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A andorinha-das-chaminés (Hirundo rustica), também conhecida no Brasil como andorinha-de-bando ou andorinha-de-pescoço-vermelho, é uma pequena ave migratória pertencente à família das andorinhas (Hirundinidae). É a espécie de andorinha mais amplamente distribuída no mundo, podendo ser encontrada na Europa, África, Ásia,  Américas e norte da Australásia. É a única espécie do género Hirundo cuja área de distribuição geográfica inclui as Américas, com a maioria das espécies desse género sendo nativas de África.

Alimenta-se exclusivamente de insetos, que captura em pleno voo, pelo que migra para climas com abundância de insetos voadores. Ambos os sexos possuem a parte superior da cabeça e do corpo azuladas, uma cauda comprida profundamente bifurcada e asas curvadas e pontiagudas. Pode ser encontrada tanto em campo aberto como em aldeias e vilas. Constrói ninhos fechados em forma de taça com lama e palha em celeiros, estábulos ou outros locais semelhantes, por vezes em colónias. Existem seis subespécies de andorinha-das-chaminés geralmente aceites. Quatro destas são migratórias, nidificando no hemisfério norte e invernando no hemisfério sul, chegando a ser avistadas tão ao sul como a Argentina central, a província do Cabo na África do Sul e o norte da Austrália. Apesar de poderem ocorrer flutuações locais nas populações devido a ameaças específicas, como a construção de um novo aeroporto internacional perto de Durban, possui uma grande área de distribuição geográfica e uma grande população global, pelo que não se considera que se encontre globalmente ameaçada.

A sua proximidade ao homem é de forma geral tolerada devido aos seus hábitos insetívoros; esta convivência foi reforçada no passado por superstições acerca da ave e do seu ninho. Existem numerosas referências literárias, culturais e religiosas à andorinha-das-chaminés, derivadas da sua presença junto do homem e da sua conspícua migração anual. A andorinha-das-chaminés é a ave nacional da Estónia.

Taxonomia
A andorinha-das-chaminés foi descrita em 1758 pelo zoólogo sueco Carolus Linnaeus no seu livro Systema Naturae como Hirundo rustica, caracterizada como H. rectricibus, exceptis duabus intermediis, macula alba notatîs. O nome genérico, Hirundo, é uma palavra em latim, que significa 'andorinha', enquanto o nome específico, rustica, significa 'do campo'. No norte da Europa é normalmente conhecida como a andorinha, apesar do termo se referir de forma mais abrangente a diversos membros da família Hirundinidae.

Existem poucos problemas taxonómicos dentro do género, mas no passado a Hirundo lucida - residente na África Ocidental, bacia do Congo e Etiópia - era considerada uma subespécie da andorinha-das-chaminés. No entanto, a Hirundo lucida é ligeiramente menor, tem uma banda peitoral mais estreita, os adultos têm guias caudais mais curtas e em voo aparenta ter a parte inferior do corpo mais clara.

Características

O macho adulto da subespécie nominal H. r. rustica tem 17– de comprimento, uma envergadura de 32– e um peso de 16-. Possui dorso e costas azuis escuras metálicas, testa, queixo e garganta ruivas, e uma grande banda peitoral azul escura separando a garganta da barriga esbranquiçada. A cauda é profundamente bifurcada e as guias caudais muito longas, com um comprimento de 2–. Em voo, a cauda mostra uma fila de pintas brancas ao longo do bordo exterior da sua parte superior. Tem olhos pretos, patas curtas de cor preta cobertas com uma penugem branca e um bico pequeno, fino e preto. A fêmea é semelhante ao macho, mas as guias caudais são mais curtas, o azul da parte superior do corpo e da banda peitoral não é tão brilhante e a barriga é mais pálida. Os juvenis são mais acastanhados e pálidos, e não possuem as longas guias caudais dos adultos.

A combinação da face ruiva com a banda peitoral azul distinguem a andorinha-das-chaminés das outras espécies africanas do género Hirundo, e da Hirundo neoxena na Australásia. Em África, os juvenis podem ser confundidos com os juvenis de Hirundo lucida devido ausência das longas guias caudais dos adultos, mas esta última possui uma banda peitoral mais estreita e mais branco na cauda.

O canto do macho é um chilreio alegre, frequentemente terminando com su-seer, com a segunda nota mais alta do que a primeira mas caindo em tom. Os chamamentos incluem repetitivos witt ou witt-witt e um splee-plink alto quando excitado. As vocalizações de alarme incluem um siflitt agudo para predadores como gatos e um flitt-flitt para aves de rapina como os falcões. Esta espécie não é muito ruidosa nos locais onde inverna.

Subespécies

Existem seis subespécies de andorinha-das-chaminés geralmente aceites. Na Ásia Oriental, foram propostas várias formas adicionais ou alternativas, incluindo H. r. saturata por Robert Ridgway em 1883, H. r. kamtschatica por Benedykt Dybowski em 1883, H. r. mandschurica por Wilhelm Meise em 1934 e H. r. ambigua por Erwin Stresemann. Dadas as incertezas sobre a validade destas formas, este artigo segue o tratamento de Turner e Rose.
 H. r. rustica, a subespécie nominal, reproduz-se na Europa e no Sudoeste Asiático, chegando até ao Círculo Polar Ártico a norte, ao Norte de África, Médio Oriente e Siquim a sul, e ao rio Ienissei a oriente; e inverna na África subsariana, na Arábia e no subcontinente indiano. As aves que invernam no sul da África provêm da Eurásia até à longitude 91ºE, e há registos de indivíduos que percorreram até  durante a sua migração anual.
 H. r. erythrogaster, a subespécie americana, descrita por Pieter Boddaert em 1783, difere da subespécie nominal pelo facto de possuir a barriga avermelhada e pela banda peitoral negra, mais estreita e por vezes incompleta. Reproduz-se por toda a América do Norte, do Alasca ao sul do México, migrando para as Pequenas Antilhas, Costa Rica, Panamá e América do Sul durante o inverno. Algumas aves podem invernar no sul da área geográfica de reprodução.

 H. r. gutturalis, descrita por Giovanni Antonio Scopoli em 1786, tem a barriga mais pálida e uma banda peitoral incompleta. Reproduz-se na Ásia Oriental, dos Himalaias centrais e orientais até ao Japão e à Coreia; e inverna na Ásia Meridional, da Índia e Sri Lanka até à Indonésia e Nova Guiné, embora um número crescente de indivíduos inverne no norte da Austrália. Hibridiza com a H. r. tytleri na zona do rio Amur. Acredita-se que em tempos estas duas subespécies eram geograficamente separadas, mas a abundância de locais seguros para construir os ninhos proporcionada pela expansão humana levou à sobreposição das suas áreas de distribuição geográfica. A H. r. gutturalis é por vezes observada no Alasca e em Washington, mas é facilmente distinguida da H. r. erythrogaster pela barriga avermelhada desta última.
 H. r. savignii, a subespécie residente egípcia, descrita por James Francis Stephens em 1817 e batizada em honra do zoólogo francês Marie Jules César Savigny, é semelhante à H. r. transitiva, que também possui barriga alaranjada-avermelhada, mas a H. r. savignii possui uma larga banda peitoral completa e o vermelho da sua barriga é mais puro.
 H. r. tytleri, descrita por Thomas Jerdon em 1864 e batizada em honra do soldado, naturalista e fotógrafo britânico Robert Christopher Tytler, tem barriga de um escuro e profundo vermelho-alaranjado e uma banda peitoral negra incompleta. A cauda é também mais longa. Reproduz-se na Sibéria central; e inverna no Sueste Asiático, do Bangladesh até à Tailândia e Malásia.
 H. r. transitiva, descrita por Ernst Hartert em 1910, possui barriga vermelha-alaranjada e uma banda peitoral incompleta. Reproduz-se no Médio Oriente, do sul da Turquia até Israel; é parcialmente residente, apesar de algumas aves invernarem na África Oriental.

Habitat e migração

Habitat

Os seus habitats preferidos são campos abertos com vegetação baixa, tais como prados, pastos e campos de cultivo, de preferência junto à água. Esta espécie evita áreas escarpadas, demasiado arborizadas ou densamente urbanizadas. A presença de estruturas abertas, tais como celeiros ou estábulos, onde construir os ninhos, e locais expostos como cabos elétricos suspensos, beirais ou ramos nus para empoleiramento, também são importantes para a seleção da zona de nidificação. Tipicamente, reproduz-se no hemisfério norte até aos  de altitude, embora possa chegar aos  no Cáucaso e na América do Norte, estando apenas ausente dos desertos e das zonas setentrionais mais frias dos continentes. Na maioria da sua área de distribuição geográfica é uma espécie rural, sendo substituída nas áreas urbanas europeias pela andorinha-dos-beirais (Delichon urbicum). No entanto, em Honshu a andorinha-das-chaminés é uma ave mais urbana, sendo substituída pela andorinha-dáurica (Cecropis daurica) nas zonas rurais.

No inverno, a andorinha-das-chaminés é cosmopolita na sua escolha de habitat, evitando apenas florestas densas e desertos. É mais comum em campos abertos com vegetação baixa, tais como savanas e pastos, e na Venezuela, África do Sul e Trinidad e Tobago é descrita como sendo particularmente atraída por campos de cana-de-açúcar cortados ou queimados e pelo desperdício da cana. Na ausência de locais adequados para descansar durante a noite, pode por vezes usar cabos elétricos suspensos como pouso noturno, onde está mais exposta a predadores.

Migração

No outono, antes de iniciarem a migração, as andorinhas-das-chaminés reúnem-se em dormitórios comunais em canaviais ou, em áreas de cultivo intensivo onde estes desapareceram completamente da paisagem, em milharais. Durante o dia, dedicam-se inteiramente a caçar para constituir uma reserva de gordura para a viagem. Durante a migração, as andorinhas-das-chaminés voam de dia e a baixa altitude, o que lhes permite igualmente alimentar-se durante a viagem.

Na Europa, a andorinha-das-chaminés é uma ave migratória que se movimenta numa frente larga, o que significa que as rotas de migração das aves que nidificam na Europa não afunilam nas zonas de travessia mais curta do mar, como os estreitos de Gibraltar e do Bósforo, mas cruzam todo o Mediterrâneo e o Saara. Na América, esta espécie afunila as suas rotas de migração pela América Central numa frente estreita, pelo que durante a época de migração é muito abundante nas terras baixas de ambas as costas.

As migrações não são livres de perigo; em 1974, centenas de milhares de andorinhas ficaram retidas na Europa devido à ocorrência de temperaturas excecionalmente baixas, tendo procurado refúgio no interior das casas em busca de calor. Quando as aves começaram a morrer de frio, os ecologistas tiveram a ideia de as transportar de avião para o outro lado do Mediterrâneo, tendo conseguido salvar cerca de .

As aves tendem a regressar ao mesmo local para invernar todos os anos, e concentram-se em dormitórios comunais em canaviais. Estes dormitórios comunais podem ser muito grandes, havendo registo de um na Nigéria com cerca de 1,5 milhões de aves. Pensa-se que este comportamento visa ser uma proteção contra os predadores, e que a chegada das aves a estes dormitórios comunais é sincronizada para confundir predadores como a Ógea-africana (Falco culverii). Os canaviais são ainda uma importante fonte de alimento antes e durante a migração; embora a andorinha-das-chaminés possa alimentar-se em voo sobre campos abertos ou corpos de água doce durante a viagem, os canaviais permitem que se estabeleçam reservas de gordura.

O fenómeno da migração das aves permaneceu desconhecido por muito tempo, e pelo menos desde Aristóteles (350 a.C.) que os cientistas acreditaram que andorinhas-das-chaminés passavam o inverno debaixo de água ou enterradas na lama, provavelmente devido ao facto destas se juntarem em dormitórios comunais nos canaviais na véspera da migração e partirem discretamente antes do nascer-do-sol. Na década de 1780, no seu livro Histoire naturelle des oiseaux, o naturalista francês Georges de Buffon foi um dos primeiros a questionar essas teorias e a sugerir que as andorinhas-das-chaminés passavam o inverno em regiões mais quentes, com abundância de insetos. A migração desta espécie entre o norte da Europa e o sul da África foi comprovada em 23 de dezembro de 1912, quando uma ave que havia sido anilhada por James Masefield (irmão do poeta John Masefield) num ninho em Staffordshire, Reino Unido, foi encontrada na província de KwaZulu-Natal, África do Sul.

Existem registos de exemplares desta espécie que nidificaram nas montanhas da Tailândia e na Argentina central em vez de regressarem ao norte. Como seria de esperar para uma espécie migradora que percorre tão grandes distâncias, já foi observada fora da sua área de nidificação habitual, como no Havaí, Bermudas, Gronelândia, Tristão da Cunha e Malvinas. Inesperadamente, análises de ADN revelaram que as andorinhas-das-chaminés da América do Norte colonizaram a região do lago Baikal na Sibéria, num movimento de dispersão contrário aos normalmente ocorridos entre a América do Norte e a Eurásia.

Comportamento

Alimentação

A andorinha-das-chaminés é uma ave insetívora e captura os insetos de que se alimenta em pleno voo, à semelhança de outras andorinhas e dos andorinhões. Embora não seja particularmente rápida em voo, com uma velocidade média estimada de 11- e uma velocidade média de batimento das asas de –6 batimentos por segundo, possui a manobrabilidade necessária para se alimentar em voo. Tipicamente, alimenta-se a uma altura média de 7– em campo aberto ou sobre corpos de água doce, mas também segue arados ou animais de grande dimensão em busca de insetos postos a descoberto e ocasionalmente apanha insetos da superfície da água, paredes ou plantas. A andorinha-das-chaminés também bebe água em voo, voando junto à superfície da água de lagos ou rios e recolhendo água com o bico aberto. Esta espécie banha-se de forma similar, mergulhando na água por um instante em pleno voo.

Nas áreas de nidificação, as moscas constituem cerca de  da sua dieta, com os afídios constituindo também uma componente significativa. No entanto, na Europa a andorinha-das-chaminés consome menos afídios que a andorinha-dos-beirais (Delichon urbicum) e a andorinha-das-barreiras (Riparia riparia). Nas locais onde inverna, os insetos da ordem Hymenoptera, em especial as formigas voadoras, são uma importante fonte de alimento. Na época de nidificação geralmente caçam aos pares, mas frequentemente formam grandes bandos.

Estudos com isótopos mostram que durante o inverno as populações podem usar habitats diferentes para se alimentarem, com as aves que nidificam no Reino Unido a usar sobretudo pradarias, enquanto as aves que nidificam na Suíça usam sobretudo áreas arborizadas. Outro estudo mostrou que uma única população que nidifica na Dinamarca inverna em duas áreas separadas e diferentes.

Reprodução

Os machos desta espécie regressam à área geográfica de reprodução antes das fêmeas e escolhem um local para o ninho, que é então anunciado às fêmeas com um voo circular e canto. As hipóteses de sucesso do macho dependem do comprimento das suas guias caudais, sendo as fêmeas mais atraídas por guias caudais longas. Machos com guias caudais mais longas são normalmente mais resistentes a doenças e têm uma vida mais longa, pelo que as fêmeas beneficiam com este tipo de seleção, visto que maiores guias caudais indicam um indivíduo geneticamente mais forte, que produzirá descendentes mais fortes. No norte da Europa os machos possuem caudas mais longas do que no sul; enquanto que na Espanha as guias caudais dos machos são apenas  mais longas do que as das fêmeas, na Finlândia a diferença é de . Na Dinamarca, o comprimento médio da cauda dos machos aumentou  entre 1984 e 2004, mas é possível que alterações climáticas futuras possam conduzir a caudas mais curtas se os verões se tornarem quentes e secos. Visto que machos com guias caudais mais longas também têm pintas brancas maiores na cauda, e que os piolhos que se alimentam de penas preferem penas brancas, grandes pintas brancas sem sinais de parasitismo também demonstram genes fortes. Existe uma relação entre o tamanho das pintas brancas na cauda e o número de descendentes produzidos em cada ano.

Originalmente, esta espécie construía os seus ninhos em falésias e cavernas, mas atualmente usa sobretudo estruturas feitas pelo homem, como celeiros, estábulos, pontes ou molhes. O ninho em forma de taça é construído sobre uma viga ou fixo a uma superfície vertical. A sua construção é levada a cabo tanto pelo pela fêmea como pelo macho - embora mais frequentemente pela fêmea - com pedaços de lama colados com saliva, e forrado com palha, ervas, penas, algas ou outros materiais macios. O pardal-doméstico (Passer domesticus), seu principal concorrente pelos locais para construir os ninhos, tenta por vezes ocupar os ninhos da andorinha-das-chaminés quando os dois progenitores estão ausentes, expulsando os seus ovos e crias. Ambos os sexos defendem o ninho, mas o macho é particularmente agressivo e territorial. A andorinha-das-chaminés pode nidificar em colónia se existirem suficientes locais de boa qualidade para construir os ninhos, e dentro da colónia cada casal defende um território com quatro a oito metros quadrados (para a subespécie europeia) ao redor do seu ninho. As colónias tendem a ser maiores na América do Norte.

Cada postura possui habitualmente quatro ou cinco ovos brancos sarapintados de vermelho, com um tamanho médio de 2 x  e um peso médio de . A incubação dura geralmente de 14 a 19 dias; na Europa é feita essencialmente pela fêmea, mas na América do Norte o macho pode incubar até  do tempo.

As crias recém-eclodidas são altriciais e necessitam de 18 a 23 dias, dependendo das condições atmosféricas, para abandonar o ninho. O interior da garganta das crias é proeminente vermelha, uma característica conhecida por induzir a alimentação por parte dos progenitores. Um estudo francês revelou que a intensidade do interior da cor da garganta das crias está positivamente correlacionada com a imunocompetência mediada por células T, e que ninhadas maiores e a injeção de um antigénio levam a que a cor seja menos intensa. Os progenitores continuam a alimentar os juvenis durante cerca de uma semana após estes saírem o ninho. Ocasionalmente, aves da primeira ninhada ajudam os progenitores a alimentar a segunda ninhada.

Existem normalmente duas ninhadas por ano. O mesmo ninho é utilizando para a segunda ninhada, e será reparado e usado novamente nos anos seguintes. Com as devidas reparações anuais, é comum que um ninho sobreviva 10-15 anos, mas há registo de um ninho que foi ocupado durante 48 anos.

O sucesso da incubação é de  e a taxa de sobrevivência entre as crias ronda os 70-. A taxa de mortalidade é de 70- durante o primeiro ano de vida e de 40- para os adultos. Embora haja registos de indivíduos com mais de onze anos de idade, a maioria sobrevive menos de quatro anos.

Os casais desta espécie ficam juntos para toda a vida, mas as cópulas extra-par são comuns, tornando esta espécie geneticamente poligâmica apesar de socialmente monogâmica. Os machos guardam ativamente as fêmeas para evitar que elas sejam infiéis, chegando mesmo a usar vocalizações de alarme enganadoras para impedir tentativas de cópulas extra-par com a sua companheira.

Existem registos do nascimento de híbridos interespecíficos com a andorinha-de-dorso-acanelado (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) e a Petrochelidon fulva na América do Norte, e com a andorinha-dos-beirais (Delichon urbicum) na Europa. Este último ocorre regularmente, sendo o mais comum cruzamento interespecífico entre passeriformes, conduzindo a sugestões de que o género Delichon não é suficientemente afastado em termos genéticos do género Hirundo para ser considerado um género separado.

Ameaças naturais

Predadores

As andorinhas-das-chaminés adultas têm poucos predadores, mas algumas são caçadas por morcegos predadores como o Megaderma lyra, e por aves de rapina, como gaviões, falcões e corujas, em especial o falcão-peregrino (Falco peregrinus) e a ógea-africana (Falco cuvierii). Pensa-se que a concentração das aves em dormitórios comunais nos locais onde inverna visa ser uma proteção contra os predadores, e que a chegada das aves a estes dormitórios comunais é sincronizada com o objetivo de os confundir. Durante a nidificação, as andorinhas-das-chaminés mobilizam-se em grupo contra predadores que se aproximem demasiado do seu ninho, como arganazes, gatos, furões ou aves de rapina, frequentemente voando muito próximo à ameaça. Na América do Norte, frequentemente criam relações mutualistas com a águia-pesqueira (Pandion haliaetus); as andorinhas constroem os seus ninhos debaixo do ninho destas últimas, ficando protegidas de outras aves de rapina que são repelidas pelas águias-pesqueiras que, por seu lado, são alertadas para a presença desses predadores pelas vocalizações de alarme das andorinhas.

Parasitas
As andorinhas-das-chaminés e outros pássaros exibem frequentemente buracos nas penas das asas e da cauda. Alguns estudos sugerem que estes buracos são causados por piolhos aviários da família Menoponidae, como o Machaerilaemus malleus e o Myrsidea rustica, mas outros sugerem que são principalmente causados por espécies do género Brueelia. Existem diversas outras espécies de piolhos identificadas que usam a andorinha-das-chaminés como hospedeiro, incluindo a Brueelia domestica e o Philopterus microsomaticus. No Texas, o percevejo Oeciacus vicarius, que é comum em espécies como a andorinha-de-dorso-acanelado (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), também é conhecido por infestar as andorinhas-das-chaminés.

Parasitismo de ninhada por aves do género Molothrus (na América do Norte) ou por cucos (na Europa) é raro.

Estado de conservação

A andorinha-das-chaminés tem uma área de distribuição geográfica estimada de  milhões de km², e possui uma população global estimada de 190 milhões de indivíduos, incluindo mais de 16 milhões de pares na Europa. A tendência global da população é desconhecida, mas existem indícios de flutuações locais. No entanto, não se considera que a espécie se encontre em declínio segundo os critérios definidos pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais (IUCN). Por esses motivos, foi avaliada como Pouco preocupante na Lista Vermelha da IUCN de 2009, e não tem estatuto especial ao abrigo da Convenção sobre o Comércio Internacional das Espécies da Fauna e da Flora Silvestres Ameaçadas de Extinção (CITES), que regula o comércio internacional de espécimes de plantas e animais selvagens. Em Portugal, está classificada como Pouco preocupante.

As populações podem flutuar localmente por uma série de motivos. Registaram-se declínios locais devido à competição com os pardais-domésticos (Passer domesticus) pelos locais para construir os ninhos nos Estados Unidos durante o século XIX e ao uso de DDT em Israel na década de 1950. Atualmente, os números indicam uma tendência decrescente na Europa e na Ásia devido ao uso de pesticidas e à intensificação da agricultura, que reduzem a quantidade de insetos de que se alimenta. Por outro lado, devido à expansão humana houve um aumento da população de andorinhas-das-chaminés na América do Norte durante o século XX, graças à maior disponibilidade de locais para construir os ninhos e ao aumento da sua área de distribuição geográfica, incluindo a colonização do norte da província de Alberta, no Canadá.

Uma ameaça específica à população europeia de andorinhas-das-chaminés foi a decisão do governo sul-africano em transformar um aeródromo perto de Durban num aeroporto internacional para a Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2010. O canavial de Mount Moreland, com cerca de , é um dormitório comunal para mais de três milhões de aves desta espécie - mais de  da população mundial e de  dos indivíduos que nidificam na Europa. O canavial está localizado na trajetória de voo dos aviões, e receou-se que seria desbravado visto que as aves podem ameaçar a segurança das aeronaves. No entanto, após uma avaliação detalhada, foi decidido instalar um avançado sistema de radar que permitirá avisar os aviões da movimentação das aves e, se necessário, tomar as medidas necessárias para evitar os bandos.

As alterações climáticas também podem vir a afetar esta espécie. A escassez de água provoca perda de peso e atrasa o crescimento das penas, e a expansão do deserto do Saara vai torná-lo num obstáculo ainda mais formidável para as aves que nidificam na Europa. Por outro lado, primaveras mais quentes podem aumentar a época de nidificação e resultar num maior número de crias, e a oportunidade de construir ninhos a norte da área de distribuição geográfica atual também pode conduzir ao aumento do número de crias.

Relação com o homem

Historicamente, esta espécie beneficiou grandemente com o derrube das florestas, que criou os habitats abertos que prefere, e com as construções humanas, que criaram uma abundância de locais seguros para construir ninhos. A andorinha-das-chaminés é uma ave atraente que se alimenta de insetos voadores, pelo que a sua presença é de forma geral tolerada quando usa as construções humanas para fazer os seus ninhos. No entanto, a acumulação de dejetos por baixo destes pode ser um incómodo e levar à sua destruição. Esta situação pode ser facilmente resolvida montando uma tábua ou um tabuleiro sob o ninho, ou instalando ninhos artificiais.

No Velho Mundo, esta espécie parece usar estruturas feitas pelo homem para nidificar desde tempos imemoriais. Uma das referências mais antigas aparece na obra de Virgílio, Geórgicas IV (29 a.C.): "…garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo" ("…a andorinha chilreante pendura o seu ninho nas traves do telhado"). No Novo Mundo, pensa-se que as andorinhas-das-chaminés começaram a fixar os seus ninhos às habitações dos povos nativos dos Estados Unidos no início do século XIX, e que a subsequente expansão humana na América do Norte resultou num grande aumento da população desta espécie no continente americano.

Muitos fazendeiros acreditam que as andorinhas espalham bactérias do género salmonella, mas um estudo recente realizado na Suécia indica que não há indícios de que estas aves sejam reservatórios para esse tipo de bactéria. Desde o ano de 2004 que o medo gerado pela gripe das aves levou à destruição de muitos ninhos de andorinha. Para além de proibidos por lei, estes atos são muito provavelmente inúteis, visto que a quase totalidade dos casos documentados desta doença em humanos se deveu a contacto com aves domésticas infetadas, e que o risco de contrair a gripe das aves por contacto com aves selvagens é mínimo. Na verdade, estes atos poderão até ser contraprodutivos, na medida em que as andorinhas são predadores naturais dos mosquitos e das moscas, frequentes vetores de transmissão de doenças.

Importa referir que a andorinha-das-chaminés, tal como outras espécies de aves migradoras, encontra-se protegida pela Convenção de Berna, da qual são signatários o Conselho da Europa, a União Europeia e diversos países africanos, pelo que os seus ninhos não devem ser destruídos.

Na cultura e na literatura

Na cultura

Como uma das primeiras aves migratórias a regressar à área de nidificação, esta espécie é vista como um sinal do início da primavera. A origem do provérbio "Uma andorinha não faz a primavera", sobre a necessidade de ter mais do que uma evidência sobre um determinado assunto, recua pelo menos até à obra de Aristóteles, Ética a Nicómaco: "Tal como uma andorinha ou um dia não faz a primavera, um dia ou um curto espaço de tempo não faz um homem afortunado ou feliz."

As andorinhas são conhecidas por fazer longas viagens e regressar às mesmas áreas todos os anos, pelo que são populares entre os marinheiros como um símbolo de regresso seguro. Segundo a tradição, uma tatuagem em forma de andorinha representa que um marinheiro já navegou mais de  (); uma segunda é adicionada após as  ().

O merleta, frequentemente considerado como uma referência às andorinhas, é uma ave mítica com pequenos tufos de penas em vez de patas usada em heráldica, como a marca de brisura do quarto filho de uma família nobre. É representado sem patas pois essa era a crença generalizada da época, denotando a incapacidade de aterrar, o que provavelmente explica a sua ligação a um filho mais novo, sem direito a terras. Também representa a rapidez.

No passado, a tolerância devido aos seus hábitos insetívoros foi reforçada por superstições acerca do seu ninho. Acreditava-se que danificar o seu ninho podia levar as vacas a produzirem leite com sangue, ou a não produzirem nenhum, e às galinhas deixarem de pôr ovos. Na Galiza é popular a lenda segundo a qual uma andorinha-das-chaminés aliviou o sofrimento de Jesus durante o Calvário ao arrancar alguns dos espinhos da sua coroa, e na Estónia existe a crença de que quem matar uma ficará cego.

Como resultado de uma campanha levada a cabo por ornitólogos estónios, a andorinha-das-chaminés tornou-se na ave nacional da Estónia em 23 de junho de 1960.

Na literatura

Existem muitas referências literárias à migração das andorinhas para norte como sinal do início da primavera ou verão. A andorinha-das-chaminés simboliza a chegada da primavera e por conseguinte do amor no Pervigilium Veneris, um poema latino do século IV. Em The Waste Land, T. S. Eliot citou a frase "Quando fiam uti chelidon [ut tacere desinam]?" ("Quando serei eu como a andorinha, para que possa deixar de ser silencioso?"), referindo-se a uma versão do mito de Filomela, no qual ela é transformada num rouxinol e a sua irmã Progne numa andorinha; em versões menos conhecidas do mito, as duas espécies são trocadas. Por outro lado, a imagem da concentração das andorinhas para a sua migração para sul fecha a ode To Autumn, de John Keats.

O naturalista inglês Gilbert White estudou a andorinha-das-chaminés em detalhe na sua obra pioneira, The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, mas mesmo este observador meticuloso não tinha a certeza se esta espécie migrava ou hibernava durante o inverno.

Existem menções à andorinha-das-chaminés na Bíblia, embora pareça provável que seja confundida em muitas traduções com os andorinhões ou com outras espécies de andorinha que nidificam em Israel. No entanto, é provável que  se refira à andorinha-das-chaminés.

A andorinha-das-chaminés é ainda citada em várias peças de William Shakespeare pela rapidez do seu voo; por exemplo: "True hope is swift, and flies with swallow's wings…" ("A verdadeira esperança é veloz, e voa com asas de andorinha…") do 5º Ato de Richard III, e "And I have horse will follow where the game Makes way, and run like swallows o'er the plain." ("E eu tenho cavalo que seguirá até onde a caça vive, e corre como andorinhas sobre a planície.") do 2º Ato de Titus Andronicus. Shakespeare também associa as andorinhas à alegria da primavera no 4º Ato da comédia The Winter's Tale: "Daffodils, That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty;" ("Narcisos, que vêm antes da andorinha se atrever, e recebem os ventos de março com beleza;").

Ver também
 Andorinha
 Lista de aves de Angola
 Lista de aves do Brasil
 Lista de aves de Moçambique
 Lista de aves de Portugal

Ligações externas

Hirundo
Aves migratórias
Aves da África
Aves da América do Norte
Aves da América do Sul
Aves da Ásia
Aves da Austrália
Aves da Europa
Aves descritas em 1758

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Les Joies et les énigmes d'une heure étrange est un tableau du peintre italien Giorgio De Chirico réalisé en 1913. Cette huile sur toile de la série de peinture métaphysique représente un paysage urbain aux multiples facettes typique de la série dite des Places d'Italie. Elle est conservée au sein d'une collection privée.

Liens externes

Tableau de Giorgio De Chirico
Tableau réalisé en 1913
Tableau métaphysique
Voie dans la peinture
Sculpture dans la peinture
Chemin de fer dans la peinture
Œuvre conservée dans une collection privée


And God Said, "Let there be 7 Australian musical virtuosos," and there was King Gizzard.
Melbourne made, 7-piece psychedelic, acid and experimental rock band King Gizz summoned every mystical creature and black magic practitioner you could think of at their sold-out Manchester Academy gig last Thursday. Upon first listening to King Gizz, I was instantly plummeted into a world of mysticism, dark corners and psychedelia. Something I have not felt so intensely since my days of obsessing over the Grandfathers of such rock including Black Sabbath and Rainbow.
Frontman Stu Mackenzie undoubtedly embodies the role of the Wizard. A feverish wizard who is leading his 6 other musical virtuosos through the bizarre and mysterious lands of King Gizzards. Stu's stage presence was second to none with his tendency to throw and bend his upper half completely over during his face-melting guitar solos. His impulsive movements across the stage are coupled with his ability to play over 3 instruments, all of which were exhibited to the fervent crowd during their 2-hour set.
However, Stu is certainly not alone in his talents. Each of the 7 members are clearly multi-instrumentalist gurus who play a pivotal role in defining King Gizzard's sound, unsurprising given their admirable ability to have written 5 albums in 2017 alone. However, what really struck me with awe was the tight timing and slickness of Michael Cavanagh and Eric Moore on drums. The decision to position both drummers facing each other was incredible as it not only highlighted that they were effortlessly mirroring each other but also added far more intensity to their presence, creating a powerhouse of noise at the centre which resonated outwards.
King Gizz put on a 2-set show that transported its 2,600-capacity crowd to a different land with the highlights being Crumbling Castle, Open Water, Lord of Lightening and Gamma Knife. The musical range of King Gizzard is outstanding and was displayed throughout the array of songs they played from each album, influences clearly deriving from progressive and garage rock to folk and even hints of a middle Eastern origin. All while paying homage to the lyrical thematic style of Ronnie James Dio embellished with riffs to the complexity of Tony Iommi.
There is nothing superficial about King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard. Their entire image as 7 eccentric male Aussies with a burning passion for music comes as a package. You get the trippy vision tapes, you get the perfectly executed performance and you get to lose all your possessions in the mosh pits. A sign of a good gig am I right?
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Long-term sensor data logging requires large storage space (in embedded terms), which is often not easily accessible using 8-bit microcontrollers. The Beaglebone Black with internet access and a 16GB microSD card solves this problem nicely: recorded data can be stored on the card until read out via Ethernet/WiFi, and the excess processing power can be used for pre-processing like filtering, plotting and web page hosting.
So many pieces of tech for such a simple task.
So the air pressure in Los Angeles really is higher than that in Denver. My ears pop every time during take off and landing and I always wondered whether it is popping "out" or "in". Now I know it's more complicated than that. Interesting to know, hope I didn't break any law (shouldn't; smartphones these days have barometric pressure sensors built-in).
Update: this has turned into a research project.


text:
Number of McDonald's restaurants worldwide 2005-2020
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Global tourism industry - statistics & facts
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Number of passenger transportation establishments in Portugal 2011-2018
Published by Statista Research Department, Oct 18, 2021
This statistic displays the number of passenger transportation establishments in Portugal from 2011 to 2015. According to the data from UNWTO, the number of passenger transport establishments has increased over the years, amounting to approximately 13.8 thousand units in 2018.
Number of passenger transportation establishments in Portugal from 2011 to 2018
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UNWTO. (September 23, 2020). Number of passenger transportation establishments in Portugal from 2011 to 2018 [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1019779/passenger-transportation-establishments-portugal/
UNWTO. "Number of passenger transportation establishments in Portugal from 2011 to 2018." Chart. September 23, 2020. Statista. Accessed January 21, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1019779/passenger-transportation-establishments-portugal/
UNWTO. (2020). Number of passenger transportation establishments in Portugal from 2011 to 2018. Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: January 21, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1019779/passenger-transportation-establishments-portugal/
UNWTO. "Number of Passenger Transportation Establishments in Portugal from 2011 to 2018." Statista, Statista Inc., 23 Sep 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1019779/passenger-transportation-establishments-portugal/
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Darren has a good grasp of the Louisville market. He always made himself available for showings. He listened to our needs and provided the services required for us to obtain the property we desired. His expertise was very helpful in the negotiation phase in terms of the properties true worth, counteroffers and concessions for deficiencies.
Services provided included helping us buy property, and, listing and selling property.
We first met Daren several years ago, and soon thereafter engaged him when we decided to move. He came up with practical and creative way to sell a home that was sitting on the market for a while. So he helped us sell then buy a home, and when we decided to move again a few years later, we retained him a second time - and had even better results the second time. He listens very well, he's very responsive, and he knows this area like few others. I highly recommend him.
Daren was incredibly easy to work with. As a first time home buyer, he answered any and all of my questions and made sure to explain things he thought I might not know about. He was very responsive and flexible with his time, and he still checks in every few months to make sure I am not having any issues with my new home. I would highly recommend Daren to anyone looking to buy or sell a home.
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Daren Bailey is an amazing Real Estate Professional. He helped find us our first house in Louisville 8 years ago and recently helped us sell that one and find a bigger one that is better suited for our family.
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The idea of selling our home of ten years was the farthest matter from our minds. My wife and our kids were quite content with our neighborhood and the home. As our four kids continued to grow, so too did our need for space. My wife started proposing numerous home renovation projects. The numbers were telling me it might be wiser to buy a home that already had what we wanted instead of renovating. After discussing this with my wife, she decided to seek professional advice on this matter. Daren Bailey was a respected personal friend so she gave him a call. He provided her with the options in a \u201Clove it or list it\u201D format. She came to the difficult and emotional conclusion that it was time to part ways with a home that served our family well for almost eleven years.
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Immaculate service? Stunning interiors? A full range of plush amenities? Villa Akasha certainly sets the bar high for luxury vacation rentals in Samui. This three bedroom property, ideally set up for small travelling groups also enjoys a tranquil ambience and close proximity to the beach and local attractions.
All three bedrooms at Villa Akasha share similarities, providing guests with air conditioned comfort, private en suites and capacious interiors. What sets the rooms apart are its unique décor and ornaments - from woven rugs, to hanging lamps and colourful art works. The en suites deserve special mention for its gorgeous design and ultra-luxe facilities, such as a decorative shower recess and indoor-outdoor bathtub.
With its beautifully landscaped compound and a full range of ultra-luxe amenities, lounging outdoors at Villa Akasha is an incredible experience you won't soon forget.
Sinking into the 14-metre pool is a great way to start your day. Let your gaze rest on swaying palms dotted around the compound as you relax against the sofas in the outdoor lounge. A sala, kitted out with a dining set offers an enviable poolside setting for al fresco meals. Cool, breezy evenings are ideal for barbecue feasts, and that's when the BBQ deck comes in handy.
Bright, airy and contemporary are words that vacationers would use to describe the living spaces at Villa Akasha. Lofty ceilings create a sense of spaciousness within, and this is enhanced when the bi-folding doors are pulled back for indoor-outdoor living.
Decorated with a tasteful eye, the common area features an open layout, white and off-white colour scheme and furnishings and ornaments crafted out of natural materials. Both the lounge and dining areas are ideal for private relaxation and social gatherings, and the well-appointed open kitchen (complete with breakfast bar) is fully equipped for your culinary needs.
Villa Akasha is a full service villa. In addition to having a villa manager offers 24/7 assistance for all your holiday needs, guests will also enjoy daily breakfasts and housekeeping. A baby cot is available at no additional cost, while babysitting and laundry services are available upon request. In-house dining, massage and yoga sessions are available at additional cost.
Villa Akasha is located in Choeng Mon, a coastal town set in the northern region of Samui. The vibes here are quiet and laidback, and the area is known for its white sand bays with shallow, child-friendly waters. Choeng Mon Beach, situated seven minutes' drive from your villa is a favourite hangout for families and expatriates. For a more energetic, bustling beach scene, head further south to Chaweng Beach. It's 17 minutes' drive away, and full of action, seafront dining establishments, beach bars and trendy clubs.
Step away from the beach to Choeng Mon Night Market. It's set up every Wednesday evening, and is a great way to discover the local shopping and street food scene. A more subdued and relaxed ambience, coupled with high-end restaurants and shops can be found at Fisherman's Village in Bophut (14 minutes' drive).
Check out Absolute Sanctuary (three minutes' drive) or The Yogarden Samui (10 minutes' drive) for group yoga sessions, and Six Senses Samui (seven minutes' drive) for an unforgettable luxury spa experience.


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Q: Building a Windows App with iPhone/Android remote control I want to build a windows app and I would like to be able to send and receive communication to and from the windows desktop app and mobile devices. For instance I would like to be able to scan the wifi network, see my app (from the mobile device and I would build in security measures) and then be able to change a slide for instance, or change text on the screen... so a remote control for a presentation for example.
Would it be best to build a web service in the windows app and have the mobile app scan for that service and send POST and GET commands? Is there a framework that would help with this already out there?
I am using Visual Studio 2017 and C# and looking to NOT use Powerpoint

A: There are many web frameworks for this reason. I would recommend Django if you are familiar with python or Golang if you are familiar with c++. (Golang is a language not a framework)
If you write a server with HTTP POST and GET then you can access your server with a web browser in any device.
If you want to have an specific app which communicates with your server you must write a client for your server. Since your server and client are separate, They can be in different languages for example I have written a server with Golang and a client with Qt.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Chicken casserole: This recipe is one of my favorite chicken casserole recipes that my family and friends always love when I make it and this is the most requested chicken casserole dish by my mom. This dish is itself made for all the families who love casserole dishes. You can make this recipe bacon, cheese, and mushrooms but here I am making it with chicken thighs and plenty of vegetables.
How to Make Chicken Casserole?
This Easy Chicken casserole recipe is packed with healthy vegetables, which includes carrot, onion, mushrooms, and celery. So that whenever you crave for food you can quickly grab it then and there. Personally, I like to have it for my dinner. Because you know what eating chicken at night is always good and even my mom loves it at night only.
This Chicken Casserole dish is so good and tender that it just melts in your mouth, and the Chicken thigh pieces in a cream of chicken soup sauce mixture are totally out of this world.
If you have any leftovers, you can store them in your fridge and make sure to use an airtight container. And when you are ready to serve just thoroughly reheat in your microwave and yes make sure to finish all the leftovers within 2 days. If you ask me, about the leftovers then you know what I always love to have it because on my busy days it saves lots of time and effort.
To cook this easy chicken casserole, you only need 1hr and 15 mins of your life (haha!) but yes, it worth it! And if you are calorie conscious then my friend this recipe is for you because it has only 400 calories and easily you can have it on your lunch or dinner and shed those extra pounds.
What to serve with the Chicken Casserole?
I personally like to serve it with mashed potatoes and that cream of chicken sauce is what I use as a gravy over it.
If you are already bored with mashed potatoes, then try it with rice or pasta. And the rest is the same, use the sauce from the chicken over the pasta or rice as gravy.
To change the taste you can use all different cuts of chicken like someday try with chicken breast or someday with thighs or drumsticks. And yes you can also load your Chicken Casserole dish with some extra mushrooms.
Chicken Casserole dish is so good and tender that it just melts in your mouth, the thigh pieces in a cream of chicken sauce are totally out of this world.
In a large frying pan, heat oil and brown the chicken pieces, then transfer to a plate. Now Brown the bacon and put on the plate with the chicken.
Before adding the bacon and chicken back into the casserole, add some butter to the oil in the casserole and gently brown the mushrooms and onions.
Add the celery, bouquet garni, carrot, chicken stock and wine to the chicken and season well.
Cover and cook for 30-40 mins on preheated oven at 170ºC.
Transfer the vegetables and chicken with a slotted spoon to a large dish and keep warm.
To form a paste mix the flour and butter together.
Bring the sauce to the boil and add an equal amount of butter and flour mixture (beurre manie) to thicken the sauce, whisking continuously until dissolved. Add the rest of the beurre manie until you have got your desired thickness.
Stir in the double cream, then pour over the chicken and garnish with chopped parsley.
To lower the calories use low-fat cream and butter!
So, Guys, I hope you enjoy this Easy Chicken Casserole Recipe which I make on weekly basis. All the Chicken Lovers who are looking for Chicken Casserole will enjoy this recipe. And if you like this recipe then Don't forget to share it with your friends on Pinterest, Facebook, and other social media platforms. And do follow us on facebook, twitter, Pinterest, Tumblr, and Instagram.


I use maria db 10.3.
i just updated devilbox from github. After update i start update-container but after that all databases are disappeared from phpmyadmin.
I search into directory tree into devilbox and i found in /data/mysql/mariadb-10.3/ all databases data.
How can i recover them? Why i don't see it into my container?
They are not gone, they are simply not found in your case.
Since Devilbox v1.0.0 it is using Docker Volumes instead of directories for database storage due to performance and compatibility reasons.
This is a one-time task and everything should run smoothly afterwards.


The scanners are large cylinders with a hollow space running through the middle which is open at both ends.
You will usually be asked to lie on your back, our staff will make you as comfortable as possible before placing you in the scanner.
Depending on the type of scan you are having extra equipment (called a coil) will be placed on your body. For example if you are having a heart scan a chest coil will be placed over your chest area, you will also be given headphones to wear.
Once you are in the scanner and completely comfortable, the scanner operator will leave the room and go to the adjoining control room. There is a large window between the rooms so they can see you inside the scanner. There are microphones around so if you speak the scanner operator will hear you, the operator will talk to you throughout the scan, and you will hear them through the headphones. You will also be given a button to press if you feel unwell and need to get out of the scanner quickly.


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The Equestrian Heritage of Stanford University's Big Red Barn Stanford University in Silicon Valley, California, is considered one of the best universities...
A 50-Stall Equestrian's Dream Near Paris, France
This magnificent 14+ acre equestrian property is located 40 minutes from Paris, France, situated in a country setting with breathtaking views. The extens...
Barn Hardware Comes Home
Discover stylish new ways to bring the warmth and character of your treasured barn inside. Rocky Mountain Hardware rockymountainhardware.com Rustica Hard...
At Home with Chester Weber
Chester Weber's name is synonymous with four-in-hand driving throughout the world. He had an incredible season in 2014, with consecutive wins at the Kingdom of ...
The Al Shaqab Stadium
Al Shaqab is a new and impressive monument to the growing equestrian interest in Qatar. The stadium complex—which is entirely devoted to horses—rivals the wo...
Amazing Indoor Arena
For 30 years, Stork Nest Farm in the Czech Republic had been abandoned and the buildings quickly decayed. The only solitary residents who remained were the stor...
A second life for antique barns
Antique Vermont Barns Travel Across America In the mid 1800s there were over 34,000 farms in Vermont. But with few working farms remaining there are numerous...
Amy's road to success includes her journey back to the barn Published Spring 2013 When Amy Nauiokas was a little girl living in a small, semi-rural Co...


Emma Love explains how scholarships and bursaries work.
On the face of it, the world of scholarships and bursaries can seem like a bit of a minefield. But it's an important one to know how to navigate – and can make all the difference between parents being able to afford to send a child to an independent school or not.
Whereas scholarships are awarded on merit – for being brilliant at maths, art or sports, say, or an excellent academic all-rounder – and usually come with up to around a five to 20 per cent fee assistance, bursaries are means-tested places based on financial earnings. An outstanding pupil from a family on a low income may find themselves the recipient of both a scholarship and a bursary. Either way, the good news is that these are on the up.
of means-tested assistance (43.7 per cent have more than half of their fees remitted) and 5,657 pupils paying no fees at all.
According to ISC chairman and former head of Harrow School, Barnaby Lenon, the reason for this increase is twofold. 'In the past, schools gave lots of scholarships worth up to half of the fee but now they are usually worth minimal or even of no monetary value. This is so they can allocate more to bursaries. Offering scholarships doesn't necessarily increase the applicants whereas bursaries are targeting a group of parents whose children otherwise wouldn't be able to go to a school,' he explains.
One such trio of schools is Trinity, Old Palace of John Whitgift and Whitgift in south London, which are all supported by The Whitgift Foundation, a registered charity that offers one of the largest bursary schemes in the UK. 'Whitgift has led the way in the awarding of bursaries for centuries,' says Chris Ramsey, headmaster at Whitgift School, where 20 per cent of pupils currently receive a bursary.
At the same time, Whitgift offers scholarships for academic, engineering, musical, artistic, dramatic and sporting talent. 'The maximum award is 50 per cent of fees though this is rare,' says Ramsey. 'Small percentages are much more common, since we prioritise means-tested awards in our budgeting.' Another school that falls into this category is Christ's Hospital, which offers more bursaries than any other independent boarding school in the UK: 73 per cent of pupils receive some level of support and 34 per cent pay less than ten per cent of the boarding fee (it also offers 15 scholarships per year).
While some schools, such as those in The Whitgift Foundation, publish a chart on their website to give parents an idea of whether they could qualify for a bursary (and what level of support they might expect), many others don't, simply because they may not know their budgets from one year to the next or how the money will be split.
While this can make it tricky for parents to work out where to begin, there are several organisations that can help. Independent Education Consultants was set up seven years ago by former teacher and boarding school housemistress, Catherine Stoker, to offer all kinds of education advice. 'The most commonly asked question is, "am I likely to get a bursary?" says Stoker of her clients, 80 per cent of whom live abroad.
The Good Schools Guide has an in-depth consultancy arm, which, for a small fee (up to £360), points parents in the right direction with updated information annually amassed from the schools in the guide. 'We ask the parents a variety of questions and from this we judge whether the child could be a realistic candidate for a scholarship or bursary and whether we would be able to help. If we feel the child might gain some fee assistance, we then produce a report on what the school offers,' explains Susan Hamlyn, director emerita of The Good Schools Guide.
'For scholarships, the aim is to provide the number and type awarded; a scholarship's reduction in fees, the assessment process and sample exam papers. This is not always possible for every school, but we provide as much information as we are able.' Crucially the report also includes details of deadlines for registration and application, as well as entrance exam dates.
In return for a scholarship, pupils are always expected to participate fully in that particular subject throughout their school life. At Shrewsbury School in Shropshire, for instance, scholarships fall into various categories (academic, music, art, drama, design technology, sport and all-rounder) and are either given to pupils under the age of 14 who join in the third form or to those entering the sixth form. 'We see scholarships not as the final point, but as the springboard,' says Stuart Cowper, director of teaching and learning.
Sports scholars, for example, will be expected to run various house sports, represent Shrewsbury at fixtures and take part in the School's Dedicated Athlete Programme, with twice-yearly reviews of the scholar's progress, fitness assessments, strength and conditioning planning and goal setting exercises. The idea being that the programme maximises their potential, both while at school and afterwards.
Similarly, Lancing College expects scholars (scholarships are awarded at year nine and 12, either on the basis of an academic paper or in the case of arts scholarships, on an interview and portfolio), not only to build their own skills but take on a wider role and encourage others – whether that's a music scholar coaxing shy violinists to audition for a school production or an academic scholar heading up a debate team. Annual review days ensure these roles are being fulfilled.
worth between ten and 90 per cent.
Eaton House Belgravia recently announced four new scholarships available to pupils. Cumnor House Sussex set up a foundation for talented pupils and by persuading 13 ouststanding senior schools to honor the bursary until the pupil is 18, they guarantee a seamless independent school education all the way through.
In most schools, these awards – for all-round academic excellence, music, sports and maths – come with certain expectations. At Eaton House Belgravia scholarship boys will have additional roles. For example, the maths scholar, or Leibniz Prize winner, named after the mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, is expected to help champion other year three boys in a Leibniz Club taken by a mathematics teacher. 'If children are scared of maths, it's much easier to overcome when someone their own age is there to help,' explains headmaster Huw May.
With both scholarships and bursaries then, it seems that organised, in-advance research to find out exactly what each school offers and if a child is suitable, really does pay off.


The September sun is still shining but Fall has begun, a time that often signifies a new start. We hope to feel refreshed and renewed but instead may be feeling stale and stuck. Similar to the new calendar year kicking off in January, Fall can be a time for us to reflect and perhaps reconsider certain aspects of our lives, including where we stand professionally, where we want our career to go, but most importantly, who we want to be. Because the who we are and the what we are doing need to align to minimize frustration, stress or unhappiness.
I recently conducted the first of an ongoing monthly workshop - Overcome Professional Road Blocks and Rediscover Career Satisfaction – with the focus on how we can best reconcile our personal selves with our professional identities, a recurring theme I'm hearing in both therapy and coaching sessions.
As children, we are often presented with the question, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" We may get ideas from parents, older siblings, peers, TV, or our wild imaginations, but we answer proudly and unapologetically according to the tempo our little hearts beat.
And then we grow up. "Real life" takes over. And we seem to lose our internal tempo.
External influences become internalized as expectations that should be met, as instructions that need to be followed. Work becomes a necessity as a means, a validation, and a ticket to professional recognition. As adults, we become governed by external guideposts rather than our internal passions.
1) What do you identify as your core values (things that matter most to you in life)? How are you (or not) honoring those values in your work?
2) How are your natural talents being showcased currently in your work, or how would you like to apply your talents?
3) When are you most happy or pleased at work?
4) If you had absolutely zero fear, what might look different about your professional life?
5) What scares you most about failing? What does failing mean to you?
Something I recently learned is that the fear of failing can be a real phobia and lead to self-imposed obstacles in achieving what can bring us the satisfaction in life we deserve.
These are just a sampling of questions and concepts that we began exploring in the self-discovery workshop I facilitated in NYC. It is a first step in acknowledging who we are in our work, how we identify professional goals, and what might need to change to create a more harmonious reality. This has been an invaluable process in my own professional coaching exercises.
If you are wondering why you "can't get no satisfaction" or where your true self has gone, ask the child still living inside you - "What makes your heart sing?" And then search for a tune that matches.
You know how it goes – you've set your path and can see exactly where you are going. You've carefully planned each step and after a fair amount of scrutinizing and strategizing, it couldn't be more clear. Your beautifully crafted path is blooming with radiant flowers as you enjoy the results of your efforts. Times seem pretty good. And then suddenly, you see it - a darn detour.
Detours, personal or professional, are part of life. And if we don't figure out how to navigate around them, we're going to find ourselves in a very unhappy ditch that will only get deeper.
Like many of us, I've encountered my share of detours. We get attached to our pathways and assume they will remain well-lit and in-tact, leading us where we want to go. When that path suddenly becomes dark and a brick wall appears, and instead of all those lovely flowers all we see are dandelions, we sure don't like it. We resist – this wasn't supposed to happen! I didn't ask for dandelions – a bunch of weeds! But there it is – plain as the dirt – a road block with no warning.
My most recent detour was discovering that my full-time job was being dissolved. Not uncommon. Not a complete side-swipe. Not the absolute worst thing to happen since I've always maintained a private practice, but a jolt none the less.
1) I immediately started filling my extra time with other plans. For instance, I scheduled coffee with friends and colleagues to network, brainstorm or simply connect to get some positive energy flowing.
2) I explored volunteer opportunities and offered my time to assist with relevant projects and presentations to keep myself plugged into meaningful work, such as mentoring.
3) I signed up for an improv class and continued attending Toastmasters, activities I enjoy and skills I find very applicable.
4) I got focused with a professional coach I was already working with to help me focus on my goals, aligning my next professional steps with my personal values.
5) And most importantly, once removed from the day to day grind, I got some clarity.
First, I realized that those dandelions aren't just a bunch of useless weeds. They actually possess quite a few health benefits - necessary vitamins and nutrients, all of which we can draw from for strength as we embark on a new journey.
I discovered that the sudden free time was a gift for me to devote more energy to my private psychotherapy, coaching and consultation practice. Helping people bounce back from unexpected circumstances is a passion that I want to nurture more fully.
Rather than clinging to what I thought was supposed to be, I began envisioning what else could be. The book Hope for the Flowers, recommended to me by a fellow Toastmaster, teaches us that you don't have to do what all the other caterpillars are blindly doing. You don't even have to remain a caterpillar! That's not your final full potential. You can become a butterfly and have a lot more range and flexibility with those wings. It may feel weird, even scary, but it can also be exciting, rejuvenating and freeing.
Who knows what will unfold, but we will never know until we give another path a try. Detours may derail us, but then those dandelions can help us find our way – and our wings.


1. Take Perspectives: an in-depth course on the world Christian movement. The Perspectives course has shaped all of our lives here at Cafe 1040 and we highly recommend it to every Christian, period.
2. Explore The Traveling Team's Resource Library. The Traveling Team has been mobilizing students to the unreached since 1999. They understand topics that help college students engage in God's global mission.
3. Check out the wide range of topics covered in the articles published at Mission Frontiers. We love reading from Mission Frontiers because they offer insights on a wide range of topics from some of the most creative thought leaders in missiology.
4. Learn from the resources offered at Radical.
5. Get updated information about ethnic people groups of the world at Joshua Project.
6. Pray for the nations in relevant ways with the help of Prayercast.
As an organization, we are committed to growing in our knowledge and understanding of missions and what God is doing around the world. There are so many great resources out there, but no matter the level of your knowledge of missions, these are a few resources that we recommend.
Ready to go overseas? If you are interested in pursuing a life of missions, our three-month missions mentorship may be perfect for you. Connect with a Cafe 1040 mobilizer here to learn more about it.


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Washington Courier
Morton Courier
Woodford Courier
Washington, IL (61571)
Cloudy and windy. There will be periods of light rain during the morning. Morning high of 37F with temps falling sharply to near 15. Winds WSW at 20 to 30 mph. Chance of rain 60%. Winds could occasionally gust over 40 mph..
Mostly cloudy and windy this evening becoming partly cloudy after midnight. Low 2F. Winds WNW at 20 to 30 mph. Winds could occasionally gust over 40 mph.
Jesse A. Horn
Jesse A. Horn, 33, of Morton, passed away on Wednesday, October 30, 2019, at UnityPoint Health Trinity in Rock Island, Ill.
Jesse was born on March 13, 1986, in Peoria to Gary and Vicki (Lynn) Horn.
Surviving are his parents of Morton; one sister, Jennifer (Josh) Haag of East Peoria; niece and nephew, Addison and Greyson Haag of East Peoria; four uncles, Arlen (Connie) Horn, Michael (Missy) Horn, Scott (Mary) Lynn, and Craig (Janine Oltjen) Lynn; several cousins; and step-grandmother, Vernetta Lynn.
He was preceded in death by his paternal grandparents, Homer and Mickey Horn; maternal grandparents, Robert and Patsy Lynn; and one uncle, Kevin Lynn.
Jesse was a 2004 graduate of Morton High School and graduate of Midwest Technical Institute in East Peoria and worked as a welder.
Jesse was a loving son, brother, uncle, cousin, nephew, grandson and friend. He enjoyed every minute spent with his family. He had a passion for music and poetry and was a wonderful singer and writer.
Jesse's fun-loving personality uplifted so many. Jesse had a very strong belief in Our Lord and believed God had a plan for him. He often quoted his favorite passages from the Bible. We will always remember Jesse for the wonderful person he was and through all of the lives that he touched. He humored all of us with his quick-wit and ability to memorize movie lines from every movie he enjoyed.
Cremation rites have been accorded. A memorial service will be held at 10 a.m. on Tuesday, November 5, 2019 at Morton United Methodist Church, with Pastor Gary L. Feldman officiating, and eulogy by Joe Rogers from Teen Challenge. Visitation will be from 4-7 p.m. on Monday, November 4, 2019, and from 9- 9:45 a.m. on Tuesday, prior to the service, both at the church.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Teen Challenge in Pekin or Salvation Army in Davenport, Iowa.
To view Jesse's video tribute or to leave an online condolence for the family, visit www.knappjohnson.com.
January Bridal
courierpapers.com
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Email: joi67@courierpapers.com
© Copyright 2020 courierpapers.com, 100 Ford Lane Washington, IL


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US requests UN vote on Syria chemical inquiry| MENAFN.COM
The United Nations Security Council meets on threats to international peace and security and the situation in the Middle East April 9, 2018 in New Yor
US requests UN vote on Syria chemical inquiry
(MENAFN- Gulf Times) The United States has asked the UN Security Council to vote Tuesday on its proposal to set up an inquiry to investigate chemical weapons attacks in Syria, but the measure could face a veto from Russia, diplomats said.
The US push for a vote expected at 3:00 pm (1900 GMT) comes amid warnings from President Donald Trump of possible military action in response to an alleged toxic gas attack in the Syrian rebel-held town of Douma.
Syria allies bear 'particular responsibility' says France
French Prime Minister Edouard Philippe said Tuesday in Paris that allies of the Syrian regime bore "particular responsibility" for a recent suspected chemical attack that has sparked international outrage.
"The use of these weapons is not neutral, it says things about the regime and our reaction to the use of these weapons will say things about who we are," Philippe told parliament.
"It reveals the capacity and the will to use weapons which are outlawed by international law," he said.
"The allies of the regime bear a particular responsibility in this massacre," he said of alleged use of toxic gas against the rebel-held enclave of Douma on Saturday, which first responders said killed more than 40 people.
"There can be no credible diplomacy if such atrocities are not met with a strong, united and resolute response from the international community," Philippe said.


Is your job helping you with your sport passion or it is an obstacle? Have you ever asked yourself whether it helps or not? Does being a doctor helps you be a good crossfitter or prevents you from giving the sport your all? We asked around and the answers surprised us.
There are a lot of doctors practicing different sports. Some of them practice really intense. Training 5-6 times a week, really intensely. So, they are big advocates of Crossfit training.
However, their job constantly reminds them just how important It is to keep yourself injury-free. Many centers ask about your medical history and custom –tailor your workouts to your medical history.
This is huge. It is really important not to disregard your old aches and pains but embrace them and not push yourself too much in the wrong direction.
Don't go all in from the beginning. Start slowly and build upon that. This is especially important if you are over 40 and haven't trained for a while. Just SCALE. Slowly build up. Pay attention to how you feel at the particular workout and make sure that your training matches your fitness level. The good gyms offer different programs for different fitness levels so you can feel comfortable and don't injure yourself trying to do too many new things at once.
Be realistic with yourself. Crossfit may challenge you. It might push you to outjump your buddy. However, if you want to stay injury free, be realistic with what you can and what you cannot do.
If you get hurt, care about your injury and be patient. Consult with your doctors, even get a scan if you have to. And don't rush with getting back faster than you have to. Some injuries need time to heal properly. Of course, we don't advise you to stay at home forever, just as much as needed. For example you can get a pair of CrossFit gloves if your hands blister too much. You will be able to train as much as your body allows, and at the same time don't deal with the irritation of your hands. Gloves are not only for women. Many crossfitters wear them and feel good about it. At least you can try and see if that works for you!


Try out one of the original Bitcoin gambling games that pits you against other players with bustabit!
Amid the scores of Bitcoin dice sites, bustabit stood out for one of the most unique Bbitcoin gambling games which continues to hold its own even years after its first launch. Marketed as "the social gambling game", bustabit is curiously interactive in the sense that you're not only playing against chance, but pitting your nerves against other players in the same game.
Formerly known as Moneypot, bustabit has always been one of the most popular among the early Bitcoin gambling sites but maintains ownership and operation by MoneyPot SRL licensed in Costa Rica.
You'll get a new look version if you register today but you're still able to select the classic theme if you're curious about how the site used to look like in the past.
Exciting interactive element to the game as you can chat with other players during the game, and watch the board for cash outs live.
Bonus feature makes it possible to beat house edge.
One of the oldest Bitcoin game with solid reputation for payouts.
Large bankroll, with max payout of 26.9 BTC.
Only one game with real-time element that may confuse new players.
Support only available through email and forum.
bustabit has always and only accepted Bitcoin, with deposits available to play after 1 confirmation. As long as withdrawals are lower than the Hot Wallet balance, they're processed instantly. Otherwise, they'll be marked pending and can take anywhere between less than two hours to 24 hours to process.
There is a flat fee of 100 bits (10,000 satoshi) charged on all withdrawals, while the minimum amount for withdrawal is set at 200 bits, with 1 bit incrementals.
The single game in bustabit comes in the form of a graph, which shows in real time a game in progress. You can choose to participate in any round, placing a your bits as a bet and then either manually clicking cash out, or setting a fixed payout amount to reach. All other players do this and when the game starts, the multiplier starts at 1x, rising incrementally without any limit.
Each increment has a 1% chance of busting, so as the game progresses, the risk of busting goes higher. There is a bonus awarded to the last players to cash out, as well, further urging you to take your chances at delaying your cash out and getting that bonus.
Currently, the max bet is 1 BTC, although the max payout is fixed at about 10% of bankroll, with the exact amount displayed at the game.
There is no deposit bonus or faucet to claim free coins from. However, 1% of each player's bet goes into a pot, which serves as a bonus awarded to the last players to cash out. This bonus rolls over if no one claims it.
This feature makes it possible for the shrewd player to overcome the house edge.
A relic of the 90s Internet era, Sojourner has been plying his writing trade for more than 25 years across a diverse range of disciplines. Professionally a non-profit development project manager with a focus on accountability and performance, Sojourner has also been an analyst and journalist in Asia, Africa and Europe. He continues to freelance in creative writing and has a new-found interest in all things "crypto".
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Earlier this year, I decided to make a big career shift. To help with this transition, I enrolled in Dev Bootcamp, an intensive training program that teaches fundamentals of full-stack web development.
I wrote several posts about my experience during the nine-week remote portion of the program, and I arrived in Manhattan for the onsite portion in mid-August. For the two weeks that I was there, I did nothing but learn and write code with great people. I loved it.
Then, out of nowhere, my mother suddenly passed away. She was young, healthy, and easily the sweetest, most compassionate, and most loving person I've ever known—an awesome mom and amazing human being. I miss her every day.
I'd never experienced anything like this before, and there's no guidebook on how to handle everything that comes with it. Still, it was clear that it was best to just be with my family, take care of each other, and set everything else aside for a while.
So, two months later, I'm back in Philadelphia. I withdrew from Dev Bootcamp immediately, and despite an excellent experience there, I just don't see myself packing up to return to New York anytime soon. That was just one of many paths, and I'm certain I'll find another. It will all work out.
If you can, call your mother.


Six Al Jazeera correspondents reporting from across the country as Pakistan goes to the polls.
Al Jazeera has announced its coverage plan for the May 11th Pakistan elections.
Six Al Jazeera correspondents from TV and online will be across Pakistan as the country goes to the polls for the first time in its history where a civilian transition of power is set to take place.
Mike Hanna and Osama Bin Javaid will be reporting from the capital, Islamabad, while Imran Khan will be in the financial capital and port city of Karachi. Imtiaz Tyab will be reporting from Lahore while Kamal Hyder will be in Peshawar which has witnessed increased levels of violence over the past few months.
Al Jazeera English online has made live a special spotlight page carrying exclusive features and reports from Al Jazeera's Asad Hashim who will be reporting from various locations.
In a volatile region of Pakistan, Al Jazeera will bring the latest news, analysis and opinion from our reporters as well as discussions on security, religion, geo-politics, corruption and exclusive interviews with candidates and party workers for TV and online.
The Al Jazeera team will report on key electoral issues such as security, as sectarian and religious conflict could derail the democratic process. Also as the country is in the grips of a major energy crisis, Al Jazeera will find out what all political parties intend to do as vast parts of the country experiences blackouts. As most of the estimated 180 million people in Pakistan live on only one or two dollars a day, and food is getting more expensive. Al Jazeera will be speaking to ordinary citizens on their hopes and concerns for the future of Pakistan.
As social media will be playing a key role in the elections the hashtag #Pakelections which will be tracked by the online team as well as social media programme The Stream who had a programme on the Pakistan elections.
Al Jazeera's flagship discussion programme Inside Story will also debate the key election points before and after the vote.
A video of correspondent Kamal Hyder, whose style and on-the-ground reporting in Pakistan has made him a hit with viewers over the years, is available online.


MANILA, Philippines – Rappler Live Jam is going smooth and soulful with a set by 3 of the country's top R&B and Soul artists: Jay R, Jason Dy, and Jaya.
Jay R, known as the local "King of R&B," has been in the scene since the early 2000s, debuting with his album Gameface, which contained the hit song "Bakit Pa Ba?" Jay R counts several awards to his name, including Song of the Year at the Awit Awards in 2004, R&B Artist of the Year at the Philippines Hip-Hop Music Awards in 2008, and Favorite Song at the MYX Music Awards in 2010.
These days, he runs a management and recording company Homeworkz. He released his latest album Kamusta Ka earlier in the year, with the latest track, "Habang Buhay" featuring Kris Lawrence and Billy Crawford.
Jason is a rising R&B star, who got his break after winning the second season of the Voice of the Philippines. Since then, Jason has produced hits like "Caught In That Feeling," "Milagro," and "Walang Iwanan," and was named the Favorite New Artist Award at the MYX Music Awards in 2016.
Jaya is a Philippine music icon who has become known for hits like "Wala Na Bang Pag-Ibig," "Laging Naroon Ka," "Kung Wala Na," and "Sometimes You Just Know." A 7-time platinum recording artist, Jaya bagged numerous awards including the Platinum Stallion Media Awards in 2017, the Awit Award for Best Performance by a Female Recording Artist in 2012, Awit Award for Best Performance by a Female Recording Artist in 1998, and the Grand Prize and Best interpreter in Asia's Song Festival in Hong Kong in 1998 for the song "You Lift Me Up." She is set to release an album under Star Music with the carrier single "Hanggang Dito Na Lang" written by Rox Santos, a sophomore single by Yeng Constantino, and more exciting tracks by some of the top musicians in the country.
The three artists are performing in a concert, Soulja, on August 30 at Resorts World Manila's Newport Performing Arts Theater.


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git submodule add https://github.com/cespare/vim-toml			vim/.vim/pack/plugins/start/vim-toml
git submodule add https://github.com/Chiel92/vim-autoformat		vim/.vim/pack/plugins/start/vim-autoformat
git submodule add https://github.com/ekalinin/Dockerfile.vim		vim/.vim/pack/plugins/start/Dockerfile.vim
git submodule add https://github.com/elzr/vim-json			vim/.vim/pack/plugins/start/vim-json
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git submodule add https://github.com/Xuyuanp/nerdtree-git-plugin	vim/.vim/pack/plugins/start/nerdtree-git-plugin

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub