text:
Siege of Ioania
Post by Mr Holmes » 14 May 2007 06:54
Well, I got bored somewhat, so I decided to attempt a translation of that article, anyway. Please forgive me for any shortcomings in this translation.
Νικολάκης Εφέντης
16. Ιουνίου 2004
ΠΡΟΛΟΓΟΣ - Η ΕΞΥΠΝΑΔΑ
Στο Ελληνικό προξενείο Ιωαννίνων προ του 1913 υπήρχε γραφείο της υπηρεσίας κατασκοπείας, χρήσιμες πληροφορίες προσέφεραν οι:
Χρ. Κωνσταντινίδης που υπηρετούσε στα πυροβολεία Καστρίτσας.
Δημόκριτος, φαρμακοποιός που υπηρετούσε στην φρουρά Μπιζανίου.
Κωστάκης, φαρμακοποιός που υπηρετούσε στην φρουρά Γαρδικίου.
Οικονομίδης κ.α.
Οι περισσότεροι πληροφοριοδότες ήταν Μικρασιάτες Έλληνες που υπηρετούσαν στον Οθωμανικό στρατό. Ο Οικονομίδης είναι πιθανότατα ο Νικόλαος Μιζαντζιόγλου ή Νικολάκης Εφέντης, υπολοχαγός του Βεήπ μπέη.
ΤΟ ΜΕΓΑΛΕΙΟ
Το πιο πάνω γραφείο χρησιμοποίησε τον μητροπολίτη Ιωαννίνων Γερβάσιο για να προσηλυτίσει τον Νικολάκη Εφέντη πράγμα που έγινε με επιτυχία. Ας παρακολουθήσουμε λοιπόν ένα μικρό μέρος της δράσης του.
Με την υπ. αριθμ. 192 πολεμική έκθεση του ΓΕΣ αναφέρεται ως "ο ομογενής αξιωματικός". Η μεταβίβαση κάθε πληροφορίας γινόταν αποκλειστικά στο Ελληνικό Κομιτάτο Ιωαννίνων και διαβιβαζόταν στο Ελληνικό στρατηγείο.
Η υπ. αριθμ. 877/31-12-1912 πληροφορία από τα Ιωάννινα αναφέρονται: Αριθμοί και είδη πυροβόλων ανά τοποθεσία, πληροφορεί ότι αν δεν υποχωρούσε ο στρατός το Μπιζάνι θα παρεδίδετο και μεταξύ άλλων συμβουλεύει η έφοδος δεν πρέπει να γίνει ημέρα αλλά "μετά δύο νυχθημερών βροχή οβίδων"...
Η υπ. αριθμ. 1100/12-1-1913 πληροφορία από το Ιωάννινα ενημερώνει ότι 100 στρατιώτες "νύκτωρ καταγίνονται δι' επισκευήν".
Με την υπ. αριθμ. 1314/4-2-1913 πληροφορία από τα Ιωάννινα παραθέτει τον αριθμό των τηλεβόλων του Μπιζανίου με λεπτομερή περιγραφή βεληνεκούς, ταχυβολίας, δ/νση βολής κ.λπ. στοιχεία.
Ο Νικολάκης Εφέντης σχεδιάζει χάρτη του Μπιζανίου με ακριβείς θέσεις των πυροβολείων και ιδιαίτερα του πυροβολείου "Σκύλλα" που δεν μπορουσε να εντοπιστεί. Ο Β. Λάππας αφηγείται: "Ο Ν. Μιζαντζιόγλου επεσήμανε την αστοχία του Ελληνικού πυροβολικού και παρεκλήθηκε να στείλει ακριβείς θέσεις των πυροβολείων και ιδιαίτερα του πυροβολείου "Σκύλλα". Τα ανωτέρω επιβεβαιώνονται από την Πολεμική Έκθεση Νο 879/3-1-1913.
Όσα υπέδειξε ο Νικολάκης Εφέντης ήταν και ακριβή και αν κανείς διαβάσει την εξέλιξη της μάχης του Μπιζανίου θα παρατηρήσει ότι μετά δύο νυχθημερών βροχή οβίδων κατελήφθη αυτή η οχυρά θέση και στην συνέχεια απελευθερώθηκαν τα Ιωάννινα συνελληφθηκαν δε αιχμάλωτοι 30.000 Τούρκοι, 1.000 Τούρκοι αξιωματικοί και πλήθος εφοδίων.
Η ΒΛΑΚΕΙΑ
"Λόγω της υπό έξάλλον ενθουσιασμό για τον πατριωτισμό του ακριτομύθιας των Ελλήνων, ύστερα από τη άλωση του Μπιζανίου, η δράση του έγινε γνωστή στους Τούρκους, όταν δε με την ανταλλαγή των αιχμαλώτων έφτασε ο Νικ.Μιζαντζιόγλου στην Αθήνα και από εκεί αποβιβάσθηκε στην Σμύρνη κρατήθηκε από τους Τούρκους και εκτελέστηκε με φρικτά βασανιστήρια. Ίδια τύχη είχε και η πατρική του οικογένεια της οποίας θανατώθηκε αμέσως όλα τα μέλη, στην Σμύρνη".
Όλα τα πιό πάνω μεταφραζόμενα σημαίνουν ότι: Ένας φαφλατάς δημοσιογράφος της Θεσσαλονίκης δημοσίευσε τα κατορθώματα του Νικολάκη Εφέντη. Το πιθανότερο είναι ότι με την ανταλλαγή αιχμαλώτων η υπηρεσία κατασκοπίας έστελνε ένα δοκιμασμένο στέλεχος της στην Σμύρνη για να συνεχίσει την δράση του. [...]
My translation:
Nikolakis Efendis
Prologue – Wittiness
Within the Greek consulate at Ioannina, there existed before 1913 an intelligence office, with useful information being offered by:
- C. Konstantinides who served with the artillery in Karditsa.
- Democretus, pharmacist who served with the Bizano guards.
- Kostakis, pharmacist who served with the Gardiki guards.
- Economides et al
The majority of the informants were Asia Minor Greeks who were serving with the Ottoman army. Economides was more than likely Nicholas Mizantzioglou or Nikolakis Efendis, lieutenant of Veip Bey.*
The Splendour
The above mentioned office employed the Metropolitan of Ioannina, Gervasius, to turn Nikolakis Efentis which became a successful venture. Let us see then, a minor part of his actions.
With Prot. No. 192 combat reports of the Army General Staff refer to him as "the compatriot* officer". The conveying of every piece of intelligence was done exclusively by the Greek Committee of Ioannina and was read by the Greek General staff.
With Protocol No. 877/31-12-1912 reports out of Ioannina:
Numbers and types of guns per emplacement, informs that had the army not retreated, Bizani would have surrendered and that the assault must not occur during daylight but "after two days and nights' constant shelling"…
With Prot. No. 1100/12-1-1913, information from Ioannina states that 100 soldiers "are nightly recruited for repairs".
With Prot. No. 1314/4-2-1913 information coming out of Ioannina sets out the numbers of cannons at Bizani with detailed description of range, rate of fire, direction of fire and other such details.
Nikoalis Efendis draws a map of Bizan with accurate positioning of gun emplacements especially of the cannon "Scylla" which could not be located. B. Lappas narrates: "N. Mizantzioglou pointed out the inaccuracies of Greek artillery fire and was asked to send accurate positions of the [Turkish] artillery, especially that of the canon "Skylla". The above are certifiable from the War Report No. 879/3-1-1913.
Whatever Nikolakis Efendis pointed out was always accurate and if anyone reads of the progress of the battle of Bizan, he will observe that after two days and nights of constant shelling, that fortified place was indeed taken. Following this, Ioannina was also liberated along with 30,000 Turkish soldiers and 1,000 Turkish officers as well as a plethora of materiel.
The Idiocy
"As a result of wild patriotic enthusiasm he was subject to the indiscretions of the Greeks, and after Bizan fell, his actions became known to the Turks. With the exchange of prisoners he came to Athens and from there journeyed to Smyrna, was detained by the Turks and was executed under horrible torture. His father's family shared the same fate with all members put to death, in Smyrna".
All of the above translate to mean that: One windbag journalist of Thessaloniki publicised the feats of Nikolakis Efendis. The most probable course of events however, is that with the prisoner exchange, the intelligence service sent an experienced operative to Smyrna in order to continue his efforts there.
[… There is here a link made to modern day politics which I think has no bearing to the topic at hand about a Greek-American languishing in prison over a spy scandal]
*I hope I have spelt the name correctly.
*compatriot: I know of no same word for ομογενής in English, which means "of the same descent"
Source: http://www.e-grammes.gr/article.php?id=1517 (e-Newspaper "Hellenic Lines", no author is credited)
From the looks of the paper it seems a little on the nationalist side, but I am a sucker for intelligence stories and wanted to share it with you all (even with the translation's shortcomings). If anyone has more information on this intelligence gathering effort during the Balkan War, please do!
Peter H
Post by Peter H » 14 May 2007 10:02
Thanks Nick.Very interesting.
The Turkish writer Ömer Seyfettin was also at Yenya:
http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/BelgeGoster ... 27DE0949CB
My understanding of Greek forces involved at Yanya:
8th Epirus Division(Cretan Inf regt,15th Inf Regt,3 Evzone Battalions)
2nd Division
4th Division
Metsovo Brigade,1st Division
Greek Cavalry Regt
Seven Greek Divisions existed in 1912,the 8th Division formed later.This out of a population of 2.7 million Greeks.The Yanya OOB suggests that more than half the Greek Army took part in the campaign.
At the same time the Greek 1st & 7th Divisions were around Salonika.The 3rd & 5th Divisions were in Macedonia.
This map from Purnell's History of the First World War,1969,shows how the Ottomans were "squeezed" out of the Balkans in the first war there 1912/13.
Yanya is shown on the map as Yanina.Note how some Serbian forces assisted the Bulgarians at Adrianople as well.
Bulgaria is then defeated in the second round in 1913.The Turks retake Adrianople.
Turkey's western European border was finalised with the Treaty of Lozan in 1923.
The Lozan Monument
http://www.trakya.edu.tr/Eng/edirne/monument.htm
Lozan Monument, Square and Museum were built on the Karaagaç Campüs in accordance with the proposal of the Rector Osman Inci, to commemorate the Lozan Treaty which set boundaries of the Turkish Republic. In accordance with the Mondoros Treaty signed on 30th October, 1918 the border of Trakya was Meriç River; Karaagaç district and the right banks side of Meriç River remained in the Greek area.
That situation was discussed in details at the meetings held for the Lozan Treaty and the mentioned areas were given to the Turkish Republic with Lozan Treaty which was signed on 24th July, 1923. Hence, the University Senate decided during the 7th annual meeting on 27th November, 1996, to construct the monument on the Karaagaç Campus to commemorate this historical event. The Lozan Monument, which is one of the biggest monuments in Turkey was first inaugurated by the President of the Turkish Republic Süleyman Demirel on 19th July, 1998.
Thanks for the article on Mr Seyfettin. I have been unable to locate any further famous people who participated in the conflict.
Those are good maps. The map I have has had its printer heads going off-focus so I lose out on some of the better details, such as the Bulgarian advance towards Constantinople/Istanbul and towards Gallipoli (!). That was a fairly long and probably arduous trek for the Serbs who assisted the Bulgarians in Adrianople.
re the Greek OoB at Ioannina:
http://orbat.com/site/history/index.html then click on 1900-38 and scroll down towards the bottom and you'll be presented with a further link to the Greek forces arrayed at all those places you mention.
IF anyone is interested, and does not know where the book can be purchased which is cited in that link, it can be purchased from here:
(Please look at end of post)
I will *hopefully* be buying it soon, as I had bought the WW2 volume a couple years back.
re the Second War: I never knew the Greek army went that far up into Bulgarian territory . It would be great if our fellow Bulgarian members furnished us with further information.
Does anyone know if any of the other participants of the war set up their own monuments?
And to finish up for the night:
http://www.kozanh.gr/portal/images/gallery12/image9.jpg (Kozani in 1912)
-edit-
I have withdrawn the link from the Caratzas website, as they have not updated their security certificate. Once it has been rectified, I will replace the link.
Last edited by Mr Holmes on 18 May 2007 01:43, edited 1 time in total.
The Serbian 2nd Army moved to Adrianople in November 1912.it consisted of the Timok and Danube Divisions,around 47,000 men and 72 artillery.Some of the later consisted of heavy Krupp 150mm howitzers.
From Corbis...Serbian hospital tent at Adrianople.
Thanks for the information and saddening picture.
-Another sad picture, this time of deceased Turkish soldiers:
http://www.www.furniture.www.sports.www ... tcard.html
Caption to ad states: 'Balkan war Bulgaria military propaganda postcard anti Turkey # 30. Represents " Turksih died soldiers "[sic.] '
-The following link from the Bulgarian government's history page:
http://www.mfa.government.bg/history_of ... ia/10.html
Has two interesting pictures, but I don't understand what is written. Hopefully, one of our fellow Bulgarian members could help us.
-A very fine study of a Bulgarian officer, 1913
Source: http://www.www.www.postcards.www.real-p ... 33c_24.jpg
-Bulgarian Military Operation, pontoon bridge across Arda River:
Source: http://www.www.www.www.www.propaganda-p ... 4_T_26.jpg
-Serbian Picture, again. This time of a fine study of a certain Col. Alexander Glishich:
Source: http://www.www.www.www.cabinet-photos.w ... rw/item=75
Caption to postcard: "Postcard of Serbian / Yugoslavian colonel Alexander Glishich in uniform wearin orders, comamnder of VII regiment. Hero from Kumanovo ( Macedonia ) battle."
I think there a hundreds of these types of postcards on that auction site.
Greek Memorial,Balkan Wars:
http://www.krokeai.com/pictures/townpic ... /eroon.htm
Battleship Averoff Museum
http://www.lastminute.com/site/find/Wor ... 38122.html
Casualties in the Balkan Wars,Erickson
First War-14,000 Killed,19,000 died of disease,50,000 wounded
Second War-18,000 Killed,15,000 died of disease,60,000 wounded
First War-5,169 killed or dead,23,502 wounded
Second War-2,563 killed or dead,19,307 wounded
First & Second Wars-36,550 killed or dead,50,000 wounded
First War-2,836 killed or dead,6,602 wounded
Second War-240 killed or dead,961 wounded
First & Second Wars-50,000 killed.75,000 died of disease,100,000 wounded,115,000 POWs
Tosun Saral
Location: Ankara/Turkey
Post by Tosun Saral » 15 May 2007 09:27
Mr. Holmes
I thank you for your picture about Kozana/Kozani
I havent seen it before. My Father imigrated from village of Sofular/Kapnohori of Kozani. Kozana/Kozani is my fatherland.
http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/7d696/
The family of my wife imigrated from Peleoponnes in 1850's. They are real ancient Greeks tall handsome men and very beautiful women with black hair and blue eyes. As they come to Turkey they never spoke a word Turkish, they spoke ancient greek. but they were moslems. They were settlet in Kusadasi on Aegean Sea. Kusadasi to now a very important saaport and a very touristic place. It is only 25 kms to famous roman ruins of the city of Ephesus and Home of Virgin Mary.
http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/7d696/1beeea/
There is no other society in this wide word mixed together like greeks and Turks. We call the greek-orthodox Christian people of Anatolia "Rum" which means "Romans". There were people who called themself "Karamanlis" (from Karaman)(The late Greek president Mr. Karamanlis was one of them) spoke a single word greek but were Greek orthodox Christians. They were Turkish origin who accepted Christianity.
Sir, those figures are scandalous! And, then we have the Great War and after that, the Asia Minor conflict. I wonder if there is a cumulative total figure listed for all of the conflicts which raged during this 1908-1923 era?
Estimated Ottoman/Turkish losses here:
http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=116575
Greek losses WW1:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties
Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing[13,339], The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease[6,160].
Other estimates of Greek casualties are as follows:
By UK War Office in 1922: Killed/died wounds 5,000; prisoners and missing 1,000[11,353]-
By US War Dept in 1919: Battle deaths 7,000
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 150,000, caused by food shortages and the Spanish Flu
Greek losses 1919-1922:
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm
Urlanis:
Greek KIA: 26,000, citing Bujac:
Killed and (?) died of wounds: 19,362
Died of wounds (?) and disease: 4,878
Missing: 17,995
TOTAL: 19T killed - 3T mortally wounded (i.e. 6% of k.) + 10T (i.e. ½ of missing) = 26T
Turks: about the same
TOTAL: 52,000 battle deaths
Singer (KIA)
Turkey: 20,000
Greece: 30,000
Around 20,000 Greeks became POWs as well.
I thought you might have been interested in that one Mr Saral, since I knew that your father was from there. Unfortunately, there are not many more pictures of the war from Greek sites that I could find. (About your wife's ancestors; yes, as time went on, there were an increasing number of Greeks who became Moslem. It started becoming a problem of sorts for the Orthodox Church and so it sent St Kosmas the Aetolian "Equal to the Apostles" to preach the Church's message to those who had no faith or were on the verge of becoming Moslem. Does Mrs Saral speak any Greek? In other words was the Greek language passed on from generation to generation? I'd be interested to know. Later, you wrote: "There is no other society in this wide word mixed together like greeks and Turks." Indeed. I used to help out at a fair few Greco-Turkish weddings in the Orthodox Church here, but I was never invited to the parties ... . Some Greeks today still call themselves Ρωμιοί which means the same thing. I never knew what the Karaman were, so thank you for the information!)
Anyway, back to the topic (I tend to go off on tangents). The following is a badly scanned picture of the Greek army entering the town of Xanthe:
Caption translation: "Entry of the Greek Army in Xanthi (13/7/1913) under its first liberation (Xanthe was liberated a second time after seven years, in 14/5/1920"
Source: Αποστόλου Π. Ευθυμιάδη, Η Συμβολή της Θράκης εις τους Απελευθερωτικούς Αγώνας του Έθνους (Από του 1361 Μέχρι του 1920, "Αιγαίο", Αλεξανδρούπολις, 2002, σελ. 653.
Apostolos P. Efthimiades, The Symbol of Thrace in the National Liberation Struggles (From 1361 Until 1920), "Aegaeo", Alexandroupolis, 2002, p. 653.
It has been scanned from a great book I have in my possession which I received for free. I have not read it yet (a massive book written in high-Greek).
Mr H,
Thanks once more, for the extensive figures. I can't believe that half a million Turks perished due to disease alone in this period. With regards to the Greek figures; the WW1 Russian estimates surprise me somewhat, since Greece had withdrawn from battle due to internal political bickering. But then, I'm no expert.
The lack of proper health care in the whole region (disease it seems caused much more suffering than actual combat casualties, by mammoth proportions) shows the very pitiable plight suffered by the populations everywhere.
I always knew the Balkan Wars to be a very vicious fight. But, I must confess, to being taken aback at the casualty figures kindly provided by you.
Also, thank you very much for the link to the Greek monument. I'll scan another picture (from memory, it is a drawing), tomorrow, of the commander of the Averoff.
Colak Ahmet Faik Pasha (look at axis) The 4th Grand Master of Turkish Masons
Lt. Col Ahmet Faik Bey was made c.o.s. of the 7th AC after mobilization on Sept.29th 1912. After a short time he was made commander of 19th Infantry Division. His division was in Mecidiye. The division got the orders to move to Yanya on Dec. 7th 1912 with a men and material power of: 57th and Composed 7th Nisachanci (sharp shooters) Regiments. Each regiment had 3 battalions with each 600 men and 2 MGs. A detachment of cavalry with 19 men and an artillary team with horse artillary and comman fire mountain artillary. The div. moved from Misyoferi to Yanya with 4421 men. They reached to Yanya on Dec. 9th 1912. The division arrived at a very critical time. They gathered at the village of Kocolos. Although the men were very exausted and hungry they immediately attacked to the Greeks. The fights continued all day long and night on Dec. 12th 1912. Those fights is called as Konduvraki and Drisko battles. The div. of Faik Bey took Drisko and Kanlıtepe (The bloody Hill) from the Greeks back.
The div. was demolished on Dec. 24th 1912. Faik Bey was made commander of the 3rd Inf. Div. which was reorganized by the remains of 13th and 19th divs. On Oct.24th 1913 he was made commander of 1st Iskodra (Scutary) Div. Nov. 11th he was promoted to Colonel. "
source. Ismail Tosun Saral " Büyük Üstad Faik Paşa"( Grand Master Faik Pasha)
Thank you Mr Saral. (You really should have (was it your father's?) that book translated into English.)
I beg you all for your patience, just one more picture.
This one from Salonika in 1912:
Caption: Santouri and violinists playing for a company of evzones and cretan counterparts. (Thessaloniki, 1912)
Source: http://www.rebetiko.gr/photosgal_item.asp?id=296


I just received a PAM 352 and I'm having trouble with the titanium bracelet. I have narrowed it down to the end pieces. Once the bracelet is off, I can install a leather strap with no trouble at all, but even trying to just attach the end piece I run into major trouble. This goes beyond "just wiggle it" and into the territory of applying a lot more pressure than I am comfortable with.
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text:
Home›Sports›Wisconsin Rapids Rafters›Wisconsin Rapids Gorgeous Grandmas make debut on July 23
Wisconsin Rapids Gorgeous Grandmas make debut on July 23
For the Rapids City Times
WISCONSIN RAPIDS – The Wisconsin Rapids Rafters will become the Wisconsin Rapids Gorgeous Grandmas for one day on July 23.
The team will wear special Gorgeous Grandmas jerseys for their game against the Green Bay Booyah. The exclusive jersey features lace trim and a pearl necklace printed on to the uniform design. Game-worn jerseys will be auctioned off following the game.
The team's temporary name change will pay tribute to National Gorgeous Grandma Day, observed annually on July 23. The holiday was established in 1984 to honor the special women across the nation who positively impact society as grandmothers.
With approximately 32 percent of the Wisconsin Rapids population over the age of 55, the Rafters will pay tribute to the many Grandmas in the area who care so much for both their grandchildren and Rafters baseball.
"We strongly believe that, in our fan base, we have the most devoted, and certainly the most gorgeous, grandmas in the entire Northwoods League," said Rafters general manager Andy Francis. "We can't think of a better way to honor them than with a unique jersey and name change on their special day."
In light of the auspicious occasion, the Rafters will be offering a special, two-for-one ticket deal for Rafters fans over 55 years of age. Historic Witter Field will transform into a reminder of the many comforts of grandma's house, from butterscotch candies to crossword puzzles.
In addition, the Rafters will offer blood pressure screenings at the game and Mid-State hair salon will be in attendance, helping to keep grandma Rafters fans looking and feeling as gorgeous as possible.
Local bakery to compete for Sweetest Bakery
Wood County to receive $11K for homelessness
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Tehran Stock Exchange All-Share Index finished the day up 0.90% at 164,470. Utility Service Providers (+3.95%) saw the highest increase among sectors, while the biggest faller of the day was Agriculture (-2.48%). Banking (+0.51%) was the market volume leader with trades totaling IRR 767 billion (approx. USD 18 million). National Iranian Copper Ind. Co. (MSMI +3.57%) Esfahan Mobarakeh Steel Co. (FOLD +1.94%) and Mobin Petrochemical Co. (MOBN +4.80%) were the main movers of the All-Share Index.
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Very detailed mid-poly model of M35 USA military 2,5 tonn cargo truck.
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The M35-series trucks have been sold as surplus both to military vehicle collectors and to persons or organizations looking for an inexpensive truck capable of off-road operation. Users have included farmers, rural electric utilities and fire departments.


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JP Morgan Chase News
Follow JPM
Registration Statement Nos. 333-236659 and 333-236659-01; Rule 424(b)(2)
JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC
Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Class B Common Stock of ViacomCBS Inc. due October 24, 2024
Fully and Unconditionally Guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co.
· The notes are designed for investors who seek a Contingent Interest Payment with respect to each Review Date for which the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock is greater than or equal to 75.00% of the Initial Value, which we refer to as the Interest Barrier.
· The notes will be automatically called if the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on any Review Date (other than the first and final Review Dates) is greater than or equal to the Initial Value.
· The earliest date on which an automatic call may be initiated is April 20, 2022.
· Investors should be willing to accept the risk of losing some or all of their principal and the risk that no Contingent Interest Payment may be made with respect to some or all Review Dates.
· Investors should also be willing to forgo fixed interest and dividend payments, in exchange for the opportunity to receive Contingent Interest Payments.
· The notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, which we refer to as JPMorgan Financial, the payment on which is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co. Any payment on the notes is subject to the credit risk of JPMorgan Financial, as issuer of the notes, and the credit risk of JPMorgan Chase & Co., as guarantor of the notes.
· Minimum denominations of $1,000 and integral multiples thereof
· The notes priced on October 20, 2021 and are expected to settle on or about October 25, 2021.
· CUSIP: 48132YFH3
Investing in the notes involves a number of risks. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page S-2 of the accompanying prospectus supplement, "Risk Factors" beginning on page PS-12 of the accompanying product supplement and "Selected Risk Considerations" beginning on page PS-5 of this pricing supplement.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the notes or passed upon the accuracy or the adequacy of this pricing supplement or the accompanying product supplement, prospectus supplement and prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
Price to Public (1) Fees and Commissions (2) Proceeds to Issuer
Per note $1,000 $23.50 $976.50
Total $925,000 $21,737.50 $903,262.50
(1) See "Supplemental Use of Proceeds" in this pricing supplement for information about the components of the price to public of the notes.
(2) J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, which we refer to as JPMS, acting as agent for JPMorgan Financial, will pay all of the selling commissions of $23.50 per $1,000 principal amount note it receives from us to other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers. See "Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)" in the accompanying product supplement.
The estimated value of the notes, when the terms of the notes were set, was $951.20 per $1,000 principal amount note. See "The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement for additional information.
The notes are not bank deposits, are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency and are not obligations of, or guaranteed by, a bank.
Pricing supplement to product supplement no. 4-II dated November 4, 2020
and the prospectus and prospectus supplement, each dated April 8, 2020
Issuer: JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, an indirect, wholly owned finance subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Guarantor: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Reference Stock: The Class B common stock of ViacomCBS Inc., par value $0.001 per share (Bloomberg ticker: VIAC). We refer to ViacomCBS Inc. as ViacomCBS."
Contingent Interest Payments: If the notes have not been automatically called and the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on any Review Date is greater than or equal to the Interest Barrier, you will receive on the applicable Interest Payment Date for each $1,000 principal amount note a Contingent Interest Payment equal to $26.875 (equivalent to a Contingent Interest Rate of 10.75% per annum, payable at a rate of 2.6875% per quarter).
If the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on any Review Date is less than the Interest Barrier, no Contingent Interest Payment will be made with respect to that Review Date.
Contingent Interest Rate: 10.75% per annum, payable at a rate of 2.6875% per quarter
Interest Barrier / Trigger Value: 75.00% of the Initial Value, which is $29.1525
Original Issue Date (Settlement Date): On or about October 25, 2021
Review Dates*: January 20, 2022, April 20, 2022, July 20, 2022, October 20, 2022, January 20, 2023, April 20, 2023, July 20, 2023, October 20, 2023, January 22, 2024, April 22, 2024, July 22, 2024 and October 21, 2024 (final Review Date)
Interest Payment Dates*: January 25, 2022, April 25, 2022, July 25, 2022, October 25, 2022, January 25, 2023, April 25, 2023, July 25, 2023, October 25, 2023, January 25, 2024, April 25, 2024, July 25, 2024 and the Maturity Date
Maturity Date*: October 24, 2024
Call Settlement Date*: If the notes are automatically called on any Review Date (other than the first and final Review Dates), the first Interest Payment Date immediately following that Review Date
* Subject to postponement in the event of a market disruption event and as described under "General Terms of Notes — Postponement of a Determination Date — Notes Linked to a Single Underlying — Notes Linked to a Single Underlying (Other Than a Commodity Index)" and "General Terms of Notes — Postponement of a Payment Date" in the accompanying product supplement
Automatic Call:
If the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on any Review Date (other than the first and final Review Dates) is greater than or equal to the Initial Value, the notes will be automatically called for a cash payment, for each $1,000 principal amount note, equal to (a) $1,000 plus (b) the Contingent Interest Payment applicable to that Review Date, payable on the applicable Call Settlement Date. No further payments will be made on the notes.
If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value is greater than or equal to the Trigger Value, you will receive a cash payment at maturity, for each $1,000 principal amount note, equal to (a) $1,000 plus (b) the Contingent Interest Payment applicable to the final Review Date.
If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value is less than the Trigger Value, your payment at maturity per $1,000 principal amount note will be calculated as follows:
$1,000 + ($1,000 × Stock Return)
If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value is less than the Trigger Value, you will lose more than 25.00% of your principal amount at maturity and could lose all of your principal amount at maturity.
Stock Return:
(Final Value – Initial Value)
Initial Value: The closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on the Pricing Date, which was $38.87
Final Value: The closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on the final Review Date
Stock Adjustment Factor: The Stock Adjustment Factor is referenced in determining the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock and is set equal to 1.0 on the Pricing Date. The Stock Adjustment Factor is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain corporate events affecting the Reference Stock. See "The Underlyings — Reference Stocks — Anti-Dilution Adjustments" and "The Underlyings — Reference Stocks — Reorganization Events" in the accompanying product supplement for further information.
PS- 1 | Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Class B Common
Stock of ViacomCBS Inc.
How the Notes Work
Payment in Connection with the First Review Date
Payments in Connection with Review Dates (Other than the First and Final Review Dates)
Payment at Maturity If the Notes Have Not Been Automatically Called
Total Contingent Interest Payments
The table below illustrates the hypothetical total Contingent Interest Payments per $1,000 principal amount note over the term of the notes based on the Contingent Interest Rate of 10.75% per annum, depending on how many Contingent Interest Payments are made prior to automatic call or maturity.
Number of Contingent Interest Payments Total Contingent Interest Payments
12 $322.500
9 $241.875
3 $80.625
0 $0.000
Hypothetical Payout Examples
The following examples illustrate payments on the notes linked to a hypothetical Reference Stock, assuming a range of performances for the hypothetical Reference Stock on the Review Dates. The hypothetical payments set forth below assume the following:
· an Initial Value of $100.00;
· an Interest Barrier and a Trigger Value of $75.00 (equal to 75.00% of the hypothetical Initial Value); and
· a Contingent Interest Rate of 10.75% per annum (payable at a rate of 2.6875% per quarter).
The hypothetical Initial Value of $100.00 has been chosen for illustrative purposes only and does not represent the actual Initial Value. The actual Initial Value is the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on the Pricing Date and is specified under "Key Terms — Initial Value" in this pricing supplement. For historical data regarding the actual closing prices of one share of the Reference Stock, please see the historical information set forth under "The Reference Stock" in this pricing supplement.
Each hypothetical payment set forth below is for illustrative purposes only and may not be the actual payment applicable to a purchaser of the notes. The numbers appearing in the following examples have been rounded for ease of analysis.
Example 1 — Notes are automatically called on the second Review Date.
Date Closing Price Payment (per $1,000 principal amount note)
First Review Date $105.00 $26.875
Second Review Date $115.00 $1,026.875
Total Payment $1,053.75 (5.375% return)
Because the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on the second Review Date is greater than or equal to the Initial Value, the notes will be automatically called for a cash payment, for each $1,000 principal amount note, of $1,026.875 (or $1,000 plus the Contingent Interest Payment applicable to the second Review Date), payable on the applicable Call Settlement Date. The notes are not automatically callable before the second Review Date, even though the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on the first Review Date is greater than the Initial Value. When added to the Contingent Interest Payment received with respect to the prior Review Date, the total amount paid, for each $1,000 principal amount note, is $1,053.75. No further payments will be made on the notes.
Example 2 — Notes have NOT been automatically called and the Final Value is greater than or equal to the Trigger Value.
First Review Date $90.00 $26.875
Second Review Date $85.00 $26.875
Third through Eleventh Review Dates Less than Interest Barrier $0
Final Review Date $90.00 $1,026.875
Total Payment $1,080.625 (8.0625% return)
Because the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value is greater than or equal to the Trigger Value, the payment at maturity, for each $1,000 principal amount note, will be $1,026.875 (or $1,000 plus the Contingent Interest Payment applicable to the final Review Date). When added to the Contingent Interest Payments received with respect to the prior Review Dates, the total amount paid, for each $1,000 principal amount note, is $1,080.625.
Example 3 — Notes have NOT been automatically called and the Final Value is less than the Trigger Value.
First Review Date $40.00 $0
Second Review Date $45.00 $0
Final Review Date $50.00 $500.00
Total Payment $500.00 (-50.00% return)
Because the notes have not been automatically called, the Final Value is less than the Trigger Value and the Stock Return is -50.00%, the payment at maturity will be $500.00 per $1,000 principal amount note, calculated as follows:
$1,000 + [$1,000 × (-50.00%)] = $500.00
The hypothetical returns and hypothetical payments on the notes shown above apply only if you hold the notes for their entire term or until automatically called. These hypotheticals do not reflect the fees or expenses that would be associated with any sale in the secondary market. If these fees and expenses were included, the hypothetical returns and hypothetical payments shown above would likely be lower.
Selected Risk Considerations
An investment in the notes involves significant risks. These risks are explained in more detail in the "Risk Factors" sections of the accompanying prospectus supplement and product supplement.
Risks Relating to the Notes Generally
· YOUR INVESTMENT IN THE NOTES MAY RESULT IN A LOSS —
The notes do not guarantee any return of principal. If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value is less than the Trigger Value, you will lose 1% of the principal amount of your notes for every 1% that the Final Value is less than the Initial Value. Accordingly, under these circumstances, you will lose more than 25.00% of your principal amount at maturity and could lose all of your principal amount at maturity.
· THE NOTES DO NOT GUARANTEE THE PAYMENT OF INTEREST AND MAY NOT PAY ANY INTEREST AT ALL —
If the notes have not been automatically called, we will make a Contingent Interest Payment with respect to a Review Date only if the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on that Review Date is greater than or equal to the Interest Barrier. If the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on that Review Date is less than the Interest Barrier, no Contingent Interest Payment will be made with respect to that Review Date. Accordingly, if the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on each Review Date is less than the Interest Barrier, you will not receive any interest payments over the term of the notes.
· CREDIT RISKS OF JPMORGAN FINANCIAL AND JPMORGAN CHASE & CO. —
Investors are dependent on our and JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s ability to pay all amounts due on the notes. Any actual or potential change in our or JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s creditworthiness or credit spreads, as determined by the market for taking that credit risk, is likely to adversely affect the value of the notes. If we and JPMorgan Chase & Co. were to default on our payment obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the notes and you could lose your entire investment.
· AS A FINANCE SUBSIDIARY, JPMORGAN FINANCIAL HAS NO INDEPENDENT OPERATIONS AND HAS LIMITED ASSETS —
As a finance subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co., we have no independent operations beyond the issuance and administration of our securities. Aside from the initial capital contribution from JPMorgan Chase & Co., substantially all of our assets relate to obligations of our affiliates to make payments under loans made by us or other intercompany agreements. As a result, we are dependent upon payments from our affiliates to meet our obligations under the notes. If these affiliates do not make payments to us and we fail to make payments on the notes, you may have to seek payment under the related guarantee by JPMorgan Chase & Co., and that guarantee will rank pari passu with all other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of JPMorgan Chase & Co.
· THE APPRECIATION POTENTIAL OF THE NOTES IS LIMITED TO THE SUM OF ANY CONTINGENT INTEREST PAYMENTS THAT MAY BE PAID OVER THE TERM OF THE NOTES,
regardless of any appreciation of the Reference Stock, which may be significant. You will not participate in any appreciation of the Reference Stock.
· THE BENEFIT PROVIDED BY THE TRIGGER VALUE MAY TERMINATE ON THE FINAL REVIEW DATE —
If the Final Value is less than the Trigger Value and the notes have not been automatically called, the benefit provided by the Trigger Value will terminate and you will be fully exposed to any depreciation of the Reference Stock.
· THE AUTOMATIC CALL FEATURE MAY FORCE A POTENTIAL EARLY EXIT —
If your notes are automatically called, the term of the notes may be reduced to as short as approximately six months and you will not receive any Contingent Interest Payments after the applicable Call Settlement Date. There is no guarantee that you would be able to reinvest the proceeds from an investment in the notes at a comparable return and/or with a comparable interest rate for a similar level of risk. Even in cases where the notes are called before maturity, you are not entitled to any fees and commissions described on the front cover of this pricing supplement.
· YOU WILL NOT RECEIVE DIVIDENDS ON THE REFERENCE STOCK OR HAVE ANY RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO THE REFERENCE STOCK.
· THE RISK OF THE CLOSING PRICE OF ONE SHARE OF THE REFERENCE STOCK FALLING BELOW THE INTEREST BARRIER OR THE TRIGGER VALUE IS GREATER IF THE PRICE OF ONE SHARE OF THE REFERENCE STOCK IS VOLATILE.
· LACK OF LIQUIDITY —
The notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. Accordingly, the price at which you may be able to trade your notes is likely to depend on the price, if any, at which JPMS is willing to buy the notes. You may not be able to sell your notes. The notes are not designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your notes to maturity.
Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest
· POTENTIAL CONFLICTS —
We and our affiliates play a variety of roles in connection with the notes. In performing these duties, our and JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s economic interests are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the notes. It is possible that hedging or trading activities of ours or our affiliates in connection with the notes could result in substantial returns for us or our affiliates while the value of the notes declines. Please refer to "Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest" in the accompanying product supplement.
Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes
· THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES IS LOWER THAN THE ORIGINAL ISSUE PRICE (PRICE TO PUBLIC) OF THE NOTES —
The estimated value of the notes is only an estimate determined by reference to several factors. The original issue price of the notes exceeds the estimated value of the notes because costs associated with selling, structuring and hedging the notes are included in the original issue price of the notes. These costs include the selling commissions, the projected profits, if any, that our affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent in hedging our obligations under the notes and the estimated cost of hedging our obligations under the notes. See "The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement.
· THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES DOES NOT REPRESENT FUTURE VALUES OF THE NOTES AND MAY DIFFER FROM OTHERS' ESTIMATES —
See "The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement.
· THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES IS DERIVED BY REFERENCE TO AN INTERNAL FUNDING RATE —
The internal funding rate used in the determination of the estimated value of the notes may differ from the market-implied funding rate for vanilla fixed income instruments of a similar maturity issued by JPMorgan Chase & Co. or its affiliates. Any difference may be based on, among other things, our and our affiliates' view of the funding value of the notes as well as the higher issuance, operational and ongoing liability management costs of the notes in comparison to those costs for the conventional fixed income instruments of JPMorgan Chase & Co. This internal funding rate is based on certain market inputs and assumptions, which may prove to be incorrect, and is intended to approximate the prevailing market replacement funding rate for the notes. The use of an internal funding rate and any potential changes to that rate may have an adverse effect on the terms of the notes and any secondary market prices of the notes. See "The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement.
· THE VALUE OF THE NOTES AS PUBLISHED BY JPMS (AND WHICH MAY BE REFLECTED ON CUSTOMER ACCOUNT STATEMENTS) MAY BE HIGHER THAN THE THEN-CURRENT ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES FOR A LIMITED TIME PERIOD —
We generally expect that some of the costs included in the original issue price of the notes will be partially paid back to you in connection with any repurchases of your notes by JPMS in an amount that will decline to zero over an initial predetermined period. See "Secondary Market Prices of the Notes" in this pricing supplement for additional information relating to this initial period. Accordingly, the estimated value of your notes during this initial period may be lower than the value of the notes as published by JPMS (and which may be shown on your customer account statements).
· SECONDARY MARKET PRICES OF THE NOTES WILL LIKELY BE LOWER THAN THE ORIGINAL ISSUE PRICE OF THE NOTES —
Any secondary market prices of the notes will likely be lower than the original issue price of the notes because, among other things, secondary market prices take into account our internal secondary market funding rates for structured debt issuances and, also, because secondary market prices may exclude selling commissions, projected hedging profits, if any, and estimated hedging costs that are included in the original issue price of the notes. As a result, the price, if any, at which JPMS will be willing to buy the notes from you in secondary market transactions, if at all, is likely to be lower than the original issue price. Any sale by you prior to the Maturity Date could result in a substantial loss to you.
· SECONDARY MARKET PRICES OF THE NOTES WILL BE IMPACTED BY MANY ECONOMIC AND MARKET FACTORS —
The secondary market price of the notes during their term will be impacted by a number of economic and market factors, which may either offset or magnify each other, aside from the selling commissions, projected hedging profits, if any, estimated hedging costs and the price of one share of the Reference Stock. Additionally, independent pricing vendors and/or third party broker-dealers may publish a price for the notes, which may also be reflected on customer account statements. This price may be different (higher or lower) than the price of the notes, if any, at which JPMS may be willing to purchase your notes in the secondary market. See "Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — Secondary market prices of the notes will be impacted by many economic and market factors" in the accompanying product supplement.
Risks Relating to the Reference Stock
· NO AFFILIATION WITH THE REFERENCE STOCK ISSUER —
We have not independently verified any of the information about the Reference Stock issuer contained in this pricing supplement. You should undertake your own investigation into the Reference Stock and its issuer. We are not responsible for the Reference Stock issuer's public disclosure of information, whether contained in SEC filings or otherwise.
· THE ANTI-DILUTION PROTECTION FOR THE REFERENCE STOCK IS LIMITED AND MAY BE DISCRETIONARY —
The calculation agent will not make an adjustment in response to all events that could affect the Reference Stock. The calculation agent may make adjustments in response to events that are not described in the accompanying product supplement to account for any diluting or concentrative effect, but the calculation agent is under no obligation to do so or to consider your interests as a holder of the notes in making these determinations.
The Reference Stock
All information contained herein on the Reference Stock and on ViacomCBS is derived from publicly available sources, without independent verification. According to its publicly available filings with the SEC, ViacomCBS is a global media and entertainment company that creates content and experiences for audiences worldwide. The Class B common stock of ViacomCBS, par value $0.001 per share (Bloomberg ticker: VIAC), is registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to as the Exchange Act, and is listed on The NASDAQ Stock Market, which we refer to as the relevant exchange for purposes of ViacomCBS in the accompanying product supplement. Information provided to or filed with the SEC by ViacomCBS pursuant to the Exchange Act can be located by reference to the SEC file number 001-09553, and can be accessed through www.sec.gov. We do not make any representation that these publicly available documents are accurate or complete.
The following graph sets forth the historical performance of the Reference Stock based on the weekly historical closing prices of one share of the Reference Stock from January 8, 2016 through October 15, 2021. The closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on October 20, 2021 was $38.87. We obtained the closing prices above and below from the Bloomberg Professional® service ("Bloomberg"), without independent verification. The closing prices above and below may have been adjusted by Bloomberg for corporate actions, such as stock splits, public offerings, mergers and acquisitions, spin-offs, delistings and bankruptcy.
The historical closing prices of one share of the Reference Stock should not be taken as an indication of future performance, and no assurance can be given as to the closing price of one share of the Reference Stock on any Review Date. There can be no assurance that the performance of the Reference Stock will result in the return of any of your principal amount or the payment of any interest.
You should review carefully the section entitled "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences" in the accompanying product supplement no. 4-II. In determining our reporting responsibilities we intend to treat (i) the notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes as prepaid forward contracts with associated contingent coupons and (ii) any Contingent Interest Payments as ordinary income, as described in the section entitled "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences — Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders — Notes Treated as Prepaid Forward Contracts with Associated Contingent Coupons" in the accompanying product supplement. Based on the advice of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, our special tax counsel, we believe that this is a reasonable treatment, but that there are other reasonable treatments that the IRS or a court may adopt, in which case the timing and character of any income or loss on the notes could be materially affected. In addition, in 2007 Treasury and the IRS released a notice requesting comments on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of "prepaid forward contracts" and similar instruments. The notice focuses in particular on whether to require investors in these instruments to accrue income over the term of their investment. It also asks for comments on a number of related topics, including the character of income or loss with respect to these instruments and the relevance of factors such as the nature of the underlying property to which the instruments are linked. While the notice requests comments on appropriate transition rules and effective dates, any Treasury regulations or other guidance promulgated after consideration of these issues could materially affect the tax consequences of an investment in the notes, possibly with retroactive effect. The discussions above and in the accompanying product supplement do not address the consequences to taxpayers subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the notes, including possible alternative treatments and the issues presented by the notice described above.
Non-U.S. Holders — Tax Considerations. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of Contingent Interest Payments is uncertain, and although we believe it is reasonable to take a position that Contingent Interest Payments are not subject to U.S. withholding tax (at least if an applicable Form W-8 is provided), a withholding agent may nonetheless withhold on these payments (generally at a rate of 30%, subject to the possible reduction of that rate under an applicable income tax treaty), unless income from your notes is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade or business in the United States (and, if an applicable treaty so requires, attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States). If you are not a United States person, you are urged to consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the notes in light of your particular circumstances.
Section 871(m) of the Code and Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder ("Section 871(m)") generally impose a 30% withholding tax (unless an income tax treaty applies) on dividend equivalents paid or deemed paid to Non-U.S. Holders with respect to certain financial instruments linked to U.S. equities or indices that include U.S. equities. Section 871(m) provides certain exceptions to this withholding regime, including for instruments linked to certain broad-based indices that meet requirements set forth in the applicable Treasury regulations. Additionally, a recent IRS notice excludes from the scope of Section 871(m) instruments issued prior to January 1, 2023 that do not have a delta of one with respect to underlying securities that could pay U.S.-source dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes (each an "Underlying Security"). Based on certain determinations made by us, our special tax counsel is of the opinion that Section 871(m) should not apply to the notes with regard to Non-U.S. Holders. Our determination is not binding on the IRS, and the IRS may disagree with this determination. Section 871(m) is complex and its application may depend on your particular circumstances, including whether you enter into other transactions with respect to an Underlying Security. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the potential application of Section 871(m) to the notes.
In the event of any withholding on the notes, we will not be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to amounts so withheld.
The Estimated Value of the Notes
The estimated value of the notes set forth on the cover of this pricing supplement is equal to the sum of the values of the following hypothetical components: (1) a fixed-income debt component with the same maturity as the notes, valued using the internal funding rate described below, and (2) the derivative or derivatives underlying the economic terms of the notes. The estimated value of the notes does not represent a minimum price at which JPMS would be willing to buy your notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at any time. The internal funding rate used in the determination of the estimated value of the notes may differ from the market-implied funding rate for vanilla fixed income instruments of a similar maturity issued by JPMorgan Chase & Co. or its affiliates. Any difference may be based on, among other things, our and our affiliates' view of the funding value of the notes as well as the higher issuance, operational and ongoing liability management costs of the notes in comparison to those costs for the conventional fixed income instruments of JPMorgan Chase & Co. This internal funding rate is based on certain market inputs and assumptions, which may prove to be incorrect, and is intended to approximate the prevailing market replacement funding rate for the notes. The use of an internal funding rate and any potential changes to that rate may have an adverse effect on the terms of the notes and any secondary market prices of the notes. For additional information, see "Selected Risk Considerations — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — The Estimated Value of the Notes Is Derived by Reference to an Internal Funding Rate" in this pricing supplement.
The value of the derivative or derivatives underlying the economic terms of the notes is derived from internal pricing models of our affiliates. These models are dependent on inputs such as the traded market prices of comparable derivative instruments and on various other inputs, some of which are market-observable, and which can include volatility, dividend rates, interest rates and other factors, as well as assumptions about future market events and/or environments. Accordingly, the estimated value of the notes is determined when the terms of the notes are set based on market conditions and other relevant factors and assumptions existing at that time.
The estimated value of the notes does not represent future values of the notes and may differ from others' estimates. Different pricing models and assumptions could provide valuations for the notes that are greater than or less than the estimated value of the notes. In addition, market conditions and other relevant factors in the future may change, and any assumptions may prove to be incorrect. On future dates, the value of the notes could change significantly based on, among other things, changes in market conditions, our or JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s creditworthiness, interest rate movements and other relevant factors, which may impact the price, if any, at which JPMS would be willing to buy notes from you in secondary market transactions.
The estimated value of the notes is lower than the original issue price of the notes because costs associated with selling, structuring and hedging the notes are included in the original issue price of the notes. These costs include the selling commissions paid to JPMS and other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, the projected profits, if any, that our affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent in hedging our obligations under the notes and the estimated cost of hedging our obligations under the notes. Because hedging our obligations entails risk and may be influenced by market forces beyond our control, this hedging may result in a profit that is more or less than expected, or it may result in a loss. A portion of the profits, if any, realized in hedging our obligations under the notes may be allowed to other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, and we or one or more of our affiliates will retain any remaining hedging profits. See "Selected Risk Considerations — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — The Estimated Value of the Notes Is Lower Than the Original Issue Price (Price to Public) of the Notes" in this pricing supplement.
Secondary Market Prices of the Notes
For information about factors that will impact any secondary market prices of the notes, see "Risk Factors — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — Secondary market prices of the notes will be impacted by many economic and market factors" in the accompanying product supplement. In addition, we generally expect that some of the costs included in the original issue price of the notes will be partially paid back to you in connection with any repurchases of your notes by JPMS in an amount that will decline to zero over an initial predetermined period. These costs can include selling commissions, projected hedging profits, if any, and, in some circumstances, estimated hedging costs and our internal secondary market funding rates for structured debt issuances. This initial predetermined time period is intended to be the shorter of six months and one-half of the stated term of the notes. The length of any such initial period reflects the structure of the notes, whether our affiliates expect to earn a profit in connection with our hedging activities, the estimated costs of hedging the notes and when these costs are incurred, as determined by our affiliates. See "Selected Risk Considerations — Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes — The Value of the Notes as Published by JPMS (and Which May Be Reflected on Customer Account Statements) May Be Higher Than the Then-Current Estimated Value of the Notes for a Limited Time Period" in this pricing supplement.
Supplemental Use of Proceeds
The notes are offered to meet investor demand for products that reflect the risk-return profile and market exposure provided by the notes. See "How the Notes Work" and "Hypothetical Payout Examples" in this pricing supplement for an illustration of the risk-return profile of the notes and "The Reference Stock" in this pricing supplement for a description of the market exposure provided by the notes.
The original issue price of the notes is equal to the estimated value of the notes plus the selling commissions paid to JPMS and other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, plus (minus) the projected profits (losses) that our affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent in hedging our obligations under the notes, plus the estimated cost of hedging our obligations under the notes.
PS- 10 | Structured Investments
JPMS, acting as agent for JPMorgan Financial, will pay all of the selling commissions of $23.50 per $1,000 principal amount note it receives from us to other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers. See "Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)" in the accompanying product supplement.
We expect that delivery of the notes will be made against payment for the notes on or about the Original Issue Date set forth on the front cover of this pricing supplement, which will be the third business day following the Pricing Date of the notes (this settlement cycle being referred to as "T+3"). Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in two business days, unless the parties to that trade expressly agree otherwise. Accordingly, purchasers who wish to trade notes on any date prior to two business days before delivery will be required to specify an alternate settlement cycle at the time of any such trade to prevent a failed settlement and should consult their own advisors.
Validity of the Notes and the Guarantee
In the opinion of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, as special products counsel to JPMorgan Financial and JPMorgan Chase & Co., when the notes offered by this pricing supplement have been executed and issued by JPMorgan Financial and authenticated by the trustee pursuant to the indenture, and delivered against payment as contemplated herein, such notes will be valid and binding obligations of JPMorgan Financial and the related guarantee will constitute a valid and binding obligation of JPMorgan Chase & Co., enforceable in accordance with their terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, concepts of reasonableness and equitable principles of general applicability (including, without limitation, concepts of good faith, fair dealing and the lack of bad faith), provided that such counsel expresses no opinion as to (i) the effect of fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent transfer or similar provision of applicable law on the conclusions expressed above or (ii) any provision of the indenture that purports to avoid the effect of fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent transfer or similar provision of applicable law by limiting the amount of JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s obligation under the related guarantee. This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the State of New York, the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act. In addition, this opinion is subject to customary assumptions about the trustee's authorization, execution and delivery of the indenture and its authentication of the notes and the validity, binding nature and enforceability of the indenture with respect to the trustee, all as stated in the letter of such counsel dated February 26, 2020, which was filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 by JPMorgan Financial and JPMorgan Chase & Co. on February 26, 2020.
Additional Terms Specific to the Notes
You should read this pricing supplement together with the accompanying prospectus, as supplemented by the accompanying prospectus supplement relating to our Series A medium-term notes of which these notes are a part, and the more detailed information contained in the accompanying product supplement. This pricing supplement, together with the documents listed below, contains the terms of the notes and supersedes all other prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, fact sheets, brochures or other educational materials of ours. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in the "Risk Factors" sections of the accompanying prospectus supplement and the accompanying product supplement, as the notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisers before you invest in the notes.
You may access these documents on the SEC website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if such address has changed, by reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):
· Product supplement no. 4-II dated November 4, 2020:
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/19617/000095010320021467/crt_dp139322-424b2.pdf
· Prospectus supplement and prospectus, each dated April 8, 2020:
Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1665650, and JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s CIK is 19617. As used in this pricing supplement, "we," "us" and "our" refer to JPMorgan Financial.
JP Morgan Chase (NYSE:JPM)
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text:
Going Home from India – or The Generous Monk
My last day in India should have been a morning flight from massively rainy monsoon Panaji, Goa, to 50 centigrade dry heat in New Delhi. As it were, the rain flew in front of us, leaving a pleasantly dry, fresh, greening Goa, and New Delhi cooled down below 30 centigrade, poodles still at the pavement.
At Indira Gandhi Airport, I was probably still remembered as the tall, Nordic guy who wasn't fooled by the "no-bus –between-the-terminals-but-I-can-fix-it-for-a-little-baksheesh"-scam, and in company with a TV camera crew, I arrived at the International airport many hours too early. There the phone didn't connect to Norway, and I waited silently while Indian families with children and loads of luggage came and went.
I would have liked food, but at that moment I didn't want any more Indian hassle. Nearing nine in the evening I put my backpack on, and walked the short distance in heavily polluted Indian air to the International Departures doors. No Aeroflot for Moscow booking yet, so I sat down near a large Sikh family and a fellow backpacker in his mid forties. As it turned out, he was Swedish, called Olle, and was slowly getting drunk from a metal jar. He longed for home even more than me, if that was possible at that moment. While he was still reasonably sober, we were exchanging India stories of the "I'll Never Do It Again" kind. Later he started to hit on the ladies, and getting too drunk for pleasant communication.
As the younger girls shunned him, he turned to the elderly Sikh ladies, inviting them to sex in frank words – in Swedish though. I thought: "Glad they don't understand what he says." But their body language did show they didn't appreciate his advances. Then the AEROFLOT for Moscow check in sign appeared, and I felt it would be a good thing to get him away from the Sikh family and onto the airplane.
It all went well until there was just one too many of those Indian bureaucrazy forms to fill in.
Olle refused. "They have no rights to know this!" he said", and then started to chat up two young backpacker girls, who joked back, not knowing what he said in Swedish. It was very rude and explicit what he wanted to do when they came on the plane. "Look, you will sit just between us," the blonde of them said, and he smiled shyly. Then he started another quarrel with the airport official, trying to force his way through the gates without permission.
For a while I tried to reason with him, help him fill in the form, but then the official got really angry, and called for the guards. "You want to go or not?" he said to me.
Oh yes, I desperately wanted to go home, so I left Olle.
"Shouldn't we really try helping him?" the blonde girl said. "Now he will not get on the plane!"
"You should be glad!" I said, "Not having him sit between you two."
"But he was just nice and a little drunk!" the brunette said.
"Oh, well." I said, "You don't understand Swedish, do you?"
"I'd better not translate. Let's just say, he might have started groping at you …"
Then we were in the international world. Slowly approaching midnight and boarding, for a while I sat in the bar, having a final couple of Kingfisher beers. Then into the last lounge, where we sat waiting one more of the inevitable Indian delays.
A small young Tibetan looking monk in maroon robes looked at me: "This plane Moscow?" he said. "Yes, I sincerely hope so!"
"Ok," he said with a smile, "I go home in Russia after three years Sera Je."
"So you are a lama now?"
He smiled, "I will home Lama."
"Then," I said, "You most probably are Burjat or Kalmyk. He smiled: "You know Burjat?"
"Yes," I searched my memory, who was near the Caspipian Sea, and who was living on the Mongol border? I chanced: "You live in Russia, near the Mongols?"
He smiled, and we made great friends just there. For a while we chatted, and then he started to practice generosity.
I had nothing to give back. He gave me a red thread with the knot made by His Holiness the Dalai Lama himself. Then a monocle-like hologram of a Buddha statue; a small plastic bag filled with seeds, and a woven structure looking like a Native American piece. I tried to say: "Really, this is too much, you can't give me all this!" But he insisted, and I felt more and more embarrassed. The old Viking code is clear: It is better to be the one who gives than to be the receiver; and deep down I'm still a Viking.
Then he gave me his Tibetan calendar. For a while we looked at it. It was filled with notes, and I said: "I really can't take this, you need it."
At last he did agree: "Yes you right. I go Lama, so need." We exchanged addresses, and chatted on Buddhism for the rest of the time before departure.
Nest morning we said goodbye at the Moscow Airport, as we both had to hurry for the next plane.
Then, at home, I asked our local lama Changchub: "I met this monk, going home, giving me all this presents, and I had nothing for him. What should I do?"
"Well," lama Changchub said, "he really doesn't expect anything! He was just practicing generosity."
"Yes, I know," I said, "but nevertheless, I want to give him something."
Lama Changcub, who though being Tibetan, grew up in India, did think a little, then he said: "You know, this place he lives, it is rather cold?"
I did agree; Burjat is cold.
"Then I think, like when I came to Norway, he will freeze a lot, being a lama. You can give him something warm, like a pair or socks or something like that. It will be of help for him."
Half a year later the maroon padded suit I sent him to his Ulan Ude address came back; the return label saying he had disappeared. I gave the suit to a charity, to extend his generosity.
But if anyone ever meets Zorjito Dorjiev a young Burjat monk who used to live in Ulan Ude, please tell him this story.
Btw. at Oslo Airport I saw the Sikh family once more. While I was waved through passport and customs control with a smile, they silently lined up, answering the questions.
In Norwegian. They had understood the rudeness of Olle. Maybe it was more charitable not to help him aboard the plane, after all?


text:
Nielsen Produces African-American Data
Linda Moss
In a review of May data, African-American-themed TV programming ranked higher in viewing in African-American households when measured by "Local People Meters" versus the old set-meters, Nielsen Media Research said Thursday.
Opponents of LPMs have charged that the new methodology produces lower ratings for programs with predominant African-American casts and themes. But Nielsen said that claim doesn't hold up when comparing ranking for such shows among African-American viewers in two markets where LPMs and the meter-diary systems were working side-by-side.
In Philadelphia, six of the 10 most-watched shows by African Americans measured by LPMs were African-American-themed, compared with only two measured by the meter/diary system.
In Washington, D.C., three of the 30 most-watched shows among African Americans measured by LPMs were African-American-themed, compared with two out of the top 30 measured by set-meters.
As measured by set-meters, no African-American-themed show appeared in the top-10 most-watched shows. But using LPMs, one of the 10 most-watched shows by African Americans had African-American themes.
After protests from broadcasters, Nielsen delayed its formal launch of LPMs in Philadelphia and Washington about one month, to June 30.
Nielsen Releases New 'LPM' Data
Nielsen Releases Teen 'LPM' Data
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President Trump is right on NATO, wrong on Putin: Sam Kumar
Sam Kumar
Last week the president came under harsh criticism from the media for asking our NATO allies to increase their defense spending.
"Trump is gonna fly into NATO like a seagull and defecate all over everything" boomed Fox News' Chris Stirewalt.
"Trump alienates allies at NATO summit," claimed an NBC headline.
ABC's Terry Moran was concerned that the president would "blow (NATO) up."
Let us start with the basics. NATO was signed into effect in 1949 between U.S., Canada and Western European countries with the primary goal to counter any aggression from the then Soviet Union. It allows all military personnel and equipment to be used if an enemy were to attack any one of the now 29 member countries.
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In 2006, all members of NATO agreed to spend at least 2 percent of their GDP on military. However, while the United States is currently spending 3.7 percent of the GDP, only four other countries have met the 2 percent target. In dollar terms, for 2016, the U.S. spent $664 billion, and the rest of NATO combined spent $238 billion. Germany, which is so offended by the president's remarks, spent a paltry $45 billion while Canada spent $18 billion.
To be sure, America is the most generous country in the history of this planet. Our generosity extends far beyond military spending. We spend more money in foreign aid than anyone else. We are the country that rebuilt Europe twice in the 20th century. The Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance responds to an average of 65 disasters in more than 50 countries every year, providing lifesaving assistance to tens of millions of people. Our private charitable contributions far exceed our foreign aid. Bill Gates is singlehandedly trying to abolish malaria in Africa.
Our generosity, government and private, has limits. While we will continue to spend more than any other nation on defense, we cannot do this alone. Russia's proximity makes it a much bigger existential threat to Europe than it is to our country and it is time our allies stepped it up and showed some initiative. Other NATO countries should spend at least 2 percent of their GDP. That is not an unreasonable request.
One final point: While I agree with the president on NATO, I strongly disagree with him on Putin. Putin may be a cheap thug, but he is no dummy. Putin has proven himself adept at leveraging guerilla tactics to sow political discord throughout the western world.
American administrations have been fooled by Putin several times over the past 20 years. President Bush was wrong when he claimed, "I looked the man (Putin) in the eye ... (and) was able to get a sense of his soul." It was not until Putin attempted to invade Georgia that President Bush saw the error in his views.
President Obama was wrong when he told Mitt Romney during the presidential debate that Russia is not a threat and "the 1980s are now calling to ask for their foreign policy back" Secretary Clinton was wrong when she walked around with the reset button.
President Trump needs to be clear-eyed about Putin. Not only should we put in place strong defense mechanisms to ensure that Putin never meddles with our election, we should have electronic countermeasures ready to go at a moment's notice to remind Putin not to mess with us.
Sam Kumar is the former chairman of the Washoe County Republican Party.