text:
\section{Introduction}

The nuclear interaction mechanism of carbon ions with nuclei represent
a key point in the understanding of delivered dose in cancer therapy applications. The effect of fragmentation diminishes the number of
primary ions delivered to the region under treatment and produces a
tail of damaging ionisation beyond the Bragg peak.  In addition, the
trajectories of fragments may be sufficiently perturbed compared to
that of the incident ion that they deposit a non-negligible dose
outside the volume of tissue being treated.  The nuclear fragmentation studies are of
 interest also for radiation effects community \cite{clemens,sabra}  since both primary Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) or
their secondaries may cause Single Event Effects (SEE) on electronics systems and instrumentations. Carbon ions are  a
significant component of the  GCR and of Solar Particle Events (SPEs) (see for instance  \cite{mxapsos} for a
review of models of the near-Earth space radiation environment) and
they contribute to the dose delivered to astronauts as well as to SEE occurring in electronics on long duration
space missions. The external environment is fairly well known, but
when the incident radiation interacts with the spacecraft hull and
internal materials, nuclear fragmentation modifies the external
radiation field \cite{wilson}.  A recent exhaustive review on this
subject are given in \cite{durante,silvestri1,silvestri2}.  Both applications, cancer therapy
dose and optimization of shielding materials for space explorations,
require an accurate knowledge of the physics of the fragmentation
process. In this work we measured the total charge-changing
cross-sections and partial cross-sections for individual fragments
produced by a 500 MeV/n carbon beam on eleven different target
materials. The experimental results are compared to the predictions of
GEANT4 \cite{geant1,geant2} and FLUKA \cite{FLUKA1,FLUKA2} Monte Carlo
simulation programs.

\section{Experimental Setup}
The detection system designed and assembled by
MAPRad \cite{maprad} at INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) Perugia clean room
facilities \cite{clroom}.
The experimental apparatus (see Fig.~\ref{fig:sketch}) used to
perform the measurement is based on the double-sided microstrip
silicon detector (DSSD) technology.

Our first test set consisted of five double-sided $300~\mu$m thin microstrip
silicon detectors (DSSD300) of the same type used in the AMS02
experiment \cite{ams2}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ffig1.pdf
\caption{\label{fig:sketch} A general sketch of the setup: the
  position of Thin and Thick detectors}
\end{figure}
The implants on the two sides of DSSD300 run along orthogonal
directions, providing X and Y measurements of ion impact position, with a
readout pitch of 0.44 mm and external dimensions of
41x72x0.31 mm$^2$.  The number of channels connectable to Front-End
Electronics (FEE) is 160 + 96 for p and n side respectively however, on both sides, only
central 96 channels were connected to FEE.

The second test set included two 1.5 mm thick microstrip silicon
detectors (DSSD1500), produced by FBK of Trento (Italy), with
64 + 64 channels on p and n sides respectively. These sensors have a
readout pitch of 0.5 mm and external dimensions of 35x35x1.5 mm$^2$
and all channels on both sides were connected to their respective FEE.  The
detectors mentioned above were arranged with the first (Thin0) and the
second (Thin1) of the thin sensors, placed in fixed positions before
and after the target, and were followed by the other three sensors
(Thin2, Thin3, Thin4).  The two thick sensors (Thick1, Thick2) were
positioned as the last two sensors of the experimental
setup. Fig.~\ref{fig:sketch} shows a schematic drawing of the setup
on the beam line for the ions.

The positions of Thin0 and Thin1 were chosen so that any target
thickness among those available could be accomodated in between.  The
positions of the other sensors were varied during the experiment to
assess the effect of geometrical acceptance on the final result.  The
value of the distances, measured with the laser device with
resolution better than 0.1 mm, are show in Table I.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\label{tab:dist}
\begin{center}
\caption{Distances (mm) between detectors in the different
  configurations in August 2010 session. For distances corresponding
  to each letter please refer to Fig.~\ref{fig:sketch}}
\begin{tabular}{|l|l|c|c|c|c|r|}
\hline
\hline
 Config. & A+B+Target   &  C  &  D  &  E & F & G\\
\hline
\hline
 1  & 719.33   &  67.96  &  65.56  &  75.28 & 74.80 & 79.61\\
\hline
 2 & 719.33   &  65.59  &  64.23  &  73.17 & 70.80 & 76.79\\
\hline
 3 & 719.33   &  79.39  &  119.66  &  79.45 & 119.29 & 80.25\\
\hline
 4 & 719.33   &  79.56  &  120.76  &  80.67 & 118.69 & 79.49\\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

Although the sensors have self triggering capabilities, a plastic
scintillator was inserted between the point where the beam is
extracted in air and the experimental setup, to act as an external
trigger for the data acquisition (DAQ)  electronics.  The setup was equipped with
temperature sensors and with a cooling system, flowing air at
$2\,^{\circ}{\rm C}$ on the surface of the detectors.
Fig.~\ref{fig:setup} shows the experimental setup assembled at GSI.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ffig2.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:setup} The photos show the detector setup at GSI}
\end{figure}

Testing took place in experimental Cave A at GSI-Darmstadt in August
2010. The beam was $^{12}C$ with an energy of 500 MeV/n. Beam
intensity was about 5k to 10k counts per spill with a duration of 10s, according to GSI monitoring system.  Several target materials were
used: water (in flasks), polyethylene, aluminium, lucite,
graphite, iron, tin, lead, copper, tantalum, silicon carbide. For some
target types, several different thicknesses were used. The details are
reported in Table II.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\label{tab:thickness}
\begin{center}
\caption{Tested target materials and relative thicknesses.}
\begin{tabular}{|l|c|}
\hline
\hline
 Material & Thickness $(g/cm^2)$\\
\hline
\hline
air & 0.035\\
\hline
water & 5.700\\
\hline
lucite & 3.840\\
\hline
polyethylene & 0.465\\
\hline
silicon carb. & 1.580\\
\hline
aluminium & 5.450\\
\hline
graphite & 1.734\\
\hline
graphite & 3.434\\
\hline
copper & 4.628\\
\hline
iron & 3.935\\
\hline
iron & 6.611\\
\hline
tin & 3.655\\
\hline
tin & 5.848\\
\hline
tantalum & 3.330\\
\hline
tantalum & 6.660\\
\hline
lead & 3.689\\
\hline
lead & 6.810\\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

For each target we collected at least $10^6$ events. A set of
data with no target was also taken to account for the contribution due
to interaction in air or in the silicon sensor itself. Data with no target were also used to
evaluate the corrections to be applied to data described in following
sections.

\section{Data Processing}

The data analysis consists of two main phases. During the first phase
a preselection of events that were suitable for the analysis and
evaluation of correction factors on raw charge signals collected in
the sensors were carried out. The second phase includes the track
fitting and particle identification procedures.

For each run, a set of data is collected by using random trigger (with
no beam on) to calculate the pedestal and random noises of readout
channels as well as the common mode noise which is the mean of the
uniform shift over all channels of given readout chip. After random
trigger data the beam was turned-on to collect the real beam data. The
cluster formation, which is the group of adjacent strips collecting
charge created by a traversing particle that survives several
selection cuts were applied.

\subsection{Data Unfolding}

The requests in this stage were mostly geared towards a general quality
of the event and observed signals (clusters of neighbouring readout
channels). For this purpose we considered only those events that are
separated in arrival time with more than $100 \mu$s from the
previous.

The collected charge (Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) counts) on the several sensors has a
noticeable dependence on the particle impact position and on the
different sensors yield. Therefore corrections to these effects are
needed for accurate identification of the fragmentation products.

\subsubsection{Gain Correction}

Both sides of detectors were read-out through a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) \cite{ideas} that
consist into self-triggering, pre-amplifier, sample \& hold,
multiplexer circuitry with a dynamic range of $\pm$132 MIPs. The
circuitry has internal calibration line for each of its 32
channels. All VA32TA3.2 were calibrated between few MIPS up to well
above saturation levels by injecting, on bench, known values of charge
load to trace for each channel the calibration curves. The gain
responses of each channel of a given VA32TA3.2 were normalized to its
average value. The same way, average gain of a given side of a given
sensor was then calculated and single channel correction factors were
finally determined.

\subsubsection{$\eta$ Correction}

The parameter $\eta$ is defined using the two channels of a cluster
that collected the highest signals as:
\begin{equation}
\eta=\frac{Q_r}{Q_l+Q_r}
\end{equation}
where the subscripts "l" and "r" label the collected charge (Q) of the
leftmost and rightmost of the two most highest strips respectively. An
ion impinging close to a readout strip will yield a value of $\eta $
close to 0 or to 1, while ions hitting in the interstrip region will have
$\eta$ close to 0.5.  Due to the poor capacitive coupling towards the
connected readout channels, the hits in the 0.5 region register a
lower charge: while this is not a problem on Thin0, where we have only
primary ions, it tends to mix the different populations of fragments
in the subsequent sensors, so it is necessary to implement a
correction factor depending on $\eta$ to normalize the collected
charge to a common baseline. The correction factor for collected charge in a given $\eta $ bin is the same for all (primary and fragments), hence, the correction was evaluated using data
from a run without target, then it as applied to all other samples.

\subsubsection{Sensor to Sensor Correction}

A further correction was applied to the collected charge to account
for the different yield of each sensor of the setup. Besides the
obvious difference between thin and thick detectors, that implies
different amplitude of the signals, each sensor DAQ combination has a
different yield. The value of charge for primary particle peak from
the various sensors can vary substantially, and this is also true for
the charge produced by fragmentation products; in order to allow for a
uniform treatment of data from different silicon sensors we fitted the
main peaks of each sensor with a gaussian and used the ratio between
the fit's most probable values to scale the charge of thin sensors to
a common base, which we chose to be the value of charge observed on
Thin0. The correction factor was evaluated on a dataset without target
and then applied to all other data sets.

\subsection{Track Fitting}
Each sensor gives the X-Y impact position of the particles, while the
Z coordinate is known a priori from the mounting position of the
sensor.

The position identification capability of DSSD is used in the
subsequent analysis, since it is to be expected that the ions that
pass through the target without fragmentation, will produce a sequence
of hits in the various sensors that lie on a path that is closer to a
straight line.  Therefore fitting the tracks to a straight line and
imposing a cut on the quality of the fit helps to identify both the
unchanged beam ions and the fragments. In addition, track fitting
helps in rejecting events with low spatial correlation between
signals, due to inefficiencies of the detectors, fluctuations in the
measurements and signal pileup when a primary particle
enters the set up during elaboration of signals.

To ensure that we can apply the track fitting, we checked that each
sensor contains at least one signal on the p side; in case more than
one cluster was present, we only consider the one with the highest
charge. Since it is possible that a detector misses the particle for
some inefficiency of the acquisition chain, the number of track points
used in the fits can vary; in particular, it is possible for the track
not to reach the last detector (Thick2) or, while still reaching it,
to have missing intermediate points (holes). For our analysis we
decided to consider only tracks with no holes, but since in principle
a second interaction in the silicon sensors is possible, we allowed
the track to be as short as two track points.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.75in]{ffig3a.pdf}%
\includegraphics[width=1.75in]{ffig3b.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:seg} Left: distribution of the last detector with
  signal in a given track with no holes. Right: distribution of number
  of cluster per event  per sensors Thin0, Thin1 and Thick2}
\end{figure}

Fig. ~\ref{fig:seg} shows, on the right, that the distributions of
the number of clusters for event is peaked at 1, even for the
most distant sensor (Thick2). On the left side of the same Figure is shown
the distribution of the last sensor with signal without having holes
along the track.  The majority of events reaches the last sensor,
which, considering the small external dimensions of thick sensors, is
consistent with the assumption that the fragments are mostly directed
at low angles from the impinging ions momentum.
Fig.~\ref{fig:resol} shows residuals between fitted track and actual
hit positions on p-side for DSSD300 after the target.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[trim=0cm 0cm 5cm 17cm, clip=true, width=3.5in]{ffig4.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:resol} Residuals from the actual hit positions and
  fitted tracks for p-side of DSSD300 sensors after the target.}
\end{figure}

It is worth to notice that the mean value for the absolute residual of
the fits after target is about $210 \mu$m, that is very close to the
value expected for a readout pitch like the one we are using.

All the necessary cluster information, as well as the quantities
calculated in the track fitting procedure are stored in a file, that
is the basis for the following step.

\subsection{Event Selection and Particle  Identification}

To distinguish between the primary ions and the products of the
fragmentation, besides the track fitting results, we use charge
information.

 Fig.~\ref{fig:charge}
shows the cluster charge correlation plots of the signals recorded on a pair of thin
sensors (p sides). The plot refers to a pair of sensors (Thin1 and
Thin2), but the same type of plot was produced for all other couples
of sensors of the same kind.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ffig5.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:charge} Scatter plot of charge observed in
  detector Thin2 versus detector Thin1. Along the diagonal are visible the
  populations due to primary ions and the fragmentation products.}
\end{figure}

 We saw that every couple of sensors basically shows the same
 structure, with a series of approximately round areas aligned along
 the diagonal, which can easily be interpreted as the fragmentation
 products plus the primary peak.  Events with charge signal out of
 diagonal may arise from a series of different reasons, such as
 inefficiencies in the detector's charge collection. Such events was
 removed with a graphical cut. The application of the graphical cut
 yields a cropped scatter plot for each of the sensor combination
 mentioned above. From each one of these cropped plots we can obtain
 two collected charge spectra by projecting the points to one of the
 axes (Fig.~\ref{fig:projcharge}).  The vertical bands are
 representing one sigma limits around most probable charge values. For
 their use see LR(Z) calculation in next paragraph.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.75in]{ffig6a.pdf}%
\includegraphics[width=1.75in]{ffig6b.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:projcharge} Collected charge spectra. The left
  plot refers to the first thins after the target, the right one to
  the last thick sensors. The relative positions of the peaks are
  compatible with the atomic number of the fragmentation products and
  the primary carbon beam.}
\end{figure}

  In this analysis, in order to reduce the charge misidentification due
  to overlap in charge distributions, in spite of loss of statistics,
  we considered only the events wich falls within one sigma of the
  charge distribution peaks.

Fragments of different charge have different track fit quality, in
particular, for low charge fragments, up to Li, fit quality is worse
possibly because in their case, fragment multiplicity increases,
leading to a mixing of tracks and degraded fitting performance. By
selecting the events that are close to the peaks in the various charge
spectra, we observed that the higher the charge released in the
sensors, the smaller the deviation from the primary ion trajectory and
the better is the fit quality (Fig.~\ref{fig:slope}).

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ffig7.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:slope} Angles as evaluated by track fitting
  procedure for different charge populations. Low Z ions scatter off
  the target at higher angles.}
\end{figure}

A charge dependent cut on the Chi-square fit probability has been
applied: we required a fit probability greater than 0.9 for events
with ADC counts more than 500, a fit probability greater than 0.8 for
events with falling in the interval between 250 and 500 ADC counts and
no cut on fit probability for events with less than 250 ADC counts.

This analysis procedure allows to obtain a set of fitted peak functions
for each sensor. Such sets of function can be used to implement a
Likelihood test. To this purpose we used the fitted parametrisation
$f_{Z_{S}}(x)$ as a function of the value of charge for a given
fragment species of charge Z and measured on a given sensor S, to
define a normalised probability density function:

\begin{equation}
P_{Z_{S}}(x)=\frac{f_{Z_{S}}(x)}{\int f_{Z_{S}}(x)dx}
\end{equation}

For each event, we can combine the probability that signal of amplitude $x_{S}$ from sensor S to be the effect of ion Z by multiplying them. We define the LogLikelihood that an event is due to ion of atomic number Z as:

\begin{equation}
L(Z)=-\sum{log(f_{Z_{S}}(x_s))}
\end{equation}

We can then compute at each event the Likelihood for the various Z values and choose the most suitable. To perform the identification we define a test quantity:

\begin{equation}
LR(Z)=\frac{L(Z)}{L(Z)+L(Z-1)}
\end{equation}

Here LR(Z) stands for Likelihood Ratio: this test is specifically
targeted at the discrimination of one peak from the ones with Z
differing by one unit, since the major contribution to wrong charge
assignments are essentially coming from neighbouring peaks.  To study
the capability of the test to identify the ions we performed a very
strict selection, containing only the events whose collected charge
was within one sigma of the same peak in Thin0 and Thin4 and
considered them as "pure samples". In this way we can evaluate the
LR(Z) with a fairly accurate a priori knowledge of the real ion specie
and see if it is identified as such.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:likratio} we plotted LR(Z) and LR(Z+1) for the six
"pure samples", identified by different gray tones, under two Z
hypothesis, namely Z=2 and Z=3. Given our definition of LR, we expect
to observe both a low LR(Z) and a high LR(Z+1) for the sample that
really corresponds to the hypothesis. In fact, we see that the
population whose Z is the hypothesis shows to the left of the value
0.5 in both plots (Z=2 line on the left plot, Z=3 line on the right
plot) so accepting those ions with LR(Z=2) $<$ c1, with c1 $<$ 0.5, we
are selecting the Helium with contamination from Li and Be, however,
asking that LR(Z=3) $>$ c2, with c2 $>$ 0.5 we reject the Li and Be
population (right plot Fig.~\ref{fig:likratio}). The actual test
becomes a series of comparisons, where the event is assigned to one
value of Z if

\begin{equation}
LR(Z)<c_1;  c_1\le 0.48~~~~~~~~LR(Z+1)>c_2;  c_2\ge 0.53\\
\end{equation}

The values for c1 and c2 were chosen looking at the "pure samples"
from a set of data, then we used the same values for all other
targets.

The selection efficiency of the criterion, as well as the
contamination from misenterpreted ions were estimated. To this
purpose, we defined the efficiency and contamination as

\begin{equation}
Eff_Z=\frac{\int_{X_{c1}(Z)}^{X_{c2}(Z)}{f_Z(x)dx}}{\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}{f_z(x)dx}}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
Cont_{Z,C}=\frac{\int_{X_{c1}(Z)}^{X_{c2}(Z)}{f_C(x)dx}}{\sum_k\int{f_K(x)dx}}
\end{equation}

where the integrals at numerator are over the charge domain that would
be selected by our acceptance criterion for a specific value of Z. The
efficiency is the fraction of ions of charge Z that are accepted by
the selection criterion, the contamination is defined as the fraction
of particles identified as charge Z that is statistically expected to
be misinterpreted particle of charge C.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{ffig8a.pdf}%
\includegraphics[width=1.8in]{ffig8b.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:likratio}  Likelihood ratio distribution for six
  pure sample of ions: On the left LR is evaluated assuming Z=2, on
  the right assuming Z=3.}
\end{figure}

\section{Total charge-changing cross-section and partial fragmentation cross-section}
After the described analysis procedure we obtain a set of numbers
$N(Z)$ that represent the quantity of events where the highest charge
in the event were identified as one specific specie of atomic number
$Z$.  Given the $N(Z)$ quantities, we define
\begin{equation}
P(Z)=\frac{N(Z)}{\sum N(Z)}
\end{equation}
Data taken without a target are used to determine the background for
each fragment Z. We define
\begin{equation}
P_{0}(Z)=\frac{N_{0}(Z)}{\sum N_{0}(Z)}
\end{equation}
which refers to the results obtained with air only.

The total charge-changing cross-section for a given target of depth
$d$ can be written
\begin{equation}
\sigma_{cc}=-\frac{Alog(P_{corr}(Z_p))}{\rho dN_A}
\end{equation}
where $N_A$ is the Avogrado number, $\rho$ the target density, $A$ the
target mass number, $Z_p$ the atomic number of the primary
ions from the beam and
\begin{equation}
P_{corr}(Z_p)=\frac{P(Z_p)}{P_{0}(Z_p)}
\end{equation}

The error on $\sigma_{cc}$ is given by
\begin{equation}
\frac{\delta \sigma_{cc}}{\sigma_{cc}}=-\frac{\delta P_{corr}(Z_p)}{P_{corr}(Z_p)log(P_{corr}(Z_p))}
\end{equation}

Partial fragment production cross-sections are given by
\begin{equation}
\sigma_Z=\sigma_{cc}\frac{P_{corr}(Z)}{1-P_{corr}(Z_p)}
\label{eq:partial}
\end{equation}

In order to derive the cross-section results we considered that a
small fraction of the produced fragments can be out of geometrical
acceptance of the detector, especially for low Z fragments which have
the highest transverse momentum.

In addition, in any target, there is a finite probability for
secondary interactions involving fragments. While these have no effect
on the determination of the total cross-section, they affect fragment
yield enhancing the number of lighter fragments.  In order to estimate
both the effects of geometrical acceptance and the fragment
reinteractions Monte Carlo simulation of the full experimental setup
were performed with GEANT4 and FLUKA.
For this purpose we have
developed a PYTHON based simulation framework that uses FLUKA and/or
GEANT4 for the run of the Monte Carlo simulations and offer a common
set of simple functions for the definition of the beam, of the
geometry, and for the post-processing analysis.  For the GEANT4
simulations the geometry of the different experimental setup were
defined in form of Geometry Data Markup Language (GDML) files.  These
GDML files were translated into FLUKA geometry input cards by a PYTHON
GDML-to-FLUKA geometry translator developed by
us. Fig.~\ref{fig:gsisim} represents the mo\-de\-ling of one of the
experimental set-up considered in this project as seen in GEANT4
(left) and in FLUKA (right) visualisation drivers. The PYTHON interface we have developed was to avoid any error which may have been introduced by entering into the FLUKA the parameters of a complex geometry, as in this work, via data cards. The interface takes simply the parameters set from GDML description and converts it to FLUKA data card readable values. Therefore, existing codes such as  MRED   \cite{mred} and others  \cite{tiara, musca}  more complicated than ours and they point to solve higher order problems.

Large Monte Carlo samples of different experimental configurations
tested at GSI were produced and analysed. The geometrical
inefficiencies were then evaluated and the cross-section values were
corrected accordingly. The cross-sections determined for several
thicknesses and of same material and for several experimental
configurations have been combined to enhance the statistical accuracy
of the measurements.

The error on total cross-section includes both statistical and
systematic contributions. Main contributions to systematic error
originate from two effects: one is the difference in cross-sections
obtained by using different target thickness of the same material and
different experimental configurations, the other is the geometrical
acceptance calculations obtained by Monte Carlo runs using different
physics lists produce different fragment angular distributions (see
Fig.~\ref{fig:angWater}). The overall contribution gives a
systematic uncertainty of about $3\%$.

The fragment production cross-section is proportional to the total
charge-changing cross-section (eq.~\ref{eq:partial}), therefore any
systematic error in the latter propagates to systematic error in the
former.  In addition systematic errors due to ambiguous cases where
there is an inefficiency in charge assignment procedure have been
evaluated and accounted for.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ffig9.pdf
\caption{\label{fig:gsisim} Visualisation in GEANT4 (left) and FLUKA
  (right) of the geometrical modeling of experimental setup used in
  this work.}
\end{figure}

The summary of the measurements on all tested target materials,together
with literature data, are reported in Table III.
In Table IV the partial fragment production ratio with
respect to the total charge-changing cross-section for all tested
target materials are listed.

\begin{table*}[!ht]
\label{tab:totcross}
\begin{center}
\caption{Total charge-changing cross-section: comparison with previous
  measurements. The numbers in the fourth column are the relative
  errors (in \%) referring to calculated values for this experiment or to data from literature.}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
 Energy (MeV/n) & Target & Cross-Section (mbarn) & Rel. Error (\%) & Ref.\\
\hline
200 & graphite & 658 (7) & 1.1 &\cite{weber} \\
\hline
267 & graphite & 748 (19) & 2.5 &\cite{schall} \\
\hline
290 & graphite & 706 (7) & 1.0 &\cite{cecchini}
\\
\hline
400 & graphite & 672 (7) & 1.0 &\cite{weber}\\
\hline
400 & graphite & 713 (11) & 1.5 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
498 & graphite & 758 (15) & 2.0 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
500 & graphite & 703 (18) & 2.5 &This exp.\\
\hline
\hline
192 & aluminium & 1179 (29) & 2.5 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
267 & aluminium & 1078 (17) & 1.6 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
290 & aluminium & 1155 (108) & 9.3 &\cite{cecchini}\\
\hline
290 & aluminium & 1052 (11) & 1.0 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
400 & aluminium & 1011 (9) & 0.9 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
498 & aluminium & 1103 (28) & 2.5  &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
500 & aluminium & 1095 (26) & 2.5 &This exp.\\
\hline
676 & aluminium & 1096 (100) & 9.1 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
\hline
500 & iron & 1509 (37) & 2.5 & This exp.\\
\hline
\hline
290 & copper & 1625 (18) & 1.1 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
400 & copper & 1557 (10) & 0.6 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
500 & copper & 1598 (50) & 3.1 &This exp.\\
\hline
\hline
290 & tin & 2069 (18) & 0.9 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
400 & tin & 2035 (21) & 1.0 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
500 & tin & 2141 (79) & 4.9 & This exp.\\
\hline
\hline
500 & tantalum & 2936 (105) & 3.6 &This exp.\\
\hline
\hline
290 & lead & 2795 (15) & 0.5 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
400 & lead & 2745 (45) & 1.6 &\cite{zeitlin}\\
\hline
500 & lead & 2926 (116) & 3.9 &This exp.\\
\hline
\hline
192 & water & 1264 (16) & 1.3 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
267 & water & 1163 (13) & 1.1 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
326 & water & 1250 (51) & 4.1 &\cite{toshito}\\
\hline
352 & water & 1202 (47) & 3.9 &\cite{toshito} \\
\hline
377 & water & 1253 (45) & 3.6 &\cite{toshito} \\
\hline
498 & water & 1220 (20) & 1.6 &\cite{schall} \\
\hline
500 & water & 1211 (27) & 2.2 & This exp.\\
\hline
670 & water & 1261 (13) & 1.0 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
\hline
192 & lucite & 7250 (102) &  1.4 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
267 & lucite & 6733 (74) & 1.1 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
464 & lucite & 7019 (112) & 1.6 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
500 & lucite & 7051 (165) & 2.3 &This exp.\\
\hline
676 & lucite & 7170 (360) & 5.0 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
\hline
192 & polyethylene & 1157 (13) & 1.1 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
267 & polyethylene & 1075 (11) & 1.0 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
498 & polyethylene & 1135 (15) & 1.3 &\cite{schall}\\
\hline
500 & polyethylene & 1120 (54) & 7.0 &This exp.\\
\hline
\hline
500 & silicon carb. & 1974 (91) & 4.9 &This exp.\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}[!ht]
\label{tab:partialcross}
\begin{center}
\caption{Ratio of partial fragmentation cross-section over total
  charge-changing cross-section for $^{12}C$ ion at 500 MeV/n energy
  for all tested target materials.}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\hline
 Target & $Z=5$ & $Z=4$ & $Z=3$ & $Z=2$ & $Z=1$\\
\hline
\hline
graphite & 10.9 (0.6) & 6.3 (0.4) & 11.9 (1.5) & 56.9 (2.8) & 14.1 (1.4)\\
\hline
aluminium & 9.7 (0.5) & 5.0 (0.3) & 9.2 (1.2) & 55.7 (3.4) & 20.3 (1.9)\\
\hline
iron & 8.3 (0.4) & 4.2 (0.3) & 10.0 (1.2) & 52.2 (3.5) & 25.2 (2.1)\\
\hline
copper & 8.7 (0.8) & 5.8 (0.6) & 8.7 (2.2) & 50.8 (5.8) & 26.0 (4.4)\\
\hline
tin & 7.1 (0.6) & 4.5 (0.5) & 7.9 (1.4) & 50.3 (4.8) & 30.2 (3.3)\\
\hline
tantalum & 6.5 (0.5) & 3.8 (0.4) & 7.3 (0.9) & 49.3 (3.2) & 33.1 (2.4)\\
\hline
lead & 7.0 (0.7) & 4.0 (0.5) & 6.6 (1.2) & 48.6 (4.2) & 33.9 (3.2)\\
\hline
water & 13.9 (0.5) & 6.1 (0.3) & 13.3 (2.0) & 56.4 (4.0) & 10.4 (1.7)\\
\hline
lucite & 13.3 (0.5) & 6.5 (0.3) & 12.1 (2.0) & 56.7 (4.3) & 11.5 (1.5)\\
\hline
polyethylene & 13.3 (1.6) & 5.3 (0.9) & 11.5 (1.9) & 60.4 (5.7) & 9.4 (1.6)\\
\hline
silicon carb. & 9.2 (1.3) & 6.1 (1.0) & 10.2 (2.6) & 57.1 (7.2) & 17.4 (3.1)\\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\section{Comparison of results with GEANT4 and FLUKA simulations}
The measured total charge-changing cross-sections has been compared
with the predictions provided by nuclear ion-ion interaction models
implemented in FLUKA and GEANT4 simulation tools
(Fig.~\ref{fig:totalCS}).  Except for Abrasion and Ablation models
there is an agreement within 10\% between simulation and data for all
targets.  For several targets FLUKA shows an agreement with data
within 3-5\%.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ffig10.pdf
\caption{\label{fig:totalCS} Total charge-changing cross-section for
  500 MeV/n $^{12}C$ ion as a function of target type,
compared with different physics models of GEANT4 and FLUKA. The bottom panel
  represents the relative differences between the model
  and the experimental cross-section.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3.5in]{ffig11.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:crossVStarg} Experimental total charge-changing
  cross-sections measured in this experiment for elemental target as a
  function of target mass number $A$. In the plot model predictions
  from GEANT4 and FLUKA togheter with the measurement given
  in~\cite{zeitlin} are reported. The solid line is the fit to data as
  measured in this work with the Bradt and Peters curve.  }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12b.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12c.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12d.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12e.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12f.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12g.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12h.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12i.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12j.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=1.74in]{ffig12k.pdf}%
\caption{\label{fig:partial} Measured ratio of fragmentation
  cross-section over total charge-changing cross-sections for $^{12}C$
  ion at the energy of 500 MeV/n interacting with different targets
  compared with different physics models of GEANT4 and FLUKA. }
\end{figure*}

Fig.~\ref{fig:crossVStarg} shows the variation of total
charge-changing cross-sections as a function of target mass number $A$
for elemental targets.
Data have been fitted with the simple geometric cross-section model
calculation based on Bradt and Peters \cite{bradtAndPet} parametrisation

\begin{equation}
\sigma(A_p,A_t)=\pi r_0^2\big (A_p^{1/3}+A_t^{1/3}-b \big )^2
\end{equation}

where $A_p$ and $A_t$ are the mass number of the projectile and
target, respectively.
The results of the fit gives the values $r_0=1.39\pm0.03$ and
$b=1.13\pm0.11$ to be compared with the values of $r_0=1.29$ and
$b=0.86$ as in~\cite{zeitlin} and $r_0=1.35$ and $b=0.83$ as
in~\cite{chen}.

Fig.~\ref{fig:partial} shows the ratio of fragmentation
cross-sections over the total charge-changing cross-sections for
different target materials, for GEANT4 models, FLUKA and experimental
data.  On the x axis the fragment charge refers to the charge number Z
of the heaviest fragment. For Z$\geq$3 the G4QMD, G4 Binary and FLUKA
models agree reasonably well with this experiment. For $Z=2$ (only He
and H isotopes are produced) and Z=1 (only H isotope is produced), the
Monte Carlo models show larger discrepancies compared to the
experimental data. In general the models under-estimate the
fragmentation cross-section for Z=2 and over-estimate it for Z=1. In
addition the discrepancy is higher for high mass number targets with
respect to low mass number targets.

From the track fitting of the experimental data the angle $\Theta$
between the beam-line direction and the XZ projection of the direction
of the highest-Z fragment after the target, can be
deduced. In Fig.~\ref{fig:angWater} the angular distribution is shown
for fragment events in water target and compared with Monte Carlo
models.

\section{Conclusions}
We measured at GSI, Darmstadt, the total charge-changing and partial fragment
cross-sections for the interactions of $^{12}C$ at 500
MeV/n on several targets.

\begin{figure*}[!htbp]
\centering{
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{ffig13a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{ffig13b.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{ffig13c.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=2.8in]{ffig13d.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:angWater} Angular distribution of fragments events
  produced in the interaction of 500 MeV/n $^{12}C$ ions on water
  target compared with different physics models of GEANT4 and FLUKA:
  Helium (top left), Lithium (top right), Beryllium (bottom left),
  Boron (bottom right).}
}
\end{figure*}
A PYTHON based simulation framework has been developed to simulate
with GEANT4 and FLUKA the interaction of the $^{12}C$ beam with the
different experimental setups considered in this study. The comparison
of measured data with the simulation models gives a reasonable
agreement for total charge-changing cross-sections.  The detailed
analysis of $^{12}C$ data has shown that there is a discrepancy
between Monte Carlo model predictions and data on low Z (Z=1 and Z=2)
cross-section values for almost all target materials. The discrepancy
is systematic such that the data sees more Z=2 particles (higher
partial cross-section) than Z=1 ones with respect to the expectations
of both FLUKA and GEANT4.

Further studies have been performed to investigate if the origin of
.such a discrepancy between Monte Carlo and data is due to some
instrumental effect of our experimental setup.  If the fragmentation
products can hits the DSSDs within few mm an overlap between charge
clusters may occurr leading to misidentified products. Since a typical
proton cluster is 2.5 strips (about 1mm) wide, if three or more
protons hits the detector within 1.5-2 mm the total product charge can
be confused with that of a helium.

To establish the frequency of occurrence of this, we performed MC
simulations and we seen that, depending on target material, a
fraction going from 1.5\% to 5\% of total Z=1 events, at least three
protons, in 1.5 mm, may overlap to mimic a helium cluster in
Thin1. The fraction variation depends on target mass and it is lowest
for graphite and highest for lead.  This effect has been included in
systematic uncertainties and, taking also into account of the
reasonable agreement in the fragment angular distribution shown in
Fig. 13, does not allow to explain the discrepancies between MC and
data we observed in Z=2 and Z=1 events.

Differences on cross-section values calculated by using different
Monte Carlo codes and physics lists are also remarkable.  Here it is
important to recall that the partial cross-section both in data
analysis and in Monte Carlo are calculated by using the highest charge
in a given event. In other words, the partial cross-sections of Z=2
are coming from events containing 3 Helium or 2 Helium and 2 protons
or 1 Helium and 4 protons. Naturally, partial cross-section of Z=1
particles are deriving from 6 proton events only.  In order to confirm
or reject the above mentioned discrepancies further studies using an
experimental setup with improved Z=1 and Z=2 separation capability may
be of help.

\clearpage

\section*{Acknowledgment}
 Authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to
 Dr. D. Schardt for his invaluable help and support for preparation
 and execution of data collection at GSI.

We thank FLUKA and GEANT4 Collabotations for their critical reading
and comments. Authors would like to thank also ESA contract officer
Dr. A. Menicucci for her support and encouragement during the
execution of present work. Last but not least, we thank our colleagues
from Fraunhofer INT, Germany, for their cooperation in this ESA
contract.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


How did they do it? How can we do it too?
I'll let you in on a little secret – not everybody has to work hard for their money.
People who own businesses have employees who are willing to work for money, whereas the business owner generally has his money working for him. The same is true for investors, their money works for them.
It's called passive income. Being a property investor or a business owner is like owning the proverbial money tree – you control something that makes money for you, without the need to even be there.
In his Rich Dad, Poor Dad series of books, Robert Kiyosaki explains how the rich differ from the poor. It's not just because they have more money. The main difference is how they think about and interact with their money and that when it comes to how people make money, we can all be placed in one of four categories.
Employees trade hours for dollars; however, what they really get are leftovers – after the government takes its share in taxes.
Well no, they don't. Business owners and investors only pay tax on what's left over after their bills are paid.
Self-employed people and professionals usually want to be their own boss. They're prepared to work hard, but often what they've done is swap one boss for hundreds of bosses – customers or clients.
In reality, self-employed people aren't business owners – they still work for their money, but they're somewhat better off than employed people because they're able to take advantage of tax deductions that allow them to pay their business expenses before being taxed on what's left over.
Obviously, you're not going to jump from being an employee to a full-time investor overnight. But you can start taking the steps to move from being an employee or self-employed, by building your own property portfolio.
Done correctly, income-earning residential real estate can be your vehicle for getting out of the rat race!
There are also many legal tax advantages available to investors. One of the reasons the rich get richer is that in some cases, they make millions and legally pay very little tax. That's because they build their assets, not their income and make their money as investors, not workers.
Imagine you own investment properties worth $1 million that increases in value by 8% each year. In 12 months your asset base will have increased by $80,000, yet no tax is payable on this. Wealthy property investors can borrow against the increased value of their assets and use the money to reinvest or live off.
Which category do you fit in? Are you an employee, self-employed, a business owner or an investor?
In the past there has been a slow but steady transfer of wealth from employees and self-employed to business owners and investors. They're all playing the same game, but each group is playing with a different set of rules and their mindsets are poles apart.
Employees and the self-employed work harder and harder, trying to build cashflow, yet many dig themselves deeper into a hole of consumer debt.
In the meantime, business owners and investors slowly build up their assets. The employed and self-employed pay the most tax, while business owners and investors take advantage of legal tax loopholes.
Not necessarily. Many employees have become very successful investors – in particular, property investors.
So rather than relinquish your job, I suggest you start educating yourself with the aim of becoming a property investor – initially in your spare time and then maybe, if you choose, on a full-time basis.
Most small businesses fail in the first five years.
In general, I think the opportunity to become rich through successful property investment is much easier for the average Australian. That's why I recommend you seriously consider making your fortune as an educated, financially fluent real estate investor who treats their property like a business.
Michael Yardney is a director of Metropole Property Strategists, who create wealth for their clients through independent, unbiased property advice and advocacy. Subscribe to his Property Update blog.


text:
Where to Buy Ulta Gift Cards: Kroger? Lowe's? Target? etc
Cathy Desmet | Published 2/07/2019 | In: Shopping Help » Gifts & Gift Cards
Who sells Ulta gift cards? You can purchase Ulta gift cards at Ulta stores and some Kroger grocery stores and Lowe's home improvement store locations. For more on where to buy Ulta gift cards (and where you can't buy Ulta gift cards), see below.
Where to Buy Ulta Gift Cards
Ulta gift cards can be purchased in any denomination up to $500 at Ulta beauty supply stores and can be redeemed for any product or service — including makeup services — at Ulta, a corporate customer service representative said. Ulta gift cards are also available at the following national retail chains:
Kroger grocery stores sell Ulta gift cards at select locations. Half of the Kroger stores we contacted carry Ulta gift cards; contact your nearest Kroger for in-store availability. Where available, Ulta gift cards come in amounts from $15 to $500. For the full list of gift cards sold at Kroger, see our article.
Lowe's home improvement stores carry Ulta gift cards at some locations. Half of the stores we contacted sell Ulta gift cards; contact your nearest Lowe's for in-store availability. Where available, Ulta gift cards come in amounts from $15 to $500.
In our research, national retail chains that do not carry Ulta gift cards include CVS, Target, The Home Depot, Walgreens, and Walmart.
Ulta gift cards are available at Ulta stores and some Kroger and Lowe's store locations. Stores that do not sell Ulta gift cards include CVS, Target, and The Home Depot.
Free Makeover at Ulta? Ulta Beauty Makeover Cost & Services
Lowe's Shopping Cart Trick: How to Get Approved for a Lowe's Credit Card
Rekey Locks at Lowe's? Lowe's Rekey Services Detailed
Lowe's Shopping Cart Trick: How to Get Approved for…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We know that companies are diversified, and we have developed partnerships with E&O carriers that create broad definitions of covered professional services to meet the individual needs of a multifaceted firm.
We are a niche brokerage firm that specializes in professional liability coverages. CSRisks has the knowledge and resources to ensure that your professional liability portfolio won't have any gaps. We accept applications from small firms with less than $500,000 in annual revenues, to large firms with over $10,000,000 in annual revenues.


Focus 500 mg is intended to treat minor health ailments including anti-anxiety, stress management, ADHD, and minor headaches and pains. This product provides the perfect dose to allow the mind and muscles to relax.
Best CBD oil i've tried! Wonderful product arrived quickly!
This tincture has really helped with my chronic anxiety and perpetual 'hamster wheel' thought patterns. It only took a few doses to begin to calm my tendency to constantly ruminate over worries, and has allowed me to find more inner stillness, focus and motivation to do things that once felt overwhelming due to persistent anxiety struggles. Highly recommend!
It seems to work and take away my pain!
Good product but the mint flavor is too strong for my liking. I prefer a tasteless oil.


Latest Canadian related sport previews and games odds to find the best betting sites to make your bets.
In Game One, Calgary got taught a lesson, in a 6-1 blow out, the Ducks out worked and out ran the Flames straight, to what looked like, an easy victory….
Hockey Night in Canada Picks – Valentine's Edition!
On this Valentine's day edition of Hockey Night in Canada there are a lot of great games taking place and many Canadian teams being matched up against their national rivals….


Ideally located opposite Bibra Lake Reserve and only minutes from Fiona Stanley Hospital, Lakeside Village offers convenience and contentment in a welcoming community.
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Offering a lifestyle that's both relaxed and fulfilling, with a friendly community at its heart, Lakeside Village is a welcoming place, where neighbours are more like friends, and every day feels like a holiday.
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Its an enviable lifestyle, inspiring contentment, wellbeing and social satisfaction with all the benefits that come with living in a safe, secure and supportive environment.
That sense of 'coming home' is incredibly powerful. You can't always put your finger on it, but you know it has something to do with feeling happy in your home and comfortable within your community. Living in a Lendlease village will enrich your life with friendly neighbours, a supportive community, a sense of belonging and regular social events, plus so much more. You can be involved in the community as much or as little as you like, maintaining your independence and pursuing the things that make you happy. Contact us today to take a village tour.
Explore the stylish range of beautifully-appointed homes available from 1 bedroom apartments to 2 and 3 bedroom units, just waiting for you to add your personal touch.
The village contains two social spaces which provide both a relaxing place to catch up with friends, and a grander setting for social events. Its an enviable lifestyle, inspiring contentment, wellbeing and social satisfaction.
Ideally located opposite Bibra Lake Reserve and only minutes from Fiona Stanley Hospital and The Lakes Shopping Centre, the village offers convenience and contentment in a welcoming community.
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I screamed with delight when I saw fresh figs in my supermarket the other day (not available here in NJ until early September).
The old lady next to me thought I was crazy. I guess she knew me.
They were $5.99 for the little carton, tres expensive, but oh so worth it.
I made a delicious salad of arugula, baby brie, toasted walnuts and fresh figs with a fig and walnut oil dressing. Oh.
Plate your arugula on a large platter and top w/ quartered figs.
Sprinkle walnuts and brie pieces all over salad.
Just before serving, spoon dressing over salad.
You can scream out with delight. I will not judge you.
MMmm, I love fresh figs, and that salad looks delicious!
Marie=Stacey's Salad=Scream! I love how the dressing sounds with the walnut oil too!
This sounds so good. Love it!
Such a gorgeous salad! I was so excited when I got an email from my dad yesterday asking if I wanted several quarts of figs from the tree in their backyard, yea!
We picked figs the other day from our trees. For the past several years the early ones fell off and they made a few late ones. Was so happy to see them making at the correct time this year.
I always eat them out of hand. Thanks for the idea. Your salad looks awesome.
I let out a little scream when I found figs in my last CSA pick up. I'm not sure of the variety, but they're very small. They didn't make it into a salad. We popped them straight into our mouths. This sounds great though! Next time.
At long last, the fig queen is in heaven with this year's first figs. They sure look ripe and juicy and that salad is terrific. Wish I had some for lunch. I need to get some good fig vinegar and walnut oil.
I can't find fresh figs anywhere here..Lucky you!
The camera just loves figs. They are so beautiful! Your flavor combos are absolutely perfect. Between you and Marie, I'm set with great recipes using figs. I can't wait to introduce this to my husband.
I'm hoping my parents don't move before their figs are ready! I can't wait for them!
Wow! Those are truly gorgeous figs! I love it that you kept it simple, too... why change perfection?!
No figs here yet, but my eyes are peeled!
Yay for pretty fresh figs, your salad looks lovely!
Did you squeal when you saw the figs? That maybe why the old lady tought you were crazy.
Looks yummy. You can scream some more because fresh figs are on sale next week at Pathmark 3 for $2. I think I'll give this salad a whirl myself.
I scream out with delight all the time at the market or store. A girl has to get excited about something, right? The salad looks great in the pictures. Delish!!
That is a great way to use figs!
This salad looks heavenly. I'm going to shop for some fresh figs and try this for guests this weekend. Thanks!
You are going to think I am weird, but figs TOTALLY wig me out. I cannot eat them. I feel like they are one of those things I "should" like but I just can't do it. Bummer because this salad looks lovely.
I had fresh figs for the first time this year. I thought I had eaten all I could possibly want. I was wrong. I REALLY want some now.


Perfect for gentle exfoliation, toning, lymphatic drainage and stimulating the micro-circulation of your skin.
The soft facial brush bristles of this brush are safe to use on sensitive areas around eyes.
This brush can also be used for gentle facial cleansing.


A spacious one bedroom apartment in Keybridge House comprising 600sq.ft (57sqm). This apartment has an open plan reception room, smart integrated kitchen, large bedroom, good storage and a luxury bathroom suite. You are located close Nine Elms Sainsbury's superstore , within easy reach of many other shops and local restaurants as well as the transport links of Vauxhall including rail, tube, bus, taxi and river boat services.


Welcome and greetings to those attracted to this work!
Spirit Wolf Medicine is a congruence of healing modalities in the tradition of Mazatec, Paiute, and other indigenous people's medicine.
The purpose of this medicine work is to create a safe space in which blockages are illuminated and removed so that the natural energy field of a being can flow unobstructed in accordance to that being's own intentional vibrational frequency; An essential condition for an optimum state of health to be maintained relating to the spiritual, emotional and physical bodies.
Ultimately, I act as a guide as we cross into other realms, as well as a gate keeper so that the healing space created remains only accessible to those entities and spirits who are equipped, able and willing to participate. The work inside that space is shared by all at various participatory functions and levels, and it is the confluence of those myriads of different healing modalities combined which is termed Spirit Wolf Medicine.
My mission, through working with Spirit Wolf Medicine, is to assist those who have chosen to interact in this time space reality construct, in actualizing and/or manifesting their soul's journey and related intentions as postulated prior to their incarnations, by illuminating and removing when possible and with permission, any energy sourced interferences preventing such manifestations.
In other words, it is my heart-felt desire and intention to assist people in re-claiming their sovereignty, thereby allowing a re-connection to their own personal template, enabling a re-infusion of passion in their hearts and the experience of freedom in their choices... and by so doing, creating conditions for transformation to occur in the world, so that the experiences acquired by this interaction can expand the possibilities of this construct for the benefit of all consciousness.
My given name is Jacques-Marie. Following a completely lucid out-of-body experience while undergoing a surgical intervention as a child, I experienced a realization that there was another approach to re-calibrating the physical body to optimum health outside of the current paradigm of "western" medicine. Although at the time I was unable to explain the experience in linear fashion, I knew the origin of it to be sourced from a perspective outside the predominant world view of reality of the times.
Subsequently, and starting at a very early age, I began an inquiry and an exploration into alternative modalities of consciousness from the traditions of indigenous people including those of my own tribe. This led me to expanded awareness of universal constructs, and eventually through my work with various shamans, I was introduced to the work of Maria, a Mazatec medicine woman in the southern sierras of Mexico of great power and vision.
After an apprenticeship period of about 15 years , I received her blessings to carry on this unique healing tradition. From that foundation, I went on to receive other healing modalities from medicine men of the Paiute nation as well as other ancient civilizations.
It is with deep gratitude, that I acknowledge all those entities, physical or not, too numerous to list and yet singularly acknowledged, who's collective and individual contributions assisted me in getting to this place of alignment with my Divine purpose. To all my relations!
That same vein of gratitude flows to those in their respective dimensionality whom, when called upon to work with me, generously offer their assistance for the co-creation of a sacred healing space.
Finally, I wish to express my deepest heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to my "tribe" of olden times.
I honor your trust bestowed upon me, to carry your vision into the fabric of this construct in times present.


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Private, well maintained ranch in desirable Laurel Park. Wooded w/winter views. Minutes to Jump Off Rock & trails. Upgrades include New eat in kitchen w/Quartzite counters, LED lighting, Farm Sink, New Cabinets. All new interior & exterior lighting. Gas log fireplaces main level den & lower level family room. Bonus room, Split floorplan great for entertaining. Dining room. Office space, Workshop/Craft Space Lower Level. 2 Car garage w/extra refrigerator. 3 Covered decks, open deck off kitchen.
Directions: 25 South to Right on 5th Street. Straight on Laurel Park Hwy for 3.6 miles to Left on Indian Woods Trail. Stay right. First house on right.


text:
Bryan's Plan
National Association of Letter Carriers Local 2200 Endorses Bryan Caforio
Santa Clarita, Calif. – Today, the National Association of Letter Carriers Local 2200 endorsed Bryan Caforio in California's 25th Congressional District. Since Benjamin Franklin served as the first postmaster general in 1775, the Postal Service has been an integral part of our nation's history. Today, NALC has almost 300,000 active and retired members, and USPS is the largest civilian employer of military veterans in the country.
Mike Wyly, President of Local 2200, which serves the Santa Clarita area, said, "We are excited to help elect Bryan Caforio to Congress and bring fresh leadership to the 25th District. Bryan understands the fundamental role the Postal Service plays in our democracy, and we can trust him to always stand with the letter carriers and the hardworking families in our community."
Caforio's campaign has strong labor support, including the United Aerospace Workers Local 887, the Laborers' International Union of North America Local 300, the International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers Local 416 and Local 433, the United Association of Plumbers, Pipefitters and Welders Local 761, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 40, Sheet Metal Workers Local 105, and the United Steelworkers Local 675. In addition, more than 25 local officials in the District, the Chair of the Ventura County Democratic Party, and Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom have endorsed Caforio's campaign. Polling shows Caforio tied with Rep. Steve Knight a year and a half before the election.
The son of two public school teachers, Caforio was born and raised in Southern California, attended UCLA and Yale Law School, worked for a United States federal judge, and practices as an attorney taking on some of the world's biggest banks and corporations. Bryan lives in Santa Clarita with his wife Lisa, who serves as a Deputy City Attorney at the Los Angeles City Attorney's Office.
California's 25th Congressional District covers northern Los Angeles County and part of Ventura County, including the Santa Clarita Valley, Antelope Valley, and Simi Valley. Hillary Clinton won the district by more than six points in 2016, registered Democrats outnumber registered Republicans, and the district is majority-minority. The district is now considered a "toss-up" and is held by Tea Party Republican Steve Knight, whom national Republicans have publicly identified as one of their most vulnerable incumbents.
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24307 Magic Mountain Pkwy #548, VALENCIA, CA 91355
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Version 3 of ApexSec brings major enhancements to the vulnerability detection process. We've also taken on board the great feedback from our supported customers, and the comments we've had from our training and one-on-one sessions.
Major performance improvements through redesign of internal model and task threading allowing even large (30Mb+) applications to be scanned in seconds.
Over 40 new security checks added.
Enhanced detection routines for SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting.
Redesigned summary reporting to allow at-a-glance understanding of security risk.
Improved database interaction allowing you to use an account with lower privileges.
New specific checks for Apex 4.2+ features.


In this lesson, you configure a Notifier event to define how the Notifier creates push requests, and sends push notifications to devices.
The request_cursor event script detects push requests. Each push request determines what information is sent, and which device should receive the information.
In the left pane of Sybase Central under MobiLink 16, expand SIS_CarDealer_LP_DBLSN_CONDB_project, Consolidated Databases and then SIS_CarDealer_LP_DBLSN_CONDB - DBA.
Right-click Notification, and then click New » Notifier.
In the What do you want to name the new notifier field, type CarDealerNotifier.
In the right pane, select CarDealerNotifier, and then click Properties.
Click the Events tab and click request_cursor from the Events list.
Click OK to save the Notifier event.
A Notifier is created and configured.
Proceed to Lesson 5: Starting the MobiLink server.


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About MSDI
Boundary Legal Land Descriptions
What is a boundary legal description?
"a method of describing a particular parcel of land in such a way that it uniquely describes the particular parcel and no other. A legal description may be a simple reference to a lot as shown on a subdivision plat, or be described by metes and bounds. To be adequate, it should be sufficient to locate the property without oral testimony." Surveyor's Definition
Available Boundary Legal Descriptions
State of Montana Boundary Legal Description:
Can be found in Article I of the original Constitution of the State of Montana, adopted in 1889. The current Montana Constitution (1972) does not include a description of the state boundary.
County Boundary Legal Descriptions
Montana Boundary Statute
Taken from the Montana Code Annotated 2017
7-1-21: Counties.
Link to code 7-1-21
Article XI, Section 2: Counties. The counties of the state are those that exist on the date of ratification of this constitution. No county boundary may be changed or county seat transferred until approved by a majority of those voting on the question in each county affected.
Link to Article XI, Section 2
(School Districts) 20-6-103: Permanent record of district boundaries. (1) The board of county commissioners shall maintain a permanent record which plainly and definitely describes the boundaries of each district within the county. The county superintendent shall keep a transcript of the record in his office and shall be responsible for keeping the record current.
Link to code 20-6-103
(Special Districts) 7-11-1006. Determining special district boundaries. (1) The boundaries of the proposed special district must be mapped and clearly described before the district may be approved. (2) The governing body or petitioners shall consult with a professional land surveyor, as defined in 37-67-101, to prepare a legal description of the boundaries for the proposed special district. (3) The boundaries must follow property ownership, precinct, school district, municipal, and county lines as far as practical.
Link to code 7-11-1006
7-4-2611: Role and duties of county clerk and election administrator. (2) The county clerk shall: (k) when a new township is organized or the boundaries of a township are altered, immediately make out and transmit to the secretary of state a certified statement of the names and boundaries of the township organized or altered;
Link to code 7-4-2611
7-4-2616: Map book. The county clerk shall keep a well-bound book containing maps of towns, villages, or additions to the towns or villages within the county, together with the description, acknowledgment, or other writing on the maps.
13-3-103. Certification of boundary changes. (1) Not more than 10 days after an order of the governing body has established or changed the boundaries of an election precinct, the governing body shall ensure that a written legal description and a map showing the borders of all precincts and districts in which elections are held within the county are prepared and delivered to the election administrator. (2) Not more than 10 days after school district or other election district boundaries have been changed, the governing body making the change shall certify any changes or alterations in the boundaries to the election administrator and deliver a written legal description and a map showing boundaries of the wards, school districts, or other election districts. The map must be sufficiently detailed to clearly identify the wards or districts and the territory included in each.
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Meghan Burns
Montana State Library
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Web design and development are interchangeable phrases. Almost every web design, digital, and marketing agency claims they offer both services, and most have the capability, either in-house or working with partners to deliver other elements of a project for a client.
However, when considering web design or development agencies to work with, it's useful to know that design and development are very different. Depending on your aims, you may only need design, or development, or both. But without this understanding and clarity, it can be difficult to get the outcomes you need.
In this article, we cover the difference between design and development, some trends to be aware of what to look for when picking developers and designers to work on your website.
Website design and development: what is the difference?
Although these words are used interchangeably, they mean two distinct elements of designing and building a website.
Website design refers to how a website looks and feels. All of the design aspects, including the user experience, how web visitors navigate through the website and how the design impacts web visitor outcomes. For example, do you want web visitors to buy something on the site, in which case you need an e-commerce feature. Or is the website a lead generation magnet? In which case, a designer needs to create a landing page that attracts potential buyers into your companies sales funnel.
Web designers use various tools and technology solutions to design websites. Some of the most popular include Adobe InDesign and Photoshop and InVision. During the design process, skilled designers should maintain regular contact with clients to make sure they're getting what they want and the overall appearance is aligned around brand guidelines and other design assets.
Designers are also referred to as front-end developers or UX/UI designers, or experience designers since much of the work is now focused on the user experience as well as how a website looks and feels.
Web development, on the other hand, refers to how a website functions.
For some basic websites, development isn't needed or is only involved in the early stages when templates need to be uploaded to servers. After that point, a designer is brought in to create the website using a template.
Developers still need to work with designers during this process, and it will be up to the developer or an account manager to keep in contact with the client and coordinate the design and development process. Once a website is ready – they are usually built on a staging site – a client can review the work, suggest changes and then plan for the day when the new website can go live. At that point a project is signed-off and any future work or ongoing maintenance or hosting can be agreed before a final invoice is sent.
When thinking about your new website, it's useful to be aware of trends and what consumers expect. Web design changes over time. How we experience the web now is different from five or ten years ago, and over that time the way websites look and feel has changed enormously. This, in turn, changes our experience of websites and they evolve to fit our needs and expectations.
This one is always going to be important. Especially with more people than ever accessing websites on smartphones. Faster websites will keep users attention. Slow websites are already penalised by Google. If your website doesn't fully load in 3 seconds then you can expect a significant number of web visitors won't hang around long enough to wait.
Creating websites with mobiles in mind is essential.
Consequently, the overall design should aim to be flat and minimalist. Overly complex websites with confusing user experiences and journeys don't appeal to a mobile-first audience. Keeping things simple will make it easier for you to achieve your goals for the website and make sure that users get where they need to go. It should also keep loading times quick, thereby keeping your potential customers on your website instead of going to a competitor.
A trend that hasn't gone away since 2015, which is when mobile searches overtook desktop searches. Only three years later, one in five U.S. adults don't conduct any searches on desktops or laptops, and everyone expects this trend to accelerate and continue.
Instead of designing a desktop version of a website that is optimised for mobile devices, designers are creating websites for mobiles that also work on desktop browsers. This is an important fundamental shift that needs to be at the forefront of your design process.
One way to make sure a website is optimise for a smartphone is to put everything you need on one page. Search engines are favouring simple, fast and mobile-centric designs. Just make sure that there are enough words on the website to rank for the keywords you need, and sufficient information to sell your product/service and encourage web visitors to take action.
Another trend that has taken off in 2018 and will only increase into 2019 is video backgrounds. Videos are more effective at capturing the attention of web visitors, showing instead of telling. It doesn't need to be a long video or cinematic masterpiece, it simply needs to promote your value proposition and clearly show what your company does.
Throughout your website, another way to keep the attention of web visitors is with short (a few seconds at most) micro-animations. It can be a great way to get across a complex subject quickly or encourage a user to click on something, such as a 'buy now' or 'call us' button, or a menu.
Micro-animations are everywhere and they help web visitors know they're taking the right actions, the actions you want them to take on a website. We fully expect this trend to continue into 2019 and beyond.
Web visitors are active every hour of the day and night. But that doesn't mean you need someone to manage the website 24/7. With chatbots, you can provide customer service around the clock and make sure that a service is in place to answer questions.
More and more website are turning to chatbots to provide answers to customer questions. You can program them with frequently asked questions, then the AI/machine learning that runs in the background picks up on keywords and phrases, then provides answers and more information. Depending on your website, some enable automatic purchasing, increase revenue through e-commerce channels.
These are some of the most prominent trends we expect will continue into 2019. Now let's consider how to pick the right team to design and develop your website.
How to select the right designers or developers for your project?
Before picking designers, developers or an agency, you should get a sense for what they can deliver for you through a portfolio. If one isn't available on their website (not every company wants to broadcast this due to the risk of competitors stealing clients), ask to see examples.
Agencies and developers/designers that have worked with similar companies is a positive sign. As is a mix of B2B and B2C experience. It is equally useful to view websites they've built on mobile devices to make sure they're keeping up with industry trends and experiences.
Working with designers and developers is similar to Goldilocks trying the porridge in the house of the Three Bears. Not too cheap, not too expensive: they should offer a price that seems 'just right.' Prices that seem too cheap usually mean that work could be rushed, or you end up with a poor-quality or template-designed website that won't achieve what you want. It might even be necessary to get another company or team to rebuild it.
Avoid working with designers and developers that appear to look like a bargain. But at the same time, if a quote seems excessive, walking away is smarter than going over budget.
Before working with any designer, make sure you've seen examples of their work. Websites they've designed and any other portfolio pieces. It will give you a sense of what they can do for your website, and talk over with them your ideas. Ideally, during the costing process, they should put together a few ideas for this. In some cases a designer will create a stylised mockup during the discovery phase of a project, giving you the option to pick the overall design you want them to create.
In the same way, you need to know the developer – or team creating the back-end of your website has the relevant coding skills and knowledge. And that you can see examples of similar websites built using the same languages and technology stack.
Getting a website designed and developed as a process. It should be collaborative. And during this process, you need to be confident in the company or team doing the work. Poor or infrequent communication is a bad sign. Make sure those doing the work are responsive and take on board any feedback and changes you want making.
Developers that have certificates to demonstrate the skills they have are a valuable asset. Certification and accreditation is an advantage over companies that don't have the in-house talent to deliver more complex projects. Certificates from industry giants, such as Google, Adobe, Rackspace, and Amazon Web Services are worth looking out for and asking about.
As with any purchase, make sure you are working with professionals that have positive reviews and testimonials from customers. Ask to see them if they're not forthcoming, or ask for a couple of clients you can email for a reference.
Designing and developing a website is a process. Working with a company that has a process in place is a good sign, it is a reason to have confidence in what they will deliver. It is also a sign that your project should be managed on-time and budget.
Designers, developers, and agencies should keep to agreed timescales. In most cases, a project is quoted for the overall work, not how many hours a team is working on a website. Otherwise, you risk projects taking longer than expected, resulting in higher costs.
When getting a website built, go into the process knowing whether you are looking for a custom-coded or template website. Knowing this should guide you in the direction as to whether you require a website designer or developer, or a team that can do both. Make sure they're aware of industry trends, have a portfolio and client testimonials, charge a reasonable price and are capable of delivering when they say they will.


The location of the Czech Republic is the reason why lovers of winter sports will definitely have a wonderful time here. It is surrounded by mountain ridges virtually from all sides. In addition, most of the inland is occupied by downs, uplands and highlands. This all means it offers ideal preconditions for any winter activities.
The Czech mountains offer winter resorts with top-class equipment, high-quality slopes, cross-country tracks, bobsleigh runs as well as complete sports services such as skiing and snowboarding schools, schools for children, ski rental facilities and depots, etc. Numerous centres have also been selected to hold prestigious international sports events, such as the Skiflying World Cup in Harrachov (map), Slalom Ski World Cup in Špindlerův Mlýn (map) or the cross-country skiing and biathlon world cup races in Nové Město na Moravě (map). The FIS Nordic World Ski Championship in Liberec (map) in 2009 was one of the greatest winter sports events in the Czech Republic's history.
The Czech Republic's most popular winter sports are mainly cross-country skiing and downhill skiing. Snowboarding has won the hearts of especially the younger generations. Recently, the Czech mountains have been discovered by the fans of acrobatic skiing and snowkiting. Sledging and bobsleighing is an excellent pastime for skiers and non-skiers alike.
The Beskydy Mountains (map) – Pustevny, Dolní Lomná, Lysá Hora, Javorový vrch, Kohátky, Bílá etc.


As another medical oncologist with a special interest in breast cancer, I can empathize with Dr. Susan Rosenthal's "Parable of the Surgeon and the Internist" . Patients diagnosed with breast cancer must be educated about and participate in decisions regarding treatment options during a most trying period in their lives. Surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists must all possess outstanding communication skills and should consider themselves partners in this effort if progress against breast cancer is to be made.
Unfortunately, the literature on adjuvant treatment of breast cancer is voluminous. Legitimate differences regarding the management of individual cases have been the subject of panel discussions at national meetings. The implication that our surgical colleagues are less sophisticated in their approach to patients with breast cancer is untenable. Much of the research that forms the basis for our current standards of practice comes from the work of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project. This organization was started by a group of surgeons to compare mastectomy with more circumscribed surgery and continues to enroll more patients than any other cooperative group in trials to examine the effect of perioperative therapy on relapse rates.
Published: Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(8):696-697.


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Using the latest LED technology, our low voltage MR16 LED replacement light bulbs consume much less wattage than the traditional halogen light bulbs you currently use and can last for years of trouble free service while costing just pennies per day to run. With energy costs only increasing, you can save on your energy bills while helping reduce your home's environmental impact.
Low voltage MR16 LED bulbs from LED Lights Canada conform to all Canadian electrical regulations and standards. All of our low voltage MR16 bulbs come with a 3 year replacement warranty. Our bulbs are typically available in a standard 45 degree light spread but can also be ordered in 15, 30, and 60 degree light spreads via special orders. Call us with any questions.


Phex is a file sharing program running on the Gnutella Network. It will run on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris, and other operating systems supporting Java 1.4.
This link points to the windows-installer, although there's also a pure-java version and a MacOSX App-bundle.
Multi-source downloads (Swarming), Advanced configuration options, Passive searching and snooping for files, Multiple searches, Ultrapeer and compression technology for reduced bandwidth, Integrated chat, Browse host support, Bitzi metadata lookup, MAGMA support.
This file has been downloaded 2349 times.


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SaltDNA: Enhanced security. Better business.
SaltDNA
With several decades of collective work experience in enterprise security, telecoms, network optimization, and app development, a group of tech entrepreneurs were eager to come up with a reliable technology that would not only offer enhanced levels of security but also unparalleled features. They saw back in 2013 that the market was packed with well-funded companies offering consumer communication solutions. However, as the model for consumer apps is to monetise the personal information of the users – none of those solutions could fit within an enterprise's operating framework. This led to the birth of SaltDNA, a multi-award-winning cybersecurity company that offers secure enterprise mobile communications solutions. Based in Belfast, Northern Ireland, SaltDNA is known for offering the highest-grade, rock-solid encryption and complete control to trusted organisations across the globe.
"Our mission is to offer peace of mind for organizations who value their privacy by giving them complete control and secure communications, to protect their trusted relationships and stay safe."
Maximum security. Maximum peace of mind
SaltDNA became the first-ever company to come up with a solution for encrypted communications between mobile devices with full, centralized control for the enterprise. This was a major achievement for SaltDNA which earned it a lot of respect within the then emerging tech hub of Belfast and beyond. With research and innovation as its core, SaltDNA Technology has emerged to be different from others. "SaltDNA is the global leader in highly secure communications for organisations where privacy is key. When deployed and configured, our platform provides a bespoke secure communications solution that gives back complete control to our customers," affirms Joe Boyle, CEO and Co-Founder of SaltDNA. To drive adoption within organisations SaltDNA's high-security system provides users with the same familiar user experience as a consumer app. However, the key difference lies in how the customer's administrators have full, centralized control of the system at all times. "Our mission is to offer peace of mind for organizations who value their privacy by giving them complete control and secure communications, to protect their trusted relationships and stay safe," continued Joe.
What makes SaltDNA technology the most trusted one?
SaltDNA does not have a consumer offering and instead focuses only on enterprises and official organizations. The product provides highly secure voice & video calls, messaging, conference calling, broadcasting & image or file transfers for busy professionals. It currently acts as critical infrastructure to security services, military, legal, finance, energy, and practically every other enterprise sector. Through its products, SaltDNA not only offers elevated levels of security but also ease of use resulting in increased adoption and productivity.
An organization can own its secure communications platform, by provisioning an on-premise deployment, with an option to have a full white-labeled version of the system if desired. SaltDNA offers many unique features restricting users from taking screenshots, securely downloading documents and images from internal systems or other users, and scheduling message and metadata clean-ups from their device.
Developed to provide elevated security, SaltDNA's product offers high-end open source encryption which includes:
Peer-to-peer messaging with off the record and ephemeral key exchange.
Bi-directional message burn.
Each text is securely transmitted using its own 256-bit AES cipher key.
Voice calls secured with multi-layered, ephemeral keys over DTLS.
Encryption at the transport layer using TLS v1.3 and 2048-bit RSA.
For maximum security, SaltDNA uses an encryption mixture using multiple encryption algorithms. At the transport layer, it specifically uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) version 1.3. For keys, it deploys the 2048-bit RSA, which provides the highest level of security thereby balancing the computational requirements and power consumptions on mobile devices.
Cyber-attacks have caused massive financial and reputational impact on some eminent organizations and the threat of such attacks constantly remains. Customers understand that by choosing the SaltDNA Secure Communications Platform, they are protecting their communications with the market's leading and most reliable technology. When deployed beside existing systems it can act as a safe haven communications system when all other systems may have been compromised.
Joe Boyle, CEO & Co-Founder, SaltDNA.
"We are driven by the fact that our customers need us more than ever due to forced remote working as a result of lockdowns and travel restrictions."
Why partnering with SaltDNA makes sense.
SaltDNA is an exclusive high-end brand that is known for being highly differentiated. Partnering with SaltDNA gives you the ability to provide the award-winning market-leading SaltDNA brand or, by arrangement, you may avail of the option to sell it under your own brand. Aside from the exceptional product offering, SaltDNA is a great technology partner as the product is designed to be easy to trial and to implement, there is a recurring revenue model, and the team provides extensive marketing, sales and training support.
Since it was established 7 years ago SaltDNA slowly solidified its product and grew to understand the market. In 2020, due to the impact of Covid-19 on work patterns SaltDNA has increased its reputation dramatically. The company's achievements have not gone unnoticed as it has already been awarded "The Best Enterprise/IoT Solution' award at the Comms National Awards 2020. It was also recognised in the 'Best Enterprise UC Solution' category and won the "Supplier Innovation – Data Management & Security" award at Legal Innovation Awards 2020. "We are thrilled to have won such a sought-after award, coming up against the really tough competition. The team has continued to work extremely hard throughout the coronavirus pandemic by not letting it get in the way of our continuous innovation and development of our platform. We are driven by the fact that our customers need us more than ever due to forced remote working as a result of lockdowns and travel restrictions," adds Joe.
The current pandemic has been deeply impactful for many businesses and it has caused organisations to think differently about how they approach their cybersecurity strategies. SaltDNA has been ready to deploy its solution to organisations across the globe during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The year 2020 proved to be a breakout year for SaltDNA, achieving strong growth and a plan to repeat its success in 2021. SaltDNA intends to continue building its reputation with more success and a larger global footprint. "We have a market-leading platform, and we intend to push harder again in 2021. The key to our success will be to continue to work closely with our loyal customers – to provide them with the best product and service possible," says Joe.


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When You Get Your Flu Shot And COVID Shot At The Same Time, This Is What Happens To Your Body
Health » COVID
angellodeco/Shutterstock
By Robin Rothstein/Dec. 8, 2022 8:39 pm EST
The United States is currently facing the prospect of what health experts are calling a "tripledemic." That name seems appropriate for the current season, as people get hit with a triple whammy of the flu, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Hospitals have already begun to see patient numbers climb as the nation braces for a surge of the three viruses. Some health specialists report that they haven't seen this many hospitalizations for the flu in 10 years. This is likely due to Americans letting their guard down after nearly three years of coping with COVID-19, per Today.
Ironically, COVID-19 was likely the main reason that flu cases nearly vanished in the U.S. over the past several years, due to people mask-wearing, refraining from travel, keeping socially distant, and avoiding public gatherings. Health experts call this phenomenon "viral interference," or when the prevalence of one virus reduces the chances of becoming infected with another. However, most people have since done away with many or all of the COVID-19 protection measures. As a result, health experts are concerned that children and the elderly are especially at risk for becoming infected with the flu, per NPR.
Health experts expect matters to only get worse as the holiday season leads to more indoor gatherings, where these viruses can easily spread. And this is before flu season even fully ramps up, per Healthline.
Based on reports from 5,305 hospitals, recent data shows that close to 80% of the nation's hospital beds are already in use, per Department of Health and Human Services data.
This is how you'll feel when you get a flu shot and COVID shot simultaneously
Considering how health experts are forecasting a high number of flu cases even as we are still battling COVID-19, many are advocating for eligible people to get the flu vaccine and the new COVID-19 booster shot at the same time. But what happens to your body if you get these two doses simultaneously?
While you may be concerned about more intense discomfort due to receiving both vaccines at once, most people who have gotten a flu shot and COVID-19 booster at the same time are reporting only mild to moderate side effects, according to the experts at Sharp Health News. Examples of these side effects include arm soreness resulting from the injection, fatigue, gastrointestinal discomfort, fever, muscle aches and headaches. However, health experts explain that these symptoms are common and are part of the immune system preparing to battle the viruses if needed.
Additionally, receiving both the flu vaccine and COVID-19 booster shot simultaneously does not reduce the potency of the vaccines, Tuhin Roy, physician and associate medical director at Greater Lawrence Family Health Center writes in an article for Tufts University School of Medicine. Dr. Roy adds that you may feel "crummy" for a few days after getting the shots, but they are definitely safe to get at the same time.
Nonetheless, if you've already experienced a strong reaction to a COVID-19 booster shot, the experts at Houston Methodist suggest putting a few buffer days in between the two shots. However, whatever you do, don't delay getting these shots.


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