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Nati(on) off
Ireland is several nations with no characteristic religion, language, race or ethnic integrity: Muzak in effect
by Desmond Fennell 29 October, 2017, 4:31 pm 0 Comments
In 1985, the Irish-Australian writer Vincent Buckley, after spending some time in Ireland, wrote in his book 'Memory Ireland:
"Ireland has been asked to lose its national memory by a kind of policy, in which politicians of almost all parties, ecclesiastics of all religions, media operators, and revisionist historians co-operate to create (and let us hope they do not need to enforce, for if they need to, they will) a new sense of corporate identity. This sense contradicts the immediately preceding one (the one based on the rising of easter 1916 and its aftermath), which proved first so exhilarating and then so wearying to its generations, some of whom had fought to realise it. Ireland is not a nation, once again or ever, so the new story runs, but two nations; maybe several; it does not have its characteristic religion—or if it does, it ought not; it does not have its characteristic language, as anyone can see or hear; it has no particular race or ethnic integrity. Ireland is nothing – a nothing – an interesting nothing, to be sure, composed of colourful parts, a nothing mosaic. It is advertising prose and Muzak". Buckley was saying in effect that Ireland had lost its national identity: the fact of being a nation distinguished from other nations by a combination of language, history, culture and values, and the knowledge of being that. Since 1985, the collective condition that Buckley depicted – that of being together nothing in particular – has intensified.
At the centre of Ireland's capital city a tall monument, designed in London, has been erected which honours and signifies literally nothing. (A joke says 'The Spire' was meant to be delivered to the other Blackpool – Duibhlinn means "black pool" – the seaside resort across the Irish Sea.) Ireland's distinctive religious culture – women blessing themselves as they pass a church; traffic jams at city churches on Sunday mornings; fasting during Lent; May and Corpus Christi processsions; the family rosary; the TV newsreader finishing the evening news with "God bless you" – has withered almost to vanishing point; and with it a set of moral values, forceful because they pointed towards a happy eternal life and gave security against punishment there. With the study of Irish history made unnecessary for the Leaving Cert, and all forms of mass media blind to that history beyond the Famine, knowledge of Irish history by most Irish university graduates reaches no further back, with the post-revolutionary missionary movement into Africa, Asia and South America bringing Christianity, hospitals, schools and anti-imperialist sentiment omitted as a 'merely religious matter'; not to mention, earlier, the repeated resistance to conquest or those dark times before Europe began when Irish monks and monasteries brought Christianity, literacy, art and learning to Britain and the Continent as far as Germany, Austria and Italy.
Meanwhile, with the nation speaking the same language as the much larger nation beside it, its journalists, instead of writing or saying 'in Ireland' or 'in the Republic' commonly make do with 'here' or 'in this state'. Irishmen use the word 'Irishness' derisively; politicians avoid uttering 'Ireland' or 'the Irish' with pride or in exhortation; the media treat English football and politics including 'the Royal Family' as part of the Irish scene. The only still habitual demonstrations of Irish nationhood, far from being everyday are occasional: everyone cheering for Ireland when an Irish football team is playing a foreign team, or people drinking together on St Patrick's Day.
In short, with regard to distinctive identity, Ireland, as an offsore island of Britain, is close to becoming a larger version of the Isle of Wight.
A nation can lack a national identity for either of two reasons. It can, like Ireland, have lost the national identity which it previously had. (Ireland had a well-known, distinct identity from the sixth century to the eighteenth when it began to fade to the shadow of itself it still was in 1916.)
Or it can, like say Zambia, never have had one. Formerly Northern Rhodesia and named after the river Zambezi, it was created in 1964. With English as the official language, Zambians belong to about 70 ethnic groups, speak a similar number of languages, and adhere to many religions.
It is widely believed that a national identity is an important thing for a nation to have – that it favours national wellbeing; creates, when needed, a national collective effort; generally urges the nation towards success and buttresses it in bad times. If one googles "national identity" one finds at least 25 pages – I gave up counting – filled with items dealing with it. (Denmark, a small country like Ireland, seems to be particularly interested in the matter.)
It is, of course, entirely possible to get along without a national identity, as Ireland and Zambia have been doing; living from day to day. Even with the consequent absence of collective zest, it is not catastrophic. But when after the Breivik massacres in Norway a few years ago, the Norwegian Prime Minister told his people: "This must strengthen our resolve to make our Norwegian values prevail", some old-fashioned Irishman might have felt a pang of regret that no Irish Taoiseach could speak of "our Irish values", because no such things exist. national values indicate that at least Something is there rather than nothing. They suggest that in that nation aspiring minds are at work.
The present cultural condition of Ireland is the result of successful cultural colonisation by two forces: first, by the Protestant british from the sixteenth century onwards, second from the 1960s onwards by American neoliberalism working through its Irish converts.
The process by which cultural colonisation works was well illustrated by an incident in which the present writer participated in the 1970s. A Dubliner, I was living for some years in a still Irish-speaking part of South Connemara. Talking one day in Irish to a local 16-year-old boy who was telling me about a Frenchman he had met on a nearby strand, I asked him did the Frenchman ask about the language he heard spoken around him. The boy answered in Irish "Yes, I told him"– followed by two words in the English he had been speaking to the Frenchman: "Irish, bad". "Bad" is what colonisation teaches a people about everything that characterises and distinguishes themselves until, persuaded, they have abandoned every mark of their collective selfhood and conformed to the collective self of the colonisers, foreign or native.
As I said, this is not catastrophic for them. They can still get by in their borrowed self; some of them even can live long and grow rich in it. But their nation will not be remarkable for anything except the degree to which it has accepted that the self it was born and grew up with was "bad", and consequently abandoned it. And this beside a nation that cultivates and aunts its national history and identity assiduously!
Certainly, it is not catastrophic. It is simply a pity that, with the West's European civilisation ending, we did not seize our opportunity while we had it.
Desmond Fennell
Dr Fennell's autobiography 'About Being Normal: My Life in Abnormal Circumstances' (Somerville Press) was published earlier this year.
Tagged with: Africa, demonstrations, ethnic integrity, Europe, football team, Ireland, language, nationhood, race, religion, spire, St Patrick's Day, The Spire, Village Magazine
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Hi I am wondering if it is doable to transfer a website from Squarespace to WordPress. It is basically a bare minimum site. Should have started with WordPress in the first place but didn't know any better.
Yes its not hard and if you are a certain level of WGAN member you get free hosting and they move the site for you.
The caveat here is that once the information from your site has been migrated, you'll need to get to work within WordPress (and your selected WP "theme" to get things looking/working the way you want. But, at least you shouldn't need to re-enter all of the text content from each of your pages/posts/etc.
Thank-you Glenn and Ross. Will check out the link!
Okay so a Standard Membership seems the way to go for me.......just another question though. Do I get to keep my www.pryority3drealtyphotography.com domain? (it's on my business cards) And I read something about video's not transferring over that easy. I only have Matterport Tours on my site right now so is that treated the same as a video? Sorry for so many questions, I'm not that techy but learning.....I didn't even put my Squarespace site together.
Yes. You keep your domain.
I've been trying for over a week to have my WP site transferred to IonBlade with no luck. They keep having issues with my current provider.
Have you tried setting up a three-way call among you, your existing provider and IonBlade?
Have you asked Ionblade how you can help expedite with your existing provider?
Thank you for your offer @GlennTremain. They finally got it done yesterday. I think it was that my current host, 1&1 IONOS, is a pain to work with.


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Is This the Man the Democratic Party Should Smell Like?
If the Democrats want to win 2020, they have to stop smelling like old man
Is This the Man the Democratic Party Should Smell Like?If the Democrats want to win 2020, they have to stop smelling like old man
Contributor's Composition
presented by Reality Check on WURD, airs Monday - Thursday, 4-7pm ET, streamed live at WURDradio.com, in Philly on 96.1 FM / 900 AM | #RealityCheck @ellisonreport
by Dr. G.S. Potter | #RealityCheck WURD Contributor | @doc_strategy
In 2002, the brand that brought you the "Clean Your Balls" campaign aunched in the US and changed high school locker rooms, college frat houses, and the men's fragrance market forever. Described as "[p]opular with teens and desperate adult men who don't have the sense and/or money to buy a quality cologne," Axe body spray brought its strategically focused, unapologetically misogynistic, and deplorably obnoxious brand of body sprays to the American market and found almost instant success in a market that was stagnating in the musk of an old stodgy White grandpa.
Enter a low-cost, sex wrapped, immaturity fueled fragrance designed specifically to tap into the market of teenage libido and backed by a relentless barrage of marketing and advertising techniques that had already found consistent success across Europe for two decades.
Axe's cheap, sex wrapped, immaturity-fueled fragrance was designed specifically to appeal to the teenage libido. According to its fragrance designer Ann Gottleib …
A fine fragrance is designed with differently weighted molecules, some evaporating faster than others, so that a scent evolves as it's worn. Axe doesn't bother with these subtleties; it's pants come right off. Boom. In your face. It's an instant-delivery kind of product.
Gottlieb is also the designer of a number of noted high end fragrances including Eternity and Obsession. She has created fragrances for Dior, Marc Jacobs, Calvin Klein, Brittney Spears, and Jennifer Lopez just to name a few.
With grandpa napping in the corner, it only took 5 years for Axe to take over the men's body spray market. And that was enough to shake grandpa out of his recliner.
Old Spice was aware that they needed a shift in their marketing strategies before Axe burst onto the scene. And if it was Axe's takeover of the men's body spray market that fully awakened Proctor and Gamble's leading men's fragrance company , it was Unilever's Dove Men+Care brand's lunge for a share of the men's grooming market that got them out of their recliners.
In addition to facing a market takeover from Axe Body Spray, one of the women's health and beauty market's most powerful brands made a decision to expand into Old Spice's territory. In 2010, Unilever announced that Dove would be expanding its woman-centered brand of beauty and personal care products to include a line specifically designed for men. Their launch was planned for Super Bowl XLIV.
With Axe taking over the market share with a highly focused campaign targeting tweens, teens, and young adults and Unilever making a grab for the thirty and up crowd, Old Spice had some decisions to make, and it had to make them fast.
The first decision to make was whether or not to increase their market share by increasing their sales to grandpas across America or by targeting a new demographic. They correctly calculated that their core consumers would remain loyal, but to increase market share they would have to open up to a new demographic.
The next challenge was to create a marketing campaign strategy that could stand on its own while competing in the same space as Axe and Dove Men+Care.
Old Spice wanted to compete with Axe, but it didn't want to replicate the same in your face teenage locker room advertising strategies that branded Axe as the body spray for the young and horny. While Old Spice's rebranding would come to include a combination of both humor and sex, it was done so in a way that sought to strike a chord of confidence and wit rather than desperation and immaturity.
Sex isn't the only reason Axe sells, though. As Fast Company explains:
Its success is largely the result of a sophisticated, cutting-edge marketing machine that constantly monitors youth culture's subtle shifts so as to stay hot on the hormone trail….[The Clean Your Balls campaign] began as a web clip, where audiences are more self-selecting, then was respun for TV once Axe saw a positive response. Axe was able to do that because it spends a higher percentage of its marketing budget on digital than does any other Unilever product. Axe has product placement in video games, funds branded sitcoms on CollegeHumor.com, and it was one of the first sponsors of now-popular sites like Heavy.com and XFire. It develops its own games, such as Axeman, a saga about recruiting women for a party that was released for mobile and PC this summer. And earlier this year, it launched an online comic book that was rapidly published chapter by chapter….There's One Night Only, where Axe hosts gigantic musical acts like Girl Talk at small clubs in college towns; Axe-branded nightclubs; and campus-wide "Undie Runs," where hordes of stripped-down college kids donate clothes and then move on to other athletic pursuits.
Axe barrages its targets with advertising in every media format they engage with both directly and indirectly. And it makes sure that their content doesn't get stale.
Fast Company also notes that
Axe managers are trained to discard old tactics … to know that every year, a new horde of kids will enter their demographic with new social habits and that Axe can't speak to them like it spoke to last year's class.
The Class of 2010 was talking about cleaning their balls.
That same year Dove was launching Men+Care at the Super Bowl. If Old Spice wanted to successfully fight a two-front war, it was going to have to not only reinvent its image, but it would have to reinvent their marketing strategy altogether. And that's what it did.
Swaggered Reinvention
Under the strategic direction of the advertising firm Wieden + Kennedy, Old Spice set out to increase their sales of body wash and their percentage of the market share by targeting younger demographics and, well, winning the Super Bowl. In order to generate buzz, Old Spice ambitiously set out to take the crown of Best Super Bowl Commercial. And they did it without even buying ad space during the game.
In order to shed their Just for Grandpas image and appeal to younger consumers, a spokesman that conjured an image that couldn't be any farther from that of a musky old white man sleeping in a recliner: Isaiah Mustafa. Or more specifically, a half-naked Isaiah Mustafa riding on a horse. They created a unique script that was unpredictably witty and unquestionably sexy without being raunchy or cheesy. And they had an entire nation talking about their "Super Bowl Ad" days before the first quarter even began.
Swagger Accomplished.
It wasn't just the success of the commercial itself that made the Old Spice Swagger campaign one of the most successful rebrands in history, though. It was how the campaign was carried out that drove the commercial's overwhelming success.
Old Spice launched their Swagger campaign on YouTube and Facebook a few days prior to the Super Bowl. They were also savvy enough to attach phrases such as "Commercial Super Bowl" to their ads in order to drive online searches and equate themselves with other Super Bowl commercials before the game even began. 24 hours after the game, Old Spice began advertising on television.
This little trick of timing made people believe that The Man Your Man Could Smell Like first appeared during the Super Bowl, when in fact, it never did. Instead of competing head to head with the Dove Men+Care campaign by buying a costly ad to be aired during the Super Bowl, Old Spice's marketing strategists figured out how to win the Super Bowl without even playing.
The Swagger didn't stop there, though.
The commercials were so successful, Weiden + Kennedy launched a social media response campaign to keep the momentum going. The follow-up campaign consisted of personalized videos of Isaiah Mustafa responding to questions and comments from fans. The overwhelming majority of videos were made for the average social media follower, but some were strategically produced for celebrities such as Ellen DeGeneres, Ashton Kutcher, and Ryan Seacrest.
The Man Your Man Could Smell Like video on YouTube alone brought in over 10 million views. The YouTube version of the television ad Dove Men+Care bought for the Super Bowl was viewed only one-tenth of that. The launch of Old Spice's new brand image could not have been more successful.
New image. Check. Resonate with younger demographics. Check. Win the Super Bowl. Check.
The only remaining question was whether or not these successes would translate into a larger share of the body wash market. Old Spice would not have to wait long for an answer. Sales immediately skyrocketed and not only did they gain a larger share of the market, but they would go on to take back control over the market and topple Axe and Dove Men+Care within the first year. They haven't lost ground since.
So, What does this Success Story Have to do With the Democratic Party?
The Democratic Party is facing a situation that is very much like the one Old Spice had to face in 2010. The Party has grown too comfortable in its recliner and has started to smell like a musky old White man. They are competing for market share with an immature, sex fueled brand of relentless stench and stand to lose control of the market if they don't readjust in time for the big game.
If the Democrats want to win 2020, they have to stop smelling like old man and start being the brand that inspires confidence and collective attraction. They have to relentlessly and creatively reach out to political consumers in places, through channels, and with strategies that will most effectively connect their target audiences to their new brand.
Enter Joe Biden.
Joe Biden is the epitome of old White grandpa smell. He is the living embodiment of political days gone by and his campaign roll-out couldn't have been any more stuffy or sluggish. The battle is already uphill.
Obama might have worn enough Swagger to overpower the Old Spice Classic wafting off of his Vice President, but on his own, there is little to make the signature scent of old White grandpa. Even with a somewhat swagger-cloaked Vice-President by his side, the Biden ticket won't be able to gain enough momentum to defeat the incumbent President without forward thinking advertising and marketing campaigns to support them.
If Joe Biden's campaign roll out tells us anything, it's that the Democratic Party is doubling down on their "classic" brand and relying on old marketing and advertising strategies. That wouldn't have allowed the Old Spice to successfully take over the market in 2010 and it won't be enough for the Democrats to win the Presidential election in 2020.
By targeting older White Democrats, the Party is ignoring the majority of political consumers occupying the voting market: People of color.
And, especially, young people of color comprise the Democratic Party's most loyal blocs, and in many key states they outnumber white voters. Rather than developing a strategy to target and bring in these voters, though, the Democratic Party is trying to force them to buy a product they aren't interested in. Not wanting to smell like Joe Biden or Donald Trump, these consumers are walking out of the store altogether.
And while the White grandpas of the Democratic Party push forward with a losing strategy, the rest of us are tasked with figuring out how to win the big game on election day without the support from the top players, the coach, or the league.
Black voters don't want to smell like White voters. Latino Voters don't want to smell like an old White grandpa. And the overwhelming majority of non-White voters don't want to smell like pussy-fingered, cross-burning, MAGA-hat wearing white nationalists.
The Market Gap
The problem is, there is a gap in the market that still has yet to be claimed.
There is no organized and strategically sound national campaign coming out of the White-led Democratic Party that seeks to target and bring in a larger share of the voting market by reaching out to younger and less White demographics. Similarly, there is no campaign coming out of the Black and Latino caucuses. The party itself won't get out of its recliner.
Similarly, national organizations that represent organized leadership in communities of color have yet to step up to the plate. Opting to stand firmly in a cloud of poster paint and protest, they too have not stepped up to fill the void or launched campaigns that can successfully bring in new voters in time for 2020.
If a strategically marketed campaign that successfully targets non-White people of voting age with a freshly rebranded Democratic image and brings them to the polls isn't launched at the grass-roots level, or at any level at all, we will lose control of the market to the Republican Party in 2020. The consequences of that loss cannot be underestimated.
If a strategically marketed, creatively advertised, and relentlessly adaptable campaign is launched in time to take down the Trump administration in 2020, the organization that pulls it off could take over the market. And that could have lasting effects on the 2022 midterm races and the 2024 Presidential race if leveraged correctly. The question is: What will it smell like?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


All Middle and High School Students, grades 6-12, are invited to join our New Youth Ministry. We will meet once a month to build important relationships to support each other, discuss challenges faced by teens, study scripture, pray for and with each other.
There is no cost for participation in the Youth Ministry activities, join us as often as you can. Welcome to Good Shepherd Youth Ministry. We look forward to getting to know you better. Join us as we build God's Kingdom! We have a few activities currently planned and need teens input planning the rest of our year.
October 2018: Welcome Back "Heaven's Kitchen"! On Saturday, October 27th, 5:00 – 8:00, the youth will be participating in a friendly competition to create a meal to share with the parish as a fundraiser for our local People First Food Pantry. The parish will vote for their favorite appetizer, main course and dessert as well as service and presentations. We will introduce the "Golden Spatula Award" to be awarded annually.
November 2018: "What is Service and How Can Youth Serve?" Join the conversation and planning to build our community by helping each other.


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Medical Marijuana Legalizing News Still want to ride the cannabis boom? Six bets to play the green gold rush
Still want to ride the cannabis boom? Six bets to play the green gold rush
admin · Jun 21st, 2018 · 0 Comment
The growing menu of cannabis stocks may be enticing for investors seeking to profit from the green gold rush, but betting on winners is not easy.
Cannabis companies have been in the spotlight during the run-up to the legalization of recreational pot in Canada. With the passage of Bill C-45 in the Senate, the sale of marijuana now has the green light, although it will be fall before consumers can buy cannabis products.
Risks for investors still abound in this young industry. There is uncertainty as to whether producers can meet delivery targets, or whether there could be a cannabis glut. It is unclear whether restrictions on cannabis advertising will make it difficult for the legal product to compete against the black market.
And it hasn't been determined how much dilution shareholders face because of bought-deal financings, whereby the underwriting syndicate buys the entire stock offering and resells the shares to their clients.
Given the potential landmines among pot plays, we asked three cannabis-focused fund managers for some of their top picks.
Greg Taylor, portfolio manager at Purpose Investments Inc., Toronto
Fund: Purpose Marijuana Opportunities Fund with ETF series (MJJ-NEO)
The pick: Hydropothecary Corp. (THCX-X)
52-week range: $1.10 to $5.42 a share
The Gatineau, Que.-based medical cannabis producer is "one of the leaders in the space, but seems to be getting overlooked," says Mr. Taylor. "Its stock trades at a discount to its peers, and about half of the valuation of Canopy Growth Corp."
In April, Hydropothecary signed a five-year deal with Société des alcools du Québec to supply more than 200,000 kilograms of cannabis products for recreational use, thus becoming Quebec's preferred supplier. The firm, which has a strong management team, is expanding its greenhouse capacity, investing in extraction technologies, and plans to grow globally, he says. "They are working on research and development projects for extraction into oils and infusion into beverages."
Hydropothecary, whose cost of production is less than $1 per gram, also benefits from cheaper power in Quebec. The firm is an unlikely takeover candidate but could partner with a major beverage or drug-industry player, he adds.
The pick: CannTrust Holdings Inc. (TRST-TSX)
52-week range: $5.86 to $10.58 a share
The Vaughan, Ont.-based cannabis producer is well-positioned as a play on medical marijuana that could "explode in demand," Mr. Taylor suggests. It sells higher-margin cannabis oils and has introduced innovations, such as vegan-based capsules.
CannTrust has credibility in its niche because it was founded and is controlled by former pharmacists, and has partnered with Apotex Inc., Canada's largest generic drug maker, which exports to more than 115 countries, he adds. But CannTrust, which has indoor-grow and greenhouse facilities, also plans to expand into recreational cannabis and is developing pet products, too, he says. "They are thinking out of the box."
The firm, which has reported three consecutive quarters of profit, recently raised $100-million from a bought-deal to meet its growth needs. CannTrust, whose stock trades at a big discount to peers such as Canopy Growth Corp., could be a takeover target for a pharmaceutical giant, he says.
Charles Taerk, president of Faircourt Asset Management Inc., Toronto
Fund: Ninepoint UIT Alternative Health Fund
The pick: Aphria Inc. (APH-TSX)
Shares of the Leamington, Ont.-based medical cannabis producer, which are off sharply from their January peak, are compelling on a relative-value basis, says Mr. Taerk.
Aphria's recent acquisition of Nuuvera Corp. was controversial because of cross-ownership, but it is helping global expansion, he says. Aphria, a low-cost producer, now has access to more than 13,000 pharmacies in Germany. The firm, whose current production capacity is second only to Canopy Growth Corp., has also posted 10 consecutive quarters of positive earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA), he notes. It has a strong management team led by Vic Neufeld, formerly CEO of Jamieson Laboratories Ltd., he adds.
Aphria is building a $55-million extraction facility for cannabis concentrates to be used in everything from edibles to infused beverages, and has also partnered with Southern Glazer's Wine & Spirits for product distribution, he adds.
The pick: Organigram Holdings Inc. (OGI-X)
Organigram is one of the top five Canadian licensed medical marijuana producers in terms of current production capacity, but its stock trades at a significant discount to its bigger peers, says Mr. Taerk.
Based in Moncton, N.B., it doesn't have the profile of Ontario players but benefits from lower power rates and cheaper land costs, he adds. Organigram lost its organic certification in 2016 after some batches tested for pesticides, but new management led by chief executive officer Greg Engel "has turned the ship around," he says. The company will be getting its certification back, but only a small part of its business will be organic, Mr. Taerk notes.
Organigram's cost-per-gram averaged $1.22 during the latest quarter, which is low for an indoor grower, he says. Organigram, which is doing a "nice job of creating a brand strategy" for recreational cannabis, is also a potential takeover target or could merge with other regional players, he adds.
Bruce Campbell, president of StoneCastle Investment Management Inc., Kelowna, B.C.
Funds: Cannabis Growth Opportunity Corp. (CGOC-CN) and StoneCastle Cannabis Growth Fund
The pick: Valens GroWorks Corp. (VGW-CN)
52-week range: 75 cents to $3.50 a share.
Toronto-base Valens, which aims to be a vertically integrated cannabis products provider, is attractive as a multi-licensed company with various revenue streams, says Mr. Campbell. "But their big business is going to end up being in extraction."
The company, whose production facilities are in Kelowna, B.C., holds a dealer's licence to produce and sell its higher-margin cannabis oils, and has an agreement with Canopy Growth Corp. to distribute its products through its CraftGrow program. Valens has applied for a cultivation licence, but also signed a deal recently with Speakeasy Cannabis Club Ltd., which will also supply it with cannabis. Valens, which has a licence to offer cannabis-testing services, has teamed up with U.S. scientific instruments maker Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. to do so.
Valens could be a takeover target for players wanting extraction expertise or could even merge with smaller firms to build a regional powerhouse, he says.
The pick: Friday Night Inc. (TGIF-CN)
52-week range: 17 cents to $1.40 a share
This Chilliwack, B.C.-based company, which is involved in growing and distributing medical and recreational marijuana in the United States, operates three distinct business lines, says Mr. Campbell. Its business is focused on Nevada, a medical-marijuana state that legalized recreational cannabis in 2016. Friday Night is a potential takeover target for a player that wants a foothold in that state, or it could be an acquirer, too, he says.
Alternative Medicine Association, its licensed producer, is building a new cultivation facility in Las Vegas to expand capacity, and recently bought an adjacent building for cannabis extraction. Its Infused MFG unit produces cannabidiol (CBD)-infused products ranging from pet products to lip balms and cream.
And its Spire Secure Logistics unit, which gets a recurring revenue stream from selling security services to the cannabis industry, will see demand grow as the industry matures, he predicts.
To read more visit: https://www.theglobeandmail.com/investing/globe-advisor/article-still-want-to-ride-the-cannabis-boom-six-bets-to-play-the-green-gold/
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© 2020 Medical Marijuana Legalizing. All rights reserved.


I get all these crazy thoughts and ideas all the time. Well, crazy or genius? You be the judge.
So when discussing buildings and businesses on Main Street, Waterville, I hear frequent complaint, "But there's no parking." And over in the vast parking ocean known as The Concourse, the people are a-sayin', "Oh man...I had to park all the way over in The Concourse!" So what do we need to make The Concourse a more favorable parking lot actually serving Main Street? Well, I say a mid-block pedestrian passage, like they have in Skowhegan (in the middle of a much shorter block) - see below.
Once Aubuchon Hardware. Later misguided attempts to open a bar, followed by the Common Grounds Cafe, which I stopped at once, and they made me an egg muffin sandwich entirely by microwave oven. Once. This space is currently closed, vacant, and for lease.
I think the sign in picture 3 explains things pretty well - that's an overhead view diagram they drew. As I remember from some reading years ago, American shad is the indicator species under the settlement agreement (and a FASCINATING BOOK about shad is The Founding Fish by John McPhee). When the annual count of shad reaches either 6,000 or 8,000 or some such, the next dam up the river, the UAH Hydro Dam at about the Winslow/Benton town line, has to install fish passage mechanisms, or be removed. A few years ago, this same obligation was what led to the removal of the Fort Halifax dam on the Sebasticook River, just about 1/2 mile from where the above pictures were taken. Currently, as explained on the sign, the fish get a truck ride up the Kennebec to points north of several obstructing dams to...well..."do their thing."
Anyway, this thing is smack dab in the middle of Waterville, next to the Hathaway Creative Center, seen at right. Currently, it not doing anybody a whole lotta good (other than the fish, of course). And while I support the idea, in the abstract, of restoring the mind-boggling spring fish runs of old to the Kennebec River, I'd like it more if I could see what's going on. In the spring, I see the trucks there and the men up on the sorting platforms, and the hoses inserted in big tanker trucks, but there's no way to get up close and see the fish.
Damariscotta, Maine, is pretty famous for its fish ladder (http://damariscottamills.org/) , featuring spring runs of alewives of over 400,000. They have events, and festivals, and a historical component. It's nifty, and people actually travel there to see it. Whenever I talk about fish in the river, and the alewife runs at the Benton dam and Webber Pond, everybody always says, "Well, have you ever been to Damariscotta? That's amazing." Well, I haven't yet, actually. But when that topic comes up, I want people to say, "Well, you've gotta see the fish elevator observation room at Waterville."
The Japanese site, above, explains that, "The Observation room utilizes a small section of the reinforced concrete embankment and is comprised of seven acrylic windows which are 1 meter high, 2 meters wide and 8.5 centimeters thick. In total the windows span about 30 meters of the river bank." Well, where could we put that?
I'm not saying that this alone is going to draw hoards of tourists and residents from elsewhere in Maine to see the fish and drop a lot of cash. But in conjunction with the other ideas here, and yet to come, and the efforts of Waterville Main Street, Common Street Arts, etc., it would add one more item to create a half-day (or more) experience for visitors to downtown Waterville.
This is the former Scott Paper Mill; it started as the Hollingsworth & Whitney Mill; now it's the Kennebec River Development Park (full of a mash-up of small manufacturing enterprises and storage space). It's, let's be frank, pretty ugly. And it's what you look at when standing at Head of Falls on the Waterville side of the river. Head of Falls is otherwise a very scenic location.
Okay, well see that big grey concrete wall in the middle? Here's my idea. Annually, or maybe bi-annually if people think annually is too much, we hold an art competition for mural artists. I am actually not a big fan of murals (neither is our governor). But I am pretty sure that possible canvases of this size for mural artists are not that common. And a blank concrete wall is worse than a mural. So, we make a big public artsy deal of an art competition. Artists submit proposals for a mural on that wall. Their studies or mock-ups for it are put on display for a period of time and the public votes. Maybe via the internet and/or a gallery display downtown. The winner gets to put their mural on that wall - for one or two years. There could be an exhibition-opening event at Head of Falls with the artist present, a speech, food, music, and then the big unveiling. At night, it could be illuminated with energy-efficient LED spotlights. It'd be part of the whole creative economy thing. See #2, below. And maybe you could get a big paint manufacturing company to sponsor it by donating the paint. They could use it in their advertising to showcase the durability of their paints. Believe me, riverside Maine weather would give it a good torture-test.
Yes, yes, I know there's obstacles. Including permission from the mill owner, cost of installing a walkway/scaffolding system below the wall for artists to work from, yada, yada, yada. But a co-worker once said, "there are no problems - only opportunities to excel." Best said with a big, cheesy grin.
Sure, this would be really complicated, coordinating railroads, relaying a bit of track in downtown Augusta, a ton of money, multi-town cooperation, blah, blah, blah. But this is the page for CRAZY ideas right?
Alright - go to Google Maps and look up Waterville, Maine. Zoom in and find the railroad right where it crosses the Kennebec next to the Spring Street Bridge over the old black and rust iron trestle. Yeah, now, first follow it north through the railroad yard up to Downtown Fairfield where you could pull up and stop right behind the historic, vacant, and FOR SALE Gerald Hotel (update 3/14/13 - this part of the plan is off the table, as The Gerald is being renovated into senior housing). You could spend the night in a historic hotel. Good enough, now run back down the track to Head of Falls, where you could disembark, stroll downtown Waterville (under the beautiful lights - see idea #1 way down below), see a show at the Opera House, walk on the Two Cent Bridge, and shop downtown. Back on the train, cross the trestle. Now, through downtown Winslow and a stop at Fort Halifax Park to see the old fort blockhouse and the Kennebec River. Back on the train, right past Fort Halifax (and people, when I say "right past" I mean REALLY CLOSE. Railroads didn't change course for anybody. They went right through the heart of the action, usually within a 10 feet to 50 yards of all this stuff).
Now, you keep going south, through Winslow and staying so close to the Kennebec River that the train wheels are practically getting wet. It's like that all the way down the east side of the river, crossing bridges over tributary streams, till you get to Augusta. There, you'd cross back over to the west side of the river, and continue right through the heart of downtown historic, riverfront Augusta, where you could stop again and see the historic buildings, eat some more, and walk a short distance to tour Fort Western - the oldest surviving wooden fort in the U.S. or North America, or some other notable designation. Back on the train and riding down the waterfront all the way to Hallowell and Gardiner, with more historic downtowns and shops and restaurants. Or maybe you're a really fit, cyclist type. So here the train puts you off with your bikes and you ride right beside it along the Kennebec River Rail Trail all the way to Farmingdale. Then you get back on the train with your bikes and head to the bar car for a little "apres cycle" or whatever. You keep riding the train all the way down to pull in to Brunswick - with all that the Bath/Brunswick region has to offer.
Now all this way, I envision you a chuffing along with the clickety-clack of a REAL coal-powered steam engine. Not no wussy-man train that looks old fashioned but is secretly a diesel, but a REAL steam engine, like the ones that have on the Durango-Silverton Narrow Gauge Railway in Colorado. Click on the link or the picture above to read about it. If you're ever near it, ride it. You'll love it. You travel along sheer cliffs and canyons, winding along a rock-strewn river in the Rocky Mountains up to historic, old-west Silverton, cradled in a valley in the mountains with snow-capped peaks all around. It's got wood boardwalks and old style saloons and every western tourist trap on earth. Now we haven't got the mountains, but we have the mighty Kennebec, amazing history, and the stunning fall colors. So I think this could work here. We've also got a LOT of tourists, if you just give them a solid, charming thing to stop for in Central Maine. Or more to say, to ride on in Central Maine.
Now, once you're in Brunswick, as you know, the Downeaster Amtrak train service from Boston is being extended from Portland all the way up to Brunswick. So, under my plan, you could take a train all the way from Fairfield to Boston. This will suit my selfish motivation of wanting to hop the train, ride to downtown Boston while playing card games, sipping scotch and soda, and reading and looking at beautiful Maine out the window, and then touring downtown Boston, seeing a touring Broadway show or something, and coming back up at the end of a three-day weekend. And I feel pretty sure a lot of Boston people would love to do the reverse. They'd probably love to catch a chamber orchestra at Gymnopedie (see idea #2 below).
All around the train stops should flourish hotels, restaurants, and your proverbial tourist traps. It would cherish and revitalize the historic downtowns and waterfronts of Gardiner, Hallowell, Augusta, Waterville and Fairfield. In each of these towns, herculean efforts by many groups are under way to do just that. This railway would just tie them together and IGNITE the whole mixture of historic sights, farmers' markets, seafood stands, restaurants, syrup producers, etc. because the train track runs right past them all. There's a bit of challenge at Augusta, where they foolishly tore up a segment of track between what PanAm owns and what I gather the State of Maine owns, but that could be reversed with a will and money. And keep in mind that on this whole ride you are right on the river bank of the Kennebec. I mean, there are no man-made structures closer. Because of the history of the railroads and the eminent domain powers they had in the 1800s, they got the prime riverfront land, and the view cannot be beat.
When I think about it, it's so easy to keep spinning off related ideas for businesses and stuff that I'm practically stubbing my toes on ideas. So, I haven't got the courage, and I haven't got the money. I've just got ideas. Any investors out there?
P.S., for more inspiration, check out the Essex Steam Train in Connecticut and the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad in New Mexico. I've ridden on the Durango and New Mexico trains in my youth with fond, fond, fond, fond memories. I aim to one day ride the Essex.
Also - think this is crazy? Wanna hear crazier? What if the train kept going north to Newport, hung a left north near Bangor, to Brownville Junction, and then back west to Greenville at MOOSEHEAD LAKE. Where you could ride on the steamboat Katahdin, and maybe stay at the grand resorts Plum Creek Timber would like to develop - harkening back to the days of the Kineo House.
South side: the large windows would be replaced; perhaps with stained glass capable of being completely blackened from within when needed. The tall, peaked roof area is the old gym space, and would house the theater-in-the-round.
There oughta be lights like these hung over Main Street in Waterville, in the summertime at least. They could be LEDs to save energy, but should be warm in tone (not ice cold), and should be fashioned to look like these old-timey ones. I can't remember where I first saw such a thing. I feel it must have been in a film set in Italy or France in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s. It gives things a festive, romantic feel. It would work great in Waterville where the building facades are quite high on both sides of the street, forming a canyon-like effect. Having the lights would sort of "cap" Main Street. Sort of like a ceiling of lights that blurs the boundary between being indoors and being outdoors.
They'd look nice in the Fall, too. And if you kept them up at Christmas time and bought the clever color-changing LEDs, they could be set to red or green Christmas colors. I think it would give downtown a classy feel at night.


New students begin with three easy "starter projects" to learn sewing machine operation and safety, fabric layout, pinning and cutting, and various sewing craft techniques. After completing these projects, students can then select more complex projects to develop and accumulate additional sewing skills. Students are encouraged to choose their own projects and work at their own speed. Although our teaching program is mostly done by supervising individual projects, a special, focused skills-building program is also available if preferred.
Schedule: The Spring and Fall semesters are divided into 6-week sessions consisting of a 1-hour class each week. Students are free to sign up for one or multiple 6-week sessions during each semester.
Please be sure to read our class policies regarding absences and make-up classes before committing to a class time.
*Students are required to provide their own supplies, most of which can be purchased at our studio or from a local fabric store. New students will need everything from our printable Supplies List to complete their first 6-week session.
Online - By clicking the link above and selecting your class and start date from the schedule. Then click the SIGN IN button to create your account.
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Completed registration forms are required for all new students. This form can be printed from our website or completed in-person on the first day of class.
Click here for a printable registration form to send by U.S. mail.


text:
Q: python take a number of letters out of a list I have a list called colors and I want a player to pick 4 colors and then I want them to be saved to a variable after the player has chosen these colors this is my code so far I cannot figure out how to make the 4 colors that the player has chosen to become a variable.
colors = ['R','Y','G','B','P','O']

print ("player 1 Create a 4 color code using", colors)
print "player 2 look away!!"
p1code = raw_input(">>> ")

if p1code == len(colors):
    print "i got the code now!"

A: First, you need brackets in some of your print calls and you want input rather than raw_input, if you're using Python 3.
colors = ['R','Y','G','B','P','O']

print("player 1 Create a 4 color code using", colors)
print("player 2 look away!!")
p1code = input(">>> ")

if p1code == len(colors):
    print("i got the code now!")

Otherwise, with Python 2.x, you don't need brackets, and it will probably help you avoid bugs if you're consistent (currently on your first print line you also print the brackets ('player 1 Create a 4 color code using', ['R', 'Y', 'G', 'B', 'P', 'O']):
colors = ['R','Y','G','B','P','O']

print "player 1 Create a 4 color code using", colors
print "player 2 look away!!"
p1code = raw_input(">>> ")

if p1code == len(colors):
    print "i got the code now!"

Secondly: You have stored the four colours in p1code. When I run the above code:
player 1 Create a 4 color code using ['R', 'Y', 'G', 'B', 'P', 'O']
player 2 look away!!

RBGY #what I entered

In [9]: p1code
Out[9]: 'RBGY'

Thus you can see the string 'RBGY' is stored in the variable p1code.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tesla's stock market value accelerates past $500 billion
A driver prepares to test drive a Tesla on September 5, 2020, during a presentation at the Automobile Club of Budapest
Tesla's market value soared to more than $500 billion Tuesday ahead of its listing on the S&P 500, with its stock finishing up 6.4 percent or by nearly $32 billion in 24 hours.
That gave it a valuation of $526 billion, a rise of more than 560 percent since the start of the year; and means founder Elon Musk, who owns 18 percent of the company, earned $100 billion in the same period.
Tesla is riding a wave of enthusiasm from investors who see the electric car maker's future as bright.
Its share price has also been boosted in recent weeks by Joe Biden's victory in the US presidential election. The Democrat has promised to promote the development of electric vehicles in the country.
The announcement that Tesla will be listed on the prestigious S&P 500 index as of December 21 has added to the momentum.
The company's soaring value means that it can borrow or raise money on more advantageous terms than competitors, CFRA analyst Garrett Nelson said in a note Tuesday.
That "is critical as the company continues to build new factories and deliver on its goal of increasing annual auto volumes by 40x over the next decade," from 500,000 units in 2020 to 20 million in 2030, the specialist said.
Tesla produces far fewer cars than traditional manufacturers, but is clearly favored by markets: giants General Motors and Ford are worth only $66.5 billion and $37.5 billion respectively on the stock exchange.
Musk said Tuesday that he plans to build the world's largest battery-cell factory at the group's electric car plant near Berlin.
On Monday he became the second richest person in the world, overtaking Microsoft founder Bill Gates with a fortune of $128 billion, though Amazon boss Jeff Bezos remains in the lead, according to a Bloomberg ranking.
Elon Musk now world's second wealthiest person
Citation: Tesla's stock market value accelerates past $500 billion (2020, November 25) retrieved 21 January 2021 from https://techxplore.com/news/2020-11-tesla-stock-billion.html
Tesla to build 'world's largest' battery plant near Berlin
Tesla will be added to the benchmark S&P 500 index Dec. 21
Tesla boosts turbocharged stock with plan for 5-for-1 split
Tesla to export cars made in China to Europe
Tesla performance opens door to Elon Musk payday
Researchers use advanced light to reveal how different biofuels behave
Norway first to reach 50% electric in new car sales
Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries
LUCIDGames: A technique to plan adaptive trajectories for autonomous vehicles


A senior center in Poughkeepsie is indeed the best place to make the most of the golden years of your life and socialize with other senior citizens. Senior Centers promote healthy aging and well-being of senior citizens by involving them in recreational and social activities. It also gives caregivers the much-needed break from their hectic routine.
If you are looking for a senior center in Poughkeepsie, you have come to the right place. Seniorcenter.us has an extensive database of senior centers located in Poughkeepsie. Find a senior center in Poughkeepsie and provide your older loved ones an opportunity to get out of the house and receive social and mental stimulation.
The Town of Poughkeepsie Senior Center is the home of our programming for our older residents. The 6,000 square foot building has one large meeting room that can be divided into two rooms. It is available for rental ONLY for meetings and classes.


This month blueberry season comes to a close- rather earlier than usual this year at the farm.
There is no one good reason for this. We did have fewer berries, which sometimes happens. We did some extensive pruning this spring and last fall we had an unusual leaf drop with some of our plants while the berries were setting. The plants look very healthy but they bore fewer berries.
An increase in the number of visitors to the farm this year had the effect of cutting down on the number of days we were open as well.
One good thing- all the blueberries this summer have been noticeably sweet. The hot sunny days during ripening helped this along. Every year there are differences which we have learned to take in stride in the farming life.
August 15th- Thought we'd check back in at mid-month since it has been such an unusual summer. We had hoped for more from our late ripening berries, perhaps another pick, but we soon realized that would be impossible. Our sign is still up; our nets are still up, though the ends left open for birds, small mammals, dragonflies, and butterflies. Just this evening we have seen telltale signs of the Spotted Wing Drosophila. Ah well... "Summer's almost over," I overheard a patron tell the postal clerk the other morning, "What summer" he remarked.
& Highfield Hall bake off and book signing, August 1st.


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Milk powder Manufacturers & Suppliers, China milk powder . milk powder manufacturer/supplier, China milk powder manufacturer & factory list, find qualified Chinese milk powder manufacturers, suppliers, factories, exporters & wholesalers quickly on MadeinChina.


text:
Q: Problem with pandas.Series.cat.rename_categories - getting 'categories must be unique' error Am new to Python and working through some exercises.
I have a column in my data called 'sequels' (for books) with numbers 1 through to 8.
I want to make a new column called 'sequelcategory' which relabels the numbers - I want 1 to be renamed to 'Original' and anything else to be renamed to Sequel. The exercise suggests that I use "pd.Series.cat.rename_categories" to do this.
The first hurdle I overcame was beating an error that said I needed to have categorical data (it was initially int64), I did this with:
bookdata['sequels'] = bookdata['sequels'].astype('category')

That was all well and good. I think set to creating my new column:
bookdata["sequelcategory"] = bookdata["sequels"].cat.rename_categories({1: 'original', 2: 'sequel'})

The above works absolutely fine - the problem I am having is that I also want numbers 3 - 8 to also be relabelled 'sequel', meaning that the below:
bookdata["sequelcategory"] = bookdata["sequels"].cat.rename_categories({1: 'original', 2: 'sequel', 3: 'sequel', 4: 'sequel', 5: 'sequel', 6: 'sequel', 7: 'sequel', 8: 'sequel', })

...returns the error: ValueError: Categorical categories must be unique.
Anyone have some advice on the above? I know there are probably 101 other ways to do this, but I am being told I need to do it with pandas.Series.cat.rename_categories and can't for the life of me work it out.
Any help would be greatly appreciated!

A: We could map them before setting them as category,
bookdata = pd.DataFrame({'book series': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 1, 2, 6, 8]})
bookdata
###
   book series
0            1
1            2
2            3
3            4
4            5
5            1
6            1
7            2
8            6
9            8

map_dict = {1: 'original', 2: 'sequel', 3: 'sequel', 4: 'sequel', 5: 'sequel', 6: 'sequel', 7: 'sequel', 8: 'sequel'}
bookdata['sequelcategory'] = bookdata['book series'].map(map_dict).astype('category')
bookdata
###
   book series sequelcategory
0            1       original
1            2         sequel
2            3         sequel
3            4         sequel
4            5         sequel
5            1       original
6            1       original
7            2         sequel
8            6         sequel
9            8         sequel

bookdata.info()
###
 #   Column          Non-Null Count  Dtype
---  ------          --------------  -----
 0   book series     10 non-null     int64
 1   sequelcategory  10 non-null     category


Located in a nice subdivison close to the school and YMCA. 4BR-2.5 BA. Living area plus a den w/FP. Main floor spacious laundry room. New open kithcen w/new cabinetry and new appliances. New flooring, crown molding, windows! Basement ready to be finished w/FP. Very nice!


text:
The 'Nightly Show' Solves This Cosby Mystery: 'The Motherf**er Did It."
By Kristy Puchko | Celebrity | January 21, 2015 |
Former Daily Show correspondent turned Nightly Show host Larry Wilmore has the unenviable job of trying to fill the void that The Colbert Report has left in our hearts. Two shows in, Wilmore is winning us over with this fearless and funny takedown of Bill Cosby. He opened last night's episode saying, "We'll ask the question did he do it? The answer will be yes."
But the pudding pitching alleged serial rapist isn't the only target here. Wilmore also takes on rape culture and Lena Dunham (because of course).
"Why aren't people listening to these women?," Wilmore asks, "Is it because most of this allegedly happened so long ago? Is it because some of them went into Cosby's hotel room alone? Is it because there are no Polaroids? Because he's so famous? Is it just because they are women? Because I would say enough have come forward. The current tally stands at 35 women. How many more do we need?"
← I Spy a Spinning Sand Snake Sparring in This Game of Thrones: A Day in the Life Trailer | Animated Conan Shooting With Archer? That's A Sexual Thrill →
Kristy Puchko is the film editor of Pajiba. You can follow her on Twitter.
Holy Sh*t, Henry Cavill Quit 'The Witcher'
Janelle Monae Won Halloween This Year
'Atlanta' Recap: How Disney Made The Blackest Movie Of All Time
Box Office Report: Paint It Black (Adam)
What Awaits Us All In The Darkness of Netflix's 'Cabinet Of Curiosities'?


Our flying chairs are always a firm favourite.
Children and adults alike love to fly high on this fantastic fairground attraction.
I hired the flying chairs for a corprate event as I always loved these as a child at the theme parks. Everyone got involved with the fun and had their turn on the flying chairs.


text:
Road transport in Urban India: Its implications on health
Hariom Kumar Solanki, Farhad Ahamed, Sanjeev Kumar Gupta, Baridalyne Nongkynrih
Centre for Community Medicine, Old O.T. Block, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Date of Acceptance 24-Feb-2014
Date of Web Publication 8-Dec-2015
Baridalyne Nongkynrih
Additional Professor of Community Medicine, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110 029
Solanki HK, Ahamed F, Gupta SK, Nongkynrih B. Road transport in Urban India: Its implications on health. Indian J Community Med 2016;41:16-22
Solanki HK, Ahamed F, Gupta SK, Nongkynrih B. Road transport in Urban India: Its implications on health. Indian J Community Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2019 Jul 18];41:16-22. Available from: http://www.ijcm.org.in/text.asp?2016/41/1/16/170959
Urban population in India has increased from 17-31.16% between 1951 and 2011. [1] Transport sector in India is an extensive system comprising different modes of transport, but road transport is the dominant mode playing an important role in conveyance of goods and passengers and linking the centers of production, consumption and distribution. Road transport accounted for 4.7% of India's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010-11. [2] Although essential for mobility, trade, economic development and growth, integration and social inclusion, there are negative impacts of transportation as well especially that of energy intensive transport.
The objective of this paper is to review the multiple impacts on health as a result of road transport in urban areas. A review of literature was done for publications related to the topic focusing on the last 10 years. Sources included Pubmed, Google scholar, WHO website, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Government of India, National Crime Record Bureau, Central Pollution Control Board Government of India etc. We used a health and environment cause-effect framework [Figure 1], the DPSEEA framework (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Exposures, health Effects and Actions) [3] which is a descriptive representation of the way in which various driving forces generate pressures that affect the state of the environment and ultimately human health, through the various exposure pathways by which people come into contact with the environment. [3] The framework takes account of the fact that various factors responsible for health and environment problems may be associated with such driving forces as population growth, urbanization, economic development, technological change, and to the policies underlying them. "Pressure" may be exerted on the environment which cause development sectors to generate various types of outputs (for example in the form of pollutant emissions), causing the "state" (quality) of the environment to be degraded through the dispersal and accumulation of pollutants in the environment such as air, soil, water and food. People may become "exposed" to potential hazards in the environment when they come into direct contact with these pollutants through breathing, drinking or eating. A variety of health effects may subsequently occur, ranging from minor, subclinical effects to illness and death depending on the intrinsic harmfulness of the pollutant, the severity and intensity of exposure and the susceptibility of the individuals exposed. Various actions can be implemented at different points of the framework and may take a variety of forms, including policy development, standard setting, technical control measures, health education or treatment of people with diseases.
Figure 1: Effects of road transport on health: DPSEEA framework
Health effects
Transport access is critical for inclusive growth, economic development leading to rising demand for road transport. In 2009-10, road network in the country carried 85.2% of the total passenger movement by roads and railways put together, and 62.9% for freight transport. [4]
There has been a gradual change in the environment and an increase in the number of cars, emission of pollutants and noise emission have been documented over the years leading to numerous health consequences described below.
The total number of registered motor vehicles in India increased from about 0.3 million in 1951 and 21.4 million in 1991 to about 142 million in 2011. [2] Registered vehicles grew at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.9% between 2001 and 2011. At this growth rate, the number of vehicles double every 6-7 years. The 53 million-plus cities as on 31 st March 2011 accounted for 39.7 million registered vehicles. Among these, Delhi with 72.3 lakh vehicles, had the largest number, followed by Bengaluru (37.9 lakh), Chennai (34.6 lakh), Hyderabad (30.3 lakh) and Pune (20.9 lakh). [2] These five cities accounted for half (49.3%) of the total vehicles in the 53 million-plus cities. The fleet size in nearly all public transport undertakings has actually declined rather than increase to meet the increasing demands of transportation; and the use of personalized modes especially two wheelers has increased at the rate of 12% per annum in last two decades. [4] All these factors exert a tremendous pressure on the environment. To make the situation worse, most major roads and junctions in Indian cities are heavily encroached upon by parked vehicles, roadside hawkers and pavement dwellers .
The increase in car density in urban areas gives rise to a state of volatile environment, conflicts between cars and pedestrians. Exposure to such hazardous situations leads to disastrous and sometimes fatal effects on the population due to road traffic accidents, road rage, etc. Lack of footpaths, service lanes, cycle tracks and traffic calming measures to reduce speed, where non-motorized mode of transport blend with motorized traffic, increase the risk of accidents and their severity. [5] The number of people injured in accidents increased threefold from 13-42 per lakh population between 1970 and 2011. Reported accidents and injuries in government reports are likely to be underestimates because mild injuries are more common and don't get reported. A population-based study from Hyderabad estimated an annual incidence of road traffic crash as a pedestrian or motorized two vehicle user using three month recall period at 2288 per 100,000 population and that of non-fatal road traffic injury (RTI) at 1931 per 100,000 population. [6] In India, it was estimated that the ratios between deaths, injuries requiring hospital treatment and minor injuries was 1:15:70. [7] RTAs affected mainly the people of productive age group, predominantly male [8] In India, the largest share (37%) of 'accidental deaths' due to unnatural causes is accounted for by road accidents in age group 30 to 44 years, 47.2% of deaths are due to traffic accidents. [9]
Air pollution is a well-known environmental risk to health. Vehicular emissions depend on age of vehicle, emission rate of different vehicle categories. With deteriorating mass transport services and increasing personalized motor vehicle use, vehicular emission is assuming serious dimensions in most Indian cities. Nearly 20% of passenger transport emission is by private automobiles although they only contribute 4% total passenger transport activity in Indian cities. [10]
Urban residents exposed to traffic pollution are at potentially higher risk of health effects from exposure to carcinogenic poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. [11] Studies show that PAH ratio decreases significantly as a function of distance from the road. [12] The new (2005) guidelines by World Health Organization (WHO) [13] recommend revised limits for the concentration of selected air pollutants - particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide. These guidelines are much lower than the standards set by the National Ambient Air Standard prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board, India. [14] However, measured levels of these in Indian cities were found to be unsatisfactory, largely because of high levels respirable suspended PM. Their levels were as high as 10 times in some cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. [15] Contribution of automobiles in total air pollution is reported between 40-80%. For Delhi's ambient air quality, contribution of transport sector was estimated as high as 72%. [16]
Community noise includes road, rail and air traffic, industries, construction and public works. It is caused mainly by traffic and alongside densely travelled roads equivalent sound pressure levels for 24 hour can reach 75-80dB. Prevalence of hearing loss is more in workers exposed to higher road traffic noise compared to those less exposed. [17] Indian studies have shown that vehicular traffic contributes significantly to noise pollution and annoyance in urban areas. [18],[19],[20] High noise levels interfere with speech and communication, decrease learning ability and scholastic performance. In the first half of night, exposure to road traffic noise chronically impaired cortisol regulation which correlated with disturbance of sleep, impaired concentration and memory. [21] Road traffic noise exposure was found associated with disturbed sleep, headache, hypertension, other cardiovascular diseases, especially in elderly persons. [22],[23],[24],[25] Individuals exposed to road traffic noise had poor perception of their health; while another study of residents of quieter areas had higher health related quality of life scores compared to those living in noisy areas. [26],[27]
Guidelines by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India suggest that noise levels should not exceed 75 dB in daytime and 70 dB during night in industrial areas, while the corresponding levels for commercial area are 65 dB in day and 55 dB in night. In residential areas noise levels should not exceed 55 dB in day and 45 dB at night; corresponding values for silence zones in day time is 50 dB and 40 dB at night. [28] However in a study undertaken by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur revealed that noise levels in residential, commercial and industrial areas, and silent zones of Delhi and other cities far exceeded the standards prescribed by CPCB. The average noise level in Delhi was 80 dB, which is more than the recommended value, that is 55 dB. Another Indian study in Asanasol found that at all locations of data collection ambient noise levels were above the prescribed guideline values. [29]
Poor availability of footpaths and cycle lanes acts as disincentive to active transport, also pedestrian and people on two wheelers are most vulnerable to injuries in case of road traffic accident. This increases the number of motorized vehicles usage. A study estimated that lack of physical activity can be held responsible for 3.3% deaths and 19 million Disability Adjusted Life years (DALYs) worldwide, through diseases including ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, colon cancer, stroke, and breast cancer. [30]
Other health effects
Air pollution due to vehicular traffic in urban dwellings can sensitize residents to pollens and is also associated with eczema in children. [31] Self-reported nasal discharge, blocked nose, sneezing and itching were strongly associated with living close to heavy traffic or living in cities. Proximity of residence of women during pregnancy to main road also increased the association of diagnosis of asthma and atopic eczema in the infants born to these women. [32] Some of the studies are summarized in [Table 1].
Table 1: Indian studies showing effects of urban transportation on health
Tackling these problems require multifaceted actions, targeting various points in D-P-S-E-E-A framework. It would obviously be impossible to reduce all environmental exposures to a level at which the risk to human health is zero. Measures which address the higher end of the framework that is driving force, pressure and state of the environment are the most effective; but they are the ones which are most difficult to achieve.
There are numerous examples of interventions the world over which have been successful in reducing health effects, some of which are mentioned below.
Traditionally, road safety has been assumed to be the responsibility of the transport sector. However road traffic injuries are a major public health issue, which needs to be tackled by the health department too. In USA about 30 years ago, William Haddon Jr described road transport as an ill designed "man-machine" system needing comprehensive systemic treatment. He produced what is now known as the Haddon Matrix, illustrating the interaction of three factors - human, vehicle and environment during three phases of a crash event: Pre-crash, crash and post-crash. The resulting nine-cell Haddon matrix models the dynamic system, with each cell of the matrix allowing opportunities for intervention to reduce road crash injury [Table 2]. [38] This work led to substantial advances in the understanding of the behavioural, road-related and vehicle-related factors that affect the number and severity of causalities in road traffic accidents. Evidence from some highly-motorized countries shows that this integrated approach to road safety produces a marked decline in road deaths and serious injuries. [39] Studies in Denmark have shown that providing segregated bicycle tracks or lanes alongside urban roads reduced deaths among cyclists by 35%. [40] In Ghana, the use of rumble strips reduced crashes by 35% and deaths by 55% in certain locations. [41] In Ahmedabad, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) was started since 2009, and now carries about 400,000 passengers a day. Since then, transport has shifted away from private vehicles to the BRT system, and there has been more than 50% decrease in road traffic fatalities in the BRT corridor. [42]
Table 2: The Haddon Matrix
Research is also necessary to discover new technologies and opportunities for road safety from time to time. The Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme at the Institute of Technology in New Delhi, India is one such institute.
Besides road traffic accidents, other health benefits have been reported by efforts to reduce pollution due to road transport. Recent research in Canada indicated that adults who moved away from residences in close proximity to traffic (<150 m from a highway or <50 m from a major road) had a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality than did those remaining in locations close to traffic. [43] Additionally, children who moved away from residences with high background PM10 experienced an increased rate of lung function growth compared with children who moved to areas with high PM10. [44] In London, positive health impacts have resulted from the implementation of the congestion charge scheme, which included an increase in active transport (cycling and walking), a decrease in noise pollution and related stress. [45]
Steps underway in Indian cities
The Government has taken steps in Indian cities for providing cleaner, more efficient and alternate mode of transportation. Metro Rail Projects were started in India beginning with commissioning of first phase of Delhi Metro in 2004. Presently Metro trains are running in Delhi, Haryana (Gurgaon), Uttar Pradesh (NOIDA, Ghaziabad), Karnataka (Bangalore) and Mumbai (Maharashtra). Approval for new metro network development has been granted in Kolkata, Chennai and Hyderabad. Moreover, Delhi has adopted Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for public transportation.
In 2006, National Urban Transport Policy was approved to ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable transportation systems in the cities for mobility needs of the residents. It emphasises on incorporation of urban transport at the urban planning stage with focus on more equitable road space allocation. Unified Metropolitan Transport Authorities in all million plus cities has been recommended. Under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, 63 cities were identified to provide cash assistance in grants by Central Government for infrastructure developments projects including urban transportation sector as roads, highways, expressways, Mass Rapid Transport System and metro projects. Bus based public transport systems are to be incentivised under this scheme. It is estimated that an investment of Rs 4, 35, 380 crores is required between 2008 and 2027 to improve urban transportation in 87 identified cities. [46] The National Safety Council of India launched a campaign "The National Safety Day/Safety Week Campaign" for nearly three decades to mark its Foundation Day (4 th March). These activities have significantly contributed to reduction in the rate of accidents and created wide spread safety awareness. Road Safety Week is observed every year from 1 st -7 th January.
In recognition that road accidents are a major public health problem. National Road Safety Policy was approved in India in 2010 based on Sunder committee recommendations. Under this policy Government of India has committed to increase awareness about road safety issues, establish a road safety information database, ensure safer road infrastructure, vehicles, drivers and safety of vulnerable road users.
There is sufficient evidence to show that effective measures can reduce morbidity and mortality due to road transport, which could take the form of a policy or comprehensive plan of action. Exposure to air pollutants is largely beyond the control of individuals, and requires action by public authorities at all levels. Enforcement of speed and alcohol limits, child restraints, safety belts and helmet use; pedestrian friendly front ends of vehicles and collision warning systems and design changes in vehicles like low floor buses with automatic closing doors, better and functional headlights and reflectors etc. to increase visibility of vehicles will help prevent or decrease accidents and injuries. Measures like regulating vehicle entry to city centers at busy hours, hike in parking charges and taxes will decrease congestion, commuting time, stress, risk of accidents and pollution. On the other hand, health services should be strengthened especially access to emergency trauma services, enhance capacity at all levels from primary to tertiary level of care in health promotion and patient management; this would go a long way in reducing morbidity and mortality due to health effects either from accidents or other pollution related ill-health effects.
This paper highlights some of the adverse health impacts of urban transportation in India where planning and management of transportation activities has not kept pace with increasing demands due to rapid urbanization. A combination of approaches will be required to address the problems in all levels according to D-P-S-E-E-A framework. The role of the government is crucial in planning and strict implementation of safety measures; there is therefore urgent need for capacity building and research, strengthening and enabling legal, institutional, and financial environment for road safety. Health system strengthening should be given priority to achieve significant reduction of health effects of road transport. Although policies, rules and intent are in place, results will only be visible if implementation, enforcement and monitoring are done effectively.
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Solanki HK
Ahamed F
Gupta SK
Nongkynrih B