Competitors, driven by a motivation to win a prestigious solar event, can also rest easy in the knowledge that they are contributing towards a vital search for sustainable transport alternatives for future generations. The space age cars which travel at various speeds between Darwin and Adelaide on the sun's radiation and human's ingenuity alone give people an appreciation of a cleaner, better future using solar energy.
Danish born Adventurer, Hans Thostrup, created the World Solar Challenge. To understand what lead him to this, we should try and understand the man. Born in 1944, Tholstrup became a household name when he became the first person to circumnavigate Australia in a 16 foot open boat.
Years of participating in motor sport around the world, especially car rallies saw Hans busy wasting fuel until the fuel crisis in the late seventies. A new life began when he was inspired to find out how far rather than how fast you could go on a litre of petrol. This led to winning economy runs in cars and the establishment of the world's first economy run for trucks, and proving that driving style can be responsible for 30% of the fuel used in the transport of goods.
Another idea, sponsored by BP, was the crossing of Australia on just solar power. Larry Perkins helped Hans to drive the world's first solar car, the "Quiet Achiever", the 4052 kilometres between Sydney and Perth in 20 days. This, the ultimate energy saving crossing, was ten days faster than that by the first petrol engine car.
Hans was determined to build on these developments and continue to drive on the strength of sunshine. With man's first walk on the moon still fresh in people's memory, the time was ripe for solar invention. He felt that a race was the answer and thus the energy R&D event, the World Solar Challenge, was born.
The first World Solar Challenge was staged in 1987, with a field of 23 fantastic cars led by the GM Sunraycer which completed the trip with an average speed of 67km/h.
The cars in 1990 were a great improvement on 1987. Many competitors returned with the strength of experience, and new entries had another three years of R&D to create and refine their vehicles. The 1990 winner was the Biel team from a Swiss Engineering School. The townsfolk of Biel were responsible for donating one dollar each towards the success of the entry. With a school winning such a prestigious event, the World Solar Challenge became known as "Brain Sport".
1993 saw the 1987 GM Sunraycer record broken. Honda took the honours over Biel, and travelled 803 kilometres in one day. Yet again the entire field was impressive, and a sign of the event growing from strength to strength.
The goal of finishing the World Solar Challenge in four days was realised in 1996, when Honda repeated their performance with another stunning win, and a record average speed of 89.76 km/h. For most other competitors however, the race was far from over, with the remainder of the field spread out over 1700 km of the Stuart Highway. Over the ensuing six days a further 32 of the original 46 competitors would cross the finish line to complete their epic 3000km journey.
Following the 1996 event, Tholstrup sold up. The eventual winner of the bids was the State of South Australia, who announced an event in 1998, however many reasons lead to the "deferment" of the 1998 event, which was eventually run in 1999 under the new leadership of Chris Selwood. The 1999 event saw 43 teams from 14 countries traverse the continent, and the Australian "Aurora" team won the event.
A commitment to support the International Solar Energy Society World Congress in 2001 saw the event restaged once more, with new records set. 2001 also saw the introduction of the "Demonstration Class" which was designed to showcase vehicles exhibiting practical technology that has evolved from the World Solar Challenge.
An in depth evaluation of the aims and outcomes of the event, together with a survey of teams and stake holders showed the World Solar Challenge to be the premier solar car event in the world, with a large majority supporting a biennial program.
2005 was the first year of Panasonic's involvement in the World Solar Challenge. We are proud to continue to partner such an environmental and technological event in a global climate where demands on limited oil reserves are increasing at an alarming rate and the needs for alternative sources of energy, particularly for transport, are paramount.
You may have heard the words 'Panasonic – ideas for life', - our worldwide corporate brand slogan. This slogan represents the commitment of all our employees to provide products and services based on valuable ideas that can enrich people's lives and help advance society. This is particularly true for the environment.
In Japan Panasonic is working to develop energy generation products which will contribute greatly to the reduction of CO2 emissions. In February this year Panasonic delivered the first Household Fuel Cell Cogeneration System which synthesizes water from hydrogen and oxygen and uses the electricity generated as a household energy source.
Another Panasonic project in Japan is a standalone hybrid outdoor lighting system which uses energy generated from wind and solar power to run the lights. These lights have been installed at the 2005 World Exposition site in Aichi, Japan.
Other 'ideas for life' are at work in Panasonic's production of a specialised automotive battery for the Toyota 'Prius', the world's first Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Similar batteries will be supplied in Toyota's soon-to-be extended Hybrid Electric Vehicle range.
On behalf of Panasonic Australia, we wish all teams every success in the Panasonic World Solar Challenge, 2007.
Drink world-beating wines among breathtaking vines. Swim with dolphins, luminescent cuttlefish and rare seahorses. Make the city of Adelaide your home for an international festival or two. Explore the eco-wonderland that is Kangaroo Island, retreating.
The Office of Territory Development was established in November 2001 in the Department of the Chief Minister to drive economic development in the Territory.
facilitating resource development, including offshore banking.
Fine food, great wine, a sense of history and the good life can all be found in the elegant City of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia and home to more than a million people. Adelaide is a feast in every way. In fact it's said there are more.
In 1947, a small air service opened its doors with just one twin engine Air Consul that sat only five. Since then, however, Malaysia Airlines has become an award-winning airline with a fleet of more than 100 aircraft, spreading its wings across six.
What's so special about TC?
We don't just sell boxes. Our team is renowned for it's leading edge technical expertise. We will tailor-make a solution to suit your communication needs - whether that be maintaining.
Darwin was founded in 1869 and was originally called Palmerston before being renamed Port Darwin in 1911. The harbour was discovered in 1839 by the Captain of the Beagle, John Lort Stokes, who named it after a former shipmate, British evolutionist Charles.
CSIRO is Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. As one of the world's largest and most diverse scientific global research organisations our work touches every aspect of Australian life: from the molecules that build.
The 2007 Panasonic World Solar Challenge is claimed to be the ultimate road challenge in sustainable energy and is expecting record entries for this year's event.
Tourism Minister Jane Lomax-Smith announced today that the 2007 Panasonic World Solar Challenge would have 46 competing teams from 21 countries.
"Today is World Environment Day and it's no better time to announce the breadth of teams and countries being represented in this years Panasonic World Solar Challenge.
"The current team entry list proves that this event is truly inspired by adventure and fuelled by the spirit of friendly competition, attracting teams from research and educational institutions around the world," Dr Lomax-Smith says.
"This biennial event is based on a competitive field of solar cars crossing the Australian continent powered by nothing but the sun.
2007 will be the 20th anniversary year of the Panasonic World Solar Challenge. This is an energy efficiency challenge, all about creating a balance between sustainable speed and endurance, energy management and strategic planning.
Since 1987, the purpose of this event has been to promote and celebrate educational and technical excellence, and draw attention to the imperatives of sustainable transport.
"Whilst the notion of actually driving a solar car on the road as seen in this event may not be likely, it is very likely that we will all be driving electric cars one day," says Dr Lomax-Smith.
World Environment Day, commemorated each year on 5 June, is one of the principal vehicles through which the United Nations stimulates worldwide awareness of the environment.
The Panasonic World Solar Challenge is the means to work towards a cleaner, greener and more sustainable environment.
The 2007 Panasonic World Solar Challenge will be held from 21-28 October 2007. All cars will depart from Darwin on 21 October and the leading teams are expected to arrive in Adelaide four days later.
Two European teams are now planning to try and set world navigation records in a solar powered boat. The first team is from the United Kingdom, led by Nelson Kruschandl. His vessel is called Solar Navigator. The development of this project has been mostly in the backyard and on local waters.
The second and latest team to decide to go for it as of March 16 2006, are PlanetSolar, a Swiss/French team is made up of 15 persons, 11 concerned with the boat and expedition directly and 4 on a sponsorship committee - as listed below.
The content of this website is copyright © and design copyright 1991 and 2007 Electrick Publications. All rights reserved. The bluebird logo & names Bluebird and Blue Max are registered trademarks. The BE2 and BE3 vehicle configurations are registered designs ®. All other trademarks are hereby acknowledged. Max Energy Ltd is an environmental educational charity.


the deeds of a powerful man are incredible. It takes power to even conceive what power is."
Bestselling author Carlos Castaneda introduces readers to the worlds that exist within their dreams, in the ninth penultimate work.
When Castaneda discovers his energenic makeup is incompatible to lead Pablito, Nestor, La Gorda and the others, he meets new cohorts who are similarly disposed.
A detailed survey and assessment of explorations of "inner space" from the mid-19th century in Europe to the journeys of Carlos Castaneda with Don Juan in the Mexico of the 1970s.
The sixth incredible installment takes the reader into the very heart of sorcery, challenging both imagination and reason.
Number seven in the series reveals Castaneda's true colors: flee the Human Race at all costs.
In The Four Agreements, don Miguel Ruiz reveals the source of self-limiting beliefs that rob us of joy and create needless suffering.
In the tradition of great spiritual autobiography, the book reveals encounters with Carlos Castaneda and the mysterious beings of the magic mushroom universe.
Compiled from the young anthropologist's copious field notes, this third installment - toned down for a general audience - was the doctoral thesis that earned Castaneda his Ph.D.
When Lewis Spence's classic was originally published, it was the first major effort to include in one volume all that was known about the arcane knowledge and occult lore of the ancient Mexican people and their neighbors, the Maya.


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Q: Como Generar URL personalizadas en imagenes para WordPress Tengo muchas entradas con imagenes insertadas que esta subidas en unas URL que no estan en mi Wordpress Actual, las rutas varian.
por ejemplo.
midominio.com/images/stories/imagen.png
midominio.com/froto/hola/imagen.png

¿Puedo hacer que Wordpress vea esas rutas?
Estuve buscando un poco en google, pero no logro formular la pregunta correcta.
Mi ruta de imagenes actual
C:\laragon\www\remere\wp-
content\uploads\roomere\images\stories\life\home

Algunas rutas que probe
C:\laragon\www\remere\roomere\images\stories\life\home

Cuando llamo a mi url local:
http://midominio.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/dxc__mz3371619.png
Me da error 404
Saludos

A: Cambia el nombre de la imagen antes de subirla a wordpress. Como te gustaría que quede en tu URL.
Las que ya tienes arriba las puedes editar.
Tienes que ir al menu Medios / Biblioteca / Elige la imagen que prefieras / ve a Editar más detalles / Y donde esta el Permalink: puedes editar el URL.
Si quieres cambiar la estructura de tu URL, ve al Menu Ajustes / Cambia a nombre de entrada u estructura personalizada, según te convenga.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Rutgers Study: Certain Sleep Meds Linked to Overdose in Younger Users
Dino Flammia Updated: January 20, 2023
Fahroni
Certain prescription sleep medications are linked to a higher risk of overdose in teenagers and young adults, according to research out of Rutgers University.
The use of benzodiazepines, commonly known as "benzos," among young individuals led to higher risk of overdose during the first six months of treatment, compared with other prescription sleep medications, researchers found, by looking at the outcome of tens of thousands of individuals.
The study, published in JAMA Network Open, specifically found that the risk of overdose was highest among young people who in addition to starting treatment with benzodiazepines, such as Xanax, had already been recently prescribed an opioid.
"Given the frequent co-use of benzodiazepines with other substances, it is important to discuss with young people the potential associated harms," said Greta Bushnell, a study author. "We hope these results can inform prescribing decisions and encourage close monitoring in this young patient population."
Benzos are depressants, used to relieve anxiety and to help people sleep. But health professionals say these drugs should not be the first option for the treatment of insomnia or stress.
"Medical professionals have become concerned about their risks, particularly if used over a long time," the Alcohol and Drug Foundation says on its website.
According to Diane Calello, medical director of the New Jersey Poison Center, benzodiazepines are meant to be used at low doses and for a short amount of time.
"The trouble is, they're habit-forming," Calello said. "If you take them every day for a few days to weeks, then your body kind of needs them."
The potential danger is heightened when individuals take a benzo in combination with other sedating drugs, or alcohol, health professionals say. Together, they can have a synergistic effect on breathing and consciousness.
"Patients taking more than once class of sedatives, or combining any drug with alcohol, are in danger of becoming comatose," Calello said.
Former Child Stars Who Turn 30 in 2022
Below, you'll find out which major child stars turn in 2022. These celebs were a huge part of our childhoods, and now they're moving into the next decade of their lives. Who knows what awesome things we'll see from these actors, singers and triple-threats in their 30s!
25 richest people in America and how they did it
Stacker compiled a list of the 25 wealthiest people in the country and how they've maintained their fortune.
Source: Rutgers Study: Certain Sleep Meds Linked to Overdose in Younger Users
This is normal? Several motels for sale right now in NJ's Wildwoods
NJ bill: Juveniles perform community service where offense was committed
South Jersey Man Pulled Off Philadelphia-bound Plane After Alleged Bomb Threat
Update: Two 17-year-olds Shot in Bridgeton, NJ: Man Killed, Woman Wounded
Firebomb hurled at NJ synagogue by masked man
3 Men Shot in Atlantic City, NJ, Saturday Afternoon
A Dead Whale Has Been Spotted 12 Miles Off Of Brigantine, NJ

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home » Articles » The Structural Awards 2014: open for entries Over 52660 entries
Wednesday, 5th February 2014
The Structural Awards 2014: open for entries
The Institution of Structural Engineers has opened submissions to The Structural Awards 2014, the world-class construction industry event which celebrates global achievement, innovation and excellence in the field of structural engineering.
Engineering firms of all sizes are encouraged to enter, but this year the entry fee for the "Small Practices" category has been reduced by over 30% to encourage more submissions. The deadline for all entries is Friday 18 April 2014.
Established in 1968, the Awards are held every year in London to recognise the work of the world's most talented structural designers and to showcase the projects that lead industry development.
Institution of Structural Engineers Chief Executive, Martin Powell, said:
"I would encourage any ambitious firm, especially smaller practices, to get involved in this year's competition. The Awards are a real chance to showcase your work with a global audience and take your place among the world's best engineers. "
You can find out more about The Structural Awards, including entry information and details of 2013's winners, by visiting: www.structuralawards.org
Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE)
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The Structural Awards is the industry's most prestigious awards ceremony, celebrating international excellence in structural engineering. Established in 1968, the Structural Awards recognise and reward [...]
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Oeco Garden Rooms A Leading UK Garden Structure Supplier & Fitter
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The job of a watchmaker is a dream of many of us watch enthusiasts and collectors. Sitting behind the light green desk, observing the movement through a loupe and making like minded people happy again by returning their watch repaired or completely overhauled. If possible, a nice view in the background, like the Swiss Alps for example.
Not for Jacob Thompson, he is in Australia and therefore the Swiss Alps are lacking but all other boxes can be ticked off. He loves the watchmaking job and is occupied with repairs and overhauls for us, watch collectors and enthusiasts.
Jacob is the owner of his recently started company Thompson Watch & Clock Repairs in Sydney Australia, after having worked for large mono brand service centers for the last years. Jacob Thompson and I have been in touch on several occasions discussing watches and he let me know that he was going to pursue his dream of starting his own company specialized in watch & clock repairs.
Time for an interview to get to know him a bit better and to introduce his business to you, our readers (especially those from Australia, you are from the #4 location of our readers!).
Besides asking Jacob Thompson some questions about his work, I also asked him some generic questions about watch maintenance. I thought that might be useful for everyone that has a mechanical watch and has doubts on the service intervals that are advised by the brand(s) etc.
FW. You decided to start a new business as a watchmaker in Australia, how come?
JT. I decided to start a watch and clockmaking business because I have an enormous amount of passion and heartfelt love for the industry.Unfortunately, within the after sales service environment where I was working, you are limited with the type as well as the brand of watches you work on, the amount of time you get to work on them and as you can guess…there are no antique watches or clocks to restore. The skills I possess aren't suitable for an aftersales service environment and thus I would lose them over a period of time.The aftersales service was a great experience and I am thankful for it, but I felt it was time to say goodbye and move in the direction that knew would be best suited for me.
FW. Why kind of watchmaking education do you have? How important is it to have the right training?
JT. Having the right education and training is extremely important to me and to the watchmaking industry as a whole. I hold a Certificate III in Engineering – Watch and Clock Repairs. I completed my apprenticeship under a master clockmaker here in Sydney and I was very fortunate to have an apprenticeship with such a great man… Now, that I am out on my own I have realised how fortunate I was and I am enormously thankful for the opportunity to learn from him.
I look back at my early years, when I was performing the duties of a clockmaker in the workshop while attending my Technical and Further Education (TAFE) classes, where I studied watchmaking. Although it was difficult to study both watchmaking and clockmaking at the same time, I know the education as well as the hands on experience I received was far better than most as I am now skilled in two fields. The right training and education can set you in the right direction for life…the most important thing to do is soak up everything from everyone around you. Listen and learn as the older generations have some amazing abilities, which they just cannot find anyone to pass them on to these days.
My favourite place to learn from those with amazing talent and knowledge is when I attend the Watch & Clockmakers of Australia (WCA) meetings. The combined knowledge, talent and skill that is found at the WCA is phenomenal.
FW. Now that some brands are not very keen on supplying independent watchmakers with their parts, how will you be able to source parts for watches?
JT. I have been fortunate enough that over the years I have made many friends within this industry who are more than willing to help. Over the past several years, I have also acquired multiple workshops from retired watchmakers with a large amount of spare parts. With the repairs I have been doing, it's become apparent to me that some things have become scarce, however I've kept a watchful eye, looked carefully for the parts and started to acquire them for future repairs.
FW. What is your favourite watch to work on?
JT. My favourite watches to work are the Moon Phase and Triple Date Calendar watches. Lately had a fascination with Vintage Triple Date Calendar Chronographs, and any pocket watch with a complication such as Date or Jumping hour. I find these types of watches with these complications unbelievably fascinating. I'm also very fond of hand engraved wristwatches or pocket watches as I sit there wondering in amazement at the amount of time that went into each watch engraving…it is pleasant experience to sit there and admire the engravers artistic skill. I have a friend here in Australia who is a hand engraver and his work is phenomenal.
FW. Are you a watch collector yourself, or is it merely a job for you?
JT. I am very fortunate that I don't see this as a job; I see it as a lifelong passion that I can peruse every day and not only enjoy what I do, but be happy that I can do it. I am most definitely a collector, however the watch has to "catch my eye" and it has to "speak to me" or otherwise I will pass on it… If a watch does catch my eye and when I am done servicing it…if I am not "still in love with it", I will pass it on to another collector. I am just like any than any other collector, the only difference is I am able to service the watch, so I get a feel of the watch from start to finish and inside and out.
FW. Brands advise us (consumers) to have their watches serviced every 3 years, some say 5 years other say 10 years. What is your opinion?
JT. This is a tricky question to answer… I personally service my watches every year; however, that's because I don't own many and servicing them myself is a pleasure and fun for me. I have seen firsthand what servicing a watch every 10 years can do, and in my opinion, I don't think that you should wait 10 years to service a watch. I know if you put 10 watchmakers in a room and you asked them their opinion on how often a watch needs to be serviced you would receive 10 different answers.
I do know that manufacturers will include in their advertising that the watch only needs to be serviced every "X" amount of years as a way to increase sales in both watches as well as factory-authorized repairs.
FW. What are the main reasons to service your watch? What will happen if you don't have your watch serviced at all?
JT. One of the main reasons to service your watch on a regular basis is to avoid having to replace any major parts, which is caused by excessive wear… Consider a regular service as preventative maintenance for a watch and in addition, it helps avoid accidental damage due to neglect. If you don't service your watch you run the risk the internal parts that will need to be replaced which could be very expensive. A watch is a machine, it needs to be serviced to work properly, improper maintenance generally leads to failure and an expensive repair or replacement. Having experience working in an after sales service environment another reason to have your watch serviced on a regular basis it to keep current with the upgrades that the manufacture does, many companies often change certain parts as an upgrade to the movement, which is beneficial to the watch…an evolution so to speak.
When most people think of servicing a watch, they only think of servicing the movement, but the whole watch needs to be serviced and this includes the bracelet. Many think that servicing a bracelet is just cleaning and polishing it, but the reality is it checks all the parts on the bracelet to ensure that the pins or screws are not damaged and if so replaced as to prevent the watch from falling off your wrist.
FW. Can you explain to our readers what a service consists of and why it is so darn expensive (or at least it feels like it is)?
For me, when I refer to a service I only perform two type that is Full Service and Complete Overhaul, both are almost the same, the latter usually requires new parts to be installed to replace the damaged parts. Typically, on a full service only the basics need to be replaced. In both cases, the watches are completed dissembled, cleaned assembled and oiled. Complexity of a watches movement is another factor a time only watch is going to cost less than a Triple Calendar Chronograph as the amount of time involved, most people don't realise who labour intensive serving a watch can be. A watchmaker is an engineer, mechanic and a highly skilled professional work on a complex mechanical machine, just in a miniature form.
For someone who doesn't understand the complexity of a watch the best way to view it as a sports car engine, an high performance V-12, that was put into a watchcase.
The "engine" in this case needs to be removed, dissembled, cleaned, checked for damage, oiled then reassembled all the while leaving no trace that anyone has been there.
FW. What are your top 3 tips for keeping a watch in good condition for years to come?
JT. That is an excellent question here are my top three tips for keeping a watch in good condition.
1. Make sure that every two years you get your watch tested to check its water resistance, this is vital, as it is important to know how you watch fairs in a water resistance test.
2. Have your watch serviced on a regular interval to avoid having watch parts replaced; this is more especially true on vintage watches as it avoids costly repairs such as having to make a part for the watch because there are no parts for it. Also, it is good practice for new watches to keep the parts in the watch original and in excellent working order.
3. Service your bracelet, the bracelet is what the key to keeping you watch on your wrist and in good condition or ultimately ending up on the ground causing damage to your watch. This is the most overlooked service on a watch, but it is one of the most important ones. Serving your bracelet or even just replacing your spring bars and checking the strap is extremely cost effective as it prevent having to replace the bracelet and new spring bars keep a strap firmly in place.
FW. Thanks for your time and answers!
Jacob Thompson can be found on the Thompson Watch & Clock Repairs page on Facebook.


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Bristol For Europe
About Bristol for Europe
Bristol for Europe is a politically non-aligned, cross-party, collaborative group campaigning to stop Brexit and ensure the UK plays a leading role at the heart of the European Union and works with other members to champion human rights, peace, prosperity and respect for the environment at home and around the globe.
Over 5,000 people have signed up as a supporters at our stalls in Bristol since formation.
The organisation was formed in August 2016 following several spontaneous protest meetings on College Green opposing Brexit. Proud of our diverse city's overwhelming support for the EU, we hope to secure a chance to decide democratically between continued UK membership and a clearly defined alternative, and meanwhile celebrate our shared culture and defend the environmental and political achievements of the European project, including every freedom of movement within the European Economic Area and the right of UK and other EU citizens to make their home among other member nations.
We are an unincorporated associated managed by its members and for its members accordance with its Constitution. Bristol for Europe is affiliated to Britain for Europe.
Bristol for Europe believes that the people of these islands share with those who live on the wider continent and the world beyond common, fundamental and irrepressible rights, needs and aspirations.
We believe that the shared cultural, historical and humanist inheritance of the people of Europe should ensure we continue to transcend our ancient divisions in order to forge a common destiny whilst respecting individual identities and the heritages of particular communities.
We believe that Europeans and the institutions of our governance should act together as global champions of the self-evident values of liberty, democracy, equality, the rule of law and a respect for both human rights and our environment.
We believe that citizens of the United Kingdom share a distinct responsibly and are uniquely placed to contribute to these aims, and that we will all benefit immeasurably from the enthusiastic and leading participation of the UK in the European movement and its pursuit and protection of pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice and solidarity.
We are proud that Bristol chose to remain members of the community of Europe with an enthusiasm that reflects the remarkable character of our city, and feel obliged to share and espouse the joy and wellbeing that our values and fortunes have brought us.
We believe that the great political priority of our time must be to secure the continued membership of the UK in the European Union, and thereby guarantee a more peaceful, successful, inclusive, safe, equal, prosperous continent and global community.
We believe that the recent referendum on the EU did not provide a reasonable choice between two comprehensive visions of our future, and that it was recklessly imposed on communities facing many different and complex problems, creating and exacerbating division.
We believe that everyone in the UK should be offered the chance to decide democratically between continued membership of the EU and any terms of a UK exit that the government can present after it has exhausted its options through negotiation with our European partners.
We believe that irrespective of the question of EU membership the UK government should be obliged to guarantee the environmental and political achievements of the European project, including the continued free movement of persons, goods, services and capital within the European Economic Area and the right of EU and UK citizens to make their home among other member nations.
We aim to continue to champion these aims and celebrate our shared culture in dialogue with the community of Bristol, those in the surrounding area, local and national government as well as within the EU itself, and to build alliances with fellow Europeans across these islands, the continent and beyond, irrespective of the unfathomable developments that are concealed within our common and daunting future.
Tweets by Bristol4Europe


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Kriso właściwie Krzysztof Bejda (ur. 11 września 1985), znany również jako Kris – polski producent muzyczny i realizator dźwięku. Członek zespołu hip-hopowego NON Koneksja. Do 2013 roku nagrał wraz z zespołem trzy albumy studyjne: Eksplozja (2009), Persona NON Grata (2010) oraz Tylko dla prawdziwych (2013). W 2012 roku wraz z Lukasyno, również członkiem zespołu NON Koneksja, nagrał album pt. Czas vendetty.

Muzyk jest współwłaścicielem studia nagraniowego Steel Banging. Wraz z Gacą współtworzy także zespół producencki pod tą samą nazwą.

Dyskografia

 Albumy

 Inne

Przypisy

Urodzeni w 1985
Polscy producenci hip-hopowi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Acupuncture is among the oldest healing practices in the world. As part of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture aims to restore and maintain health through the stimulation of specific points on the body. In the United States, where practitioners incorporate healing traditions from China, Japan, Korea, and other countries, acupuncture is considered part of complementary and alternative medicine.
We do not incorporate the traditional needling applications of acupuncture, but instead, treat the energetical system with acupressure and electrical therapies.


In a RGB color space, hex #048066 is composed of 1.6% red, 50.2% green and 40% blue. Whereas in a CMYK color space, it is composed of 96.9% cyan, 0% magenta, 20.3% yellow and 49.8% black. It has a hue angle of 167.4 degrees, a saturation of 93.9% and a lightness of 25.9%. #048066 color hex could be obtained by blending #08ffcc with #000100. Closest websafe color is: #009966.
● #048066 color description : Dark cyan.
The hexadecimal color #048066 has RGB values of R:4, G:128, B:102 and CMYK values of C:0.97, M:0, Y:0.2, K:0.5. Its decimal value is 295014.
Below, you can see some colors close to #048066. Having a set of related colors can be useful if you need an inspirational alternative to your original color choice.
This text has a font color of #048066.
This paragraph has a background color of #048066.
This element has a border color of #048066.
A tone is produced by adding gray to any pure hue. In this case, #414343 is the less saturated color, while #048066 is the most saturated one.
Below, you can see how #048066 is perceived by people affected by a color vision deficiency. This can be useful if you need to ensure your color combinations are accessible to color-blind users.


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ASCENDING TRIANGLES
Platinum Futures Break Out Ahead Of The Pack
by Ashwani Gujral
Platinum futures have broken out of a consolidation pattern while their more illustrious cousins gold and silver continue to consolidate. Breakouts of stocks and commodities in the same sector should be taken as a hint that similar breakouts will occur in the rest of the sector.
Security: PL (futures)
Position: Buy
Most stocks tend to move together. In the commodities market, most metal charts move together. Since they tend to run up together, they also tend to consolidate together. And if one of them breaks out of a consolidation this often is an indication of the direction for the others. If precious metals can be described as one sector, the breakout of platinum from a consolidation pattern both in the weekly and daily chart should spell good times for gold and silver as well. Having said that, it is important to wait for a breakout in the other two metals instead of assuming they will break out in the same direction. But with platinum, traders can go long as it shows a lot of momentum on the weekly chart as well.
Figure 1: Daily chart of Platinum futures.
Graphic provided by: eSignal.
On the daily chart platinum is showing a breakout on an ascending triangle on good volume. Ascending triangles are one of the easier patterns to trade in technical analysis as they indicate the direction of their breakout. Remember, it occurs both as a reversal and a continuation pattern. A target of 9300 is possible in the short-term as the consolidation, as always, is assumed to occur in the middle of a move. The 7-period RSI has also broken out of a head and shoulders bottom, indicating an upmove. Patterns in the RSI often lead price patterns and this adds confidence to the upmove.
Figure 2: Weekly chart of platinum futures.
On weekly chart, platinum maintains its long-term uptrend. The weekly ADX remains strong. Platinum has broken out of a flag formation, and as flags occur in the middle of strong moves, a target of 9700 in the medium-term looks achievable. The RSI even on a weekly basis took support at the 50 level which is generally the case in bull moves. Platinum certainly looks like a good bet from here.
Keep an eye on Platinum and its effect on the other precious metals. Sometimes it is possible for a particular precious metal to move independently, but generally they move together. A caveat here is that, in spite of the above observation, an upside breakout of any of the other metals should occur on very high volume.
Ashwani Gujral
He is founder of AGIP Securities Pvt. Ltd. which offers money management services, live chat rooms (during market hours) and independent technical analysis consultancy. The company has a big media presence from the likes of CNBC, NDTV Profit, and ZEE Business.
Title: Chief mkt strategist
Company: AGIP Securities
Website: www.ashwanigujral.com
E-mail address: contact@ashwanigujral.com
Traders' Resource Links
AGIP Securities has not added any product or service information to TRADERS' RESOURCE.


A little cat discovered her way into a soldier's home and chose that she would be her nearest sidekick.
Presently, whenever her human goes for the Army, the kitty follows her wherever she goes.
Julie Cordes's girl brought home a little cat four years back, and they named her Sophie. The little dark-striped cat instantly favored Julie.
"We soon progressed toward becoming amigos and voyaging mates. She has lived with me in Illinois, Arizona, Kansas and now Maryland," Julie told us.
Sophie has turned into an essential piece of Julie's life. The kitty appears to detect when her human requires a cat help.
"Sophie encourages me to remain normal with all the moving we've done. If I get worried, she speaks to me and remains nearby. She has even put her paw on my mouth to comfort me," Julie added.
Julie was never a feline individual until the point that she met Sophie, and everything just felt perfect.
"She's such a valuable gem. She shows me what is unconditional love and tolerance." Julie revealed to Love Meow.
Sophie held her human's hand and murmured up a storm.
She is an incredible partner!
When it is time to pack up for the next adventure, Sophie reveals to her mom how to do it the right way.
Sophie is a constant traveler and knows exactly all the travel requirements when they travel.
They have experienced many adventures together and are absolutely united.
Investigating the scenery of a new place as Julie drives across states.
Sophie is turning four one week from now around Valentine's Day.
Since the day they met, The lovebug has been Julie's tiny guardian angel.
Share this wonderful story with your friends and loved ones.


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Engineering (in) Human Cells Using Genome Editing
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The field of genome editing is experiencing a renaissance driven primarily by the repurposing of an immune response system utilized by bacteria and archaea. This system is characterized by the presence of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) stored in host genomes as memories of phage-bacteria interactions. The use of the CRISPR system in higher organisms (including mammalian cells and animal models) has spurred myriads of applications critically relevant to agriculture, biomanufacturing, and human health. We discuss results at the interface of synthetic biology and genome editing with particular emphasis on engineering biological networks with applications in gene therapy.
Presenter(s):
Leo Bleris
Leonidas Bleris is an Associate Professor and Cecil H. and Ida Green Professor in Systems Biology Science, with the Bioengineering Department of the University of Texas at Dallas. Before joining UTD, Bleris was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the FAS Center for Systems Biology at Harvard University. Bleris earned a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Lehigh University in 2006. He received a Diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2000 from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Bleris was awarded the Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellowship from...Read more
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text:
In the US-China trade war, how tech is saving farmers money
By Henry FernandezFOXBusiness
Farmers Business Network CEO: We want to empower farmers using analytics
Farmers Business Network CEO Amol Deshpande says that his network provides commerce opportunities for farmers.
The U.S.-China trade war is cutting off farmers from customers and raising prices on supplies, but the use of analytics is empowering farmers and saving them hundreds of thousands of dollars, according to Farmers Business Network CEO Amol Deshpande.
The Farmers Business Network is bringing the innovation of Silicon Valley to the farmers' valley by offering analytics to study and manage more than 23 crops from 180 million acres.
MORE FROM FOXBUSINESS.COM
TRUMP'S MEXICO TARIFFS DRAW IMMEDIATE REBUKE, THREATEN USMCA DEAL AND CHINA TRADE TALKS
TRUMP'S MEXICO TARIFFS WILL IMPACT THESE US IMPORTS THE MOST
"We've launched our own brand of hybrid seed genetics to give farmers an opportunity to buy products at a much lower price than what they would have to buy from Monsanto or a major player," Deshpande told FOX Business' Liz Claman during an interview on Friday.
The Farmers Business Network represents 8,000 farms -- culminating in a total 32-million acres -- in the U.S. and Canada.
Deshpande said the organization is reaching out to farmers in the heartland through its mobile app and online store.
"We have the most active internet presence in the agriculture sector," he said.
Deshpande also said farmers are getting squeezed on all sides, whether it's the fear of bad weather (the Midwest has seen some of the worst flooding in several decades this year) or the tariffs imposed on the agricultural industry in President Trump's trade war.
"Weather has been really bad this year for planting. The worst in half a century, but the tariffs compound that problem and make it even worse," he said.


Are your body care products safe enough to "eat"?
(NaturalNews) You are what you eat... either through your mouth or your skin. The average person is exposed to over 126 toxic chemicals per day through their body care products alone. There are over 10,000 chemicals used in the personal care products and only 13 percent of these have been tested for safety.
Any substance that is applied to the skin inevitably ends up in the bloodstream.
If you apply it to your skin, you are then "eating" through your skin. Many skin care products are also ingested through the lips and through inhalation of powders and perfumes. Some people have the notion that since these products are used in such small amounts, then they could not possibly cause any harm. But consider how the day-to-day application of a body lotion adds up.
Applying one tablespoon of lotion to your skin every day for five years equals over seven gallons of toxins in your body.
If that lotion contained silicone derived ingredients, petroleum byproducts, chemical fragrances and artificial dyes, then you are subjecting your body to gallons of toxins that accumulate in your liver, colon and fatty cells.
Being proactive with prevention involves taking responsibility for what we put IN our body and ON our body. Start by simply replacing one toxic product and introducing an organic and non-toxic product. Before you know it, you will have one fewer source of toxicity in your life. Be diligent about reading your labels to ensure that your body care products are safe enough to "eat."


text:
Home > Movie Stars > F > Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
Douglas Elton Fairbanks Jr., KBE, DSC, K.st.j. (December 9, 1909 – May 7, 2000) was an American actor and a highly decorated naval officer of World War II. Douglas Fairbanks Jr. was born in New York City, the son of actor Douglas Fairbanks and his first wife, Anna Beth Sully. His parents divorced when he was ten years old. He lived with his mother in California, Paris, and London.
Largely on the basis of his name, he was given a contract at age fourteen with Paramount Pictures. After making some undistinguished films, he took to the stage, where he impressed his father, his step-mother Mary Pickford, and Charlie Chaplin, who encouraged him to continue with acting.
He was also noticed by Joan Crawford who began to date him. On June 3, 1929, at City Hall in New York, New York Crawford and Fairbanks were married. He was technically underage, so one year was added to his birth (giving him 1908 as his year of birth), and Crawford shed three years from her age, which would remain shed until long after her death, giving her the same year of birth that Fairbanks had created for himself, 1908.
He went on a delayed honeymoon to England, where he was entertained by Noel Coward and George, Duke of Kent. He became active in both society and politics, but Crawford was far more interested in her career and her new affair with Clark Gable. THe couple was divorced in 1933.
Fairbanks starred in several pre-Code films with Loretta Young, and supported Katharine Hepburn in her Oscar-winning role in the film Morning Glory (1933).
With Little Caesar, Outward Bound, Gunga Din and The Dawn Patrol, his movies began to have more commercial success.
On April 22, 1939, he married Mary Lee Hartford (née Mary Lee Epling), a former wife of George Huntington Hartford, the Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company heir. Douglas and Mary Lee had three daughters, Daphne, Victoria and Melissa - eight grandchildren, Anthony, Nicholas, Dominic, Natasha, Barend, Eliza, Joseph and Crystal - and seven great-grandchildren, Aislin, Georgina, Eliza, Benjy, Hugo, Alphy and Violette. Douglas and Mary Lee Fairbanks were happily married for nearly fifty years until Mary Lee died in 1988.
In 1941, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed him a special envoy to South America.
Although celebrated as an actor, Fairbanks most enduring legacy was a well-kept secret for decades. At the onset of World War II, Fairbanks was commissioned a Reserve Officer in the U.S. Navy and assigned to Lord Mountbatten's Commando staff in England.
Having witnessed (and participated in) British training and cross-channel harassment operations emphasizing the military art of deception, Fairbanks attained a depth of understanding and appreciation of military deception then unheard of in the United States Navy. Lieutenant Fairbanks was subsequently transferred to Virginia Beach where he came under the command of Admiral H. Kent Hewitt, who was preparing U.S. Naval forces for the invasion of North Africa.
Fairbanks was able to convince Hewitt of the advantages of such a unit, and Admiral Hewitt soon took Fairbanks to Washington, D.C. to sell the idea to the Chief of Naval Operations, ADM Ernest King. Fairbanks succeeded and ADM King issued a secret letter on 5 March 1943 charging the Vice Chief of Naval Operations with the recruitment of 180 officers and 300 enlisted men for the Beach Jumper program.
The Beach Jumpers mission would simulate amphibious landings with a very limited force. Operating dozens of kilometers from the actual landing beaches and utilizing their deception equipment, the Beach Jumpers would lure the enemy into believing that theirs was the location of the amphibious beach landing, when in fact the actual amphibious landing would be conducted at another location. Even if the enemy was less than 100-percent convinced of the deception, the uncertainty created by the operations could conceivably delay enemy reinforcement of the actual landing area by several crucial hours.
U.S. Navy Beach Jumpers saw their initial action in Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. Throughout the remainder of the war, the Beach Jumpers conducted their hazardous, shallow-water operations throughout the Mediterranean.
For his planning the diversion-deception operations and his part in the amphibious assault on Southern France, Lieutenant Commander Fairbanks was awarded the U.S. Navy's Legion of Merit with bronze V (for valor), the Italian War Cross for Military Valor, the French Legion d'Honneur and the Croix de Guerre with Palm, and the British Distinguished Service Cross.
He was also made an Honorary Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) in 1949.
It is not a stretch to say that Douglas Fairbanks Jr. was the father of the United States Navy's Information Operations. As for the Beach Jumpers, they changed names several times in the decades following World War II, expanded their focus, and are currently known as the Navy Information Operations Command.
Many of the Navy's most important information operations since World War II remain classified, but it is clear that the U.S. military retains its interest in this art of war.
Post-War Years
Fairbanks Jr. returned to Hollywood at the conclusion of World War II and enjoyed success as host of the Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Theater in the early years of television.
Fairbanks was a definite Anglophile and spent a good deal of his time in Britain, where he was well known in the highest social circles. The College of Arms in London granted Fairbanks a coat of arms that symbolizes the U.S. and Britain united across the blue Atlantic Ocean by a silken knot of friendship.
He died of a heart attack in New York at the age of 90. He is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California, in the same crypt as his father.
Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Facts
Birth Name Douglas Elton Ulman Fairbanks
Occupation Actor, Screenwriter, Director
Birthday December 9, 1909
Sign Sagittarius
Birthplace New York, New York, USA
Date of death May 7, 2000 (age 90)
Height 6' 1" (1m85) How tall is Douglas Fairbanks Jr. compared to you?
Katharine Hepburn Collection
Stolen Jools
Little Caesar
Sinbad the Sailor
Dawn Patrol
Continue » Find more details on the Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Movies page
Article text released under CC-BY-SA. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Douglas Fairbanks Jr." (17-Feb-2007)


text:
import param
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl

from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.collections import LineCollection
from matplotlib.dates import DateFormatter, date2num

from ...core.dimension import Dimension, dimension_name
from ...core.options import Store, abbreviated_exception
from ...core.util import (
    match_spec, isfinite, dt_to_int, dt64_to_dt, search_indices,
    unique_array, isscalar, isdatetime
)
from ...element import Raster, HeatMap
from ...operation import interpolate_curve
from ...util.transform import dim
from ..plot import PlotSelector
from ..mixins import AreaMixin, BarsMixin, SpikesMixin
from ..util import compute_sizes, get_sideplot_ranges, get_min_distance
from .element import ElementPlot, ColorbarPlot, LegendPlot
from .path  import PathPlot
from .plot import AdjoinedPlot, mpl_rc_context
from .util import mpl_version

class ChartPlot(ElementPlot):
    """
    Baseclass to plot Chart elements.
    """

class CurvePlot(ChartPlot):
    """
    CurvePlot can plot Curve and ViewMaps of Curve, which can be
    displayed as a single frame or animation. Axes, titles and legends
    are automatically generated from dim_info.

    If the dimension is set to cyclic in the dim_info it will rotate
    the curve so that minimum y values are at the minimum x value to
    make the plots easier to interpret.
    """

    autotick = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
        Whether to let matplotlib automatically compute tick marks
        or to allow the user to control tick marks.""")

    interpolation = param.ObjectSelector(objects=['linear', 'steps-mid',
                                                  'steps-pre', 'steps-post'],
                                         default='linear', doc="""
        Defines how the samples of the Curve are interpolated,
        default is 'linear', other options include 'steps-mid',
        'steps-pre' and 'steps-post'.""")

    relative_labels = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
        If plotted quantity is cyclic and center_cyclic is enabled,
        will compute tick labels relative to the center.""")

    padding = param.ClassSelector(default=(0, 0.1), class_=(int, float, tuple))

    show_grid = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
        Enable axis grid.""")

    show_legend = param.Boolean(default=True, doc="""
        Whether to show legend for the plot.""")

    style_opts = ['alpha', 'color', 'visible', 'linewidth', 'linestyle', 'marker', 'ms']

    _nonvectorized_styles = style_opts

    _plot_methods = dict(single='plot')

    def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(element, ranges, style)

        if 'steps' in self.interpolation:
            element = interpolate_curve(element, interpolation=self.interpolation)
        xs = element.dimension_values(0)
        ys = element.dimension_values(1)
        dims = element.dimensions()
        if isdatetime(xs):
            dimtype = element.get_dimension_type(0)
            dt_format = Dimension.type_formatters.get(dimtype, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
            dims[0] = dims[0].clone(value_format=DateFormatter(dt_format))
        coords = (ys, xs) if self.invert_axes else (xs, ys)
        return coords, style, {'dimensions': dims}

    def init_artists(self, ax, plot_args, plot_kwargs):
        xs, ys = plot_args
        if isdatetime(xs):
            artist = ax.plot_date(xs, ys, '-', **plot_kwargs)[0]
        else:
            artist = ax.plot(xs, ys, **plot_kwargs)[0]
        return {'artist': artist}

    def update_handles(self, key, axis, element, ranges, style):
        artist = self.handles['artist']
        (xs, ys), style, axis_kwargs = self.get_data(element, ranges, style)
        artist.set_xdata(xs)
        artist.set_ydata(ys)
        return axis_kwargs

class ErrorPlot(ColorbarPlot):
    """
    ErrorPlot plots the ErrorBar Element type and supporting
    both horizontal and vertical error bars via the 'horizontal'
    plot option.
    """

    style_opts = ['edgecolor', 'elinewidth', 'capsize', 'capthick',
                  'barsabove', 'lolims', 'uplims', 'xlolims',
                  'errorevery', 'xuplims', 'alpha', 'linestyle',
                  'linewidth', 'markeredgecolor', 'markeredgewidth',
                  'markerfacecolor', 'markersize', 'solid_capstyle',
                  'solid_joinstyle', 'dashes', 'color']

    _plot_methods = dict(single='errorbar')

    def init_artists(self, ax, plot_data, plot_kwargs):
        handles = ax.errorbar(*plot_data, **plot_kwargs)
        bottoms, tops = None, None
        if mpl_version >= str('2.0'):
            _, caps, verts = handles
            if caps:
                bottoms, tops = caps
        else:
            _, (bottoms, tops), verts = handles
        return {'bottoms': bottoms, 'tops': tops, 'verts': verts[0], 'artist': verts[0]}

    def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(element, ranges, style)
        color = style.pop('color', None)
        if isinstance(color, np.ndarray):
            style['ecolor'] = color
        if 'edgecolor' in style:
            style['ecolor'] = style.pop('edgecolor')
        if 'linewidth' in style:
            # Raise ValueError if a numpy array, so needs to be a list.
            style["elinewidth"] = np.asarray(style.pop('linewidth')).tolist()
        c = style.get('c')
        if isinstance(c, np.ndarray):
            with abbreviated_exception():
                raise ValueError('Mapping a continuous or categorical '
                                 'dimension to a color on a ErrorBarPlot '
                                 'is not supported by the {backend} backend. '
                                 'To map a dimension to a color supply '
                                 'an explicit list of rgba colors.'.format(
                                     backend=self.renderer.backend
                                 )
                )

        style['fmt'] = 'none'
        dims = element.dimensions()
        xs, ys = (element.dimension_values(i) for i in range(2))
        err = element.array(dimensions=dims[2:4])

        err_key = 'xerr' if element.horizontal ^ self.invert_axes else 'yerr'
        coords = (ys, xs) if self.invert_axes else (xs, ys)
        style[err_key] = err.T if len(dims) > 3 else err[:, 0]
        return coords, style, {}

    def update_handles(self, key, axis, element, ranges, style):
        bottoms = self.handles['bottoms']
        tops = self.handles['tops']
        verts = self.handles['verts']

        _, style, axis_kwargs = self.get_data(element, ranges, style)
        xs, ys, neg_error = (element.dimension_values(i) for i in range(3))
        pos_idx = 3 if len(element.dimensions()) > 3 else 2
        pos_error = element.dimension_values(pos_idx)
        if element.horizontal:
            bxs, bys = xs - neg_error, ys
            txs, tys = xs + pos_error, ys
        else:
            bxs, bys = xs, ys - neg_error
            txs, tys = xs, ys + pos_error
        if self.invert_axes:
            bxs, bys = bys, bxs
            txs, tys = tys, txs
        new_arrays = np.moveaxis(np.array([[bxs, bys], [txs, tys]]), 2, 0)
        verts.set_paths(new_arrays)
        if bottoms:
            bottoms.set_xdata(bxs)
            bottoms.set_ydata(bys)
        if tops:
            tops.set_xdata(txs)
            tops.set_ydata(tys)
        if 'ecolor' in style:
            verts.set_edgecolors(style['ecolor'])
        if 'elinewidth' in style:
            verts.set_linewidths(style['elinewidth'])

        return axis_kwargs

class AreaPlot(AreaMixin, ChartPlot):

    padding = param.ClassSelector(default=(0, 0.1), class_=(int, float, tuple))

    show_legend = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
        Whether to show legend for the plot.""")

    style_opts = ['color', 'facecolor', 'alpha', 'edgecolor', 'linewidth',
                  'hatch', 'linestyle', 'joinstyle',
                  'fill', 'capstyle', 'interpolate']

    _nonvectorized_styles = style_opts

    _plot_methods = dict(single='fill_between')

    def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(element, ranges, style)

        xs = element.dimension_values(0)
        ys = [element.dimension_values(vdim) for vdim in element.vdims]
        return tuple([xs]+ys), style, {}

    def init_artists(self, ax, plot_data, plot_kwargs):
        fill_fn = ax.fill_betweenx if self.invert_axes else ax.fill_between
        stack = fill_fn(*plot_data, **plot_kwargs)
        return {'artist': stack}

class SideAreaPlot(AdjoinedPlot, AreaPlot):

    bgcolor = param.Parameter(default=(1, 1, 1, 0), doc="""
        Make plot background invisible.""")

    border_size = param.Number(default=0, doc="""
        The size of the border expressed as a fraction of the main plot.""")

    xaxis = param.ObjectSelector(default='bare',
                                 objects=['top', 'bottom', 'bare', 'top-bare',
                                          'bottom-bare', None], doc="""
        Whether and where to display the xaxis, bare options allow suppressing
        all axis labels including ticks and xlabel. Valid options are 'top',
        'bottom', 'bare', 'top-bare' and 'bottom-bare'.""")

    yaxis = param.ObjectSelector(default='bare',
                                 objects=['left', 'right', 'bare', 'left-bare',
                                          'right-bare', None], doc="""
        Whether and where to display the yaxis, bare options allow suppressing
        all axis labels including ticks and ylabel. Valid options are 'left',
        'right', 'bare' 'left-bare' and 'right-bare'.""")

class SpreadPlot(AreaPlot):
    """
    SpreadPlot plots the Spread Element type.
    """

    padding = param.ClassSelector(default=(0, 0.1), class_=(int, float, tuple))

    show_legend = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
        Whether to show legend for the plot.""")

    def __init__(self, element, **params):
        super().__init__(element, **params)

    def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(element, ranges, style)
        xs = element.dimension_values(0)
        mean = element.dimension_values(1)
        neg_error = element.dimension_values(2)
        pos_idx = 3 if len(element.dimensions()) > 3 else 2
        pos_error = element.dimension_values(pos_idx)
        return (xs, mean-neg_error, mean+pos_error), style, {}

    def get_extents(self, element, ranges, range_type='combined'):
        return ChartPlot.get_extents(self, element, ranges, range_type)

class HistogramPlot(ColorbarPlot):
    """
    HistogramPlot can plot DataHistograms and ViewMaps of
    DataHistograms, which can be displayed as a single frame or
    animation.
    """

    style_opts = ['alpha', 'color', 'align', 'visible', 'facecolor',
                  'edgecolor', 'log', 'capsize', 'error_kw', 'hatch',
                  'linewidth']

    _nonvectorized_styles = ['alpha', 'log', 'error_kw', 'hatch', 'visible', 'align']

    def __init__(self, histograms, **params):
        self.center = False
        self.cyclic = False

        super().__init__(histograms, **params)

        if self.invert_axes:
            self.axis_settings = ['ylabel', 'xlabel', 'yticks']
        else:
            self.axis_settings = ['xlabel', 'ylabel', 'xticks']
        val_dim = self.hmap.last.get_dimension(1)
        self.cyclic_range = val_dim.range if val_dim.cyclic else None

    @mpl_rc_context
    def initialize_plot(self, ranges=None):
        hist = self.hmap.last
        key = self.keys[-1]

        ranges = self.compute_ranges(self.hmap, key, ranges)
        el_ranges = match_spec(hist, ranges)

        # Get plot ranges and values
        dims = hist.dimensions()[:2]
        edges, hvals, widths, lims, is_datetime = self._process_hist(hist)
        if is_datetime and not dims[0].value_format:
            dt_format = Dimension.type_formatters[np.datetime64]
            dims[0] = dims[0].clone(value_format=DateFormatter(dt_format))

        style = self.style[self.cyclic_index]
        if self.invert_axes:
            self.offset_linefn = self.handles['axis'].axvline
            self.plotfn = self.handles['axis'].barh
        else:
            self.offset_linefn = self.handles['axis'].axhline
            self.plotfn = self.handles['axis'].bar

        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(hist, ranges, style)
            if 'vmin' in style:
                raise ValueError('Mapping a continuous dimension to a '
                                 'color on a HistogramPlot is not '
                                 'supported by the {backend} backend. '
                                 'To map a dimension to a color supply '
                                 'an explicit list of rgba colors.'.format(
                                     backend=self.renderer.backend
                                 )
                )

        # Plot bars and make any adjustments
        legend = hist.label if self.show_legend else ''
        bars = self.plotfn(edges, hvals, widths, zorder=self.zorder, label=legend, align='edge', **style)
        self.handles['artist'] = self._update_plot(self.keys[-1], hist, bars, lims, ranges) # Indexing top

        ticks = self._compute_ticks(hist, edges, widths, lims)
        ax_settings = self._process_axsettings(hist, lims, ticks)
        ax_settings['dimensions'] = dims

        return self._finalize_axis(self.keys[-1], ranges=el_ranges, element=hist, **ax_settings)

    def _process_hist(self, hist):
        """
        Get data from histogram, including bin_ranges and values.
        """
        self.cyclic = hist.get_dimension(0).cyclic
        x = hist.kdims[0]
        edges = hist.interface.coords(hist, x, edges=True)
        values = hist.dimension_values(1)
        hist_vals = np.array(values)
        xlim = hist.range(0)
        ylim = hist.range(1)
        is_datetime = isdatetime(edges)
        if is_datetime:
            edges = np.array([dt64_to_dt(e) if isinstance(e, np.datetime64) else e for e in edges])
            edges = date2num(edges)
            xlim = tuple(dt_to_int(v, 'D') for v in xlim)
        widths = np.diff(edges)
        return edges[:-1], hist_vals, widths, xlim+ylim, is_datetime

    def _compute_ticks(self, element, edges, widths, lims):
        """
        Compute the ticks either as cyclic values in degrees or as roughly
        evenly spaced bin centers.
        """
        if self.xticks is None or not isinstance(self.xticks, int):
            return None
        if self.cyclic:
            x0, x1, _, _ = lims
            xvals = np.linspace(x0, x1, self.xticks)
            labels = ["%.0f" % np.rad2deg(x) + '\N{DEGREE SIGN}' for x in xvals]
        elif self.xticks:
            dim = element.get_dimension(0)
            inds = np.linspace(0, len(edges), self.xticks, dtype=np.int)
            edges = list(edges) + [edges[-1] + widths[-1]]
            xvals = [edges[i] for i in inds]
            labels = [dim.pprint_value(v) for v in xvals]
        return [xvals, labels]

    def get_extents(self, element, ranges, range_type='combined'):
        ydim = element.get_dimension(1)
        s0, s1 = ranges[ydim.name]['soft']
        s0 = min(s0, 0) if isfinite(s0) else 0
        s1 = max(s1, 0) if isfinite(s1) else 0
        ranges[ydim.name]['soft'] = (s0, s1)
        return super().get_extents(element, ranges, range_type)

    def _process_axsettings(self, hist, lims, ticks):
        """
        Get axis settings options including ticks, x- and y-labels
        and limits.
        """
        axis_settings = dict(zip(self.axis_settings, [None, None, (None if self.overlaid else ticks)]))
        return axis_settings

    def _update_plot(self, key, hist, bars, lims, ranges):
        """
        Process bars can be subclassed to manually adjust bars
        after being plotted.
        """
        return bars

    def _update_artists(self, key, hist, edges, hvals, widths, lims, ranges):
        """
        Update all the artists in the histogram. Subclassable to
        allow updating of further artists.
        """
        plot_vals = zip(self.handles['artist'], edges, hvals, widths)
        for bar, edge, height, width in plot_vals:
            if self.invert_axes:
                bar.set_y(edge)
                bar.set_width(height)
                bar.set_height(width)
            else:
                bar.set_x(edge)
                bar.set_height(height)
                bar.set_width(width)

    def update_handles(self, key, axis, element, ranges, style):
        # Process values, axes and style
        edges, hvals, widths, lims, _ = self._process_hist(element)

        ticks = self._compute_ticks(element, edges, widths, lims)
        ax_settings = self._process_axsettings(element, lims, ticks)
        self._update_artists(key, element, edges, hvals, widths, lims, ranges)
        return ax_settings

class SideHistogramPlot(AdjoinedPlot, HistogramPlot):

    bgcolor = param.Parameter(default=(1, 1, 1, 0), doc="""
        Make plot background invisible.""")

    offset = param.Number(default=0.2, bounds=(0,1), doc="""
        Histogram value offset for a colorbar.""")

    show_grid = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
        Whether to overlay a grid on the axis.""")

    def _process_hist(self, hist):
        """
        Subclassed to offset histogram by defined amount.
        """
        edges, hvals, widths, lims, isdatetime = super()._process_hist(hist)
        offset = self.offset * lims[3]
        hvals = hvals * (1-self.offset)
        hvals += offset
        lims = lims[0:3] + (lims[3] + offset,)
        return edges, hvals, widths, lims, isdatetime

    def _update_artists(self, n, element, edges, hvals, widths, lims, ranges):
        super()._update_artists(n, element, edges, hvals, widths, lims, ranges)
        self._update_plot(n, element, self.handles['artist'], lims, ranges)

    def _update_plot(self, key, element, bars, lims, ranges):
        """
        Process the bars and draw the offset line as necessary. If a
        color map is set in the style of the 'main' ViewableElement object, color
        the bars appropriately, respecting the required normalization
        settings.
        """
        main = self.adjoined.main
        _, y1 = element.range(1)
        offset = self.offset * y1
        range_item, main_range, dim = get_sideplot_ranges(self, element, main, ranges)

        # Check if plot is colormapped
        plot_type = Store.registry['matplotlib'].get(type(range_item))
        if isinstance(plot_type, PlotSelector):
            plot_type = plot_type.get_plot_class(range_item)
        opts = self.lookup_options(range_item, 'plot')
        if plot_type and issubclass(plot_type, ColorbarPlot):
            cidx = opts.options.get('color_index', None)
            if cidx is None:
                opts = self.lookup_options(range_item, 'style')
                cidx = opts.kwargs.get('color', None)
                if cidx not in range_item:
                    cidx = None
            cdim = None if cidx is None else range_item.get_dimension(cidx)
        else:
            cdim = None

        # Get colormapping options
        if isinstance(range_item, (HeatMap, Raster)) or (cdim and cdim in element):
            style = self.lookup_options(range_item, 'style')[self.cyclic_index]
            cmap = cm.get_cmap(style.get('cmap'))
            main_range = style.get('clims', main_range)
        else:
            cmap = None

        if offset and ('offset_line' not in self.handles):
            self.handles['offset_line'] = self.offset_linefn(offset,
                                                             linewidth=1.0,
                                                             color='k')
        elif offset:
            self._update_separator(offset)

        if cmap is not None and main_range and (None not in main_range):
            self._colorize_bars(cmap, bars, element, main_range, dim)
        return bars

    def _colorize_bars(self, cmap, bars, element, main_range, dim):
        """
        Use the given cmap to color the bars, applying the correct
        color ranges as necessary.
        """
        cmap_range = main_range[1] - main_range[0]
        lower_bound = main_range[0]
        colors = np.array(element.dimension_values(dim))
        colors = (colors - lower_bound) / (cmap_range)
        for c, bar in zip(colors, bars):
            bar.set_facecolor(cmap(c))
            bar.set_clip_on(False)

    def _update_separator(self, offset):
        """
        Compute colorbar offset and update separator line
        if map is non-zero.
        """
        offset_line = self.handles['offset_line']
        if offset == 0:
            offset_line.set_visible(False)
        else:
            offset_line.set_visible(True)
            if self.invert_axes:
                offset_line.set_xdata(offset)
            else:
                offset_line.set_ydata(offset)

class PointPlot(ChartPlot, ColorbarPlot):
    """
    Note that the 'cmap', 'vmin' and 'vmax' style arguments control
    how point magnitudes are rendered to different colors.
    """

    show_grid = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
      Whether to draw grid lines at the tick positions.""")

    # Deprecated parameters

    color_index = param.ClassSelector(default=None, class_=(str, int),
                                      allow_None=True, doc="""
        Deprecated in favor of color style mapping, e.g. `color=dim('color')`""")

    size_index = param.ClassSelector(default=None, class_=(str, int),
                                     allow_None=True, doc="""
        Deprecated in favor of size style mapping, e.g. `size=dim('size')`""")

    scaling_method = param.ObjectSelector(default="area",
                                          objects=["width", "area"],
                                          doc="""
        Deprecated in favor of size style mapping, e.g.
        size=dim('size')**2.""")

    scaling_factor = param.Number(default=1, bounds=(0, None), doc="""
      Scaling factor which is applied to either the width or area
      of each point, depending on the value of `scaling_method`.""")

    size_fn = param.Callable(default=np.abs, doc="""
      Function applied to size values before applying scaling,
      to remove values lower than zero.""")

    style_opts = ['alpha', 'color', 'edgecolors', 'facecolors',
                  'linewidth', 'marker', 'size', 'visible',
                  'cmap', 'vmin', 'vmax', 'norm']

    _nonvectorized_styles = ['alpha', 'marker', 'cmap', 'vmin', 'vmax',
                      'norm', 'visible']

    _disabled_opts = ['size']
    _plot_methods = dict(single='scatter')

    def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
        xs, ys = (element.dimension_values(i) for i in range(2))
        self._compute_styles(element, ranges, style)
        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(element, ranges, style)
        return (ys, xs) if self.invert_axes else (xs, ys), style, {}

    def _compute_styles(self, element, ranges, style):
        cdim = element.get_dimension(self.color_index)
        color = style.pop('color', None)
        cmap = style.get('cmap', None)

        if cdim and ((isinstance(color, str) and color in element) or isinstance(color, dim)):
            self.param.warning(
                "Cannot declare style mapping for 'color' option and "
                "declare a color_index; ignoring the color_index.")
            cdim = None
        if cdim and cmap:
            cs = element.dimension_values(self.color_index)
            # Check if numeric otherwise treat as categorical
            if cs.dtype.kind in 'uif':
                style['c'] = cs
            else:
                style['c'] = search_indices(cs, unique_array(cs))
            self._norm_kwargs(element, ranges, style, cdim)
        elif color is not None:
            style['color'] = color
        style['edgecolors'] = style.pop('edgecolors', style.pop('edgecolor', 'none'))

        ms = style.get('s', mpl.rcParams['lines.markersize'])
        sdim = element.get_dimension(self.size_index)
        if sdim and ((isinstance(ms, str) and ms in element) or isinstance(ms, dim)):
            self.param.warning(
                "Cannot declare style mapping for 's' option and "
                "declare a size_index; ignoring the size_index.")
            sdim = None
        if sdim:
            sizes = element.dimension_values(self.size_index)
            sizes = compute_sizes(sizes, self.size_fn, self.scaling_factor,
                                  self.scaling_method, ms)
            if sizes is None:
                eltype = type(element).__name__
                self.param.warning(
                    '%s dimension is not numeric, cannot use to '
                    'scale %s size.' % (sdim.pprint_label, eltype))
            else:
                style['s'] = sizes
        style['edgecolors'] = style.pop('edgecolors', 'none')

    def update_handles(self, key, axis, element, ranges, style):
        paths = self.handles['artist']
        (xs, ys), style, _ = self.get_data(element, ranges, style)
        xdim, ydim = element.dimensions()[:2]
        if 'factors' in ranges.get(xdim.name, {}):
            factors = list(ranges[xdim.name]['factors'])
            xs = [factors.index(x) for x in xs if x in factors]
        if 'factors' in ranges.get(ydim.name, {}):
            factors = list(ranges[ydim.name]['factors'])
            ys = [factors.index(y) for y in ys if y in factors]
        paths.set_offsets(np.column_stack([xs, ys]))
        if 's' in style:
            sizes = style['s']
            if isscalar(sizes):
                sizes = [sizes]
            paths.set_sizes(sizes)
        if 'vmin' in style:
            paths.set_clim((style['vmin'], style['vmax']))
        if 'c' in style:
            paths.set_array(style['c'])
        if 'norm' in style:
            paths.norm = style['norm']
        if 'linewidth' in style:
            paths.set_linewidths(style['linewidth'])
        if 'edgecolors' in style:
            paths.set_edgecolors(style['edgecolors'])
        if 'facecolors' in style:
            paths.set_edgecolors(style['facecolors'])

class VectorFieldPlot(ColorbarPlot):
    """
    Renders vector fields in sheet coordinates. The vectors are
    expressed in polar coordinates and may be displayed according to
    angle alone (with some common, arbitrary arrow length) or may be
    true polar vectors.

    The color or magnitude can be mapped onto any dimension using the
    color_index and size_index.

    The length of the arrows is controlled by the 'scale' style
    option. The scaling of the arrows may also be controlled via the
    normalize_lengths and rescale_lengths plot option, which will
    normalize the lengths to a maximum of 1 and scale them according
    to the minimum distance respectively.
    """

    arrow_heads = param.Boolean(default=True, doc="""
       Whether or not to draw arrow heads. If arrowheads are enabled,
       they may be customized with the 'headlength' and
       'headaxislength' style options.""")

    magnitude = param.ClassSelector(class_=(str, dim), doc="""
        Dimension or dimension value transform that declares the magnitude
        of each vector. Magnitude is expected to be scaled between 0-1,
        by default the magnitudes are rescaled relative to the minimum
        distance between vectors, this can be disabled with the
        rescale_lengths option.""")

    padding = param.ClassSelector(default=0.05, class_=(int, float, tuple))

    rescale_lengths = param.Boolean(default=True, doc="""
       Whether the lengths will be rescaled to take into account the
       smallest non-zero distance between two vectors.""")

    # Deprecated parameters

    color_index = param.ClassSelector(default=None, class_=(str, int),
                                      allow_None=True, doc="""
        Deprecated in favor of dimension value transform on color option,
        e.g. `color=dim('Magnitude')`.
        """)

    size_index = param.ClassSelector(default=None, class_=(str, int),
                                     allow_None=True, doc="""
        Deprecated in favor of the magnitude option, e.g.
        `magnitude=dim('Magnitude')`.
        """)

    normalize_lengths = param.Boolean(default=True, doc="""
        Deprecated in favor of rescaling length using dimension value
        transforms using the magnitude option, e.g.
        `dim('Magnitude').norm()`.""")

    style_opts = ['alpha', 'color', 'edgecolors', 'facecolors',
                  'linewidth', 'marker', 'visible', 'cmap',
                  'scale', 'headlength', 'headaxislength', 'pivot',
                  'width', 'headwidth', 'norm']

    _nonvectorized_styles = ['alpha', 'marker', 'cmap', 'visible', 'norm',
                             'pivot', 'headlength', 'headaxislength',
                             'headwidth']

    _plot_methods = dict(single='quiver')

    def _get_magnitudes(self, element, style, ranges):
        size_dim = element.get_dimension(self.size_index)
        mag_dim = self.magnitude
        if size_dim and mag_dim:
            self.param.warning(
                "Cannot declare style mapping for 'magnitude' option "
                "and declare a size_index; ignoring the size_index.")
        elif size_dim:
            mag_dim = size_dim
        elif isinstance(mag_dim, str):
            mag_dim = element.get_dimension(mag_dim)
        if mag_dim is not None:
            if isinstance(mag_dim, dim):
                magnitudes = mag_dim.apply(element, flat=True)
            else:
                magnitudes = element.dimension_values(mag_dim)
                _, max_magnitude = ranges[dimension_name(mag_dim)]['combined']
                if self.normalize_lengths and max_magnitude != 0:
                    magnitudes = magnitudes / max_magnitude
        else:
            magnitudes = np.ones(len(element))
        return magnitudes

    def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
        # Compute coordinates
        xidx, yidx = (1, 0) if self.invert_axes else (0, 1)
        xs = element.dimension_values(xidx) if len(element.data) else []
        ys = element.dimension_values(yidx) if len(element.data) else []

        # Compute vector angle and magnitude
        radians = element.dimension_values(2) if len(element.data) else []
        if self.invert_axes: radians = radians+1.5*np.pi
        angles = list(np.rad2deg(radians))
        magnitudes = self._get_magnitudes(element, style, ranges)
        input_scale = style.pop('scale', 1.0)
        if self.rescale_lengths:
            min_dist = get_min_distance(element)
            input_scale = input_scale / min_dist

        args = (xs, ys, magnitudes,  [0.0] * len(element))

        # Compute color
        cdim = element.get_dimension(self.color_index)
        color = style.get('color', None)
        if cdim and ((isinstance(color, str) and color in element) or isinstance(color, dim)):
            self.param.warning(
                "Cannot declare style mapping for 'color' option and "
                "declare a color_index; ignoring the color_index.")
            cdim = None
        if cdim:
            colors = element.dimension_values(self.color_index)
            style['c'] = colors
            cdim = element.get_dimension(self.color_index)
            self._norm_kwargs(element, ranges, style, cdim)
            style.pop('color', None)

        # Process style
        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(element, ranges, style)
        style.update(dict(scale=input_scale, angles=angles, units='x', scale_units='x'))
        if 'vmin' in style:
            style['clim'] = (style.pop('vmin'), style.pop('vmax'))
        if 'c' in style:
            style['array'] = style.pop('c')
        if 'pivot' not in style:
            style['pivot'] = 'mid'
        if not self.arrow_heads:
            style['headaxislength'] = 0

        return args, style, {}

    def update_handles(self, key, axis, element, ranges, style):
        args, style, axis_kwargs = self.get_data(element, ranges, style)

        # Set magnitudes, angles and colors if supplied.
        quiver = self.handles['artist']
        quiver.set_offsets(np.column_stack(args[:2]))
        quiver.U = args[2]
        quiver.angles = style['angles']
        if 'color' in style:
            quiver.set_facecolors(style['color'])
            quiver.set_edgecolors(style['color'])
        if 'array' in style:
            quiver.set_array(style['array'])
        if 'clim' in style:
            quiver.set_clim(style['clim'])
        if 'linewidth' in style:
            quiver.set_linewidths(style['linewidth'])
        return axis_kwargs

class BarPlot(BarsMixin, ColorbarPlot, LegendPlot):

    bar_padding = param.Number(default=0.2, doc="""
       Defines the padding between groups.""")

    multi_level = param.Boolean(default=True, doc="""
       Whether the Bars should be grouped into a second categorical axis level.""")

    stacked = param.Boolean(default=False, doc="""
       Whether the bars should be stacked or grouped.""")

    show_legend = param.Boolean(default=True, doc="""
        Whether to show legend for the plot.""")

    style_opts = ['alpha', 'color', 'align', 'visible', 'edgecolor',
                  'log', 'facecolor', 'capsize', 'error_kw', 'hatch']

    _nonvectorized_styles = ['visible']

    legend_specs = dict(LegendPlot.legend_specs, **{
        'top':    dict(bbox_to_anchor=(0., 1.02, 1., .102),
                       ncol=3, loc=3, mode="expand", borderaxespad=0.),
        'bottom': dict(ncol=3, mode="expand", loc=2,
                       bbox_to_anchor=(0., -0.4, 1., .102),
                       borderaxespad=0.1)})

    def _get_values(self, element, ranges):
        """
        Get unique index value for each bar
        """
        gvals, cvals = self._get_coords(element, ranges, as_string=False)
        kdims = element.kdims
        if element.ndims == 1:
            dimensions = kdims + [None, None]
            values = {'group': gvals, 'stack': [None]}
        elif self.stacked:
            stack_dim = kdims[1]
            dimensions = [kdims[0], None, stack_dim]
            if stack_dim.values:
                stack_order = stack_dim.values
            elif stack_dim in ranges and ranges[stack_dim.name].get('factors'):
                stack_order = ranges[stack_dim]['factors']
            else:
                stack_order = element.dimension_values(1, False)
            stack_order = list(stack_order)
            values = {'group': gvals, 'stack': stack_order}
        else:
            dimensions = kdims + [None]
            values = {'group': gvals, 'category': cvals}
        return dimensions, values

    @mpl_rc_context
    def initialize_plot(self, ranges=None):
        element = self.hmap.last
        vdim = element.vdims[0]
        axis = self.handles['axis']
        key = self.keys[-1]

        style = dict(zorder=self.zorder, **self.style[self.cyclic_index])
        ranges = self.compute_ranges(self.hmap, key, ranges)
        ranges = match_spec(element, ranges)

        self.handles['artist'], xticks, xdims = self._create_bars(axis, element, ranges, style)
        kwargs = {'yticks': xticks} if self.invert_axes else {'xticks': xticks}
        return self._finalize_axis(key, ranges=ranges, element=element,
                                   dimensions=[xdims, vdim], **kwargs)

    def _finalize_ticks(self, axis, element, xticks, yticks, zticks):
        """
        Apply ticks with appropriate offsets.
        """
        alignments = None
        ticks = xticks or yticks
        if ticks is not None:
            ticks, labels, alignments = zip(*sorted(ticks, key=lambda x: x[0]))
            ticks = (list(ticks), list(labels))
        if xticks:
            xticks = ticks
        elif yticks:
            yticks = ticks
        super()._finalize_ticks(axis, element, xticks, yticks, zticks)
        if alignments:
            if xticks:
                for t, y in zip(axis.get_xticklabels(), alignments):
                    t.set_y(y)
            elif yticks:
                for t, x in zip(axis.get_yticklabels(), alignments):
                    t.set_x(x)

    def _create_bars(self, axis, element, ranges, style):
        # Get values dimensions, and style information
        (gdim, cdim, sdim), values = self._get_values(element, ranges)
        style_dim = None
        if sdim:
            cats = values['stack']
            style_dim = sdim
        elif cdim:
            cats = values['category']
            style_dim = cdim

        if style_dim:
            style_map = {style_dim.pprint_value(v): self.style[i]
                         for i, v in enumerate(cats)}
        else:
            style_map = {None: {}}

        # Compute widths
        width = (1-(2.*self.bar_padding)) / len(values.get('category', [None]))
        if self.invert_axes:
            plot_fn = 'barh'
            x, y, w, bottom = 'y', 'width', 'height', 'left'
        else:
            plot_fn = 'bar'
            x, y, w, bottom = 'x', 'height', 'width', 'bottom'

        # Iterate over group, category and stack dimension values
        # computing xticks and drawing bars and applying styles
        xticks, labels, bar_data = [], [], {}
        for gidx, grp in enumerate(values.get('group', [None])):
            sel_key = {}
            label = None
            if grp is not None:
                grp_label = gdim.pprint_value(grp)
                sel_key[gdim.name] = [grp]
                yalign = -0.04 if cdim and self.multi_level else 0
                xticks.append((gidx+0.5, grp_label, yalign))
            for cidx, cat in enumerate(values.get('category', [None])):
                xpos = gidx+self.bar_padding+(cidx*width)
                if cat is not None:
                    label = cdim.pprint_value(cat)
                    sel_key[cdim.name] = [cat]
                    if self.multi_level:
                        xticks.append((xpos+width/2., label, 0))
                prev = 0
                for stk in values.get('stack', [None]):
                    if stk is not None:
                        label = sdim.pprint_value(stk)
                        sel_key[sdim.name] = [stk]
                    el = element.select(**sel_key)
                    vals = el.dimension_values(element.vdims[0].name)
                    val = float(vals[0]) if len(vals) else np.NaN
                    xval = xpos+width/2.
                    if label in bar_data:
                        group = bar_data[label]
                        group[x].append(xval)
                        group[y].append(val)
                        group[bottom].append(prev)
                    else:
                        bar_style = dict(style, **style_map.get(label, {}))
                        with abbreviated_exception():
                            bar_style = self._apply_transforms(el, ranges, bar_style)
                        bar_data[label] = {
                            x:[xval], y: [val], w: width, bottom: [prev],
                            'label': label,
                        }
                        bar_data[label].update(bar_style)
                    prev += val if isfinite(val) else 0
                    if label is not None:
                        labels.append(label)

        # Draw bars
        bars = [getattr(axis, plot_fn)(**bar_spec) for bar_spec in bar_data.values()]

        # Generate legend and axis labels
        ax_dims = [gdim]
        title = ''
        if sdim:
            title = sdim.pprint_label
            ax_dims.append(sdim)
        elif cdim:
            title = cdim.pprint_label
            if self.multi_level:
                ax_dims.append(cdim)
        if self.show_legend and any(len(l) for l in labels) and (sdim or not self.multi_level):
            leg_spec = self.legend_specs[self.legend_position]
            if self.legend_cols: leg_spec['ncol'] = self.legend_cols
            legend_opts = self.legend_opts.copy()
            legend_opts.update(**leg_spec)
            axis.legend(title=title, **legend_opts)

        return bars, xticks, ax_dims

class SpikesPlot(SpikesMixin, PathPlot, ColorbarPlot):

    aspect = param.Parameter(default='square', doc="""
        The aspect ratio mode of the plot. Allows setting an
        explicit aspect ratio as width/height as well as
        'square' and 'equal' options.""")

    color_index = param.ClassSelector(default=None, allow_None=True,
                                      class_=(str, int), doc="""
      Index of the dimension from which the color will the drawn""")

    spike_length = param.Number(default=0.1, doc="""
      The length of each spike if Spikes object is one dimensional.""")

    padding = param.ClassSelector(default=(0, 0.1), class_=(int, float, tuple))

    position = param.Number(default=0., doc="""
      The position of the lower end of each spike.""")

    style_opts = PathPlot.style_opts + ['cmap']

    def init_artists(self, ax, plot_args, plot_kwargs):
        if 'c' in plot_kwargs:
            plot_kwargs['array'] = plot_kwargs.pop('c')
        if 'vmin' in plot_kwargs and 'vmax' in plot_kwargs:
            plot_kwargs['clim'] = plot_kwargs.pop('vmin'), plot_kwargs.pop('vmax')
        if not 'array' in plot_kwargs and 'cmap' in plot_kwargs:
            del plot_kwargs['cmap']
        line_segments = LineCollection(*plot_args, **plot_kwargs)
        ax.add_collection(line_segments)
        return {'artist': line_segments}

    def get_data(self, element, ranges, style):
        dimensions = element.dimensions(label=True)
        ndims = len(dimensions)
        opts = self.lookup_options(element, 'plot').options

        pos = self.position
        if ndims > 1 and 'spike_length' not in opts:
            data = element.columns([0, 1])
            xs, ys = data[dimensions[0]], data[dimensions[1]]
            data = [[(x, pos), (x, pos+y)] for x, y in zip(xs, ys)]
        else:
            xs = element.array([0])
            height = self.spike_length
            data = [[(x[0], pos), (x[0], pos+height)] for x in xs]

        if self.invert_axes:
            data = [(line[0][::-1], line[1][::-1]) for line in data]

        dims = element.dimensions()
        clean_spikes = []
        for spike in data:
            xs, ys = zip(*spike)
            cols = []
            for i, vs in enumerate((xs, ys)):
                vs = np.array(vs)
                if isdatetime(vs):
                    dt_format = Dimension.type_formatters.get(
                        type(vs[0]),
                        Dimension.type_formatters[np.datetime64]
                    )
                    vs = date2num(vs)
                    dims[i] = dims[i].clone(value_format=DateFormatter(dt_format))
                cols.append(vs)
            clean_spikes.append(np.column_stack(cols))

        cdim = element.get_dimension(self.color_index)
        color = style.get('color', None)
        if cdim and ((isinstance(color, str) and color in element) or isinstance(color, dim)):
            self.param.warning(
                "Cannot declare style mapping for 'color' option and "
                "declare a color_index; ignoring the color_index.")
            cdim = None
        if cdim:
            style['array'] = element.dimension_values(cdim)
            self._norm_kwargs(element, ranges, style, cdim)

        if 'spike_length' in opts:
            axis_dims =  (element.dimensions()[0], None)
        elif len(element.dimensions()) == 1:
            axis_dims =  (element.dimensions()[0], None)
        else:
            axis_dims =  (element.dimensions()[0], element.dimensions()[1])
        with abbreviated_exception():
            style = self._apply_transforms(element, ranges, style)

        return (clean_spikes,), style, {'dimensions': axis_dims}

    def update_handles(self, key, axis, element, ranges, style):
        artist = self.handles['artist']
        (data,), kwargs, axis_kwargs = self.get_data(element, ranges, style)
        artist.set_paths(data)
        artist.set_visible(style.get('visible', True))
        if 'color' in kwargs:
            artist.set_edgecolors(kwargs['color'])
        if 'array' in kwargs or 'c' in kwargs:
            artist.set_array(kwargs.get('array', kwargs.get('c')))
        if 'vmin' in kwargs:
            artist.set_clim((kwargs['vmin'], kwargs['vmax']))
        if 'norm' in kwargs:
            artist.norm = kwargs['norm']
        if 'linewidth' in kwargs:
            artist.set_linewidths(kwargs['linewidth'])
        return axis_kwargs

class SideSpikesPlot(AdjoinedPlot, SpikesPlot):

    bgcolor = param.Parameter(default=(1, 1, 1, 0), doc="""
        Make plot background invisible.""")

    border_size = param.Number(default=0, doc="""
        The size of the border expressed as a fraction of the main plot.""")

    subplot_size = param.Number(default=0.1, doc="""
        The size subplots as expressed as a fraction of the main plot.""")

    spike_length = param.Number(default=1, doc="""
      The length of each spike if Spikes object is one dimensional.""")

    xaxis = param.ObjectSelector(default='bare',
                                 objects=['top', 'bottom', 'bare', 'top-bare',
                                          'bottom-bare', None], doc="""
        Whether and where to display the xaxis, bare options allow suppressing
        all axis labels including ticks and xlabel. Valid options are 'top',
        'bottom', 'bare', 'top-bare' and 'bottom-bare'.""")

    yaxis = param.ObjectSelector(default='bare',
                                      objects=['left', 'right', 'bare', 'left-bare',
                                               'right-bare', None], doc="""
        Whether and where to display the yaxis, bare options allow suppressing
        all axis labels including ticks and ylabel. Valid options are 'left',
        'right', 'bare' 'left-bare' and 'right-bare'.""")

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub