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Where Do You Get Your Protein? Or: Biochemical Realization
Tuomas E. Tahko
British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (2018)
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Messy Chemical Kinds.Joyce C. Havstad - 2018 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 69 (3):719-743.details
Following Kripke and Putnam, the received view of chemical kinds has been a microstructuralist one. To be a microstructuralist about chemical kinds is to think that membership in said kinds is conferred by microstructural properties. Recently, the received microstructuralist view has been elaborated and defended, but it has also been attacked on the basis of complexities, both chemical and ontological. Here, I look at which complexities really challenge the microstructuralist view; at how the view itself might be made more complicated (...) in order to accommodate such challenges; and finally, at what this increasingly complicated picture implies for our standard assessment of chemical kindhood—primarily, for the widespread assumption that chemical kinds in general are more neat and tidy than those messy biological ones. _1_ The Received View _2_ A Taxonomy of Chemical Kinds _3_ Atomic Number _4_ H2O, H3O+, OH−, and More _5_ Complicating the Microstructuralist Picture _6_ Concrete and Other Mixtures _7_ Macromolecules, Especially Proteins _8_ Abandoning Sameness of Elemental Composition _9_ Not So Different after All. (shrink)
Philosophy of Chemistry, Misc in Philosophy of Physical Science
Scientific Essentialism in Metaphysics
Structure in Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
Refining the Causal Theory of Reference for Natural Kind Terms.P. Kyle Stanford & Philip Kitcher - 2000 - Philosophical Studies 97 (1):97-127.details
Causal Theories of Reference in Philosophy of Language
Kind Terms in Philosophy of Language
Natural Kinds in Metaphysics
Reference in Science in General Philosophy of Science
Chemical Substances and the Limits of Pluralism.Robin Findlay Hendry - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 14 (1):55-68.details
In this paper I investigate the relationship between vernacular kind terms and specialist scientific vocabularies. Elsewhere I have developed a defence of realism about the chemical elements as natural kinds. This defence depends on identifying the epistemic interests and theoretical conception of the elements that have suffused chemistry since the mid-eighteenth century. Because of this dependence, it is a discipline-specific defence, and would seem to entail important concessions to pluralism about natural kinds. I argue that making this kind of concession (...) does not imply that vernacular kind terms have independent application conditions. Nor does it preclude us saying that chemists, with their particular epistemic interests, have discovered the underlying nature of water, the stuff that is named and thought about in accordance with the practical interests of everyday life. There are limits to pluralism. (shrink)
Philosophy of Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
Structure, Function, and Protein Taxonomy.William Goodwin - 2011 - Biology and Philosophy 26 (4):533-545.details
This paper considers two recent arguments that structure should not be regarded as the fundamental individuating property of proteins. By clarifying both what it might mean for certain properties to play a fundamental role in a classification scheme and the extent to which structure plays such a role in protein classification, I argue that both arguments are unsound. Because of its robustness, its importance in laboratory practice, and its explanatory centrality, primary structure should be regarded as the fundamental distinguishing characteristic (...) of protein taxonomy. (shrink)
Systematic Biology in Philosophy of Biology
Microstructuralism and Macromolecules: The Case of Moonlighting Proteins. [REVIEW]Emma Tobin - 2010 - Foundations of Chemistry 12 (1):41-54.details
Microstructuralism in the philosophy of chemistry is the thesis that chemical kinds can be individuated in terms of their microstructural properties (Hendry in Philos Sci 73:864–875, 2006 ). Elements provide paradigmatic examples, since the atomic number should suffice to individuate the kind. In theory, Microstructuralism should also characterise higher-level chemical kinds such as molecules, compounds, and macromolecules based on their constituent atomic properties. In this paper, several microstructural theses are distinguished. An analysis of macromolecules such as moonlighting proteins suggests that (...) all the forms of microstructuralism cannot accommodate them. (shrink)
Realism in Chemistry in Philosophy of Physical Science
A Liberal Conception of Multiple Realizability.Eric Funkhouser - 2007 - Philosophical Studies 132 (3):467-494.details
While the concept of multiple realizability is widely used, it is seldom rigorously characterized. This paper defends a liberal conception of multiple realizability as sameness of type through _any_ differences in the (lower-level) conditions that give rise to instances of that type. This kind of "sameness through difference" is contrasted with another type of asymmetric dependency relation between properties, multiple _specification_. This liberal conception is then defended from objections, and it is augmented by a concept of relativized multiple realizability. The (...) last section presents a survey of the ontological, explanatory, and methodological consequences of this analysis of multiple realizability. (shrink)
Multiple Realizability in General Philosophy of Science
Multiple Realization in Comparative Perspective.Mark B. Couch - 2009 - Biology and Philosophy 24 (4):505-519.details
Arguments for multiple realization depend on the idea that the same kind of function is realized by different kinds of structures. It is important to such arguments that we know the kinds used in the arguments have been individuated properly. In the philosophical literature, though, claims about how to individuate kinds are frequently decided on intuitive grounds. This paper criticizes this way of approaching kinds by considering how practicing researchers think about the matter. I will consider several examples in which (...) the practice of researchers on comparative vision conflicts with the standard account of these issues. (shrink)
The Case for Multiple Realization in Biology.Wei Fang - 2018 - Biology and Philosophy 33 (1-2):3.details
Polger and Shapiro argue that their official recipe, a criterion for judging when the phenomenon of multiple realization exists, renders MR less widespread than its proponents have assumed. I argue that, although Polger and Shapiro's criterion is a useful contribution, they arrive at their conclusion too hastily. Contrary to Polger and Shapiro, I claim that the phenomenon of multiple realization in the biological world, judged by their criterion, is not as scarce as they suggest. To show this, an updated official (...) recipe, namely a multiple mechanistic realization thesis, integrating Polger and Shapiro's criterion with a compositional conception of realization, is developed. Then, three examples of varied kinds are examined, showing that cases of MR are not so hard to find in the biological world. (shrink)
Philosophy of Biology, Miscellaneous in Philosophy of Biology
Thoughts on Sydney Shoemaker's Physical Realization.Jaegwon Kim - 2010 - Philosophical Studies 148 (1):101 - 112.details
This paper discusses in broad terms the metaphysical projects of Sydney Shoemaker's Physical Realization . Specifically, I examine the effectiveness of Shoemaker's novel "subset" account of realization for defusing the problem of mental causation, and compare the "subset" account with the standard "second-order" account. Finally, I discuss the physicalist status of the metaphysical worldview presented in Shoemaker's important new contribution to philosophy of mind and metaphysics.
Subset View of Realization in Metaphysics
The Exclusion Problem in Philosophy of Mind
Special Sciences (Or: The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis).J. A. Fodor - 1974 - Synthese 28 (2):97-115.details
Theory Reduction in General Philosophy of Science
Unity of Science in General Philosophy of Science
Bookmark 366 citations
In Defense of Proper Functions.Ruth Garrett Millikan - 1989 - Philosophy of Science 56 (June):288-302.details
I defend the historical definition of "function" originally given in my Language, Thought and Other Biological Categories (1984a). The definition was not offered in the spirit of conceptual analysis but is more akin to a theoretical definition of "function". A major theme is that nonhistorical analyses of "function" fail to deal adequately with items that are not capable of performing their functions.
Functions in Philosophy of Biology
Levels of Reality.John Heil - 2003 - Ratio 16 (3):205–221.details
Philosophers and non-philosophers have been attracted to the idea that the world incorporates levels of being: higher-level items – ordinary objects, artifacts, human beings – depend on, but are not in any sense reducible to, items at lower levels. I argue that the motivation for levels stems from an implicit acceptance of a Picture Theory of language according to which we can 'read off' features of the world from ways we describe the world. Abandonment of the Picture Theory opens the (...) way to a 'no levels' conception of reality, a conception that honors anti-reductionist sentiments and preserves the status of the special sciences without the ontological baggage. (shrink)
Fundamentality in Metaphysics
Interlevel Metaphysics, Misc in Metaphysics
Reductionism in General Philosophy of Science
Natural Kind Essentialism Revisited.Tuomas E. Tahko - 2015 - Mind 124 (495):795-822.details
Recent work on Natural Kind Essentialism has taken a deflationary turn. The assumptions about the grounds of essentialist truths concerning natural kinds familiar from the Kripke-Putnam framework are now considered questionable. The source of the problem, however, has not been sufficiently explicated. The paper focuses on the Twin Earth scenario, and it will be demonstrated that the essentialist principle at its core (which I call IDENT)—that necessarily, a sample of a chemical substance, A, is of the same kind as another (...) sample, B, if and only if A and B have the same microstructure—must be re-evaluated. The Twin Earth scenario also assumes the falsity of another essentialist principle (which I call INST): necessarily, there is a 1:1 correlation between (all of ) the chemical properties of a chemical substance and the microstructure of that substance. This assumption will be questioned, and it will be argued that, in fact, the best strategy for defending IDENT is to establish INST. The prospects for Natural Kind Essentialism and microstructural essentialism regarding chemical substances will be assessed with reference to recent work in the philosophy of chemistry. Finally, a weakened form of INST will be presented. (shrink)
Anti-Essentialism in Metaphysics
Chemical Elements and Substances in Philosophy of Physical Science
Metaphysical Necessity in Metaphysics
How to Test for Multiple Realization.Lawrence A. Shapiro - 2008 - Philosophy of Science 75 (5):514-525.details
When conceived as an empirical claim, it is natural to wonder how one might test the hypothesis of multiple realization. I consider general issues of testability, show how they apply specifically to the hypothesis of multiple realization, and propose an auxiliary assumption that, I argue, must be conjoined to the hypothesis of multiple realization to ensure its testability. I argue further that Bechtel and Mundale go astray because they fail to appreciate the need for this auxiliary assumption. †To contact the (...) author, please write to: Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 5185 Helen C. White Hall, 600 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706; e‐mail: lshapiro@wisc.edu. (shrink)
How Superduper Does a Physicalist Supervenience Need to Be?Jessica M. Wilson - 1999 - Philosophical Quarterly 49 (194):33-52.details
Note: this is the first published presentation and defense of the 'proper subset strategy' for making sense of non-reductive physicalism or the associated notion of realization; this is sometimes, inaccurately, called "Shoemaker's subset strategy"; if people could either call it the 'subset strategy' or better yet, add my name to the mix I would appreciate it. Horgan claims that physicalism requires "superdupervenience" -- supervenience plus robust ontological explanation of the supervenient in terms of the base properties. I argue that Horgan's (...) account fails to rule out physically unacceptable emergence. I rather suggest that this and other unacceptable possibilities may be ruled out by requiring that each individual causal power in the set associated with a given supervenient property be numerically identical with a causal power in the set associated with its base property. I go on to show that a wide variety of physicalist accounts, both reductive and non-reductive, are implicitly or explicitly designed to meet this condition, and so are more similar than they seem. In particular, non-reductive physicalism accounts typically appeal to a relation plausibly ensuring that the powers of a higher-level property are a proper subset of those of its physical base property. (shrink)
Formulating Physicalism in Philosophy of Mind
Nonreductive Materialism in Philosophy of Mind
Supervenience and Physicalism in Metaphysics
Aristotelian Essentialism: Essence in the Age of Evolution.Christopher J. Austin - 2017 - Synthese 194 (7):2539-2556.details
The advent of contemporary evolutionary theory ushered in the eventual decline of Aristotelian Essentialism (Æ) – for it is widely assumed that essence does not, and cannot have any proper place in the age of evolution. This paper argues that this assumption is a mistake: if Æ can be suitably evolved, it need not face extinction. In it, I claim that if that theory's fundamental ontology consists of dispositional properties, and if its characteristic metaphysical machinery is interpreted within the framework (...) of contemporary evolutionary developmental biology, an evolved essentialism is available. The reformulated theory of Æ offered in this paper not only fails to fall prey to the typical collection of criticisms, but is also independently both theoretically and empirically plausible. The paper contends that, properly understood, essence belongs in the age of evolution. (shrink)
Dispositions and Powers in Metaphysics
Essence and Essentialism, Misc in Metaphysics
Teleology and Function in Philosophy of Biology
Multiple Realizations.Lawrence A. Shapiro - 2000 - Journal of Philosophy 97 (12):635-654.details
The Dispositional Genome: Primus Inter Pares.Christopher J. Austin - 2015 - Biology and Philosophy 30 (2):227-246.details
According to the proponents of Developmental Systems Theory and the Causal Parity Thesis, the privileging of the genome as "first among equals" with respect to the development of phenotypic traits is more a reflection of our own heuristic prejudice than of ontology - the underlying causal structures responsible for that specified development no more single out the genome as primary than they do other broadly "environmental" factors. Parting with the methodology of the popular responses to the Thesis, this paper offers (...) a novel criterion for 'causal primacy', one that is grounded in the ontology of the unique causal role of dispositional properties. This paper argues that, if the genome is conceptualised as realising dispositional properties that are "directed toward" phenotypic traits, the parity of 'causal roles' between genetic and extra-genetic factors is no longer apparent, and further, that the causal primacy of the genome is both plausible and defensible. (shrink)
Causation in Biology in Philosophy of Biology
Developmental Systems Theory in Philosophy of Biology
Genotypes and Phenotypes in Philosophy of Biology
Aspects of Reductive Explanation in Biological Science: Intrinsicality, Fundamentality, and Temporality.Andreas Hüttemann & Alan C. Love - 2011 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 62 (3):519-549.details
The inapplicability of variations on theory reduction in the context of genetics and their irrelevance to ongoing research has led to an anti-reductionist consensus in philosophy of biology. One response to this situation is to focus on forms of reductive explanation that better correspond to actual scientific reasoning (e.g. part–whole relations). Working from this perspective, we explore three different aspects (intrinsicality, fundamentality, and temporality) that arise from distinct facets of reductive explanation: composition and causation. Concentrating on these aspects generates new (...) forms of reductive explanation and conditions for their success or failure in biology and other sciences. This analysis is illustrated using the case of protein folding in molecular biology, which demonstrates its applicability and relevance, as well as illuminating the complexity of reductive reasoning in a specific biological context. (shrink)
Interlevel Relations in Biology, Misc in Philosophy of Biology
Natural Kindness.Matthew Slater - 2015 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 66 (2):375-411.details
Philosophers have long been interested in a series of interrelated questions about natural kinds. What are they? What role do they play in science and metaphysics? How do they contribute to our epistemic projects? What categories count as natural kinds? And so on. Owing, perhaps, to different starting points and emphases, we now have at hand a variety of conceptions of natural kinds—some apparently better suited than others to accommodate a particular sort of inquiry. Even if coherent, this situation isn't (...) ideal. My goal in this article is to begin to articulate a more general account of 'natural kind phenomena'. While I do not claim that this account should satisfy everyone—it is built around a certain conception of the epistemic role of kinds and has an obvious pragmatic flavour—I believe that it has the resources to go further than extant alternatives, in particular the homeostatic property cluster view of kinds. (shrink)
Biochemical Kinds.Jordan Bartol - 2016 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 67 (2):531-551.details
Chemical kinds are generally treated as having timelessly fixed identities. Biological kinds are generally treated as evolved and/or evolving entities. So what kind of kind is a biochemical kind? This article defends the thesis that biochemical molecules are clustered chemical kinds, some of which—namely, evolutionarily conserved units—are also biological kinds. On this thesis, a number of difficulties that have recently occupied philosophers concerned with proteins and kinds are shown to be either resolved or dissolved. 1 Introduction2 Conflicting Intuitions about Kinds (...) of Proteins3 Against Permissive Pluralism4 Against Nominalism, Toward a Duality of Kinds5 Biological Kinds, Chemical Kinds, and Their Relations6 Implications for Biological Individuals7 Implications for Monism and Scientific Practice. (shrink)
Realization Relations in Metaphysics.Umut Baysan - 2015 - Minds and Machines (3):1-14.details
"Realization" is a technical term that is used by metaphysicians, philosophers of mind, and philosophers of science to denote some dependence relation that is thought to obtain between higher-level properties and lower-level properties. It is said that mental properties are realized by physical properties; functional and computational properties are realized by first-order properties that occupy certain causal/functional roles; dispositional properties are realized by categorical properties; so on and so forth. Given this wide usage of the term "realization", it would be (...) right to think that there might be different dependence relations that this term denotes in different cases. Any relation that is aptly picked out by this term can be taken to be a realization relation. The aim of this state-of-the-field article is to introduce the central questions about the concept of realization, and provide formulations of a number of realization relations. In doing so, I identify some theoretical roles realization relations should play, and discuss some theories of realization in relation to these theoretical roles. (shrink)
Functional Realization in Metaphysics
Metaphysics, Misc in Metaphysics
Microessentialism: What is the Argument?Paul Needham - 2011 - Noûs 45 (1):1-21.details
According to microessentialism, it is necessary to resort to microstructure in order to adequately characterise chemical substances such as water. But the thesis has never been properly supported by argument. Kripke and Putnam, who originally proposed the thesis, suggest that a so-called stereotypical characterisation is not possible, whereas one in terms of microstructure is. However, the sketchy outlines given of stereotypical descriptions hardly support the impossibility claim. On the other hand, what naturally stands in contrast to microscopic description is description (...) in macroscopic terms, and macroscopic characterisations of water are certainly possible. This suffices to counter the claim that microdescriptions are necessary. Whether it counters the impossibility claim depends on whether all macroscopic descriptions are stereotypical (stereotypical descriptions presumably being macroscopic). In so far as systematic import of "stereotypical" can be determined, it would seem not. But some macroscopic characterisations have definite affinity with everyday knowledge, which presumably stands in conflict with the spirit of the impossibility claim. Since what is characterised are properties expressed by predicates like "is water", the necessity of identity has no bearing here, and matters of interpretation pose problems for claims to the effect that science fixes the extension of "water" as ordinarily understood. (shrink)
Elements, Compounds, and Other Chemical Kinds.Robin Findlay Hendry - 2006 - Philosophy of Science 73 (5):864-875.details
In this article I assess the problems and prospects of a microstructural approach to chemical substances. Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam famously claimed that to be gold is to have atomic number 79 and to be water is to be H2O. I relate the first claim to the concept of element in the history of chemistry, arguing that the reference of element names is determined by atomic number. Compounds are more difficult: water is so complex and heterogeneous at the molecular (...) level that `water is H2O' seems false under some interpretations. I sketch a response to this problem. (shrink)
Mind in a Physical World: An Essay on the Mind-Body Problem and Mental Causation.Barry Loewer & Jaegwon Kim - 1998 - Journal of Philosophy 98 (6):315.details
Metaphysics of Mind in Philosophy of Mind
Disjunctive Properties: Multiple Realizations.Lenny Clapp - 2001 - Journal of Philosophy 98 (3):111-136.details
Functional Explanation in Context.Mark Couch - 2009 - Philosophy of Science 76 (2):253-269.details
The claim that a functional kind is multiply realized is typically motivated by appeal to intuitive examples. We are seldom told explicitly what the relevant structures are, and people have often preferred to rely on general intuitions in these cases. This article deals with the problem by explaining how to understand the proper relation between structural kinds and the functions they realize. I will suggest that the structural kinds that realize a function can be properly identified by attending to the (...) context of functional explanation. *Received June 2006; revised June 2009. †To contact the author, please write to: Department of Philosophy, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Ave., South Orange, NJ 07079; e‐mail: mark.couch@shu.edu. (shrink)
Biochemical Kinds.Jordan Bartol - 2014 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science (2):axu046.details
Chemical kinds (e.g. gold) are generally treated as having timelessly fixed identities. Biological kinds (e.g. goldfinches) are generally treated as evolved and/or evolving entities. So what kind of kind is a biochemical kind? This paper defends the thesis that biochemical molecules are clustered chemical kinds, some of which–namely, evolutionarily conserved units–are also biological kinds.On this thesis, a number of difficulties that have recently occupied philosophers concerned with proteins and kinds are shown to be resolved or dissolved.
Molecular Biology, Misc in Philosophy of Biology
Non-Reductive Realization and the Powers-Based Subset Strategy.Jessica M. Wilson - 2011 - The Monist (Issue on Powers) 94 (1):121-154.details
I argue that an adequate account of non-reductive realization must guarantee satisfaction of a certain condition on the token causal powers associated with (instances of) realized and realizing entities---namely, what I call the 'Subset Condition on Causal Powers' (first introduced in Wilson 1999). In terms of states, the condition requires that the token powers had by a realized state on a given occasion be a proper subset of the token powers had by the state that realizes it on that occasion. (...) Accounts of non-reductive realization conforming to this condition are implementing what I call 'the powers-based subset strategy'. I focus on the crucial case involving mental and brain states; the results may be generalized, as appropriate. I first situate and motivate the strategy by attention to the problem of mental causation; I make the case, in schematic terms, that implementation of the strategy makes room (contra Kim 1989, 1993, 1998, and elsewhere) for mental states to be ontologically and causally autonomous from their realizing physical states, without inducing problematic causal overdetermination, and compatible with both Physicalism and Non-reduction; and I show that several contemporary accounts of non-reductive realization (in terms of functional realization, parthood, and the determinable/determinate relation) are plausibly seen as implementing the strategy. As I also show, implementation of the powers-based strategy does not require endorsement of any particular accounts of either properties or causation---indeed, a categoricalist contingentist Humean can implement the strategy. The schematic location of the strategy in the space of available responses to the problem of mental (more generally, higher-level) causation, as well as the fact that the schema may be metaphysically instantiated, strongly suggests that the strategy is, appropriately generalized and instantiated, sufficient and moreover necessary for non-reductive realization. I go on to defend the sufficiency and necessity claims against a variety of objections, considering, along the way, how the powers-based subset strategy fares against competing accounts of purportedly non-reductive realization in terms of supervenience, token identity, and constitution. (shrink)
Emergence in Metaphysics
Powers in Metaphysics
Non-Reductive Physicalism and Degrees of Freedom.Jessica M. Wilson - 2010 - British Journal for Philosophy of Science 61 (2):279-311.details
Some claim that Non- reductive Physicalism is an unstable position, on grounds that NRP either collapses into reductive physicalism, or expands into emergentism of a robust or 'strong' variety. I argue that this claim is unfounded, by attention to the notion of a degree of freedom—roughly, an independent parameter needed to characterize an entity as being in a state functionally relevant to its law-governed properties and behavior. I start by distinguishing three relations that may hold between the degrees of freedom (...) needed to characterize certain special science entities, and those needed to characterize their composing physical entities; these correspond to what I call 'reductions', 'restrictions', and 'eliminations' in degrees of freedom. I then argue that eliminations in degrees of freedom, in particular—when strictly fewer degrees of freedom are required to characterize certain special science entities than are required to characterize their composing physical entities—provide a basis for making sense of how certain special science entities can be both physically acceptable and ontologically irreducible to physical entities. (shrink)
Philosophy of Physical Science, Misc in Philosophy of Physical Science
Macromolecular Pluralism.Matthew H. Slater - 2009 - Philosophy of Science 76 (5):851-863.details
Different chemical species are often cited as paradigm examples of structurally delimited natural kinds. While classificatory monism may thus seem plausible for simple molecules, it looks less attractive for complex biological macromolecules. I focus on the case of proteins that are most plausibly individuated by their functions. Is there a single, objective count of proteins? I argue that the vagaries of function individuation infect protein classification. We should be pluralists about macromolecular classification.
The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.[author unknown] - 1956 - Dialectica 10 (1):94-95.details
Understanding the New Reductionism: The Metaphysics of Science and Compositional Reduction.Carl Gillett - 2007 - Journal of Philosophy 104 (4):193-216.details
Psychophysical Reduction, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Reduction in General Philosophy of Science
Multiple Realization by Compensatory Differences.Kenneth Aizawa - 2013 - European Journal for Philosophy of Science 3 (1):69-86.details
One way that scientifically recognized properties are multiply realized is by "compensatory differences" among realizing properties. If a property G is jointly realized by two properties F1 and F2, then G can be multiply realized by having changes in the property F1 offset changes in the property F2. In some cases, there are scientific laws that articulate how distinct combinations of physical quantities can determine one and the same value of some other physical quantity. One moral to draw is that (...) in such cases we have the multiple realization of a single determinate, "fine grained" property instance that is exactly similar to another instance. As simple as this moral is, it has ramifications for a number of recent discussions of multiple realization in science. Taken collectively, these ramifications indicate that multiple realization by compensatory adjustments merits greater attention in the philosophy of science literature than it has hitherto received. (shrink)
Who's Afraid of Disjunctive Properties?Louise Antony - 2003 - Philosophical Issues 13 (1):1-21.details
Properties, Misc in Metaphysics
Natural Kinds, Causal Profile and Multiple Constitution.Max Kistler - 2018 - Metaphysica 19 (1):113-135.details
The identity of a natural kind can be construed in terms of its causal profile. This conception is more appropriate to science than two alternatives. The identity of a natural kind is not determined by one causal role because one natural kind can have many causal roles and several functions and because some functions are shared by different kinds. Furthermore, the microstructuralist thesis is wrong: The identity of certain natural kinds is not determined by their microstructure. It is true that (...) if A and B have the same microstructural composition then a sample of a chemical substance A is of the same chemical substance as a sample of B. However, the reverse does not hold. It is not the case that if a sample of a chemical substance A is of the same chemical substance as a sample of B then A and B have the same microstructural composition. This is because a macroscopic NK can be "multiconstituted" by different microstructures. (shrink)
Molecular Biology and the Unity of Science.Harold Kincaid - 1990 - Philosophy of Science 57 (4):575-593.details
Advances in molecular biology have generally been taken to support the claim that biology is reducible to chemistry. I argue against that claim by looking in detail at a number of central results from molecular biology and showing that none of them supports reduction because (1) their basic predicates have multiple realizations, (2) their chemical realization is context-sensitive and (3) their explanations often presuppose biological facts rather than eliminate them. I then consider the heuristic and confirmational implications of irreducibility and (...) argue that purely biochemical approaches are likely to be unsound and to be unable to confirm an important range of statements. I conclude by sketching criteria for scientific unity that do not entail reducibility and yet leave an important place for identifying underlying mechanisms. Molecular biology, properly understood, provides an excellent paradigm of non-reductive unity between different explanatory levels. (shrink)
Convergence on the Problem of Mental Causation: Shoemaker's Strategy for (Nonreductive?) Physicalists.Alyssa Ney - 2010 - Philosophical Issues 20 (1):438-445.details
Causal Overdetermination in Metaphysics
Functionalism in Philosophy of Mind
Mental Causation, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Dispositions or Etiologies? A Comment On Bigelow and Pargetter.Sandra D. Mitchell - 1993 - Journal of Philosophy 90 (5):249-259.details
Functions.John Bigelow & Robert Pargetter - 1987 - Journal of Philosophy 84 (4):181-196.details
Special Sciences: Still Autonomous After All These Years.Jerry A. Fodor - 1997 - Philosophical Perspectives 11 (s11):149-63.details
Physical Realization.Sydney Shoemaker - 2007 - Oxford University Press UK.details
In Physical Realization, Sydney Shoemaker considers the question of how physicalism can be true: how can all facts about the world, including mental ones, be constituted by facts about the distribution in the world of physical properties? Physicalism requires that the mental properties of a person are 'realized in' the physical properties of that person, and that all instantiations of properties in macroscopic objects are realized in microphysical states of affairs. Shoemaker offers an account of both these sorts of realization, (...) one which allows the realized properties to be causally efficacious. He also explores the implications of this account for a wide range of metaphysical issues, including the nature of persistence through time, the problem of material constitution, the possibility of emergent properties, and the nature of phenomenal consciousness. (shrink)
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Reduction and Emergence in Science and Philosophy.Carl Gillett - 2016 - Cambridge University Press.details
Grand debates over reduction and emergence are playing out across the sciences, but these debates have reached a stalemate, with both sides declaring victory on empirical grounds. In this book, Carl Gillett provides new theoretical frameworks with which to understand these debates, illuminating both the novel positions of scientific reductionists and emergentists and the recent empirical advances that drive these new views. Gillett also highlights the flaws in existing philosophical frameworks and reorients the discussion to reflect the new scientific advances (...) and issues, including the nature of 'parts' and 'wholes', the character of aggregation, and thus the continuity of nature itself. Most importantly, Gillett shows how disputes about concrete scientific cases are empirically resolvable and hence how we can break the scientific stalemate. Including a detailed glossary of key terms, this volume will be valuable for researchers and advanced students of the philosophy of science and metaphysics, and scientific researchers working in the area. (shrink)
Concepts of Emergence in Metaphysics
The Structure of Biological Science.Alexander Rosenberg - 1987 - Journal of Philosophy 84 (4):224-227.details
Elements, Compounds and Other Chemical Kinds.Robin Findlay Hendry - 2006 - Philosophy of Science 73 (5):864--875.details
Realization and Mental Causation.Sydney Shoemaker - 2000 - The Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy 9:23-33.details
A common conception of what it is for one property to "realize" another suggests that it is the realizer property that does the causal work, and that the realized property is epiphenomenal. The same conception underlies George Bealer's argument that functionalism leads to the absurd conclusion that what we take to be self-ascriptions of a mental state are really self-ascriptions of "first-order" properties that realize that state. This paper argues for a different concept of realization. A property realizes another if (...) its "forward looking" causal features are a subset of those of the property realized. The instantiation of the realizer property will include the instantiation of the property realized; and when the effects produced are due to the causal features of the latter, it is the instantiation of it that is appropriately regarded as their cause. Epiphenomenalism is avoided, and so is Bealer's absurd conclusion. (shrink)
The Multiple Realization Book.Thomas W. Polger & Lawrence A. Shapiro - 2016 - Oxford University Press UK.details
Since Hilary Putnam offered multiple realization as an empirical hypothesis in the 1960s, philosophical consensus has turned against the idea that mental processes are identifiable with brain processes, and multiple realization has become the keystone of the 'antireductive consensus' across philosophy of science. Thomas W. Polger and Lawrence A. Shapiro offer the first book-length investigation of multiple realization, which serves as a starting point to a series of philosophically sophisticated and empirically informed arguments that cast doubt on the generality of (...) multiple realization in the cognitive sciences. They argue that mind-brain identities have played an important role in the growth and achievements of the cognitive sciences, and suggest that there is little prospect for multiple realization in an empirically-based theory of mind. This leads Polger and Shapiro to offer an alternative framework for understanding explanations in the cognitive sciences, as well as in chemistry, biology, and other non-basic sciences. (shrink)
Explanation in Neuroscience in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Philosophy of Mind, General Works in Philosophy of Mind
Reduction in Cognitive Science in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
The (Multiple) Realization of Psychological and Other Properties in the Sciences.Kenneth Aizawa & Carl Gillett - 2009 - Mind and Language 24 (2):181-208.details
Abstract: There has recently been controversy over the existence of 'multiple realization' in addition to some confusion between different conceptions of its nature. To resolve these problems, we focus on concrete examples from the sciences to provide precise accounts of the scientific concepts of 'realization' and 'multiple realization' that have played key roles in recent debates in the philosophy of science and philosophy of psychology. We illustrate the advantages of our view over a prominent rival account ( Shapiro, 2000 and (...) 2004 ) and use our work to rebut recent objections to the long-standing claim that psychological properties are multiply realized. For we use scientific evidence, in combination with our more precise theoretical framework, to show that we have strong reason to believe that psychological properties are indeed multiply realized both at the biochemical and neuronal levels. (shrink)
The Metaphysics of Realization, Multiple Realizability, and the Special Sciences.Carl Gillett - 2002 - Journal of Philosophy 100 (11):591-603.details


New England What Where When.
Painting the First Ladies: 01/22/01 (5:38).
The Gadsden Purchase: Odd Land Deal, The Progress Report.
Treaty Document, Avalon Project, Yale University.
The Franklin Pierce Collection, Bowdoin College.


text:
Bibliografia
 Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? , I. kötet (A–H). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1994, 133. o., ISBN 963-495-008-6
 Rejtő László – Lukács László – Szepesi György: Felejthetetlen 90 percek, Budapest, Sportkiadó, 1977, ISBN 963-253-501-4

Collegamenti esterni

Calciatori della Nazionale ungherese

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


During my 17 years as Mayor and 22 years on the Niagara Falls City Council, I believe I have made a major positive contribution to our community. My challenge has always been to create a positive business atmosphere, to control taxes, and provide services and recreational amenities to make Niagara Falls Ontario the best city in which to live in.
During my 17 years as Mayor and 22 years on the Niagara Falls City Council, I believe I have made a major positive contribution to our community. My challenge has always been to create a positive business atmosphere, to control taxes, and provide services and recreational amenities to make Niagara Fall, Ontario the best city in which to live in.
I have prided myself in my financial stewardship as a member of City Council. As Mayor, I promoted the "pay as you go" philosophy, which would maximize municipal services for our residents at an affordable cost. I continue to encourage the timely passing of the municipal budget, to ensure the City gets the best value when tendering major infrastructure projects. You can be assured that as your City Councillor, I will continue to promote a fiscally prudent approach to expenditures, while encouraging new revenue sources.
I have maintained a reputation over the last 43 years of being hardworking, showing fiscal restraint, available and approachable to all residents, and supportive of progressive development and job creation.
With my experience and previous track record I want to provide the fiscal restraint and common-sense decision making.
Wayne Thomson thanks you for your support.
The election will be held Monday, October 22, 2018.
Saturday, Sept. 29, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at MacBain Community Centre on Montrose Road.
Saturday, Oct. 13, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at Gale Centre on Thorold Stone Road.
As of Oct. 1, for people who require audio voting assistance, there will be a fully accessible voting machine with raised buttons and Braille inscriptions set up at city hall on Queen Street.
People with disabilities can use it to vote any weekday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.


text:
Home > Q&A > Literature > What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice?
What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice?
One of Jane Austen's most popular novels, Pride and Prejudice, became classic English literature. Every year, it attracts more readers. Jane Eyre and Little Women are some of the books that were written in the same literary period. They fit a similar genre and tackle the same themes.
Many readers are puzzled by the book choice when they are finished with Pride and Prejudice. Undoubtedly, the novel tackles a fascinating historical period. It covers the pressing themes of love, family, and class. There are two books that can compare with Austen's novel. They are Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë and Little Women by Louisa Alcott.
Jane Eyre is also regarded as one of the English classics. The resemblance is apparent. The events of both books happen during the same era, which creates a similar atmosphere. Female characters in the center of the novels are also alike. Jane Eyre and Elizabeth Bennet struggle with fitting in the social scene with their unconventional views on life.
Little Women is more realistic in tone and plot. It investigates the themes of family, class, and gender that are present in Pride and Prejudice. Both novels narrate a story of women who transform from teenagers to adults. Elizabeth Bennet and Josephine March come from the middle class. This fact helps the authors to implement the discussion on social status into their literary works. Little Women also explores the concepts of sisterhood. Family bonds play a significant role in character development.
IvyPanda. (2020, December 2). What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice? https://ivypanda.com/q/what-are-the-books-similar-to-pride-and-prejudice/
IvyPanda. (2020, December 2). What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice? Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/q/what-are-the-books-similar-to-pride-and-prejudice/
"What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice?" IvyPanda, 2 Dec. 2020, ivypanda.com/q/what-are-the-books-similar-to-pride-and-prejudice/.
1. IvyPanda. "What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice?" December 2, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/q/what-are-the-books-similar-to-pride-and-prejudice/.
IvyPanda. "What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice?" December 2, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/q/what-are-the-books-similar-to-pride-and-prejudice/.
IvyPanda. 2020. "What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice?" December 2, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/q/what-are-the-books-similar-to-pride-and-prejudice/.
IvyPanda. (2020) 'What are the books similar to Pride and Prejudice'. 2 December.
What could the modern version of Pride and Prejudice be? What is Pride & Prejudice: A Latter-Day Comedy About?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In todays episode of Join Up Dots, David Ralph helps everyone with the age old problem that he hears time and time again.
You see most of us operate in a world where we do what is expected of us.
We go through school because we are told to, and then attempt the exams that we think will make a difference to us moving forward.
We attempt the right exams that will look good on our cvs, and not really because they are fun, play to our strengths or just challenging and testing.
That is bad mistake and leads us all on to a path where we are giving our control over to other parties.
So how can we change this and make a difference in not just our lives but also the lives of our families?
Quite simply we start focusing in on the things that we enjoy the most and here is the kicker, the things that play to our strengths.
You see the world actually need our strengths and will pay good money for the things that we can do really easily.
That's not what you actually think is it?
If you are reading this then you will be thinking that life has to be hard, work has to be difficult to get the great rewards but that is so wrong on so many levels.
So get a piece of paper, close the curtains from outside distractions and start the exercise that David will be sharing with you in this episode.
As he says, you must take it seriously and do your work over a period of time. Ten minutes here and there just wont cut it. You are changing your life after all.
Look out for the next episode where we go deeper into the subject and find even more avenues to change your life forever.


text:
var _                 = require('underscore');
var grammar           = require('./grammar').grammar;
var baseSchemaGrammar = require('../../base/schemagrammar').baseSchemaGrammar;

// Grammar for the schema builder.
exports.schemaGrammar = _.defaults({

  // The possible column modifiers.
  modifiers: ['Increment', 'Nullable', 'Default'],

  // Ensures the response is returned in the same format as other clients.
  handleResponse: function(builder, resp) {
    resp = resp[0];
    if (builder.type === 'tableExists' || builder.type === 'columnExists') {
      return resp.rows.length > 0;
    }
    return resp;
  },

  // Compile the query to determine if a table exists.
  compileTableExists: function() {
    return 'select * from information_schema.tables where table_name = ?';
  },

  // Compile the query to determine if a column exists in a table.
  compileColumnExists: function() {
    return 'select * from information_schema.columns where table_name = ? and column_name = ?';
  },

  // Compile a create table command.
  compileAdd: function(builder) {
    var table = this.wrapTable(builder);
    var columns = this.prefixArray('add column', this.getColumns(builder));
    return 'alter table ' + table + ' ' + columns.join(', ');
  },

  // Compile a primary key command.
  compilePrimary: function(builder, command) {
    var columns = this.columnize(command.columns);
    return 'alter table ' + this.wrapTable(builder) + " add primary key (" + columns + ")";
  },

  // Compile a unique key command.
  compileUnique: function(builder, command) {
    var table = this.wrapTable(builder);
    var columns = this.columnize(command.columns);
    return 'alter table ' + table + ' add constraint ' + command.index + ' unique (' + columns + ')';
  },

  // Compile a plain index key command.
  compileIndex: function(builder, command) {
    var columns = this.columnize(command.columns);
    return "create index " + command.index + " on " + this.wrapTable(builder) + ' (' + columns + ')';
  },

  // Compile a drop column command.
  compileDropColumn: function(builder, command) {
    var columns = this.prefixArray('drop column', this.wrapArray(command.columns));
    var table   = this.wrapTable(builder);
    return 'alter table ' + table + ' ' + columns.join(', ');
  },

  // Compile a drop primary key command.
  compileDropPrimary: function(builder) {
    var table = builder.getTable();
    return 'alter table ' + this.wrapTable(builder) + " drop constraint " + table + "_pkey";
  },

  // Compile a drop unique key command.
  compileDropUnique: function(builder, command) {
    var table = this.wrapTable(builder);
    return "alter table " + table + " drop constraint " + command.index;
  },

  // Compile a drop foreign key command.
  compileDropForeign: function(builder, command) {
    var table = this.wrapTable(builder);
    return "alter table " + table + " drop constraint " + command.index;
  },

  // Compile a rename table command.
  compileRenameTable: function(builder, command) {
    return 'alter table ' + this.wrapTable(builder) + ' rename to ' + this.wrapTable(command.to);
  },

  // Compile a rename column command.
  compileRenameColumn: function(builder, command) {
    return 'alter table ' + this.wrapTable(builder) + ' rename '+ this.wrapTable(command.from) + ' to ' + this.wrapTable(command.to);
  },

  // Compile a comment command.
  compileComment: function(builder, command) {
    var sql = '';
    if (command.comment) {
      sql += 'comment on table ' + this.wrapTable(builder) + ' is ' + "'" + command.comment + "'";
    }
    return sql;
  },

  // Compile any additional postgres specific items.
  compileAdditional: function(builder, command) {
    return _.compact(_.map(builder.columns, function(column) {
      if (column.isCommented && _.isString(column.isCommented)) {
        return 'comment on column ' + this.wrapTable(builder) + '.' + this.wrap(column.name) + " is '" + column.isCommented + "'";
      }
    }, this));
  },

  // Create the column definition for a integer type.
  typeInteger: function(column) {
    return column.autoIncrement ? 'serial' : 'integer';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a tiny integer type.
  typeTinyInteger: function() {
    return 'smallint';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a float type.
  typeFloat: function() {
    return 'real';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a decimal type.
  typeDecimal: function(column) {
    return "decimal(" + column.total + ", " + column.places + ")";
  },

  // Create the column definition for a boolean type.
  typeBoolean: function() {
    return 'boolean';
  },

  // Create the column definition for an enum type.
  // Using method 2 here: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10923213/postgres-enum-data-type-or-check-constraint
  typeEnum: function(column) {
    return 'text check(' + this.wrap(column.name) + " in('" + column.allowed.join("', '")  + "'))";
  },

  // Create the column definition for a date-time type.
  typeDateTime: function() {
    return 'timestamp';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a timestamp type.
  typeTimestamp: function() {
    return 'timestamp';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a bit type.
  typeBit: function(column) {
    return column.length !== false ? 'bit(' + column.length + ')' : 'bit';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a binary type.
  typeBinary: function() {
    return 'bytea';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a uuid type.
  typeUuid: function() {
    return 'uuid';
  },

  // Create the column definition for a json type,
  // checking whether the json type is supported - falling
  // back to "text" if it's not.
  typeJson: function(column, builder) {
    if (parseFloat(builder.client.version) >= 9.2) return 'json';
    return 'text';
  },

  // Get the SQL for an auto-increment column modifier.
  modifyIncrement: function(builder, column) {
    if (column.autoIncrement && (column.type == 'integer' || column.type == 'bigInteger')) {
      return ' primary key not null';
    }
  }

}, baseSchemaGrammar, grammar);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Perfect location. Staff is friendly and attentive. There was some problem with the booking as I had booked a queen sized bed and we got two mattresses put together. They moved us immediately and to a room with the view to the church, as was the original booking. Breakfast was good but nothing amazing. Underground parking very close to the hotel and costs 15e for 24h.
Everything but the mattresses. Our room (Partita) was nicely decorated and had a view to a quiet and beautiful garden at the back of the building. The staff was helpful and attentive.
This property has an unbeatable location, especially for Bach enthusiasts. Thomaskirche is literally right across the street. We wandered in on multiple occasions. Bach museum and archive next door. Short walk to Nikolaikirche and historic coffee houses, and being on Thomaskirche square gives the feeling of a mini-old town and a bit of sequestering from the hustle and bustle of the larger city of Leipzig. Our room was lovely, and we appreciated the Bach, musical theme of the decor. Staff was very friendly and helpful.
Breakfast was very good and more than adequate. The rooms were fantastic for the price and position of the hotel couldn't have been better. I am almost reluctant to say too much as it might become so popular the prices go up and rooms become unavailable when I go back to Leipzig next time. But to be fair this is a little gem.
Excellent location, excellent breakfast, clean and confortable room.
Sauna was lovely, room was a great size and very clean.
Very nice location close to St.Thomas church. The service is good. And break is also delicious.
Lock in a great price for arcona LIVING BACH14 – rated 9 by recent guests!
arcona LIVING BACH14 This rating is a reflection of how the property compares to the industry standard when it comes to price, facilities and services available. It's based on a self-evaluation by the property. Use this rating to help choose your stay!
An on-site sauna and gym are offered at these apartments in the historic center of Leipzig as well as free WiFi access in all areas. The Thomaskirche Church and the Bach Museum are located directly opposite.
arcona LIVING BACH14 offers modern interiors designed on the theme of musical instruments. A flat-screen TV, DVD player and seating area are included in all apartments, and some have a fully equipped kitchenette. Guests can also enjoy a complimentary bottle of mineral water upon arrival.
A full breakfast buffet and a selection of Mediterranean dishes are served in the stylish restaurant. This features wooden chairs, pictures of Bach and unique lighting designed in the style of organ pipes.
Leipzig Main Station is a 15-minute walk from the LIVING BACH Apartments. The Thomaskirche tram stop is a 3-minute walk away, and it takes 20 minutes to get to the Leipzig Exhibition Center.
When would you like to stay at arcona LIVING BACH14?
Modern apartment with design interiors and a sitting area with flat-screen TV and DVD player.
This apartment has extra space.
Featuring a larger dining area and a minibar or kitchenette.
Modern spacious apartment with design interiors and a sitting area with flat-screen TV and DVD player. It includes a dining area.
Please note the price is based on 2 adults. Maximum occupancy is 2 adults and 2 children up to the age of 12 (see Policies).
Ich schätze vor allem die Individualität jedes einzelnen Zimmers. Keines ist wie das andere, jedes hat seine Besonderheit. Auch der Bezug zu Johann Sebastian Bach macht die Zimmer und das ganze Hotel einzigartig. Selbst beim Blick aus den Fenstern begegnet Ihnen der Komponist - entweder durch das Leipziger Bach-Museum oder durch die Thomaskirche. Dazu kommt die tolle, aber doch zugleich ruhige Lage direkt in der Innenstadt von Leipzig. Mein Tipp: Probieren Sie in unserer Weinwirtschaft unbedingt das Zitronenmaishähnchen mit einem Riesling von Schloss Proschwitz aus Sachsen. Ein Gedicht!
Ich absolvierte an der University of South Australia in Adelaide von 2011 bis 2013 den Master of International Hospitality Management. Seit Anfang 2014 gehöre ich zur Gruppe der arcona HOTELS & RESORTS. Hier war ich zuerst im Landhotel Schloss Teschow, das ursprünglich zur Arcona Gruppe gehörte, als stellvertretender Direktor tätig. Seit Juni 2016 bin ich als Direktor im arcona LIVING BACH 14.
House Rules arcona LIVING BACH14 takes special requests – add in the next step!
arcona LIVING BACH14 accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival.
Stunning location and very nice rooms. Prive is adequate.
Other than the internet being a little flaky, there was nothing to complain about.
Facilities and comfort is good but I think the hotel is a bit overpriced compared to others I've stayed in. I guess we pay for the location and I can't really complain much about that.
We were disappointed to not get daily capsules of coffee - it seems a bit unfair to advertise a room with a 'coffee machine' but to only gift one use per person. Cleaning staff did a great job but were not very personable and very irritated when we used the elevator at the same time as them.
I actually don't give 10 scores lightly but this hotel deserves it. Best of my 5 weeks travel. Excellent room...coffee maker, view, comfortable, small kitchenette. Staff helpful. Brilliant breakfast and although I did not eat at the restaurant, it looked lovely and inviting. Loved the nods to Bach in the decor choices. Excellent location.
A little bit pricey for a room that was ok in size and comfort, but It can be somehow be justified because of the unique location.
Excellent location, just a few meters from the Thomaskirche, I enjoyed a perfect view of the church. Friendly staff.
The only disappointment was that although we have clearly booked for two adults and our seven years old daughter we were asked at the reception to pay extra cca 30-40 Euros for extra bed for our kid because you "have to pay that extra and we know that it is unclear on booking but still you have to pay because that is how the hotel operates. Apart from this everything was fine and the staff helpfull.
The staff were helpful and kind. the accommodation was very good and the location was simply great!


text:
Q: How to upgrade to HWE 12.04.5? My system: Brand new Dell OptiPlex XE2 with 12.04 pre-installed by Dell.
I applied all security updates via update manager. Now Update Manager tells me this:

I click the Upgrade button and I get this error:

How do I fix this and upgrade my system to the latest 12.04.5?
/etc/apt/sources.list

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04 _Precise_ - Build amd64 LIVE Binary 20130203-13:50]/ precise main

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's
## 'partner' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Ubuntu's
## 'extras' repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party
## developers who want to ship their latest software.
# deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
# deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/precise-dell.list

deb http://dell.archive.canonical.com/updates/ precise-dell public
deb-src http://dell.archive.canonical.com/updates/ precise-dell public

/etc/apt/sources.list.d/precise-oem-sp1.list

deb http://oem.archive.canonical.com/updates/ precise-oem-sp1 public
deb-src http://oem.archive.canonical.com/updates/ precise-oem-sp1 public

A: You have the security updates enabled, but not the regular updates.
Make sure to activate precise-updates in your software sources as explained at in this wiki page.
Then, follow again the instructions at https://wiki.ubuntu.com/1204_HWE_EOL_OEM

A: *

*Since this is a fresh installation, you should at least update and upgrade the local packages, if you haven't done it already:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

*To install the HWE stack of Ubuntu Precise:
sudo apt-get install --install-recommends linux-generic-lts-trusty

(Source)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


So I went out and had some winter fun. I went over to the Winter Holiday Village and ice skated around in some of my Peace On Earth 11 Hunt finds. I am wearing a very warm christmas snowflake sweater from #bye that paired nicely with the Xmas Skater Skirt from Jr Wolf Creations. The dainty snowflake jewelry set is from Beloved Jewelry and the nail polish in five colors with a light snowflake design is from DMZ. The POE hunt is a huge hunt with 111 gifts.
I have been busy going through all the stuff I picked up last month from shopping and gifts to make room for all the great stuff around the grid in December. I also have been working on updating my home with a new kitchen that I can't wait to show you. Please follow me on flickr as well if you like my styles.


The first science fiction novel I ever read, pressed into my teenage hands by my father, was The Left Hand of Darkness. The novel featured the staples of science fiction—spaceships, aliens, imaginary.
Le Guin died suddenly and peacefully Monday at her home in Portland, Oregon, after several weeks of health concerns, her son, Theo Downes-Le Guin said Tuesday. "She left an extraordinary legacy as an.
Ursula Kroeber Le Guin was born in Berkeley, California, in 1929. She was the bestselling author of the Earthsea books and the Hainish books, including The Left Hand of Darkness, which was awarded both the Nebula and the Hugo Awards.With the awarding of the 1975 Hugo and Nebula Awards to The Dispossessed, she became the first author to win both awards twice for novels.
PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer who explored feminist themes and was best known for her Earthsea books, has died at 88. Le Guin died.
PORTLAND, Ore. — Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer who explored feminist themes and was best known for her Earthsea books, has died at 88. Le Guin died suddenly.
Books by Ursula K. Le Guin and Complete Book Reviews. For Le Guin, writing science fiction or fantasy is an intuitive, self-exploratory act, an inner-space voyage in which she unearths dreams.
Sci-fi author __ K. Le Guin. Updated: 16 January 2015 We found 1 answers for the crossword clue Sci-fi author __ K. Le Guin. If we helped solve your crossword please share our site with your friends or leave a comment on our facebook or twitter page.
Hainish Cycle Series. Works are not numbered as author says: "People write me nice letters asking what order they ought to read my science fiction books in — the ones that are called the Hainish or Ekumen cycle or saga or something. The thing is, they aren't a cycle or a saga. Los mundos de Ursula K. Le Guin.
PORTLAND, Ore. – Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer who explored feminist themes and was best known for her Earthsea books, has died at 88. Le Guin died peacefully.
she raised my consciousness." That's because through her sci-fi and fantasy Le Guin tackled issues that no other writer had ever attempted, themes like feminism, gender identity, and the inevitable.
"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" is a 1973 work of short philosophical fiction by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. With deliberately both vague and vivid descriptions, the narrator depicts a summer festival in the utopian city of Omelas, whose prosperity.
Oct 02, 2005 · Author Le Guin is a crossword puzzle clue. Clue: Author Le Guin. Author Le Guin is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. There are related clues (shown below).
Acclaimed science fiction and fantasy writer Ursula K. Le Guin has died, her agent told TheWrap Tuesday. She was 88. Le Guin died at her home in Portland, Oregon, on Monday. Her son told The New York.
Aug 14, 2014. Andrew Liptak discusses the decades-long career of beloved New Wave sci-fi author Ursula K. Le Guin.
Acclaimed science-fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin died Monday in her hometown of Portland, her agent confirmed. Le Guin was 88. Although best known for her science fiction — particularly the Earthsea.
(PORTLAND, Ore.) — Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer who explored feminist themes and was best known for her Earthsea books, has died at 88. Le Guin died.
Science-fiction writer Ursula K. Le Guin (born 1929) created fantastic worlds in which the author's strong-willed, feminist protagonists have increasingly taken center stage. An understanding of both anthropology and varied cultures informed the highly acclaimed science fiction writing of Ursula K. Le Guin. In such books as the Earthsea Trilogy, The.
Need an idea what to read next? Tell us what you've enjoyed in the past, or what you're looking for, and let the community suggest a book (or.
Jun 12, 2015. In November 2014 science fiction and fantasy writer Ursula K Le Guin was awarded the National Book Foundation's medal for Distinguished.
Review:. First published in 1971, Ursula Le Guin's SF novel The Lathe of Heaven combines a sheaf of future possibilities–including an early evocation of global warming–with a parable about wishes that has the terrible clarity of a fairytale. The uncomfortably gifted George Orr is desperately drugging himself to avoid sleep, because he knows his dreams can change the world.
Oct 5, 2016. The author on sexism, aging, and the radical possibilities of. Le Guin wrote people of color into science fiction at a time when white men.
Dec 1, 2008. Any major science-fiction gourmand will tell you that Ursula K. Le. but it's as the author of some of the more mind-warping sf and fantasy tales.
Apr 22, 2016. Author Ursula K. Le Guin in 2004. Photo by JuTa via Creative Commons. Women have written some of the best, most ground-breaking sci-fi.
Sci-fi author Le Guin, 88 0. By AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE on January 27, 2018 The Sunday Times Magazine. NEW YORK: Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning American science-fiction and fantasy author, and avowed feminist whose books have sold millions worldwide, has died, her family announced last Tuesday (last Wednesday in Manila).
PORTLAND, OREGON: Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer who explored feminist themes and was best known for her Earthsea books, has died at 88. Le Guin died suddenly.
Mary Shelly has been voted as the first science fiction author for her novels Frankenstein and The Last Man. Ursula K. Le Guin was 88 years old when she died on January 22,2018 (birthdate.
Acclaimed science-fiction author Ursula K. Le Guin died Monday in her hometown of Portland, Ore., her agent confirmed. Le Guin was 88. Although best known for her science fiction — particularly the.
He edited The Norton Book of Science Fiction (1997) with Ursula K. Le Guin and Karen Joy Fowler and is the author of Stories About Stories: Fantasy and the Remaking of Myth (2014) and Decoding Gender in Science Fiction (2002), among other books. This Library of America series edition is printed on acid-free paper and features Smyth-sewn binding.
Jan 22, 2018 · …of Darkness, science-fiction novel by Ursula K. Le Guin, published in 1969.The book, set on a frigid planet called Gethen, or Winter, is a vehicle for Le Guin's Daoist view of the complementary nature of all relationships.
(AP) — Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer who explored feminist themes and was best known for her Earthsea books, has died at 88. Le Guin died suddenly and.
Apr 02, 2019 · The Hugo Awards are selected by a vote of the members of the World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) in a two-stage process. The first stage is nominating (which starts in early 2019) and the second stage is the final ballot that includes those works/people that received enough nominations in the first stage (which starts later in 2019).
Mar 19, 2019 · Tanith Lee was a sci-fi, fantasy, and horror writer who wrote over 90 novels. The first woman to win the British Fantasy Award for her novel Death's Master in 1980, Lee wrote several popular series—focusing on weaving themes of feminism and sexuality into fantasy. The first book in her popular The Secret Books of Paradys series, The Book of the Damned, is set in an alternative Paris and.
PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) – Ursula K. Le Guin, the award-winning science fiction and fantasy writer who explored feminist themes and was best known for her Earthsea books, has died at 88. Le Guin died.
Over a nearly 60-year-long career, Le Guin produced an enormous body of literary work, including but not limited to the six books in which she created the world of Earthsea and other acclaimed sci-fi novels like The Left Hand of Darkness, The Dispossessed, and The Lathe of Heaven. And somehow she managed to write all of it between 7:15 a.m. and.
Ursula K. Le Guin, the immensely popular author who brought literary depth and a tough-minded feminist sensibility to science fiction and fantasy with books like "The Left Hand of Darkness" and the.


Indemnification provisions are common in a variety of contracts, but often their full impact may not be understood. Knowing how indemnification works and becoming familiar with techniques for negotiating indemnification provisions are vital to any business.
All indemnification provisions seek to address two distinct purposes: (1) to modify the standard or default contractual remedies available to the parties under statute or common law and (2) to allocate risk between the parties as to specific issues of concern.
With regard to the first purpose, if the parties agree that the standard contractual remedies available to them are inadequate, they can negotiate an indemnification provision that provides for a party to seek certain additional damages, including costs and expenses.
Who are the indemnifying party(ies)? e.g., the contracting party, a parent company, a subsidiary, or a guarantor.
Who are the indemnified party(ies)? e.g., the contracting party, affiliates, customers, or end users.
What is the obligation? e.g., indemnify, defend, or hold harmless.
What types of claims are covered? e.g., damages, liabilities, losses, lost profits, judgments, settlements, taxes, fines, attorneys' fees, costs, or expenses.
What events are covered? e.g., breach of a representation or warranty, infringement claims, or environmental claims.
Every indemnifying party would prefer to eliminate the entire indemnification provision, but that often is not practical. The type of transaction, the relative negotiating power of the parties, or a variety of other circumstances may make the inclusion of indemnification a requirement of the deal. While many clients initially take the position that any indemnification obligation is a deal breaker, there are a number of ways to limit indemnification obligations and to manage the potential exposure of the indemnifying party.
Clearly addressing the five key elements above is the fundamental approach. Precise wording will restrict who is obligated, what the obligation is, to whom the obligation is owed and the conditions of the obligation.
Beyond the five key elements, another simple technique for reducing liability can be to request mutual or reciprocal indemnification when one-way indemnification is initially suggested. By requesting that each party indemnify the other on the same terms or substantially similar terms, each party is more likely to suggest fairer terms and conditions.
Additional language can be added to restrict the claims that can be made under the indemnification provision. Adding a cap is a popular technique, setting the maximum liability of the indemnifying party. Caps are sometimes accompanied by what are known as hurdles, baskets or deductibles, which are variations of a requirement that the indemnified party first reach a specified threshold of damages before seeking indemnification. Claims may also be restricted by limiting the scope of damages, imposing reasonableness or other standards, or by allowing for set-off(s) from amounts owed to the indemnifying party.
Certain procedural limitations may also be helpful. It is not uncommon for a contract to require that the indemnified party notify the indemnifying party in a timely fashion. In some instances, the indemnification obligation may have a survival period or an expiration date. Any procedural limitation benefits the indemnifying party by (i) helping put the indemnifying party in the best possible position to address the claim and mitigate the damages, and (ii) making it more difficult for the indemnified party to make a valid claim.
In addressing possible third-party claims (where a third-party has asserted a claim against the indemnified party, who now seeks defense and/or reimbursement), an indemnifying party should require control of the defense, including the right to make decisions regarding settlement. This will help protect against the possibility of the indemnified party exacerbating the situation — a concern because the indemnified party knows the indemnifying party will be picking up the tab.
A number of other less common, but still very effective, drafting techniques can be applied to reduce the potential exposure of the indemnifying party. Multiple limitations can be employed together to virtually negate an indemnity provision.
Navigating indemnification provisions can be intimidating, as they carry significant potential consequences to any business. Whether you are structuring the purchase or sale of a business, documenting a customer or supplier agreement, negotiating a licensing arrangement, or working on any other transaction, our attorneys are experienced in negotiating indemnification provisions and can help you understand and limit your obligations.
For more information on managing your potential exposure, contact Adam Jung at 312/840-7097 or ajung@burkelaw.com.


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While I am definitely not a designer who suggests you should hop on board every new trend, I think it's simply fun to see what's new this year. And also what's come back. So much of design is cyclical, so don't worry if what you love isn't on trend, one of these years it will be!
If you love one of these trends, ask yourself a couple questions before you buy that magenta velvet sofa with fringed bottom: Have you always loved this style? Or does it feel fresh and new right now, but there's a good chance next year you'll be on to something else? If you really love a style, then go to town. But if it's most likely a passing fancy, then try adding it in with small design accessories. Or just enjoy looking at it in other people's homes!
Botanical wallpaper, pattern on pattern on pattern, the return of rattan and tropical decor, and of course plants everywhere. Over the last few years we've seen some of these elements, but it was often against a white backdrop. Enter the dramatic wallpaper in turquoises and greens and don't forget to add the fuchsia. It's a 70s tropical vibe and it's very fun. A refreshing response to the minimalist movement of recent years.
Sapphire, emerald, citrine and more. Jewel tones, on furniture and on the walls, are making a comeback. Once again this is a departure from the white walls and monochrome designs of the past few years. Dark and moody and often mixed together in one design scheme.
Don't worry if you aren not quite ready to throw in the white walls and minimalist design. This year has still got you covered, especially in the bedroom. Four poster beds are riding out the Hygge trend of recent years. What could be more cozy than a bed that shelters you? Also adorable and cozy for kids.
5. Fringe fits in very nicely with #4, the jewel tones. We've seen fringe and tassels paired with boho, but you're going to see it now with a more sophisticated take on design. And you won't just see it on the bottom of sofas, it's popping up in fashion as well. This is certainly something you can add in with accessories if you love it. Pillows or a handbag, perhaps?
Lastly I've got to mention this food trend. Loaded cocktails are apparently a thing in the US, and I hope it makes its way to Europe. Cocktails with food on top is a dream: drink and appetizers in one! So far I'm seeing mostly Bloody Mary, but I won't be surprised if this trend expands to other cocktails as well. Here's hoping!
Some fun and unique ideas. Always enjoy looking and then let your imagine run. Thanks Nicole.
Thanks so much Rose, I'm glad you enjoy looking at these ideas for a little inspiration!


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Cash for the Community: Time to Talk UK
How you can help people suffering with their mental health
Tara Cox
Young people can access mental health help via their computers with Time to Talk
Cash from a community campaign would help expand work carried out by a group supporting people suffering with their mental health.
Just like previous years, the Cambridge News has teamed up with The Cambridge Building Society to give away £12,000 to 15 local community-based not-for-profit organisations.
Launched in 2011, Cash for the Community offers financial support to community groups and helps raise awareness of the great work they do.
The 15 shortlisted community groups were chosen in two ways. The first 10 were picked by teams at The Cambridge Building Society.
The final five were picked by the public via an online poll.
The 15 shortlisted community groups for this year's awards are Centre 33, Spectrum Cambridge, the Cambridgeshire branch of the Motor Neurone Disease Association, Time to Talk UK, Kidney Cancer UK, Little Miracles Ely, STARS Children's Bereavement Charity, Cambridge Stroke Group, Eddie's, Cam Sight, Langdon House Residential Home, Cambridge City Ladies and Girls FC, Home-Start Cambridgeshire, SERV Suffolk and Cambridgeshire and Cambridgeshire Lupus Group.
Cash for the Community 2018
Spectrum Cambridge
Cam Sight
STARS Children's Bereavement Charity
Cambridge Stroke Group
Cambridgeshire Lupus
SERV Suffolk and Cambridgeshire
Home-Start Cambridgeshire
Langdon House
Eddie's
Time to Talk UK
For Time to Talk UK, any cash from the campaign would help expand the work and services they provide.
Time to Talk UK aims to prevent suicide and support sufferers seven days a week through the provision of social media-based support services not normally provided by the statutory authorities.
People suffering with their mental health can share their feelings and experiences, and can be directed to sources of emergency help and support.
A spokeswoman for Time to Talk UK said: "We would use any funding from the campaign to produce a leaflet and a website for referrers and new potential members.
Previous winners of Cash for the Community grants (Image: Keith Jones)
"We would be able to formalise members with wristbands or pin badges showing it's OK to speak out, and expand the services provided within the group to reach more people and bring real change.
"Any extra funding could also enable local and national meetings, and encourage guest speakers to work with the group.
"We would also produce newsletters or Time to Talk UK mood diaries and collections of work (such as artwork and poetry) by members."
Cash for the Community paper tokens are available to collect in the Cambridge News until Friday, August 10.
Keep an eye out for a bonus digital token which the Cambridge Building Society will announce on their Facebook and Twitter pages.
All digital and paper tokens collected, and a note mentioning which one of the 15 organisations you want the tokens to go towards, must be received by The Cambridge Building Society by Friday, August 17.
The total number of tokens will be divided by 12,000 to indicate how much each is worth. Each of the organisation's tokens will then be counted by the Cambridge Building Society to determine each cash donation amount.


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League Specific 1/25/2020
Mia vargas of Phoenix, AZ United States asks...
When my team was playing a game in a tournament and she was ahead of the defender. In an attempt to stop her from scoring a goal, the defender chasing her proceeded to push her from behind. She fell forward and fell on her arm. My father, wh...
Read The Full Q & A
League Specific 11/21/2019
D Sansom of Edinburgh, UK asks...
We had a player sent off after 12 minutes. The tie went on to extra time and we won 2-1. At the start of the 2nd half of extra time we had 11 players on the pitch for about 1 minute. During this time, nothing of note took place.
We have just b...
John Lubeck of Livermore, California United States asks...
With new concussion awareness bringing youth specific rules, we do not allow headers in U12 and below age groups. A header is supposed to result in and IDFK. I have chosen to not award and IDFK several times when, similar to a hand ball not being '...
League Specific 10/8/2019
Saikat Nandy of Howrah, West Bengal India asks...
If any match is abandoned for bad pitch condition what ref will do and what was the rule for rematch...
Larry of Danville, CA USA asks...
I just watched a college game this past weekend. The NCAA rule book does not explain a dropped ball the way IFAB does in Law 8, so I am a little confused.
There was an uncontested dropped ball where the lone player took a couple of touches and th...
Jay Dempsey of Glasgow, UK Scotland asks...
If a player gets sent off the previous game in a Scottish cup game via 2 yellow cards are they eligible for the next Scottish cup game...
engin ataman of Olympia, WA United States asks...
I will be asking you to educate us about the differences between two decisions/tackles in two different games/situations.
https://twitter.com/Mlagrooo/status/1165722718806917121 this one was a red card after VAR review (was initi...
Paul Walsh of Estero, Florida USA asks...
What are the rules for U8 four versus four?...
I believe I understand the Build-Out-Line for goal kicks and Keeper possession, but what about a free kick for the defense? Say you call offside at the edge of the goal area, so other than being an IDFK it is basically a goal kick, yet the opposing t...
Andre of Toronto, Ontario Canada asks...
I am a convenor for a soccer league. I had a player make a racial comment to an Asian player on another team. He referred to him a couple of times as Mr. Miyagi from the Karate Kid which almost sparked a brawl. The player was eventually red carded f...


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Algimantas Banelis
Algimantis Banelis
Birutė Čepaitienė
Leonas Garbaliauskas
.Leonas Garbaliauskas
Marija Gudelienė
Elena Gudinskienė
Paul and Mary Gudjurgis
Marija Kalvaitienė
Marija Karasiejienė
Alina Kšivickienė
Felix Mockus
Romas Otto
Joe and Dana Petronis
Agota Ratavičienė
Danutė Rautins
Anastazija Ščepavičienė
Anastazija Ščepavičienės
Steponas Šetkus
Jonas Stankus
Liūda Stungevičienė
Marija Tamulaitienė
Vladas Vytas
Alina Žilvytienė
Romualdas Žiogarys
Our Stories - Liuda Stungeviciene
German boots
Crossing the Elbe River
LIŪDA LAUGALYTĖ STUNGEVIČIENĖ
I was born in 1926 in the village of Puzai, in the district of Tauragė, Lithuania.
The family split up:
I had just finished high school when the Russians marched into Lithuania the second time. It was June of 1944. My 3 brothers joined the resistance and fought to defend Lithuania. (They all ended up being deported to Siberia.)
You could already hear the bombings and gun shots getting closer. My Mother, the youngest children, the village vicar and Mother's sister-in-law with her children – we all decided to flee. So we joined the masses of people already jamming the main highway. As they fled from Lithuania, everyone was heading West, towards Germany. We eventually got as far as the outskirts of Berlin and stayed there for about a year until the Russian advance to Berlin forced us to flee for our lives once again.
From the beginning of April to the end of May, we walked 600 km. on foot and slept under the open skies. It was cold. The ground was bare as it was too early for grass to grow and we were often drenched to the skin by rainfall. But we kept on walking and the clothes dried on our backs as we walked. There was no time to stop.
Those boots are no longer needed by the dead soldier:
We reached the banks of the River Elbe. People were panicking to cross the bridge to the other side before the advancing Russian forces would bomb it. So we hurried across it together with the throngs of people and wagons and horses and cows. The Russians were already on the other side of the River marching in the direction opposite to ours. And, in their wake, we could see villages lit up in flames everywhere.
I was in pain. I had open blisters on the soles of my feet and my feet were bleeding. We had walked so much that my shoes were full of holes. We passed a dead soldier in a German uniform. I saw the boots on his feet and decided he no longer needs them and that I need them more than him, so I helped myself to his socks and his boots. I had no fear of the dead soldier – I was so driven by the possibility of relief from the pain in my feet that I stole the boots and socks from a dead soldier.
New start in Canada:
Australia was taking in refugee families, but Canada would only accept healthy single people ready to sign labour contracts. There were no English language lessons, no welfare, no unemployment benefits. There was only the labour contract and your own hard work. No one offered you an education or courses to better yourself. You were just a labour commodity.
My sister and I were the only ones that Canada accepted as refugees. My Mother and the rest of my family couldn't work as they were too young or too old and had to remain in the DP camps and stay behind in Germany. So it was that my sister and I sailed by ship to Halifax. I was assigned to work off my one year contract in a psychiatric hospital. After the year was up, I got another job in a steel factory STELCO in Hamilton. I started taking night courses to increase my qualifications so I could get better jobs and took English language courses – all on my own initiative. But I soon started a family of my own and child-rearing became a priority over my education. So I focused on raising our children as Lithuanians.
Lithuanian community involvement allowed me to "return to Lithuania":
I taught for 15 years in the Lithuanian Heritage "Saturday School" in Hamilton. We participated in the Lithuanian community activities there and involved our children in the organizations and cultural activities that were available to them. I am very proud that my son valued his Lithuanian heritage to such a degree that, as a student at McMaster University, he started up a Lithuanian radio program, in the Lithuanian language. Eventually I took over running it and it has been in operation for 39 years! These activities allowed me to feel like I am doing something meaningful and important and that I am, in a sense, through these activities, "returning to Lithuania".
Photos: publicly available sources.


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Gabriel Naudé, latinisiert Naudaeus (* 2. Februar 1600 in Paris; † 10. Juli 1653 in Abbeville), war ein französischer Gelehrter und Bibliothekar.

Leben
Nach dem Studium der Literatur, der Philosophie und der Medizin war er vornehmlich als Bibliothekar tätig. In dieser Eigenschaft stand er nacheinander in den Diensten der Kardinäle Giovanni Francesco Bagni (1578–1641) und Francesco Barberini (1597–1679) in Rom, bevor er in zehn Jahren, im Laufe welcher er unermüdlich Europa bereiste, die erste Bibliothek für den Pariser Stadtpalast des Kardinals und Ministers Jules Mazarin (1602–1662) aufbaute. In Mazarins Auftrag erwarb er mehrere tausende kostbare und seltene Bücher und Manuskripte.

Der Bibliothekar wurde insbesondere durch seine 1627 verfasste Schrift: Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque ("Hinweis zum Aufbau einer Bibliothek") berühmt, dem ersten französischen Handbuch des Bibliothekswesens. In seinen Werken beschäftigte er sich unter anderem mit Esoterik und der Magie, die er in weiße Magie (heilende, schützende), schwarze Magie (schadende), göttliche Magie und natürliche Magie gliederte, wobei er letzterer die Astronomie, die Chemie und weitere Wissenschaften unterordnete. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt seiner Forschungen waren die Rosenkreuzer.

Gabriel Naudé starb im Jahr 1653 im Alter von 53 Jahren in Abbeville.

Mazarins erste Bibliothek wurde, als er bedingt durch die Fronde ins Exil ziehen musste, größtenteils aufgelöst. Die erhaltenen Bücher bildeten gemeinsam mit der zweiten von dem Kardinal aufgebauten Sammlung den ursprünglichen Fundus der Bibliothèque Mazarine im Collège des Quatre Nations.

Werksauswahl
 1623: Instruction à la France sur la Verité de l'Histoire des Frères de la Roze-Croix... 1623, Paris, François Julliot
 1625: Apologie pour tous les grands personnages qui ont esté faussement soupçonnez de magie, 1625, Den Haag, Adrien Vlac
 1627: Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque, Erstauflage 1627, zweite Auflage 1644, Neuauflage nach dem Exemplar der Bibliothek Sainte-Geneviève 1994, Paris, Klincksieck, ISBN 2-252-02730-4
 1630: Addition à l'histoire de Louis XI, Erstauflage 1630, Neuauflage nach dem Text der Erstauflage 1999, Paris, Fayard, ISBN 2-213-60179-8
 1633: Bibliographia Politica, Erstauflage 1633, Venedig. Neuauflage von 2010, ISBN 978-1166201166
 1639: Considérations politiques sur les coups d'estat. Erstauflage 1639, Neuauflage bei Le Promeneur. - ISBN 2-07-077275-6, deutschsprachige Erstausgabe: Politisches Bedencken über die Staats-Streiche, Leipzig 1668.
 1647: Quinque quaestionum latro-philologicarum, 1647, Paris, Chouet
 1651: Causae Kempenses conjectio pro curia Romana, 1651, Paris, Cramoisy

Literatur
 Friedrich Meinecke: Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte, Berlin 1929, S. 246–258.
 James V. Rice: Gabriel Naudé, 1600-1653, 1939, Baltimore (Maryland), The Johns Hopkins Press.
 Jack Alden Clarke: Gabriel Naudé, 1600-1653, 1970, Hamden, Archon Books.
 Peter S. Donaldson: Machiavelli and the Mystery of State, Cambridge (Mass.) 1988, S. 141–187.

Weblinks

  im Internetarchiv
 Notice biographique sur le site de la Bibliothèque nationale de France

Einzelnachweise

Bibliothekar (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1600
Gestorben 1653
Mann
Mitglied der Accademia degli Umoristi