text:
\section{Introduction}

Superconducting materials with high kinetic inductance offer new opportunities in the design of high-sensitivity photon detectors, wideband quantum amplifiers, and high-coherence quantum processors~\cite{Manucharyan2009,Day2003,HoEom2012,Macklin2015}. In particular, for the noise-resilient superconducting-qubits, a non-dissipative circuit element as characterized by a considerably high inductance (\textit{i.e.,} several hundred nanohenry to a few microhenry) is indispensable for charge- and flux-noise protection~\cite{Earnest2018,Kalashnikov2020,Pechenezhskiy2020,Groszkowski2018,Gyenis2021a,Gyenis2021}. The magnitude of such inductance, as it is often the case, utterly exceeds the achievable geometric inductance in the nanofabricated superconducting circuits, making the utilization of intrinsic material properties such as kinetic inductance essential for its practical realizations. Extensive research have thus been performed on superconducting materials with a large kinetic inductance, such as Josephson-junction arrays (JJAs) \cite{Nguyen2019,Pop2014,Gyenis2021,Pechenezhskiy2020} and granular aluminum \cite{Grunhaupt2019,Kamenov2020,Moshe2020,Maleeva2018}, for the high-inductance implementations.

In addition to aluminum-based materials, disordered superconducting nitrides (\textit{e.g.,} TiN, NbN, NbTiN) are also drawing increasing interests. Owing to the low energy dissipation, resilience to magnetic fields, and process compatibility, these emerging materials are advantageous for high-coherence applications and large-scale circuit integration~\cite{Samkharadze2016,Hazard2019,Peltonen2018,Shearrow2018,Knehr2021}. Nevertheless, due to the relatively small kinetic inductance (\textit{i.e.}, on the order of picohenry-per-square), a nanowire with large aspect ratio is inevitably required for the implementation of high-inductance elements~\cite{Chand2009,Coumou2013a,Hazra2018,Niepce2019,Pita-Vidal2020}. Any imperfection of the nanowire could be a source of energy dissipation and deteriorate the circuit coherence. As a result, tremendous research efforts have been made in the geometric control and optimization of these materials for the practical applications ~\cite{Samkharadze2016, Niepce2019, Yu2021, Pita-Vidal2020}.

A strategy to alleviate the stringent geometric constraints is to further increase the intrinsic kinetic inductance. Primarily, this was attained by either reducing material thickness or increasing the disorder. For instance, thin films of TiN or NbN have been shown to yield a sheet inductance of several hundred picohenry-per-square as the film is thinner than 10~nm~\cite{Shearrow2018,Coumou2013a,Coumou2013,Yu2021}. The chemical and structural disorder in NbTiN can also be increased if the deposition techniques and parameters are properly refined~\cite{Tsavdaris2017,Hazra2018}. However, despite the continuing optimization in the material synthesis, it remains a fundamental challenge to control the homogeneity of ultrathin films where a slight variation in thickness will inevitably result in substantial changes in the material properties. It is also known that ultrathin and disordered superconducting films are accompanied by large spacial fluctuations on the superconducting order parameter~\cite{Coumou2013,Kang2011,Carbillet2016,Carbillet2020}, which could trap quasiparticles in the superconductors and act as detrimental two-level systems~\cite{DeGraaf2020}. Moreover, the high defect density at the surfaces and edges of ultrathin nanowires typically plays a more significant role in deteriorating the microwave performance due to the larger filing factors of electric-field energy at these two regions~\cite{Gao2008,Samkharadze2016,Niepce2019,Coumou2013a,Niepce2020}. As such, aside from the augmentation of kinetic inductance by solely geometric reduction, an approach to intrinsically enhance the material disorder without compromising the material quality is desired.

\begin{figure*} [htp]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_Fig1.pdf}
      \caption{(a) The spinodal decomposition regime is illustrated in the miscibility gap of a phase diagram where the second derivative of \textit{Gibbs} free energy at a specific temperature (\textit{e.g.,} $T_1$) is negative. (b) X-ray line scans on 100nm-thick as-grown and annealed TAN films. (c) The HAADF-STEM and STEM-EDS scans for as-grown TAN films. (d) The HAADF-STEM and STEM-EDS scans for annealed TAN films. Clear phase segregation was revealed by HAADF-contrast variations and STEM-EDS mapping.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFig1}
\end{figure*}

In this work, we demonstrate a method to substantially increase the disorder and the kinetic inductance of epitaxial-quality superconducting materials with low microwave losses. The idea is to utilize the spinodal decomposition in a compound where the spontaneous phase segregation results in a much stronger chemical and structural disorder. An extensively studied material Ti\textsubscript{0.48}Al\textsubscript{0.52}N (TAN) was used as a model system to verify the feasibility of this approach. Although this material has long been considered for hard coating~\cite{Zhou2017,ToBaben2017}, the combination of TiN (which is a superconductor) and AlN (which is a wide band-gap insulator) makes it ideal for the introduction of low-loss non-superconducting phases in the superconducting phases. We show that, the as-grown TAN epitaxial films on sapphire substrates were insulating, while after the phase segregation, an insulator-to-superconductor transition was observed. Structural characterization on the phase-segregated materials revealed good crystallinity and a random distribution of Ti-rich and Al-rich regions, consistent with our simulations and the previous studies on similar spinodal systems~\cite{Knutsson2013,Zhou2017}. Subsequent transport and cryogenic measurements on microwave resonators have shown a sharply enhanced sheet inductance of $L_k^{\square} \approx57$ pH/$\square$ for the TAN films as thick as 100 nm, and a reasonably good resonator quality factor of $Q_i \sim2.7\times10^5$. As the film thickness was reduced to intermediate value of 20 nm, the sheet inductance was measured to be as large as $\sim7.5$ nH/$\square$, nearly 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than all the reported nitride superconductors and comparable to the highest sheet inductance ever achieved in the granular-aluminum system~\cite{Shearrow2018,Coumou2013a,Niepce2019,Hazard2019,Samkharadze2016,Hazra2018,Maleeva2018,Kamenov2020,Moshe2020,Zhang2019,Valenti2019}. Our results demonstrate that the spinodal TAN films are promising candidates for the implementation of high-inductance and low-dissipation circuit elements. With a systematic engineering over the chemical compositions and micro-structures, spinodal superconducting systems may offer an unprecedented opportunity in the high-impedance superconducting quantum circuits.

\section{Spinodal decomposition and structural characterization}

Spinodal decomposition is a spontaneous phase segregation process in mixtures where an infinitesimal perturbation can drive the segregation of phases without nucleation. Given a homogeneous solid mixture composed of two thermodynamically stable phases, the spinodal decomposition takes place in a range of compositions where the second derivative of the total Gibbs free energy is negative (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}a). Within this regime, any infinitesimal change in the material composition reduces the total energy, giving rise to a random distribution of segregated phases. Such phase segregation, in turn, creates a stronger chemical and structural disorder in the system and drastically changes the material properties. For example, given that one of the phases is a superconductor (\textit{e.g.,} TiN) and the other is an insulator (\textit{e.g.,} AlN), we have simulated the redistribution of atoms and acquired a microscopic structure with the Ti-rich regions largely confined by Al-rich regions (Supplementary Fig.~1). It can be further hypothesized that, as the phase segregation evolves, an insulator-to-superconductor transition could be observed in the Ti-rich regions, and the spinodal system manifests as a highly-disordered superconducting material. In this spirit, we carried out a set of detailed studies on a model epitaxial TAN films to verify this hypothesis.

100nm-thick epitaxial TAN thin films with a nominal stoichiometry Ti\textsubscript{0.5}Al\textsubscript{0.5}N were grown on the $c$-cut sapphire substrates using a magnetron co-sputtering system (see Methods). Part of the deposited wafers from the same batch were annealed for phase segregation as comparative studies (\textit{i.e.,} 1000 $^{\circ}$C for 30 mins, see Methods). From the X-ray line scans (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}b, Supplementary Fig.~2a), the as-grown TAN films are revealed to be epitaxial and single-phase as indicated by the clean and sharp diffraction peaks at the 111-diffraction conditions. Based on the diffraction peak positions of the two parent phases (\textit{i.e.,} TiN and \textit{cubic}-AlN~\cite{Xia1998,Camp1991,Gao2021}), the nominal stoichiometry of TAN films is achieved according to Vegard's law, and was quantitatively confirmed to be Ti\textsubscript{0.48}Al\textsubscript{0.52}N by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) depth-profile studies (Supplementary Fig.~3). For the annealed TAN samples, the diffraction peaks remained almost unchanged, suggesting that the crystallinity of the samples is maintained even after the phase segregation. The good quality of the as-grown and annealed films were additionally revealed by rocking-curve studies, both yielding a full-width-half-max of $\sim$0.04$^{\circ}$ (Supplementary Fig.~ 2b). It is worth noting that, although a number of annealing conditions have been tested and will inevitably result in different level of phase segregation~\cite{Hoglund2010,Zhou2017}, a fixed annealing condition was carried out throughout this work for in-depth material investigations.

To better understand the microstructure evolution, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) was performed on both as-grown and annealed samples. The HAADF images along $[01\bar{1}]_{\text{TAN}}$ zone axis (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}c) revealed clear columnar nature of the as-grown TAN films, where the columnar domains exhibited good crystallinity as indicated by the sharp fast-\textit{Fourier}-transform patterns and the clearly visible atomic columns (Supplementary Fig.~2c). Note that the columnar domains are mainly tilted rotational domains offset from each other by 60$^{\circ}$ along the out-of-plane $[111]_{\text{TAN}}$-axis, which have been studied in detail for epitaxial TiN/sapphire heterostructures~\cite{Gao2021}. After the thermal annealing (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}d), the macroscopic domain structures remained essentially unchanged while the contrasts of the HAADF images are turning inhomogeneous within each domain. The variation in HAADF contrasts is a result of the phase segregation where regions with distinct atomic masses scatter the electron beam differently, and the dislocation and micro-strain evolution accompanied with the atomic diffusion processes~\cite{Calamba2019,Calamba2021,Chaar2021}. To get a better picture of the atomic distribution, energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) on the atomic ratio of titanium and aluminum was performed. It can be shown from the STEM-EDS mapping that the as-grown TAN films possess a relatively homogeneous distribution of titanium and aluminum atoms (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}c). After the annealing (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}d), more distinct Ti-rich and Al-rich regions with sizes on the order of nanometers can be observed. Besides the microscopic phase segregation, a gentle gradient of elemental distribution can be observed from the film-substrate interface to the film surface of annealed samples (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}d, Supplementary Fig.~3b). This could be a result of various convoluted effects such as changes in diffusion energy barriers due to the variation in the micro-strains from the interface to the surface~\cite{Calamba2019a,Calamba2019} and the difference in affinity to oxygen between aluminum and titanium atoms~\cite{Greczynski2019}. As the concentration gradient is reasonably small (less than 5\%), its impacts are neglected in this work and subject to future studies. In all, high-quality epitaxial TAN thin films have been synthesized as a model spinodal system, and clear phase segregation was observed upon thermal annealing without degrading the structural qualities. With a detailed understanding over the structural and chemical properties, we proceeded to examine the electrical behaviors of the material.

\section{Electrical transport studies}

\begin{figure*} [t]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_Fig2.pdf}
      \caption{(a) The temperature-dependent sheet resistance $R_s(T)$ for both as-grown and annealed 100 nm-thick TAN films. An insulator-to-superconductor transition was introduced by phase segregation with a transition temperature $T_c$=3.2 K (inset, where the $R_s(T)$ of 100 nm-thick TiN parent phase is given for comparison). (b) \textit{Hall} resistance as a function of applied magnetic field for annealed TAN films. A clean and positive slope with small temperature dependency revealed the metallic nature of annealed samples. (c) Temperature-dependent longitudinal resistance ($R_{xx}(T)$) under varied magnetic field applied perpendicular to the substrate surface. (d) The relationships between the upper critical ($H_{c2}$) and superconducting transition temperature ($T_c$) are given for both perpendicular and parallel fields. Dotted lines are the fits to the experimental data.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFig2}
\end{figure*}

The electrical measurements were performed on samples patterned with \textit{Hall}-bar geometry (see Methods, Supplementary Fig.~4). The temperature-dependent $R_s(T)$ curves from 300~K to 200~mK were first acquired for both as-grown and annealed TAN films (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig2}a). The as-grown TAN samples showed a negative $dR/dT$, indicating the insulating nature of the homogeneous Ti-Al-N mixture. After the annealing, an insulator-to-superconductor transition was observed with a relatively sharp phase transition temperature of $T_c\approx$ 3.2~K and a sheet resistance of $R_s\approx$ 132~$\Omega/\square$. Comparing with the 100 nm-thick TiN parent phase deposited under the same conditions, there is a 2 orders of magnitude increase in the sheet resistance (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig2}a, inset). Remarkably, this observation has confirmed our hypothesis that the creation of localized Ti-rich regions in TAN spinodal systems can indeed give rise to superconductivity with significantly enhanced disorder. As a result, the sheet kinetic inductance of this 100 nm-thick TAN film given by $L_k^\square=\frac{\hbar R_s}{\pi\Delta}$ is expected to be as large as 57 pH/$\square$, a value comparable to those observed in much thinner nitride superconductors.

A careful analysis on the temperature dependence of conductivity for the annealed TAN films revealed the material to be a disordered metal (see Supplementary Materials, Supplementary Fig.~5)~\cite{Kaveh1982,Lee1985}. This is followed and confirmed by \textit{Hall} resistance measurement (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig2}b) that yields a nearly temperature-independent carrier concentration of $n_e^{10K}=1.6\times 10^{28}$ m$^{-3}$ and an elastic mean-free-path of $l$ = 0.18~nm (corresponding to a $k_Fl$ = 1.38) under the assumption of the free-electron model (see Supplementary for more detailed discussion). To further examine the superconducting properties of the annealed TAN films, longitudinal resistance $R_{xx}(T)$ was measured under a series of magnetic fields applied both in parallel and perpendicular to the substrate surface (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig2}c for perpendicular field and Supplementary Fig.~6 for parallel field). The superconducting transition temperature was chosen where the longitudinal resistance was reduced by half, and the relationships between the upper critical fields and the superconducting transition temperatures ($H_{c2}^{\parallel,\perp}(T)$) were plotted (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig2}d). For the parallel fields, $H_{c2}^{\parallel}(T)$ curve can be well fitted by the \textit{Ginzburg-Landau} (\textit{GL}) formula $\mu_0H_{c2}^{\parallel}(T)=\Phi_0/2\pi\xi_{GL}^2[1-(T/T_c)^2]$ and the \textit{GL coherence length} was extracted to be $\xi_{GL}$ = 7.7 nm. Owing to the fact that $l\ll\xi_{GL}\ll\lambda_L$, where the \textit{London penetration depth} $\lambda_L$ for disordered superconductors is typically hundreds of nanometers~\cite{Qiao2018,Diener2012,Pracht2012}, the material is confirmed to be a bulk-like, dirty type-II superconductor. While for the perpendicular fields, a deviation from the empirical \textit{GL} formula was observed where the curve has an upward curvature at low fields and saturates to a higher critical fields with weaker temperature dependency (fitting details see Supplementary materials, Supplementary Fig.~6). We propose that the slight anisotropy between the parallel and perpendicular fields is caused by the existence of vertical columnar grain boundaries (see Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig1}c,d and Supplementary Fig.~2c,d). Namely, at low fields, the columnar structures make the material resemble those granular and weakly-coupled superconductors, featuring an upward curvature in $H_{c2}^{\perp}(T)$ due to the change of relative magnitudes between the inter-grain coupling energy and the magnetic-flux energy~\cite{Deutscher1978,Deutscher1980,Klemm1975}. As the field increases, the grain boundaries serve as pinning centers for the aligned vortices and enhance the superconductivity robustness~\cite{Jung2012,Matsumoto2009,Durrell2011}. To conclude, the phase segregation induced by spinodal decomposition in TAN results in a insulator-to-superconductor transition at around 3.2~K and a largely enhanced kinetic inductance of the material.

\section{Cryogenic microwave resonator studies}

To examine the applicability of TAN for superconducting quantum circuits, we first demonstrate that the TAN system can be easily integrated into our established TiN-based processes~\cite{Gao2021}. Briefly, the TAN films were wet etched in a solution of ammonia hydroxide and hydroperoxide masked by a layer of SiN\textsubscript{x}. The etched wafers were then sent for TiN deposition without hardmask stripping. The deposited TiN layer was subsequently patterned using the SiN\textsubscript{x}-hardmask and the wet etchants (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig3}a, details see Methods). The eventual device structure was obtained after rinsing off the hardmask in the DHF solutions, and the scanning electron microscopy images of one exemplary device was illustrated (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig3}b). As given in the figures, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonators features a center resonator line (10 $\mu$m in width, 50 $\mu$m gap to ground) made of 100 nm-thick TAN films and a ground plane together with the readout feed line made of 100 nm-thick TiN films.

Cryogenic microwave studies on the CPW resonator devices were performed using a vector-network analyzer (cryogenic measurement setup see Supplementary Fig.~7). The transmission scattering parameter $S_{21}$ of the feed line was collected and the internal quality factor $Q_i$ of the capacitively coupled TAN resonators was extracted by fitting the inverse $S_{21}$ spectra given by $S_{21}^{-1}(f) = 1 + \frac{Q_i}{Q_c^*}e^{i\phi} \frac{1}{1+2 i Q_i \frac{f-f_0}{f_0}}$, where $Q_i = (Q^{-1}-Q_c^{-1})^{-1}$, $Q_c^*=Q_c (Z_0/|Z|)$, $Z_0$ is the cable impedance, and $Z = |Z|e^{i\phi}$ is half the inverse sum of the environment impedance on the input and output sides of the resonators. Averaged quality factors of multiple resonators as a function of calculated photon numbers in the resonators were plotted (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig3}c), and the fitting spectra of one exemplary resonator were also provided (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig3}d,e). The averaged quality factor at single-photon limit is extracted to be $Q_i\approx2.7\times10^5$, comparable and even better other high-kinetic-inductance resonators~\cite{Samkharadze2016,Zhang2019,Niepce2019,Maleeva2018}. In addition, the resonator quality factors were observed to have little photon-number dependency, indicating that an energy relaxation mechanism other than the well-known two-level systems (TLS) could be dominant and is under investigation for future studies. Moreover, by comparing the measured resonator frequencies with the circuit-electromagnetic simulation using HFSS (\textit{ANSYS}, see Methods), it was found that the extracted surface inductance of TAN resonator is 57.4 pH/$\square$, matching well with that predicted in the transport studies. Altogether, a combination of electrical transport studies and cryogenic microwave resonator studies have all revealed the spinodal TAN system as a promising material candidate to be used for high-inductance and low-microwave-loss circuits.

\begin{figure} [t]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{TAN_Fig3.pdf}
      \caption{(a) The schematic illustration of the integration of TAN into the established TiN processes with silicon nitride hardmask and and wet etchants. (b) Scanning electron microscopy image of the fabricated microwave CPW resonator. The readout feed line and ground plane were made with low-loss epitaxial TiN films while the high-inductance center resonator line was made with 100 nm-thick annealed TAN. (c) Ten TAN resonators showed an averaged quality factor $Q_i$ of $\sim2.7\times10^5$ with little photon-number dependency, and (d-e) the exemplary fittings for $Q_i$ extraction of one of the resonators was given.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFig3}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussions and conclusions}

\begin{figure} [t]
      \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{TAN_Fig4.pdf}
      \caption{The specific inductance and the corresponding film thickness of various materials including TAN (this work), TiN~\cite{Shearrow2018,Coumou2013a,Gao2021}, NbTiN~\cite{Samkharadze2016,Hazard2019,Hazra2018}, NbN~\cite{Niepce2019}, and granular aluminum~\cite{Maleeva2018,Kamenov2020,Moshe2020,Zhang2019}. The granular aluminum has a wide range of reported values and is indicated by the shaded area.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFig4}
\end{figure}

We further compare the TAN system with other reported high-kinetic-inductance material systems including a number of disordered superconducting nitrides~\cite{Shearrow2018,Coumou2013a,Niepce2019,Hazard2019,Samkharadze2016,Hazra2018} and granular aluminum~\cite{Maleeva2018,Kamenov2020,Moshe2020,Zhang2019,Valenti2019} (Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig4}). Since it is very often the case that only sheet inductance is reported in the literatures, making it burdensome to compare materials with varied thicknesses, we use specific inductance (\textit{i.e.,} sheet inductance $L_s$ times material thickness $t$) to better reflect intrinsic material properties. For strongly disordered thin films with large magnetic-field penetration depth ($\lambda \gg t$), the specific inductance given by $L_s\cdot t=\frac{\mu_0\lambda t}{2}\coth(\frac{t}{2\lambda})\approx \mu_0\lambda^2$ is essentially equivalent to the penetration depth of the materials. In the meantime, due to the fact that the penetration depth also scales with the film thickness, the specific inductance with the corresponding film thicknesses are indicated in the same plot.

For all the superconducting nitrides grown via a number of deposition techniques, the specific inductance is no greater than $\sim$3 nH$\cdot$nm. Although different level of chemical and structural disorder could be induced in these material systems by varying the chemical compositions and synthesis approaches, there appears to be a fundamental limit of the achievable specific inductance without the degradation of material qualities. While for spinodal TAN system with high degree of crystallinity, the 100 nm-thick films have a specific inductance of 5.7 nH$\cdot$nm, already higher than all the other reported ultrathin nitride materials. Again, although the specific inductance of TAN is significantly enhanced, the microwave losses as probed by CPW resonators remain low and comparable to other high-kinetic-inductance materials with much smaller specific inductance. To further examine thinner films and the potential of this material system, 20 nm-thick TAN films with the same stoichiometry were measured (Supplementary Fig.~8) and revealed a specific inductance as large as $\sim$144 nH$\cdot$nm (corresponding to a sheet inductance of 7.5 nH/$\square$). This value is nearly 3 orders of magnitude higher compared with the parent 20 nm-thick TiN phase and larger than many of the reported granular-aluminum systems. Given that only one representative combination of material stoichiometry and annealing condition was used in this study, it is reasonable to expect that this work has yet set any limit on the specific inductance of spinodal materials. As such, with a comprehensive engineering over the chemical compositions and phase segregation, we believe that the specific inductance of such superconducting spinodal materials could be readily tuned and controlled over a tremendously wide range.

To conclude, we have demonstrated that spinodal phase segregation in a model Ti\textsubscript{0.48}Al\textsubscript{0.52}N system can give rise to an insulator-to-superconductor transition and a drastically increased material disorder compared with the TiN parent system. The chemical and structural characterization reveal that the material remain epitaxially crystalline, while a sharp increase in the specific inductance (\textit{i.e.,} 2-3 orders of magnitudes larger compared with other disordered superconducting nitrides) is confirmed by both electrical transport studies and cryogenic microwave-resonator studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of utilizing spinodal decomposition to trigger the insulator-to-superconductor transition with an enhanced kinetic inductance and low microwave losses. The ultrahigh kinetic inductance and good process compatibility of spinodal TAN mitigates the challenges in the engineering of low-dimension structures, making it a suitable material candidate for the development of noise-resilient superconducting qubits and high-impedance circuits. In addition, much as the large enhancement in kinetic inductance has been demonstrated in the model TAN system, similar engineering and optimization routes are in principle applicable to other spinodal systems for the investigation and optimization on materials and physical properties. This methodology, in turn, offers an unprecedented opportunity to deterministically design and engineer low-loss and high-inductance materials for advanced superconducting-quantum-circuit applications.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank all members at Alibaba Quantum Laboratory for the fruitful discussions and supports. We thank the Westlake Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication and the Instrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences at Westlake University for the fabrication supports and the characterization services. We thank Dr. Xin Wan at Zhejiang University and Dr. Yanwei Cao at Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology for the insightful discussions.
\end{acknowledgments}

\clearpage
\section{Methods}

\textbf{Thin-film deposition.} The sputter system used for this study is a CS-200 R\&D type (\textit{ULVAC Inc.}). The deposition chamber is equipped with a turbo-molecular pump that reaches a base-pressure of $5 \times 10^{-5}$ Pa. The deposition of TAN thin films was performed using a co-sputtering approach with a RF sputter gun using a 99.999\% titanium target and a DC sputter gun using a 99.999\% aluminum target. Before the deposition, the as-received Sapphire substrates (2-inch, single-side polished, \textit{Suzhou RDMICRO Co., Ltd.}) were cleaned and heated to 300 $^\circ$C in vacuum for dehydration. The sputter guns were then pre-sputtered with shutter closed for 60 sec to remove surface contaminants. After deposition, the samples were cooled for 10 mins and unloaded from the load-lock by venting with nitrogen.

\textbf{Annealing setup.} The thermal annealing was performed in a tube furnace equipped with a alumina tube and a vacuum pump. Samples were mounted in the center of the hot zone and the tube was then sealed and purged with argon (5N-purity) for at least three times. A constant flow of argon was maintained throughout the anneal at atmospheric pressure. The annealing conditions were fixed at 1000 $^\circ$C for 30 mins.

\textbf{X-ray diffractometry (XRD).} The XRD studies including linescans and rocking curves were performed on a high-resolution D8 ADVANCE X-ray diffraction system (\textit{Bruker}) with optics set up for epitaxial-film studies.

\textbf{Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).} Cross section samples were prepared with the focused ion beam (FIB) technique on an FEI Helios 650 system. The high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images were acquired using JEOL JEM-ARM200F electron microscope, which is equipped with a thermal field-emission gun and spherical aberration (Cs) corrector. The semi-convergence angle is around 23 mrad during HAADF imaging, and the collection angles of the detectors are 50 and 200 mrad. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping was carried out on an FEI Talos F200X TEM at 200kV equipped with a 4-inch column SDD Super-X detectors.

\textbf{X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS).} The XPS studies were performed on a ESCALAB Xi+ XPS system (\textit{Thermal Fisher}) at an incident angle of 60 $^{\circ}$. The system was first calibrated with standard samples, and the selective milling between titanium, aluminum, oxygen, and nitrogen was confirmed to be minimal. For the XPS depth-profile studies, the milling area was set to be 2 mm by 2 mm while the analyzing area was concentric with the milling area and set to be 0.4 mm by 0.4 mm. High milling current of the $Ar^+$ was applied, and the beam energy was set to 2000 eV. The spectra were taken after every milling step in a 20 sec interval for the surface region and 300 sec interval for the bulk part.

\textbf{Device fabrication.} The devices for transport studies were patterned into \textit{Hall}-bar geometries using an established hardmask-based wet-etch approach (Supplementary Fig.~4)~\cite{Gao2021}. First, the as-grown TAN films were coated with a layer of 100 nm-thick SiN\textsubscript{x} using a Haasrode-C200A PECVD system (\textit{LEUVEN Instruments}). The bi-layer stack, with lithographically patterned photoresist, was then loaded in a PlasmaPro100 ICP system (\textit{Oxford Instruments}) for SiN\textsubscript{x} patterning. After the hardmask patterning and photoresist stripping, the TAN films were then wet-etched by rinsing the masked-stack in the SC-1 solution heated to 60 $^{\circ}$C, which was then followed by hardmask stripping in the diluted hydrofluoric solutions (DHF). The yielded wafers were then coated with another layer of SiN\textsubscript{x} for protection over oxidation and annealed. The protective SiN\textsubscript{x} capping was stripped again in the DHF and the wafers were diced for further measurements.

For the microwave-resonators with TAN films integrated into the TiN-based quantum circuits, it is essentially a repetition of the processes discussed above. First, the TAN films was wet-etch in the SC-1 solution without stripping off the SiN\textsubscript{x} hardmask. The wet-etched wafer was subsequently rinsed in distilled water, nitrogen-blow dried, and loaded into the sputter chamber for the epitaxial-TiN deposition. The TiN deposition was performed using a 99.999\% titanium target with RF sputter gun using established processes. After TiN deposition, the wafers were coated with a layer of SiN\textsubscript{x} hardmask, and was patterned similarly using the processes described above. The TiN layer was also wet-etched in the SC-1 solution, followed by hardmask stripping in the DHF solutions.

\textbf{Transport studies.} The transport studies were performed on patterned \textit{Hall}-bar samples and the electrical connections to the sample puck were made by aluminum wedge bonding (see Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFig2}b, inset). The samples were then loaded in a physical-properties measurement system (\textit{Quantum Design Inc.}) equipped with a tilting sample stage for all the subsequent characterizations. A constant current of 10 $\mu$A was supplied for both longitudinal and \textit{Hall} resistance measurements.

\textbf{Cryogenic measurement setup.} A conventional cryogenic measurement setup for the microwave resonators studies were used (Supplementary Fig.~7). The microwave signal was generated by a E5071C ENA Vector Network Analyzer (VNA, \textit{Keysight Technologies}) and sent to the device under test (DUT) at the base temperature ($\sim10$ mK) through a series of attenuators and filters. The sample was isolated from the environment by a layer of Cu-Al shield and a layer of magnetic shield. The signal from the DUT was amplified using a high-electron-mobility transistor amplifier mounted at the 4 K-stage, and sent back to the VNA after an additional amplification at room temperature.

\textbf{Electromagnetic simulation.} The circuit impedance and the corresponding kinetic inductance of the superconducting materials were extracted via electromagnetic simulation using HFSS (\textit{ANSYS}). The circuit model was set up based on the exact geometry of the resonator devices. By adding a continuously varied surface inductance on the resonator center line (and a known and fixed surface inductance on the TiN ground), the resonator frequencies shift towards the measured resonance frequencies until the surface inductance matches with the realistic values. The resulting surface inductance was taken as the sheet kinetic inductance of the TAN films.

\section{Numerical simulation of spinodal decomposition process}

In this section, we perform numerical simulation of a simplified model to qualitatively explain the spinodal decomposition process observed in our experiment.
A continuous phase field approach in two dimensions is used where Ti\textsubscript{x}Al\textsubscript{1-x}N (TAN) is approximated as a pseudo-binary system consisting of TiN and AlN.
The microscopic structure evolution of the spinodal decomposition in TAN can be simulated by solving the modified Cahn–Hilliard equation\cite{Cahn1958free}
\begin{equation}
      \frac{\partial x(\vec{r },t)}{\partial t}
      = \nabla \left( D \nabla\left( \frac{\partial G(x)}{\partial x(\vec{r },t)}
      - 2 \kappa \nabla^2 x(\vec{r}, t) \right)\right),
      \label{eq:Cahn–Hilliard}
\end{equation}
where $x(\vec{r})$ is the fraction of Ti at the position $\vec{r}$ of the TAN film, $G(x)$ is the Gibbs energy per unit area of homogeneous film as a function of $x$, $D$ is the diffusion coefficient, and $\kappa$ is the gradient energy coefficient.

Supplementary Fig.~\ref{fig:TANMaterFigS1} shows 4 snapshots of the simulated microscopic structure evolution of the spinodal decomposition process starting from a nearly homogeneous Ti\textsubscript{0.48}Al\textsubscript{0.52}N film, with red corresponding to Al and green to Ti.
In our simulation, we assume $D=\kappa=1$ a.u..
The initial configuration $x(\vec{r}, 0)$ is assumed to be nearly homogeneous with small fluctuation to mimic the stoichiometry variations in the epitaxial TAN thin films. We assume the initial configuration of Al fraction obeys Gaussian distribution, i.e. $x(\vec{r}, 0) \sim \mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma^2)$, where we set the average value $\mu = 0.48$ according to our experiment, and assume small fluctuations with the variance $\sigma^2 = 10^{-3}$. To make the spinodal decomposition spontaneously occur, $d^2 G(x) / dx^2$ should be negative in a range of compositions. In our simulation, we assume the Gibbs energy has a phenomenological double-well form $G(x)=x^2(1-x)^2$, which is a very simply approximation but qualitatively agrees with that obtained from the first principle simulation of TAN crystal~\cite{Alling2011unified}.
To solve the initial value problem of Supplementary Eq.~\ref{eq:Cahn–Hilliard} numerically, we apply the finite volume method and divide the spatial domain by uniform mesh scheme into $1000 \times 1000$ squares.
During the evolution, the film gradually decomposes into segregated Ti-rich domains confined by Al-rich domains, and the domains coarsening is observed, which qualitatively agrees with our experiment.

\begin{figure} [h]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_FigS1.pdf}
      \caption{
      Simulated microscopic structure evolution of the spinodal decomposition process starting from a nearly homogeneous Ti\textsubscript{0.48}Al\textsubscript{0.52}N film, with red corresponding to Al and green to Ti. Figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) show the snapshots of the Ti fractions at evolution time steps $t=0$ a.u., $t=10$ a.u., $t=50$ a.u. and $t=500$ a.u. respectively.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS1}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{Additional characterization data on TAN thin films}

Additional characterization data on TAN thin films including X-ray line scans, rocking curves, TEM scans, and XPS depth-profiles scans are provided (Supplementary Fig. \ref{fig:TANMaterFigS2},\ref{fig:TANMaterFigS3}).

\begin{figure} [H]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_FigS2.pdf}
      \caption{(a) The full-range X-ray line scan on annealed 100 nm-thick TAN films on \textit{c}-cut sapphire substrates. It is clear that no secondary phases were formed and the films maintained epitaxial and good crystallinity. (b) Rocking curves on as-grown and annealed TAN films revealed similar diffraction profiles with a full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.04 $^\circ$. (c-d) HAADF images of as-grown and annealed TAN films at different magnifications. High-magnification images and fast-\textit{Fourier}-tranform patterns further confirmed the epitaxial nature of the high-quality films. Low-magnification images revealed clear columnar grains for both samples, where the grain dimensions remained essentially unchanged after annealing.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS2}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure} [h]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_FigS3.pdf}
      \caption{(a) The XPS depth-profile of the as-grown TAN samples. A clear surface oxidation region was observed and the film is largely homogeneous along the out-of-plane direction. (b) The XPS depth-profile of the annealed TAN samples. Again, surface oxides are visible, and an additional gradient of elements was found. More specifically, from the interface to film surface, the concentration of aluminum and nitrogen is gently decreasing while the concentration of titanium and oxygen is gentaly increasing. }
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS3}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{Device patterning processes}

The \textit{Hall}-bar devices of TAN were patterned using a developed wet-etch approach, and the microwave resonator devices of TAN were fabricated similar with an additional patterning process on the grounding TiN layers. The detailed description of the process can be found in the main text (Supplementary Fig. \ref{fig:TANMaterFigS4}, see Methods section). Since only SiN\textsubscript{x}-hardmask was applied, which can be easily stripped in the DHF solution, the SEM image on the device edges revealed clean surfaces for both TAN films and the underlying sapphire substrates.

\begin{figure} [h]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_FigS4.pdf}
      \caption{The schematics of the device fabrication process for TAN samples. The SEM image of the device edge profile is given. }
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS4}
\end{figure}

\newpage
\section{Additional electrical transport data for thick TAN films}

From the \textit{Hall} measurement (see main text, Fig. 2b), it can be inferred that the conduction in annealed TAN is mainly carried by electrons, the density of which is given by
\begin{equation}
    \label{eqn:eqn1}
    \frac{1}{n_e^{10K}ed}=\frac{R_{xy}}{\mu_0H},
\end{equation}
where $n_e^{10K}$ is the electron density at 10 K, $d$ is the film thickness, and $R_{xy}$ is the measured \textit{Hall} resistance as a function of applied field $\mu_0H$. Owing to the high electron density, we then use the free-electron model to extract a set of corresponding material parameters, which can be further used as reference numbers for future studies or comparison with other systems. Specifically,
\begin{gather}
    k_F=(3\pi^2n_e)^{1/3}, \label{eqn:eqn2}\\
    v_F=\frac{\hbar k_F}{m_e}, \label{eqn:eqn3}\\
    \tau=\frac{m_e}{n_ee^2\rho_{xx}}, \label{eqn:eqn4}\\
    l=v_F\tau, \label{eqn:eqn5}
\end{gather}
where $k_F$ is the wavevector at the \textit{Fermi} surface, $v_F$ is the \textit{Fermi} velocity, $\tau$ is the relaxation time or elastic scattering time, $\rho_{xx}$ is the longitudinal resistivity, and $l$ is the elastic mean free path of electrons. Similar measurements were also performed on a 100 nm-thick TiN films (same deposition conditions, data not shown here) and the extracted parameters were listed for both materiral systems (Table \ref{tab:Table1}). The \textit{Ioffe-Regel} criterion $k_Fl$ is approaching unity for annealed TAN, indicating that the material is a strongly disordered system. It is also worth noting that, the annealed TAN was treated as one entity and the extracted parameters are essentially an average of the microscopic regions. While from a microscopic view, the annealed TAN is expected to have spacial variation in charge-carrier density, which could potentially make this material resembles a percolating superconductor \cite{Deutscher1980,Strelniker2007}.

\begin{figure} [h]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_FigS5.pdf}
      \caption{(a) A zoomed $R_s(T)$ curve of annealed 100 nm-thick TAN films. There is a clear "cusp" due to the transition of $dR_s/dT$, a characteristic feature of disordered metals. (b) From 300 K to $\sim100$ K, the conductivity has a linear dependency on temperature. The fitting has a $R^2$ of 0.9998. (c) From $\sim10$ K to $\sim60$ K, the conductivity has a linear dependency on the square root of temperature. The fitting has a $R^2$ of 0.9977.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS5}
\end{figure}

   \begin{table}[h]
      \caption{\label{tab:Table1}The measured and extracted material parameters of 100 nm-thick annealed TAN and TiN.}
      \begin{ruledtabular}
        \begin{tabular}{cccccccc}
          Materials & $d$ (nm) & $T_c$ (K) & $R_s$ ($\Omega$) & $n_e^{10K}$ ($\times10^{28}m^{-3}$) & $L_k^{\square}$ (pH/$\square$) & $l$ (nm) & $k_Fl$ \\
          \colrule
          TiN & 98 & 3.8 & 8.5 & 4.46 & 3 & 1.33 & 14.6\\
          Ti\textsubscript{0.5}Al\textsubscript{0.5}N & 100 & 3.2 & 132.3 & 1.60 & 57 & 0.18 & 1.38\\
        \end{tabular}
      \end{ruledtabular}
    \end{table}

The nature of a disordered metal can also be inferred from the $R_s(T)$ curves (Fig. \ref{fig:TANMaterFigS5}). At high temperatures (from $\sim100$ K to 300 K), the conductivity has linear dependency on $T$ with a negative $d\sigma/dT$ (Supplementary Fig. 5b), indicating the metallic nature of the material where electron scattering is limited by electron-phonon interactions. While at the intermediate temperature regime ($\sim10$ K to $\sim60$ K), the conductivity has linear dependency on $T^{1/2}$ with a positive $d\sigma/dT$ (Supplementary Fig. 5c), implying that the electron transport is limited by the electron localization \cite{Lee1985,Kaveh1982}.

The temperature-dependent longitudinal resistance as a function of applied fields in parallel to the sample surface is provided (Supplementary Fig. \ref{fig:TANMaterFigS6}).

In addition, the relationship between the upper critical ($H_{c2}^{\perp}$) and superconducting transition temperature ($T_c$) under perpendicular fields deviates from the \textit{GL} fomula, and was fitted using an empirical power-law formula $\mu_0H_{c2}^{\perp}(T)=\mu_0H_{0}^{\perp}[1-(T/T_c)^\alpha]^\beta$, where $\alpha$ = 3.6 and $\beta$ = 1.1. The fitting yields a slight upward curvature at low fields and saturates at high fields. Although the physical significance of this fitting model is yet clear, a detailed discussion on the proposed mechanism was given in the main text.

\begin{figure} [h]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=12.9cm]{TAN_FigS6.pdf}
      \caption{(a) The $R_{xx}(T)$ measured under parallel fields. (b) The relationship between the upper critical ($H_{c2}^{\perp}$) and superconducting transition temperature ($T_c$) was given for perpendicular fields. The dotted line is the fitted curve. }
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS6}
\end{figure}

\clearpage
\section{Crygenic measurement setup}

The cryogenic measurement setup for the microwave-resonator measurement is given (Supplementary Fig. \ref{fig:TANMaterFigS7}).

\begin{figure} [h]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{TAN_FigS7.pdf}
      \caption{The cryogenic setup for the microwave-resonator measurement.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS7}
\end{figure}

\clearpage
\section{Electrical transport data for thin TAN films}
20 nm-thick TAN deposited and annealed under the same conditions was patterned and measured (Supplementary Fig. \ref{fig:TANMaterFigS8}). A large sheet resistance was observed, corresponding to a sheet kinetic inductance of $\sim7.5$ nH/$\square$ using the mid-point of the superconducting transition edge as $T_c$. This is essentially a demonstration of the applicability of spinodal TAN for ultrahigh-impedance circuit applications. Detailed characterization on physical properties of thinner TAN is under further investigation.

\begin{figure} [h]
      \centering
      \includegraphics[width=8.6cm]{TAN_FigS8.pdf}
      \caption{The sheet resistance of 20 nm-thick annealed TAN films near superconducting transition temperature.}
      \label{fig:TANMaterFigS8}
\end{figure}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Going seemingly under the radar, Apple has quietly killed off its the Modern Buckle Apple Watch band entirely. Looking at Apple's Watch band page now, it is no longer selling the band at all.
Apple routinely updates its Apple Watch band lineup, usually for the new season, killing off old colors while introducing new, fresh colors. Sometimes even bringing in a brand new material. However, this is the first time we've seen Apple kill off a material entirely.
It's not too surprising, either. The Modern Buckle was only available in the 38mm size and was available in that middle tier pricing, at $149.
While it's sad to see it go, it's not too surprising. Most Apple Watch users only own one or two bands, usually something in the sport band/loop or nylon class of band. Or, customers would opt for third-party bands due to cost. At $149, the price alone is likely what scared off most customers.
Whatever the case may be, Apple has now officially killed off the line. So, if you were looking to pick it up, I'd recommend looking at other retailers such as Target or Best Buy, fast, as these bands will likely go out of fast.
The Modern Buckle was introduced alongside the original Apple Watch and has seen several revisions since, adding new colors.


One of the things that interests me is all the ways that "statistical analysis" can be defined, even within the confines of a relatively nascent domain like text analytics. Of course, being nascent also means that things are not yet defined. Moreover, as a domain, text analytics is emerging at the intersection of a number of fields. Some of the differences about assumptions of what were the applicable dimensions of statistics, let alone mathematics, were quite striking at this year's Culture Analytics program at UCLA's Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics.
statistical analysis (correlation, t-test, anova, hypothesis testing) are expected.
Ideally, the work will be done in Python (ideally using pandas), but if people prefer using R, I'd be happy to hear from them.
Posted on 2016 December 8 by johnlaudun.	This entry was posted in work and tagged digitalhumanities, statistics. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Andrew Batavia's memoir leaves the reader with the lasting impression of his remarkable "adjustment" to his disability. Following an accident as a teen that left him with high-level quadriplegia, he went on to attend Stanford and Harvard, become a lawyer, a scholar, a professor of public health policy and rehabilitation research, an activist for independent living and the right to die, and an implementer and proponent of the American Disabilities Act of 1990. He marries and becomes a father of two. The memoir, published posthumously (Batavia died in 2003), focuses on what he did, not what he could not do.
In Batavia's words: "I did my very best to make [people] feel comfortable with my disability, a skill that I have since perfected to the extent that many people say they forget that I have a disability after being with me for a little while." Batavia achieves this comfort level for the reader as well. Although the reader can't help but keep his physical constraints upmost in our minds, Batavia's voice is strong, assured, confident, and independent, as well as witty and pragmatic. Co-author and younger brother, Mitchell Batavia, provides more context, highlighting both Andrew's scholarly achievements as well as wrenching background, with commentaries that give context for the accident from the family's viewpoint. A memory of a 13-year-old visiting his newly injured older brother confined in a CircOlectric bed, and being asked to, please, "scratch his nose," only begins to hint at the anguish and consequences for patients' families in the aftermath of such a devastating injury. Compelling reading, it turns out to be a page-turner, as we root for Batavia's recovery and accomplishments.
Highly recommended for library collections serving healthcare professionals, caregivers, policymakers, administrators, and software developers of assistive technologies, as well as the general public.


The attorney will educate you on all aspects of the investment laws and you will have the same expertise, and knowledge as that of the brokerage firms.This information will help you in making right decisions on which brokerage firm is worth your investment.If you are suffering from investor fraud, you can be advised on the available claims for you, by a securities attorney.Compensation for the losses incurred is guaranteed, therefore, full or partial recovery.The advice on securities fraud will also help you, not only in choosing the right investment, but also detect any signs of this fraud before it is too late.It is the work of the lawyer to ensure that companies are complying with the rules, and regulations that are set.They can also research on the history of some companies in the stock market, and they can advise you on which ones you should consider investing in, and those you should avoid.The securities attorney will notify you on the legal obligations that your brokers are owing you, therefore, you can easily make claims on them.
A stock market attorney offers very cheap services.A good number of securities attorneys will first ensure you recover your claims, before charging you for their services, which makes it cheap.The attorney will first analyze your claim on investor fraud, look at the chances of you getting compensation, and then based on that, they will advise you properly on the next way forward.You can be offered a free consultation service, which is rare in other sectors.The attorney understands that you are suffering from losses as a result of investor fraud, and hence he is ready to listen to your case, and advice as appropriate.Whenever there is litigation emerging from stock investments, the lawyer can help you pursue those cases on your behalf.Before signing any broker contract, you must always consult a securities attorney on the meaning of all the clauses contained in the contract, and their possible implications on your investment.
The benefits above justifies the need for anyone, thinking of investing in the stock market, to consider hiring a securities attorney.This will ensure you get the best out of the market, and suffer minimum losses due to fraud.


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Home Analysis A "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" and what it means for Australia
A "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" and what it means for Australia
THE INTERPRETER – DAVID BREWSTER – Published 7 Mar 2018 10:00
The recently revived Quadrilateral is evolving and less explicitly focused on defence issues.
The recently revived Quadrilateral (Quad) – a loose coalition between Australia, the US, Japan, and India – is evolving towards a more comprehensive partnership less explicitly focused on defence issues. The latest idea, the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP), involves providing the region with alternatives to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Australia can play an important role in this.
Concerns about the BRI
China's BRI is leading to some fundamental changes in our strategic environment. While this may be disconcerting, we need to be clear on the things Australia should be worried about.
China's plan involves building a series of new pathways westwards across Eurasia and the Indian Ocean, and has evolved to also include various infrastructure projects in the South Pacific.
Importantly, the BRI is not only a series of stand-alone infrastructure projects open to all comers, but is also intended as an integrated and exclusive system. China is proposing that the BRI production and transportation system will coordinate its own customs, quality supervision, e-commerce, and other agencies. It might even have its own tribunals for the resolution of disputes.
The BRI may be an attractive proposition for many countries with limited access to international funding. China's offer to build infrastructure fast, and apparently with few conditions, could be difficult to resist. But while much of this infrastructure can be beneficial to the region, this isn't always the case. Some enterprises are vanity projects, secured through pay-offs to corrupt leaders, and others simply don't make economic sense. Predatory lending associated with some projects can easily create debt traps.
There are also strategic concerns. Some ports and airports could be used for military purposes. There are also worries about political influence. The recent "self coup" in the Maldives where President Abdulla Yameen closed down the country's parliament and the judiciary may in part be an indirect consequence of the BRI. A string of BRI projects in that tiny island state have delivered inordinate influence to Beijing, and possibly provided Yameen with cover to take actions he may otherwise have baulked at.
The Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy
The newly re-established Quadrilateral is not only an exercise in balancing China. It can also be used to create new options for countries in the region, including providing alternatives to China's BRI right across the Indo-Pacific.
Japan has been building this strategy for more than a decade. Its vision for these projects has gone by several names and acronyms, including Bay of Bengal Industrial Growth Belt (BIGB), the Asia–Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC), and now the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) strategy. In broad terms, Japan's vision involves developing new economic and transportation corridors from the Pacific across the Indian Ocean to Africa. As the name implies, its stated focus is on building an open and not exclusive system of infrastructure.
This is far more than rhetoric. One of the region's untold stories of recent years is of Japan's international aid agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), funding the development of infrastructure across the Indo-Pacific, including major port projects in Mozambique (Nacala), Kenya (Mombasa), Madagascar (Taomasina), Oman (Duqm), India (Mumbai), and Myanmar (Yangon).
India has also been a key partner in many projects. The country itself is obviously the key pivot for any activity in the Indian Ocean, and its absence from China's BRI is a major gap in that strategy. But India has also been an important partner in projects elsewhere in the region. India played an important role in Bangladesh's decision to award the Matarbari Port project to Japan. India and Japan are also partnering on other projects across the region, including the potential Trincomalee Port project in Sri Lanka, and possibly Chabahar Port in Iran.
The Trump administration has now apparently adopted the FOIP as a useful strategy in place of Obama's Asian rebalance strategy. It is not yet clear what the Trump administration means by the FOIP, or how consistent its vision is with Japan's, but at least the US has endorsed it in principle.
What does the FOIP mean for Australia?
Australia is now considering what role it might play in the FOIP.
First, the move to diversify the Quad from its focus on defence should be welcomed. Closer defence relationships are essential, but overemphasising the defence aspect can create unrealistic expectations in the region and unnecessary anxieties for China.
The FOIP should involve better political coordination among Quad partners across the region. In the Indian Ocean, this could include a coordinated strategy in working with countries such as Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. This should aim, among other things, at keeping domestic disputes at a local level rather than allowing them to spiral into wider strategic confrontations. Political problems in countries such as the Maldives should be contained as much as possible, and Australia can play a valuable political role in this.
Australia needs to think much harder about what it can do to promote regional connectivity. It does not have the funding available to JICA, but Australia can deploy aid funding in modest amounts, especially in places where it can make a difference.
Australia can also help facilitate development funding from agencies such as the Asian Development Bank and World Bank. It can also work better with the Quad partners in leveraging its niche expertise and technology in areas that may be important for certain projects.
Without doubt, Australia can make the biggest impact in the South Pacific, which is where our Quad partners expect us to take the lead. Even if not badged as such, Australia's funding of new undersea communications cables between Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands fits squarely within the FOIP, driven by concerns about security, development, and corruption.
There has been much talk recently of China pushing unproductive "white elephant" projects in the South Pacific. Australia has strong imperatives here, as we may be the one left to pick up the pieces if small island states find themselves in debt traps. This means that Australia, in coordination with the Quad partners, needs to be on the front foot in offering attractive infrastructure projects to our South Pacific partners. Australia's involvement in these projects will be key to shaping our strategic environment.
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Wolfgang is from Germany. He was involved in garment sourcing for 20 years. He travelled by trains in Russia where the only refreshment was a half litre of honey vodka. He surrendered when a garment buyer pushed him too far and moved to home textiles where he is happy.


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Q: int divide float in assembly alghoritm
code
I write implementation Shell sort in assemble. My problem is at end this code. I have number in EAX and I want do this. EAX=EAX/2,2

A: I didn't read your code since you can't be bothered to even put it in your question.

An integer approximation is probably your best bet, see Michael's comment.  Otherwise do it with SSE:
cvtsi2ss   xmm0, eax
divss      xmm0, [a_float_constant]
cvtss2si   eax, xmm0

Use cvttss2si if you want truncation instead of round-to-nearest.

Or with x87:
push eax, fld 2.2 from a constant, fdivr [rsp].  st(0) = (double)eax/2.2.  Don't forget to fix the stack when you're done.
See the x86 tag wiki for links to the insn set manual.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Let's remember MLK and his message about healthcare disparities
Neville M. Bilimoria
In this day and age of all that is going on with nursing homes, it is important to focus on areas that don't get much attention right now, but that are, nonetheless, critically important in our society.
Call me old, but the memory of Martin Luther King Jr. and the importance of his legacy just seems to ring more true today than it has for me in the last several decades. In this age of heightened awareness in our country of inequities in healthcare, King's impact can and should be felt by all. As King stated, "The time is always right to do what is right."
On March 25, 1966, in Chicago at a press conference before his speech at the second convention of the Medical Committee for Human Rights, King said (in part):
"We are concerned about the constant use of federal funds to support this most notorious expression of segregation. Of all the forms of inequality, injustice in health is the most shocking and the most inhuman because it often results in physical death."
King's remarks highlighted, even back in 1966, not only the social inequities of the time, but also the healthcare inequities, which continue in full force today. Indeed, much has been written and discussed regarding the impact of COVID-19 on certain minority segments of our society, shedding a much needed light on the "social determinants of health" – focusing on attention to poverty, racism, education and housing in healthcare.
During COVID-19, we have found out that socially disadvantaged areas — disproportionately minority populations — were most negatively affected by the lack of healthcare, resulting in disproportionate infections, and even deaths, in those areas.
How does this link to nursing homes? Well, we can all do our part to increase the visibility of this social inequity problem in healthcare. Indeed, new rules were developed just last year by the Department of Health and Human Services to address discrimination in healthcare under Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act. Here's a refresher from last October on what I wrote about them.
So implementing these new rules by healthcare providers can help to eliminate disparities in healthcare that are tied to race, ethnicity or even sexual orientation, all designed to combat inequities posed by social determinants of health for certain populations.
Another way that would help solve the problem of healthcare inequities, as well as the staffing problem in long-term care, is further recruitment of minority staff. Having more minorities in healthcare may help shed light on King's warning of the "injustice in health" by providing perspectives of different demographic populations and their own experiences with healthcare. By employing more minorities in healthcare, perhaps we can help identify and address some of the disparities in healthcare going forward. Many facilities have already expanded staffing recruiting in this direction, to broaden the net of available staff.
So hopefully King's legacy can someday be fulfilled. By having more minorities in long-term care, perhaps we can shed light on any healthcare injustices that might exist, whether they deal with racial, ethnic or the major problem of sexual orientation discrimination in senior care.
Certainly, long term care has a long way to go to increase its diversity in resident populations nationwide. Striving to achieve greater access to healthcare for minorities is one step toward achieving King's goal of equality everywhere.
Neville M. Bilimoria is a partner in the Chicago office of the Health Law Practice Group and member of the Post-Acute Care And Senior Services Subgroup at Duane Morris LLP; [email protected]
The opinions expressed in McKnight's Long-Term Care News guest submissions are the author's and are not necessarily those of McKnight's Long-Term Care News or its editors.
Diversity Martin Luther King Jr.
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WGA Awards Film Nominations: 'Everything Everywhere', 'Top Gun: Maverick', 'The Menu', 'Nope' & More
'Till' Director Chinonye Chukwu Calls Out "Unabashed Misogyny Towards Black Women" After Oscar Snub
By Armando Tinoco
Armando Tinoco
Night & Weekend Editor
@armietinoco
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Bella Ramsey Says 'The Last Of Us' Season 2 Is "Likely"
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Rodin Eckenroth / Getty Images / Lynsey Weatherspoon / United Artists Releasing / Courtesy Everett Collection
Chinonye Chukwu, director of Till, is reacting to the Oscar snub after her film was not nominated at the Academy Awards.
In addition, Danielle Deadwyle was left out of the Best Actress nominations for her portrayal of Mamie Till-Mobley, the activist looking for justice after the murder of her son Emmett Till.
"We live in a world and work in industries that are so aggressively committed to upholding whiteness and perpetuating an unabashed misogyny towards Black women," Chukwu posted on Instagram.
Oscar Nominations: The Complete List Of Nominees
She continued, "And alas. I am forever in gratitude for the greatest lesson of my life – regardless of any challenges or obstacles, I will always have the power to cultivate my own joy, and it is this joy that will continue to be one of my greatest forms of resistance."
A post shared by Chinonye Chukwu (@chinonyechukwu)
Chukwu was not the only one that reacted to the Oscar snub. Whoopi Goldberg shared on The View her thoughts after Till was not mentioned during the announcements this morning.
"Before we start off, we just want to celebrate the talented artists and filmmakers who were nominated for Oscars this morning," the show's moderator said. "Unfortunately, my film, Till, was not nominated, but we do want to congratulate all the nominees, because many of them have been here and it's wonderful to say congrats, so that's what we'll do."
Goldberg, who served as one of the producers of the film, also starred as Alma Carthan, Mamie's mother and Emmett's grandmother.
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Grab your Discounted Astronomical Telescope Aperture F 360 X 50mm Refractive View w/ Tripod while the store LAUNCH DISCOUNT is on. Once we reach 400 unit sales, we will be increasing the price back up to $359.95 USD.
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Part of the Marutama Ramen chain.
From the main entrance, take the escalator on the left to the first floor, keep going straight until you see the area with a sign that says Food Hot Spot. Marutama Ramen is there, facing Sakae Sushi.
Originating from Japan, Marutama Ramen is one of the few ramen restaurants that uses chicken based broth instead of the traditional soup variety for their ramen. Chicken and other ingredients for the broth are boiled for over five hours to achieve their signature thick soup with strong flavours. The ramen at Marutama is usually served with spring onions, Aosa (river bed seaweed), and some Char Siu (roast pork slices). Additional toppings and sides like Kakuni (pork belly) and Ajitsuke Tamago (flavoured boiled egg) can be ordered to further complement your ramen. Customers may choose between their regular broth and their more spicy broth.
Marutama at Fahrenheit 88 is located on the first floor in the Food Hot Spot area, facing Sakae Sushi. This restaurant is their flagship outlet in Malaysia and has since become a well-known name among local ramen connoisseurs.
"Unexpectedly thick broth for chicke..."
Heard a lot about marutama but only just tried it. It's my new favourite ramen restaurant!
Not sure why it took me so long to try the Ramen here as I have heard people waxing lyrical over them. Visited today with a friend who happens to be a huge fan (she goes there weekly!), and it was love at first sight. The Ramen, that is. I'm straight.
Situated in Fahrenheit 8 on the first floor, this cute little Ramen joint looks and feels authentic. You'll see Japanese people dining here too, which is always a good sign. We pored over the menu for a little while. There are many options, so there's bound to be something for everyone. I've ordered the Spicy Ajitsuke Tamago Ramen which comes with one marinated soft boiled egg, one piece of charsiu, river bed seaweed and spring onions.
At first glance, you wouldn't think it's spicy at all, but the broth definitely packs quite a bit of heat. The Chicken broth is thick, and rich but definitely not as cloying as the usual Tonkotsu broth. Salt level was perfect. I accidentally finished the Char Siu too fast, so we ordered a side of 3 Char Siu (RM6). They were really addictive. So If you love pork, make sure you order the Ramen with multiple pieces. There were plenty of noodles too, and they were springy, bouncy, perfect marriage with the broth.
But the star of the dish? Definitely the Ajitsuke Tamago (marinated soft boiled egg). Perfectly runny in the centre, and well marinated. It's rare to taste even the soy and mirin in the yolk itself, and they managed to achieve it. Big thumbs up!
I'll be going there again pretty soon!
"Everything is where it should be!"
This is my top choice for ramen in KL. A simple place where people approach their ramen meals in an almost religious manner. Don't be surprised to sight lone customers waiting gleefully for their bowl of ramen to be served, ready to dive in. Marutama has been around for many many years since before KL Plaza changed owners and transformed itself into Fahrenheit88. They have been consistent with their taste, their ramen, the pork slices, the soup and everything else that makes up the bowl of perfect Japanese noodles (including their service). Even the chilli paste is amazing, which they give out only by request and always in scarce portions.
Getting there is very easy. There is a valet drop-off at the front of the building, you walk in, ride up the elevator and the cosy little joint will be right ahead of you towards the end. This restaurant is open throughout the day and it is just the place to do an in-between meal or hold a casual meeting over some food. The atmosphere allows you to sit serenely if you want to attempt a book. I enjoy the tables by the window to observe the organic city slum of Jalan Imbi right below.
The service staff has not changed for many many years and are pleasantly attentive. In fact, the more you go, the better they get once they start to recognise you. A meal for two only cost about RM50. Make sure you order the tamago too!


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Q: Formal equivalent for "in fact" and "actually" As a Persian speaker, we do use "In fact" and "Actually" in the spoken and written language. And it is quite formal. I think when we want to add more details to something, or say something in another way (as it is in other words, however we have this phrase too), or to be more clear and factual and direct we use it.
But as I used it in some English sentences, I am told that is informal! OK, then what are the formal ways for it?.
For example these are some literal translation of the phrase usage in my language and I do feel a need for a formal equivalent phrase (for "in fact", and "actually") in English.

In this paper we do this..., In fact we simulate the way a human user do this.
We should help each other, in fact it is the sign of our humanity.
A pregnant woman shouldn't smoke, in fact, smoking pose hazards for the infant.

A: Your three examples look almost fine to me. I'll tell you first that "in fact" certainly doesn't sound informal to me. I have used and do use "in fact" in papers for class quite often to add exrta information of emphasis.
HOWEVER, the mistake that you're making here is that you're using commas. I don't think you'll ever find "in fact" not at the beginning of a sentence. There are rare instances where it can appear within a sentence, but usually, the use looks like this:

Running is very good for your health. In fact, 9 out of 10 doctors in the US recommend running daily to improve your health.

So, now to improve your three examples:

In this paper we do this.... In fact**,** we simulate the way a human user
  do this.
We should help each other**.** In fact, this is the sign of our humanity.
A pregnant woman shouldn't smoke**.** In fact, smoking pose***s*** hazards for
  the infant.

(Sidenotes for you on grammar: "smoking" is a single subject, so the verb should be conjugated as poses in the third example. "In fact" is basically always followed a comma.)

A: There is a case to be made for 'in fact' to be formal and informal.
My view is that formal use would be as the start of a sentance. informal use, such as in speach, would be to drop 'in fact' within a sentance to add emphasise. So much like a lot of English it is the use that determines if it is formal or informal.


Drug Rehabilitation Facility Morgantown is here to assist you on your Road to Recovery.
Call Drug Treatment Morgantown now to start your intake process.
Drug Rehab Morgantown ("us", "we", or "our") operates the http://www.drugrehabmorgantown.com website (the "Service").
Copyright © 2003 | www.drugrehabmorgantown.com | All rights reserved.


The Penelope rug is the perefect edition to your bathroom. This plush 100% cotton is not only stylish but also extrmely absorbant and soft. The Penelope bath rug is available in two colors.
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text:
Pharmacovigilance of pregnancy exposures to medicinal products focusing on the risk of orofacial clefts
Rezaallah, Bita. Pharmacovigilance of pregnancy exposures to medicinal products focusing on the risk of orofacial clefts. 2019, Doctoral Thesis, University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine.
Official URL: http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_13689
Background: It is important to obtain robust scientific information on possible safety concerns related to the use of drugs during pregnancy in post-approval settings. Since pregnant women are actively excluded from trials in the clinical development of most products, at the time of the drug entry in the market meaningful human data on the effects of that drug during pregnancy are rarely available. There are approximately 5 million pregnancies in the EU each year, and about 1 in every 10 women of childbearing age is pregnant each year. Insufficient information for management of maternal disease during pregnancy can have teratogenic impact on fetus.
Aim and objectives: This reach comprises three studies, in the first study; the goal was to evaluate the maternal use of medicines and the associated risks of cleft lip and/or palate in fetus and to link this to the accuracy and currency of safety information available in prescribing information. The second area of research was aimed at identifying and exploring social and digital media to understand patients' experiences regarding medicine use during pregnancy. Last, but not least, I contributed to the development of an enhanced pharmacovigilance programme for analysing drug exposure during pregnancy and outcomes in neonate.
Method: Firstly, I identified medication-induced risk factors for oral clefts with safety signal detection and safety signal evaluation techniques. Then I assessed the completeness of the safety information for pregnancy exposures in the Summary of Product Characteristics and the Patient Information in the UK and the US.
In second study, the content of posts concerning pregnancy and use of medicines in online pregnancy forums was analysed using artificial intelligence in the form of natural language processing and machine learning algorithms.
Third, the PRIM (PRegnancy outcomes Intensive Monitoring) system was developed as an enhanced pharmacovigilance data collection method. This was used to improve the quality and content of prospective case reports using sets of targeted checklists, structured follow-up, a rigorous process of data entry and data quality control, and programmed aggregate analysis.
Results: For 12 antiepileptic drugs studied there was a statistical disproportionality in individual case safety reports indicative of an increased risk of cleft lip and/or palate.
There are inconsistencies between the UK and US safety labels, despite the same evidence being available for assessment.
The second study showed that in social media forums many pregnant women with MS shared profound uncertainties and specific concerns about taking medicines during the reproductive period. There was evidence of concealment of information with health care professionals; however, the same evidence was shared with a peer group.
The PRIM method of enhanced pharmacovigilance has yielded substantially more information on the safety of fingolimod exposure during pregnancy than has been achieved via the regulatory authority-mandated pregnancy registry.
Conclusion: Use of medicines during pregnancy is an important topic for public health. There is a significant need to provide inclusive, unbiased, up to- date information to prescribers and women of childbearing age concerning the use of medicines in pregnancy and postpartum during breastfeeding. Information must be provided in a timely manner by a trusted source and patients should have access to health care professionals with the relevant expertise and knowledge. It is important that the full anonymised data set, along with evidence-based conclusions are made publicly available to inform decision-making.
Advisors:
Zeilhofer, Hans-Florian and Leiggener, Christoph
03 Faculty of Medicine > Bereich Operative Fächer (Klinik) > Ehemalige Einheiten Operative Fächer (Klinik) > Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie (Zeilhofer)
03 Faculty of Medicine > Departement Klinische Forschung > Bereich Operative Fächer (Klinik) > Ehemalige Einheiten Operative Fächer (Klinik) > Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie (Zeilhofer)
Zeilhofer, Hans-Florian
Thesis Subtype:
Thesis no:
Thesis status:
1 Online-Ressource (140 Seiten)
doi: 10.5451/unibas-007219325
urn: urn:nbn:ch:bel-bau-diss136897
edoc DOI:
10.5451/unibas-007219325


In order to treat depression associated with Seasonal Affective Disorder, thought to be linked with a relative lack of light, patients with SAD resort to "light therapy" wherein they're exposed to bright, artificial light from a screen and their symptoms are alleviated.
Researchers have now found that light therapy may also be effective in treating depression, associated with bipolar disorder.The data from a new study provides robust evidence that supports the efficacy of midday bright light therapy for bipolar depression.The study has been published in the American Journal of Psychiatry.
Symptoms of SAD may be relieved by sitting in front of a light box first thing in the morning, on a daily basis from the early fall until spring.One of the theories supporting light therapy to treat seasonal depression is that the condition is linked in some way with a lack of sunlight which causes low levels of serotonin production in the skin. To counteract this effect, patients sit in front of a bright, white light emitted from a screen.
Dr.Dorothy Sit and associates at the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University conducted a study to test the usefulness of light in treating bipolar disorder The researchers enrolled 46 patients who had at least moderate bipolar depression. Half of the participants were assigned to receive bright light therapy. The other half received a dim red placebo light. They also kept taking their regular medication. All participants were told to place the lightbox about 1 foot from their face for a 15-minute session to start. Every week, exposure was increased until it reached a dose of 60 minutes per day. Patients didn't have to stare at the box. They simply had to be in front of it. "They could read the paper, a journal, or look at their bills," she says.
In the new study, the researchers decided to have patients engage in light therapy midday, between noon and 2:30 p.m.It was found that after four to six weeks, 68 percent of patients using bright white light therapy achieved remission of depression compared to 22 percent of patients who received the placebo light. For the bright-light patients, "they returned to work, they were able to look after things at home, they were functioning back to their normal selves again," according to the author.
The "dosing" process was a bit different from the bright light treatment used in Seasonal Affective Disorder, though—patients received their light therapy in the afternoon rather than the morning, for instance, because of the procedure's potential to induce a manic state in people with bipolar disorder. And lead study author Dorothy Sit says there's still much more research needed into the therapy's promise in this particular kind of depression. For now, though, the study is helping shed light on a non-medication approach to combating mental illness.
The experts feel that bipolar depression is one of the most difficult types of depression to treat and this study offers a glimmer into a new pathway for treatment, but it's important that people with bipolar disorder not try light therapy on their own.