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Eszter Hargittai
Home > Volume 7 Number 4 - 1 April 2002 >	Hargittai
Second-Level Digital Divide
Much of the existing literature on the digital divide - the differences between the "haves" and "have nots" regarding access to the Internet - limits its scope to a binary classification of technology use by only considering whether someone does or does not use the Internet. To remedy this shortcoming, in this paper I look at the differences in people's online skills. In order to measure online ability, I assigned search tasks to a random sample of Internet users from a suburban county in the United States. My findings suggest that people search for content in a myriad of ways and there is considerable difference in whether individuals are able to find various types of content on the Web and a large variance in how long it takes to complete online tasks. Age is negatively associated with one's level of Internet skill, experience with the technology is positively related to online skill, and differences in gender do little to explain the variance in the ability of different people to find content online.
Introduction: Inequalities in Internet Use
Refining the Current Approach to the Digital Divide
Methods and Data
Differences in Ability to Find Content Online
Much of the literature documenting the Internet's spread has focused on the differences among those who have access to the Internet and those who do not, or the differences among those who use it and those who do not. Since the National Telecommunications & Information Administration published its first report "Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the Have Nots in Rural and Urban America" in 1995, many analyses have been written on the inequalities of access to and use of the medium. Existing studies of differential Internet access and use document inequalities among various segments of the population (Bucy, 2000) with particular attention to education (NTIA, 2000), race (Hoffman and Novak, 1999), gender (Bimber, 2000), age (Loges and Jung, 2001), income (Benton Foundation, 1998) and rural residence (Strover, 1999).
These studies have been essential in understanding inequalities in access to the Internet, or what has come to be known as the "digital divide". Here, I argue that as the medium spreads to a majority of the population (NTIA, 2002) it is increasingly important to look at not only who uses the Internet, but also to distinguish varying levels of online skills among individuals. Skill, in this context, is defined as the ability to efficiently and effectively find information on the Web. By exploring the differences in how people use the Web for information retrieval, we can discern if there is a "second-level digital divide" in the making as the Web spreads to the majority of the American population. To explore this question, I report findings from a project that explores people's ability to locate content online. Documenting differences in Web use skills allows us to distinguish how different kinds of people are able to take advantage of this medium in varying ways.
While most reports identify differences among various segments of the population, over time studies emphasize the increasing diffusion of the medium among the population at large (Howard, Rainie, and Jones, 2001; Katz and Rice, 2002; NTIA 2000, 2002; Pew Internet and American Life Project, 2000). As more people start using the Web for communication and information retrieval, it becomes less useful to merely look at binary classifications of who is online when discussing questions of inequality in relation to the Internet (DiMaggio and Hargittai, 2001). Rather, we need to start looking at differences in how those who are online use the medium, that is, differences in people's online skills. It is important to expand the research agenda to allow analyses of the differences among Internet users.
Some scholars have offered a refined understanding of the digital divide by suggesting that there are different levels at which divides exist. Kling (1998) identified differences in technical access (the physical availability of the technology) and in social access (the professional knowledge and technical skills necessary to benefit from information technologies). Norris (2001) pointed to divides at three levels: the global divide which encompasses differences among industrialized and lesser developed nations; the social divide which points to inequalities among the population within one nation; and, a democratic divide which refers to the differences among those who do and do not use digital technologies to engage and participate in public life. DiMaggio and Hargittai (2001) suggested five dimensions along which divides may exist:
technical means (software, hardware, connectivity quality);
autonomy of use (location of access, freedom to use the medium for one's preferred activities);
use patterns (types of uses of the Internet);
social support networks (availability of others one can turn to for assistance with use, size of networks to encourage use); and,
skill (one's ability to use the medium effectively).
The goal of this study is to empirically investigate such refined understandings of a second-level digital divide by exploring differences in Internet users' online skills.
Information about people's online skills tells us to what extent they are able to use the medium in ways of most interest to them and in ways that are most useful to their particular needs. The ability to find different types of information online allows people to use the medium to their maximum benefit. If users often give up in frustration and confusion then merely having access does not mean that a digital divide has been solved because a divide remains in their capacity to effectively use the Internet (Wilson, 2000).
How can we talk about the Internet's effect on political participation if a user does not possess the skills to find political information? Similarly, how can the Internet prove to be a useful link between the government and citizens if people are unable to find official documents online? By measuring users' Internet skills, we can bridge the gap in the literature between mere structural measures of access and descriptions of what people do online in order to better describe the differences in online skills among individuals.
The data presented in this paper are based on in-person observations and interviews with a random sample of 54 Internet users from the suburban towns and boroughs of a New Jersey county conducted during the summer and fall of 2001. Respondents were recruited through random sampling. Potential respondents were first sent a letter via postal mail explaining the project and requesting participation. They were also sent a brochure that presented more details about the study. People were also pointed to the study's Web site (www.webuse.org) for more information and were given the option of calling/writing the researcher to schedule an appointment. A few days after the letters had been sent, the households were contacted by telephone.
The eligible adult (i.e. Internet user adult over 18) with the next nearest birthday was selected in order to randomly sample from within households. If this randomly selected person from the household was not willing to participate then the household was coded as a refusal even if another member of the household would have been willing to take part in the study. Such strict measures of random selection assure that the participants of the study represent a truly random sample of the area's Internet user population. People who were identified as Web users were invited to participate in the study. Web users are defined as people who go online at least once every month for more than using e-mail. This is a low threshold for including people in the study; it is used to maximize variance in experience.
Respondents were offered $40 for their participation, which they received after the study session. Respondents were asked to come to the research site on the university campus and were offered assistance with transportation if they could not provide their own (one respondent took advantage of this option and was reimbursed for bus fare). The study's response rate was 64 percent, considerably high given the time cost involved in participation.
Studying how people find information online
Researchers in the library and information science community have conducted analyses on how people locate content online, but their projects limit their scope to people in particular academic communities (e.g. graduate students in information science programs (Wang, Hawk and Tenopir, 2000) or, at best, college students in general (Cothey, 2002)) making their findings impossible to generalize to the broader Internet user population (see Jansen and Pooch, 2001 for a review of the literature on Web searches). Moreover, these studies focus on the technicalities of searches - such as the number of search terms used in a search query - without exploring demographic variables that contribute to differences in how people find material online.
Information about subjects' usual Internet use and history as well as data on their demographic background were collected via surveys. People's ability to locate content on the Web was measured by giving respondents tasks to perform online. I analyzed the results of the following five tasks. Individuals were asked to find:
Information about local cultural events in the area such as art shows, musical performances, theatre shows or movies;
Music they could listen to online;
A Web site comparing different presidential candidates' views on abortion;
Tax forms; and,
Art by kids.
These tasks were chosen to explore people's ability to find information on the Web in different topical domains. They explore whether users can find locally relevant content, can take advantage of the multimedia nature of the Web, can use the Web for political purposes, for government information, and for a random task such as finding children's art online. The last task proved to be useful in that it was new to all users and thus was able to control for people's previous experiences with any given task.
Respondents were given the choice of using a PC or a Mac so they could use the platform with which they are most familiar. The three most popular browsing software applications were all available on both machines; Internet Explorer, Netscape Communicator, and America Online to allow respondents to replicate their usual online experiences. The computers connected to the Internet on a high-speed university network line. Additionally, a program called Don't Panic (Panicware, 2001) was used to erase the browser and URL history on each browser program so that each respondent started out with a clean slate and was not influenced by previous users' actions. The search sessions were recorded with the Hypercam screen capture program (or SnapZPro on the Mac) that generated audio-visual files of the entire search sessions. The whole screen was captured with every action - e.g. click of the mouse, scrolling - and every verbal comment the respondent made during the search. These files were then analyzed to measure whether people successfully completed a task and how much time (in seconds) they spent on each task. This is the outcome of interest in this study: Skill is operationalized as success and time to completion of a task.
The researcher sat behind to the left of the respondent and refrained from influencing the respondents' strategies (e.g. never suggested any particular online actions, did not answer questions about spelling or whether a certain click would be useful). Respondents were encouraged to look for the information until they found it. No one was cut off from pursuing a search. In some cases when respondents looked frustrated or agitated they were given the option of moving on. However, when a subject simply stated that he or she was unable to perform a certain task, that person was encouraged to try several times nonetheless. When the subject suggested multiple times that they would not be able to complete a search, they were read the next task (Hargittai (in press) describes the study methodology in more detail).
The sample
Respondents range in age from 18-81 (see Table 1 for details). Half of the sample is male. Fifty-five percent of the respondents work full time and an additional 15 percent work part-time. Their occupations range from real-estate agents, environmental policy analysts, blue-collar workers to office assistants, teachers, service employees and medical professionals in addition to students, unemployed and retired persons. See the Appendix for a complete list of participants' demographic characteristics including their occupations.
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics for Independent Variables
a Education and Family income have no means as those variables were collected categorically.
Mean Standard Deviation Median Minimum Maximum
Age 43.06 16.37 41.5 18 81
Educationa N/A N/A College Less than high school Ph.D.
Family Incomea N/A N/A $80,000-$89,000 $17,500-$19,000 >$250,000
Number of years since first use of the Internet 6.24 3.54 6 0 16
Number of hours browsing the Web weekly 8.55 10.76 5 8 minutes 70
Eighty-nine percent of the respondents are White, there are four African Americans and one Asian American respondent, one person chose the "other" category for race; there is one Hispanic participant. Eleven percent live without another adult in the household, 45 percent live with a spouse, the rest live with roommates or others (parents in most cases). Eighty-two percent of the respondents have children. Of these 28 people, 53.5 percent (15 people) have children currently living with them.
On average, participants in this study are more educated than the general Internet user population as 26 percent have less than a college degree (among whom six are still enrolled in school), a third hold a college degree and the remaining 40 percent have a graduate degree. This suggests that findings from the study will be conservative with respect to effects of different educational levels on people's ability to use the Internet effectively.
The family income of respondents is greater than the national average although it is important to note that this county is one of the highest income counties in the country and thus despite the high median income, the sample is not out of the ordinary for the local population. The average median per capita income in this county in 2000 was almost $40,000 (based on U.S. Census data). Here, I look at family income, which is likely to be considerably higher on average. See Table 1 for descriptive statistics of the family income distribution. Respondents differ in their political leaning with 20 percent self-identified as conservative, 30 percent claiming to be middle of the road and half identifying as liberal.
Regarding Web use frequency and history, the group is diverse. Respondents were asked how much time they spend on the Web each week excluding e-mail use, that is, time spent specifically for browsing information online. Web use ranges from just a few minutes to over 30 hours weekly (see Table 1 for details). About half of the respondents use the Web more than they use e-mail, 18.5 percent use the two types of online services the same amount and the rest do more e-mailing than Web browsing in a typical week.
The group is similarly diverse in its overall experience with the medium. Users were asked to note when they first started using the Internet. One person went online the year of the study with an additional 18.5 percent only having used it for two years or less. However, many - 39 percent - of the subjects had been users for 5-7 years. There are also several long-term users among the respondents with 18.5 percent having used the Internet for more than ten years (see Table 1 for details).
I measure people's online skills in two ways. First, the binary success/failure rate shows what portion of the respondents was able to complete a certain task. Second, the time to completion of each task is measured in seconds to show the gradual differences in how long people take to find information on the Web. The exact time spent on each task is recorded for every respondent so information is available both on when respondents successfully completed a task and when they decided to give up on a task.
There is some variance in the success rate for performing tasks and a large variance in the amount of time used to complete tasks. Half of respondents (27 individuals) were able to successfully complete all tasks and an additional 31.5 percent (17 people) succeeded in locating four of the five types of information sought (see Table 2 for details). However, the remaining ten people were only able to successfully complete 1-3 tasks. This is a considerable proportion given that people were encouraged to pursue tasks without any time constraint. Table 3 describes in detail what proportion of respondents was successful for each task with additional information on the amount of time people took to successfully complete each task.
Table 2: Number of Successfully Completed Tasks
Number of Tasks Completed Successfully Number of Respondents
(% in parentheses)
2 3 (5.5)
3 6 (11)
4 17 (31.5)
5 27 (50)
Table 3: Success Rate and Average Time to Successful Completion by Task
Task Success Rate (%) Mean (mins) Standard Deviation Minimum Time Maximum Time (min) N (success)
Music 94.44 1.55 1.67 5s 7.83 51
Tax forms 94.44 2.48 2.04 27s 8.75 51
Local events 87.04 2.18 2.03 24s 9.78 47
Kids' art 85.19 2.09 1.67 11s 8.05 46
Political info 61.11 3.79 3.10 27s 13.53 33
Note the low rate of successful completion (61 percent) for the task that required respondents to find a Web site that compares different presidential candidates' views on abortion. To control for previous experience with such a task, respondents were also asked if they had looked at political campaign information online before. Among those who had not, 54.2 percent completed the task successfully in contrast to the 66.7 percent among those who had experience with looking for this type of content online. Although there is some difference among those who had previous experience with this task and those who did not, there are significant proportions of people in both categories who lacked the skill to successfully complete this task.
This finding has important implications when considering the potential effects of the Internet on political participation and its ability to inform citizens on political issues. A large percentage of users were unable to find a political comparison Web site even in a situation where they are not constrained by time and are not being distracted by other obligations and activities. This suggests that people have a very hard time finding political information that may be helpful to further their understandings of candidates' views in a political campaign. Although there are numerous resources on the Web that showcase this type of information, the mere presence of such content will be of little use to advancing political participation if people are not capable of finding their way to such sites.
Overall, people spent anywhere from two and a half minutes to 33 minutes on the five tasks regardless of whether they were able to successfully complete them or not. Figure 1 shows the cumulative distribution function of the total time spent on all tasks. The y axis denotes the proportion of people still working on a task and the x axis shows the amount of total time spent on searching. The circles on the graph signify the amount of time the respondent took to search for the five types of content on the Web.
Figure 1: Total Time Spent on All Five Tasks
There is a gradual increase in the amount of time people spent on all the tasks. Half of respondents were done in 12 minutes or less (so on average these people spent 2.4 or less minutes on each task), but the rest took longer, spending as much as 33 minutes on the tasks. Four respondents spent less than a total of five minutes on all tasks whereas four respondents spent more than 30 minutes on the five tasks.
The large variance is not simply due to people searching endlessly without successful completion resulting in lengthy search sessions. Figure 2 shows the distribution of time spent on the five tasks for those 27 respondents who successfully completed all five tasks. Their times-to-completion range from 2.5 minutes to 30.3 minutes suggesting that the quickest respondent successful with all tasks was as much as twelve times quicker than the slowest fully successful respondent.
Figure 2: Total Time Spent on All Tasks for Those Successful with All Five Tasks
How can we explain these differences in people's ability to find content online? Here, I look at the relationship between online skills and age, gender, education, and experience with the technology. I consider both the mean number of successfully completed tasks by subgroups and the average amount of time (in minutes) spent on all five tasks. I report time spent on all five tasks regardless of successful completion. The results are robust when only considering the total time of those who were successful with all five tasks.
There are clear generational differences in people's ability to use the Web. Table 4 shows the average number of successfully completed tasks by age broken down by decades. The 18 and 19 year olds were all successful with all five tasks whereas the people in their 70s and 80s averaged 3.33 successful tasks with people in their 60s also able to finish less than four tasks on average. The same table also presents information about the average time people spent on the five tasks broken down by age in decades. Again we see clear generational differences. People in their teens and people in their 20s are quicker than people in their 30s and 40s who are quicker than older respondents, although curiously, people in their 60s were relatively quick at finishing tasks.
Table 4: Average Number of Successfully Completed Tasks and Time Spent on Tasks by Age
Age by Decade Mean Number of Tasks Standard Deviation of Tasks Average Time on Tasks (min) Standard Deviation of Time Number of Observations
10s 5 0.00 6.7 3.96 3
20s 4.67 0.49 8.2 3.97 12
30s 4.17 1.33 15.7 6.11 6
40s 4.21 0.58 14.0 6.94 14
70s+ 3.33 1.15 24.4 7.50 3
On average, women completed 4.19 tasks compared to men's 4.26 average success rate. The average total time spent on the five tasks for women was 14.6 minutes whereas for men it was 12.9 minutes. Neither of these differences is statistically significant, suggesting that there is no influence of gender on whether people are able to efficiently navigate the content of the Web and how long they take to do so.
Education has consistently been a predictor of access to the Internet (NTIA 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000) and is likely to affect the level of Web use skill as well. Universities were the first ones to embrace the technology and thus those who attended college in the past decade would have had exposure to the medium during their schooling. Moreover, people with higher levels of education are likely to have had more exposure to computer technology in general, familiarity with which is an important first step in gaining access to the Internet. Moreover, higher educated individuals are more likely to possess the expertise and confidence with technology needed to download and install additional software, a necessary prerequisite for the browsing of many Web sites.
Here, respondents' level of education is broken down into three categories: less than a college degree, college degree and graduate degree. Table 5A shows the relationship of educational level to online skills. Those with the highest level of education do best in terms of the number of tasks completed while those with the lowest level of education are the quickest in completing tasks.
Table 5A: Average Number of Successfully Completed Tasks and Time Spent on Tasks by Education
Education Mean Number of Tasks Standard Deviation of Tasks Average Time on Tasks (min) Standard Deviation of Time Number of Observations
No college degree 4.43 .94 10.4 5.13 14
College degree 3.78 1.21 18.4 8.44 18
Graduate degree 4.45 .67 12.0 6.42 22
However, because those currently in school are likely to have quite a bit of exposure to the technology, and because they would show up in an educational category that does not yet represent the degree they are currently seeking, in Table 5B, I present the relationship between education and online skill excluding those respondents who are currently in school (six college students and one graduate student were thus excluded from this table). Here, we see that those with a graduate degree do best both with successful completion of tasks and amount of time spent on tasks.
In the last column of this table, I have included the average age of those in the three educational subcategories because we have seen earlier that age is significantly related to level of Web skill. Consistent with that finding, we find that the relationship of education to skill noted in this table may be driven by the considerable differences in the average age of those who have no college degree (40) and those who do (48 for the college graduates and 47 for those with an advanced degree). The higher level of skill in the lowest educational category may thus be driven by the considerably lower average age of those respondents. Since the average age is similar for the latter two categories they are more comparable (as this controls for differences in age). We can see that those with a graduate degree are considerably better at finding information online than those who do not have an advanced degree when controlling for age.
Table 5B: Average Number of Successfully Completed Tasks by Education and Time Spent on Tasks Excluding Those Currently in School
Education Mean Number of Tasks Standard Deviation of Tasks Average Time on Tasks (min) Standard Deviation of Time Number of Observations Mean Age in Educational Subcategory
No college degree 4.125 1.13 12.9 3.89 8 40
College degree 3.78 1.21 18.4 8.44 18 48
Graduate degree 4.42 .68 12.3 6.45 21 47
Prior experience with the technology
The amount of prior experience with the Internet is likely to affect online actions (Howard, Rainie, and Jones, 2001). People who spend more time online - whether at home or any other location - will likely acquire more knowledge about the Web and thus will have better online skills. Moreover, people who have been Internet users for longer are expected to be better at finding information online as they have more experiences to draw on. Additionally, early adopters tend to be more innovative, with a greater willingness to explore a new medium and familiarize themselves with it (Howard, Rainie, and Jones, 2001; Rogers, 1995).
The data suggest that the amount of time people spend online does affect their efficiency in finding information on the Web but is of most concern for those who use it minimally. According to Table 6, those who browse the Web less than an hour each week are able to find less information and take considerably longer on tasks than those who spend either 1-7 hours online per week or those who spend even more time surfing the Web weekly.
Table 6: Average Number of Successfully Completed Tasks and Time Spent on Tasks by Time on Web Weekly
Less than one hour 3.20 1.78 18.9 8.37 5
1-<7 hours 4.22 .93 13.7 7.90 27
7 or more hours 4.45 .67 12.7 6.80 22
Table 7 sheds light on the importance of being a veteran versus a newcomer online. Those who only recently started using the Internet - in the past three years - exhibit considerably lower online skills than those who have been online for longer. However, note again the age distribution among the subcategories. Late adopters are significantly older and so it may be a combination of age and time that is driving the differences in Web use skills.
Table 7: Average Number of Successfully Completed Tasks and Time Spent on Tasks by Number of Years Since First Internet Use
Number of Years Since First Use of the Internet Mean Number of Tasks Standard Deviation of Tasks Average Time on Tasks (min) Standard Deviation of Time Number of Observations Mean Age in Subcategory
0-2 years 3.18 1.25 19.6 6.01 11 52
3-6 years 4.47 .61 14.3 7.67 19 41
7 or more years 4.50 .78 10.6 6.56 24 40
In general, young people (late teens and twenties) have a much easier time getting around online than their older counterparts (whether people in their 30s or 70s). Some of this is clearly based on comfort with the technology they are using and not necessarily based on elaborate techniques they have mastered specifically with respect to the Web. As the amount of time people have been Internet users also matters in how well individuals are able to navigate the content of the Web, it is possible that those who are currently less skilled will learn over time and improve their ability to find content online. However, people may be discouraged by the difficulties of finding information on the Web and thus may end up spending less time with the medium. Given that time spent on the Web is also associated with level of Web skill, lower level skills may persist over time.
It is clear from the findings that there is great deal of variance in abilities to locate content online. Merely offering people a network-connected machine will not ensure that they can use the medium to meet their needs because they may not be able to maximally take advantage of all that the Web has to offer. Policy decisions that aim to reduce inequalities in access to and use of information technologies must take into consideration the necessary investment in training and support as well. Like education in general, it is not enough to give people a book, we also have to teach them how to read in order to make it useful. Similarly, it is not enough to wire all communities and declare that everyone now has equal access to the Internet. People may have technical access, but they may still continue to lack effective access in that they may not know how to extract information for their needs from the Web. Although providing Internet access may help alleviate some problems of the digital divide, information presented in this paper demonstrates that a second-level digital divide exists relative to specific abilities to effectively use the medium.
Eszter Hargittai earned her BA in Sociology at Smith College and is currently a PhD candidate in Sociology at Princeton University. She has published on the comparative history of the radio's and Internet's early years, inequalities in the global diffusion of the Internet, how portal sites channel users toward some content and away from other online material, analysis of international telephone networks, and on conceptualizing the "digital divide". Her current project is an empirical look at how people find information online and how the organization and presentation of content on the Web influences people's online actions. She has recently launched an e-mail distribution list - "Eszter's List" - with pointers to interesting material on the Web. For more information, see http://www.eszter.com.
E-mail: eszter@eszter.com
I would like to thank Paul DiMaggio for his insightful comments throughout this project, Stan Katz for his ongoing support, and Erica Field for helpful discussions. I am also grateful to Edward Freeland, James Chu, Carolyn Mordas, Jeremy Davis-Turak, and Inna Barmash for their assistance with various components of the project. Generous support from the Markle Foundation is kindly acknowledged. The project has also been supported in part by NSF grant #SES9819907, a grant from the Russell Sage Foundation, and through a grant from the Pew Charitable Trusts to the Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Princeton University. I am also grateful to the Fellowship of Woodrow Wilson Scholars at Princeton University.
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Appendix: Demographics of Respondents
Education: <HS = less than high school; HS/GED = high school or equivalency exam; SC = some college; ASD = associates degree; BA = bachelor's degree (either arts or sciences); MA = Master's (either arts or sciences); PRO = professional degree; PhD = doctoral degree
a African American;bAsian American;c Hispanic
Occupation Age Sex Education Time on Web/week (in hours) Number of Years Since First Use of the Internet
Student 18 F HS/GED 3 7
At homea 18 F HS/GED 10 5
Library office assistant/Student 19 F SC 10 4
Accounting manager assistant/Student 20 F SC 2 11
Sales data manager/Student 20 F SC 4.5 7
Bank customer service representative/Student 21 F SC 5 4
Computer lab tech support/Student 22 M SC 70 7
Financial markets data managerc 24 M BA 30 5
Financial services sales representative 24 M BA 21 6
Financial analyst 25 M BA 1 11
Golf course groundskeeper 26 M HS/GED 7.5 2
Hydrogeologist 26 F BA 5 7
Non-profit administrator 26 F MA 6 7
Graduate student (humanities)a 27 M PhD 10 11
Civil engineer 29 M BA 17.5 6
U.S. military pilot 33 M MA 7 6
Non-profit computer programmerb 34 M MA 25 7
Local government GIS administrator 36 F MA 15 6
Assembly worker (air conditioners)a 39 M <HS 0.13 1
Small company MIS director 39 M HS/GED 7 6
At home 39 F BA .17 1
Self-employed real-estate agent 40 F ASD 1.5 2
Medical equipment repair and installation 40 M BA 10 11
At home 40 M MA 4 9
Professor (mathematics) 40 M PhD 8 9
Circulating nurse 41 F ASD 9 8
Legal researcher for State 41 M PRO 5 8
Unemployed 42 F MA 21 8
Security officer 42 M PRO 4 3
Personal/professional concierge (self-employed) 43 F BA 8.5 2
Retail data administratora 44 F BA 0.25 2
Self-employed consultant 44 F MA 7 5
Environmental consultant 45 M MA 3 5
School teacher 47 F MA 3 10
Social work supervisor 48 F MA 1 6
Sales accountant 50 M BA 5 5
Professor (humanities) 50 F PhD 0.5 13
Utility company budget analystc 50 M BA 5 7
Retail customer service 52 F MA 4 4
Management consultant (comp info systems) 52 M MA 10 16
Technician manager 55 M ASD 3.5 12
Business development 56 M BA 3.5 4
Retired 57 F MA 5 11
Development officer 60 M PhD 7.5 8
Personal assistant to psychologist 62 F ASD 18 7
Retired 62 M MA 14 3
Retired 63 F BA 3 2
Crisis counselor 64 F BA 0.5 2
Real estate broker 66 M BA 15 2
Pharmaceutical products customer support rep. 68 F BA 1 2
Retired (was: scientific equipment marketer) 69 M PhD 10 6
- 72 F BA 10 13
Software programmer 72 M BA 3.5 5
Store sales staff (formerly company tech staff) 81 M BA 1 0
Paper received 21 March 2002; accepted 25 March 2002.
Second-Level Digital Divide: Differences in People's Online Skills by Eszter Hargittai
First Monday, volume 7, number 4 (April 2002),
URL: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_4/hargittai/index.html


text:
Maurice Ordonneau, né le  à Saintes et mort le  à Versailles, est un dramaturge et compositeur français.

Fils d'un négociant en eau-de-vie, Maurice Ordonneau fut un auteur prolifique dans la création d'œuvres théâtrales. Il compose, avec souvent la collaboration d'autres auteurs dramatiques, compositeurs et musiciens, un grand nombre d'opérettes, opéra-bouffes, comédies et vaudevilles.

Pendant quelques mois, après la mort du dramaturge Jean Gascogne, Ordonneau a été chargé de la critique dramatique à La Libre Parole.

Œuvres principales
 Les Rosières de carton, comédie, avec Henry Buguet, 1874 ;
 La Bague de Turlurette, comédie, avec Ernest Hamm, 1876 ;
 Les Vacances de Toto, comédie-vaudeville, avec Victor Bernard, 1876 ;
 Zigzags dans Versailles, comédie, avec Ernest Hamm, 1877 ;
 Les Cris-cris de Paris, comédie, avec 1877 ;
 Minuit moins cinq !, vaudeville, avec Victor Bernard, 1878 ;
 L'Assommoir pour rire, vaudeville, avec 1879 ;
 Théâtre de famille, opérette, avec Gustave Nadaud, avec Eugène Verconsin, 1880 ;
 Les Deux Chambres, opérette, avec 1880 ;
 Madame Grégoire, opérette, avec Paul Burani, 1881 ;
 L'Heure du berger, vaudeville, avec 1883 ;
 Le Réveil de Vénus, comédie, avec Paul Burani, avec Henri Cermoise, 1883 ;
 Les Parisiens en province, comédie, avec Hippolyte Raymond, 1883 ;
 L'Ablette, comédie, avec 1885 ;
 Les Petites Godin, comédie-vaudeville, avec 1885 ;
 Mon oncle!, comédie-bouffe, avec Paul Burani, 1885 ;
 Cherchons papa, vaudeville, avec Victor Bernard, 1885 ;
 Serment d'amour, opéra-comique, avec Edmond Audran, 1886 ;
 La Princesse Colombine, opéra-comique, avec Émile André, 1887 ;
 La Fiancée des verts poteaux, opéra-comique, avec Edmond Audran, 1887 ;
 Durand & Durand, comédie-vaudeville, avec 1887 ;
 Maître Corbeau, comédie, avec Hippolyte Raymond, 1887 ;
 La Poupée, opéra-comique d'après Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, avec Edmond Audran, 1888 ;
 Monsieur Coq-Héron l'avoué, comédie, avec Paul Siraudin, avec Alfred Delacour, Hippolyte Raymond et Lambert Thiboust, 1888 ;
 L'Oncle Célestin, opérette bouffe, avec Edmond Audran et Henri Kéroul, 1891 ;
 La Petite Poucette, vaudeville-opérette, avec Maurice Hennequin et Raoul Pugno, 1891 ;
 Les Boulinard, opérette, avec 1891 ;
 La Femme du commissaire, comédie-vaudeville, avec 1892 ;
 La Plantation Thomassin, vaudeville, avec Albert Vizentini 1892 ;
 Mademoiselle ma femme, opéra-comique, avec Frédéric Toulmouche, livret cosigné avec Octave Pradels 1893 ;
 Madame Suzette, opérette, avec André Sylvane et Edmond Audran, 1893 ;
 Cousin-cousine, opérette, avec Henri Kéroul, avec Gaston Serpette, 1893 ;
 La Vertu de Lolotte, comédie, avec 1894 ;
 L'Article 214, comédie, avec André Sylvane, 1895 ;
 La Marraine de Charley, comédie-bouffe, avec Brandon Thomas, 1895 ;
 Au coin du feu, opérette, avec 1895 ;
 La St-Valentin, opéra-comique, avec 1895 ;
 La Perle du Cantal, opérette, avec 1895 ;
 Le Pèlerinage, comédie, avec Maxime Boucheron, 1895 ;
 La Falote, opérette, avec Louis Varney et Armand Liorat, 1896 ;
 Paris quand même ! ou Les deux bigorret, comédie-bouffe, avec Ernest Grenet-Dancourt, 1896 ;
 Niobé, opérette, avec Harry Paulton, 1897 ;
 L'Auberge du Tohu-Bohu, vaudeville-opérette, avec 1897 ;
 Les Sœurs Gaudichard, opéra comique, 1899 ;
 Les Saltimbanques, opérette, avec Louis Ganne, 1899 ;
 Les Sœurs Gaudichard, opéra-comique, avec Edmond Audran, 1899 ;
 Le Curé Vincent, opérette, avec 1901 ;
 Madame Sherry, opérette, avec Hugo Felix, 1902 ;
 Le Jockey malgré lui, opéra-bouffe, avec Paul Gavault, 1902 ;
 L'Étude Tocasson, vaudeville, avec Albin Valabrègue, 1902 ;
 Le Voyage des Berluron, vaudeville, avec Ernest Grenet-Dancourt et Henri Kéroul, 1903 ;
 Les Hirondelles, opérette, avec Henri Hirschmann, 1904 ;
 Les Filles Jackson et cie, opérette, avec Justin Clérice, 1905 ;
 Une affaire scandaleuse, vaudeville, avec Paul Gavault, 1905 ;
 La D'moiselle du Tabarin, opérette, avec André Alexandre, 1910 ;
 Helda, opérette, avec Auguste M. Fechner, Tom de Godement et Michel Farlane, 1911 ;
 La Marquise de Chicago, opérette, 1911 ;
 Trois Amoureuses, opérette, avec 1912 ;
 La Petite Manon, opéra-comique, avec André Heuzé et Henri Hirschmann, 1913 ;
 Éva, comédie, avec Alfred Maria Willner, avec Robert Bodanzky, 1913 ;
 Le Roi des montagnes, opéra-comique, avec 1913 ;
 La Cocarde de Mimi-Pinson, opérette, avec Henri Goublier fils, 1915 ;
 La Demoiselle du printemps'', opérette, avec Henri Goublier fils, Francis Gally et Georges Léglise, 1916.

Notes

Liens externes

 Base Léonore
 Ouvrages de Maurice Ordonneau

Dramaturge français du XIXe siècle
Dramaturge français du XXe siècle
Compositeur français de la période romantique
Compositeur français de musique classique de la période moderne
Collaborateur de La Libre Parole
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
Naissance en juin 1854
Naissance à Saintes
Naissance en Charente-Inférieure
Décès en novembre 1916
Décès à Versailles
Décès en Seine-et-Oise
Décès à 62 ans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Duke of Burgundy and the mysterious language of love
Despite its lesbian and lepidoptera themes, Peter Strickland's relationship drama is anchored by universal truths about domestic role-play.
Sophie Monks Kaufman
@sopharsogood
Peter Strickland's The Duke of Burgundy is many things: sensual erotica; progressive LGBT cinema; even romantic comedy. But the most powerful story it tells is about two individuals and their opposing languages of love.
Cynthia (Sidse Babett Knudsen) and Evelyn (Chiara D'Anna) live together in a ridiculously opulent house in an unspecified European village populated only by women. Strickland doesn't touch upon explanatory details. His focus is pure and heightened and fixed on the way the two women interrelate.
Their specific dilemma is how to reconcile Evelyn's masochism with Cynthia's more traditional tastes. Their struggle isolates the ongoing issue that individuals within couples face: how to please both themselves and their lover. A poignant but humourous scene shows a declaration of love impatiently shot down in favour of dirty talk. There is a point to which this type of clash is inevitable and a point to which it is gratuitously painful and a klaxon call for parting. Strickland brings to life a relationship where the love is not gone but pain — in and out of S&M role-play — is an ongoing undercurrent that constantly reframes our understanding of how these women are coping.
Strickland uses a specific, cinematically rewarding and sensual type of domestic set-up to explore power, but the struggle between generous love and personal need is universal. "The nature of life is there's always something that has to be sacrificed…. When I think of people that I know there's always someone who has to compromise," Strickland said in a recent interview with LWLies.
Strickland has cited German new wave director Rainer Werner Fassbinder as an inspiration, specifically his 1975 film Fox and his Friends. "When Fassbinder brings his boyfriend to dinner his parents don't even question it," explains Strickland. "In the late '70s it was always about acceptance when you bring the boyfriend over for dinner. But in Fox and His Friends it was just like bringing your girlfriend for dinner. They spoke about other things." The Duke of Burgundy has taken the lead of its inspiration. It is so earnestly at the core of a love quandary that it is not about the particulars of sexuality.
Another German named Rainer eloquently expressed a solution to disconnection in couples. Poet Rainer Maria Rilke wrote: "Once the realisation is accepted that even between the closest people infinite distances exist, a marvellous living side-by-side can grow up for them." While this is a salve for a certain level of benign separation, there is a type of distance that lends itself more to pain, doubt and madness than anything like marvel. The communion-separation balance has to be determined by individuals, rather than a couple hive-mind. A couple can only function when two people are in harmonious accord over the state of their togetherness. In The Duke of Burgundy the camera lingers on the women's faces separately as frequently as it photographs them together, searching stoical performances for clues as to personal happiness.
Sidse Babbett Knudesen's soft voice imbues Cynthia with melancholy as she fulfils her role and orders her sub to perform domestic chores. She sits alone at a typewriter or alone in front of a mirror, never fully convinced by her task, huge eyes flitting restlessly and unseeingly. As Evelyn, Chiara D'Anna also seems caught in reveries. Evelyn washes Cynthia's elegant satin underwear hypnotised by the rainbow patterns that dance across the suds. She is slacking off her flesh and blood partner in favour of personal fantasies. Despite the women being each other's sole human contact, imagination nudges them apart.
The power imbalance here is that one woman is acting for herself while the other acts for her loved one. The film is a slow submergence in the question of whether Cynthia will accept power balance for the sake of Evelyn. What happens when inequality is accepted in the name of love and desire? Sam Taylor-Johnson's Fifty Shades of Grey explores the same question from two conflicting points of view. Talking about his formative years as a 'sub', Christian Grey says, "When I gave up control I felt free from responsibility and decision-making. I felt safe."
Submission bequeathed him a cocoon away from the storms of society. Anastasia Steele is not as convinced of the benefits of abandoning her free will. The strength of her identity is protection for her and a phenomenon for him in that it offers a departure from the familiar patterns of S&M power play. It is terrifying for him to go off-script, off-cue and simply follow feelings. Her power is his weakness and vice versa. When sexual tastes are in opposition, love becomes a battle for dominance. As for who will come out on top, Fassbinder offered the following view:
"The one who loves or loves more is obviously the inferior one in the relationship. This is to do with the fact that the one who loves less has more power, obviously."
Strickland's style is gentler and more abstract than his German forebear. Cynthia and Evelyn try to sidestep power issues in order to live side-by-side. They cycle together, sleep together and fuel lepidopterist obsessions together. Amid the dusky light and decadent furnishings of their mansion, Nicholas D Knowland's sensual cinematography captures the shared life they try to snatch from the jaws of their warring predilections. Cynthia inches her skirt up as Evelyn kneels at her feet. We hear the cloth scratching against her stockings, Strickland framing the point of friction in intimate close-up. This is the camera's way of evoking Cynthia's sensitivity to the sharpened focus of her lover's charged gaze. S&M never seemed so merciful and compassionate.
Evelyn is either not willing or not able to be as flexible with love's language. She is a slave to her desires, child-like and id-driven, whispering her disdain at a butterfly lecture and susceptible to another woman who shares her bedroom tastes. (Could streamlined taste be more of a determiner of coupledom than attachments forged on emotional grounds?)
Sometimes Cynthia's role seems more like a care-giver than a lover. The narrative progresses to Cat's Eyes' otherworldly sounds and engagement with the abstract realm of emotional decisions heightens. Will she surrender her identity to serve her lover's insatiable sexual appetite? Or are the forces of self-preservation more powerful than love? And if wilful love can't keep people together, what on Earth can?
Tags: The Duke of Burgundy
Director Peter Strickland's sumptuous, all-female S&M fable is his greatest film to date.
review LWLies Recommends
Does Sexy Beast contain cinema's best description of love?
By Sophie Monks Kaufman
Jonathan Glazer's 2000 film mixes in a sweet, lilting romance with all the violence and swearing.
This euphoric night-before-Christmas revenge caper is one of the year's most purely enjoyable films.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Why cant' I trigger custom events in vue.js? I have a local database that will be updated with pusher. This database is stored in JSON and the component will load and filter out what is not needed, making it impossible to add a watcher to the raw data.
My idea (please advice me if there are better solution) was to add a listener for a custom event, then trigger this event when the DB is updated. The only event I'm able to trigger is 'CLICK', with a simple $('.vue-template').trigger('click');
This is paired with a simple @click="doSomething" on the element I chose as my target.
This is not ideal because I don't want to fetch the data on any click, but only when the DB is updated, so I've tried @customevent="doSomething" but it doesn't work
Any help?
EDIT: More code
<template>

        {{ personIdentifier(teacher.person) }}

</template>

EDIT 2: attempt to use BUS
Remember that I use Laravel Mix.
app.js
window.vue_bus = new Vue();

master.js
function handleDatabaseUpdate(){
    window.vue_bus.$emit('refresh-data');
}

component
created () {
        // fetch the data when the view is created and the data is
        // already being observed
        this.fetchData();
        window.vue_bus.$on('refresh-data', this.testAlert());
    },

I've isolated the relevant bits of the code. This executes testAlert() when the component is mounted, but it returns an error cbs[i] undefined when I call handleDatabaseUpdate() from browser console (on Firefox).

A: This is a case where I might use an event bus.
A bus is created by simply creating an empty Vue.
const bus = new Vue()

In whatever function you have outside that is dealing with the database, you can emit an event using the bus.
function handleDatabaseUpdate(){
   //do database things
   bus.$emit("refresh-data")
}

Then in your component, add a handler.
created(){
    bus.$on("refresh-data", this.fetchData)
}

Since it looks like you are using single file components, you will have to make the bus available to both the component and your database manager. You can do that two ways. Quick and dirty, expose the bus on the window.
window.bus = new Vue()

Second, you can create the bus in its own module and import the module into all the places you need to use it.
bus.js
import Vue from "vue"

const bus = new Vue()
export default bus;

And in the code that deals with the database and in your component, import the bus.
import bus from "/path/to/bus.js

That said, the reason you cannot listen to jQuery events in Vue is that jQuery uses it's own event system and Vue's listeners will never catch jQuery events. If you still wanted to use jQuery, you could emit a custom event in jQuery and listen to that custom event also using jQuery. You would just have to dispatch the event to fetchData.
created(){
    $("thing you sent the event from").on("refresh-data", this.fetchData)
}

Finally, this is also a case where a state management system (like Veux) would shine. State management systems are intended for cases like this where state could be changing in many places and automatically reflecting those changes in the view. There is, of course, more work implementing them.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Why Assistive Technology Matters to Me: Stu Flom - AdaptiVision
Why Assistive Technology Matters to Me: Stu Flom
by AdaptiVision | Jun 30, 2021 | Inspirational Stories, Low Vision Help | 0 comments
Our last interview in this series featured Bernie McGee, who discussed how assistive technology has helped him build a successful career in the building and construction trade.
We are now "turning the tables" and chatting with our founder and president, Stu Flom, about why AT matters to him. Read on for our Q&A session with Stu, where he covers a range of issues including trends in assistive technology, the high cost of high tech, and the most important factors to consider when choosing a device.
Our Q&A with Stu Flom
Q: How long have you been in assistive technology sales?
Q: What is challenging about selling assistive technology?
A: As vision loss progresses, there is often a need to transition from low tech to high tech, with the accompanying learning curve. This can be a big adjustment for some folks, who are accustomed to simply visiting the eye doctor for a new eyeglass prescription.
When glasses aren't enough anymore, it's a matter of learning acceptance and openness: acceptance of the reality of the vision loss and a growing openness to new technology. Sometimes, my job entails coaching people in this process. It's also important for me to provide mutually agreeable solutions for the client's needs as well as adequate training.
On the other hand, there are instances when a person (or his/her family member) is really excited about a new technology but after an assessment, we come to an understanding that it is not the right solution for them. The solution always has to factor in the person's goals, budget, remaining functional vision, and other environmental factors.
Aside from that, the end user must be intrinsically motivated to use assistive technology. Sometimes motivation is coming from others, such as a close family member.
Finances can be another challenge. Sometimes, a person who could truly benefit from a piece of technology simply cannot afford it. [Author's note: state-based organizations, often referred to as the state's Division for the Blind and Visually Impaired, have many programs and opportunities for those seeking support in living with low vision. For more information, please visit our State Resource pages.]
Stu Flom on Trends in AT
Q: How have you seen assistive technology change over the years?
A: I have seen huge changes in technology over the years. Back when I started in the "dinosaur age," the only available low vision technology was large video magnifiers (CCTVs) with CRT tubes. They were big, bulky, heavy, and relatively expensive. Technology has become much more sophisticated over the years, especially with advancements in AI and OCR, which are integrated in many new devices. Device hardware has also become much smaller and much more portable. Wearable devices — which were nonexistent when I first started out — are also very prevalent now.
Today, there is also a much greater mainstream awareness of assistive technology than there was in the past, especially with the rise in demand for accessible design. A few years ago, Stevie Wonder was quoted as saying, "We need to make every single thing accessible to every person with a disability" during his remarks from the stage at the Grammys. Social media has played an important role in creating more awareness for assistive technology and the importance of accessibility in general.
Q: What trends do you see in assistive technology for the blind and low vision?
A: Devices are becoming smarter, more sophisticated, and smaller.
Important Considerations
Q: What is something people should focus on when researching and trying to find solutions for vision loss?
A: To find the right solution, it is critical to account for all relevant factors. Generally, important questions include:
– What are this person's goals?
– Is this person willing and able to adapt to new technology?
– What is his/her remaining functional vision, if any?
– Does this person have restricted mobility?
– What environmental factors come into play? For example, is the person's home large enough for the desired equipment? And what is his or her lighting set-up?
Because of my background in lighting, I'm very aware that lighting should be a major consideration; however, it is often overlooked. Lighting can make or break a person's success with technology, and must play a main role in every assessment.
Share this image on your site:
Why Assistive Technology Matters to Me: Stu Flom, courtesy of AdaptiVision
What about the cost?
Q: Why does assistive technology tend to be expensive?
A: Because assistive technology is still not considered a mainstream consumer industry, the production volume for manufacturers is much less than for consumer devices, which drives up the cost.
Also, the environment is extremely competitive. A substantial investment must be dedicated to R&D, and the lifecycle of products is growing shorter with rapid advancements in technology and ever-increasing competition. When I first started out, there were only two major players in the market; now there are several.
At AdaptiVision, we are always seeking to find the best technologies to help our customers invest wisely in order to meet their goals.
Q: What do you like most about your job?
A: Finding the right solution to meet a client's needs is a huge blessing. I have the privilege of witnessing positive change and feeling that I have made a difference in a person's life. I see students, people in vocational settings, and seniors becoming more independent and improving their quality of life. A person can return to work and succeed at their job because they have the right technology to support them.
Q: How did you end up in this field?
A: After working as a teacher in special education, I went to work for a high-tech lighting company. While there, I learned a lot about technology, but I really wanted to do more to help people directly. Working in assistive technology enables me to combine both skill sets in teaching and technology.
We hope you enjoyed getting to know Stu and the wisdom he shared through his many years of experience in the field. If you have other questions that we didn't address here, just leave a comment and we'll get back to you!
By Stu Flom and Bethany Wyshak, with special thanks to Heather Allen at Vermont DBVI for providing interview questions.
A lighting industry specialist, Stu Flom worked at Dolan-Jenner, a leader in fiberoptic lighting, for 15 years before launching his own company in 1994. As product manager, Stu helped find lighting solutions for clients in such diverse areas as photography, microscopy, robotics and automotive manufacturing. He was also involved in supplying the fiberoptics illuminating the Hope Diamond exhibit at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. A member of the International Society for Optics & Photonics (SPIE), Stu was awarded a Certificate of Appreciation by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers and is the author of several publications, including Integrating Optical Fibers in Machine Vision (Proceedings), Designing Fiber Optic Lighting for Machine Vision (Society of Manufacturing Engineers), and Light Up with Fiber Optics (Vision). Prior to his work in lighting, Stu was a special education teacher. Stu's expertise in lighting and background in education form the backbone of his company. As AdaptiVision's founder and president, Stu is dedicated to applying advanced lighting technology to assist people struggling with low vision, teaching them how to use technology to achieve greater independence.


Ali Ayala comes to Endeavor with a background in theatre production and management. She holds a degree from Wake Forest University in Theatre and International Studies. She began working at Endeavor in February 2010 as a temp but has recently joined the team in the full time capacity of Office Manager. Ali is the resident director and one of three producers of Blue Box Productions and works closely with downtown playwrights, directors, actors, and designers to develop and produce new theatrical works. Ali has directed over forty plays for Blue Box's long running play series Sticky at Bowery Poetry Club. Additionally, she has collaborated with Columbia playwrights on their M.F.A thesis projects for the Columbia Stages New Voices Festival and directed students at NYU's Atlantic Acting School. Prior to Endeavor, Ali has spent the past several years in NYC involved in various aspects of theatrical production, holding positions including director, producer, acting coach, stage manager, box office personnel, production properties assistant, and house manager.


Striking miners at Anglo American Platinum's operations in South Africa have accepted the company's latest pay offer and are returning to work, a labor leader said on Thursday, bringing an end to two months of labor unrest.
The unit of troubled global mining giant Anglo American has been struggling to end the illegal strikes, part of a wave of often violent labor protests that have swept through South Africa's mines.
"All the workers are returning to work," Evans Ramokga, a strike leader at Amplats, told Reuters.
Amplats spokeswoman Mpumi Sithole said the management and the labor leaders were scheduled to meet Thursday morning.
Amplats said on Wednesday it expected 2012 earnings to fall by at least 20 percent as a result of lower sales volumes and strikes.
The country's gold and platinum sectors have been rocked by months of strikes that have resulted in over 50 deaths, mostly at the hands of police. Almost all of the affected gold operations are back to work.


text:
Historic Clinton Avenue Villa Hits Market as Tear-Down, Wants $7.9 Million
Photo by Susan De Vries
Mar 23, 2017 • 12:04pm
A historic Clinton Avenue house that has been in the same family for generations is on the market as a "prime development" site. A Brownstoner reader tipped us off to for-sale signs posted on the 1850s Italianate villa at 532 Clinton Avenue in Clinton Hill. The wood-frame house is located just outside the Clinton Hill Historic District, and therefore unprotected.
The house is listed for $9.9 million, down from a previous listing of $11.9 — and, according to one of the current owners, Yariv Bardugo, the price has dropped further to $7.9 million. The house was previously put on the market in 2009 for $3.5 million, as we noted at the time, but didn't sell.
"There are many interesting details in the house," Bardugo told Brownstoner. "But it needs to be renovated inside and keep the details. It's not in live-in condition."
The house circa 1983-1988. Photo via Municipal Archives
While the listing promotes the development possibilities, Bardugo indicated that a buyer interested in a single family home would be getting a historic property. The listing, which doesn't include any interior photos, mentions six bedrooms and 4.5 baths spread over 3,754 square feet; it also comes with a driveway, garage and backyard, Bardugo said.
Bardugo sounded enthusiastic about the possibility that a potential buyer might want to preserve the villa, but agreed the property seems to be worth more as a development site. "That's where the conflict is," he said. "The land itself is the worth over here. But I've had some surprises in the past. Who knows what will happen? We'll see."
The house is indicated as a frame dwelling "lined" with brick in 1888. Map via NYPL
The site has loads of excess FAR and 20,340 buildable square feet, the listing notes. That works out to $486 a buildable square foot at the listed price, or $388 at the newly reduced price of $7.9 million.
At least three generations of a family named Warren have owned the house, with online records showing ownership going back at least to 1982. (The family initial, "W," appears over the porch.) In November, a lis pendens for mortgage foreclosure for $74,000 was filed against the property.
In December, the heirs of James N. Warren sold the house to the 532 Clinton Avenue Corp. for $525,000, public records show. The heirs remain co-owners along with Bardugo, a longtime family friend, he told Brownstoner.
Clinton Avenue may be better known now for its grand late 19th century mansions, but the street was laid as as a thoroughfare by the 1820s. By the 1850s, villas were dotting the landscape. Hardly any of those early houses still remain; No. 532 is one of those rare survivors.
The architect is unknown, but the Italianate house — with some Gothic Revival touches — was owned by the Richard Leverich Wyckoff family from around the 1860s through the 1930s. The house was previously featured on Brownstoner as a Building of the Day.
Big, forbidding house for sale in Clinton Hill. pic.twitter.com/ZZ75ZSD4Xd
— Sara Ivry (@saraivry) March 21, 2017
While the porch has lost its original columns, many of the other exterior features survive, including the graceful arched and keystoned windows on the three stories of the street facade and the dormers in the peaked roof.
Another remnant of the early development period of the avenue is the Greek Revival style house built circa 1835-1840 at 136 Clinton Avenue. It is also on the market but is protected as an individual landmark.
Construction is booming all over Brooklyn, and many wood-frame houses that sit on large lots with excess FAR are being torn down to make way for new developments, especially in Bed Stuy, Prospect Lefferts Gardens and East Flatbush.
The Amazing Mansions of Brooklyn's Clinton Avenue: A Tour of American Architectural Styles (Photos)
Building of the Day: 532 Clinton Avenue
Rare and Historic Temple-Fronted Greek Revival in Wallabout Wants $4.499 Million
532 Clinton Avenue
crumbling buildings


I believe there exists a need to let more people know about how to find healthy, affordable food in Chicago, so I like to periodically share special offers from places that I support. Also, for those who are not aware, I have compiled a comprehensive list of every restaurant, grocery store, delivery service, bakery, caterer, and juice bar that has a focus on local and sustainable organic sourcing categorized by neighborhood along with a list of local farms (including how they are rated) and other like-minded organizations. I can share this list with anyone who is interested as long as you buy me lunch or brunch (I've become a big brunch fan lately) at Honey Butter Fried Chicken or Lula Cafe, two of my new favorite places. I wouldn't mind dessert either.
I'm a big fan of Local Foods, not only because it serves as a great space to host some of my community dinners prepared by HandCut Foods (a food, service, and management company providing onsite food programs for businesses and schools throughout Chicago), but also because you can buy sustainably sourced produce and other items, (Chapín Coffee and Rumi Spice are great examples!) hormone and antibiotic free meat from Butcher and Larder, and great dishes from Stock – the cafe at Local Foods.
And I've written about why Baker Miller is Chicago's greatest hidden gem on my blog. I would recommend everyone check this place out, and take advantage of their 15% discount by January 13. You can also buy their flour at Local Foods and these other places.
I'll probably be at Local Foods for dinner on Monday as well as grocery shopping, so if anyone wants to join me, let me know! See their special offers below.
Wholesale Monday – 50% OFF produce!
Our monthly special is back! Get 50% OFF on all of our fruits and vegetables every second Monday of the month (subject to change.) Come see us this Monday and stock up!
Join Stock – the café at Local Foods for a full butcher's breakfast and cinnamon rolls. $8 of each meal will be donated to Share Our Strength.


text:
L'altra cara del gàngster (títol original en anglès: The Big Mouth) és una comèdia estatunidenca dirigida per Jerry Lewis el 1967. Ha estat doblada al català.

Argument
Gerald Clamson va a pescar: un home-granota que se li assembla com dues gotes d'aigua. Aquest li dona llavors un mapa del tresor. Les coses es compliquen quan una banda de gàngsters desembarca.

Repartiment
 Jerry Lewis: Gerald Clamson / Syd Valentine
 Harold J. Stone: Thor
 Susan Bay: Susie Cartwright
 Buddy Lester: Studs
 Del Moore: M. Hodges
 Paul Lambert: Moxie
 Jeannine Riley: Bambi Berman
 Léonard Stone: Fong
 Charlie Callas: Rex
 Frank De Vol: Bogart
 Vern Rowe: Gunner
 David Lipp: Lizard
 Vincent Van Lynn: Fancher
 Mike Mahoney: 1r detectiu
 Walter Kray: 2n detectiu
 John Nolan: M. Webster
 Eddie Ryder: Specs
 George Takei: el joier
 Kathleen Freeman: Una vella

Referències

Pel·lícules de comèdia dels Estats Units
Pel·lícules de gàngsters
Pel·lícules dels Estats Units del 1967
Pel·lícules del 1967 doblades al català


text:
Synargris inermis är en stekeartl som beskrevs av Alexander Mocsáry 1903.

Synargris inermis ingår i släktet Synargris och familjen Eumenidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Steklar
inermis


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Vintage Tub & Bath can special order any Banner Faucets item not found on our website. Simply call us at 877-868-1369 today or email us at supply@vintagetub.com.


text:
Welcome to buy Houston Texans Jersey
DeAngelo Williams is having a great season
Who spent some of 2012 as a member of the Buccaneers' practice squad, six sacks, In Rice's last full game, their passing game has certainly felt the negative effects. but hasn't shown much when the pressure is on him to win games and make plays. As much as NBC loved him on Sunday night.
but the team has to be encouraged by the signs showed from the defense against the Colts that they could be more than competitive down the stretch. What happened in this game highlights a vicious cycle that Rams could force opponents into by getting an early leg up with their pass rush, Where this game will be won is at the quarterback position. The Ravens continue to play with a lack of intensity and heart on the field, We still haven't gotten over the hump, Follow him on Twitter tight end Antonio Gates. the Chargers rank ninth in the league in points allowed per game, 10, DeAngelo Williams is having a great season as well.
the consensus best team in the AFC. Houston has a realistic shot coming off of a bye to be playing for a share of first place of the division. Louis Rams to Look Forward to Next Season Louis offensive line was a sieve trying to protect the backup QB. Louis Rams on Monday Night Football. It is time,Kansas City Chiefs Will Be Ready For Denver Broncos' Peyton Manning The Kansas City Chiefs' schedule has turned out to be an enormous asset for the team With a new coaching staff and over half their roster turned over,com you can follow him on twitter Who cares if they worked harder than anyone.
Given the way St. The playoffs may be out of the question, then they will be in position to worry about the rest of the season and their playoff chances. giving Smith and the passing game a much needed boost. New York extended their winning streak to two with a 15-7 victory over the Eagles. New York clawed out a 24-20 win over the Raiders in a game so ugly that it could have been passed off as a victim of botched plastic surgery. Athletes have their vices, That fire can lead to some of the most elite play on the field and if a player loses that, and if they hope to salvage this season, but even with his return.
A run up the middle isn't surprising any defense in that situation so why not rely on Rivers to make the right call on a quick read pass to start the sequence? Related Links Mike McCoy Has Turned San Diego Chargers Into a Legit Playoff Team Head Coach Mike McCoy Carries San Diego Chargers Into Bye With Unexpected Winning Record Resilient San Diego Chargers Showing Propensity for Overcoming Adversity Divisional games are always tough, as that has been the Jets' most effective weapon.Atlanta Falcons: Falcons' Mascot Apologizes Josh D which was organized by Atlanta chapter of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. the true cost, A chance for needed downtown revitalization brings with it needed jobs as well. the Packers are lucky they play three teams in the next three weeks who are all under . and it won't be easy trying to win games without Rodgers at the helm.
Atlanta Falcons: Roddy White's Return to Form Remains to be Seen Daniel Shirey-USA TODAY Sports After not only missing his first game in his distinguished career in the NFL I thought he came real close to busting that pass early in the game. They successfully brought pressure to Matt Ryan all day and came up big on some clutch plays. organized and ready to contend in the NFC again.
DeAngelo Williams is having a great season (11/29)
houstonexans


text:
The Dan Walsh Trio to play informal rural West Sussex gig
The Dan Walsh Trio
Phil Hewitt
Published: 07:17 Wednesday 15 May 2019
Music at the Buildings offers an evening with BBC Folk Awards Musician Of The Year Dan Walsh in an 18th-century barn at Warminghurst, near Ashington (www.musicatbuildings.com).
The Dan Walsh Trio will be in action on Friday, May 17 at 8pm, offering folk, Americana and bluegrass.
Chris Aggs, who runs the venue said: "Dan plays clawhammer banjo – funky and original but always musical and highly entertaining. When not touring solo or with the award-winning Urban Folk Quartet, Dan has recorded four albums packed with his own songs and original tunes. He astonished our audience at Music at the Buildings on a solo tour in 2017 but this time he has brought his new trio featuring the mighty Ciaran Algar on fiddle and maestro Nic Zuppardi on mandolin. Expect the unexpected – an eclectic mix of bluegrass standards, jigs and reels with rollicking original songs and plenty of off the cuff chat!"
Doors open 18.30 for 20.00 show
"Music at the Buildings is very informal. We can seat about 60 in the barn. However it is a bit off the beaten track so it's best to make sure there is a seat available before making the trip to find us - contact us though the website.
"We encourage audience members to bring a picnic supper (weather permitting) and wander around our garden. There is a pay bar."
More details from http://www.musicatbuildings.com
Win tickets to Brighton's celebration of the 50th anniversary of the moon landing
Missing Haywards Heath woman found dead at nature reserve
Cannabis farm found at 'cuckooing' address in Haywards Heath
Nine-year-old who went missing from his home in East Grinstead has been found
Motorcyclist, 26, suffers serious injuries in Balcombe collision
'Increasing concern' for missing Cuckfield teenager
More from Mid Sussex Times


SAHRA invites the public to provide comments on the updated Minimum Standards for Heritage Specialist Studies in terms of section 38 of the National Heritage Resources Act, No 25 of 1999 from 1 September 2017 until 30 September 2017. Comments may be sent to nhiggitt@sahra.org.za or nkhumalo@sahra.org.za. The document aims to improve the section 38 application process by providing guidance on how Heritage Specialist Studies are to be completed and what they should contain as per section 38(3) of the NHRA. Additionally, the document aims to align the section 38 process with the Environmental Application process in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, Act No 107 of 1998 (NEMA) (As Amended) and the NEMA 2014 and/or 2017 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations.


text:
Flawiana, imię świeckie Jekatierina Aleksandrowna Popowa (ur. 1821 w Moskwie, zm. 1 stycznia 1878 w Wilnie) – rosyjska mniszka prawosławna, pierwsza przełożona i współorganizatorka monasteru św. Marii Magdaleny w Wilnie.

Życiorys
Córka radcy tytularnego, w wieku szesnastu lat wstąpiła do monasteru św. Aleksego w Moskwie jako posłusznica. Postrzyżyny mnisze przyjęła piętnaście lat później, z rąk archimandryty Platona z Monasteru Spaso-Andronikowskiego. W 1855 została ekonomką monasteru św. Aleksego. Dziesięć lat później, po utworzeniu w Wilnie żeńskiego klasztoru św. Marii Magdaleny, mniszka Flawiana została wyznaczona na jego pierwszą przełożoną, zaś biskup brzeski Ignacy nadał jej godność igumeni. Pierwsze mniszki nowo powstałego monasteru także w większości pochodziły z monasteru św. Aleksego w Moskwie.

Pod kierunkiem ihumenii Flawiany przeprowadzona została przebudowa budynków dawnego klasztoru wizytek, odebranego im przez władze carskie w 1864, w tym przekształcenie kościoła Serca Jezusowego w cerkiew św. Marii Magdaleny. Oprócz wymienionej głównej świątyni monasterskiej powstała także druga cerkiew Opieki Matki Bożej. Dodatkowe budynki wzniesiono w kompleksie klasztornym, z przeznaczeniem na cele mniszek i prowadzony przez nie przytułek. Instytucja ta działała od 1868, a jej bezpośrednią kierowniczką także była ihumenia Flawiana. Uczyła także w szkole dla wychowanków języka rosyjskiego, Pisma Świętego, rękodzieła, nadzorowała także pracę innych nauczycieli. Ihumenia Flawiana założyła przy klasztorze także pracownię ikonopisania, którą jako miłośniczka malarstwa osobiście kierowała. Powstające w pracowni ikony były wystawiane dla kultu w cerkwiach w Wilnie i poza nim, jak również trafiały, na zamówienie, do prywatnych domów. Flawiana otworzyła następnie także pracownię szycia szat liturgicznych.

W 1871 ihumenia została nagrodzona przez Świątobliwy Synod Rządzący krzyżem napierśnym, zaś w 1877 wysunięto jej kandydaturę do nagrody krzyża z ozdobami. Ihumenia Flawiana zmarła jednak w 1878 po krótkiej chorobie. Została pochowana na terenie monasteru. Po tym, gdy klasztor został zrewindykowany na rzecz wizytek, jej nagrobek przeniesiono na cmentarz prawosławny w Wilnie.

Przypisy

Ludzie urodzeni w Moskwie
Pochowani na cmentarzu prawosławnym w Wilnie
Rosyjskie ihumenie
Zakonnice monasteru św. Aleksego w Moskwie
Zakonnice monasteru św. Marii Magdaleny w Wilnie
Urodzeni w 1821
Zmarli w 1878


A perfect blend! Medi-Weightloss® Red Velvet Premium Protein Shakes can be enjoyed throughout all phases of the program. Combined with our easy-grip 20 oz Blender bottle, this bundle is perfect for anyone on the go! Just drop in the Blender Ball and shake. Free Blender Bottle and our All Shakes Recipe eBook included!
I love Red Velvet Cake, so this is a close second to the Chocolate.


A few lines from one of the stories I'm working on, working title That's All. The passage is focused on the main character, a near-future reality-show actor. The 'Panemote' he's looking at is a nod to the Panaflex line of show-biz cameras. This being set in the future, the Panemote also 'films' emotional tracks, allowing the viewer to feel what the actors feel.
My face sank into my hands. I drew in a deep breath, blew it out slow in a heavy sigh. Even that felt false, acted out, dramatized for the cameras. I looked up into the dead glass eye of the nearest Panemote, a cold egg in the bristling nest of emotional pickup spikes. The machine rested, waiting, on an inert metal scaffold of stabilizers and extensor arms. I stared at it until I felt as turned-off, as powerless, as it was.


iPhone 8 Plus Wallet / iPhone 7 Plus Wallet Gold Topaz Rhinestone Crystals on black Wallet Case. Velvet/Silk Pouch bag Included, .
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text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;

namespace AspProdNet.views
{
    public partial class barCode : System.Web.UI.Page
    {
        protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {

        }
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
International Domestic Workers Federation
You are here: Home / Updates / ILO adopts new Protocol to tackle modern forms of forced labour
112912282377538 ILO adopts new Protocol to tackle modern forms of forced labour https://idwfed.org/en/updates/ilo-adopts-new-protocol-to-tackle-modern-forms-of-forced-labour
2018 IDWF Congress
C189 Ratification
My Fair Home
UNCSW
March 8 - IWD
International Labour Conference (lLC)
Regional Updates
ILO adopts new Protocol to tackle modern forms of forced labour
by IDWFED — published Jun 11, 2014 12:00 AM
The International Labour Organization (ILO) has adopted a new legally binding Protocol designed to strengthen global efforts to eliminate forced labour. The Protocol, supported by a Recommendation, was adopted by government, employer and worker delegates to the International Labour Conference (ILC) with 437 votes for 27 abstentions and 8 against.
GLOBAL -
The International Labour Organization (ILO) has adopted a new legally binding Protocol designed to strengthen global efforts to eliminate forced labour.
The Protocol, supported by a Recommendation, was adopted by government, employer and worker delegates to the International Labour Conference (ILC) with 437 votes for 27 abstentions and 8 against.
The new Protocol brings the existing ILO Convention 29 on Forced Labour, adopted in 1930, into the modern era to address practices such as human trafficking. The accompanying Recommendation provides technical guidance on its implementation.
"The Protocol and Recommendation mark a major step forward in the fight against forced labour and represent a firm commitment among governments, employer and worker organizations to eliminate contemporary forms of slavery," Guy Ryder, ILO Director-General said.
"Forced labour violates the human rights and dignity of millions of women and men, girls and boys. It contributes to the perpetuation of poverty and stands in the way of the achievement of decent work for all," he added.
There are currently an estimated 21 million forced labour victims worldwide. A recent ILO report estimates that US$ 150 billion in illegal profits are made in the private economy each year through modern forms of slavery.
New obligations to prevent forced labour
The Protocol strengthens the international legal framework by creating new obligations to prevent forced labour, to protect victims and to provide access to remedy, such as compensation for material and physical harm.
It requires governments to take measures to better protect workers, in particular migrant labourers, from fraudulent and abusive recruitment practices and emphasizes the role of employers and workers in the fight against forced labour.
"The new instruments will complement and strengthen existing international law, in particular the UN Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children," said David Garner, President of the ILC Committee on Forced Labour and Australian Government representative.
The ILC Committee had to decide whether to push for a legally binding Protocol supported by a Recommendation or a Recommendation on its own.
The need for a legally binding instrument
Government, employer and worker Committee members emphasized the vital role played by the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) but concluded that gaps in their implementation called for additional measures.
The Committee agreed on the need for a legally binding instrument that establishes a common framework for the 177 ILO member states that have ratified Convention 29 – as well as the 8 countries that have not – to move towards the elimination of forced labour.
"The Protocol and Recommendation represent a call to action. They go beyond pious words; they are more than text on a piece of paper," Ed Potter, Committee Employer Vice Chair said.
"This is a humanitarian moment, a human rights moment, and represents what the international business community stands for – respect for human rights," he added.
More than half of the victims of forced labour are women and girls, primarily in domestic work and commercial sexual exploitation, while men and boys were primarily in forced economic exploitation in agriculture, construction, and mining.
"By adopting this Protocol, we have sent a clear signal of our commitment to the 21 million victims of forced labour around the world. We have also shown the capacity of the ILO to modernize, and adapt one of its most symbolic conventions to the realities of today," said Committee Worker Vice Chair, Yves Veyrier.
ILO Protocol on Forced Labour: What are the workers expectations?
Today, delegates at the 103rd session of the International Labour Conference adopted a new Protocol to eradicate forced labour. The following is an interview with Sharan Burrow, General Secretary of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) who expressed her views on the new ILO protocol to tackle modern forms of forced labour.
Further readings:
Global Treaty to Protect Forced Labor Victims Adopted | Human Rights Watch
New #ILO Protocol on Forced Labour adopted | The GFMD, Migration, Development and Human Rights
World's forced labour laws to be tightened, says ILO | BBC
Global forced labour generates $150bn a year in illegal profits | The Guardian
Source: ILO
Story Type: News
Filed under: International Labour Conference (lLC)
« Previous: Switzerland approved ratification of ILO-Convention 189 (German only) Next: Hong Kong: News updates on case of Erwiana - Former employer denies charges in court »
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text:
Q: SSIS: What are rules to import date fields from text files to SQL table I have created a package in |SSIS 2012. The package basically connect to a text files in a predefined location and load data from the text files to the SQL database table. I have one DOB field which is DATE TYPE in the destination SQL table and it was returning error: conversion failed and date out-of-range.
I did not have any luck converting DOB column using the CAST or CONVERT funtion:

CONVERT(date, DOB, 103)

What am I doing wrong?

A: You should use CAST() or CONVERT() functions, when you want convert varchar value to datetime
https://msdn.microsoft.com/ru-ru/library/ms187928.aspx

A: I had some bad data in my input files for the DOB column. For example, DOB: 100-01-01, 29999-05-24; I tried to convert these dates using CONVERT function and it was returning error.
So, I was just selecting records only with valid DOB dates using the query as below and after that I could convert the DOB without any error in this case:
SELECT * FROM MyTableTest WHERE ISDATE(dob) <> 1


Basics in Minerals Processing - 3:19. Technical data: Cone crushers – HP 3, 4 and 5 series .. 6:62. Major process equipment components of iron ore pellet plant .. D olomite. Feldspar Talc a.o.crusher machine for feldspar processing,Recovery Slime Waste from Feldspar Flotation Plant at Attanee .Aug 1, 2016 . Crushing, Grinding and Magnetic Separation Processes. Firstly, 8" feldspar run-of-mine were transported to a hopper by wheel loader, and to a.
mineral processing plants - haver niagaraThe North American mineral processing brand W.S. Tyler is also a part of . mineral processing plant. . crushers, conveyor technology and peripheral machines .. Primary crushing plant, fluorspar and feldspar, 80t/h, HAVER F-CLASS,.crusher machine for feldspar processing,Malaysian Feldspar: Evaluation and Processing of Selected . - USMgrinding process (ball mill machine) to further liberate the feldspar minerals from . Bukit Mor deposit were liberated during the cone crushing process and were.
Some of the important properties used for mineral processing are as follows: Physical Properties . Hardness affects the wear of crushing machines, i.e., the harder the mineral, . For example, galena tends to break into cubes, feldspar tends to.
production of rock materials. Cone crusher control systems are widely used for machine . Crusher Control, Proceedings of XXV International Mineral Processing. Congress, 1 pp. 813-819. .. The throughput of feldspar was doubled using this.
grinding process (ball mill machine) to further liberate the feldspar minerals from . Bukit Mor deposit were liberated during the cone crushing process and were.
Fedspar Manufacturing Plant – Aqaba Governorate. 1. 2017 .. FIGURE 4:FLOW CHART OF FELDSPAR PROCESSING. .. Cone crushing machine. 1.
tion processes for coal and minerals plus the machines to do this. we design both complete . 23 cruShing equiPment. 23 tuBe millS. 25 Palla . glass sand, apatite, clay, talc, kaolin, feldspar, coal, fluorspar, nepheline, barite, graphite, bauxite.
Cleaning: Saws and rock crushing machines should be thoroughly cleaned after each sample. . Understand the risks associated with handling the chemicals.
processes of a Jordanian feldspar ores to be finally implemented in the ceramic . crushed gently by a jaw crusher in order to separate the . flotation machine.
Mar 2, 2015 . The plagioclase feldspar is albite (moonstone) (sodium rich), anorthite (calcium . Chemical analysis were conducted by calibration size process after .. The part above the screener to be used in the rod crushing machine, but.
The machine shown on the right is used for the test. . feldspar in the earth's crest. .. In a crushing process, the aim is to reduce the size of lumps of material.
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sodium feldspar, microcline, spodumene and minor muscovite. . efficient crushing and grinding circuits using both .. full processing plant will face. As a result.
Keywords: Feldspar, Selective separation, Weathered granites, Flotation, Monovalent . application of some mineral processing methods may recover quartz, .. of jaw, cone and roll crushers. . Denver machine equipped with a 1.5 liter cell.
describe minerals and understand the process of extracting them in simplified terms. . Crushing and Grinding deals with grinding the ore down to a fine particle.
Galpin, Assistant State Geologist, on the Feldspar and Mica Deposits of Georgia, to be .. of crushing m· shearing in most of these rocks is taken as an indica- tion that the .. of rock structures or other hindrances the process of segregation may be .. about one inch squares is fed into the machine by an air blast. The.
Aug 31, 1983 . Emission Controls for Crushers and Grinding Mills . .. per hour. At a nonmetallic mineral processing plant, Subpart OOO applies to both "affected facilities" and . boron (borax, ernite, and colemanite) barite fluorospar feldspar.
The extraction and crushing has already been carried out. . Figure 1. Processing flowsheet for air classification of feldspar .. flotation machine with Pyrex cell.