others." Considering our founding mission, we commit to civic engagement within the larger community.
Students often have the opportunity to give back to their communities by working at non-profit organizations, which often serve our students' neighborhoods. Students often have the opportunity to assume roles with greater responsibility at our non-profit partners.
Non-profit engagement also serves a practical purpose for the Corporate Work Study Program. Non-profit jobs allow us to provide professional fluidity during times of transition: a student working at a non-profit organization can quickly substitute in the rare occasions when a team member leaves a corporation, keeping for-profit positions filled at all times.
If you or your organization is interested in supporting a non-profit team or student, please use our online giving form or contact Morgan Henington, VP for Advancement, 773.890.6818, to get more information.
Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc.


text:
Q: Iterative preorder traversal (Debug) Here is an iterative version of preorder traversal.The idea is to
push the root into a stack.If left child is not NULL.Push the left child and root=root->left
Else root=Top of stack;Pop;push its right child and root=root->right
Its working on some trees but for some input trees it prints a duplicate value.The behavior of stack is surprising.How does it change from (4 5 6 8) to (4 6 8)?
    void preorder(node* root)
    {stack<node*> st;
     st.push(root);
     cout<<root->val<<" \n ";
     while(!st.empty())
      {if(root->left!=NULL)
         {st.push(root->left);
          cout<<st.top()->val<<" ";
         // printstack(st);
          root=root->left;
          }
       else{root=st.top();
            st.pop();
           if(root->right!=NULL)
            {st.push(root->right);
             cout<<st.top()->val<<" ";
             //printstack(st);
              root=root->right;
             }
           }
        }
      }

Helper function printstack used to debug
     void printstack(stack<node*> s)
      {stack<node*> t;
      t=s;
      while(!t.empty())
       {cout<<t.top()->val<<" ";
       t.pop();
       }
      }

For this input tree,the printed stack is below.
The preorder output is
8 3 1 6 5 4 4 7 9

                  ______8_
                 /                \
             __3_          9
            /        \
            1      ___6
                     /    \
                     5      7
                    /
                   4

3 8
1 3 8
6 8

5 6 8
4 5 6 8
4 6 8  //How is the Top of stack 4??It should have been 5,Stack being ( 5 6 8)
7 8

  9

A: The issue crops up on nodes that have left children but not right. When the node has a right child, that last if block changes the root before the next iteration, but without it, the root doesn't switch. Then, the next time through, we see a root (which has already been popped of the stack) that has a left child, so it's left child is pushed on the stack and visited again.
Hope that helps.

A: Pre-order Traversal
Initialization:
Push Root node onto the Stack
While(Stack not Emtpy)
{
  Node = Stack.pop();
  print Node;
  Push Node->right onto the Stack (pushing first, as I need to process left tree first.
                               Stack is LIFO)
  Push Node->left onto the Stack
 }

The above pseudocode should print Pre-order traversal.

A: Here is the right code which is a modification of your code. Just look-up the changes
void preorder(node* r1)
    {stack<node*> st;
     st.push(r1);
     node* root;
     root=r1;
     cout<<root->val<<" ";
     while(!st.empty())
      {if(root->left!=NULL)
         {st.push(root->left);
          cout<<st.top()->val<<" ";
          root=root->left;
          }
       else{root=st.top();
            st.pop();
           if(root->right!=NULL)
            {st.push(root->right);
             cout<<st.top()->val<<" ";
              root=root->right;
             }
            else
            root->left=NULL;
           }
        }
      }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Study finds risk of undetected cancer, pre-cancer in gynecologic surgery is higher than previously thought
by Boston University Medical Center
Minimally invasive gynecologic surgeries have advantages for patients, including shorter hospital stays, quicker recoveries, and less pain. However, power morcellation, a technique which cuts the uterus or fibroid into small pieces in order to extract them from the abdomen through a small incision, may worsen a woman's prognosis if a cancer is morcellated unintentionally.
Using a national insurance database of 55 million women, Boston Medical Center (BMC) researchers looked at cases from 19,500 women who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomies or myomectomies—procedures which typically incorporate power morcellation—to determine how frequently women are diagnosed with cancer after undergoing a gynecologic surgery for a problem that is believed to be benign. The study revealed that 1 in 352 women had an unsuspected cancer at the time of gynecologic surgery for disease that was thought to be benign. The study is published online in advance of print in the journal Women's Health Issues.
"Our findings show that the risk for morcellating cancer is much higher than previously understood," said Michael Paasche-Orlow, MD, MPH, general internal medicine physician at BMC and associate professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) who is the study's senior author. "It makes sense to avoid morcellation for women with cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions. As it is difficult to ascertain in advance, safer alternatives are needed."
The study also determined that more than half of the patients who were diagnosed with uterine cancer or endometrial hyperplasia, a pre-cancerous condition of the lining of the uterus, did not undergo endometrial testing prior to surgery. Thus, researchers suggest improving how physicians evaluate patients undergoing hysterectomies or myomectomies before they reach the operating room.
"We are continually seeking opportunities to move gynecologic surgery forward," said Rebecca Perkins, MD, a practicing gynecologist at BMC and associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at BUSM who is the study's lead author. "Because minimally invasive surgery has many advantages, future research should seek to improve techniques to create safer procedures for women."
Provided by Boston University Medical Center
Citation: Study finds risk of undetected cancer, pre-cancer in gynecologic surgery is higher than previously thought (2015, November 19) retrieved 27 January 2023 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2015-11-undetected-cancer-pre-cancer-gynecologic-surgery.html
Fewer women getting minimally invasive hysterectomies since FDA guidelines
Minimally invasive hysterectomy may be underused
Low cancer risk with device used to remove fibroids, study finds
Risk of unexpected sarcoma being discovered after hysterectomy appears fairly low
Study examines presence of uterine cancers at the time of hysterectomy using morcellation
Women's cancer outcomes improved by surgical evaluation
Expert analysis refutes claims that humans are colonized by bacteria before birth
Gut microbiome and its products promote endometriosis in animal model
Preeclampsia in mothers linked with four-fold higher risk of heart attack in decade after childbirth
Male alcohol use may be a crucial, unrecognized factor affecting IVF outcomes
New analysis sheds light on link between ovulation and ovarian cancer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Information about Bachelor and Single-cycle master degree programmes, fees and other details.
Decision on recognition is issued no later than two months after submitting the completed application.
Without using a qualified digital certificate (with a username and password) - application without using a qualified digital certificate must be printed, signed and sent by registered mail to the address in the top left corner of the printed application form by March 22, 2019.
Application without using a qualified digital certificate must be printed, signed and sent by registered mail to the address in the top left corner of the printed application form by September 3, 2019.
Help for international students to adapt to the Slovenian system and culture in their first year of study in Slovenia.


You are here: Home › Blog › Special Offers › Pump Oil on Sale this month!
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Hotsy Pump Oil is a quality mineral base lubricating oil ideal for use in high-pressure piston precision plunger pumps. Hotsy Pump Oil is blended with wear, rust and foam inhibitors to increase circulation efficiency. Hotsy recommends changing your pump oil after the first 50 hours of use and every 300 hours of use after.


Last week saw two major announcements that will affect Cuba cruise volumes not only in 2016, but also for years to come. The first came from MSC Cruises, which announced that it would be basing its 1,756-berth MSC Opera at Havana from this December until April 2016, while the second was an announcement by Carnival Corp & plc that fathom's 710-berth Adonia would be offering fortnightly 7-night sailings from Miami to Cuba. Further north, not only Bermuda, but also Quebec suffered in a planned shuffle by Holland America Line.
Although cruise ship tourism to Cuba has grown more than five-fold over the past three years, it is now set to grow exponentially with two recent announcements by major cruise lines.
A recent statement by the Cuban transport ministry confirmed that the number of cruise ship visits to Cuba rose from twenty-four in 2012 to 139 last year, while cruise passenger numbers saw a similar jump from 6,770 to 37,519. Up to May of this year there have already been 174 port calls and 62,183 passenger visits, according to the ministry.
In light of this, the two major announcements that have been made in the past ten days will mean even more growth for Cuba. First out of the gate was MSC Cruises, which has announced plans to base its MSC Opera in Havana over the winter of 2015-16.
The company will be the largest cruise line offering sailings from Havana, with 7-night cruises beginning from the capital on December 22 and running until April 12, 2016. These cruises will include two nights in Havana. But Havana will be the only Cuban port, with the Opera's new Itineraries featuring Montego Bay, Cozumel and Grand Cayman.
The MSC Opera joins Celesytal Cruises' 966-berth Celestyal Cristal in the seasonal winter trade from Havana, except that the Cristal calls at several Cuban ports while the MSC Opera calls only on Havana.
Fly-cruise packages will be available to passengers from Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. MSC Opera's original winter schedule featuring the Canary Islands, Madeira and Morocco has now been cancelled.
Meanwhile, US-based Carnival Corp & plc has announced that is has received permission to begin sailing to Cuba from May 2016 with its new fathom brand. These 7-night cruises from Miami will be by the 710-berth MV Adonia, which just last month had been announced for the Dominican Republic trade.
The answer is now self-evident as to why some sources said she would only go to the Dominican Republic every second week, because it seems to have been planned all along that she would alternate with Cuban sailings.
The largest cruise ship currently based in Cuba is the Celestyal Cristal, which first entered service for a Canadian-Cypriot joint venture, which is now wholly owned by the Louis Group, which operates Celestyal Cruises. Now as Celestyal Cristal, this vessel operates from Havana by winter and in the Greek Isles by summer.
Several non-US cruise lines such as Star Clippers, Thomson, Saga, Fred Olsen, Swan Hellenic and Noble Caledonia include stops in Cuba in their Caribbean itineraries. Ironically, Costa Cruises too was once active in the Cuban cruise market and had an agreement to operate cruise ship terminals at a number of Cuban ports.
However, this arrangement had to be terminated when Carnival acquired Costa.
The Carnival announcement highlights the easing of trade and travel restrictions with the United States earlier this year. US president Barack Obama recently announced that the US Embassy in Havana would reopen next Monday, July 20, more than fifty years after the US and Cuba broke off diplomatic relations.
Carnival Corp is the first US-based cruise operator to win approval to operate culturally-themed excursions to Cuba. In May, the US Treasury Department also approved several licenses for passenger ferry services between the United States and Cuba.
And in addition, earlier this month, the Treasury Department issued a license authorizing Palm Beach-based luxury yacht company Paul Madden Associates to provide charter services to Cuba.
Fathom will transport American passengers from May 2016 using P&O Cruises' Adonia. Demand for these cruises is expected to be high and Carnival has priced them accordingly, with fares beginning at $2,990 per person plus taxes and port fees.
The similar service-oriented trip on the same ship to the Dominican Republic starts at $1,540 per person.
Carnival said the Cuban cruises would focus on education, the environment and economic development and feature Spanish lessons and workshops on the country's heritage. There will be no casinos or stage shows.
The itinerary is still being finalized as Carnival seeks approval from the Cuban government. As well as Havana, the Adonia is expected to visit ports that could include Cienfuegos, Santiago and possibly Isla de la Juventud.
The last passenger ship to leave Havana for the US, in September 1962, was the West India Fruit & Steamship Company's City of Havana, and for more than a half-century only European ships have called at Cuban ports.
Following a recent release by Orlando Ashford, the new president of Holland America Line, it is worth examining what really is happening with Holland America's most regular services on the East Coast.
The news last week was that the 1,348-berth Veendam would be making only four visits to Bermuda in 2016 as opposed to six this year. In 2012, which was her last full season of Bermuda cruises, the Veendam made a total of 19 trips to the island.
But Bermuda is not the only destination to lose. Quebec too will lose its regular Quebec-Boston sailings in 2016, as the Veendam will now move to become Holland America's regular Montreal ship.
The Veendam will next year offer eight 14-night round trip cruises from Montreal, most of which can be divided into 7-day Montreal/Boston or Boston/Montreal one-way cruises. The four cruises that will be made from Boston to Bermuda will also be combinable into a 14-night Bermuda and Canada itinerary.
Meanwhile, the 1,266-berth Maasdam, up until now Holland America's regular Montreal ship, will transfer to Seattle in 2016, where she will undertake nine 14-night round trips "Great Land Explorer" cruises to Alaska.


In some situations, an elderly person needs someone else to make decisions on his or her behalf. Whether it's because of Alzheimer's disease or other causes of cognitive decline, elderly people often need an adult guardian to make their decisions for them.
The proposed New Jersey law would prevent this from happening by only allowing the state courts in which the elderly person had lived for the previous six months to make a guardianship determination. Currently, 30 states and the District of Columbia have laws that allow only specific state courts to make a guardianship decision, and also ensure that each state will recognize the validity of guardianships enacted in other states. An additional seven states are now considering enacting this type of legislation, making it much more difficult for any episodes of granny snatching to occur.


In this class we will be making the Crossed Canoes lap quilt (50" square). You will need the Go! Crossed Canoes 9" finished (55181) die and the Go! 2 1/2" strip cutter die (55017 or 55014).
Click here for pre-cutting list.


If your smile matters to you, then you want the best prosthodontist in Brentwood to help you maintain it in the best condition. There's a direct connection between a healthy smile and happiness and overall health, and knowing that can help you make better decisions about maintaining and improving your smile.
As a prosthodontist, Dr. Haroun Rostami receives many patients as a referral by general dentists in the area, who are not comfortable handling challenging situations to restore the condition of your teeth and mouth while making cosmetic improvements. At the same time, we welcome the opportunity to provide quality and compassionate dental care to all our patients in Brentwood.
All treatments begin with a thorough consultation where Dr. Rostami conducts a comprehensive examination to understand your specific dental and cosmetic needs. We believe that routine dental exams are a key component of maintaining optimal oral health and overall good health. In fact, the Academy of General Dentistry recommends that you visit your dentist every six months.
However, each person is unique, and all your family's oral needs are never the same.
Your family deserves the best dental care in Brentwood, and that is why our friendly staff takes your first dental appointment very seriously. Whether it has been six months or years since your last dental appointment, our dentist will perform a thorough dental exam to assess the condition of your teeth, gums, jaws, and other oral tissues to identify any existing or potential concerns, and create a personalized preventive or treatment plan.
Oral cancer screening – The dentist will inspect your lips, tongue, gums, throat, face, neck, roof of your mouth, and other oral tissues to check for early signs of cancer and other conditions.
The dental exam will reveal not only the condition of your mouth, but also your general health. Depending on the results, Dr. Rostami will recommend preventive actions to maintain your oral health, or schedule any urgent treatments to prevent the problem from getting worse and ultimately increasing the treatment cost.
A healthy mouth will also help to keep your smile bright. We care about the health of your family. Contact us today, in Brentwood, to schedule your dental exam today.


Stylish 2 bedroomed air-conditioned Penthouse apartment in the heart of Malta, offering the right combination to those who seek comfort, culture and sun and sea.
Property consists of living room with a.c., fully equipped kitchen/dining room with seating for 4 persons, 2 double bedrooms both with a.c, ensuite shower, bathroom, back terrace and a spacious front terrace with garden furniture and bbq.
The terrace enjoys views of Mdina Cathedral and distant country views. During the Festa season one can relax and enjoy the spectacular fireworks displays that light up the Maltese night sky.
The Penthouse is served with lift and is situated close to all amenities and the main square at Haz- Zebbug - a typical Maltese village in the centre of Malta.
Discount will be given on rates if the apartment is rented for more than 2 weeks.
Property Rental Deposit Required: Deposit required is 30%of the total amount. Balance paid one week before arrival.
We charge a security deposit of 200 Euros or equivalent against any damage which will be refunded before you leave the apartment in same currency providing everything is in order.
SMOKING is only permitted on the terrace or on the balconies.
Haz-Zebbug is a typical Maltese village in the centre of the Island of Malta characterised by narrow winding streets and an imposing church set in a large square.
Haz-Zebbug is an ideal base from where to explore the Island and all it has to offer. There are many historic sites, museums, nightlife, beaches and water sports facilities close by, car hire is reasonable and recommended.
Its neighbouring villages include Attard, Rabat and Mdina - the Silent City - a gem of architecture, art and history. Mosta famous for its Dome Basilica is also nearby.
For the golf enthusiasts the Marsa Sports Club is only 5 minutes away by car.
The two bedrooms are tastefully decorated with modern furniture and are air-conditioned. the master bedroom is equipped also with ensuite facilities.


This page provides important information about studying with Open Colleges, including links to the Student Handbook and various student forms.
Importantly, this information covers all courses delivered by Open Colleges, including those courses delivered by Open Colleges on behalf of partner institutions.
This outlines the process for recruiting, enrolling and admitting prospective students into courses that meet their needs and goals for the future.
This form collects the key information to support your application for enrolment at Open Colleges. This form can be completed by you and sent to Open Colleges. Alternatively, you can speak to an Enrolment Consultant or apply directly online.
Prior to commencing studies with Open Colleges each student accepts the terms of our Student Agreement. It outlines the important terms and conditions of your enrolment with Open Colleges.
Open Colleges provides a range of ways for students to pay their course fees. This form details the payment methods available for paying your course fees and any associated terms and conditions. You should read this form in conjunction with the Student Agreement.
Some additional administrative services offered by Open Colleges incur a surcharge. This document specifies all the additional administrative fees.
This policy and procedure provides you with important information relating to the cancellation of studies and includes definitions for Special Considerations.
The Open Colleges Student Handbook is your guide to studying at Open Colleges. The Student Handbook provides lots of great information and advice about how to get the most out of your learning experience with Open Colleges. The Student Handbook is available in OpenSpace - our virtual campus. You can also access a copy of the Student Handbook here.
Open Colleges is committed to supporting you to succeed in your studies. The following procedures outline the specific services available to you. A summary of these services is also available in the Student Handbook.
This policy outlines our approach to supporting effective learning by Open Colleges' students.
This provides you with key definitions of terms used at Open Colleges.
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The purpose of this procedure is to provide all students an option to have minor concerns and issues addressed and resolved quickly and informally as an alternative to the formal complaint management process.
This procedure outlines the core steps and considerations to be applied in a course transition process.
Open Colleges understands that some students may experience prolonged difficulties or disadvantage that may impact the ability to complete their course in relation to either medical, financial or personal difficulties. The Cancellation and Refund Policy and Procedure provides definitions for Special Consideration and the application procedures. You will find the Special Consideration Form in the Student Forms Section below.
Assessment is an important element of your learning experience with Open Colleges. We aim to develop assessments as an integrated part of your course. The following procedures provide important information about how assessment is conducted at Open Colleges. You will find specific information regarding the assessments in your course from your Course Overview.
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This provides you with information on assessment submission requirements, grading, feedback, re-submission and extensions. You can also access information about assessment appeals.
This is relevant for those students undertaking a course with a Workplace Assessment or Structured Workplace Learning component. This provides you with information on the key elements of the Workplace Assessment. It includes a useful summary Student Guide to Workplace Assessment.
This provides you with information on the processes required to apply for recognition of your prior studies or work experience towards your current course with Open Colleges.
This provides you with an outline of our expectations of students in terms of their academic work, engagement with others and use of Open Colleges' resources throughout their studies with Open Colleges.
This provides you with information about the provision of an Academic Transcript, Record of Assessment and Qualification to students.
While we hope that you have a challenging and rewarding learning experience with Open Colleges, we understand that sometimes we do not get things right. In these cases, we have developed important policies and procedures to manage student complaints. These are outlined below.
This provides you with information on the principles adopted by Open Colleges in the management of student complaints.
The purpose of this procedure is to ensure all complaint appeals relating to courses, student experiences and general operations of the business are fully investigated and decisions made according to the principles of natural justice.
This link provides you with information relating to the Resolution Institute Student Mediation Scheme including the application for external review form and associated fees.
This provides information about Open Colleges' responsibility to a student with a disability or special need and the responsibility of a student who has a disability or special need.
During your studies, you may need to complete a range of forms. You can access these forms from the following links. These forms are also available in OpenSpace.
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Open Colleges Australia, through it's three Registered Training Organisations (Open Colleges, Integrated Care and Management Training and College of Fashion Design) participate in a tuition assurance scheme (TAS) to safeguard students in the event of it becoming insolvent and unable to return fees that have been paid in advance. In the event the TAS is required to be actioned, the administrators of the TAS will source a similar or comparable training with an alternative approved training provider to allow the effected participants under this condition to complete their studies with minimum disruption and without further financial burden. However if the student cannot be placed, the tuition assurance will make refunds.
Open Colleges strives to maintain high standards and responsible business conduct. If you suspect illegal, unethical or unsafe behaviour you can report this matters to us anonymously.
Open Colleges Australia is an education development group specialising in online and distance learning vocational courses for adult learners. Open Colleges Australia owns Open Colleges Pty Ltd, Integrated Care and Management Training Pty Ltd and the College of Fashion Design Pty Ltd. Open Colleges Australia and its subsidiaries do not provide any university or school level courses, and are not in any way associated, affiliated or otherwise connected with Open Universities Australia, The Open University UK, or the South Australian or Queensland Open Access College.


Bought the above for $50 untried. Some rust on the bottom edges, but otherwise in decent shape for its age. Didn't have means to test electronics when purchased so I don't know if it works. I know CS has a retro kit if they don't, but not willing to spend the $600+-.
Is there any threads that others have rigged whatever to make it functional?? Otherwise I will have a pretty cheap cambro type food keeper or storage.
This is another pic of the control panel.
So far it buzzes and the temp digital lights try and light. I don't know the last time it worked, I have had my eye on it for three years and decided to ask about price. It's been in a surplus kitchen supply house for years and the last two not protected from the weather.
Here in Florida its been raining everyday so no time to work on it.
Am I allowed to bump??
Have you taken it apart and done some basic trouble shooting with a meter to see what is still viable and what needs replacing?
Not yet, will try and do some troubleshooting tomorrow.
I'm really asking "if" the controls don't work, what else besides $600+- new controls can be done to use what I have.
Any work around hacks, not with the controls, but with other means??
OK, got some troubleshooting time in this morning...Hmmm seems to work. someone has worked on the electronics before. The on/off toggle switch has been bypassed, no biggy, just plug in and unplug for power, will fix in future.
Since I don't have an owners manual I was winging the controls on the outside board. The led read out is not showing completely so I was guessing at some numbers. At this point I don't know if the set and forget settings work, but the smoker temp works. I increased the temp by 50* by some led read out and quesswork.
Got it up to 300 +.
Now, somewhat of a problem....the contactor works but buzzes when pulled in?? Fix for that? Maybe just some more cleaning and lubing where appropriate?
I cook by doneness and not by temp. so if the set and forget doesn't work I'm ok with that.
So far it works, so for the $50 I spent and it keeps going I think I've done good. Mind you this is a 1993 model!!!!!
Now I just need to scrape, rust treat, and paint and clean......What to smoke first????
Ok, got it working, sort of.
Got my first cook under my belt, usually use a UDS or mini Uds's. Have learned constant temp is a must for these. I smoke by temp not by time.
Since the LED readouts are not working fully it is hard to determine where I am at. My four chickens came out fine except the were slightly over cooked, still juicy though.
Is there any workaround fixing my LED display so I can know what's going in my cooker??
Again it is a 1993 sm105 commercial cookshack!!!!
Just put a temp probe in smoker to give you the inside air temp?
I bought one just like yours. The board went bad and I replaced the brain with a solid state relay (SSR) and PID controller. IIRC ~$75. There is a thread on here and Google it. (The concept is also used for brewing beer so don't get alarmed) Works great.
Do you have pics and or where you got it?
only pid type things I can find are in the $200 to $300 range. Don't know if I am going to keep, so don't want to sink any more in. Only got $50 now.


text:
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