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Cyrrhus (/ˈsɪrəs/; Greek: Κύρρος Kyrrhos) is a city in ancient Syria founded by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. Other names for the city include Hagioupolis, Nebi Huri (Arabic: نبي حوري), Khoros (حوروس Ḳūrus). A false etymology of the sixth century connects it to Cyrus, king of Persia due to the resemblance of the names. The former Roman/Byzantine (arch)bishopric is now a double Catholic titular see.
View of Cyrrhus.
Shown within Syria
Aleppo Governorate, Syria
36°44′39″N 36°57′33″E / 36.74417°N 36.95917°ECoordinates: 36°44′39″N 36°57′33″E / 36.74417°N 36.95917°E
Seleucus I Nicator
Site notes
In ruins
Its ruins are located in northern Syria, near the Turkish border.
It lies about 70 km northwest of Aleppo and 24 km west of Killis, in Turkey. Cyrrhus was the capital of the extensive district of Cyrrhestica, between the plain of Antioch and Commagene.
The site of the city is marked by the ruins at Khoros, 20 km from Azaz, Syria, standing near the Afrin Marsyas River, a tributary of the Orontes, which had been banked up by Bishop Theodoret.
The Cyrrhus in Syria was founded by Seleucus Nicator shortly after 300 BC, and was named after the Macedonian city of Cyrrhus. It was taken by the Armenian Empire in the 1st century BC, then became Roman when Pompey took Syria in 64 BC. By the 1st century AD, it had become a Roman administrative, military, and commercial center on the trade route between Antioch and the Euphrates River crossing at Zeugma, and minted its own coinage.[1] It was the base of the Roman legion Legio X Fretensis.[2] The Sassanid Persian Empire took it several times during the 3rd century.[3]
In the 6th century, the city was embellished and fortified by Byzantine Emperor Justinian. It was however taken by the Muslims in 637 and known at that time under the name of Qorosh and later by the Crusaders in the 11th century. Nur ad-Din Zangi recaptured it in 1150. Muslim travelers of the 13th and 14th century report it both as a large city and as largely in ruins.[4]
The well-preserved Roman amphitheatre is among the largest in Syria.
The city has been excavated by the Lebanese Syrian Archaeological Mission of Cyrrhus.[5] Initial results indicate a square layout with Hippodamian grid road plan and a central main road with Colonnades typical of the Hellenistic east . The road layout seems to have survived until into the Islamic times. Remains in Cyrrhus include two Roman Bridge s in working order, a dilapidated theatre outside the town and foundations of a Basilica church and some city fortifications. In the 6th century a Byzantine citadel was built on the top of the hill behind the theatre.[6] with evidence of Greek and Egyptian influences in the design work.[7] [8] This citadel is still largely unexcavated.
Cyrrhus became a Christian bishopric at an early date, a suffragan of Hierapolis Bambyce, capital and metropolitan see of the Roman province of Euphratensis. Under Justinian, it became an autocephalous ecclesiastical metropolis subject directly to the Patriarch of Antioch but without suffragans. Its bishop Syricius was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The Arian Abgar (Latinized as Abgarus or Augarus) was at the Council of Seleucia (360). Theodoret mentions as another Arian a bishop called Asterius of the time of the Roman Emperor Valens (364–378). Isidorus attended the First Council of Constantinople in 381. The most celebrated of the bishops of Cyrrhus is Theodoret himself (423-458), a prolific writer,[9] well known for his rôle in the history of Nestorianism, Eutychianism, and Marcionism. He tells us that his small diocese (about forty miles square) contained 800 churches, which supposes a very dense population. In 476, a bishop named Ioannes held a synod against Peter the Fuller. At the close of that century the bishop was a Nestorian named Sergius, who was replaced by another of the same name who was of the directly opposite theological opinion, being a Jacobite, and was deposed by Emperor Justin I in 518. Michael the Syrian lists 13 other Jacobite bishops of the see.[10][11][12]
A magnificent basilica held the relics of Saints Cosmas and Damian, who had suffered martyrdom in the vicinity about 283, and whose bodies had been transported to the city, whence it was also called Hagioupolis. Many holy personages, moreover, chiefly hermits, had been or were then living in this territory, among them Saints Acepsimas, Zeumatius, Zebinas, Polychronius, Maron (the patron of the Maronite Church), Eusebius, Thalassius, Maris, James the Wonder-worker, and others. Bishop Theodoret devoted an entire work to the illustration of their virtues and miracles.[13]
Residential (Arch)Bishops of Cyrrhus
Churchmanship
Syricius 325 at First Council of Nicaea
Abgar 360 Arian at Council of Seleucia (360)
Asterius 364–378 Arian
Isidorus[14][15][16] 381 at First Council of Constantinople
Theodoret of Cyrrhus 423-458
Ioannes 476 held a synod against Peter the Fuller
Sergius I of Cyrrhus late 5th century[17] Nestorian was deposed by Byzantine Emperor Justin I
Sergius II of Cyrrhus.[18] 518 Jacobite exiled about AD 522.[19]
John of Cyrrhus[20] c628 Orthodox???
12 Jacobite Bishops
John of Cyrrhus[20]
The city was taken in the early 11th century by the Crusaders who made new Bishopric, dependent on Edessa under the name Coricié.
Titular sees
No longer a residential bishopric, Cyrrhus is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see,[21] in two different rite-specific traditions, in the apostolic succession of the Byzantine archdiocese.
Bishops of Crusader Coricié
Latin titular see
Established no later then as Titular archbishopric of Cyrrhus (Latin) / Cirro (Curiate Italian) / Cyrrhen(sis) (Latin adjective), alias Cyrrhus of the Latins
It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, of the fitting Archepiscopal rank with an Episcopal (lowest) exception:
Carolus Polodig, Teresian Carmelites (O.C.D.) (1713.12.23 – death 1714.07.07), no actual prelature
Titular Bishop: John Wallace (1720.04.30 – death 1733.06.30) (born Scotland, UK), Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar of Scotland (Scotland) (1720.04.30 – 1727.07.23), Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar of Lowland District of Scotland (Scotland) (1727.07.23 – 1733.06.30)
Ignazio Nasalli-Ratti (Italian), (1819.12.17 – 1827.06.25), later Cardinal-Priest of S. Agnese fuori le mura (1827.09.17 – death 1831.12.02)
Luca de Cigalla (1832.07.27 – 1847.02.12), first while Bishop of Santorini (insular Greece) (1828.12.15 – 1847.02.12 ?not possessed), then as Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar of Constantinopole (Ottoman Turkey) (1832.07.27 – 1847.02.12 not possessed)
Loudovico of St. Teresa Martini, O.C.D. (Italian) (1845.09.30 – death 1883.07.12) while Apostolic Vicar of Verapoly (British India) (1844.12.07 – 1855.11.10) and as emeritus; previously Titular Bishop of Europus (1839.06.07 – 1845.09.30) as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Verapoly (1839.06.07 – succession 1844.12.07)
Nikolaus Adames (1883.11.02 – death 1887.02.13) as emeritus: previously Titular Bishop of Halicarnassus (1863.03.27 – 1870.09.27 as Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Luxembourg (native Luxembourg) (1848.05.07 – 1863.03.27) and (promoted) last Vicar Apostolic of Luxembourg (Luxembourg) (1863.03.27 – 1870.09.27); next (see promoted) first Bishop of Luxembourg (1870.09.27 – retired 1883.09.27)
Louis-André Navarre, Sacred Heart Missionaries (M.S.C.) (born France) (1888.08.17 – death 1912.01.17) first as Apostolic Vicar of Melanesia (insular Papua New Guinea) (1887.05.17 – 1889.05.10), then as Apostolic Vicar of New Guinea (mainland Papua New Guinea) (1889.05.10 – 1908.01) and as emeritus; previously Titular Bishop of Pentacomia (1887.05.17 – 1888.08.17)
Ludovít Szmrecsányi (1912.03.26 – 1912.08.20) (born Slovakia) as Coadjutor Archbishop of Archdiocese of Eger (Hungary) (1912.03.26 – succession 1912.08.20); previously Titular Bishop of Magyddus (1904.11.14 – 1912.03.26) without actual prelature; later Metropolitan Archbishop of above Eger (1912.08.20 –death 1943.01.28)
BIOs to ELABORATE
Joaquim José Vieira (1912.11.08 – 1917.07.08)
Vilmos Batthyány (1920.12.16 – 1923.11.24)
Serafino Cimino, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1924.12.18 – 1928.05.04)
Gennaro Cosenza (1930.01.02 – 1930.03.20)
Archbishop-elect Giuseppe Pizzardo (1930.03.28 – 1930.04.22) (later Cardinal)
Ferdinando Fiandaca (1930.08.01 – 1941.02.18)
Juan José Aníbal Mena Porta (1941.06.14 – 1949.02.25)
Silvestro Patrizio Mulligan, Capuchin Franciscans (O.F.M. Cap.) (1950.08.16 – 1950.10.23)
Eris Norman Michael O'Brien (1951.01.11 – 1953.11.16)
Guilford Clyde Young (1954.10.10 – 1955.09.20)
Louis Ferrand (1956.04.17 – 1956.10.28)
Mário de Miranda Villas-Boas (1956.10.23 – 1959.06.20)
José Rafael Pulido Méndez (1961.01.16 – 1966.11.22)
Maronite titular see
No later than 1896 was established the Antiochene rite Titular archbishopric of Cyrrhus / Cirro (Curiate Italian) / Cyrrhen(sis) Maronitarum (Latin adjective), alias Cyrrhus of the Maronites.
In 1956 it was suppressed, having had only these incumbents, both of the fitting Archiepiscopal (intermediate) rank and without actual prelature :
Joseph Estefan (1896.09.24 – death 1915.07.04)
Elia Scedid (1926.06.21 – death 1950.01.18) (born Lebanon).
North Cyrrhus
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed, s.v. numismatics
^ Dow, Joseph A., Ancient Coins Through the Bible, p. 67.
^ Ivan Mannheim, Syria and Lebanon Handbook: The Travel Guide, Footprint, 2001. ISBN 978-1-900949-90-3.
^ Guy Le Strange, Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, London, 1890.
^ First results on the city planning of Cyrrhus (Syria) Abdul Massih, Benech, Gelin ArcheoSciences,revue d'archéométrie, suppl. 33, 2009, p. 201-203.
^ Cyrrhus.
^ Cyrrhus at Livis.org.
^ Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister, Stillwell, Richard, MacDonald, William L., McAlister, Marian Holland KYRRHOS Syria. in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites]
^ His works are in Jacques Paul Migne (ed.), Patrologia Graeca, LXXX-LXXXIV.
^ Raymond Janin, v. Cyrrhus in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1186-1187
^ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 929-934
^ Franz Cumont, Etudes syriennes, Paris 1917, pp. 221 ff.
^ Siméon Vailhé, "Cyrrhus" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1908)]
^ Raymond Janin, v. Cyrrhus in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XIII, Paris 1956, coll. 1186-1187.
^ Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 929-934.
^ Ian George Tompkins , PROBLEMS OF DATING AND PERTINENCE IN SOME LETTERS OF THEODORET OF CYRRHUS, Byzantion Vol. 65, No. 1 (1995), pp.176-195.
^ The Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians 89.
^ a b The Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians 122.
^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 870
Sources and external links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "article name needed". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
GCatholic - Latin titular see
GCatholic - Maronite titular see
Archeological excavations at Cyrrhus/Nebi Houri
Cyrrhus at livius.org
Cyrrhus/Nabi Huri at cometosyria.com
Abdul Massih J., 2008, Edmond Frézouls à Cyrrhus : les débuts de la recherche archéologique en Syrie, Document d'Archéologie Syrienne XIV, pp. 424–428.
Abdul Massih J., 2008, Edmond Frézouls et les publications archéologiques syriennes, Document d'Archéologie Syrienne XIV, pp. 428–430.
Abdul Massih J., 2006-2007, évaluation de l'état général du site archéologique de Cyrrhus – Nebi Houri Annales Archéologiques de Syrie, XLIX-L, p. 45-59.
ALPI F., 2011, Base de statue de Justinien ornée d'une inscription métrique (Cyrrhus, Euphratésie), Syria 88, p. 341-349.
Abdul Massih J, Gelin M., 2009, Notes préliminaires sur l'étude du système défensif méridional de Cyrrhus, Campagnes 2007-2008, Chroniques 2008, Damas 2010, pp. 109–218
Abdul Massih J., 2009, Urbanisme du site de Cyrrhus : origine et évolution ; Etat de la question, Colloque de damas 2008 sur l'urbanisme en Orient
Jeanine Abdul Massih, Notes préliminaires sur l'étude du système défensif méridional de Cyrrhus, Campagnes 2007-2008, Chroniques 2008, Damas 2010, pp. 109–218, Damas 2010, pp. 109–218.
Jeanine Abdul Massih, Les mosaïques de la maison romaine et la fortification polygonale de Cyrrhus (Nebi Houri), Notes préliminaires, Syria 2009, pp. 289–306.
Ivan Mannheim, Syria and Lebanon Handbook: The Travel Guide, Footprint, 2001. ISBN 978-1-900949-90-3.
Guy Le Strange, Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, London, 1890.
Abraham of Cyrrhus
Saint Abraham (Cyrrhus, Syria, c. 350–Constantinople, 422) (also known as Abraham of Charres and Abraham the Apostle of Lebanon was a Syrian hermit and bishop of Harran. He was born and educated at Carrhae (modern Harran) in Syria, and preached the Gospel in the valley of Mount Lebanon, where he lived as a hermit. His life was described by Theodoret of Cyr (393-466 A.D.), the Bishop of Cyrrhus, who named him among the other thirty holy men and women in his book "Historia Religiosa" (Religious History).
He spent the first part of his life in the desert of Chalcis where he lived an ascetic life, he tried his body by fasting and still standing and was so exhausted that could not move. But then he left for Lebanon as a merchant and helped the inhabitants of the village where he stayed to pay the taxes with the help of his friends. The name of the village is not known but it is believed to be Aqura- Afka. "It was probably located in Aqura near the river Adonis." He was asked by the villagers to become their tutor and he accepted providing they would build the Christian church. He stayed in this village for three years as a priest and then returned to his ascetic life as a hermit.He was later elected bishop of Harran in Mesopotamia (Carrhae), where he worked vigorously to reduce the existing abuses. He died in Constantinople in 422 after going there to consult with Theodosius II, although some argue that it may have instead occurred in 390 under Theodosius II's predecessor, Theodosius I. His body was transferred back to Harran, to the city of Antioch where he was buried. His feast day is 14 February.
Andronicus of Cyrrhus
Andronicus of Cyrrhus or Andronicus Cyrrhestes (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Κυρρήστου, Andrónikos Kyrrhēstou), son of Hermias, was a Macedonian astronomer who flourished about 100 BC.
Avidius Cassius
Gaius Avidius Cassius (c.130 – July 175 AD) was a Roman general and usurper. He was born in Cyrrhus, and was the son of Gaius Avidius Heliodorus, who served as Praefectus augustalis (prefect of Roman Egypt), and Julia Cassia Alexandra, who was related to a number of royal figures, including her descent from both Augustus and Herod the Great. He began his military career under Antoninus Pius, rising to the status of legatus. He served during the Parthian War of Lucius Verus, in which he distinguished himself, for which he was elevated to the Senate, and later made Imperial legate. During the Bucolic War, he was given the extraordinary title of Rector Orientis, giving him Imperium over all of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
In 175 AD, Cassius declared himself emperor, because he had received news, from Marcus Aurelius' wife, that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius was about to die. He received broad support in the eastern provinces of Egypt, Syria, Syria Palaestina and Arabia Petraea, especially Syria, which was his homeland. Despite his control of the vital grain production of Egypt, and his command of seven legions, he was heavily outmatched by Aurelius. While Aurelius was amassing a force to defeat Cassius, a centurion of one of Cassius' legions murdered Cassius, sending his head to Aurelius as proof.
Bagrat Pakrad
Bagrat Pakrad (died 1116), also known as Bagrat or Pakrad, was an Armenian adventurer and brother of Kogh Vasil. He befriended Baldwin I in his march to the Euphrates and was given command of the critical fortress Ravendel. Out of jealousy, Fer, the Armenian noble who ruled Turbessel, reported to Baldwin that Bagrat was conspiring against him. Suspected of collaboration with the Turks, he was arrested and tortured, only to escape to the mountains with his brother. Bagrat became lord of Khoros (Cyrrhus) in 1116 and was defeated by Baldwin.
Baradates
St Baradates (died circa 460) was a hermit who lived in the Diocese of Cyrrhus in Syria, and whose bishop, Theodoret, called him "the admirable Baradates."
Baradates lived in a tiny hut, too small for him to stand upright, and he wore a leather garment that exposed only his mouth and nose. He was said to have been very learned, particularly in theology. Emperor Leo wrote him, asking his advice regarding the Council of Chalcedon.
In the Roman Catholic Church, the Feast of St Baradates is February 22.
Carolus Polodig
Carolus Polodig, O.C.D. (1671–1714) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Vicar Apostolic of Izmir (1713–1714) and Titular Archbishop of Cyrrhus (1713–1714).
Cyrrhestica
Cyrrhestica (Greek: Κυρρηστική) is a district of Greater Syria which appears to have owed its name to the Macedonian occupation of the country. It lies to the east of the plain of Antioch and Amanus, and was bounded on the east by the Euphrates and Commagene to the north, it extended as far as the desert. This fertile, well-watered, and thickly peopled district occupied the right bank of the Euphrates, where the river inclines rather eastward of south. It was the scene of the campaign in which Ventidius defeated the Parthian Pacorus and avenged Crassus and the Roman army which had fallen at Carrhae. Constantine I united it with Commagene under the name of Provincia Euphratensis. The chief towns of Cyrrhestica were Hierapolis Bambyce, Zeugma, Europus, Birtha?, Beroea (modern Aleppo), Batnae, and Cyrrhus.
Cyrrhus (Macedonia)
Cyrrhus or Kyrros (Ancient Greek: Κύρρος), also known as Cyrius or Kyrius (Κύριος), was a town in ancient Macedonia. Sitalces penetrated into Macedonia to the left of Cyrrhus and Pella.It is located near the modern Aravissos.
Domnina of Syria
Saint Domnina of Syria, also known as Domnina the Younger, was a 5th-century ascetic. Her name is mentioned in the Byzantine Synaxarium. and according to Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, Domnina was born to a rich Syrian family.
Domnus II of Antioch
Domnus II, was Patriarch of Antioch between 442 and 449 and a friend of the influential Bishop of Cyrrhus, Saint Theodoret.
Iyad ibn Ghanm
ʿIyāḍ ibn Ghanm ibn Zuhayr al-Fihrī (Arabic: عياض بن غنم بن زهير الفهري) (died 641) was an Arab general who played a leading role in the Muslim conquests of al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) and northern Syria. He was among the handful of Qurayshi tribesmen to embrace Islam before the mass conversion of the tribe in 630, and was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 634, under Caliph Abu Bakr, he governed the north Arabian oasis town of Dumat al-Jandal. Later, in 637, he became governor of al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia), but was dismissed by Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) for alleged improprieties. Afterward, he became a close military aide of his cousin and nephew, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, under whose direction Iyad subjected much of Byzantine-held northern Syria, including Aleppo, Manbij and Cyrrhus.
When Abu Ubayda died in 639, Iyad succeeded him as governor of Hims, Qinnasrin and al-Jazira. In the latter territory, he launched a campaign to assert Muslim rule, first capturing Raqqa after besieging it and plundering its countryside. This was followed by the conquests of Edessa, Harran and Samosata under similar circumstances. With the exception of heavy fighting at Ras al-Ayn and Dara, Iyad received the surrenders of a string of other Mesopotamian towns with relatively little blood spilled. Overall, Iyad's conquest of Upper Mesopotamia left much of the captured towns intact and their inhabitants unharmed to maintain their tax payments to the nascent caliphate. According to historian Leif Inge Ree Petersen, Iyad "has received little attention" but was "clearly of great ability".
James the Solitary
James the Solitary was a hermit saint of the fifth century and a student of St. Maron, patriarch of the Maronite Catholic Church. He is commemorated on November 26.
James of Cyrrhus had been taught by Maron and later went off to live by himself. James lived his ascetic life as a man without bodily shelter, on a mountain not far from the city of Cyrrhus in Syria. James was known for his wisdom and powerful gift of intercession. He was even called upon to counsel Byzantine Emperor Leo regarding matters relating to the Council of Chalcedon.
Saint James the Solitary is commemorated 26 November in the Eastern Orthodox Church, Western Rite Orthodox communities, and in Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite.
Kyrros
Kyrros (Greek: Κύρρος; in classical contexts also transliterated Cyrrhus) is a former municipality in the Pella regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pella, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 181.415 km2. Population 6,479 (2011). The seat of the municipality was in Mylotopos. The municipality took its name from the ancient Macedonian town Cyrrhus, which was located near ancient Pella.
Maron, also called Maroun or Maro, (Syriac: ܡܪܘܢ, Morōn; Arabic: مارون; Latin: Maron; Greek: Μάρων) was a 4th-century Syriac Christian hermit monk in the Taurus Mountains whose followers, after his death, founded a religious Christian movement that became known as the Syriac Maronite Church, in full communion with the Holy See and the Catholic Church. The religious community which grew from this movement are the modern Maronites.
Saint Maron is often portrayed in a black monastic habit with a hanging stole, accompanied by a long crosier staffed by a globe surmounted with a cross. His feast day in the Maronite Church is February 9.
Nestorius
Nestorius (; in Greek: Νεστόριος; c. 386 – 450) was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to August 431, when Emperor Theodosius II confirmed his condemnation by the Council of Ephesus on 22 June.
His teachings included a rejection of the long-used title of Theotokos, "Mother of God", for Mary, mother of Jesus, and they were considered by many to imply that he did not believe that Christ was truly God. That brought him into conflict with other prominent churchmen of the time, most notably Cyril of Alexandria, who accused him of heresy.
Nestorius sought to defend himself at the First Council of Ephesus in 431 but instead found himself formally condemned for heresy by a majority of the bishops and was subsequently removed from his see. On his own request, he retired to his former monastery, in or near Antioch. In 435, Theodosius II sent him into exile in Upper Egypt, where he lived on until 450, strenuously defending his orthodoxy. His last major defender within the Roman Empire, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, finally agreed to anathematize him in 451 during the Council of Chalcedon.
From then on, he had no defenders within the empire, but the Church of the East never accepted his condemnation. That led later to western Christians giving the name Nestorian Church to the Church of the East where his teachings were deemed Orthodox and in line with its own teachings. Nestorius is revered as among three "Greek Teachers" of the Church (in addition to Diodorus of Tarsus and Theodore of Mopsuestia). Parts of the Church of the East's Eucharistic Service, which is known to be among the oldest in the world, is contributed to with prayers attributed to Nestorius himself.
The Second Council of Constantinople of AD 553 confirmed the validity of the condemnation of Nestorius, refuting the letter of Ibas of Edessa that affirms that Nestorius was condemned without due inquiry.The discovery, translation and publication of his Bazaar of Heracleides at the beginning of the 20th century have led to a reassessment of his theology in western scholarship. It is now generally agreed that his ideas were not far from those that eventually emerged as orthodox, but the orthodoxy of his formulation of the doctrine of Christ is still controversial.
Peter of Jerusalem
Peter of Jerusalem was the Patriarch of Jerusalem from 524 to 544. He held to the Orthodox belief.Patriarch Peter, as John III's successor and following in his Orthodox position, convened in September 536 a synod in Jerusalem in which he proclaimed his orthodoxy and adherence to the Council of Chalcedon. He agreed in the deposition of Anthimus I, the Monophysite patriarch of Constantinople who was deposed that year.
In 544, emperor Justinian issued an edict condemning Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theoderet of Cyrrhus, and Ive of Edessa, who supposedly were Nestorians, but who were never excommunicated and who had died in the fifth century. Peter signed the edict but included a proviso that if it would not be signed by the Pope of Rome, his signature would be invalid. Eventually, the emperor forced the Pope sign the edict.
Patriarch Peter died in 544.
Theodoret
Theodoret of Cyrus or Cyrrhus (Greek: Θεοδώρητος Κύρρου; c. AD 393 – c. 458/466) was an influential theologian of the School of Antioch, biblical commentator, and Christian bishop of Cyrrhus (423–457). He played a pivotal role in several 5th-century Byzantine Church controversies that led to various ecumenical acts and schisms. He wrote against Cyril of Alexandria's 12 Anathemas which were sent to Nestorius and did not personally condemn Nestorius until the Council of Chalcedon. His writings against Cyril were included in the Three Chapters Controversy and were condemned at the Second Council of Constantinople. Some Chalcedonian and East Syriac Christians regard him as a "full" saint. Although the Eastern Orthodox Protopresbyter Michael Pomazansky repeatedly refers to him as "Blessed", there is no evidence in his work that this is the official position of any Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction.
The Tower of the Winds or the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes is an octagonal Pentelic marble clocktower in the Roman Agora in Athens that functioned as a horologion or "timepiece". It is considered the world's first meteorological station. Unofficially, the monument is also called Aerides (Greek: Αέρηδες), which means Winds. The structure features a combination of sundials, a water clock, and a wind vane. It was supposedly built by Andronicus of Cyrrhus around 50 BC, but according to other sources, might have been constructed in the 2nd century BC before the rest of the forum. In summer of 2014, the Athens Ephorate of Antiquities began cleaning and conserving the structure; restoration work was completed in August 2016.
Zephirium
Zephirium is a titular Bishopric of the Roman Catholic Church located in Cilicia.There are five known bishops of the Seat.
Hypatus, attended the Council of Chalcedon.
Zenobus, an associate of Theodoret of Cyrrhus
Jean-Jacques Crouzet (1 Oct 1888 Appointed - 8 Jan 1933).
Antonin Eltschkner (10 Feb 1933 Appointed - 22 Feb 1961)
André Collini (7 Sep 1962 Appointed - 26 Jul 1966)


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These five mistakes are exactly why it is not recommended to communicate directly with the IRS and attempt settling on your own. Why? It's simple, the IRS will ask a overabundance of questions about your back-tax bills directed at finding additional money, trying to get you to admit to things you didn't do, or criminal intent. You should never give too much information. A Ogden Tax Attorney is your best protection. As the IRS continues to pressure you, you will quickly realize all they want is your cash and could care less about you or your situations. The intimidating behavior of the IRS can be frightening and sometimes cross the line. To protect your rights, you must have a tax attorney. A tax attorney knowledgeable in the tax code and tax legislation. A tax attorney is the only option to protect your rights and your hard-earned cash in Ogden, UT through representation and understanding the tax situation you are up against. The tax attorneys, at Tax Relief Systems, LLC, will aid in the creation and development of a plan to put an end to your tax situations. When is the best time to contact a tax attorney or professional? As soon as you are notified by the IRS or before. Sooner the better because a tax attorney can assist by reducing or possibly eliminating your tax situation before it gets out of control, but it has to be done before it's too late. Procrastination will not make the situation go away when the IRS is involved.
IRS notifications, phone calls, and agent visits are all tactics employed by the IRS. These tactics are scary and exasperating, that is why the IRS uses them. The more nervous they can make you the more likely you are to pay. The IRS does not just go away even though many people try to avoid the situation. The IRS has unrestricted capacity to locate and take your money. They can take your cash, assets, and garnish your wages. Any information they collect will be used against you. One misstep and your chances of a positive resolution will be decreased drastically.
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text:
A-Z Resource List: E
Early American Fiction 1789-1875
Offers the full text of first editions of American novels and short stories by such authors as Louisa May Alcott, Herman Melville, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Mark Twain, as well as a host of minor writers of the period.
Early English Books Online (EEBO)
Contains images of virtually every work printed in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and British North America and works in English printed elsewhere from 1473-1700 - from the first book printed in English by William Caxton, through the age of Spenser and Shakespeare and the tumult of the English Civil War.
Early English Prose Fiction
Collection from the period 1500-1700.
Early European Books
Traces the history of printing in Europe from its origins through to 1701. Developed and produced with scholars, rare book librarians, bibliographers, and other experts. Offers full-colour, high-resolution facsimile images of some of the world's most significant collections of early printed books in Europe. View Early European Books content plotted on the interactive historical map.
Early Experiences in Australasia: Primary Sources and Personal Narratives 1788-1901
Provides a unique and personal view of events in the region from the arrival of the first settlers through to Australian Federation at the close of the nineteenth century.
Offers ebook titles from scholarly sources, for a wide range of disciplines.
EBSCO eBooks Collection
Multidisciplinary ebooks resource.
The amount of content which can be downloaded will vary from publisher to publisher.
EBSCO Megafile Complete
Multi-disciplinary collection.
EBSCO Open Dissertations
Freely available PhD and Masters theses.
Ecology Abstracts
Focuses on how organisms of all kinds - microbes, plants, and animals - interact with their environments and with other organisms.
Ecological Society of America (ESA)
Includes journals on ecology and environmental sciences.
Provides links to full-text articles in all fields of economics. Coverage: 1886 - Present.
Bibliographic database on management, environmental, packaging and building topics. Archive: 1985 - May 2007.
Editions and Adaptations of Shakespeare
Contains eleven major editions from the First Folio of 1623 to the Cambridge edition of 186366, twenty-eight separate contemporary printings of individual plays and poems, selected apocrypha and related works.
Education Collection
Topics include primary and secondary education, adult education, homeschooling, language and linguistics, and special education. Coverage : Citations 1983- , Full text and abstracts 1994 - current.
Education Magazine Archive
Archive of magazines covering 20th Century education. Covers a wide range of educational topics, from general titles to subject-specific publications, and material devoted to women and ethnic minorities in education. Explore multiple perspectives on social history, childhood studies, women's studies, psychology and politics.
Education in Video: Volumes I and II
Provides resources for both new and experienced teachers tools to increase their knowledge and skills and for education faculty to link abstract theories of education to real-world students and classrooms. Consists of video content.
Education Research Complete
Bibliographic and full text database covering scholarly research and information relating to all areas of education.
EduTV
Online TV streaming resource for Australian tertiary institutions including documentaries, drama and series complemented with study guides and articles are accessible via computer, tablet or smartphone. New programs added weekly. Archive: 2006 - Present.
Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO)
Access the digital images of every page of books published during the 18th Century. With full-text searching of millions of pages, the product allows researchers new methods of access to critical information in the fields of history, literature, religion, law, fine arts, science and more.
Eighteenth-Century Fiction
Collection of complete works of English prose from the period 17001780 by writers from the British Isles.
Elsevier eLibrary
Elsevier eLibrary includes ebooks relevant to nursing. Read offline by clicking on the 'Read Offline' link in the book thumbnail. In Desktop environment, the file can be directly open or save it before open it. In iOS and Android environment, use your browser to find the ebook in Elsevier eLibrary. Click on 'Read Offline' to download the ebook file. The file will be visible in the Elsevier eLibrary APP installed on your device.
Biomedical and pharmacological database of journals. Coverage: 1947 - Present.
Emerald Insight: eCase Collection
Digital library, real-world case studies. The collection also features teaching material from world-leading business schools. Includes full-text access to all the Darden and Kellogg Cases.
Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies
Includes case studies on business decision making and management development throughout key global emerging markets.
Covers topics on management, operations, HR, marketing, library, training and engineering articles, and the subject areas of business, management, economics and the social sciences, health and social care, engineering and education. Includes access to eCase Collection, The CASE Journal, and Emerging Markets Case Studies.
Teaching Notes in the Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies are only available to faculty members. Faculty members should contact the Library to gain login details to the Teaching Notes @ http://www.emeraldinsight.com.
Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) [via Web of Science]
Provides expanded options to discover new areas of research in evolving disciplines, as well as relevant interdisciplinary scholarly content across rapidly changing research fields. Focus is on both Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities content. Coverage: 2005 - Present.
Empire Online
Includes material related to colonial history and culture, which spans across the last five centuries (1600 to 20th century) including literature, art, religion, race, and class, as well as imperialism and colonialism in the colonised and colonising countries.
ENDANGER - Threatened Species in Australia: A Select Bibliography
Bibliographic database on Australian threatened flora and fauna and related topics. Coverage: 1960 - Present.
Endocrine Society Journals (ESJ)
Access to the Endocrine Society Journals on endocrinology is via Oxford Academic.
ENGINE - Australian Engineering Database
Bibliographic database on Australian engineering information, particularly information published by the Institution since 1980. Coverage: 1980 - Present.
Engineering Case Studies Online
Provides a single, comprehensive source for a wide range of video and text material focusing on engineering failures and successes.
Engineering Collection
Covers a range of subjects within an engineering context including civil engineering, mining, environmental engineering, road and rail, and municipal engineering. Full text publications: 1973 - Present; Index: 1973 - Present.
Engineering Village (including Compendex)
Bibliographic database of research literature for engineering, computing, mathematics and related disciplines. Contains references, engineering journals and conferences. From September 2016 Engineering Village will include Knovel.com abstracts. Coverage : 1884 - current.
Collection of plays in verse and prose tracing the development of drama in English from the medieval mystery cycles to the comedies of Oscar Wilde.
English Poetry, Second Edition
Comprehensive archive of English verse which provides representation of both of the literary heritages of former colonial countries and of the poetic legacies of English writers brought back to scholarly attention during the last thirty years.
Justis gives you access to hundreds of thousands of case judgments and legislation from common law jurisdictions around the world. Covers UK legislation and case law, Irish law, EU law, Carribean case law, and Human Rights.
Entertainment Industry Magazine Archive
Archival research resource on the history of the film and entertainment industries, from the era of vaudeville and silent movies through to 2000.
Entomology Abstracts
Includes recent research reports of direct relevance to entomology, with coverage including insects, arachnids, myriapods, onychophorans, and terrestrial isopods - from the most ancient fossilized forms to newly-discovered species.
Entrepreneurship Database
Bridges theory with practice, covering a wide spectrum of resources useful to educators, researchers, students and practitioners. Content ranges from the scholarly - including journals, dissertations, working papers and conference proceedings - to a full toolkit of practical guides, templates, forms, sample business plans and tips from successful entrepreneur in a wide range of formats - from video to downloadable Word and Excel files, as well as traditional text and PDFs.
Environment Complete
Offers deep coverage in applicable areas of the environment. Coverage: 1940 - Present.
Environmental Issues Online
Brings together multimedia materials (text, archival primary sources, video and audio) around key environmental challenges, including climate change, water/air pollution, biodiversity, conservation, agriculture, deforestation and more. The database is curated around specific environmental issues and events from the 20th and 21st centuries and relationships between people and the environment through social, cultural, economic, political, historical and ecological perspectives.
Contains film covering all realms of environmental studies, particularly ethics, policy, economics, law, sociology, planning, and environmental science.
This EBSCOhost collection provides access to education literature and resources, and information from journals included in the Current Index of Journals in Education and Resources in Education Index. Coverage: 1966 - Present.
This ProQuest collection provides ready access to education literature to improve practice in learning, teaching, educational decision-making, and research.
eTG complete
eTG complete provides searchable on-line access to all volumes of the Therapeutic Guidelines (disease-oriented guidelines for prescribing and give clear, practical and succinct recommendations for therapy). NOTE: The number of tokens available for mobile access via the eTG complete app on iOS and Android are limited. Please see instructions on how to register for a token. You will be sent a reminder email with instructions when token renewal is required.
Ethnic NewsWatch
Current resource of full-text newspapers, magazines, and journals of the ethnic and minority press, providing researchers access to essential, often overlooked perspectives.
Ethnographic Video Online: Volume I
Comprehensive online resource for the study of human culture, behavior and society around the world.
EVA - Environmental Abstracts
Bibliographic database on the environment and related fields. Archive: 1987 - October 2011.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: jQuery if less than 10 do this, else if 0 do this not working I'm rather new to JavaScript and I'm having a little problem with this if/then/else if statement. I tried a few things below but am stuck. Does anyone have any ideas?
if (variant.inventory_management == "shopify" && variant.inventory_policy != "continue") {
    if (variant.inventory_quantity < 10) {
      $lowStockAmount.html('Last few remaining! only ' + variant.inventory_quantity + ' left');
    } else if (variant.inventory_quantity < 1)  {
      $lowStockAmount.html("We're sold out, Don't worry! click here to be notified when it's back in stock.");
    }
  }

I tried == 0 as well but I end up with the same thing: it just shows the last few remaining! only 0 left but if it is 0, I'd like it to show the sold out message.

A: Here is a simplified answer to your problem. If the quantity is 0, show the "We're sold out" info. Else, if the quantity is not 0 but less than 10, show the "Last few remaining" info. Otherwise don't show anything.
var quantity = 10;

if (quantity === 0) {
    console.log("We're sold out, Don't worry! click here to be notified when it's back in stock.");
} else if (quantity < 10) {
    console.log('Last few remaining! only ' + quantity + ' left');
}

The quantity == "0" will not work, because you're comparing a number with a string.
EDIT: quantity == "0" will work but is not a proper style of comparing two values.

A: Think about the logic as it is right now. If variant.inventory_quantity is 0, the "else if" statement will never run, because it will only be checked if variant.inventory_quantity is NOT less than 10.
Here's the fix. Change this line:
if (variant.inventory_quantity < 10) {
to this:
if (variant.inventory_quantity < 10 && variant.inventory_quantity > 0) {

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Thank you for choosing High Altitude Water Sports, Reno's premiere marine maintenance and repair company. We specialize in all phases of boat service and repair, from engine repair to upholstery. It is our goal to provide you with the best service at the best price so you can get back to enjoying your boat sooner.
All underwater gear, prop shaft, strut, rudders, etc.
All phases of fishing boat upgrades including Fish-Finders, Downriggers, trolling motors, etc.
All phases of boat service from the transom to the bow lights and everything in between!
We work with all insurance companies providing estimates and filing claims.
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We recently were made aware of this video from this past summer and thought it was amusing enough to be worth sharing. We are going to say it's safe to assume these guys are not doing things properly.
More discussion of this incident over at the Historic Military Vehicle Forum.
Looks like a Sherman chassis to me, but holy sh*t; somebody screwed up somewhere either on the brakes or just plain poor driving!!
If you search around the HMVF forum there is info on this "M10" and it supposedly only has a real Sherman powertrain and suspension, everything else was fabricated or stolen, and does not have a proper motor.
The blog is mainly a WoT/WoWS one, with news and supertest leaks.


text:
Sims earns PL2 Player of the Month award
Southampton's 19-year-old winger claims prize after month in which he made PL debut
Fernandes wins PL2 Player of the Month award
Hepburn-Murphy named PL2 Player of the Month
Sunderland's Robson takes PL2 player award
Southampton's Josh Sims has been rewarded for his excellent recent performances with the Premier League 2 Player of the Month award for November.
It was a breakthrough month for the 19-year-old winger. He scored in a 3-2 PL2 defeat by a Chelsea side including John Terry and Kurt Zouma, then claimed the Man of the Match award after an assist on his Premier League debut, a 1-0 win over Everton.
He rounded off a memorable couple of weeks by coming off the bench to help Saints beat Arsenal 2-0 in their EFL Cup quarter-final at Emirates Stadium. He also made his UEFA Europa League debut last night.
Congratulations to #SaintsFC's @simsjosh12, who has been named as the #PL2 Player of the Month for November!  https://t.co/NpIHbD1cUS
— Southampton FC (@SouthamptonFC) December 9, 2016
Sims was selected from a poll of all the PL2 managers who nominated the best individual performance from each of their opposing teams throughout the month.
He beat Liam Walsh, of Everton, Oliver McBurnie, of Swansea City, and Liverpool's Ben Woodburn to the award.


Tigers stars Matt Smith and Dan Cole met local youth rugby teams who took part in the Land Rover Premiership Rugby Cup festival at Oakham RFC for the chance to be a part of the Gallagher Premiership Rugby Final on June 1.
The Tigers duo watched from the side-lines as the 36 under-11 and under-12 teams from across the region got down to business.
Part of a series of nationwide events, more than 2,000 people took part in the event including players, coaches and parents. With more than 400 Tigers appearances between them, Smith and Cole also offered coaching advice for teams as well as posing for photos.
It was Melton Mowbray RFC U11's and Leicester Forest RFC Under 12's who came out on top after the days play. Both will now be a part of Land Rover Premiership Rugby Cup Parade at half-time at Twickenham.
A huge thank you to all the teams that took part in this year's Tigers Land Rover Cup.


text:
in: Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles needing cleanup from April 2008, Articles with invalid date parameter in template,
Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from April 2008
Tokyopop titles
Rave Master
First volume of Rave, released in Japan on November 17, 1999
レイヴ
adventure, comedy, fantasy
23x15px 23x15px Kodansha Comics USA
Shōnen Magazine
List of Rave Master chapters
23x15px Cartoon Network, Syfy
List of Rave Master episodes
Action/Fighting
Rave Master (レイヴ Reivu?, romanized as RAVE and known as Groove Adventure RAVE in Japan), is a manga series written and illustrated by Hiro Mashima. The manga was serialized in Shōnen Magazine from July 1999 through July 2005, and published in thirty-five tankōbon by Kodansha. The manga series was licensed for an English release in North America by Tokyopop until Kodansha allowed their contract to expire. Del Rey Manga announced on September 26, 2009, at their New York Anime Festival panel, that it had acquired the rights to Rave Master with a release date in September 2010. Kodansha Comics USA will keep publishing the series in 2011.[1]
The series was adapted into a fifty-one episode anime series by Studio Deen. The anime premiered on TBS on October 13, 2001 and ran until September 28, 2002. The anime series is based on the first twelve volumes of the manga series. Tokyopop also licensed the anime adaptation. The English dubbed version premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on June 5, 2004 as part of the Toonami programming block, and re-broadcast on Syfy in 2009.
Main article: List of Rave Master characters
In 0015, fifty years before the story's start, the world was being corrupted by Dark Bring, evil stones that bestowed incredible powers to their owners. The Dark Bring were used by the Raregroove Kingdom, and the Symphonia Kingdom fought against them with their Holy Bring.
Shiba, the first RAVE Master, attempted to destroy Sinclaire, the "mother" of the Dark Bring, with his Ten Commandments Sword. The aftermath caused the massive explosion known as "Overdrive" that destroyed one-tenth of the known world. Shiba, protected from the disaster by Plue, a special guardian "dog" who shielded him from the blast, held onto the RAVE required to power his sword. Plue and the five remaining fragments of RAVE, however, scattered around the world.
Fifty years later Haru Glory, a teenager living on the peaceful Garage Island, fishes Plue up by accident. Several events soon follow, including Shiba's arrival and his desire to reclaim Plue, as well as the appearance of a mysterious organization known as Demon Card, whose members possess Dark Bring and aim to rule the world. After Haru battles one of its members, Shiba discovers he is the second RAVE Master, and entrusts his RAVE, Plue, and the Ten Commandments Sword to Haru. Haru embarks upon an adventure to find the other fragments of Rave and to save the world.
Hiro Mashima created Rave Master with the idea of travelling around the world.[2] Composed of thirty-five tankōbon volumes, Mashima comments that although it was sometimes difficult to think of how to develop the storyline, he still remembers enjoying the making of Rave Master. Still he regards that the series' end was "a little sentimental, a little sad."[3] In both Rave Master and his other manga Fairy Tail, Mashima wants to make justice prevail but also make readers understand the villains' reasons to fight the main character in order to make them more complex characters.[2]
Main article: List of Rave Master chapters
Rave Master was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Magazine in 1999 and ran for 296 chapters until its conclusion in 2005. It was published in thirty-five collected volumes by Kodansha, with the first volume released in November 1999 and the final volume released in September 2005. Rave Master was licensed for an English release in North America by Tokyopop, which released 32 volumes of the series.[4] On August 31, 2009, Tokyopop announced that they would not be completing the series as their licenses with Kodansha expired and Kodansha required that they immediately stop publication of all previously licensed series, including Rave Master.[5] The next month, it was announced that Del Rey Manga had acquired the license and would begin publishing the remaining volumes in 2010.[6] The last three volumes will be published in a single omnibus volume. Del Rey has not announced plans to re-release earlier volumes.[7]
The series is licensed for regional language releases in French by Glenat, in Spanish by Norma Editorial, and in Italian by Editions Star Comics. Egmont Manga & Anime licensed Rave Master for a German release, including serializing it in their monthly anthology Manga Power. Rave Master was also one of the first manga series released in Spanish in North America by Public Square Books.[8]
Main article: List of Rave Master episodes
The series was adapted into a fifty-one episode anime series, entitled Rave: the Groove Adventure, by Studio Deen. The anime premiered on TBS on October 13, 2001 and ran until September 28, 2002. The anime series is based on the first twelve volumes of the manga series. Tokyopop licensed the series for release and broadcast in North America. As with the manga, Tokyopop released the series under the name Rave Master.
Their English dubbed version aired on Cartoon Network in the United States, premiering in June 2004, as part of the Toonami programming block. Syfy had begun airing the dubbed episodes on March 16, 2009 as part of its "Ani-Monday" programming block and finished on September 21, 2009.[9]
Voice cast
Yuri Lowenthal - Haru Glory
Michelle Ruff - Elie
Mona Marshall - Plue
Doug Erholtz - Hamrio Musica, Shadow Guard
Tom Kenny - Griff
Crispin Freeman - General Shuda, Sieg Hart
Steve Blum
Mari Devon - Lasagne
Stephen Apostolina - Jegan
Beau Billingslea - Deerhound
Bob Glouberman - Mikan, Ruby
Barbara Goodson - Fortune Teller
Steve Bulen - Gale Glory
Dorothy Elias-Fahn - Rose, Claire Maltese
Nicholas Guest - Hebi
Robert Martin Klein - Gunnert
Patricia Lentz - Rionette
David Lodge - Real Admiral, Big Guard
Peter Lurie - King Gale Rareglove
Michael McConnohie - Lance of the Beast Sword
Lara Jill Miller - Haul
Jeff Nimoy - L'Tiangle, Julius Rhozen
Joe Ochman - La Grace
Bob Papenbrook - Shadow Guard
Tara Platt - Reina
Cindy Robinson - Catelya Glory
Alan Shearman - Narrator, Old Shiba
Stephanie Sheh - Harmonia
Michael Sorich - Cheeks
Peter Spellos - Billy
Doug Stone - Let
Paul St. Peter - Fura
Kirk Thornton - Shadow Guard, Berial
Armando Valdes-Kennedy - Shadow Master, Lucia Rareglove
Ralph Votrian - Old Musica
Kari Wahlgren - Remi
Ezra Weisz - Schneider
Diz White - Computer
Dave Wittenberg - Georgo, Mr. Sun, Casino Guard, Shadow Guard, Lt. Pasha, Rugar 70, Teppie
Ping Wu - Solasido
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (April 2008)
There are six video games based on Rave Master.
Groove Adventure Rave
Rave Master: Special Attack Force! (Groove Adventure Rave: Hikari to Yami no Daikessen 2)
Groove Adventure Rave: Mikan no Hiseki
Groove Adventure Rave: Plue no Daibouken
In the Manga reviewers guide, published by Del-Rey in 2007, they gave the Rave Master manga a positive review of 3 out of 4 stars. It states that Rave Master had a relatively shaky start, in terms of storyline and art. However, it states that about part way through the first major story arc, the series began to improve and set itself apart from other manga series. Like most reviewers, they stated that Rave Master had a collection of likeable characters.[citation needed]
↑ "Kodansha Adds Phoenix Wright, Monster Hunter, Deltora Quest". Anime News Network. 2010-12-12.
↑ 2.0 2.1 Santos, Carlos (August 17, 2008). "Interview: Hiro Mashima". Anime News Network. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
↑ Aoki, Deb (August 17, 2008). "Interview: Hiro Mashima, page 1". About.com. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
↑ "Rave Manga Licensed by Tokyopop". Anime News Network. 2002-07-17. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
↑ "Tokyopop Confirms Its Kodansha Manga Licenses Will End". Anime News Network. August 31, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
↑ "Del Rey Gets Here I Am, Rave Master, Arisa Manga (Updated)". Anime News Network. September 26, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
↑ Aoki, Deb (September 1, 2009). "The Kodansha-Tokyopop Split: Which Manga Are Left in Limbo?". About.com. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
↑ "Manga in Spanish from Public Square Books". Anime News Network. 2006-01-04. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
↑ "U.S. Sci Fi Channel to Run Rave Master Fantasy Anime". Anime News Network. 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
Official Shonen Magazine Rave Master manga website (Japanese)
Official Tokyopop Rave Master manga website
Official TBS Rave Master anime website (Japanese)
Official Tokyopop Rave Master anime website
Rave Master (manga) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
Rave Master (anime) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
Rave Master by Hiro Mashima
Chapters • Episodes • Rave Master (video game) • Special Attack Force!
Haru Glory • Elie • Hamrio Musica • Sieg Hart • Shuda • Gale Raregroove • Lucia Raregroove • Oracion Seis • Doryu • Haja • Ogre
Dark Bring • Ten Powers
id:Rave it:Rave - The Groove Adventure pt:Rave Master fi:Rave (manga) th:เรฟ ผจญภัยเหนือโลก zh:聖石小子 ru:Rave Master
Articles needing cleanup from April 2008


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