The bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and radical stabilization energies (RSEs) which result from 166 reactions that lead to carbon-centered radicals of the type center dot CH2X, center dot CHXY and center dot CXYZ, where X, Y and Z are any of the fourteen substituents H, F, Cl, NH2, OH, SH, CH=CH2, C equivalent to CH, BH2, CHO, COOH, CN, CH3, and CF3, were calculated using spin-restricted and -unrestricted variants of the double-hybrid B2-PLYP method with the 6-311+G(3df, 2p) basis set. The interactions of substituents X, Y, and Z in both the radicals (center dot CXYZ) and in the precursor closed-shell molecules (CHXYZ), as well as the extent of additivity of such interactions, were investigated by calculating radical interaction energies (RIEs), molecule interaction energies (MIEs), and deviations from additivity of RSEs (DARSEs) for a set of 152 reactions that lead to di-(center dot CHXY) and tri-(center dot CXYZ) substituted carbon-centered radicals. The pairwise quantities describing the effects of pairs of substituents in trisubstituted systems, namely pairwise MIEs (PMIEs), pairwise RIEs (PRIEs) and deviations from pairwise additivity of RSEs (DPARSEs), were also calculated for the set of 61 reactions that lead to trisubstituted radicals (center dot CXYZ). Both ROB2-PLYP and UB2-PLYP were found to perform quite well in predicting the quantities related to the stabilities of carbon-centered radicals when compared with available experimental data and with the results obtained from the high-level composite method G3X(MP2)-RAD. Particular selections of substituents or combinations of substituents from the current test set were found to lead to specially stable radicals, increasing the RSEs to a maximum of +68.2 kJ mol(-1) for monosubstituted radicals center dot CH2X (X = CH=CH2), +131.7 kJ mol(-1) for disubstituted radicals center dot CHXY (X = NH2, Y = CHO), and +177.1 kJ mol(-1) for trisubstituted radicals center dot CXYZ (X = NH2, Y = Z = CHO).


Today we blasted downwind with the A3 back to Nanny Cay from Virgin Gorda. We unfortunately had an incident on the start and by the time we were back racing we were a ways behind so decided to go conservative with the A3 instead of flying the A3 in 20 knots gusting higher. A beautiful day on the water followed by some boat work so we can be on the water racing tomorrow for the start of the BVI regattta proper. Only 3 days left then I am headed home to California finally after so long away – looking forward to it.
We moved to BVI and within 5 minutes of getting to the house it was full of 16 crew while Hannah and I made salmon, couscous and grilled veg for dinner. The forecast for the race up to virgin GordaWe was for under 5 knots of wind so I took the boat with 7 others while everyone else went by ferry. The race committee boat postponed the race as there was no wind and put up the follow me signal. At this point Neil from Acadia a friend of mine motored up and started towing us at 8 knots – much better than 4 knots under our own steam:-). We never did reach that wind so unfortunately they are having a race tomorrow to make up for it so there goes my lay day of diving. Things could be worse in paradise. Tonight and tomorrow I am off dinner duties as we are going out at Bitter ENd YC and Leverick. Yippee.
For this regatta we are racing under a different rating so we can't use our code 0 which means of course that we will wAnt it!
Finished racing at St Thomas and now we are moving to the British Virgin Islands tomorrow. We will load 10 onto the boat and 7 will take the ferry over to Tortola. We will move into our houses over there and then on tuesday there is a passage race up to Virgin Gorda. We spend a day in Virgin Gorda where I hope to go diving with some of the guys before a race back. The regatta website is http://www.bvispringregatta.org/bvi/.
My friend from the bay area Michelle will be at BVI so it will be great fun to catch up with her after such a long time away.
I had an overnight stopover in New York on my way to Antigua so went to visit some friends in Conneticut. We went to a great resturant and they bought me a 2lb lobster which was very tasty. As you can see I was quite happy with the spread.
My sister in law and I went diving today which was great fun. Our first dive was on a wreck of the Pelinaion. See the video below for what the wreck looks like.
The Greek steamer, Pelinaion, was built in 1907 by Russell & Company, Port Glasgow, for Hill SS. Company, Ltd. and originally named Hill Glen. She was 385 feet in length, had a 49.9 foot beam, was powered by 384 n.p.h triple expansion engines and displaced 4,291 gross tons. In 1914, she was sold and re-named Doonholm. After serving with a number of British tramp owners, she was sold in 1927 to G.K. Ktistakis, Chios, Greece, and renamed K. Ktistakis. In 1939, she was re-named once again the Pelinaion.
On December 22, 1939, the ship sailed from Takiradi, West Africa, for Baltimore, Maryland, with a cargo of iron ore. On January 16,1939, under the command of Captain Janis Valikos, while heading for Bermuda to take on fuel, she was wrecked off David's Head, Bermuda. Captain Valikos was apparently unaware that St. Davids Light was out due to the war, and he inaccurately calculated the position of his ship.
Today, the Pelinaion lies scattered in 65 feet of water. Her engine stands upright coming to within 10 feet of the surface, and her bow sits in only 20 feet of water. Mike Burke tells us of a tunnel like cave that starts on the reef, which allows divers to swim under the ship's hull and end up in her stern. Divers can see her deck winches, propeller and anchor while exploring this magnificent shipwreck.
The second dive was a reef dive and we saw tarpen that were about 4-5 feet long, went through arches in the reef and saw a school of groupers.
In the swing of things! on the crane after a landing. Luckily the guys didn't have a pile of snowballs like when we pelted Jonathon!
The team was great fun to work with. I don't think I have been that silly and laughed that hard for a number of years! Snotty nose (jelly fish parts) at Deception!
Chris, Jonathon, myself and Iggy waiting for the others to set up their cameras for a team shot. Sunny day at Deception Island.
Breakfast on the veranda at Port Lockroy we took the zodiacs around while the ship repositioned so had time for coffee before the tourists needed to be offloaded to the island.
I got to Lima late last night and have spent the day so far just replying to emails and organising the boat for Rolex and BVI regatta. In 12 days I will be arriving in Antigua and re learning how to race yachts ;-). First thing is to get a CSA rating for the boat then deliver it with Sean and Hannah to St Thomas via BVI to meet Barry and the rest of the team.
In the meantime I was able to catch up with Will and his family in Buenos Aires. Last time I sailed with him was 2007 in Newport RI on Yeoman XXXII it was great fun to see him and meet his wife and boy even if it was only briefly at the airport. Tomorrow in New York I have the day in the city before flying to Bermuda so will be catching up with another old friend there. I love having people all over the world to stop in an see – makes the layovers a lot less boring.
I am just about to enter Drakes passage for our two day trip to Ushuaia the last trip of the season for Corinthian II. It has been a fun three week working with Danny once again and seeing what life is like on expedition ships. The team with Iggy as Expedition Leader has been such fun to work with with everyone laughing and smiling the whole time. I will write more when I get back online properly and of course post some pictures. For this summer season it is good bye to the great white continent which has basically been my home since 2009. I hope to be back next season maybe aboard a sailing vesel, expedition ship or working for the americans – we shall see what opportunities present themselves. It is now time to head north though to see my nieces and nephew and of course Draeger the dog. I am very much looking forward to 10 days with them in Bermuda.


Above: Maloles Antignac. Photo: Marc Nicer.
Faculty visits, guest lecturers, workshops and other programming augment residents' personal studio time.
Recent faculty and guest lecturers have included: Suzanne Anker, Dara Birnbaum, Andriana Campbell, Ofri Cnaani, Jarrett Earnest, Ayana Evans, Stamatina Gregory, Alicia Grullon, Steve Heller, Tobias Frere-Jones, Sharon Louden, Jodie Lyn-Kee Chow, Thyrza Nichols-Goodeve, Anna Ogier-Bloomer, Seph Rodney, David Ross, Jerry Saltz, Mark Tribe, Andrea Tsurumi, Todd Shalom, and Ed Woodham.


These super soft baby shorts are a sweet style with a tie waist. The narrow blue and white stripes a gorgeous and these shorts would be ideal to match with one of the new season Wilson & Frenchy t-shirts eg. Little Whale or Nautical Elephant.


text:
Juan Antonio Jiménez Martes (March 8, 1949 – October 12, 2008) was a Major League Baseball player from the Dominican Republic. His career in the majors was limited to four games as a pitcher with the Pittsburgh Pirates in .

Sources

1949 births
2008 deaths
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Pittsburgh Pirates players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The trio has just returned from a fabulous tour of the US and one splendid concert in Canada. I've just posted pictures from the tour to our page on Facebook which can be viewed here. Toggi had special ordered a travel bass for this tour which turned out to be great. It has a removable neck which should make our future travels a bit easier.
In August my trio will perform at Berjadagar Art Fest in Olafsfjordur and the Reykjavik Jazzfestival.
It's been quite a while since I've performed in Akureyri and even longer since I was in Ísafjörður (with the MIndful quartet!), so it's with much excitement that I announce Icelandic tour dates for my trio.
These are all in celebration of the release of our new album Distilled, which in the last couple of weeks has received glowing reviews in Japan, Denmark, Norway, Italy, the UK, USA, Belgium and Austria. It was also featured on BBC3 and ABC radio in Australia. G'day!
It will kick off in Reykjavik at Hannesarholt, on one of the most beautiful sounding pianos in Iceland. It only seats about 80 people, so we decided to do two concerts there. Also, that way I get to play the piano twice!
I'm heading to the airport to pick up Maarten Ornstein, the saxophonist from Holland who will be performing a couple of duo concerts with me on the Reykjavik Jazz Festival this week.
Maarten's influences contain a great blend of traditional and ethnic music and I'm looking forward to exploring some different music with him.
We are planning on playing some originals, Monk, Frisell, the Beatles and some Turkish tunes and who knows what else.
Friday 14.8 at Reykjavik Jazzfest, Hannesarholt at 9pm.
Saturday 15.8 Bryggjan in Grindavík at 12 noon.
We will also play a little for the opening ceremony on Thursday at 7pm.
"probably the brightest of all her releases to date."
"This could have been mistaken for not only an ECM record, but a very good ECM record."
"It explores a melodic landscape where folk-like melodies and motifs shift in a manner reminiscent of Keith Jarrett's albums made in the 1970's."
Momento, the opening track from Distilled is being played on the BBC 3 tonight on their Late Junction show, and I can only hope that this is the beginning of another warm reception. We were very lucky with the attention our last trio album received, but you never know how these things will go.
After I released Long Pair Bond on 11/11/11, the obvious thing to do would be to release the follow-up trio album on 12/12/12, but we missed that date. It was too close to Christmas anyway. And since there is no 13/13/13 (thank goodness!), Distilled will be released on my wedding anniversary 7/19/13, and it is available for pre-order as of today!
For now, Distilled is only available directly from me via Bandcamp. Both the CD and the download are available for pre-order… and CDs come with a download. When you place your order you will be allowed to download the sample-track only. On the release date (7/19/13) CDs will be mailed out and everyone will be emailed a link to download the album.
In many ways this is a continuation of my last album, Long Pair Bond, which features the same trio: Þorgrímur Jónsson on bass and Scott McLemore on drums. The album consists of 4 of my compositions, 3 by Þorgrímur, 2 by Scott and 1 Paul Motian composition. Plus there are a couple of "Spins" (improvised pieces) which is sort of a continuation from my album The Dream.
I feel very fortunate to have had the opportunity to develop this material in front of wonderful audiences over the past year. Two of the concerts on the west coast were recorded and broadcast, and I'm hoping to post these recordings to give a point of reference for how some tunes mature.
March 23, 2013 3:01 pm | Filed under: Uncategorized | Comments Off on A Virtual House Concert!
Tomorrow, Sunday March 24th, my trio will be playing a Virtual House Concert as a part a 24 hour worldwide music fest to commemorate Tuberculosis Day. We go on at 16:30 GMT. This is pretty cool! We'll be playing in Iceland, the sound technicians are mixing from Italy and you'll be listening from wherever you are. Please check the extensive schedule of performers and join us by visiting StazionediTopolo.
Comments Off on A Virtual House Concert!
Brrr! We got clobbered with snow in Iceland today and I was hoping to escape it to warm, sunny Washington DC, but it's just as bad there now! Hopefully it won't interfere with our travels.
We were so excited to get the call to be included on the Kennedy Center's Nordic Cool festival, and now to be able to go as the official band of Reykjavik is quite an honor. It's only March and it's already been a heck of a year. We're looking forward to recording another trio album when we get back, but for now please come see us Friday in Washington DC and/or Saturday in Charlottesville if you have skis or a toboggan. Details are here.
Toot, toot. My trio has been selected the Official Band of Reykjavik 2013! We are incredibly proud and appreciative of this recognition.
We are working on a new album, heading over to the USA soon for some concerts and life is just dandy.


The journey of advanced care planning can be long and often complex. From making decisions while healthy to ensuring wishes are met at the end of life, each step has different considerations and conversations. This decisional framework for advance care planning, co-developed by Planetree International and the Connecticut Center for Patient Safety, supports individuals in navigating the course of advance care planning.


Trump represents change and wants to put his stamp on the positive things that are occurring in the country. Part of it is due to his intrinsic desire to be liked and appreciated; part of it is because a new direction is desperately needed. America wins in either scenario.
The only thing that will break this political monotony is a government shutdown. Not even the election of President Trump broke the trend. We hope he will come to his senses and lay it on the line for Ryan, McConnell and the GOP "centrists" who are damming up the process.
President Trump may have fallen short of fulfilling some or most of the promises he made during the campaign, but if choosing an inexperienced outsider means we get the chance to toss out the ruling class in the process, I'll take a political novice as president every time.
The party that ended slavery and successfully championed women's suffrage, both in the face of violent Democrat opposition, can't muster the courage to repeal even the worst provisions of the "Affordable Care Act." This cowardice has now inspired the law's apologists to openly mock the GOP and President Trump.
President Trump's post 100-day momentum will be sustained only through conservatives and Republicans working together as a team to generate policies that are popular and effective across the country. If the economy improves, so will Trump's approval numbers.
The revelation that so-called "centrists" are bad-faith negotiators could perhaps change the belief that dominates Washington, that centrists monopolize common good sense and the Freedom Caucus is peopled by destroyers. More generally, the Obamacare debate may show some Beltway observers that sitting in the middle doesn't always mean you're "moderate." It sometimes means you simply refuse to take a stand.
Pence did help get the sides talking again. The vice president joined budget director Mick Mulvaney, a former Freedom Caucus member, and White House chief of staff Reince Priebus at a meeting with conservative legislators Monday night, sparking optimism that the repeal of additional Obamacare regulations might be on the table.


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Avila beach hotel most accessible hotel curacao
WILLEMSTAD - During the Curaçao Inclusion Award and Benefit Concert on September 8, 2017 the Avila Beach Hotel has won the award for Most Accessible Hotel on Curacao. The hotel won after an extensive audit by the Alton Paas Foundation. Avila's Belle Terrace Restaurant was also nominated as one of the most accessible restaurants on the island. Eventually, Nautilus restaurant won that award. IBIS Management was chosen as the Most Accessible Employer.
Award night
Together with partners CHATA and CTB, Fundashon Alton Paas focusses on Curaçao accessibility and participation. The award night and closing program were attended by three ministers. The evening ended with an exciting and inspiring show of the famous pianist Randal Corsen and his orchestra.
Accessibility Avila Beach Hotel
The entire Avila Beach Hotel, including its pool, restaurants and wellness area is completely wheelchair accessible. The hotel even has extra accessible hotel rooms in their Octagon wing (comparable to the Octagon Preferred room type). Robbin Vogels, General Manager (left) of the oldest operational hotel on Curacao was proud to receive the award from CHATA's CEO & President Miles Mercera (right).
Alton Paas Foundation
The Alton Paas Foundation tries to increase awareness regarding accessibility on the island. This non-profit organization was founded on 7th of September 2012 by Alton Paas, after a life-changing car accident at age 19 that led to a spinal cord injury. He fights for a better accessible island in terms of facilities in buildings, streets and public transport. He strives for a Curacao, where persons with spinal cord injury can live a complete, successful, healthy life without any physical, mental or environmental limitations.
How to stay safe while visiting Curacao
Is Curacao safe? Short answer: yes. But that doesn't mean you s...
5 Best Spas on Curacao
Escape the hectic and busy life from back home. Release the stres...
5 tips to Travel with less plastic
Plastic… It just might be the worst invention Sustainable wise,...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Get 35 off 30 at Dominos Pizza with this latest voucher.
Bespoke7 Voucher runs out midnight 30th June 2013 This entry was posted in Dominos Vouchers and tagged Nationwide on June 27, 2013 by admin.
August 17, 2013 by admin.
Spend 20 and get a fiver off with this latest code.And just like Domino's pizzas, Domino's discount codes do not disappoint!To contact Domino's about a specific order, reach out to your local store.Simply order your favourite Dominos Pizza up to the value of 30 or more and you should receive 10 discount.Applying your domino'S voucher, redeeming the vouchers you see on this page is so easy, you'll be able to do it even when your stomach is rumbling so loudly you can barely hear yourself think.Right now more than 160,000 people have created more than 300,000 pizzas, which earned them almost 800,000 and the numbers are going up!Fsalafqc Discount my not apply to some drinks and desserts at some stores.Dominos Voucher : The, dominos Vouchers image above have certain restrictions.Npduknca, voucher expires at midnight Saunday 28th July 2013.This entry was posted in Dominos Vouchers and tagged Aylesbury, Chesterfield, Manchester on June 18, 2013 by admin.As usual enter the voucher code at checkout for your discount to be applied.The popular global pizza business offers pizza-lovers in over 70 countries an expansive menu that goes beyond pizzas to include a delicious assortment of dishes that will satisfy even the choosiest diners!Few years later, a mobile ordering website was launched alongside an Android app.All of that combines into a company that is worth millions of dollars.Locations can be found using the store finder feature on the website.We have added a few typical printable Dominos Voucher deals ese expire quickly, cancer care gift baskets but we aim to update the site regularly with the newest deals.
2012 was the year when they started to offer ordering custom made pizzas directly from Facebook for those who love social media.
Can be used nationwide.Add your order to the basket.Domino's Pizza UK on : Missed the latest Domino's TV spot?Because most Domino's locations are franchises, however, deals may vary slightly between locations.Spend 30 at Dominos and get 35 off your next order.About Dominos Pizza, dominos codes and vouchers for ordering pizza delivery to your home.That was year 2000, so whats next?


ACRES (Animal Concerns, Research, Education & Society) is having a flea this Saturday at the Singapore Flyer to raise funds for their animal rescue efforts!
In case you're not familiar with ACRES, they focus on promoting animal welfare in Singapore, but more particularly so for wild animals.
This means they're the main animal group trying to stop the RWS from keeping wild-caught dolphins to perform tricks (let me remind you that 2 dolphins died already), as well as a host of other issues such as poaching (yes, in Singapore) & smuggling (poor wild animals stuffed in suitcases & discovered dead or almost dead).
These animals are rescued, treated & rehabilitated - ACRES' rescue services is open 24/7 : every single day.
Local animal groups need our support... they get very little from the authorities & the current society. Please support them in any way you can! Go to the flea, donate, volunteer or simply spreading the word... Thank you!
I updated the Jipaban post below with some other random pictures of us so scroll down to see if you haven't!
Useless extra picture #2. Haha a-go-go or what? I think this is what our parents used to wear hahaha.
hi sophie. what is your nationality?
Why are you reminding people about the plight of the RWS dolphins in captivity when you visit Universal Studios?
Anonymous: Why do you make it sound like I visit them on a regular basis?! I went ONCE. ONCE. And that was a pretty long ago, way before I talked about the dolphins. And why can't I encourage people to oppose the dolphins but have nothing against the theme park? So what if it all goes to the same company (which I'm not sure of, since USS is a franchise of Universal Studios)? So that means I can't go to RWS Genting either lah. I mean you really think that even matters? The main point is to have enough public opinion AGAINST the dolphins & that could suffice. You expect a massive boycott of the theme park? What's the point of nitpicking on something like this which will do nothing?


Detlef Weinrich (also known as TOLOUSE LOW TRAX, resident at Salon des Amateurs and member of Kreidler) together with Jan Wagner and Viktoria Wehrmeister (member of La! Neu?) form the industrial project Toresch.


I have been booking trips for over 25 years, and every vacation continues to excite and inspire me! I have a degree in management and originally worked as a floor supervisor in a casino before entering the travel industry. I have a strong attention to detail and this helps me greatly when booking complicated itineraries.
I enjoy planning and booking unique vacations and always strive for perfection. I want you to love every moment of your adventure, and I will take care of all the little details so you can relax and explore your destination without worries. I am a great listener and love learning all about my client's desires for their trips. I will listen to you and find the best resorts, cruises, and activities to make your trip unforgettable.
My absolute favorite destination is Hawaii due to its stunning beauty, endless amount of activities, and because my mom was born there. From scenic cruises to hikes along volcanoes, I love booking personalized Hawaiian trips where I can find the perfect activities just for you.
I book for a wide range of people including families, couples, and groups of all sizes. I can book for special occasions like honeymoons or reunions, and I give my full attention to each itinerary to make it perfect. I book everything from inclusive bus tours to luxury cruises, all-inclusive resorts, and personalized tours around the world.
Whether you want to visit the Swiss Alps or cruise along the Caribbean, I will take the stress out of booking so you can travel the world with ease. I will be there to assist you at all times, and you can always contact me for personalized recommendations and assistance.
Let's make your next vacation the best it can be. Contact me today to start booking!
Beth did an amazing job planning our trip. She kept us up to date on everything pertaining to our trip to Hawaii. She was extremely knowledgeable and helpful. We had an issue with one of our flights, which was no fault of Beth's, but she stepped in and rearranged our rental car pick-up for us which alleviated some of our stress. She also checked in with us periodically throughout our vacation to make sure everything was going as planned and to see if we needed anything from her. Great service! I highly recommend allowing Beth to plan your next vacation.
Thank you! It was so awesome to work with you and see all your photos. I am so happy your vacation turned out so wonderful!
Beth was so great to work with. We decided last minute to plan a trip to Paris and Rome for 10 days and did not know how to go about planning this. Not only did she plan the best trip ever she only had a short amount of time to try and get things together. Every little detail, excursion and hotel was beyond perfect. We would definitely call Beth again with any of our Travel needs.
Thank you for allowing me to book your vacation! I am thrilled that you and your husband had a wonderful time. The pictures were amazing!
She was very helpful and exceeded our expectations!
Thank you so much for allowing me to work with you on your honeymoon to Aruba!
I'm happy you and your family had a fantastic time! Thanks for trusting me with your vacation.


Those of us who have been through narcissistic abuse need to talk about it. It is part of the healing process, discussing our experiences. This happens for several reasons.
Narcissists routinely convince their victims of all manners of ridiculous things, & it takes a lot of talking to be able to sort out the truth from their lies.
Narcissistic abuse is very difficult to wrap your mind around, even when you have experienced it first hand. Talking about what you have been through makes it more real, & enables you to accept that these awful things did happen. Once that happens, you can begin to heal.
Narcissists invalidate their victims constantly, about every single thing that can be invalidated. Once we realize we have been abused & come away from that, we crave validation. We especially crave it about the experiences we had, because the narcissist told us we were the problem, they did nothing wrong. It helps us so much to hear that they were the problem, not us. We all need to hear this! The less we hear it, the more likely we are to continue believing we are the real problem in the relationship. We can't heal if we don't know this truth.
Some people may not understand that you need to talk about your experiences, & may be nasty to you, but that doesn't mean there is something wrong with talking about it. It means you're a normal person who has been through an abnormal situation.
When you find people who don't understand your need to discuss what you have been through, it's time to move on, & find others with whom you can discuss your experiences without fear of judgment. Other survivors are usually the safest people you can talk to. They understand how surreal everything is, & how you need validation. They also can share how they have learned to live with the abuse done to them.
Remember, Dear Reader, there is nothing wrong with you for feeling the need to discuss what you have been through! Go with it! You will feel so much better if you do.
Triggers are things that remind you of something else. Sometimes, they can be good such as the sound of whipped cream being sprayed from that can reminds me of my late kitty, Delta, who loved it & would do a little dance for a spray of whipped cream.
Often though, when you come from an abusive past, triggers aren't so nice. Certain scents, sights, sounds or situations can take you right back to a traumatic event, making you feel like that scared child you once were.
Triggers are easy to understand when they are obvious. The scent of a perfume that your abusive mother wore when you were a child or a cruel nickname that your father called you are obvious. Not all triggers are so obvious though.
Some triggers appear to have absolutely nothing to do with why you feel the way you do. Those triggers are what we're going to talk about today.
Some triggers on the surface seem innocuous, yet you end up feeling just as bad as you did as a child in a traumatic situation. Talking to someone who shows no empathy may enrage you because it makes you feel like it did when you were growing up with your narcissistic parent, for example.
When this happens, it can be confusing. Having a strong reaction to something that isn't really a big deal can make you wonder about your sanity. It's a horrible feeling, but it can be dealt with.
As soon as you can, go somewhere where you can be alone & pray. Ask God to show you what is going on, what's the root of this feeling? He will show you, & from there, you can begin to heal. It may be something that you thought was small, but apparently it wasn't since it's still causing you problems. Or, it may be a big, ongoing issue. Either way, once you know what the problem is, then ask Him to help you to heal & show you what you need to do in order to heal. Write your experiences & feelings in a journal. Talk with a therapist or trusted friend. Work on this however helps you, & the trigger will lose its power.
There Is Nothing Wrong With Resting & Self-Care!
I noticed something interest in the last few hours, & I thought I'd share it with you today, Dear Readers.
As many of you know, in 2015, I nearly died from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. In spite of all the time that's passed, like many others who have survived it, I still live with many symptoms. They get better or worse, but they're still there. All the time. If this post sounds "off", I apologize- thinking clearly isn't my strong point at the moment because that's part of it when symptoms flare up. I just wanted to write this out before I forgot everything I wanted to say.
I noticed when I'm way too stressed or going through an exceptionally hard time, something happens to make the symptoms get to the point of me needing to rest, to take time off, because I can't do anything else.
Lately, I've been having a rough time with repressed memories & flashbacks as I mentioned previously. As if that wasn't tough enough, at the time of me writing this, it was 1 year ago today that I lost one of my kitties & that anniversary is making me sad. I have a knack for remembering dates & dates like this always are very hard for me, even days before.
Yesterday evening, my husband was working on my car. I took a shower while he was doing this. While in there, I began to feel weird (headache, dizzy, couldn't think clearly, body aches, shaking, etc.), but thought nothing of it. When I got out, I came into the living room & heard my car running. I suddenly knew why I felt so yukky & didn't think anything of it- carbon monoxide removes my ability to realize if I feel bad, something is wrong. I quickly found my husband & ask him to move my car away from the house while she's running because the exhaust was sickening me. He did, but the damage was already done. Last night & today, I've felt horrible. Today, I'm resting because there's nothing else I can do. Physically & mentally, I'm a whipped pup.
Since I'm finally thinking a little clearer today, I realized this sort of thing happens during especially difficult times.
My point of all this? I realized that although God didn't give me my health problems, He has been using them to help me.
My mother has called me lazy ever since I can remember. As a result, I've always worked hard. Too hard- I rarely took time to relax. Self-care has been a huge struggle for me, as I feel on some dysfunctional level that it's selfish & wrong to take care of myself. Since I've even ignored God's promptings that I need to take care of myself & relax sometimes, I firmly believe God allowed getting sick to happen because now, there are times when I have no choice but to relax & rest.
Please, Dear Reader, learn from my mistakes!! I know so many adult children of narcissistic parents who ignore their mental & physical health because they don't want to feel selfish or lazy by taking care of themselves as I have. This is so wrong!! Even God rests!
There is absolutely nothing wrong with resting! Self-care is vital to being healthy, physically & mentally, & frequent rest is a part of that. I know shutting off the internal, critical voice calling you lazy or selfish is hard, but please try to do it for your own sake before you end up sick like I have. I should've listened to God's promptings years ago, but I kept ignoring them. As a result, I believe God had no other choice but to allow this to happen to force me to rest before I killed myself by neglecting my needs. I wouldn't wish this on you, so please, make appropriate changes in your life. You have every right to take care of yourself.
Should You Listen To Your Emotions?
Ever since I became a Christian in 1996, I've heard preaching about not allowing your emotions to rule you. Keep them in check & don't let them run your life!
Basically, this made me feel bad when I would feel hurt or angry & couldn't control how I felt. I thought something must be wrong with me for not having a better grip on my feelings.
The truth though is everyone needs to have a healthy, balanced perspective on emotions.
Emotions are given to us by God to let us know when things are good or bad. When something is good, you feel happy, content or pleased. If something makes you sad or angry, you know this thing isn't good. Emotions are a good monitor in that respect.
Emotions can teach you a lot about yourself. Where your boundaries lie, what you enjoy or don't enjoy & who you are the closest to. Not allowing yourself to feel such things can turn you into a shell of a human being, & that is not what God wants for you.
Sometimes emotions can be irrational too. There may be times that you'd rather lay on the sofa watching TV than go to work, even when you enjoy your job, & you have no idea why you feel this way. In times like this you know it's best to ignore those emotions & go to work.
When you are healing from trauma or abuse, however, you need to be sure not to ignore your feelings. If you suddenly feel anxious, angry or depressed, you need to know why you feel that way. Then you will be able to feel the emotion fully, process it & release it. Ignoring your feelings if you're healing only serves to drag out the healing process & make you more miserable. I know, facing past trauma is hard, but it is easier than constantly trying to stuff it down inside of you.
I firmly believe that while you can't listen to your emotions blindly, you do need to listen to them often & use wisdom on how to deal with them. Know sometimes you can ignore them, but mostly, you should pay attention to them & respect them. Don't judge your feelings either. They aren't good or evil- feelings simply are.
I swear by keeping a journal. In fact, I write in mine daily, & have a reminder on my cell phone to do so. It helps me to vent when I'm upset & to remember the many things for which I'm grateful for. It also helps me to keep track of when events in my life have happened.
I've also realized that a journal can help you heal from narcissistic abuse & keep your sanity while you're in the midst of it.
There is something about seeing things in writing that brings such clarity. It makes things more real. It validates your experiences. It shows you that yes, that really did happen & it happened that way.
Keeping a journal can help you to keep track of the truth, so when the narcissist in your life insists that a situation isn't the way you remember, you can look back on your journal & see the truth.
If you're considering going no contact, it may help you to decide what to do by seeing events in writing. As I said, seeing things in writing brings clarity, & you need that when trying to decide if no contact is the right solution for you.
Journaling gives you a safe place to share your feelings without judgment. What you write is between you & God only. Sharing with people, even the most well meaning ones, can sometimes lead to hurt feelings. That is something you don't have to worry about with a journal.
I've found a website for a free, online, private journal that I just love. www.my-diary.org allows you to keep your journal private or make it public. You can change the colors of the "pages" to personalize it if you like. (No, I don't get any bonus for recommending this diary site- I just like it & thought you might too).
I hope if you don't currently keep a journal, you'll consider doing so, Dear Reader. It really can be a very useful tool for keeping mentally healthy.
I recently had an interesting revelation that I'd like to share with you today, Dear Reader.
A friend of mine has PTSD as a result of time in the military. One story he told me was how he was on patrol in the gunner hatch of a humvee, in the lead vehicle, when they were approached by a 12 year old boy carrying a teddy bear. My friend told him to stop, but he wouldn't. Even firing a warning shot into the air didn't deter this boy, & my friend had no alternative- he had to shoot the boy. It turns out the boy's teddy bear contained 6 pounds of explosives- he could've killed so many people!
When this story crossed my mind the other night, something else crossed my mind: I've been through enough trauma at the hands of narcissists to give me the same disorder as this man who has been through unspeakable trauma.
Wow. Talk about giving a new perspective! It really showed me just how bad the abuse in my life has been.
So many people with PTSD or C-PTSD due to narcissistic abuse tend to trivialize their experiences & I have been one of them. They think it's not so bad because they weren't in the military or their narcissist didn't hit them. They even try to hide their awful symptoms because it's embarrassing they have the disorder because the abuse "wasn't so bad." They think they're weak for having PTSD or C-PTSD.
Having PTSD/C-PTSD aren't signs of weakness. They are anything but! They are signs of having experienced trauma so severe, it actually physically broke your brain. They are normal reactions to extremely abnormal circumstances. They are a sign you survived something pretty horrific.
If you live with either PTSD or C-PTSD, please know you have nothing to be embarrassed about. Would you be embarrassed if you got diabetes? Cancer? Then why be embarrassed about having a mental illness? Also, just like you can't do anything to get a physical illness like cancer, you didn't do anything to get PTSD/C-PTSD.
If you feel able to, please talk about your experiences with PTSD or C-PTSD or even the abuse you endured. Talking things out is good for you- it helps you to heal. Also, talking about what you live with as a result of the trauma can help to raise awareness of PTSD/C-PTSD. People truly have no idea what it's really like to live with such an awful mental disorder. They have these crazy, false ideas of what it means to have PTSD/C-PTSD & those ideas need to be eliminated & replaced with the truth!
I would like to encourage you to ask God to show you if He wants you to discuss what has happened to you or the PTSD/C-PTSD, & if so, how. Does He want you to speak to groups? Write a book? Write a blog? There are many ways to raise awareness. Maybe you have a calling to one of those ways.
Being interested in why people do the things they do, I've wondered why some people abuse & others don't. Recently, God helped to answer that question for me. I hope this will help you to understand as well.
An odd memory popped into my mind recently: when I went to see my father at work probably 20 years ago, I ran into one of his coworkers I'd never met before while I was looking for him. I asked if she'd seen him & she said yes, he was over there. She also said she was glad I wasn't her employee with the way I looked. I was blown away! I was wearing jeans, a simple shirt & my black biker jacket- granted, not professional but also not offensive. Besides, I wasn't going to this place for work. Thankfully that was the only time I ever met this person.
My mother in-law. Where do I start? From day one, she didn't like me. She told me right after we got married how disappointed she was he married me instead of an old girlfriend (who cheated on him, by the way). She called my granddad stupid (she never met him), told me I should get rid of my cats & my car, has snooped through my purse & so much more. When I got mad at her, she suddenly became the victim, which would start fights between my husband & I.
Various friends who expected me to do everything for them while they would do nothing in return for me, some even used guilt if I didn't answer their call immediately. If I said anything, they chewed me out since I was the one who had done them wrong, according to them.
The husband of a once very good friend of mine, a gay couple, twisted my words around on something I'd written on Facebook, & claimed what I wrote meant I was a "homophob" even though that topic wasn't what I posted about. My friend never read what I said, or listened to my explanation. He blindly believed his husband, & chewed me out for my "homophobic" ways. Then shortly after, he asked a favor of me. After some prayer, I ended the friendship. It hurt badly & still does, but sadly I think it was for the best.
Things like this are incredibly hateful & hurtful. So what makes people think they can treat another person this way? I wondered about it & asked God. He showed me the answer.
When people are abused, often they try not to be like their abuser. Sometimes, though, they go a different way. They decide rather than be a victim again, they are going to be in control. They'll hurt someone else before that person can hurt them. If they tear you down, you won't have it in you to hurt them. They have a deep seated fear of being abused, & this is how they deal with that fear.
People tend to be quite good at reading other people, whether they realize it or not. People like I mentioned in the above paragraph can spot another victim easily, & will abuse that person rather than take a chance that person may be like them- wanting to hurt the other person before that person hurts them. Plus, if someone has been abused before, they are already used to being a victim, which means they will make easy prey for an abuser.
Also, abusers want their victims to themselves. In the situation like I mentioned with my friend & his husband, I believe the husband saw me as a threat somehow, because it didn't take long after they were married for him to start such strife between my friend & I. That incident happened about 2 weeks after they were married.
These things God showed me made a great deal of sense to me. I don't really understand thinking as abusers do, but I can see how someone could think that way. It's a dysfunctional form of self-preservation.
My entire life, I thought if something mattered to me, but not to other people, it wasn't important.
I believe this stems from narcissistic abuse. Narcissists do their level best to convince their victims that nothing about them matters. Not their feelings, thoughts, desires, or even their health.
Amazing how narcissistic abuse seems to infect every single area of your life, isn't it? It's so insidious, that I didn't even think about the fact I thought that what mattered to me should matter to others until recently.
Now that I realized there is a problem, at least I can fix it while sharing what I learn with you, Dear Reader.
To start with, I'm talking to God about it. It's the best place to start that I know of. I asked Him, "What makes the things that matter to me less important than what matters to others?" "Are my desires less important than those of others?" He responded me by reminding me that no one is more important than another person. My wants, needs, etc. are just as valuable as those of other people. I matter! I also asked God to help me remember such things when I slip up, which no doubt will happen sometimes.
I think it's also important not to beat yourself up when you slip into old, dysfunctional habits. I do that very easily simply out of habit, & it's very unhealthy. It's depressing & damaging to self-esteem. Rather than beating yourself up, why not just accept that you'll make mistakes. No one is perfect, & mistakes happen, especially when trying to form a new habit. Shake it off. Accept that you made a mistake & try not to repeat that mistake.
When you realize you're improving in this area, celebrate! Reward yourself for a job well done! How? That is up to you. At the very least, thank God for helping you & tell yourself you did a great job. Changing old mindsets & habits isn't easy, so you should be proud of yourself for making the appropriate changes & allowing God to help you to do so!


Corrective exercise has been an increasing practice done by fitness and medical professionals. It begins with an assessment of a given movement and analyzes possible errors in coordination or imbalances that may lead to either decreased efficiency or future pathology. Based on the impairments or errors found an exercise prescription is created to remedy the movement error to enhance the given activity. This assessment is valid for the general population and athletes alike to improve and/or prevent desired activities.
Rehabilitative or therapeutic exercise is implemented after a pathology has already been evaluated and identified. Exercises are generally done in an appropriate order as to not irritate or compromise the stage of healing the tissue is in. There is a lot of research that has been done on exercises and collective protocols to make efficient of a full functional return to wellness. A good practitioner or trainer is well aware of researched values and is responsible for implementing them on a timely basis for optimal healing.


Summary It is a 3D set of the galactic Sci-Fi suit for Genesis 8 females. There is a set of the galactic Sci-Fi suit full. And also contains armor, body suit, helmet, gloves, legs armor and boots. Furthermore, it includes thirteen options of a material. It designed for Victoria 8, Aiko 8, Bridget 8, Mika 8, Monique 8, Olympia 8, Stephanie 8, Teen Josie 8 and Genesis 8 females. It optimized for NVIDIA' Iray renders an engine. It works in DAZ Studio.


Whether you are someone who grew up at Redeemer, or has just recently started attending regularly, we hope you will participate in our Christian Formation programs. Becoming a disciple of Jesus Christ is a process. A process that is never complete, but which continues throughout our entire lives.
Old models of Sunday School subscribed to a paradigm of Christian Information, where teachers transferred knowledge to students. Modern models urge us to begin by asking what the group wants to know, and then use the group's existing knowledge or skills to help discover what they want to know. Christian formation is an on-going and ever-deepening process; thus, we believe in Christian Formation for all ages. Children, Youth and Adult Formation at The Church of Our Redeemer are all offered in a spirit of caring dedication to the idea that we learn from one another.


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> home > Review and Research
Supergravity
Antoine Van Proeyen
File 1 : Vol30_No2_Review And Research-1.pdf (0 byte)
DOI: 10.22661/AAPPSBL.2020.30.2.66
INSTITUTE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS, KU LEUVEN, BELGIUM
communicated by Leong Chuan Kwek
Supergravity has been at the heart of many developments in theoretical high-energy physics in the last 40 years. It is interconnected with String Theory, with contemporary mathematical developments and is at the base of models as well in Particle Physics as in Cosmology. Despite its 40 years, new insights in the structure of Supergravity are still obtained. This includes the building of new models and the discovery of new solutions of its dynamical equations, used for research in black holes, dualities with strings and branes and holography. The inventors of Supergravity recently obtained the breakthrough prize in fundamental physics for the influence that they have had on theoretical physics.
Since 100 years we know that gravity is best described by general relativity, where gravity is the effect of the warping of spacetime by massive objects. Particle physics, on the other hand, considers the forces as mediated by force-carrying particles and ignores gravity. The central challenge of theoretical physics is the question how to join the physics of the very small with the physics of the very big, where mainly effects of gravity are visible.
All known particles are described within the framework known as the Standard Model of Particle Physics. The Standard Model has been incredibly successful, describing very accurately the experimental results of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Geneva. It predicted the existence of the Higgs boson, which was discovered in 2012. It describes three of the four fundamental forces: electromagnetism and the so-called strong and weak forces acting inside atomic nuclei. However, it was clear from the start that the Standard Model was not complete. In particular, it left out gravity, which was the domain of Einstein's theory of general relativity. It also retained some major puzzles. E.g. quantum corrections to masses of particles due to the interactions with other particles are orders of magnitude bigger than the physical value, which should result from a delicate cancelation between basic masses and their corrections. This is often referred to as the hierarchy problem. Further there is the lack of any particle that could explain dark matter, the invisible substance that pervades the Universe.
The Standard Model is based on symmetries, then upgraded to gauge symmetries (see below in Sec. 2.1). The realization of the symmetry principle on the particle masses and interactions can take various forms. Part of the gauge symmetry may be 'spontaneously broken' by the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism. In the Standard Model this produces the 'unification' of weak and electromagnetic interactions. The observed strength and range of these forces are very different, yet the gauge symmetry gives them a common origin. The scale of symmetry breaking is not determined by a fundamental principle, and as such before its discovery at the LHC it was not clear at which energy one would find the Higgs particle, the essential ingredient in this mechanism.
The Standard Model symmetries, however, do not relate the two different classes of particles: bosons and fermions. The two classes are distinguished by the type of 'spins' that they possess. Fermions, which include quarks, electrons and others, have half-integer spin values such as 1/2 and 3/2. Bosons, which include photons (the particles of light), the Higgs particle, and other particles that are mediators of forces, have integer spins: 0, 1 and so on. This causes huge differences in their behavior. For fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle implies that identical particles cannot sit in the same state, while bosons can come together and join forces. The symmetries of the Standard Model do not act between these two classes. E.g. with the same set of bosons, a different set of fermions would still be compatible with the principles of the Standard Model.
Fig. 1: The position of Supergravity in the theories of fundamental interactions.
In the early 1970s several researchers independently proposed [1, 2, 3] that bosons and fermions might be related to one another via a fundamental symmetry called Supersymmetry, see Figure 1 where the following developments are schematically indicated. Due to the different numbers of bosons and fermions in the Standard Model one cannot relate these already known particles. Supersymmetry rather predicts that every known particle has an as yet undetected supersymmetric partner. Bosons have a fermionic partner, e.g. the partner of the photon was baptized photino. Fermions have a bosonic partner, e.g. the partner of the electron was baptized 'selectron'. This led to a 'supersymmetric Standard Model'. The symmetric appearance of fermions and bosons, which contribute in quantum effects (loops in field theory) with opposite signs, led to a milder ultraviolet behaviour. That mechanism could explain the stability of mass differences in the Standard Model. It also led to a unification of its many undetermined coupling constants. We know that supersymmetry should, as Standard Model symmetries, be realized in a spontaneously broken way. Otherwise the partner particles should have the same mass and should already have been discovered. Unfortunately, we do not know the scale of the supersymmetry breaking. There was hope that the energies reachable by the LHC would be sufficient to see the partners of the particles of the Standard Model. Nature has not been as friendly to provide such a low scale for the spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. These particles remain hidden for now.
Supersymmetry unites bosons and fermions with symmetry principles. However, it does not yet include gravity in the theory. However, in 1976 Supergravity was found by upgrading Supersymmetry to a gauge theory as we will explain in Sec. 2.4, which led to the automatic inclusion of gravity. Initial hopes that this would also remove the ultraviolet divergences in Quantum Gravity were too optimistic.
The quantum behaviour problems of a field theory are due to the fact that two particles join at a particular time in one point of space: hence in one spacetime point. If such a point is well identified, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle leads to a diverging possibility for the energy. These problems are avoided if particles are not identified with one point, but have an extension as a string. In the period mentioned above it was found that problems with tachyons (negative energy particles) in a String Theory can be avoided by inserting supersymmetry [4], defining 'superstring theory'. But soon, it was also realized that the low energy limit of superstring theory is actually Supergravity: superstring theory in the limit that the strings are reduced to points (particles) gives Supergravity theories. This limit is very often used since we know well how to calculate with particles using field theory.
Supergravity thus found a second life as a low-energy description of String Theory. The ultraviolet divergence problems of Supergravity are in this setting related to the fact that Supergravity only considers the point limit. Now Supergravity is not seen as a fundamental theory, but as a basic tool for studying applications of superstring theory.1 The setting is exceedingly rich: it can encompass, in principle, unified models of the Fundamental Interactions. It further leads to the construction of consistent models including gravity, thereby opening a road to models for black holes and cosmology that come together with Supergravity.
1 Some researchers do not abandon the road that Supergravity may by itself lead to a finite theory. Explicit calculations of quantum corrections to scattering amplitudes in 'extended Supergravity' (see Sec. 3.1) turn out to lead to an amazing cancelation of possible divergences, not really understood why these come about. It is not clear how far these miracles can bring us. Furthermore, these miracles do not really fit in the present picture of fundamental theories. What would we conclude if it turns out that the 𝒩 = 8 Supergravity is really finite ?
Despite the simple principles, which we will review in Sec. 2.4, underlying Supergravity, it turned out that Supergravity led to many surprises that came as an unexpected bonus. It led to a connection with very interesting geometries, exceptional symmetries and, last but not least, Supergravity contains many 'dualities', relating different theories. This played an important role in obtaining new insights in quantum field theory, and its extensions in String Theory. This goes now under the name of gauge / gravity dualities, relating classical (super)gravity theories to quantum (super)field theories.
As written in the text that announced the special breakthrough prize in fundamental physics awarded this year to the inventors of Supergravity: "Supergravity has inspired physicists for decades and may contain deep truths about the nature of reality."
2 TO THE FIRST SUPERGRAVITY THEORY
2.1 The symmetries of the Standard Model
The Standard Model is a quantum field theory that still remains the most precisely verified theory in physics. Its main theoretical progress dates from the 60s and 70s, and is based on symmetry principles. Symmetries, like rotations, are transformations characterized by parameters that describe the amount of rotation. The key theoretical concept underlying the progress in the '70s was gauge symmetry, the idea that symmetry transformations act independently at each point of spacetime. The parameters are like Lorentz scalars: arbitrary functions of the spacetime point. These parameters are coordinates of the Lie group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The fields of the theory, describing the particles, are each classified in representations of this group, and the Lagrangian is invariant under group transformations. In order to allow such a Lagrangian with symmetries independently realized at any spacetime point, the theory needs a 'gauge field' associated with every symmetry parameter. This gauge field mediates a corresponding force. As such three of the four fundamental forces of nature are associated with their own particle: the electromagnetic force is carried by the particle of light, the photon; the strong force that binds atomic nuclei is mediated by the gluon; and the weak force that governs radioactive decay is associated with W and Z particles. Despite the experimental success of verification, this model at the same time raised questions for the generation of high-energy physicists after the 70s. No fundamental principle brings us to the model with SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) symmetry and the presence of the known particles. Gravity finds no place in the Standard Model, and Cosmology indicates that there should be much more 'dark matter' than ordinary matter.
As mentioned in the introduction, another peculiar fact is that the symmetries do not relate bosons and fermions. Fermion fields do not have a unique value at a space-time point: their sign is undetermined. Only expressions quadratic in fermions can get the value of a measurable quantity. Many mathematical descriptions use 'Grassmann variables' to describe fermions. Therefore the symmetry transformations of the Standard Model, determined by parameters that are scalar fields, can only relate bosons to bosons and fermions to fermions.
2.2 Supersymmetry
Then in 1973, physicists developed a principle, 'Supersymmetry' [1, 2, 3], where the parameters of the symmetry transformations are themselves fermionic. In this way the transformation of a boson field can be a quadratic expression containing the parameter and a fermionic field, such that it can change the value of a bosonic field. Vice versa the transformation of a fermion field can be the fermionic parameter times a bosonic expression, keeping its fermionic nature.
These transformations define the partners of the fields. In field theory quantum corrections are produced by the production and annihilation of virtual particles ('loop diagrams' in field theory). The calculation of these corrections often lead to divergences in integrals: they mathematically do not make sense and are a headache for the theorists who wants to use this field theory. But bosonic and fermionic virtual particles contribute with an opposite sign to these corrections. It was found that the ultraviolet divergences of supersymmetric theories are less severe than in the Standard Model due to the cancelation between bosons and fermions in loop diagrams. As such the supersymmetric Standard Model includes a mechanism explaining the tiny masses from a careful balancing act between the equal but opposite energy contributions of partner particles. It furthermore suggests the possibility that dark matter is made up of one or more of these partner particles.
The supersymmetry transformations combine in a unique framework that allows fields and particles of different spin to be unified in representations of an algebraic system called a superalgebra. Repeated supersymmetry transformations lead to symmetry under translations in spacetime, with the energy-momentum operator as conserved quantity.
Like the Standard Model, Supersymmetry initially didn't include gravity. Gravity is exceedingly weak in the subatomic domain, so that the Standard Model can attain by itself an unprecedented precision, but a fundamental theory should offer a complete picture. Gravity has a central role in the Universe at large scales. It cannot be ignored in black holes or in the early evolution of our Universe.
2.3 Quantum gravity
The fourth fundamental force, gravity, resisted efforts to include it in the model, despite the fact that Einstein's general relativity can also be formulated as a gauge theory of general coordinate transformations. The latter are translations that can be chosen independently at any spacetime point. The gauge field that corresponds to these local transformations is the graviton, a bosonic particle of spin 2 whose behaviour governs the force of gravity. The gravitational waves observed since 2015 (which was also rewarded with a Breakthrough Prize, as well as a Nobel prize) are a manifestation of the graviton field.
However, a naive merging of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity results in a highly singular behaviour, a clash that cannot be ignored. 't Hooft and Veltman, Nobel prize winners for their understanding of the treatment of ultraviolet behaviour of the Standard Model [5] attacked the problem of the divergences in gravity [6] but found no solution. They only found a solution for the first corrections (one loop) in pure gravity, but realized that matter corrections would spoil their result. Later, it would be found that also in pure gravity the finite result of one loop is already spoiled at two loops [7]. Others followed with adding different sets of field to pure gravity but they repeatedly met with failure: the quantum corrections turned up infinities that made a nonsense of the mathematics. The aim was to find a magical model in which all the infinities would cancel. Supergravity is that special model, at least for the first few loop orders.
2.4 Supergravity
In view of the previous developments, it seems now natural to upgrade also Supersymmetry to a local symmetry. Since combining supersymmetries leads to translations, and local translations are the general coordinate transformations that are at the heart of general relativity, this brings automatically gravity in the game. That inclusion would imply that the graviton has a supersymmetric partner called the gravitino, which the theory predicts to (uniquely) have a spin of 3/2. The task to construct a Lagrangian with such a local symmetry was, however, less trivial. This was the task that Sergio Ferrara (working at CERN and INFN, Italy), Dan Freedman (long time at MIT and now in Stanford) and Peter van Nieuwenhuizen (Stony Brook University New York) [8] set their minds to while they were in Stony Brook. It involved a new interpretation of spacetime, where quantum variables, quadratic expressions in fermion (gravitino) fields, are part of the geometry of spacetime defining a torsion. In this way, Supergravity is not competing with general relativity, but rather expanding our understanding of how spacetime functions from a mathematical perspective. In fact, it took Ferrara, Freedman and van Nieuwenhuizen many months of laborious calculations. They wrote a symbolic manipulation computer program to perform the final calculation, which was too difficult to do by hand. This calculation included about 2,000 terms, all of which needed to end up being zero for their new theory of Supergravity to hold. "I sat there with mounting tension," van Nieuwenhuizen recalls. But when the program reached its conclusion successfully, he was convinced supergravity was real.
Four weeks later, Bruno Zumino, a pioneer of Supersymmetry who died in 2014, and Stanley Deser [9], now at Brandeis University, published an independent and more elegant proof that did not need any computer calculation using a 'first order' rather than 'second order' formulation of gravity.
The new ingredient, the spin 3/2 gravitino, was automatically included in the Supergravity theory with consistent interactions, while before no consistent interacting theories with spin 3/2 particles were known. This particle is the gauge field of the local supersymmetry, while the graviton is the gauge field of the general coordinate transformations. Since supersymmetry transformations combine to general coordinate transformations, these two symmetries and also their gauge fields, the graviton and gravitino, should come together. The gravitino predicted by Supergravity is a potential constituent of dark matter, which should outweigh the universes visible matter by about a factor of five.
This discovery of Supergravity in 1976 as the supersymmetric version of the theory of general relativity, opened the way to an extremely rich stream of developments in theoretical physics.
3 SUPERGRAVITY THEORIES OF VARIOUS KINDS
The first construction of pure Supergravity theory was just the beginning. In general relativity other fields like scalars, spinors and vector fields (often together called 'matter fields') are coupled to the gravitational field using a principle of minimal coupling, which means that the coupling is made consistent with symmetry under general coordinate transformations. In 1976 couplings of various supermultiplets (fields and their superpartners, e.g. spin 0 with spin 1/2 or spin 1/2 with spin 1) to pure Supergravity were obtained. This effort culminated in a rather general action of matter-coupled Supergravity in 1982 [10], which was the basis for many phenomenological models. These allowed also spontaneous supersymmetry breaking, necessary to make contact with the real world.
But there were also other extensions: as in ordinary gauge theories there are several symmetries, each with their gauge field, one could also consider several supersymmetries. Furthermore, the move from Supergravity to String Theory brings about another generalization, since Superstrings perform properly in a ten-dimensional spacetime. Therefore, when accepting this type of extension one has also to accept the presence of additional spatial dimensions that are foreign to our senses, but whose shape affects low-energy parameters via the (arbitrary) vacuum values of scalar fields, then called moduli.
3.1 Extended Supersymmetry
With one supersymmetry (𝒩 = 1) one connects particles of spin 1/2 difference, or more exactly: states of helicity 1/2 difference. When we thus introduce 2 supersymmetries (𝒩 = 2), the graviton will be connected not only with 2 gravitinos, but also with a particle of spin 1. Field theories (for a finite number of fields and in Minkowski space) can only be constructed for fields up to spin 2. Hence it is easy to count that, without going beyond ±2 helicities, we can at most construct theories with 8 supersymmetries (𝒩 = 8) connecting helicities from +2 to -2. This maximal 𝒩 = 8 theory [11] then contains, aside from the graviton, 8 gravitinos, 28 vectors, 56 spinors and 70 scalars. It is unique, but many shorter multiplets containing fields of different spins are available for lower values of N. The theories are not immediately applicable for inclusion of the Standard Model. The symmetries of the Standard Model do not fit in an SO(8) group of symmetries that can be gauged by the 28 vectors. Furthermore, the observed CP violation rules out extended SUSY. This means that one should use the 𝒩 = 1 matter-coupled Supergravity in four spacetime dimensions for phenomenological purposes. This Supergravity may be derivable from extended supergravities in higher spacetime dimensions. But all these different theories have interesting properties that attracted the attention of theorists in the past years.
3.2 Higher dimensions
When we consider Supersymmetry in higher dimensions, the main feature is that the spinors have a different number of components. In 4 dimensions fermions are described by 4-component spinors, but in higher dimensions an elementary spinor has more components. The second column in Table 1 indicates the minimal number of components for a spinor in different dimensions (with Minkowski signature). For D = 12 we would already need 64 components. If we would write that spacetime as the product of four dimensions and consider the other 8 as very small (or consider particles that do not move in the other 8 directions), these spinors would look like 64/4 = 16 spinors in D = 4. As we argued before 𝒩 = 16 is not possible for a field theory. Therefore, the highest dimension that allows a Supergravity theory is D = 11. This D = 11 theory [12] is very elegant. All the fields of the 𝒩 = 8 theory mentioned above, are put together in one graviton, one gravitino and one 3-form Aμνρ of D = 11. Table 1 gives an overview of the important supergravities. It is a simplified version of a Table that is further explained in the textbook [13].
Table 1: A map of Supersymmetry and Supergravity theories in dimensions 4 to 11. The second column gives the size of a minimal spinor (in real components) in that dimension. An entry in further columns represents the possibility to have Supergravity theories in a specific dimension D with the number of (real) supersymmetries indicated in the top row. At the bottom is indicated whether these theories exist only in Supergravity, or also with just global supersymmetry.
IIB
𝒩 = 2
(2, 2)
SG/SUSY
D-dimensional spacetimes are often interpreted as the 4-dimensional spacetime of our everyday life, and a D - 4 dimensional compact space. The allowed behaviour of fields by the field equations in the compact directions determine what are the different fields in 4 dimensions. This brings to full steam the elegant mathematics of Calabi-Yau spaces (6-dimensional manifolds with special properties such that they are solutions of the 10-dimensional equations) or generalizations thereof. The end result is a transcription of the internal geometry into 𝒩 = 1 or 𝒩 = 2 four-dimensional Supergravity with special combinations of matter multiplets.
An important aspect of all the theories of the table is that many more symmetries appear in the theory than the ones that were used to define or obtain them. E.g. the D =4 𝒩 = 8 theory enjoys a E7 symmetry, one of the large exceptional Lie algebras in the classification of simple Lie algebras. When we would further reduce to D = 3 we would get a theory with E8 symmetry, the largest exceptional algebra in this classification of finite Lie algebras. For D = 2 and D = 1 infinite-dimensional algebras appear (E9 and E10), which are now studied in mathematics and physics. There is now even research on considering the theory independent of spacetime which leads to a E11 algebra, not much studied yet in mathematics. The lower N theories define special complex (Kähler) and quaternionic geometries [14, 15, 16]. This is one important example of the interplay of physics and mathematics.
4 STRING THEORY AND BEYOND
The Supergravity theories do not yet lead by themselves to a solution of the ultraviolet problem of General Relativity. This remains, by itself, the key motivation for resorting to String Theory, which is now the best hope for a theory of Quantum Gravity. Supergravity is, however, an integral piece of String Theory. It is what emerges from the theory at relatively low energies, rather like how Newtonian mechanics and gravity represent the low-energy limits of Einsteins special and general theories of relativity. If supersymmetric String Theory is correct, so is Supergravity. Many properties of String Theory can be found by considering the Supergravity limit. Actually the basic Superstring theories have as particle-physics limit the theories on the D = 10 line of Table 1. This was a crucial ingredient in the 1984 proof by Michael Green and John Schwarz [17] that put superstring Theory on stable mathematical footing. A few years later it led to the discovery of membranes [18], first of all coupled to the D = 11 supergravity, and later as crucial objects in String Theory.
4.1 Dualities and Holography
Relations between Supergravity theories (often obtained by decomposing a theory in a higher dimension to a lower dimension) have led to the discovery of dualities between Superstring theories. These remarkable generalizations of the familiar property of electric-magnetic symmetry in Maxwell Electrodynamics play a central role in the present-day picture of String Theory. Supergravity makes it possible to connect all five ten-dimensional Superstring theories to one another. As was first shown in [19, 20], the resulting picture transcends String Theory, since it also connects the ten-dimensional Superstrings to the unique eleven-dimensional version of Supergravity, where strings do not play an obvious role. The overall system is usually dubbed M-theory. It essentially uses all the extended objects that are solutions of the D = 11 and D = 10 supergravities. These contain p-branes, a generalization of membranes, which are 2-branes, or strings, 1-branes. Those solutions exist for various dimensions p and in the string picture strings can be attached to these branes.
The discovery of these dualities and earlier investigations of electric-magnetic duality in Quantum Field Theory soon converged into an unexpected spring-off. This is the AdS/CFT correspondence [21], which has endowed String Theory and Supergravity with an additional role as non-perturbative tools for a number of other research endeavors. This is a further development that started with the exact computations of the low-energy effective action for 𝒩 = 2 supersymmetric Yang—Mills theories [22, 23], with impressive consequences also in many branches of mathematics including Geometry, Topology and Group Theory. The AdS refers to Anti-de Sitter, which is a spacetime that is a solution of the gravity theory, but in this context usually a classical solution of the equations of motion of a Supergravity theory that preserves supersymmetry. The CFT on the other hand refers to a quantum field theory with conformal symmetry, mostly superconformal theory, without gravity. Meanwhile this concept has been generalized to many more cases of duality of a gauge theory and a gravity theory, connecting perturbative to non-perturbative regimes or classical to quantum computations. Usually they connect the Supergravity theory to a theory without gravity on its border (which hence has one dimension less). Relating the physics of the bulk (inner part) to a theory only at the boundary is like encoding a 3-dimensional image on a 2-dimensional picture. This is the concept of Holography and has been discovered in field theories in [24, 25, 26].
4.2 Black holes
Already in the previous section, solutions of the equations of motion of Supergravity played an important role: strings and branes are configurations that are solutions of these equations. A special case of these are black holes, which find a natural origin as solutions of the supergravity equations. They are important in Stephen Hawkings work on black hole thermodynamics. In particular they allow the study of entropy and as such played an important role in the work by Cumrun Vafa and Andrew Strominger on quantum black holes [27]. The equations that determine supersymmetric solutions are tractable first order equations, often referred to as BPS (Bogomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield) solutions, easier to handle than the full second order equations of motion obtained from the Lagrangian.
5 SUPERGRAVITY FOR COSMOLOGY
Supergravity incorporates General Relativity, and its study had an important impact on our understanding of ordinary Gravity. For example, Witten [28] used a Supergravity setup in his 1981 proof of the positive energy theorem in General Relativity for which he received the prestigious Fields Medal in 1990. General Relativity apparently allows particles to have negative masses and energies, which would allow things not to fall but to raise in space. This does not happen, but was unexplained. Using the techniques of Supergravity in General Relativity enabled Witten and others to prove that particles cannot have negative masses and energies. While the proof uses Supergravity techniques, the result holds independently of whether or not Supergravity actually exists in Nature.
Cosmology appears a natural area to apply Supergravity. Comparison with our four-dimensional world are largely guided by the spontaneous breaking of local supersymmetry in 𝒩 = 1 Supergravity. This is the super Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, whereby a massive spin 3/2 gravitino emerges as the superpartner of the graviton. The mass of this gravitino is a supersymmetry-breaking parameter. These Supergravity models contain a potential for scalars that can include the 'inflaton', the scalar field used to describe slow-roll inflation [29, 30, 31]. Supergravity models can be built with a vacuum with negative potential energy (anti-de Sitter mentioned above for its role in AdS/CFT dualities), Minkowski vacua, which are close to our real world, or de Sitter vacua. The positive value of the potential is then the cosmological constant describing dark energy. de Sitter vacua automatically induce a spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry. Supersymmetry breaking has received considerable attention in Cosmology during the last few years, also in view of new results provided by the PLANCK satellite. The data releases have favored small values for the 'tensor-to-scalar ratio' r, which find a natural realization in the Starobinsky model [32], where the inflaton can be regarded as a purely gravitational excitation (the 'scalaron') resulting from an R2 modification of the Einstein action by a higher-derivative term (scalar curvature squared term R2). In recent years a constrained superfield formulation (or 'nonlinear supersymmetry') acquired considerable interest in Cosmology. In these models constraints can eliminate the supersymmetric partners of the inflaton, which otherwise introduce instabilities, leading naturally to a de Sitter inflationary phase with, at its end, supersymmetry breaking with a tiny cosmological constant. They are related to supersymmetry-breaking branes in superstring theory. Supergravity also played an instrumental role in what is known as the KKLT construction [33], which remains one of the best explanations for dark energy, the mysterious universal repulsive force pushing spacetime apart.
Other supergravity models have a running potential, often indicated as quintessence models. Since a few years a discussion is going on about criteria for Supergravity models in order that they can be included in a consistent Quantum Gravity theory, inspired by String Theory. The theories that satisfy these criteria are then indicated as the 'landscape', while for the effective Supergravity theories that do not satisfy the requirements the term 'swampland' is used [34, 35].
6 EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH FOR SUPERPARTNERS
Scientists were hoping that evidence of the superpartners of known particles might show up in the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. However, so far these failed to uncover any signs of superpartner particles. Physicists are expanding their searches to look for nontraditional signatures of such new particles by precisely measuring known processes to see if there are inconsistencies with the predictions of the Standard Model. Planned upgrades to the LHC in the mid 2020s or a next generation of more powerful colliders in some decades will provide physicists with an order of magnitude more data to continue searching for direct signs of superpartners. Evidence for Supersymmetry could still turn up as part of current searches for dark matter and primordial gravitational waves known as B-modes.
Despite their undeniable value, there is no evidence yet that the superpartners exist in nature. At the start of the LEP accelerator in 1989 there was the hope that the Higgs particle would soon be found. It took until 2013 with the next LHC accelerator to actually discover that so-long sought particle. The present failure to find the superparticles does not, by any means, signal problems with the basic idea. This merely means that the SUSY breaking scale is considerably higher than 10 TeV and it may also take that time or longer to find them in experiments. "Nature is not being very cooperative," Freedman said in a recent interview after the announcement of the breakthrough prize. "She is hiding her secrets and not telling us the direction where the next step beyond the Standard Model lies."
For consistent ideas on the nature of fundamental particles, Cosmology, Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, Supersymmetry and Supergravity seem not just likely but virtually inescapable. Clinching evidence, though, would come from detection of the gravitino. It will be extremely hard to achieve, because the gravitino should interact very weakly with any other particle. We need to be patient. "I think it is inevitable that the spin-3/2 particle is realized in nature," Freedman says. "There is no comparable theory," Ferrara argues, "and it would be really a pity if nature has not used this one."
7 PRESENT RESEARCH
Due to the experimental state of affairs, much work has recently been done on the description of broken supersymmetry with a massive gravitino, related to anti-D3 branes in String Theory. Moreover, there are various directions in which a lot of progress has been obtained in recent years. This contains as well theories in 'low dimensions', close to our observable world, as the understanding of the structure of the more fundamental 10-or 11-dimensional theories. The progress concerns as well the structure of the theories and their symmetries and geometries, as the investigation of solutions of the equations of motion. For the latter more dualities are found to Quantum Field Theories, some defined on curved spaces, motivated by holography. The latter is also applied to exact evaluations of path integrals, denoted as 'localization' [36], and makes use of the off-shell structure of Supergravity.
Though some of these were already mentioned before, let me list here a few recent topics where progress has been made.
• The structure of the theory: new classes of gaugings have been found with a technique of embedding tensors [37, 38, 39, 40]. The gauging concerns part of the hidden symmetries that came out of the construction without really imposing them. The embedding tensor describes how the gauge vectors are connected to these symmetries, and thus which part of these symmetries are upgraded to gauge symmetries. This then also produces specific scalar potentials. Conditions on these tensors can now be solved and a classification of such gaugings is in progress. E.g. the 𝒩 = 8 supergravity in general has 912 parameters related to fluxes on branes if the D = 4 theory is viewed within 10-dimensional String Theory or 11-dimensional M-theory. The classification then includes a systematic study of vacua of these potentials [41]
• Models with symmetry breaking. Superfields are a way to write fields and their partners as one field in an extended space containing fermionic coordinates. Typically they describe linear supersymmetry transformations: fields transform under supersymmetry to a linear combination of partner fields. To describe supergravity with broken supersymmetry, it is advantageous to use superfields with constraints such that the transformations at the end are nonlinear [42, 43, 44]. This gives a good description of the Goldstino, the supersymmetry analogue of the Goldstone boson that goes together with symmetry breaking. Using constrained superfields, broken supersymmetry models can be systematically studied leading to de Sitter supergravity [45] and they can be connected to the theories on branes.
• Solutions of the higher-dimensional D = 10 or 11 Supergravity can be compactified on AdSd × M10-d manifolds, i.e. with a compactified part of dimension 10 - d. Using classification efforts or solution-generating techniques these can now be systematically studied [46].
• Consistent truncations describe D-dimensional Supergravity theories that can be obtained from a D+d-dimensional theory such that any solution of the lower-dimensional Supergravity is also a solution of the higher-dimensional one. In this way this lower-dimensional one is very useful as effective theory. Previously this was only obtained if the d-theory is a sphere or the manifold describing a group. With new techniques many more cases are now found [47, 48, 49, 49, 50].
• Uplifts to M-theory is the reverse way. Starting from a lower dimensional theory new variables are introduced to describe the theory as the 11-dimensional Supergravity [51]. These descriptions with new variables give a hint for a new structure, still to be discovered.
• There is much progress in the application of Supergravity for describing the black hole Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. Supergravity leads to a macroscopic description in complete agreement with the microscopic degeneracies in String Theory [52].
In the words of Edward Witten, an influential theoretical physicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey who has also won a Breakthrough Prize: "Supergravity is a remarkable construction that extends Einsteins theory of gravity to include quantum variables in the structure of spacetime. Supergravity has been extraordinarily important in many later developments."
We reviewed how Supergravity started from a simple principle popular in the '70s: gauging symmetries. However, this led to many unexpected relations. Supergravity has become a powerful mathematical tool and is effectively a low-energy version of String Theory. The superpartners that are predicted are not yet found in LHC: it could be that we need much higher energies than currently accessible. Meanwhile indirect methods like precision experiments and Cosmology are used to find hints. Despite the current lack of evidence, thousands of scientists are influenced in their research by this bright idea and the obtained structures. The study of Supergravity led to a lot of insights, especially improving our understanding of Gravity. It was essential in the theoretical physics ideas for the last 40 years, with impacts on many fields of physics, including Particle Physics, Quantum Gravity, Cosmology, String Theory, and in mathematical research in Geometry, Topology and Number Theory.
Supersymmetry is alive and kicking. The formalism keeps evolving with progress in finding new models and solutions, which are important for understanding holography or black holes. It is possible that an even better formulation will still be found in the near future.
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We now have an exact copy of the Danish-Norwegian 1803 rifle with due to the great help of Lars Henriksen in Norway. It is a nice, strictly functional, military rifle with a 28 ½" tapered and flared .62 caliber barrel. It has a combination bullet mould takedown tool that fits in the patch box. One leg of the bullet mold also fits a slot in the ramrod to help break loose stuck worms or bullet pullers.