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Cadrete ist eine Kleinstadt und Hauptort einer Gemeinde (municipio) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der spanischen Provinz Saragossa der Autonomen Gemeinschaft Aragonien. Zur Gemeinde gehören auch die Ortsteile Las Colinas, Murallas de Santa Fe, El Sisallete und Los Olivares.

Lage und Klima
Cadrete liegt etwa 13 Kilometer (Luftlinie) südwestlich der Provinzhauptstadt Saragossa in einer Höhe von ca.  und am Huerva. Das Klima ist gemäßigt; Regen (ca. 382 mm/Jahr) fällt mit Ausnahme der eher trockenen Sommermonate übers Jahr verteilt.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Wirtschaft
Jahrhundertelang lebten die Bewohner des Ortes direkt oder indirekt als Selbstversorger. Ab Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde Cadrete auch zu einer Siedlung für Pendler nach Saragossa.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Kirche der Unbefleckten Empfängnis (Iglesia de la Virgen de la Inmaculada Concepción)
 Burgruine von Cadrete (arabisch: Hisn Qadrit) aus dem 10. Jahrhundert, seit 2006 Nationaldenkmal (Bien de Interés Cultural, Patrimonio histórico de España)
 Rathaus

Gemeindepartnerschaft
Mit der französischen Gemeinde Roullet-Saint-Estèphe im Département Charente (Neuaquitanien) besteht eine Partnerschaft.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Aragonien
Stadt in Spanien


A report on the first International Online Courts Forum held in London in December 2018. The forum was organised by HM Courts & Tribunal Service (HMCTS) and SCL, a charity committed to greater understanding of the impact of IT on law and legal practice.
Technology's potential to transform how we live and work is more apparent than ever. We have seen this in finance, health services and transportation. The growth of click and collect and companies have radically altered our spending and eating habits, forcing changes in such areas as the retail, leisure and industrial sectors.


When looking for a copywriter, it's essential that you thoroughly research the market and avoid the common mistake of simply choosing the cheapest option. Quality writing is a skill to which many can only aspire, and should be entrusted to professionals. After all, you wouldn't ask just anyone to build you a website, so why accept anything less when it comes to your written material?
While it may be tempting to find a cheap and cheerful option on sites such as Fiverr for your content to reach its true potential, sourcing a quality copywriter is very important. I'm not saying there is no talent on Fiverr but you have to be realistic, how much time and effort can you buy for £3 ?
Below I provide a few simple tips on how to choose a copywriter for your business.
The old saying, 'you're only as good as your last job' applies as much to copywriting as it does to any other industry. By requesting previous work examples, in particular industry related examples, you have the opportunity ascertain the standard of copywriting you are likely to receive from your provider. Furthermore, it provides an indication of the quantity of work undertaken, a sign of trust in the industry. Should a copywriter have an extensive selection of clients – and repeat clients – in their portfolio, you can take confidence in knowing that there is a level of experience which is broad and, to a greater extent, reliable.
When we buy a product or pay for a service, we want to know we're getting the best value for money. With research showing that customer testimonials and product reviews are essential to increasing conversion, it makes sense for you to seek out more about the reputation and past work of your potential copywriter. Many copywriting agencies will look to past customers to provide honest feedback on the standard of work as well as the overall working relationship. It's also worth investigating potential copywriters on social media sites to seek out any positive or negative feedback that may be in circulation.
It may come as a surprise to learn that the copywriting industry is far removed from the prestige associated with Mad Men-style agencies. Instead, many of today's copywriters are forced to compete with low cost, low quality providers, often losing out on contracts to those able to offer entire articles at ridiculous prices. This has meant that swathes of internet content is unoriginal, rehashed, or simply poor. If you pay peanuts for content, expect your ROI to suffer. Make sure you compare the cost of one copywriting company to another; if a price seems too good to be true, it usually is.
When selecting a copywriter, it's important for both parties to feel completely confident in one another. To this end, why not enter a discussion over the working process in an effort to allay any concerns you may have? Any reliable copywriter will be happy to discuss their briefing requirements, estimated time of completion, price, and editorial process. The working relationship needs to work for both you and your writer, so if you want the freedom to return pages for adjustments, make sure this is clear and at no additional cost. Similarly, you may wish to work with a copywriting provider that offers proofreading services, thereby ensuring that all work is subject to an approval procedure before completion.
Your marketing budget has to stretch a long way to be truly effective, with the correct amounts being apportioned to the correct discipline. Selecting a copywriter is no different. By seeking out recommendations, reputations and costs, you can look forward to receiving written content that matches your ambitions.


I don't know how many people here are fans of the show "Flying Wild Alaska", but I am and I really love Bush flying. For these reasons I am starting up Era Alaska Virtual. We will fly scheduled routes and unscheduled charters using aircraft ranging in size from the Cessna C172 to the DeHavilland (Bombardier) DHC-8. Our Hubs will range from Nome in the north to Ketchikan in the south. Era Alaska Virtual is open to all FSX, FSX Steam, P3D, and X-Plane users over the age of 18.
New VA Starting Up! WEBMASTER NEEDED!
New VA list starting up!


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Comic book store owners talk superhero movies ahead of Avengers: Endgame
With the fourth Avengers movie set to break records at the box office, comic store owners in Saskatoon had mixed feelings about the films.
Matt Olson
Apr 25, 2019 • Last Updated April 25, 2019 • 2 minute read
Tony Antonuk, Amazing Stories manager, is prepared for the release of 'Avengers: Endgame' Photo by Liam Richards /Saskatoon StarPhoenix
Spanning more than 10 years, 21 movies, and grossing more than $18 billion at the box office, the Marvel Cinematic Universe sends ripples into popular culture that extend all the way to the streets of Saskatoon.
Two long-standing comic book stores in the city — 8th Street Books & Comics and Amazing Stories — have seen the effects of the huge franchise. Tony Antonuk, the store manager of Amazing Stories, said the movies have helped attract a younger generation to comic books.
Amazing Stories manager Tony Antonuk inside the comic book store in Saskatoon on April 23, 2019. Photo by Liam Richards /Saskatoon StarPhoenix
"Younger people want comics and toys … anything that comes out with a Marvel character, people are looking for those," he said.
Avengers: Endgame is set to première on April 26. It's the fourth installation of the superhero ensemble series that has become the cornerstone of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and is set to be something of a conclusion to the 21 movies that came before it. As such, the film is expected to have a potentially record-breaking opening in theatres.
Pat Thompson, owner and manager of 8th Street Books & Comics, said the movies brought more film-related toys to the store as they premièred at theatres, but outside of merchandise and comic relaunches, he doesn't feel they've changed much for him at the store.
That's okay with him — he's not a fan of the movies and thinks the comics are far superior in terms of storytelling, he said.
"When you read a comic book … that action is happening in your mind, and you're creating it, so it is as big and as powerful and as colourful as your imagination is," Thompson said. "When you sit down at a movie, all that's done for you."
Pat Thompson, owner of 8th Street Books & Comics, in his store in Saskatoon on April 23, 2019. Photo by Liam Richards /Saskatoon StarPhoenix
Though he's not at all interested in seeing Avengers: Endgame when it comes out, Thompson acknowledged it'll be the talk of the store this weekend for his employees and customers. The stories in the movies aren't direct reflections of the comics, but people come in looking for comic storylines that the movies pull content from, he said.
He keeps track of what goes on in the movies and what to expect — he's still a huge comic fan, after all.
"I don't go to the movies, but it is my industry and they are my superheroes. Hollywood just borrowed them," he said.
Antonuk said he loves the movies and he's eagerly awaiting Avengers: Endgame. Seeing his heroes on the big screen is a great treat, and Amazing Stories — like 8th Street Books & Comics — will continue to stock Marvel merchandise as the movies keep on coming, he said.
"Comics are always number one, but movies are a close second because they're exciting and they're new," Antonuk added. "Nothing better than going to a movie and seeing your favourite character, but nothing comes close to reading that character in a comic book."
maolson@postmedia.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Harlem Unbound By Darker Hue Studios To Be In Special Collection Of Museums
Thread starter Christopher Helton
In another step towards the acknowledgement of tabletop role-playing games as a legitimate art form, Chris Spivey of Darker Hue Studios has announced that three museums are making Harlem Unbound, his Call of Cthulhu supplement set in the era of the Harlem Renaissance, part of their special collections available to students, scholars and other academics for study.
It isn't unusual for libraries to have special collections of role-playing games, as there already are a few universities and public library systems that have RPGs as part of their collections, but this was the first of this kind that I was able to find in a museum, outside of those dedicated to play or games.
The museums that will house the supplement in their collections are the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, Smithsonian Institution Anacostia Community Museum in Washington, D.C. and the Newark Museum in Newark, New Jersey. The Newark Museum specializes in the "arts and natural sciences," the Smithsonian Institution Anacostia Community Museum "explores social issues impacting diverse populations of the DC metropolitan area to promote mutual understanding and strengthen community bonds" and the Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of the world's foremost art museums.
Spivey had this to say about Harlem Unbound being acquired by these museums, "I am humbled and grateful to know that so many people are getting a chance to experience the history of the Harlem Renaissance through gaming. Being accepted into these museums is truly an honor, and I'm proud that Harlem Unbound shines a light on the African American experience."
If you've never used a special collection at a library or museum, what does this mean exactly? The game book itself won't be under glass, out where visitors can walk by and see it. Special collections are typically themed archives that are usually available only by special appointment, and sometimes requiring special credentials (proving that you are with a research or academic institution, typically). You don't check out special collections, they have to be used in facilities provided. Sometimes use of special collections requires special handling, or even supervision by an employee or archivist at the institute. It also means that, unlike games that end up in general collections, there is less of a chance of the books being stolen and a greater chance that others will be able to see them.
Special collections are a boon to researchers because they allow researchers access to a deeper field of information than they might normally have access to, because of financial or temporal reasons. I think that this is an important step towards developing a body of critical study of role-playing games. We have made some stumbling first steps towards real criticism in regards to role-playing games, but the gains are not enough, considering the length of time for which RPGs have existed as a form.
If you haven't picked up Harlem Unbound, I cannot recommend it enough. As someone who studied Literature, the era of the Harlem Renaissance is greatly untapped by tabletop gaming. It is a rich period full of engaging, larger than life figures whose impacts continue to this day. I wrote about the supplement as part of series at the beginning of the year of games that I want to play in the New Year. It is one of the best horror game supplements to come out this year, and it is one of the best supplements for the Call of Cthulhu game in recent years. The book definitely deserves this status as a part of the special collections of these museums.
Hopefully Harlem Unbound is the vanguard, and more museums and libraries expand their special collections into the realm of tabletop role-playing games. And hopefully this means that we will see other designer upping their game to produce materials that are worthy of this level of study. It only benefits tabletop role-playing games in general to get this sort of academic notice. Role-playing games are as much of an art form as books, comics or fine art, and they also deserve their place in sun beside those forms that have already been recognized.
Spivey did not have a definite date on when the books would be available at the museums but said that they should be available soon for viewing and study. If you're interested in checking out the book, it is available in PDF from the OneBookShelf sites, or directly from the publisher at the Darker Hue Studios website.
Christopher Helton
Explorer · From St. Petersburg, FL
I've been a gamer since 1979, when I was first introduced to D&D. I like Science Fiction, Pulp and Super-Hero RPGs. I've blogged at the Dorkland! blog since 2003 (http://dorkland.blogspot.com) and written for the Bleeding Cool website. Now I write right here.
William Mize
This really is wonderful news, and, as you said, WELL DESERVED. The supplement is a treasure trove of information, ideas, background and possibilities for the Call of C'thulhu gamer, or anyone else curious about the time who might want to include some in their current campaign. I'm glad this article is here.
AngusA
Harlem Unbound is a fantastic supplement and it's great to see it, and Chris, get some extra recognition
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PRESS RELEASE — Anytime women come together with a collective intention, it's a powerful thing! That was evident at the recently held "Tea & Testimony," tea party event which saw over 320 women gather at Government House, adorned in pink, for an afternoon of delights and empowering stories from inspiring women both local and regional.
Organized by the Make it Happen Foundation, which is spearheaded by Mrs. Raquel Du Boulay-Chastanet, wife of Prime Minister Honourable Allen Chastanet, "Tea & Testimony" was an opportunity for honest sharing amongst women combined with an element of glamour and fashion to mark International Women's Day (March 8th) and to raise much-needed funds for the Women's Support Centre. The Centre is a temporary place of refuge for female victims of domestic violence or sexual abuse and their dependent children. The centre provides a 24-hour service for women in a secure and supportive environment.
The line-up of speakers for the March 10th event was impressive and included Mrs. Mara Giraudy-Thompson, the St.Lucian-born former First Lady of Barbados and Parliamentary Representative, Mrs. Michelle Anthony-Desir, Managing Partner of Du Boulay, Anthny & Co, Mrs. Paula Calderon, Managing Director of Caribbean Awnings Limited, Ms. Roberta Polius, Country Manager of Rituals Coffee Houses, Mrs. Neysha Sooden-Thompson, CEO of Maco Publishing, Spiritual Wellness Coach, St.Lucian-born Dr. Nadine Collins and the legendary former principal of Saint Joseph's Convent, Sister Marie Claire-Joseph.
The host of the event Mrs. Tracy George kept things lively through an afternoon which featured diverse and compelling stories of survival, acceptance, overcoming struggles and having faith through all things.
Following the powerful voice of Dr. Rigobert was educator and widow of the sixth Prime Minister of Barbados, Mrs. Mara Giraudy-Thompson, who also spoke about her early childhood in Saint Lucia. Thompson took the audience on the journey that would bring her to one day become the First Lady of Barbados and to then go on to win the special by-election to succeed her husband in the Saint John constituency in 2011. Her compelling story of love and loss moved everyone in the audience.
Up next was the first female president of the Saint Lucia Manufacturers Association and founder of the St. Lucia Sickle Cell Association Paula Calderon. Among other things, Mrs. Calderon spoke about losing her husband, building her business, overcoming the challenges of being married to a politician, how many of her leadership qualities arose from her active netball and physical education background and explained how she spent most of her life turning negatives into positives.
Successful Tea and Testimony held at Government House on March 10 raised funds for Women Support Centre.
Ms. Roberta Polius, a cancer survivor who willingly offers support to other women diagnosed with cancer, tackled the issue of overcoming depression and anxiety. "I survived to give hope, to be hope," were just some of her inspiring words.
]The day was not without its light moments, as Mrs. Du Boulay-Chastanet shared some funny stories behind her secret to cooking a healthy meal for the nation's Prime Minister. Mrs. Chastanet also acknowledged former First Lady Mrs. Rosalia King as an inspiration to her and presented her with a gift.
MACO Magazine's CEO Neysha Soodeen-Thompson's lively and effervescent presentation detailed her own struggles with cancer but focused on the positive attitude which helped her to overcome it and she also offered some excellent advice for prospective entrepreneurs.
Sister Claire, who many in the audience had come to hear, moulded the lives of many of the women present at the event. She reflected on her upbringing in Trinidad and personal journey and talked of how she upbringing shaped her career choice. She also stressed that no matter what the challenges are in life, her experience has been that putting everything in God's hands would allow the brunt of the burden to be lighter and the journey easier. Mrs. Du Boulay-Chastanet presented the revered former secondary school with a token of appreciation for all that she has done to shape and inspire generations of women in St.Lucia.
The event ended on a commanding note with Dr. Nadine Collins who delivered a powerful and uplifting motivational message at sundown about sisterhood and faith. The audience was genuinely moved by her address and as the last speaker of the day, she definitely played a huge part in the ladies leaving the event on a high.
Mrs. Du Boulay-Chastanet had invited as her special guests three mothers who recently suffered tragic losses of their children but who in the face of unimaginable grief, created foundations in the names of their children to help others: Mrs. Allison Jean who lost her son Botham, Ms. Hazel Joseph who lost her daughter Zina and Mrs. Jacqueline Williams who lost her daughter Zhané. The Make It Happen Foundation made a donation of $1,000 to each foundation.
The afternoon also featured an exciting raffle as well as door prizes and a live auction with luxury items such as hotel stays, perfumes and jewellery. The Make it Happen Foundation was thankful to all those who contributed to the event's success and Mrs. Du Boulay-Chastanet expressed her immense gratitude to Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac, Governor General and Lady Julita Cenac, as well as the staff at Government House for hosting the event.
Based on the success of this event and ticket demands already made in anticipation of next year's event, the organizers are already hard at work planning "Tea & Testimony" 2020.


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« God Hates the French, Apparently, or A Fox by any Name would Smell as Rank | Main | Breaking Up with God: A Love Story, and an Interview »
Will the Real Evangelicals Please Stand Up, or Why You Ought not do Analysis out the Front Window
Any author who uses Pat Robertson and James Dobson as spokespersons for evangelicals clearly fails to understand how diverse evangelical culture is. Those two were more likely to be spokespersons for fundamentalists, and in Robertson's case, the fringy charismatic variety of fundamentalist. This is a cardinal error in Carol Howard Merritt's HuffPost essay Why Evangelicalism is Failing a New Generation. It's only the first, but it's a big one.
This has to do with a cultural inability to define the damn word. Evangelical, depending upon whom you're speaking with, can mean anything from Pat Robertson to Jim Wallis, and from Billy Graham to Benny Hinn. The term means virtually nothing, but it's not helped by affixing it to two men who built ministries on divisiveness. Why not apply it to Jim Wallis and Brian McLaren? How about George W. Bush? Toss in Joyce Meyer while you're at it. Joel Osteen? You get the point. It's such a broad term that it has lost any denotative definition, and has instead become synonymous with "conservative Christian," but that is the fault of sloppy reporting, not evangelicals themselves.
Merritt wants to discuss the three factors she believes are driving young people from evangelical churches. Clearly, she hasn't been to Lifechurch.tv lately, but I suspect there is a dearth of megachurches in D.C. However, National Community Church in her own backyard seems to be doing quite well. Wonder what the average age is there. Anyway, much like Rachel Held Evans insisting the evolution/creation debate is driving scores of young people from the churches (again, likely fundamentalist, not evangelical), Merritt is guilty of projecting her own core issues onto the motives of others. I don't disagree with her assessment, mind you, but I would like to avoid false cause errors wherever possible. Her three issues:
pernicious sexism
religious intolerance
Um, this probably sounds fucking awesome in HuffPost (and I love HuffPost), but it's clearly a failure to look beyond the street outside your D.C. townhouse to evaluate evangelicalism nationwide. Who the hell is she talking about when she says evangelical? I've met a few of these folks, but they don't self-identify as evangelical. More likely emergent, liberal, or mainline. But she says she's talking about herself, and I'm fine that Merritt considered herself an evangelical at one point. That she pastors Western Presbyterian Church in the nation's capital makes it very unlikely that her definition of evangelical would fly all that well down here where evangelicals make up more than 50% of the population. They are about 15% or less in D.C., and I say less because the Pew Forum map reports that number for Maryland/D.C.
That evangelicalism takes on the characteristics of the culture in which it's embedded seems beyond contradiction, and the stronghold of evangelicalism is Dixie. This is important because these people see things far differently than a female Presbyterian pastor in D.C. Hell, they'd call her a liberal never having met her. Female, Presbyterian, East Coast, Pastor. Shit, they'd bet a thousand dollars to make five bucks that she performs same sex unions.
Again, I agree with her assessment of some of evangelicalism's demons, but these aren't the reasons young people are leaving in droves. (I should remind everyone at this point that young people have always left churches in droves, especially between 18-21. The test was whether they came back, and in many cases, especially first child, they do.) It's a difference of definitions again. She sees submission as sexism, and while I don't disagree, you don't get to tell people how to read their sacred texts. The interpretation chosen by complementarian evangelicals is consistent with the text. Sorry, it just is. This nearly always comes down to an issue of authority, not what the text actually says. If God truly did order wives to submit, it's not sexism; it's the law of God. If you don't like it, parse the Bible like most sane people do, or get out, like other sane people do, but don't insist that the text doesn't say what it says. You just sound deluded.
It's not religious intolerance to be exclusivist. She conflates exclusivism with intolerance. Many evangelicals I know love their neighbors of various faiths, and they believe those neighbors might be in danger of hell. That is not intolerance, folks. I expect evangelicals to act like evangelicals here in Oklahoma, not like...well...like East Coast PCUSA feminists. Kids here aren't leaving their churches for these reasons, not in large numbers.
I'll give her the nod on conservative politics, but seriously, colleges aren't suffering from want of members to join young Republican clubs. Many young evangelicals I know are content conservatives. They aren't wringing their hands about supporting the military, opposing abortion, and clamoring for smaller government. Again, to whom is she speaking? About whom is she speaking? Who does she think is leaving? I think she's talking about Sojourners kids, but as a former staffer told me a while back, a majority of the D.C. staffers are Republicans, kinder, gentler Republicans, kids who are fiscally conservative and socially moderate, but still Republicans. They still self-identify as evangelical.
Her last paragraph is worth quoting at length, because in it, she reveals the wishful thinking that animates her wistful analysis:
Where are all of the young Evangelicals going? That's hard to say. I found a home in the Presbyterian Church, but most of them probably aren't going anywhere for now. Nevertheless, this is an important moment for progressive Christians. There is a generation of people wandering, and many of them are hoping that their faith is made of something deeper than what they hear from the Evangelical talking heads.
It's fair to say that if you found a home in the Presbyterian Church, your evangelical bona fides were shaky to begin with. And if you believe progressive (whatever the fuck that means) churches will appeal to committed evangelicals, you're clearly deluded. I'm so weary of the hipster terms and nebulous labels. What is a progressive church? Please just call yourself liberal or post-liberal and get it over with. The inference is that you are progressive and those other folks are regressive. It's shitty theology and shitty ecclesiology, oh, and it's not very Christian.
Young people are leaving the church, but they are leaving all churches, not just evangelical churches. They are leaving because American Christianity offers nothing they can't get outside of church. That she believes "progressive" churches are better at offering something (other than intellectual stimulation) that evangelical churches can't provide, as if they aren't equally guilty of pandering (just pick the parts that "make sense"), shows that she truly misunderstands the actual problem. Her diagnosis plays well to a readership who already think with a leftward slant, but it's worthless in terms of diagnosing actual problems. Until she figures out that it is American Christianity in all its materialistic, individualistic, consumerist glory that is the problem, she'll keep thinking the PCUSA, sorry, progressive churches, have it figured out.
Posted at 05:39 PM in Current Affairs, Politics, Religion | Permalink
I think she's right when she uses the term "sexist" to describe some evangelical attitudes toward women and marriage, mainly because many evangelicals give authority to that passage than to other texts that would place women on a more equal footing. I think they misread Eph 5.22, which (I think) is about mutual submission rather than about dominating power.
Same goes with the religious intolerance charge. Evangelicals choose some texts as being authoritative over others to put themselves at the head of God's table. For example, Matt 28 always seems to trump Matt 25 in that conversion is seen as greater than service.
But you're right about her failing to identify a general decline in all churches. Megachurches aside (who typically "grow" through transfer growth rather than conversion growth, and have a high turnover rate) all churches are on the same sinking ship.
I heard Diana Butler Bass speak a few months ago and she identified the SBC and LCMS as among the fastest declining churches in the US.
Churches are declining for a vast array of socio-cultural, economic, and political reasons. It would have been nice for her article to go deeper and offer some actual data.
Posted by: Kevin Powell | July 26, 2011 at 06:16 PM
I think it's a lot harder to separate exclusivism from intolerance than you make it out to be. It's true that plenty of exclusivist Christians are kind to non-believers. A very few are even willing to admit that they should get to build their houses of worship wherever they choose and not be forced to use references to the birth of Christ in discussing historical dates. (I had a long discussion with a very conservative sunday school teacher in college who was horrified regarding the switch in academic writing from B.C. to B.C.E. Finally, bereft of argument, she admitted that she just liked having her god referenced in the calendar. Not sure if that was enough to convince her that the switch was a good idea, though.) However, what they are not willing to do, almost universally, is actually give careful consideration to the non-believers reasons for non-belief. This fact is evident just from looking at the vocabulary. Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists are all 'non-believers' not 'other-believers' or just 'Muslims', 'Hindus', 'Buddhists'. What someone believes and why she believes it is unimportant if she does not believe what I believe. That failure to treat others as rational beings on a par with oneself is, I think, fairly categorized as intolerant. (Worse than intolerant, really, but given that it's also a nearly universal failure of human psychology, I'll not get too judgmental on the subject.)
Posted by: cheek | July 26, 2011 at 08:03 PM
On the other hand, from a tactical perspective, there's a big difference between working in a conceptual framework that isn't optimal for communication, and actively participating in shenanigans like this. It's possible to believe really goofball things, even dangerous things, and not actively ruin other people's lives over it.
I get that it's not always helpful to make a hard distinction between enablers and perpetrators, and it may depend on how broadly you want to define "intolerance." I also get that someone who doesn't share your core priorities is not likely to be a political ally on many issues. I just think "Those who are not for us are against us" was silly when Jesus said it, and it's silly now. Actual political landscapes are more complicated than that.
Edit: testing the comment edit feature to see if there are any flags made to the comment.
Edit 2: No mention in the page that the post was edited. Hmm...the possibilities...
Posted by: Leighton | July 26, 2011 at 09:40 PM
Sorry, but I'm still laughing at the notion, much less the outright printing of her three points of contention and the words, "Presbyterian Church" in the same article. By my experience, which is somewhat profound and directly with east coast Prebyterian churches of both ilks (PCA and PCUSA), the Prebyterians (denominationally-speaking, not theologically-speaking) are completely sexist, completely intolerant (in any and every sense of that word) and the reddest of red on the subject of politics (do any of us remember James Kennedy?).
I suppose if I were a member of that denomination, I would remain eternally grateful that I was born with a penis instead of a vagina; but if I did wear a vagina, I should also be thankful that the likes of Pastor Carol are in the midst of that den of male-dominated conservatism otherwise disguised as the Prebyterian Church. Kudos to her, I suppose. I would be intrigued to find out if she has any deacons or elders in her church who don't stand up to pee.
In sum, the PCA and the PCUSA are simply the Church of Christ with two different, albeit required, kinds of organs.
Posted by: dr dobson | July 27, 2011 at 09:57 AM
Cheek,
"That failure to treat others as rational beings on a par with oneself is, I think, fairly categorized as intolerant."
I don't know that the typical EV conflates belief with rationality. "Believer" is synonymous with "Christian" in EV circles.
I question whether any person(A) can share in cordial debate with a person(B) of differing opinion on any subject and, if at the end of the conversation disagreement is not resolved, walk away not thinking to some degree "They just don't get it." Obviously, this is in a context where Person A genuinely and strongly thinks they are correct. I would think it's instinctual human reaction, not so much intolerance.
Posted by: Trevor Palen | July 27, 2011 at 02:38 PM
Oh, and Greg, I caught the Eminem reference this time...(It helps I just listened to that album front to back earlier this week)
Cheek, as rare as this is, I'm going with Trevor here contra you. I don't like the idea of defining disagreement with intolerance, even disagreement of the irreconcilable kind. When Todd and I sit down for lunch, we agree on a very few things: we love our daughters and wives, love our jobs and lives, so the commonality is primarily one of similar places in life, and only secondarily one of a previously shared metaphysic and career. When we leave, he still thinks I'm wrong, and I'm still thinking he's probably wrong. What we do is talk around the subject in ways that are beneficial to each other, approaching the metaphysical elephant in the room obliquely, rather than directly. I am not intolerant of him, nor is he intolerant of me; we simply think the other is wrong about a very crucial issue. Granted, we are both better at this sort of parsing than many evangelicals, but that I think you're at least partly deluded about a metaphysical assumption does not mean I don't tolerate you or your beliefs. I'm not treating him as irrational because I think he's wrong; I understand why he believes he's right, and I suspect many evangelicals understand why I think I'm right. They think I'm wrong, but they can usually tolerate my unbelief even while they are befuddled that I don't get it. It's a choice to compartmentalize conversations, cordoning some topics off as impossible to resolve.
Posted by: Greg Horton | July 27, 2011 at 02:52 PM
So perhaps I'm assuming a working definition of 'exclusivist' here that is stronger than what you have in mind: something like "a member of a specific religion who takes his own religion to be the exclusive path to the divine (I admit it's a bit cheap to use tired metaphors in a technical definition, but I'm too lazy to be more precise at the moment. Perhaps I will be if it comes up later on.) with the strong implication that anyone who fails to follow the specific path laid out by his religion (whether it be through the right kind of works, beliefs, sacraments, etc.) is to be finally cut off from the divine (damned, annihilated, re-born as a fruit fly, expunged from the mind of g-d, etc.). Furthermore, the typical Christian exclusivist* (from my experience) believes that everyone who confronts the Truth of the Gospel is capable for recognizing that Truth and therefore fails as a rational spiritual agent, fails in fact in the primary task for which her rational agency was created, should she fail to accept the Truth as such.
*This obviously does not include most reformed Christians. However, since special revelation seems a paradigm case of intellectual intolerance, I don't think this poses a problem for my position.
Given that understanding of exclusivism, disagreement over fundamentals is not just simple disagreement but a special case of disagreement in which the mind of the other is so corrupt (or some analogue to corruption depending on the particular theology) as to be incapable of seeing the truth. This is not two people sharing evidence but coming away with different conclusions. This is one person saying I know you're wrong about this, so wrong in fact that I don't even need to examine your evidence. Granted it is a much weaker variety of intolerance than one that goes on to insist that the other should therefore not be allowed to practice his chosen religion or lifestyle, but it is a pretty short step from the one to the other. For evidence take a look at how few people care much about recent attempts to perpetrate the latter injustice against Muslims in this supposed land of the free.
Annie was using my computer sometime recently, and so my post accidently links to her blog. She's not me, though I wouldn't be embarrassed to be taken for her.
Cheek, the definition is fine as it goes, but even when I was an exclusivist, I learned to talk about non-believers who were "good" with that loophole from Romans wherein Paul discusses the Gentiles. I believed Jesus was the exclusive means to salvation, but I didn't eliminate the possibility that grace extended to other methods.
Yeah, looking back at that, I don't think I really like the argument I presented above. I suppose what it boils down to for me is the bizarre self-privileging that is necessary to be an exclusivist about religious claims. Given that all religious beliefs are unverifiable or at the least disputable, it is quite strange to encounter a person with beliefs of the same kind as one's own but with very different content, hear that person's story and find out that his belief acquisition made a process largely similar to one's own, be unable to refute that person's beliefs, and then hold firmly to the conviction that that person's beliefs must be false simply because they conflict with one's own. In any domain other than religious belief, we'd expect an epistemic agent presented with such a conflict to at least downgrade his credence in the proper functioning of his own reason on the point if not to completely suspend belief. In the religious case, it seems the only reason in favor of holding firm to exclusivism is a privileging of one's own epistemic processes and attitudes that is unjustified unless the rationality of the other is downgraded. Intolerance may not be an ideal descriptor, but if it is tolerance, then it seems to be a condescending tolerance, similar, say, to imperialist attitudes towards native cultures.


California is known for its mild climate and quality of living. This West coast state is also home to several excellent criminal justice programs. Criminal justice colleges in California play a significant role in putting graduates on the front lines of combating crime. In addition to traditional campus-based schools, there are California criminal justice schools that allow students to earn associate's, bachelor's, and master's degrees online.
Hiring for law enforcement jobs in California is expected to continue throughout the state as vacancies occur.
California is home to 127 jails and 99 prison facilities with a combined inmate capacity of over 250,000 prisoners. Additionally over 325,000 individuals are on probation and nearly 121,000 are on parole. Although the crime rate in the state is actually about 6 percent lower than the national average, according to the National Institute of Corrections, the state's large population ensures that there are plenty of job opportunities for law enforcement personnel. In 2008, the population of the Golden State was estimated to be 37,756,666. According to the California Attorney General's office, there was a significant drop in property crimes in 2009 from 2008 and a slight decrease in violent crimes during the same time frame. Most serious crimes occur in the state's urban centers that include San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego. Nationally there were an estimated 3,172,420 people employed in the protective service occupations in 2009. In California there were 369,500 people employed in criminal justice, many being graduates of California criminal justice colleges. The mean national wage for those employed in protective services was $41,740 in 2009, while those employed in California that same year took home $52,120, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.


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text:
Dr. Fauci just got caught in another massive COVID scandal
The good-doctor Fauci has taken the American people for a ride. Thanks to him, the economy screeched to a halt while he raked in millions.
And Dr. Fauci just got caught in another massive COVID scandal.
Americans are sick and tired of hearing about Dr. Fauci. His need for the limelight led to the destruction of millions of people's livelihoods.
He lied from the very beginning when he flip-flopped from saying that cloth masks are useless to saying everyone and their children must cover their face.
Revelations of his funding of gain-of-function research in Wuhan gave credence to the idea that COVID wasn't just a simple matter of bat-to-human transmission.
Instead, the Wuhan Institute of Virology had received taxpayer money from the government to work on the very disease that would spread across the globe. And independent investigators are still barred by Chinese authorities from examining the facility.
Back in 2014, the NIAID gave $3.7 million in grant money to EcoHealth Alliance for "Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence," $600,000 of which went to the Wuhan lab.
EcoHealth is run by one of Fauci's pals, Peter Daszak, who was integral to the World Health Organization dismissing the idea of COVID leaking from a lab – talk about a conflict of interest.
But even after six million people have died, no answers have been given as to what exactly EcoHealth did with the money other than leaked letters proving gain-of-function research.
These people should be tried for their crimes. Of course that will never happen, and now they are in for another pay day.
Just last month, EcoHealth announced a multi-year study of "viral sequences and isolates for use in vaccine development."
How will this research be financed you might ask? All thanks to your tax dollars.
The Fauci-led NIAID granted EcoHealth $3.3 million for the study.
"It should be noted that EcoHealth Alliance was awarded a new NIH grant ten days ago, providing an additional $3.3 M over five years for a project including high-risk virus discovery research in bats in southeast Asia," tweeted Rutgers University Professor of Chemical Biology Richard Ebright.
And this funding comes despite legislation introduced last week by Sen. Joni Ernst (R-IA) that would bar federal funding to EcoHealth Alliance.
This must be a joke. Please tell me this is a joke. @nih just gave @EcoHealthNYC and Peter Daszak a NEW grant for bat coronavirus research?
Including supplying "viral sequences and isolates for use in vaccine development"?
Nope. Not a joke.
The joke, apparently, is on us. pic.twitter.com/b4p2fORn0u
— Alex Berenson (@AlexBerenson) October 2, 2022
Dr. Fauci has already announced his retirement from the NIAID for this December.
He can see the writing on the walls – it looks more and more likely that Republicans will reclaim controll of Congress in November.
The last thing he wants is to be subject to an nationally televised Congressional investigation, so he's trying to get out while he can.
But he can't run forever.


D. Innovation – Design demonstrates original thinking to address SOW requirements. Technologies are applied and combined in unique and creative ways.
An alternate name may be suggested for this community, within the Foundation Society's established naming convention that requires the name to end with the suffix "oh" (settlement is "on Mercury") and begin with the letter "A" (first settlement at an "oh" location).
If a proposal is submitted that has more than the allowed 50 pages, only the first 50 pages will be evaluated by the customer.


text:
Blake paved way for thousands of Air Force women
At the first available opportunity to return to her roots, Staff Sgt. Esther Blake transferred from the Army to the Air Force on July 8, 1948, minutes after the start of the first duty day for the WAF, along with 11 other women at Fort McPherson, near Atlanta. She remained on active duty with the
Women's legacy parallels Air Force history
As we celebrate the Air Force's 67th birthday, we talk of how far we've come and look ahead to what the future holds, but it's just as important to look at where we've been. The story of women in the military, specifically the Air Force, parallels that of the Air Force itself. In fact, for women


Receive $10,000 to accelerate or catalyze her professional development.
Denise Sulivan has been awarded an Alfred P. Sloan / Georgia Institute of Technology University Centers of Exemplary Mentoring (UCEM) Scholarship. Sullivan will receive $10,000, which will be used accelerate or catalyze her professional development while she is working towards her Ph.D. She was recognized on September 27, 2013 during the FACES/Sloan reception at Georgia Tech.
Sullivan's initial foray into biomedical research began in the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of South Carolina (USC), where she contributed to the development of a novel insulin delivery system for patients with Type I diabetes under the guidance of James Blanchette, Ph.D.
As a member of the McDevitt laboratory in the joint Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University her graduate research has integrated fundamental concepts of chemistry, material science and engineering with stem cell biology to develop technologies to harness the regenerative potential of pluripotent stem cells.
Additionally, she has formed a primary collaboration with Andrew Lyon's, Ph.D., laboratory in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Georgia Tech. This interdisciplinary relationship merges two distinct areas of expertise, enabling the development of novel material-based strategies for controlling stem cell differentiation.
In addition to her graduate training, she also actively pursues opportunities to promote science and engineering within community. As part of Bioengineering and Bioscience Unified Graduate Students (BBUGS), she currently serves as co-chair for the Education and Outreach committee, which focuses on engaging students in science and research through on-and off-campus outreach activities, such as lab tours and visual presentations. She also helps coordinate the annual "Buzz on Biotechnology" open house for students, teachers, and parents to stimulate excitement about biotechnology research and helped to develop an after-school "Science Club" that pairs graduate students mentors with high school students to introduce topics beyond the scope of their general science courses.
The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is a philanthropic, not-for-profit grant-making institution based in New York City. Established in 1934 by Alfred Pritchard Sloan Jr., then-President and Chief Executive Officer of General Motors, the Foundation makes grants in support of original research and education in science, technology, engineering, mathematics and economic performance.


text:
What happens next? The impact of coronavirus on poaching in Zambia and Zimbabwe
Earlier this year, we looked at the role of tourism in alleviating poaching in Zambia and Zimbabwe. We check back in with Wilderness Safaris to discuss the impact of travel restrictions on the region's communities and conservation efforts.
By Charlotte Wigram-Evans
Published 12 Jun 2020, 08:00 BST, Updated 5 Nov 2020, 04:57 GMT
A pride of lions gathers at a watering hole in Busanga Plains, near Shumba Camp in Kafue National Park, Zambia.
Photograph by Wilderness Safaris
Spring finally saw drought end on Busanga Plains, with parched earth and withered vegetation replaced with waterways snaking through rippling expanses of green. The savannah has transformed, but for the first time in decades, there are no travellers there to see it.
Busanga is located in the north of Kafue National Park, Zambia's oldest and largest park. Last year, National Geographic Traveller writer, Tamsin Wressell, visited Kafue, along with Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe, to see how tourism is aiding anti-poaching efforts. She travelled with Wilderness Safaris, one of Africa's biggest sustainable tour operators, which funds initiatives to protect both wildlife and local communities. Wilderness Safaris group sustainability manager, Neil Midlane is tasked with ensuring these efforts have real impact — but with coronavirus bringing the tourism industry to a halt, that has become a daunting task. We caught up with him and asked him about the increased challenges his company, and the travel industry at large, now face in Southern Africa.
Learn more about the role of tourism in anti-poaching efforts in Zambia and Zimbabwe in our May/June 2020 issue report
Wilderness Safaris' group sustainability manager, Neil Midlane, says that "coronavirus has made crystal-clear the value of responsible, wildlife-based tourism."
The media has been quick to attribute a rise in poaching to coronavirus, but we've got to be careful about drawing links without sufficient evidence. While there appears to have been a bit of a spike in some places, in Hwange and Kafue National Parks it may have happened regardless of coronavirus, as both Hwange and Kafue National Parks have just come out of their low season. In a normal year, high season would typically mean multiple vehicles going out for eight to 10 hours a day, which makes poaching risky. Now, however, the lack of tourism means that protection will be significantly reduced this year.
Luckily, people working in wildlife management and law enforcement have been classed as essential workers across sub-Saharan Africa. This means rangers have still been on the ground, albeit with a more limited budget and scope than normal. Interestingly, Zambia never went into lockdown — the only country in the southern region not to — so conservation work has carried on as usual. In terms of our camps, the Scorpion Anti-Poaching Unit in Hwange has the funds to continue operating for the next eight months. Normally, Wilderness Safaris supports them from operational profits, but with no revenue we've reached into our sustainability fund to keep it going, as well as repurposing money that was intended for new accommodation.
It's likely that a lot of small businesses won't survive this crisis. As one of the biggest operators, Wilderness Safaris has taken drastic steps to ensure we're viable at the other end of this, and we're lucky that we have the scale and reserves to do that. Smaller players just don't have that. Most companies have had to let people go, while others have had to cut salaries, and in many cases these businesses play a very important role in making the areas we operate in financially viable.
The Scorpion Anti-Poaching Unit in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, has just enough funds to continue operating for the next eight months. Wilderness Safaris usually supports them from operational profits, but with no revenue they've reached into their sustainability fund to keep it going, as well as repurposing money that was intended for new accommodation.
The impact on local communities is going to be devastating. Huge proportions of communities depend on tourism, whether they run their own little transport business or sell curios, and now all of that revenue has disappeared, so people are really struggling to buy food. We're just at the beginning of high season now, so this is only going to get worse. As that desperation increases, the need for things like bush meat and income from poaching will definitely escalate.
While anti-poaching remains crucial, a hardball approach across the board will not work in the current situation where so many people have temporarily lost their livelihoods. Instead, getting food parcels out to those people is one of the most effective interventions we can make at the moment. For those who rely on tourism for their income, this has hit them out of nowhere, so if we can carry them through, the industry will retain support from communities, which in many cases has been hard-fought.
People are really coming together to help. We're providing food parcels to needy families in every single one of the countries we operate in, and we've had amazing support from some surprising quarters. In Botswana, for example, there's a mining company that approached us and said, 'Hey, you've got the food, we've got the vehicles, we'll transport it in our trucks.' I really hope that support continues and increases, particularly from the international community, both through donations and by booking sustainable trips when we're able to travel again.
A walking safari at Linkwasha Camp in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. As one of the biggest operators, Wilderness Safaris has taken drastic steps to ensure they're viable at the other end of the Covid-19 crisis, and are actively engaged in alleviating hunger in communities hard-hit by the absence of travellers.
Coronavirus has made crystal-clear the value of responsible, wildlife-based tourism. We do have to be careful not to make the sweeping statement that all tourism is beneficial for conservation, however. It's got to be the right kind of tourism, with sustainable operators. If you're not sure who to travel with, ask questions of your operator to see if your trip will genuinely benefit the people and wildlife at your destination. Africa will also be a great place to visit once we can travel again, because of its wide-open spaces and small camps, which have never suffered from over-tourism.
Current projections suggest the African population will double by 2050. That will present a huge threat to wildlife and wilderness areas, but if we can maintain our core protected areas, and those core areas are economically viable and beneficial to the people living around them, we have a chance of stabilising and sustaining the future.
wilderness-safaris.com
zambiatourism.com
zimbabwetourism.net
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text:
'use strict';

import type AnimatedValue from '../nodes/AnimatedValue';
import type AnimatedValueXY from '../nodes/AnimatedValueXY';
import type AnimatedInterpolation from '../nodes/AnimatedInterpolation';

const Animation = require('./Animation');
const SpringConfig = require('../SpringConfig');

const invariant = require('invariant');

const {shouldUseNativeDriver} = require('../NativeAnimatedHelper');

import type {PlatformConfig} from '../AnimatedPlatformConfig';
import type {AnimationConfig, EndCallback} from './Animation';

import AnimatedColor from '../nodes/AnimatedColor';

export type SpringAnimationConfig = {
  ...AnimationConfig,
  toValue:
    | number
    | AnimatedValue
    | {
        x: number,
        y: number,
        ...
      }
    | AnimatedValueXY
    | {
        r: number,
        g: number,
        b: number,
        a: number,
        ...
      }
    | AnimatedColor
    | AnimatedInterpolation<number>,
  overshootClamping?: boolean,
  restDisplacementThreshold?: number,
  restSpeedThreshold?: number,
  velocity?:
    | number
    | {
        x: number,
        y: number,
        ...
      },
  bounciness?: number,
  speed?: number,
  tension?: number,
  friction?: number,
  stiffness?: number,
  damping?: number,
  mass?: number,
  delay?: number,
};

export type SpringAnimationConfigSingle = {
  ...AnimationConfig,
  toValue: number,
  overshootClamping?: boolean,
  restDisplacementThreshold?: number,
  restSpeedThreshold?: number,
  velocity?: number,
  bounciness?: number,
  speed?: number,
  tension?: number,
  friction?: number,
  stiffness?: number,
  damping?: number,
  mass?: number,
  delay?: number,
};

class SpringAnimation extends Animation {
  _overshootClamping: boolean;
  _restDisplacementThreshold: number;
  _restSpeedThreshold: number;
  _lastVelocity: number;
  _startPosition: number;
  _lastPosition: number;
  _fromValue: number;
  _toValue: number;
  _stiffness: number;
  _damping: number;
  _mass: number;
  _initialVelocity: number;
  _delay: number;
  _timeout: any;
  _startTime: number;
  _lastTime: number;
  _frameTime: number;
  _onUpdate: (value: number) => void;
  _animationFrame: any;
  _useNativeDriver: boolean;
  _platformConfig: ?PlatformConfig;

  constructor(config: SpringAnimationConfigSingle) {
    super();

    this._overshootClamping = config.overshootClamping ?? false;
    this._restDisplacementThreshold = config.restDisplacementThreshold ?? 0.001;
    this._restSpeedThreshold = config.restSpeedThreshold ?? 0.001;
    this._initialVelocity = config.velocity ?? 0;
    this._lastVelocity = config.velocity ?? 0;
    this._toValue = config.toValue;
    this._delay = config.delay ?? 0;
    this._useNativeDriver = shouldUseNativeDriver(config);
    this._platformConfig = config.platformConfig;
    this.__isInteraction = config.isInteraction ?? !this._useNativeDriver;
    this.__iterations = config.iterations ?? 1;

    if (
      config.stiffness !== undefined ||
      config.damping !== undefined ||
      config.mass !== undefined
    ) {
      invariant(
        config.bounciness === undefined &&
          config.speed === undefined &&
          config.tension === undefined &&
          config.friction === undefined,
        'You can define one of bounciness/speed, tension/friction, or stiffness/damping/mass, but not more than one',
      );
      this._stiffness = config.stiffness ?? 100;
      this._damping = config.damping ?? 10;
      this._mass = config.mass ?? 1;
    } else if (config.bounciness !== undefined || config.speed !== undefined) {
      // Convert the origami bounciness/speed values to stiffness/damping
      // We assume mass is 1.
      invariant(
        config.tension === undefined &&
          config.friction === undefined &&
          config.stiffness === undefined &&
          config.damping === undefined &&
          config.mass === undefined,
        'You can define one of bounciness/speed, tension/friction, or stiffness/damping/mass, but not more than one',
      );
      const springConfig = SpringConfig.fromBouncinessAndSpeed(
        config.bounciness ?? 8,
        config.speed ?? 12,
      );
      this._stiffness = springConfig.stiffness;
      this._damping = springConfig.damping;
      this._mass = 1;
    } else {
      // Convert the origami tension/friction values to stiffness/damping
      // We assume mass is 1.
      const springConfig = SpringConfig.fromOrigamiTensionAndFriction(
        config.tension ?? 40,
        config.friction ?? 7,
      );
      this._stiffness = springConfig.stiffness;
      this._damping = springConfig.damping;
      this._mass = 1;
    }

    invariant(this._stiffness > 0, 'Stiffness value must be greater than 0');
    invariant(this._damping > 0, 'Damping value must be greater than 0');
    invariant(this._mass > 0, 'Mass value must be greater than 0');
  }

  __getNativeAnimationConfig(): {|
    damping: number,
    initialVelocity: number,
    iterations: number,
    mass: number,
    platformConfig: ?PlatformConfig,
    overshootClamping: boolean,
    restDisplacementThreshold: number,
    restSpeedThreshold: number,
    stiffness: number,
    toValue: any,
    type: $TEMPORARY$string<'spring'>,
  |} {
    return {
      type: 'spring',
      overshootClamping: this._overshootClamping,
      restDisplacementThreshold: this._restDisplacementThreshold,
      restSpeedThreshold: this._restSpeedThreshold,
      stiffness: this._stiffness,
      damping: this._damping,
      mass: this._mass,
      initialVelocity: this._initialVelocity ?? this._lastVelocity,
      toValue: this._toValue,
      iterations: this.__iterations,
      platformConfig: this._platformConfig,
    };
  }

  start(
    fromValue: number,
    onUpdate: (value: number) => void,
    onEnd: ?EndCallback,
    previousAnimation: ?Animation,
    animatedValue: AnimatedValue,
  ): void {
    this.__active = true;
    this._startPosition = fromValue;
    this._lastPosition = this._startPosition;

    this._onUpdate = onUpdate;
    this.__onEnd = onEnd;
    this._lastTime = Date.now();
    this._frameTime = 0.0;

    if (previousAnimation instanceof SpringAnimation) {
      const internalState = previousAnimation.getInternalState();
      this._lastPosition = internalState.lastPosition;
      this._lastVelocity = internalState.lastVelocity;
      // Set the initial velocity to the last velocity
      this._initialVelocity = this._lastVelocity;
      this._lastTime = internalState.lastTime;
    }

    const start = () => {
      if (this._useNativeDriver) {
        this.__startNativeAnimation(animatedValue);
      } else {
        this.onUpdate();
      }
    };

    //  If this._delay is more than 0, we start after the timeout.
    if (this._delay) {
      this._timeout = setTimeout(start, this._delay);
    } else {
      start();
    }
  }

  getInternalState(): Object {
    return {
      lastPosition: this._lastPosition,
      lastVelocity: this._lastVelocity,
      lastTime: this._lastTime,
    };
  }

  /**
   * This spring model is based off of a damped harmonic oscillator
   * (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator#Damped_harmonic_oscillator).
   *
   * We use the closed form of the second order differential equation:
   *
   * x'' + (2ζ⍵_0)x' + ⍵^2x = 0
   *
   * where
   *    ⍵_0 = √(k / m) (undamped angular frequency of the oscillator),
   *    ζ = c / 2√mk (damping ratio),
   *    c = damping constant
   *    k = stiffness
   *    m = mass
   *
   * The derivation of the closed form is described in detail here:
   * http://planetmath.org/sites/default/files/texpdf/39745.pdf
   *
   * This algorithm happens to match the algorithm used by CASpringAnimation,
   * a QuartzCore (iOS) API that creates spring animations.
   */
  onUpdate(): void {
    // If for some reason we lost a lot of frames (e.g. process large payload or
    // stopped in the debugger), we only advance by 4 frames worth of
    // computation and will continue on the next frame. It's better to have it
    // running at faster speed than jumping to the end.
    const MAX_STEPS = 64;
    let now = Date.now();
    if (now > this._lastTime + MAX_STEPS) {
      now = this._lastTime + MAX_STEPS;
    }

    const deltaTime = (now - this._lastTime) / 1000;
    this._frameTime += deltaTime;

    const c: number = this._damping;
    const m: number = this._mass;
    const k: number = this._stiffness;
    const v0: number = -this._initialVelocity;

    const zeta = c / (2 * Math.sqrt(k * m)); // damping ratio
    const omega0 = Math.sqrt(k / m); // undamped angular frequency of the oscillator (rad/ms)
    const omega1 = omega0 * Math.sqrt(1.0 - zeta * zeta); // exponential decay
    const x0 = this._toValue - this._startPosition; // calculate the oscillation from x0 = 1 to x = 0

    let position = 0.0;
    let velocity = 0.0;
    const t = this._frameTime;
    if (zeta < 1) {
      // Under damped
      const envelope = Math.exp(-zeta * omega0 * t);
      position =
        this._toValue -
        envelope *
          (((v0 + zeta * omega0 * x0) / omega1) * Math.sin(omega1 * t) +
            x0 * Math.cos(omega1 * t));
      // This looks crazy -- it's actually just the derivative of the
      // oscillation function
      velocity =
        zeta *
          omega0 *
          envelope *
          ((Math.sin(omega1 * t) * (v0 + zeta * omega0 * x0)) / omega1 +
            x0 * Math.cos(omega1 * t)) -
        envelope *
          (Math.cos(omega1 * t) * (v0 + zeta * omega0 * x0) -
            omega1 * x0 * Math.sin(omega1 * t));
    } else {
      // Critically damped
      const envelope = Math.exp(-omega0 * t);
      position = this._toValue - envelope * (x0 + (v0 + omega0 * x0) * t);
      velocity =
        envelope * (v0 * (t * omega0 - 1) + t * x0 * (omega0 * omega0));
    }

    this._lastTime = now;
    this._lastPosition = position;
    this._lastVelocity = velocity;

    this._onUpdate(position);
    if (!this.__active) {
      // a listener might have stopped us in _onUpdate
      return;
    }

    // Conditions for stopping the spring animation
    let isOvershooting = false;
    if (this._overshootClamping && this._stiffness !== 0) {
      if (this._startPosition < this._toValue) {
        isOvershooting = position > this._toValue;
      } else {
        isOvershooting = position < this._toValue;
      }
    }
    const isVelocity = Math.abs(velocity) <= this._restSpeedThreshold;
    let isDisplacement = true;
    if (this._stiffness !== 0) {
      isDisplacement =
        Math.abs(this._toValue - position) <= this._restDisplacementThreshold;
    }

    if (isOvershooting || (isVelocity && isDisplacement)) {
      if (this._stiffness !== 0) {
        // Ensure that we end up with a round value
        this._lastPosition = this._toValue;
        this._lastVelocity = 0;
        this._onUpdate(this._toValue);
      }

      this.__debouncedOnEnd({finished: true});
      return;
    }
    // $FlowFixMe[method-unbinding] added when improving typing for this parameters
    this._animationFrame = requestAnimationFrame(this.onUpdate.bind(this));
  }

  stop(): void {
    super.stop();
    this.__active = false;
    clearTimeout(this._timeout);
    global.cancelAnimationFrame(this._animationFrame);
    this.__debouncedOnEnd({finished: false});
  }
}

module.exports = SpringAnimation;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Who gained and who lost from India's Budget13 hrs ago
Energy Budget 2023: What do the experts say?13 hrs ago
Budget 2023: Expectations of the renewable energy industry
India becoming favoured destination for renewable energy investment: Economic Survey
Power sector stable, says Moody's; ICRA sees mix results for UDAY
Moody's today projected a stable outlook for power sector while its Indian affiliate ICRA said that reforms for the distribution sector under UDAY scheme have seen mixed results. "Moody's has a stable outlook on the power sector.
New Delhi: Moody's today projected a stable outlook for power sector while its Indian affiliate ICRA said that reforms for the distribution sector under UDAY scheme have seen mixed results.
"Moody's has a stable outlook on the power sector. However, ICRA believes that the reforms for the Distribution Utilities (DISCOMs) -- UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana) have seen mixed success," a Moody's statement said.
At the 4th Annual Credit Conference in Mumbai, the Moody's statement said its stable outlook on the power sector reflects that improvement in domestic coal availability is moderating the fuel supply risk.
It also said that while distribution utilities have seen an improvement in their liquidity, the extent to which operational efficiency has improved is still unclear.
Moody's believes that India is taking steps to align its power generation mix towards its nationally determined contribution (NDC) commitments under the Paris accord signed in December 2015.
Renewable Energy's (RE) share in new capacity additions has been around 60 per cent for last two years while on the other hand the coal based additions have seen a sharp slowdown.
"India's focus on greening its energy mix would imply strong growth for renewable energy over next many years," said Abhishek Tyagi, Moody's Vice President and Senior Analyst.
This growth, according to the US based credit rating agency, will however be accompanied by key challenges for RE projects, notably weak offtaker credit quality and an evolving regulatory framework.
Moreover, the recent round of biddings in the case of solar projects have seen a sharp drop in the quoted tariffs, and the ability of such projects to achieve financial closure, given the concerns over the fact that the long-term viability of projects at such tariffs remains to be seen, it said.
ICRA Ltd Executive VP and Chief Rating Offier Anjan Ghosh said the UDAY reforms for discoms have seen mixed success.
"A total of Rs 2,321 billion of debt has been refinanced under the UDAY scheme so far, which has greatly aided both the financial and liquidity position of the DISCOMs, with estimated interest cost savings of Rs. 120 billion in FY2017," he said.
However, it said, some of the state governments have in turn lent the same amount as loan, which dilutes the beneficial impact to some extent.
Nonetheless, it added, these loans will be subsequently converted to grant over the next three years and the full interest savings benefit can be seen in the 2020-21 fiscal.
More importantly, however, the progress on achieving the operational efficiency improvement has a lot of ground to cover.
As against the target AT&C (aggregate technical and commercial) losses of 15 per cent that all utilities are supposed to achieve by FY2019-FY2020, data available shows that some of the states, including large ones like Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have much higher loss levels, in the range of 25 to 36 per cent, it said.
The sustainable improvement in financial position of the discoms remains dependent on improvement in operating efficiencies and reducing the gap between tariff and cost of supply, it added.
uday scheme
india solar energy
India solar capacity
india renewable energy growth


text:
Brian Hyland – Sealed With A Kiss Ukulele Chords
Here you can find ukulele chords and tabs of "Sealed With A Kiss" by Brian Hyland. Get ready and start playing Sealed With A Kiss on your ukulele.
Sealed With A Kiss Ukulele Chords
Though we've got to say goodbye for the summer
Darling, I promise you this
I'll send you all my love every day in a letter
Sealed with a kiss
Yes, it's gonna be a cold, lonely summer
But, I'll fill the emptyness
I'll send you all my dreams every day in a letter
I'll see you in the sunlight
I'll hear your voice everywhere
I'll run to tenderly hold you
But, darling, you won't be there
I don't wanna say goodbye for the summer
Knowing the love we'll miss
So, let us make a pledge to meet in September
And seal it with a kiss
Play other Brian Hyland Ukulele Chords.
About Sealed With A Kiss
Artist and Song: Brian Hyland - Sealed With A Kiss
Album: Sealed With A Kiss
Difficulty: Hard
Chords: [G], [Gm], [Dm], [C], [F], [D], [A], [A7], [E7]
About Brian Hyland - Sealed With A Kiss Ukulele Chords & Strumming Pattern
"Sealed With A Kiss" is a song by Pop artist Brian Hyland. It was released in 1962 on the album, titled "Sealed With A Kiss". Sealed With A Kiss is considered under Pop genre.
The original key of Sealed With A Kiss is G.
D - DU - UDU is the suggested strumming pattern for this Brian Hyland song.
[G], [Gm], [Dm], [C], [F], [D], [A], [A7], [E7] are the ukulele chords for playing Sealed With A Kiss with the original key (G) on ukulele.
Click here to start playing Sealed With A Kiss on your ukulele now.
What Are The Chords For Sealed With A Kiss On Ukulele?
You will play the [G], [Gm], [Dm], [C], [F], [D], [A], [A7], [E7] ukulele chords while playing Sealed With A Kiss with your ukulele in the G key, original tone of the song.
How Do You Strum Sealed With A Kiss On Ukulele?
Sealed With A Kiss ukulele strumming pattern is D - DU - UDU. You can also try D (down) if the suggested pattern is hard for you.
Who Sings Sealed With A Kiss?
Sealed With A Kiss is performed by Brian Hyland. It was first released on the album "Sealed With A Kiss" in 1962.
Bread – Everything I Own Ukulele Chords
Bruno Mars – Grenade Ukulele Chords


During this time of Easter and Passover blessings and remembrances, a friend sent me the following, and I thought I'd pass it along.
Here's to many long-time memories and new beginnings for all.
God's faithfulness in making all things new.
Spring is a metaphor for change. Some changes we eagerly await, and others we resist. Some changes are planned and others arrive uninvited. To all these changes we ask the gift of Your perspective beckoning us toward expectation, hope, and rebirth.


Article - Mangosteen - What is it?
The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical evergreen tree, believed to have originated in the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. The tree grows from 7 to 25 meters tall. The edible fruit is deep reddish purple when ripe. In Asia, the mangosteen fruit is known as the "Queen of Fruits".
The outer shell of the fruit (pericarp) is rather hard, typi y 4-6 cm in diameter, resembling a spherical, black cartoon bomb. Cutting through the shell, one finds a very pale, fleshy fruit 3-5 cm in diameter. Depending on the size and ripeness, there may or may not be pits in the segments of the fruit. The number of fruit pods is directly related to the number of petals on the bottom of the shell. Commonly, on average a mangosteen has 5 fruits (round up figure).
One of the most praised of tropical fruits, and certainly the most esteemed fruit in the family Guttiferae, the mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., is almost universally known or heard of by this name. There are numerous variations in nomenclature: among Spanish-speaking people, it is ed mangostan; to the French, it is mangostanier, mangoustanier, mangouste or mangostier; in Portuguese, it is mangostao, mangosta or mangusta; in Dutch, it is manggis or manggistan; in Vietnamese, mang cut; in Malaya, it may be referred to in any of these languages or by the local terms, mesetor, semetah, or sementah; in the Philippines, it is mangis or mangostan. Throughout the Malay Archipelago, there are many different spellings of names similar to most of the above.
Medicinal Uses: Dried fruits are shipped from Singapore to Calcutta and to China for medicinal use. The sliced and dried rind is believed to contain over 40 Xanthones, super anti-oxidants and is powdered and administered to overcome dysentery. Made into an ointment, it is applied on eczema and other skin disorders. The rind decoction is taken to relieve diarrhea and cystitis, gonorrhea and gleet and is applied externally as an astringent lotion. A portion of the rind is steeped in water overnight and the infusion given as a remedy for chronic diarrhea in adults and children. Filipinos employ a decoction of the leaves and bark as a febrifuge and to treat thrush, diarrhea, dysentery and urinary disorders. In Malaya, an infusion of the leaves, combined with unripe banana and a little benzoin is applied to the wound of circumcision. A root decoction is taken to regulate menstruation. A bark extract ed "amibiasine", has been marketed for the treatment of amoebic dysentery.
*This article may be reprinted as long as it is not changed and a link pointing back to this website is provided. (c) 2006 judpharm.com. All rights reserved.
* These statements have not been reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration.


text:
Stanislas Solski (en polonais Stanisław Solski), né le   à Kalisz (Pologne) et décédé le  à Cracovie (Pologne), est un prêtre jésuite polonais, mathématicien, architecte et écrivain.

Biographie
Né le  à Kalisz, en Pologne, le jeune Stanislas entre à 16 ans dans la Compagnie de Jésus. Il commence son noviciat, à Cracovie, le . Plus tard, tout en étudiant la philosophie à Kalisz il s'initie également aux mathématiques, branche qu'il enseigne tout en faisant ses études de théologie, à Poznań.  En 1650 il est ordonné prêtre, à Poznań.

En 1654, Solski est envoyé comme aumônier de l'ambassade de Pologne à Constantinople (aujourd'hui Istanboul), où il reste jusqu'en 1661, y aidant les nombreux prisonniers (catholiques) polonais dans l'empire ottoman. Au cours de ces années, il apprend la langue turque et s'intéresse aux Hiéroglyphes, ce qui l'amène à correspondre avec le père Athanase Kircher, à Rome.

De retour en Pologne, il est aumônier dans l'armée du commandant général Jean Sobieski. Pendant son séjour à Cracovie, Solski construit (à partir de 1670) un nouveau bâtiment pour l'école fondée par l'évêque de Cracovie Andrzej Trzebicki, aménage trois maisons médiévales en la maison professe des Jésuites, reconstruit (en 1687) l'église gothique Sainte-Barbe et bâtit église et couvent pour les religieuses de la Visitation.

Il œuvre également à Kielce et Bodzentyn pour le nouvel évêque de Cracovie (à partir de 1680), Mgr Jan Malachowski, et a presque certainement supervisé la construction de la chapelle Morsztyn à Wieliczka, conçue par son confrère Jan Ignacy Delamars (1656-1719). En 1683, le conseil municipal lui demande de faire partie de la commission chargée d'examiner les fondations de l'hôtel de ville.

Cependant l'intérêt principal de Solski et sa vraie compétence s'exerce dans l'application pratique des mathématiques. Sa principale publication (en 1690) Architekt polski ('L'architecte polonais'), expose les règles de base de la mécanique élémentaire et décrit comment construire et faire fonctionner les machines utilisées dans le bâtiment, ainsi que dans d'autres métiers. Ce premier volume (d'une trilogie) est un monument de la littérature technologique polonaise Les volumes II et III, qui n'ont jamais été publiés, étaient consacrés au logement et à l'architecture religieuse et militaire.

Une autre œuvre 'pratique' de Solski est son Geometra polski (L'arpenteur polonais), un vaste traité en trois volumes (1683-1686) sur l'art de l'arpentage pour lequel il introduisit le vocabulaire technique nécessaire en polonais. Dans sa jeunesse il a également écrit deux opuscules sur le mouvement continu et a essayé de construire une machine pour elle.

Également auteur de quelques ouvrages sur la vie ascétique (largement oubliés) le père Stanislas Solski meurt le , à Cracovie.

Écrits
Machina exhibendo motu perpetuo artificiali..., Cracovie, 1663.
Rozmy_lania codzienne... 4 vol., Cracovie, 1676-1681.
Geometra polski, 3 vol., Cracovie, 1683-1686.
Praxis nova et expeditissima geometrice mensurandi distantias, altitudines et profunditates, Cracovie, 1688.
Architekt polski, Cracovie, 1690.

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1622
Naissance à Kalisz
Décès en janvier 1701
Jésuite polonais
Mathématicien polonais du XVIIe siècle
Architecte polonais du XVIIe siècle
Décès à Cracovie
Décès à 78 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


What can you do today to create more value for your customer?
There are probably some small, inexpensive changes you can make that will make a big difference (as well as more expensive ones). Make a list and pick something to action.


Unforgiving environments can compromise your electronics products. Safeguarding against those environments is what we do. We support you—the manufacturer—every step of the way by implementing HZO's new Spectrum of Protection™ – a variety of protection coatings and solutions – into your manufacturing process to precisely protect the best products you've ever created.
Moto Surround keeps out corrosive sweat.
Motorola needed these wireless headphones to be versatile and universal. They teamed up with our team of electronic PCB engineers to innovate unique protection against water and sweat—an IP57 rating.
HZO, Inc., the world leader in advanced and scalable electronics waterproofing and protection solutions has acquired Semblant, U.K.-based leader in protective nano coatings and waterproof technology.
HZO believes that when it comes to waterproof and corrosion proof solutions, one size definitely doesn't fit all. Environment protection coatings should be as unique as the products you're building and tailored to the protection you expect. HZO utilizes a wide variety of solutions in its Spectrum of Protection that range from superior nanocoatings to Parylene barrier coatings for the precise level of protection you are looking for.
We have experts in your industry.
Industries like yours are looking for true environment-proofing coating technologies that protect at the PCB component level. They are looking for HZO. Our wide range of solutions are tough enough to handle any environment and versatile enough to work with any electronics design.
Electronics have always been challenged by the elements. Water, humidity, dust, and dirt easily damage our devices. The HZO mission is to work with manufacturers to safeguard electronics using coatings optimized for PCBs and electronic components. These unique conformal technologies make devices usable in places that were previously impossible.
Brands featuring HZO on their products.
HZO engineers work with you during development to create a component-level defense and achieve the best possible protection for your electronics projects. We are able to achieve this with our unique conformal coating manufacturing solutions and innovative methods of PCB coating application.
A protection solution is only as good as its ability to be implemented in mass manufacturing. HZO knows this and prides itself on a proven track record of successful mass applications of waterproof and corrosion proof coatings. The equipment and processes utilized by HZO to apply these coatings enable ease of implementation into existing manufacturing lines and are cost competitive with alternative methods of protection.


text:
Q: Android: border color GridView. No background I created an application with a GridView and I managed to change the color of all images with background (). But what I want is to put a red border to each image, with a space between them. Also change the color to green when you click on an image. As I can do? thanks

A: In your res/drawable add a file eg. border.xml and put something like that in there:
<shape xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:shape="rectangle" >
  <solid android:color="#FFFFFF" />
  <stroke android:width="1dip" android:color="#000000"/>
</shape>

Than use:  android:background="@drawable/border" in your layout file.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This was a toughie as, from the get go, nothing went to plan. But I persevered – I'd gone to sooo much trouble for this little painting, and there was no way I was abandoning it.
Then, I was determined to implement my 'bright idea' to improve the lighting, even though it meant unpacking an entire dresser and draping the tops of the (very high) doors with fabric. In the end it made no difference as I failed to capture the mood anyway, and it took forever to set up. Fail.
Finally, I mixed a new batch of medium, and mistook the thinners for turps. Because I was painting on a textured board I hadn't painted on before, and even though I knew something was up, it took me a while to pin it down. Aargh! By then day 19 was rapidly running out of hours, there was no time to start over.
Once again, I wish I'd left more of the transparent colours showing through, though I suspect that's going to take courage, which I am working on. It's my word for 2019.
Roses are not my flower.
Lesson learnt: The painting that give me the hardest time, teaches me the most.


This is something I have a heart for... missing people. Whether it's a child or an adult, people are missing who belong to someone in some capacity - parent, child, sibling, etc.
So, as I learn about them, I'm going to add people to this thread so that we, HCR and guests, can pray for them. Whether they are alive or dead, may the Lord give wisdom to those searching so that they may find these people. May the Lord bring closure to the families in some form or fashion. May He bring peace and comfort where there is none.
Many of these people have disappeared w/o a trace. No clues, no nothing. And imagine how hard that must be on a person... to have someone you loved just disappear... and you don't know how or where, you don't know if they are alive or dead, you don't know why... nothing. You live every single day not knowing. That must be a horrible feeling.
God is a God who sees all, knows all, hears all. He knows where these people are. May we go before Him and petition Him for these families.
I have been praying for the lost of people.... and will continue you to. Thanks for the info.
they're being lifted in prayer. thanks for drawing attention to this, jenn.


text:
Microsoft Asks Judge to Take Down Barium Hackers
November 2, 2017 November 3, 2017 DANIEL W. STAPLES
computer, Cyberattacks, hackers, Microsoft, Social Media, Virginia, West Virginia
ALEXANDRIA, Va. (CN) — Saying that it spends more than $1.3 million responding to each intrusion by the Barium cybertheft ring, Microsoft has brought a federal complaint to take down the hackers.
Represented by Alston & Bird attorney David Mohl, Microsoft filed its suit under seal on Oct. 26, but U.S. District Judge T. S. Ellis unsealed the 33-page complaint Tuesday in Alexandria.
"Barium is highly sophisticated, well-resourced, organized, and patient," the complaint states. "Barium specializes in targeting high value organizations holding sensitive data, by gathering extensive information about their employees through publicly available information and social media, using that information to fashion phishing attacks intended to trick those employees into compromising their computers and networks, compromising legitimate enterprise software provider's products not protected by antivirus software, and disguising its activities using the names of Microsoft and other legitimate companies."
Microsoft says Barium hackers have two ways of compromising the computers of its targets.
In a "spear phishing attack," the hackers first identify individuals in the human-resources and business-development departments of certain organizations, even collecting information about those individuals on social media websites.
The hackers then send targeted emails to those individuals using information about ongoing projects, which makes the emails seem authentic. If the recipients download attachments from the phishing email, their computers become infected with a difficult-to-detect malware.
The remote-access "trojans" put in place by the malware" allow Barium to gather a victim's information, control a victim's device, install additional malware, and exfiltrate information from a victim's device," according to the complaint.
Microsoft also discovered that the hackers configure their malware to communicate with fake profile pages on various social media websites like Facebook and LinkedIn.
"Once installed on victims' computers, the malware is designed to reach out to these fake website profiles and documents and search for particular text strings (pre-defined textual 'anchors'), such as comments or random alphanumeric text, that can be decoded and read by the malware to obtain configuration files and the IP addresses and ports of other C&C servers," the complaint states, using abbreviations for internet protocol and command and control servers. "Once the malware decodes the text strings, it is able to connect to C&C servers from which it obtains additional instructions and to which it sends stolen information."
Despite their careful work to evade detection, the hackers "used the same email address (hostay88@gmail.com) to register malicious domains used in connection with at least two toolsets that Barium has employed to compromise victim computers," Microsoft says.
It notes that Barium registered the domains notped.com and operatingbox.com using this email address, and Barium also linked the same email address to a Microsoft account (johnxl9@hotmail.com) that was used to create malware-configuring profiles on the Microsoft Forums website TechNet.
Neither Microsoft nor attorney Mohl have returned requests for comment on the lawsuit.
"Microsoft supports customers who have been victims of Barium," the complaint states. "Mitigating Barium intrusions on customer networks is often extremely expensive. In typical cases where Microsoft's Global Incident Response and Recovery team supports an intrusion response related to Barium, average costs can range from 250,000 to approximately 1.3 million dollars per incident or more."
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text:
Q: Unnecessary NullReferenceException? Why do I get a NullReferenceException in the following code?
private string FileR ( string name )
{
    string[] content = ReadSite(name, Protocol.read, url);
    Request_Template newCon;
    string[] final = new string[content.Length];

    for (int i = 0; i < content.Length; i++)
    {
        if (content[i].Equals(null))
        {
            return "content [" + i + "] returns null";
        }
        newCon = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Request_Template>(content[i]);

        if (newCon.Sender.Contains(myAccount.Username))
        {
            newCon.Sender = "Me";
        }

        string sender = newCon.Sender;
        string message = newCon.Message;
        final[i] = sender + ":\t" + message;
    }

    string nFinal = string.Concat(final);

    Thread.Sleep(10);
    return nFinal;
}

string[] ReadSite(string filename, Protocol p, string uri)
{
    Read_Template temp = new Read_Template
    {
        Chat = filename,
        Code = key1
    };
    string myUrl = JsonSerializer.Serialize(temp);

    WebClient web = new WebClient();
    Stream stream = web.OpenRead(uri + "/" + myUrl);

    int length = 0;
    while (new StreamReader(stream).ReadLine() != null)
    {
        length++;
    }
    string[] content = new string[length];

    using (StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(stream))
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)
        {
            content[i] = reader.ReadLine();
        }
    }

    return content;
}

I've tried using the debugging tools with no avail.  When I ran the code, it said that the error came from string [] final = new string [content.Length];
 and for (int i = 0; i < content.Length; i++).That lead me to assume that content was null. But when I used the watch window and it said that the variable content cannot be determined. How do I fix this?

A: I strongly suspect that the problem is actually here:
if (content[i].Equals(null))

If content[i] is genuinely null, then calling content[i].Equals will throw a NullReferenceException. That test should be written as:
if (content[i] is null)`

Or (for C# 6 or older):
if (content[i] == null)`

Now if ReadSite didn't have a bug in, you shouldn't need that check at all - because ReadSite should return an array of non-null string references. However, the way that you're populating the array is broken. You're currently:

*

*Creating a StreamReader around the stream

*Reading from the reader until you run out of data

*Creating a new array of the "right" length

*Creating another StreamReader around the same stream - which is by now at the end

*Reading from the reader however many times you read a line originally

Because the stream is already at the end, ReadLine() is going to return null on every iteration.
Instead, you should just read once, populating a list as you go, like this:
List<string> content = new List<string>();
using (var stream = web.OpenRead(uri + "/" + myUrl))
{
    using (var reader = new StreamReader(stream))
    {
        string line;
        while ((line = reader.ReadLine()) is object)
        {
            content.Add(line);
        }
    }
}
return content;

That's returning a List<string>, so you'd want to change your ReadSite return type to List<string> or perhaps IReadOnlyList<string>. If you really need it to return an array, you could return content.ToArray() instead.
(Ideally, move to using HttpClient as well, but that's a different story.)

A: private string FileR ( string name )
{
    // ReadSite always returns a content that has length 0 or more. string[] content will never equals null.
    // TEST: string[] test = new string[0]; test == null -> False
    string[] content = ReadSite(name, Protocol.read, url);
    Request_Template newCon;

    string[] final = new string[content.Length];

    // if content.Length == 0, this loop will never occur and you wont get any NREs.
    for (int i = 0; i < content.Length; i++)
    {
        // It is highly unlikely that a reader.ReadLine() would generate a null but
        // just in case it does, use == null instead of .Equals() method. When content[i] == null, you cannot use .Equals() method since nulls dont have Equals method.
        if (content[i].Equals(null))
        {
            return "content [" + i + "] returns null";
        }

        // If you have checked that content[i] is Not empty space or null, you might
        //end up with newCon == null if Deserialization fails. Cover this around try / catch.
        newCon = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Request_Template>(content[i]);

        // If deserialization fails, this will throw NRE because nulls wont have
        // Sender as a property or array. Check if newCon == null or not. Also,
        // check if Sender was correctly initialized as an array/list.. as it could
        // be null. nulls wont have Contains as a method.
        if (newCon.Sender.Contains(myAccount.Username))
        {
            newCon.Sender = "Me";
        }

        string sender = newCon.Sender;
        string message = newCon.Message;

        // This should work correctly as its dependent on content.length. If the
        // loop is happening, then there is at least one final element that can be updated.
        final[i] = sender + ":\t" + message;
    }

    string nFinal = string.Concat(final);

    Thread.Sleep(10);
    return nFinal;
}


text:
Princess Yachts Experience an Exceptional boot D�sseldorf
Princess Yachts Experience an Exceptional boot Düsseldorf
Princess Yachts continue to go from strength to strength, announcing the best boot Düsseldorf on record following an incredible 2017, where the company recorded its most profitable year since 2013. The British manufacturer confirmed it sold an impressive 24 yachts during Europe's biggest boat show – adding £30million to the its ¾ billion Euro order book.
According to Messe Düsseldorf, the show welcomed 247,000 visitors across the week to explore the 1,923 exhibitors from 68 countries. The luxury yacht hall, where the fantastic Princess 10 yacht line-up was situated, was more popular than ever before, with the award-winning Princess 35M – one of the largest yachts ever displayed at boot Düsseldorf - the star attraction. Princess Yachts were also delighted to celebrate the global launch of the all-new S78 featuring the new Naim Audio partnership sound system and bring to life the return to V Class with the all-new V65 and V50, as well as show debuts for the S60, Princess 55 and Princess 62.
'boot Düsseldorf has provided an exceptional start to the year for Princess as we sold over 10% of our annual turnover within just one week of the show." says Antony Sheriff, Executive Chairman "The stand has been a constant hive of activity with potential customers and brand fans. 2018 marks an opportunity for Princess to continue to build on the success of 2017 in both turnover and profits. Princess will continue in its £100M investment in new products and facilities with the launch of six new yachts this year - one every two months'."