text:
Keyword: tourism destination
National park promotes biodiversity conservation to lure tourists
Covering an area of about 31,000 hectares, Nui Chua National Park in the central province of Ninh Thuan features forest, sea and semi-arid spaces, and it has made efforts to conserve its rich biodiversity and fully tap its tourism potential.
Ho Chi Minh City - Unique tourism destination in the south
With a history spanning more than 300 years, the southern metropolis of Ho Chi Minh City has strived to become a dynamic and attractive destination for both domestic and foreign guests.
Vietnam among top destinations for Thai tourists during New Year holiday
Vietnam is one of the top tourism destinations for Thai visitors in the upcoming New Year holiday, according to Yuthasak Supasorn, director general of the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT).
Vietjet resumes two routes to Republic of Korea
Vietjet has resumed the non-stop services from Vietnam's two tourism destinations of Da Lat and Can Tho to the capital city of the Republic of Korea - Seoul, just in time for the Christmas holidays.
Ba Ria – Vung Tau – attractive leisure tourism destination
With a 300km long coast line and diverse terrains from rivers, mountains to sea and hot springs, along with many special national historical sites, Ba Ria – Vung Tau has favourable conditions to develop high-class leisure tourism combined with sight-seeing and sport tourism.
Ba Ria-Vung Tau: attractive resort tourism destination
Sunday, November 06, 2022 08:55
Ba Ria - Vung Tau, a popular tourist destination in the south of Vietnam, is seeing more visitors recently, a reminder of the attractive seaside resort's potential in the post-pandemic period.
Ho Chi Minh City's travel boom looming
Ho Chi Minh City's travel market is forecast to boom later this year and early next year, especially during Christmas and New Year holidays, affording the city a golden chance to attract domestic and foreign visitors.
The Moffatts shoots video to promote the beauty of Vietnam
Thursday, August 18, 2022 15:54
Canadian pop/rock band The Moffatts has visited Sa Pa, a famous tourist destination in the northern province of Lao Cai about 320 kilometres from Hanoi, and shot a music video to promote tourism.
Hoi An welcomes first foreign tourists in 2022
The popular tourist town of Hoi An in the central province of Quang Nam welcomed 126 foreign tourists on April 5 following the hiatus caused by COVID-19.
HCM City pilots serving international visitors at 9 tourist destinations
Thursday, March 03, 2022 19:16
Nine tourist destinations in Ho Chi Minh City have recently been allowed to welcome international visitors under a pilot program, according to the municipal Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism.
HCM City pilots serving int'l visitors at 9 tourist destinations
Wednesday, March 02, 2022 18:21
Indonesia hopes to turn Bali into health tourism destination
Indonesian President Joko Widodo has expressed his hope that construction of the Bali International Hospital in Denpasar city, Bali will make the province a health tourism destination.
Vietnam honoured as Asia's Leading Destination in 2021
Vietnam has won the title of Asia's Leading Destination in the World Travel Awards (WTA) 2021.
Travel firms in Binh Thuan permitted to reopen from October 24
Travel companies in the southern central province of Binh Thuan has been permitted to welcome tourists from October 24.
Quang Ninh maintains position as safe tourist destination amid COVID-19
In spite of the outbreaks of COVID-19 nationwide, the northern province of Quang Ninh has still maintained its position as one of the safe tourism destinations in the country.
Vietnam strives to become an attractive eco-tourism destination
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world's tourism industry to a complete halt, including ecotourism activities. However, the fact that protected areas are not open to tourists during this time also creates conditions for the natural ecosystem to recover faster, Deputy General Director of the Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT) Ha Van Sieu has said.
Quang Ninh targets safe, attractive tourism destination
Thursday, July 22, 2021 06:40
The northern province of Quang Ninh, home to UNESCO-recognised Ha Long Bay, is working hard to develop safe tourism products as the local tourism sector has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic.
More pristine tourism sites discovered in Binh Thuan
The central province of Binh Thuan has been well known for its fabour tourism destinations, such as Mui Ne, Hon rom, Bau Trang… Recently, more pristine tourism sites have been discovered in Bac Binh district. These new tourism products promise to be attractive destinations for visitors and explorers.
Thuy Xuan incense making village keeps tradition alive
Arriving at Thuy Xuan village, around 7km to the southwest of the ancient imperial city of Hue, the first thing visitors notice will be giant colourful "bouquets" of incense sticks and the deep aroma of agarwood everywhere.


text:
Pages with missing permanent archival links, Legends articles, Pages needing citation,
Unsourced quotes
Articles needing additional sources
Galactic Republic military units
Grand Army of the Republic units
Grand Army of the Republic
< Grand Army of the Republic
Galactic Military
Founder(s)
Darth Plagueis[1]
Sifo-Dyas[2]
Darth Sidious[2]
Darth Tyranus[2]
Jango Fett[2]
Lama Su[2]
Leader(s)
Supreme Chancellor Palpatine[2]
Coruscant[3]
Kamino[2]
Date founded
32 BBY[4]
Date reorganized
19 BBY (as the Stormtrooper Corps and Imperial Army)[5]
Galactic Republic[2]
"An army of one man, but the right man for the job."
―Clone trooper rallying call[src]
The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), also known as the Grand Army and the Clone Army, was a major branch of the Galactic Republic Military composed entirely of clone troopers, an army of elite soldiers created from the genetically altered template of the Mandalorian bounty hunter Jango Fett. Bred in secret within the cloning facilities of the planet Kamino, the Grand Army was officially formed by Supreme Chancellor Palpatine at the behest of the Galactic Senate in response to the Separatist Crisis which threatened to divide the galaxy between the Republic and the newly born Confederacy of Independent Systems. The members of the Jedi Order were commissioned as high-ranking commanders and generals in the GAR , second in authority only to Chancellor Palpatine, who held the rank of Supreme Commander. Under the leadership of their Jedi officers, the Grand Army engaged the Separatist Droid Army on many worlds during the Clone Wars, suffering heavy casualties for three years while restoring Republic sovereignty to numerous rebellious areas throughout the galaxy.
By the year 19 BBY, the Clone Wars were nearly over and the Republic was on the verge of a decisive victory. In the midst of the final battles, particularly in the Outer Rim Campaign, Chancellor Palpatine issued Order 66, an executive command calling on all clone troopers to neutralize their Jedi officers with lethal force in the event of a Jedi insurrection. The vast majority of clones, genetically engineered for loyalty and conditioned to obey all orders without question or debate, turned their weapons on the Jedi and promptly gunned them down. On Coruscant, the newly-anointed Sith Lord Darth Vader led the 501st Legion in an attack on the Jedi Temple, killing nearly all of its inhabitants within mere days before the Chancellor's Declaration of a New Order. Immediately following the Republic's transition into the first Galactic Empire, the Grand Army of the Republic was reorganized into the Stormtrooper Corps; its remaining clone soldiers composing the ranks of the reformed branch in addition to the millions of new clones engineered by Spaarti technology. Under the reign of Emperor Palpatine, the Imperial stormtroopers became a symbol of the New Order, most notably due to their unwavering loyalty to the Emperor. Likewise, what's left of the Grand Army of the Republic formed the basis of the Imperial Army, which acted as the surface warfare branch of the Imperial Military, with the human commanders being promoted to being the officers within the branch.
At the end of the Clone Wars, it was discovered that Palpatine was secretly Darth Sidious, a Dark Lord of the Sith who belonged to an order dedicated to the fall of the Republic and the destruction of the Jedi. As Palpatine and Sidious, the Dark Lord controlled both sides of the civil war and used the GAR as an instrument to restore Sith rule to the galaxy while simultaneously purging it of the Jedi Knights. As a result, the GAR was remembered as a key factor in the Sith plot that brought about the era of the Dark Times and the subsequent Galactic Civil War between the Empire and the Alliance to Restore the Republic.
"As my first act with this new authority, I will create a Grand Army of the Republic to counter the increasing threats of the Separatists."
―Supreme Chancellor Palpatine[src]
A Kaminoan patch that signified involvement in the secret Republic cloning project.
At the beginning of the Palpatine administration (32 BBY), the Republic had no standing armed forces, though the debate about the reinstatement of an army and navy had been ongoing for decades. The only military forces were the Jedi, which kept peace for generations. The Jedi were no army though. At one time, the Republic's military forces were considerable, but in the wake of the New Sith Wars (1000 BBY), a gradual process of down scaling began, in favor of increased support from the Jedi Order.[6]
More and more often, the Jedi were called upon to act as negotiators. But as crises piled upon each other, some within the Order began to sense a coming darkness, which their numbers alone would not be sufficient to fight. The creation of a clone army was secretly ordered by Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas without the knowledge or approval of his comrades, in response to the growing shadow in the Force.[7] Sifo-Dyas had been manipulated into placing the order by Sith Lord Darth Plagueis, in his guise as Hego Damask, who used his own wealth and that of the Banking Clan to fund the army. Plagueis believed the Kaminoans would only accept the order if it came from a Jedi due to the Kaminoans' interest in them.[1]
The GAR's first engagement would be at the Battle of Geonosis,[2] where it successfully routed an unsuspecting droid army. However, this merely started off the much larger Clone Wars, in which the army took heavy losses.
However, some Jedi such as Bardan Jusik felt that the Jedi Order was actually using it as a slave army, since the clones were not allowed any leave or rest, and had to fight continuously. This eventually led to Jusik leaving the Jedi Order, disgusted by its actions in allowing the Republic to use an army in such a manner.
Though the clone troopers fought under the Jedi for most of the Clone Wars, Supreme Chancellor Palpatine wrested executive control over the army from the Jedi late in the war,[8] and used the clones to destroy the Jedi Order at the start of the Great Jedi Purge when he created the Galactic Empire on the eve of the war's end.[5] Having declared himself Emperor, Palpatine quickly transformed the clone army into the Stormtrooper Corps and integrated it into the military of his new Empire.
After Order 66 and the Jedi Purge, a number of clones deserted the Grand Army. Most of these clones were from the Special Operations Brigade, including the partial Omega Squad, Null-class Advanced Recon Commando and some Advanced Recon Commandos such as Captain Maze.
Before the end of the war, the Sector Governance Decree was issued, which placed governors on every world of the Republic, along with their own force of clone troopers. It also created the position of Moff or sector governor. Fearing for the future of democracy and the Senate's powers, this decision was one of several protested by the Delegation of 2000, but they were overruled.[8] Governors and their clone regiments began arriving on their designated worlds soon after.[9]
The total amount of clones involved in the war is not known, as their ranks were bolstered by new stocks and volunteers as the fighting dragged on. With the formation of the Galactic Empire, the Grand Army of the Republic ceased to exist and was reorganized into the Imperial Army. All military personnel of the GAR were required to swear allegiance to the new government in order to remain on active duty and those that refused were branded as deserters and traitors after which they were hunted down and executed.[10]
During the Galactic Civil War, clones of Jango Fett's lineage made up about 1/3 of all stormtroopers in the Galactic Empire, but it is not known of how many were left from the Clone Wars by the start of the Galactic Civil War.[11] Due to the influx of non-Fett clones and regular humans into the army, the Fett clones, such as Commander Cody, viewed the Stormtrooper Corps as an embarrassment to the legacy of the Grand Army of the Republic.
Organization Edit
Headquarters Edit
"In response, the Old Republic assembled its own army by leveraging mysterious cloning technology to create a near-limitless supply of troops."
―Description of the Republic building up its military[src]
Clone troopers fall in formation for deployment.
The GAR and the entire Republic Military were constitutionally re-established after the Galactic Senate granted Supreme Chancellor Palpatine emergency powers during the Separatist Crisis, giving him the right to create a Republic army.[12] The GAR was thus ultimately led by the Supreme Chancellor, who held the military titles of Supreme Commander and Commander-in-Chief.[3] The GAR and the rest of the Republic Military was administered through the Department of Defense.[3] Other executive bodies with authority over the Grand Army included the War Council Advisory Panel.[13]
Legislative oversight of the GAR was provided by the Galactic Senate's Military Oversight Committee.[14]
The senior military body in command of the Grand Army and the Republic Navy was Republic High Command,[15] led by the Chief of Defense Staff.[3] GAR Headquarters, the central command for the Grand Army, was based at Coruscant Command HQ.[16]
Administration Edit
Command HQ maintained a number of branches to administrate the Grand Army. One of these was the Republic Defense Procurement office, which was in permanent contact with the GAR's field logistics battalions.[16] Research and development into new technologies was carried out by the Army Weapons Research Department.
One particularly visible branch of the GAR was Homeworld Security Command, responsible for the security of the capital planet of Coruscant. Homeworld Security controlled the Coruscant Guard, whose distinctive, red-armored clone shock troopers had broad discretionary powers to stop and search Republic citizens.[17] When the Declaration of a New Order established the Galactic Empire, clone shock troopers were stationed in the Senate Building and Republic Executive Building to intimidate the Senate into ensuring a smooth transition of government.[18]
A number of GAR facilities were constructed by Kaminoan droids, especially during the Decimator campaign.[19]
Tactical organization Edit
The army was split into separate Orders of Battle (ORBATs). These were regular forces, and special forces. Most of the structure of the regular forces was unchanged through the Clone Wars and was even used by the Galactic Empire. The special forces were highly independent clone commandos that had specific objectives and required very little help from Jedi commanders.[19]
Command structure of regular forces Edit
"…if the GAR were made up of average humans, you simply would not have a functioning army now. Clone troopers are optimized humans, and only two percent of the population could be as tough, resilient and aggressive as these men are."
―Mij Gilamar, on reports that clone troopers do not feel pain, because they were created for war, and bred for it[src]
Grand Army—10 systems armies (3,000,000 troopers) led by Supreme Chancellor Palpatine.[19] The number 3,000,000 was Sifo-Dyas' initial order, as the number of total clones increased during the war.[4]
Systems Army—2 Sector Armies (294,912 troopers) led by a High Jedi General.[19][4]
Sector Army—4 corps (147,456 troopers) led by a Senior Jedi General.[19][4]
Corps/Division—4 legions (36,864 troopers) led by a marshal commander and a Jedi General.[19][4]
Legion/Brigade—4 regiments (9,216 troopers) led by a senior commander and a Jedi General.[19][4]
Regiment—4 battalions (2,304 troopers) led by a regimental commander and a Jedi Commander.[4]
Battalion—4 companies (576 troopers) led by a battalion commander, major and a Jedi Commander.[4]
Company—4 platoons (144 troopers) led by a captain.[19][4]
Platoon—4 squads (36 troopers) led by a lieutenant, second lieutenant, and sergeant-major.[4]
Squad—9 troopers led by a sergeant and corporal.[4]
The rate of casualties greatly reduced the Grand Army's numbers throughout the Clone Wars. Prior to the Battle of Coruscant, many of the original Kamino clone troopers were dead or unable to continue fighting.[3] However, the Republic military enhancement bill—passed by a majority vote in the Galactic Senate midway through the war—authorized the funding of five million additional clone troopers.[20] During the waning days of the Clone Wars, millions of Spaarti-grown clones were deployed to supplement their Kaminoan-created counterparts in the fight against the still numerically superior Separatist Army.[3]
Equipment Edit
"Get those mortars up here!"
―Captain Rex during the Battle of Umbara[src]
DC-15X sniper rifle[21][22] - Weapon of choice for marksman of the republic military
DC-15S blaster carbine[23] - Standard issue blaster carbine
DC-15A blaster rifle[23] - Standard issue blaster rifle
DC-17m ICWS[24] - Modular blaster rifle design carried by clone commandos
DP-23 Shotgun - Utilized primarily for close quarter combat
SCUBA trooper rifle[25] - Used by SCUBA troopers for underwater operations
WESTAR-M5 blaster rifle - Used by elite forces like the ARC troopers
DC-19 carbine "Stealth" - Limited to shadow troopers.
A clone engineer wielding a DP-23 Shotgun.
DC-15s side arm blaster - Used exclusively by clone commandos
DC-17 hand blaster - Standard issue military sidearm
Plasma disruptor and electricity based weapons
"Phoenix II" plasma disruptor - Pushed into combat service by the GAR
"DN bolt caster" plasma disruptor - Highly popular anti-droid weapon
Electromagnetic pulse launcher - Carried by jet troopers of the Grand Army
Repeating blasters
Chaingun - Used extensively by Galactic Marines of the 21st Nova Corps
Z-6 rotary blaster cannon[26] - Carried by clone troopers and ARC heavy gunners as an man-potable as heavy repeating blaster cannon
EWHB-12 heavy repeating blaster[27] - Tripod mounted heavy fire support platform
Reciprocating quad blaster - A heavier alternative the Z-6 blaster cannon
Knuckle plate vibro blade - Equipped on all clone commandos' Katarn-class commando armor
Baton - Used for non-lethal combat
Riot shield[28] - Provided to riot troopers for non-lethal combat
Blast shield[27] - Used by infantry for defense against blasterbolts.
Electrostaff[29] - Issued to riot troopers in republic prisons
Thermal detonator tape
Detonation pack
Ribbon charge
EMP grenade
Ion grenade[30]
Class-A thermal detonator - Used by Republic grenadiers and many other clone troopers
Baradium-core code key thermal detonator - Equipped on all clone troopers' battle armor
V-1 thermal detonator
Fragmentation grenade[30]
Reverse-polarity pulse grenade
V-6 haywire grenade
HX2 antipersonnel mine - Area denial explosive
Projectile launchers
Republic infantry mortar[31] - Indirect fire support weapon
RPS-6 rocket launcher
MiniMag PTL missile launcher[32]
PLX-1 portable missile launcher
PLX-2M portable missile launcher (Prototype) - Only saw limited service before the reorganization
Flameththrowers
BT X-42 flamethrower - Carried by clone flametroopers and used against inflammable target like Geonosians or buildings.
F-187 fusioncutter
Macrobinoculars
JT-12 jetpack - Lightly modified variant used by clone jet troopers
Personnel Edit
Ranks Edit
Jedi Ranks Edit
High Jedi General—Jedi High Councilors. In command of one of the ten Systems Armies.[4]
Senior Jedi General—Jedi Masters. In command of one of the twenty Sector Armies.[4]
Jedi General—Jedi Knights and Masters. In command of corps or legions.[4]
Jedi Commander—Jedi Padawans. In command of regiments and battalions[4]
Clone Ranks Edit
Marshal Commander—The highest rank a clone soldier could attain. Like all commanders, their armor was color-coded yellow. The rank indicator HUD glyph was eight dots, arranged in two parallel horizontal lines of four. Each marshal commander was in command of a corps.[4]
Senior Commander—The second highest rank attainable by the clone forces. Their armor was color-coded yellow and the rank indicator HUD glyph was two horizontal rows of three dots running parallel. Each was in command of a brigade or legion.[4]
Regimental Commander—Also indicated by yellow armor. HUD glyph was arranged in two parallel rows of four dots. Each was in command of a regiment.[4]
Battalion Commander—the lowest commander rank of the clone forces. Also indicated by yellow armor, HUD glyph was that of two dots, stacked vertically. Each was in command of a battalion.[4]
Major—Their armor was color coded red. HUD glyph was four vertical lines running parallel. Each was in command of a battalion.[4]
Captain—Captain's armor was also color-coded red, with three parallel vertical lines as rank indicator. Each was in command of a company.[4]
Lieutenant—Indicated by blue armor. Rank was indicated by a pair of vertical parallel lines. Each was in command of a platoon.[4]
Second Lieutenant—Also indicated by blue armor. Rank was indicated by a single vertical line. Also in charge of a platoon.[4]
Sergeant Major—Indicated by green armor. Rank glyph is four chevrons. They were second-in-command of platoons.[4]
Sergeant—Indicated by an olive green armor. Rank glyph is three chevrons. In command of a squad.[4]
Corporal— The second lowest rank of clone forces. Rank indicator was two chevrons. They were second-in-command of squads.[4]
Trooper—The lowest rank in the clone forces. Rank was indicated by a single chevron.[4]
Cadet—This rank is even lower than Trooper. This rank is used by new Clones. These clones have not passed their final trial and therefore can't be considered soldiers yet.[4]
The GAR is the second 'grand army' in the prequels. The first one was the Gungan Grand Army in The Phantom Menace.
In the Expanded Universe the terminology for Grand Army is similar to that of the British Armed Forces, as Karen Traviss, who wrote multiple books about the GAR, is British.
Numbers Edit
A Legion of Clone Troopers marching in formation.
When Obi-Wan Kenobi went to Kamino in Attack of the Clones, the Kaminoan prime minister, Lama Su, informed him that 200,000 troops (sometimes referred to as units) were ready for deployment and a million more on were on the way.
So, The Grand Army would have consisted of 200,000 clones, increasing in number quickly to 1,200,000, a figure also accurate according to Shatterpoint (written by Matthew Stover). Six months after the Battle of Geonosis that amount of troops would be reached by the cloners. In Guide to the Grand Army of the Republic and the novel Republic Commando: Triple Zero (both written by Karen Traviss, with Ryan Kaufman as co-author on the Guide…), there were 3,000,000 clones one year after the Battle of Geonosis.
In a later discussion on TheForce.net's literature boards, statements were made by Kaufman denying that this was treated as a definitive figure for the total army:[source?]
"FYI, re: 3 million. LFL was very clear to us that no fixed number of total clones would or could be assigned. Therefore, the number 3 million (plus) does not represent the entire fighting force."
―Ryan Kaufman
Additionally, most stories made since AOTC have shown dozens of battles, during many of which the clones sustained massive losses, casting doubt about arguments that they represented a "small, elite, special operations force" compared with regular battle droids. The Cestus Deception states that a million clones have died, and this is only as of 21 BBY, at most a year after the Geonosis invasion.
Some fans point to the existence of Spaarti clones, and the massive number of recruits as possible explanations for high troop figures. Recruitment was mentioned in The Story of General Grievous: Lord of War and The New Essential Chronology, and non-clone forces were seen in Jedi Trial. Along with recruiting, one notable Jedi General Rahm Kota had his own serving Militia, as he saw the clones as unfit for battle. Spaarti cloning technology did not become available to the Republic until eight months after the Battle of Muunilinst, however, and the entire need for the clone army arose from the fact that the Republic had no central military organization to organize and carry out a war against the Separatist forces.
From sources like Star Wars: Jedi Starfighter and "Nomad", and even through various Star Wars: Republic comics and the novels Labyrinth of Evil and Jedi Trial, there are several instances before and after the Battle of Geonosis showing non-clone soldiers serving as the majority of forces in military conflicts and being actively recruited by various military organizations. The reliability and quality of mercenaries and bounty hunters would not be high, and having large numbers of non-clone troops available from the outset of the war would have eliminated the need for a clone army and ended/prevented the controversy over the Military Creation Act. It should also be stated that the sources that depict non-clone forces prior to Geonosis are all referring to small-scale conflicts and minor battles.
Additionally, the non-clone military forces in the Battle of Praesitlyn in Jedi Trial were largely non-Republic volunteer forces. The Sons and Daughters of Freedom volunteers group, which contained 50,000 infantry troops and thousands more serving as armored unit and starship crew members, had its number of active members reduced to fewer than 2,000 operatives by the end of the battle. Moreover, the non-clone Praesitlyn Defense Force is entirely wiped out by the droid invasion force, with its own commander stating that non-clones are far less capable at combating battle droids. Likewise, while the Republic force sent to Praesitlyn consisted of only 20,000 clones, as well as additional non-clones, the only non-clones described in the novel are member of either the command staff, starship crews, or support personnel. When that force faced off against the Separatist force of over one million droids, the clones took extremely heavy casualties and would have lost the battle had it not been for two successful suicide missions undertaken by the commanding Jedi General against the Separatist leadership.
Most of the initial clones would go on to fight in the Battle of Geonosis, with 192,000 clone troopers deployed on the battlefield there (Star Wars: Complete Locations, p. 88), and an unknown number serving as crew aboard the twelve Acclamator-class assault ships that landed troops on the surface or the "thousands" of Republic ships descending upon the grounded Confederate fleet (Attack of the Clones novel).
The ground troops suffered a large number of casualties; reports on the ships arriving at the medical facilities stationed at Ord Mantell listed 12,000 in need of triage, 8,000 walking wounded, and 72,000 combat-fit troops (Republic Commando: Hard Contact). General Grievous personally killed "entire clone trooper companies" or at least 288 troopers plus officers according to Unknown Soldier: The Story of General Grievous. The 100,000 missing troops in the Ord Mantell report indicates either the use of multiple bases, that 100,000 was considered an appropriate garrison force (since one was established after the destruction of the Geonosis foundries in Star Wars: Complete Locations), or that the Grand Army suffered over 50% casualties in its first victory.
The Revised Core Rulebook states that the Republic immediately ordered 1,000 more Acclamators, indicating an army of at least 16 million troops, though whether they were intended for use by clones or non-clones is still in contention. Additionally, Traviss's own Triple Zero states that (at least up to that point of the war) all Acclamators are fully crewed by clones; combined with the twelve Acclamators present at Geonosis, that would mean that around 713,000 clones (or 23% the entire fighting force of the Republic) were tied up as largely noncombatant ship crews.
Labyrinth of Evil describes clones being an omnipresent force on Coruscant, acting as security and anti-terrorism forces. Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary also states that clone troopers are an "ubiquitous" presence on Coruscant and other worlds.
The Sector Governance Decree, individual governors were assigned to each and every planet in the Republic with regiments for their "protection." (Revenge of the Sith novel). These actions were occurring at a time when the Republic forces were stretched thin and to the point of being pushed out of system after system (Revenge of the Sith novel) as well as conducting the lengthy Outer Rim Sieges (Star Wars: Clone Wars, Revenge of the Sith).
It is not surprising that Lama Su stated that all clones take this long in Attack of the Clones, as the Kaminoans were businesspeople, and they were known to boast that their advanced model clones were the same as the stock units, just renamed to encourage higher sales (The Clone Wars: The Pengalan Tradeoff).
The largest figure given for the Grand Army, so far, was millions of clone divisions, which were undergoing intense combat evaluation at the start of the war. This information was stated in Inside the Worlds of Star Wars: Attack of the Clones (written by Simon Beecroft and Curtis Saxton), a book dealing directly with the worlds presented in the film. It was later restated in Star Wars: Complete Locations, which gathered information from the previous three Inside… books, as well as new pieces of information.
As to the disparity with the numbers of battle droids, the short story, Odds, suggested that the CIS only had hundreds of millions of battle droids, with the larger figures being chalked up to propaganda on the part of Palpatine. This directly contradicts the article The Story of General Grievous: Lord of War, which stated that Grievous commanded several quintillion droids. Any Republic propaganda dedicated towards its own people would have had little impact on the enemy's supreme commander, who has actual access to his own troops. On the other hand, the numbers given in The Story of General Grievous: Lord of War are somehow flawed by the huge disparity between the number of its various mechanized war machines (battle droids, Vulture droids, tri-fighters, tank droids, Hailfire droids, etc.), said to be only in the billions, and the quintillions that Grievous commanded. Standard battle droids are produced much quicker and are more dispensable than droid vehicles, however, and the "quintillions of battle droids" could also include CIS droids not used in battle (such as OOM pilot battle droids). Also on Star Wars: the Clone Wars - "Ambush", Count Dooku stated to King Katuunko "Our droid armies outnumber the Republic clones 100 to one", which, if taken literally, would put the numbers of Clones in the quadrillions. However although in most (if not all) major ground battles seen in the Clone Wars series the CIS outnumbers the Republic significantly, it is interesting to note that there is almost always an even number of Republic and CIS capital ships pitted against each other. Although this could be partly explained by the fact the Munificent-class ships (Which are the main ships used by the CIS in the show.) carried 15 times the number of troops as Venators. This still leaves a huge number of droid ships that are not seen in use against the Republic (which goes against the standard CIS tactic of overwhelming numbers).
Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith Incredible Cross-Sections also noted that, because of millions of Separatist warships being locked up in battles with Republic fleets, only a few thousand frigates and destroyers could assault the galactic capital towards the end of the war, accompanied by dozens of battleships. The Revenge of the Sith novelization states (from the out-of-universe perspective of the narrator) that the CIS had pursued the war to that point through sheer force of numbers, with its droids outnumbering the clones, and even implies that the Confederacy was actually winning at several points.
With the Dorling Kindersley line of books (which first mentioned specific droid numbers), being written from an out-of-universe perspective, high droid numbers would have been stated matter-of-factly, and any deception would have been noted (as it was with the mention of Invisible Hand trading places with its sister-ships, in DK's ROTS:ICS).
It should also be borne in mind that a battle droid is not directly equivalent to a clone trooper; standard B1 battle droids were cheap, expendable units, often used for foot patrol in civilian areas. They were typically deployed for combat in massed units that lacked the initiative and versatility of real soldiers, relying instead on sheer numbers to overwhelm opposition, although elite droids like B2 super battle droids and droidekas were both numerous and relatively intelligent. Odds also depicts extensive sabotage of droid production lines. According to the story, the weakened droids are significantly easier for the clones to destroy, although clones have been shown being gunned down with similar ease. However, it is doubtful that the Republic managed to sabotage all major droid foundries.
Additionally, from the 501st Journal, it seems even elite units held a negative view of relatively small odds:
"When we arrived on Kashyyyk, things were just as bad as we'd feared. The droids had us outgunned, outmaneuvered, and out manned by a five to one margin."
―Retired 501st Legion clone trooper[src]
The statement that only a few dozen ships were seen on-screen in the Star Wars: Clone Wars cartoon bears little meaning, as many battles in Star Wars are often fleshed out in different sources. The same series also showed hundreds of Providence-class carrier/destroyers in the Battle of Coruscant, yet some people treat this as unreliable.
Another possibility is that when Lama Su mentioned that there were 200,000 clone troopers ready for deployment, with a million more on the way, he could have been referring to only those troopers being trained in Tipoca City, although this assumption conflicts with Obi-Wan Kenobi's statements during the Battle of Kamino:
"Kamino still has about a million or more clone troopers in various stages of preparation…"
One last solution is to return to the vague term "unit" which Lama Su mentioned. If a "unit" were to be referring to a battalion of 576 troopers (as Lama Su spoke of later in Obi-Wan's visit), then 200,000 of these would render 115,200,000 clones and the 1,000,000 others spoken of as 576,000,000. This grand total of 691,200,000 would be far more suitable for the core of a galactic army. A "unit" being a 2,304 clone regiment, the largest military division classified as a unit instead of a formation, would amount to 2,764,800,000 clones. Furthermore, if a "unit" refers to a legion, the closest formation in size to a real-life British division of 15,000 men, the 1,200,000 units would have more than 18,000,000,000 clones, a truly "grand" army, suitable for defeating the huge numbers of droids under the Confederacy.
However, the actual number of clone soldiers which can be seen standing in each formation at the end of Attack of the Clones amounts to 624 (26 per column and 24 per row), showing a disparity with the numbers presented in the Guide to the Grand Army. If a unit indeed amounts to one battalion, this would mean that the grand total of clones was 1,728,000,000, considering the 3 million units that many sources state, and counting a unit as a battalion of 576 clones. This is reasonable since Lama Su referred to the clones with both "units" and "battalions", which could possibly imply that both terms are merely two different ways of stating 576 man units/battalions. It seems logical that the Kaminoans would have their smallest available package of troops be made up of several hundred men. Since cloning was a 10 year long process and (since the training and feeding would also have to be taken into account) an expensive one, it would make no sense that anyone would want to buy a couple of men and have to wait for 10 years when they could come by ten times as many droids for a fraction of the cost, and with a wait of perhaps a week at the most.
Furthermore, it should be noted that all planetary and judicial forces loyal to the Republic were folded into the Grand Army, allowing the Republic, which enjoyed a large population advantage over the CIS to make up for the number of battle droids with possibly hundreds of trillions of organic, non-clone soldiers in all-out combat. However, conscription of civilians is implied to have not taken place in a statement by Chancellor Palpatine, due to potential political consequences.[16] Though this implication is contradicted in The New Essential Chronology by the following statement:
"Conscription, however, was a necessary reality. Countless beings of every species became draftees into the Grand Army of the Republic."
―Daniel Wallace[src]
Thus is it is most likely that the Grand Army was combination of clones, draftees, and troops from local planetary armies.
In addition, the Confederate battleship Malevolence was known to have made at least fourteen attacks, of which at least two occurred against three ship task forces.[33] Assuming that the other twelve were assaults on single ships, which seems unlikely, and that the ships were Venator Star Destroyers, which would fit with their prominence in this era and the relative importance of the Malevolence, there must have been at least 126,000 clone casualties in crews alone. If these vessels were fully loaded, the casualty count rises to 180,000, over a tenth of the supposed number of combat ready clones. As the chief concern over the Malevolence was its ability to destroy the ships without any indication of its nature[33] and not the casualties, this would seem to indicate a much larger clone army than stated in certain sources.
In Attack of The Clones, it is stated that there are too many clones for the droids to combat. This is supported by an estimate given that, at the beginning of the War, the casualty ratio for members of the CIS versus the GAR is 20 to 1. Since there are supposed to be around 3 million droids present at the battle, and approximately 200,000 clones, the clone army there would have, by that estimate, easily been able to handle the droid army with ease.
However, this comment was made by Count Dooku, replying to Nute Gunray's suggestion to "send all available droids into battle." Dooku desired a long, difficult war. Dooku needed the war to facilitate his rise to power with Palpatine. In Star Wars: The Clone Wars video game, an order is given to destroy the Droid Core Ships, as "each one houses enough firepower to threaten an entire planet." A similar description is given through Obi-Wan's thoughts in the novelization Episode II. The CIS forces had a fair chance of holding out against the Republic longer, which may have led to a shortage in troops later in the war.
It should be noted that 1 million planets were contested in the war, so with 1 million troopers per world, the army would need to be 1 trillion strong.
I find your lack of sources disturbing.
This article needs to be provided with more sources and/or appearances to conform to a higher standard of article quality.
Darth Plagueis (Mentioned only)
Boba Fett: Part I: Survival
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones comic
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones junior novel
"Precipice" on Hyperspace (article) (content removed from StarWars.com; new link on Suvudu; backup link on Archive.org) (Mentioned only)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars game
Republic 49: Sacrifice (Mentioned only)
Boba Fett: Maze of Deception
Boba Fett: Hunted (Mentioned only)
"Heroes on Both Sides"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 5
"One of a Kind"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 8
"No Way Out"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 9
"Odds"—Star Wars Insider 87
Star Wars: Republic: The Battle of Jabiim
Republic 59: Enemy Lines
Republic 60: Hate and Fear
Republic 61: Dead Ends (Appears in flashback(s))
Republic 62: No Man's Land
Jedi: Yoda
Star Wars: The Clone Wars novel
The Clone Wars: Prelude
The Clone Wars: Mouse Hunt
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Clone Cadets"
The Clone Wars: Cold Snap
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Children of the Force"
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Death Trap"
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "R2 Come Home"
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Lethal Trackdown"
Cad Bane: Jedi Hunter
The Clone Wars: Hunting the Hunters (Part II)
Swamp Station Sweep
The Clone Wars: Hunting the Hunters (Part III)
Droids Over Iego
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Hunt for Ziro"
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "The Academy"
"Inside Job"—Star Wars: The Clone Wars Comic UK 6.1
"Keep the Faith!"—Star Wars: The Clone Wars Comic UK 6.2
"The Droid Deception"—Star Wars: The Clone Wars Comic UK 6.4
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Heroes on Both Sides"
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Overlords"
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Ghosts of Mortis"
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Deception"
Republic 64: Bloodlines (Appears in flashback(s))
Star Wars: Republic: Show of Force
Republic 67: Forever Young
Republic 68: Armor
Star Wars: General Grievous
Star Wars: Republic: Dreadnaughts of Rendili
Star Wars: Obsession
Boba Fett: A New Threat
"Another Fine Mess"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 4 (Indirect mention only)
"The Brink"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 4
"Thunder Road"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 10
"Chain of Command"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 10
"Waiting"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 10
Star Wars: Republic: Siege of Saleucami
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith comic
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith junior novel
"Orders"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 4
"Descent"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 4
"Salvaged"—Star Wars: Clone Wars Adventures Volume 9
Star Wars: Republic: Hidden Enemy
Star Wars: Republic: Into the Unknown
Republic 78: Loyalties
Star Wars: Dark Times: Parallels
In His Image (Mentioned only)
"Passages"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 7 (Indirect mention only)
Han Solo at Stars' End (Indirect mention only)
"You're in the Army Now!"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 2 (Mentioned only) (As "Army of the Republic")
"Mission to Zila"—Star Wars Adventure Journal 3 (Indirect mention only)
Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor (Mentioned only)
Legacy—War 1 (Force vision)
Kowakian Monkey-Lizard
Giant spiders are awesome....
Always count your clones before take-off
You can't hit the brakes in space
Orders are orders
Sith make the best pancakes
That's no Space Station
Always trust Secret Strategy 3
Spinning isn't Always a Good Trick
Every brick has a beginning
A droid in the hand is worth two in the asteroid belt
Galaxy Guide 3: The Empire Strikes Back (As "Army of the Republic")
Dark Empire Sourcebook (As "Army of the Republic")
The Movie Trilogy Sourcebook (As "Army of the Republic")
"Guide to the Grand Army of the Republic"—Star Wars Insider 84
Star Wars Battlefront II: Prima Official Game Guide
"Unknown Soldier: The Story of General Grievous"—Star Wars Insider 86
"Classic Moment"—Star Wars Insider 103 (Indirect mention only)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars: The Visual Guide
The Force Unleashed Campaign Guide
Hasbro's 41st Elite Corps Clone Trooper review on Rebelscum.com
Star Wars PocketModel TCG – Order 66 (Card: 41st Elite Corps AT-RT)
Star Wars PocketModel TCG – Order 66 (Card: 41st Elite Corps BARC Speeders)
Galaxy at War
Ask Aak in the Databank (content now obsolete; backup link) (Indirect mention only)
"Red Five"—Star Wars Insider 137 (Indirect mention only)
Star Wars: Force Collection (Card: Lama Su (★)) (Indirect mention only)
Star Wars: Force Collection (Card: Taun We (★)) (Indirect mention only)
Star Wars: Force Collection (Card: Lama Su (★★★))
Star Wars: Force Collection (Card: Taun We (★★★))
Star Wars: Force Collection (Card: Jango Fett (★★★★★))
AT-TE walker in the Encyclopedia (link now obsolete; backup link)
BARC speeder in the Encyclopedia (link now obsolete; backup link)
clone troopers in the Encyclopedia (link now obsolete; backup link)
Republic Navy
Galactic Republic army
Judicial Forces
← 22–19 BBY
Republic Army (concurrent) Imperial Army and Stormtrooper Corps of the Galactic Empire
↑ 1.0 1.1 Darth Plagueis
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Order 66: A Republic Commando Novel
↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 The Essential Guide to Warfare
↑ 5.0 5.1 Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith
↑ Darth Bane: Rule of Two
↑ Labyrinth of Evil
↑ 8.0 8.1 Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith novelization
↑ Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith: The Visual Dictionary
↑ Coruscant Nights I: Jedi Twilight
↑ Star Wars Insider 96
↑ The Rebel Alliance Sourcebook
↑ The New Essential Chronology
↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Republic Commando: Triple Zero
↑ Star Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith novelization
↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 Guide to the Grand Army of the Republic
Star Wars: The Clone Wars – "Senate Murders"
↑ Star Wars: Battlefront
↑ Star Wars: Battlefront II
↑ 23.0 23.1 Star Wars: The Clone Wars film
Gungan Attack Concept Art Gallery on StarWars.com
↑ Galaxy at War
↑ 30.0 30.1 The Clone Wars Campaign Guide
MiniMag PTL missile launcher in the Databank (content now obsolete; backup link)
Retrieved from "https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic/Legends?oldid=8390928"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What you put into your business is so much more than a simple concern for your cashflow and assets. The success of your operation is a combination of your hard work and sacrifice, the efforts of your valuable staff and the relationship you have with your customers and clients. So, when the unthinkable happens – such as a fire, injury, or liability case against you – the consequences can be disastrous and threaten the future of the business, or indeed you personally as its manager.
A good Business Insurance policy provides security for those unexpected occurrences and ensures that your business can survive the unexpected, which is why it should form a core part of your risk management strategy and expenditure.
A business Key Person is considered so important to the company that loss the person could cause considerable damage to the company's financial future. Benefits are paid if the Key Person covered experiences a disability that prevents working or if the Key Person dies. The remaining partners or owners can use the benefits only for legitimate business expenses, such as buying the disabled person's stake in the business or hiring and training expenses for a replacement. Key Person Insurance is sometimes also called a Buy/Sell Agreement.
This coverage protects the business against liability claims, negligence, manufacturing or personnel error, bodily injury, or even property damage. Liability insurance often covers the policy holders' legal fees if the liability or event is covered under the policy.
Coverage protects against faulty products and damage, injury, or death from use of the faulty product.
At Professional Insurance Brokers, we have a long history in understanding how each kind of business insurance above (as well as any more unusual ones) might be applicable across a wide range of industry sectors. We encourage you to contact us for further information on how to properly asses your businesses' need for each of these policies.


Keen writers – some experienced, some trying their hand for the first time – gathered at three workshops led by respected local author Jenny Alexander. They created poems to mark the centenary of the end of World War One, looking at Hayle's extraordinary social and industrial history.
The result is a moving and powerful anthology – poems reflecting the courage, stoicism and heartbreak of those terrible years.


Andy Loren Wollman was born on Aug. 8, 1975 to Sharon Fay and Jerry Ernest Wollman in Yankton, S.D. Andy passed away on April 29, 2018 at the Freeman hospital at the young age of 42.
Andy attended and graduated from the Freeman Jr.-Sr. High School in May of 1994. After graduation, Andy started working at AMPI and continued working there for 24 years until his dying day.
Andy enjoyed sports. He was always talking about some team or another. Andy's two favorite teams were the Carolina Panthers and the Michigan Wolverines.
Andy also enjoyed going fishing and golfing with his friends. For the last two years, Andy so enjoyed watching Justin run track. He was looking so forward to this year's season to watch his boy run. A person could tell that Andy was a proud papa.
Andy had two sons to be proud of, Brandon and Justin. Andy married Bobbi Christensen and to this union they had two sons, who were Andy's pride and joy.
Andy leaves to cherish his memory his sons, Brandon and Justin; mother Sharon; stepfather Dan; sister Anna Marie; aunt Linda Andersen of Viborg; S.D.; friend Scot; many cousins and a host of friends.
Andy was preceded in death by his father Jerry Wollman in May of 1989, and many other loved ones.
Go and be at peace brother, we love ya and will miss you dearly!


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
      xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto">

    <item
        android:id="@+id/action_done"
        android:title="@string/action_create_done_contentDescription"
        android:icon="@drawable/done_states"
        app:showAsAction="ifRoom" />

</menu>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I was born in London and grew up in the south east of England. My first published piece of fiction appeared in a magazine called Dark Horizons in 2002. Since then, my stories have featured in numerous magazines and anthologies including The Year's Best Science Fiction, Best Horror of the Year and The Mammoth Book of Best British Crime. My debut novel The Race was published in 2016, followed a year later by my second novel The Rift. I live and work in Rothesay, on the Isle of Bute.
I have a lifelong love of speculative fiction, including science fiction, the gothic, weird fiction and good old fashioned ghost stories. I am particularly interested in work that tests the boundaries of genre: playing with philosophical ideas, savouring language, and experimenting with form. Ideas around landscape and sense of place, memory and personal identity form important strands in all my novels and stories. Writers who have inspired me include Iris Murdoch, Joyce Carol Oates, M. John Harrison, Ali Smith and Alasdair Gray. I have won the British Science Fiction Award, the Novella Award, the Kitschies Red Tentacle and France's Grand Prix de L'Imaginaire. I am currently working on a new novel, a mystery set on the Isle of Bute.
I am available for book club meetings, readings, talks, interviews, panel discussions and literary festival and bookshop events. I love connecting with audiences interested in the possibilities of speculative fiction, the contemporary literary novel, gothic, horror and weird fiction and/or ways to pursue their own writing ambitions. I have taken part in numerous panel discussions and bookshop events, as well as being a Guest of Honour at Mircon (Barcelona) in 2015, Edge-Lit (Derby) in 2016 and Fantasticon (Copenhagen) in 2017. In 2017 I undertook a writing residency in Paris under the aegis of La Maison de la Poesie.
When master dollmaker Andrew Garvie befriends Bramber Winters through the Personals column of a collectors' magazine, he becomes determined to meet her and confess his love.
When Selena's sister Julie disappeared at the age of seventeen, all hopes of seeing her again gradually receded.
A young woman in an alternate Britain is desperate to help her wayward brother in his gamble to save the life of his kidnapped daughter.
A First World War soldier returning to civilian life finds himself plagued by memories of the man he tried and failed to save.


What is the meaning of Tawheed and what are its categories?
Difference between names and attributes of Allah?
Is the Shahadah enough to be a Muslim?
[Video] Allah is NOT all around us, He is Above the Heavens!
Trinity Questions - MUSLIMS ONLY PLEASE!!!!
The Prohibition of Building Structures over Graves and the Obligation to remove them.


text:
Home | Beliefs | Scripture Studies | Calendar | Links | Contact
Lunar Sabbaths - Debunked in Three Verses
Could it really be that easy? One can scour the internet for hours and hours and find dozens of extremely lengthy articles that are written to debunk the Lunar Sabbath doctrine. But, does it really take a long argument to prove that Lunar Sabbaths are not scripturally possible? The purpose of this study is to reveal how three simple verses of scripture concretely show that Lunar Sabbaths are not the true weekly Sabbaths of יהוה.
Lunar Sabbaths Defined
For those who are unaware, the Lunar Sabbath doctrine is, in a nutshell, the belief that the weekly Sabbath commanded throughout the scriptures is to be observed according to the phases of the moon, as opposed to the traditional, continual seven-day cycle. The four phases of the moon are the new moon (crescent or conjunction, depending on which group they are a part of), the first quarter, the full moon, and the last quarter.
There are two different schools of thought within the Lunar Sabbath community - those that observe the 8th, 15th, 22nd, and 29th days of the lunar month as Sabbaths, and those that observe the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th as Sabbaths. Both groups also observe the day of the new moon as a sort of Sabbath as well.
The observance of the days by the latter group above can be easily shown unscriptural by the following verses of scripture.
"And when even was now come, because it was the Preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath." - Mark 15:42 (ASV)
"And it was the day of the Preparation, and the Sabbath drew on." - Luke 23:54 (ASV)
"Now it was the Preparation of the Passover: it was about the sixth hour. And he saith unto the Jews, 'Behold, your King!'... (31) The Jews therefore, because it was the Preparation, that the bodies should not remain on the cross upon the Sabbath (for the day of that Sabbath was a high day), asked of Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away." - John 19:14, 31 (ASV)
Yeshua was crucified on the Day of Passover, which is the 14th day of the first month of the scriptural year - Aviv (Leviticus 23:5). This day, in the year Yeshua was crucified, was also called the "preparation" day. The weekly Sabbath was not a day one would use to prepare anything. On the contrary, the weekly Sabbath is the one day of the week that one is required to prepare ahead of time for. As a result, Lunar Sabbaths on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of the lunar month are immediately discounted as scripturally possible. But what about the other group?
The First Passover in Canaan
The account of the first Passover observance by the Israelites in the land of Canaan can be found in Joshua 5:10-12.
"And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal; and they kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even in the plains of Jericho. (11) And they did eat of the produce of the land on the morrow after the Passover, unleavened cakes and parched grain, in the selfsame day. (12) And the manna ceased on the morrow, after they had eaten of the produce of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna anymore; but they did eat of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year." - Joshua 5:10-12 (ASV)
These three verses contain all the proof one needs to debunk the Lunar Sabbath doctrine. However, because there are several aspects of this passage that are often disputed we will need to dig a little deeper into it.
- "Produce" or "Old Corn" -
The argument exists that the Hebrew word translated as "produce" in the American Standard Version (ASV) of Joshua 5:11 above, עָבוּר avur, represents grain that was carried over the Jordan River from Israel's wanderings in the wilderness. It is indeed true that the Hebrew root of this word is עָבַר avar means "to pass over"1. However, we must examine the context in order to properly determine what exactly is "passed over" in verse 11.
In the Hebrew text the phrase מֵעֲבוּר הָאָרֶץ meavur haarets, which is translated above as "of the produce of the land," is in the construct form. The construct form is how the Hebrew language expresses possession. Another way of wording the same phrase in English would be "the land's produce." When a phrase in Hebrew is in the construct form it is against grammatical rules to break the phrase up into pieces. It must be taken as a whole. Thus we cannot simply focus on the use of avur as being proof that the corn the Israelites ate was carried over from the wilderness. We must consider the phrase "of the land" as one with avur.
Knowing this we must ask ourselves, what "land" is being spoken of in verse 11? Well, the end of verse 12 answers the question for us - the land of Canaan. But, even logic tells us that grain from the wilderness cannot be what is spoken of here. First of all, we are given no indication whatsoever in the Torah that the Israelites ever stopped long enough in the wilderness to prepare, plant, and fully harvest grain fields while they were there. In fact, it is easy to conclude that this didn't happen since they had no need to do so given the daily provision of manna יהוה provided for them. Second, the phrase "of the land" becomes completely meaningless if it is referring to the exact same grain they had partaken of while wandering in the wilderness (grain which is nowhere spoken of).
In addition to the above, we can see an extremely close parallel between the command relating to the Wave Sheaf in Torah and this passage in Joshua.
"And ye shall eat neither bread, nor parched grain, nor fresh ears, until this selfsame day, until ye have brought the oblation of your Elohim: it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings." - Leviticus 23:14 (ASV)
There are several parallels we can examine here in the Hebrew text. First we see that in Leviticus 23:14 the Israelites were forbidden from eating bread and parched grain prior to the Wave Sheaf being offered. The Hebrew word for "bread" here is לֶחֶם lechem. Although this is not the same word used in Joshua 5:11 for "unleavened cakes," which is מַצוֹת matsot, both words refer to products that are made from harvested grain. The former, lechem, refers to a leavened loaf of bread while matsot refers to unleavened bread. The Hebrew word for "parched grain," however, is identical in both verses - קָלִי qaliy.
A second parallel is the phrase "this/the selfsame day," which in Hebrew is הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה hayom hazeh. In Leviticus 23:14 the Israelites are forbidden to eat of products made from the grain of the land until "the selfsame day" they offer the first fruits unto יהוה. In Joshua 5:14 the Israelites ate the "produce of the land" on "the selfsame day" of the "morrow after the Passover."
More evidence for the fact that avur here refers to the produce of the land of Canaan as opposed to mysterious, non-existent grain carried over from the wilderness can be found in two other ancient textual witnesses we have - the Greek Septuagint (LXX) and the Latin Vulgate. Here is Joshua 5:11 in both:
καὶ ἐφάγοσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ σίτου τῆς γῆς ἄζυμα καὶ νέα. - Joshua 5:11 (LXX)
et comederunt de frugibus terrae die altero azymos panes et pulentam eiusdem anni - Joshua 5:11 (Vulgate)
The phrases in bold text are the Greek and Latin equivalents of the Hebrew "of the produce of the land" phrase. The underlined words are the words that correspond to the Hebrew "produce" (or "old corn," in some translations). The Greek word σίτου sitou is defined simply as "grain"2. The Latin frugibus is defined as "fruit, produce, pulse, legumes"3. Neither the Greek nor Latin words have a definition referring to "old" grain. The words that the translators of the LXX and Vulgate chose to use were those that simply represent the grain or produce of the land that they were in - the land of Canaan. In addition, Gesenius, known in the scholarly world as the "father of Hebrew grammarians," defines the word avur also as "corn, prop. produce, or offering of the land"4.
We can safely conclude from all of the information above that the argument that the Hebrew avur means "old corn" really isn't an argument at all. Not only is there no evidence that the Israelites did any grain farming while wandering in the wilderness, but there is a plethora of linguistic evidence that proves avur refers the fruit or produce of the land of Canaan.
- "Morrow After the Passover" -
This may seem like a simple one, right? Those who are studied in the Torah, knowing that יהוה's Passover is on the fourteenth day of the first month, Aviv (Leviticus 23:5), will easily recognize that the "morrow after the Passover" refers to the fifteenth day of Aviv. In addition, the plain and clear text of Numbers 33:3 that follows solidifies this fact.
"And they journeyed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the Passover the children of Israel went out with a high hand in the sight of all the Egyptian." - Numbers 33:3 (ASV)
This verse clearly equates the phrase "morrow after the Passover" with "the fifteenth day of the first month." This simple textual truth, however, is extremely problematic, even devastating to the Lunar Sabbath doctrine. Let me explain how.
First I will provide a very simplistic break down of the events that transpired in Joshua 5:10-12 above in a tabular format. Then I will explain the relevant events in more detail.
Events of Joshua 5:10-12
Day of the Month Event(s) Manna Appeared?
Aviv 14 יהוה's Passover (Leviticus 23:5). The Israelites, under the direction of Joshua, camped in Gilgal and observed the Passover of יהוה in the evening, according to the commandment. Yes
Aviv 15 The morrow after the Passover (Numbers 33:3). The Israelites ate of the produce of the land of Canaan on this day. In order for this to have been scripturally lawful the first fruits of the land had to have been first offered unto יהוה (Leviticus 23:10-15). Yes
Aviv 16 Day after the Israelites had eaten of the produce of the land. The manna ceased on this day as a result. No
The first point that needs to be addressed in more detail is the timing of the morning sacrifice, the Wave Sheaf offering, and the daily appearance of the manna. The morning offering is generally understood to have been made at the third hour of the day, or around 9:00am, coinciding with the customary hour of morning prayer. All other offerings throughout the day, including additional offerings that were required on the various holy days, were made after the initial morning sacrifice.
The manna, according to the following passage, would appear on the surface of the ground as soon as the dew lifted each morning.
"And it came to pass at even, that the quails came up, and covered the camp: and in the morning the dew lay round about the camp. (14) And when the dew that lay was gone up, behold, upon the face of the wilderness a small round thing, small as the hoar-frost on the ground. (15) And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, 'What is it?' For they knew not what it was. And Moses said unto them, 'It is the bread which יהוה hath given you to eat.'" - Exodus 16:13-15 (ASV)
Dew, as a general rule, evaporates shortly after sunrise. Exceptions exist when one lives in a very humid climate, or that time of the year is very humid. Data produced by the US Naval Observatory shows that sunrise between March 1st and April 30th during any given year (a wide range in which Passover will most definitely occur) ranges between 5:00am and 6:00am5. Needless to say the Israelites would have had plenty of time to gather their omer of manna prior to the morning sacrifice each day, especially in that area of the world during early spring.
The second point that needs to be addressed in more detail is the events on the fifteenth of Aviv. We are told that the Israelites ate of the produce of the land of Canaan on this day. However, we also know that they were strictly prohibited from doing so in Leviticus 23:14 until they have offered the oblation of Elohim. If the Israelites, under the direction of Joshua, ate of the produce of the land of Canaan on the fifteenth of the first month it is only because the Wave Sheaf was offered on that day as well. The day likely started with their normal gathering of manna prior to the morning sacrifice. Then, after the priests completed the offering of the morning sacrifice a sheaf of the grain of the land of Canaan was reaped and waved before יהוה. This action made it permissible for the Israelites to start reaping and using the grain of the land for food. Apart from the Wave Sheaf offering being made it would have been unlawful for them to have partaken of the produce of the land as the scriptures so plainly say.
The final point that needs to be addressed is the act of the manna ceasing on the "morrow after they had eaten of the produce of the land." First, it is apparent that since the day that they ate from the produce of the land was the fifteenth of the first month, the "morrow after they had eaten of the produce of the land" is necessarily the sixteenth of the first month. Second, the verb used to describe the action of the manna in verse 12 is the Hebrew שָׁבַת shavath, which means "to rest, to keep as a day of rest"6. It is the verb from which the well-known word "Sabbath" derives its meaning. In the same way that we "cease" from our labors on the weekly Sabbath day, the manna "ceased" from appearing on the "morrow after they had eaten of the produce of the land." This doesn't mean that the manna appeared on the sixteenth never to appear again afterwards. We don't work on the day we "cease" from our labors - the weekly Sabbath. We cease from the labors we perform on every other day on the Sabbath. Likewise the manna ceased from appearing on the sixteenth as it did every day prior to then (from its initial creation).
The timeline of the three days contained in those three simple verses couldn't be clearer. Israel observed the Passover on the fourteenth according to the commandment; they offered the first fruits of the land of Canaan to יהוה on the fifteenth, allowing them to lawfully partake of its produce; the manna never appeared again after the morning of the fifteenth because they ate of the produce of the land that day.
- What About the LXX? -
Some Lunar Sabbatarians will contend that the translation of Joshua 5:11 in the LXX proves that the Wave Sheaf offering didn't have to take place on the fifteenth. Here is the text of that verse in the LXX again, with Brenton's English translation following it:
"And they ate of the grain of the earth unleavened and new corn." - Joshua 5:11 (Brenton)
The argument is that the Wave Sheaf didn't have to take place on the fifteenth because the LXX is missing the time element of "the morrow after the Passover" that is found in the Hebrew text. This argument, however, falls gravely short when all of the textual evidence is examined. We have three primary textual witnesses that can help us to understand what the true translation of this passage really is - the Hebrew (Masoretic Text), the LXX, and the Vulgate. Here are the verses in parallel for ease of comparison:
וַיֹּ֨אכְל֜וּ מֵעֲב֥וּר הָאָ֛רֶץ מִמָּֽחֳרַ֥ת הַפֶּ֖סַח מַצֹּ֣ות וְקָל֑וּי בְּעֶ֖צֶם הַיֹּ֥ום הַזֶּֽה׃ - Joshua 5:11 (MT)
καὶ ἐφάγοσαν ἀπὸ τοῦ σίτου τῆς γῆς ἄζυμα καὶ νέα - Joshua 5:11 (LXX)
The only one of these three witnesses that does not contain some sort of time element in this verse is the LXX. The Hebrew, as we have already seen, has the phrase "morrow after the Passover," or מִמָּֽחֳרַ֥ת הַפֶּ֖סַח mimacharath hapesach. The Latin Vulgate has the phrase die altero which is literally translated "the next day." This phrase is not identical to the Hebrew text, obviously, but in this context it describes the exact same day - the next day after the Passover, which is the fifteenth of the first month. The LXX text here is mysteriously silent. There is, however, evidence that many different Greek manuscripts, such as the Codex Vaticanus, contain the phrase τη επαυριον του πασχα te epaurion tou pascha, which is translated "on the next day of the passover." In addition to this the ancient Syriac version of the Old Testament, found today in the Bibliothecae Syriacae, contains a similar phrase.7
I believe the evidence is clear. A time element is definitely part of the text of Joshua 5:11. From the best witnesses we have to this time element, we can conclude that the Israelites ate of the produce of the land on the day after the Passover, or the fifteenth of Aviv.
So, what does all of the information above have to do with Lunar Sabbaths, right? Well, the key to understanding the significance of Joshua 5:10-12 as it relates to Lunar Sabbaths is found in another passage relating to the Wave Sheaf offering.
"'And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread unto יהוה: seven days ye shall eat unleavened bread. (7) In the first day ye shall have a holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work. (8) But ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto יהוה seven days: in the seventh day is a holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work.' (9) And יהוה spake unto Moses, saying, (10) 'Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, "When ye are come into the land which I give unto you, and shall reap the harvest thereof, then ye shall bring the sheaf of the first-fruits of your harvest unto the priest: (11) and he shall wave the sheaf before יהוה, to be accepted for you: on the morrow after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it."'" - Leviticus 23:6-11 (ASV)
The important phrase in this passage is found in verse eleven - "the morrow after the Sabbath." The most simplistic way of understanding this phrase is that it is speaking of the day after the weekly Sabbath. The reason for this is because of the contextual use of the word "Sabbath." The first and only occurrences of the word "Sabbath" prior to the passage above is found in Leviticus 23:3.
"Six days shall work be done: but on the seventh day is a Sabbath of solemn rest, a holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of work: it is a Sabbath unto יהוה in all your dwellings." - Leviticus 23:3 (ASV)
This verse unquestionably speaks of the weekly Sabbath. On this day we are commanded to do "no manner of work" at all. That is what the Hebrew word שַׁבָּת shabbat refers to and is used for throughout the scriptures - a day of complete rest where no manner of work is done.8 If this definition is carried throughout the rest of the chapter the meaning of "Sabbath" in verses 6-11 is very clear.
On this same day, the "morrow after the Sabbath," we are also commanded to start our fifty-day count to the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot). Here is the testimony of that verse in our three most reliable witnesses:
וּסְפַרְתֶּ֤ם לָכֶם֙ מִמָּחֳרַ֣ת הַשַּׁבָּ֔ת מִיֹּום֙ הֲבִ֣יאֲכֶ֔ם אֶת־עֹ֖מֶר הַתְּנוּפָ֑ה שֶׁ֥בַע שַׁבָּתֹ֖ות תְּמִימֹ֥ת תִּהְיֶֽינָה׃ - Leviticus 23:15 (MT)
Καὶ ἀριθμήσετε ὑμεῖς ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπαύριον τῶν σαββάτων, ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας, ἧς ἂν προσενέγκητε τὸ δράγμα τοῦ ἐπιθέματος, ἑπτὰ ἑβδομάδας ὁλοκλήρους· - Leviticus 23:15 (LXX)
numerabitis ergo ab altero die sabbati in quo obtulistis manipulum primitiarum septem ebdomadas plenas - Leviticus 23:15 (Vulgate)
The phrases that are important in each of the languages are מִמָּחֳרַ֣ת הַשַּׁבָּ֔ת mimacharath hashabbat, ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπαύριον τῶν σαββάτων apo tes epaurion ton sabbaton, and ab altero die sabbati. All three phrases mean the exact same thing - "from the morrow after the Sabbath." So, there is no question that the fifty-day count to Shavuot is to begin on the "morrow after the Sabbath," not on the Sabbath itself.
It is worth noting here that there is an argument and belief that the "morrow after the Sabbath" referred to in this verse, and in verse 11, is actually the day after the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, or the sixteenth of Aviv. For the purposes of this study, however, proving whether that belief is scripturally accurate is irrelevant. Lunar Sabbatarians, as mentioned above, believe that the fifteenth of every lunar month is a Sabbath. So, to them, the "morrow after the Sabbath" and the sixteenth of Aviv are the exact same day.
Believe it or not that is where the simplistic and foundational flaw in the doctrine exists. Since Lunar Sabbatarians believe that the Wave Sheaf offering and the beginning of the count to Shavuot are both on the sixteenth of Aviv, proof that the Wave Sheaf was ever offered (and therefore the count to Shavuot begun) on any day other than the sixteenth of Aviv would cause the doctrine to irreparably crumble. That is exactly what has been proven above.
Solid scriptural evidence has been provided and examined above that proves that the first Wave Sheaf offering ever made in the land of Canaan was made on the fifteenth of Aviv. Passover was kept in Gilgal, according to the commandment, on the fourteenth of Aviv in the evening. The following day, called "the morrow after the Passover," also called "the fifteenth day of the first month [Aviv]" (Numbers 33:3), the Israelites lawfully partook of the produce of the land of Canaan. To do so lawfully, the Wave Sheaf first had to have been offered the morning of the same day. Confirmation that the produce of the land of Canaan was eaten, not hypothetical "old corn" carried over the Jordan, is found in the fact that the manna ceased and never appeared again starting on the next day, the sixteenth of Aviv.
Since the Torah commands that the Wave Sheaf is to be offered and the count to Shavuot begun on the "morrow after the Sabbath," the fifteenth day of the first month in that year must have been the "morrow after the Sabbath." Sheer logic requires that the "morrow after the Sabbath" cannot possibly be the same as the actual Sabbath itself. Since the "morrow after the Sabbath" was the fifteenth of Aviv that year the actual Sabbath was the fourteenth (i.e. Passover was on a Sabbath in that year). Since the Sabbath was on the fourteenth it could not have possibly been on the fifteenth as well.
The scriptural fact that the first Passover the Israelites ever observed in Canaan was on a Sabbath, as shown in the three verses of Joshua 5:10-12, proves that Lunar Sabbaths were not observed by the ancient Israelites and were not commanded in the Torah.
HalleluYah!
For more evidence from the practical application of the Lunar Sabbath doctrine see Appendix I.
Practical Evidence
The Timing of Shavuot
Leviticus 23:15-16 gives us the exact instructions on when we are to observe the Feast of Weeks (Shavuot).
"And ye shall count unto you from the morrow after the Sabbath, from the day that ye brought the sheaf of the wave-offering; seven Sabbaths shall there be complete: (16) even unto the morrow after the seventh Sabbath shall ye number fifty days; and ye shall offer a new meal-offering unto יהוה." - Leviticus 23:15-16 (ASV)
There are three criteria in this verse that must each be fulfilled for us to know we are observing Shavuot on the proper day.
The count is required to start "from the morrow after the Sabbath"
There is required to be seven complete Sabbaths as a part of the complete count
There is to be a total of fifty days in the count, ending on the morrow after the seventh Sabbath
Lunar Sabbatarians will never have a problem with Number 1. Since they believe that the fifteenth of each lunar month is a Sabbath, the sixteenth of the month, when they believe the Wave Sheaf is to be offered, is by definition the "morrow after the Sabbath." Numbers 2 and 3, however, can be very problematic in a real life scenario. The following tables are calendars from the year 1930. By using a program such as Stellarium9 one can easily see that there would have been a visible new moon on the evening of 31 March10 making 1 April new moon day.
Day of Month 1 2 3 4 5
Lunar Day New Moon 2 3 4 5
Day of Month 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Lunar Day 6 7 Sabbath 9 10 11 12
Day of Month 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Lunar Day 13 14 Sabbath 16 17 18 19
Shavuot Count 1 2 3 4
Lunar Day 20 21 Sabbath (1) 23 24 25 26
Shavuot Count 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Day of Month 27 28 29 30
Lunar Day 27 28 Sabbath (2) New Moon
Shavuot Count 12 13 14 15
Day of Month 1 2 3
Lunar Day 2 3 4
Shavuot Count 16 17 18
Day of Month 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lunar Day 5 6 7 Sabbath (3) 9 10 11
Shavuot Count 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Lunar Day 12 13 14 Sabbath (4) 16 17 18
Lunar Day 26 27 28 Sabbath (6) New Moon (1) New Moon (2) 2
Day of Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Lunar Day 3 4 5 6 7 Sabbath (7) 9
Shavuot Count 47 48 49 50 51* 52* 53*
Day of Month 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Lunar Day 10 11 12 13 14 Sabbath 16
Day of Month
Tuesday, 1 April 1930 was new moon day. Since Lunar Sabbatarians do not count the new moon days as part of the six days of work between Sabbaths, the first Lunar Sabbath is on Tuesday, 8 April. There are then Lunar Sabbaths on the 15th, 22nd, and 29th of April. The count to Shavuot started on the sixteenth of the first lunar month, 16 April, after a Lunar Sabbath. This lunar month only had twenty-nine days because the next visible new moon was on 30 April. By this time there have been two complete Sabbaths of the required seven and fifteen days of the required fifty for the full count to Shavuot.
Wednesday, 30 April 1930 was the next new moon day. The Lunar Sabbaths of that month fell on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th of May. This lunar month, unlike the previous, would have had thirty days in it due to the illumination percentage of the new moon on the 29th day (only about 0.8% at sunset). If a lunar month has thirty days instead of twenty-nine, Lunar Sabbatarians celebrate two new moon days in a row. These days fell on the 29th and 30th of May. By this time there have been six complete Sabbaths of the required seven and forty-five days of the required fifty for the full count to Shavuot.
Thursday, 29 May 1930 and Friday, 30 May 1930 were the next new moon days. The next Lunar Sabbath wouldn't occur until 6 June. However, herein lies two major problems. First, if you choose to stop at the proper count to fifty days (Wednesday, 4 June) you are three days short of being on the required "morrow after the seventh Sabbath." Second, if you choose to stop on the required "morrow after the seventh Sabbath" (Saturday, 9 June) you are actually on day fifty-three of the required fifty-day count.
Even if the second lunar month above was only twenty-nine days the count is still off by at least two days. There is just no way for all three requirements for the proper timing of Shavuot to be accomplished when Lunar Sabbaths are used.
Gesenius, Wilhelm. "Entry for עָבַר." Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. London, UK: Samuel Bagster & Sons, Limited, exact publication date unknown. [back to study]
Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. "Entry for σίτος." A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press., 1940. [back to study]
Charton T. Lewis. Charles Short. "Entry for frugibus." A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary / revised, enlarged and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1879. [back to study]
Gesenius, Wilhelm. "Entry for עָבוּר." Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. London, UK: Samuel Bagster & Sons, Limited, exact publication date unknown. [back to study]
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php - Data based on 35° 13' E, 31° 49' N and 2 hours East of Greenwhich [back to study]
Gesenius, Wilhelm. "Entry for שָׁבַת." Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. London, UK: Samuel Bagster & Sons, Limited, exact publication date unknown. [back to study]
Alan England Brooke, D.D. Norman McLean, M.A. The Old Testament In Greek: According to the text of the Codex Vaticanus, supplemented from other uncial manuscripts, with a critical apparatus containing the variants of the chief ancient authorities for the text of the Septuagint. London, UK: Bentley House, 1917. Page 691 and corresponding footnotes. [back to study]
The only exception to this is when the scriptures discuss the Sabbatical Year in Leviticus 25. In that chapter the children of Israel are commanded to let the land have a "Sabbath" every seventh year. The meaning, though applied to a year instead of a day, is the same, though. The land was to have a complete rest and was not to be worked at all. [back to study]
"Stellarium." Stellarium. 07 Mar. 2014 <//www.stellarium.org/>. [back to study]
Data based on Raleigh, NC, USA as the location (35° 49' 12" N, 78° 39' 36.01" W) [back to study]
Copyright © 2016 - TruthOfYah.net