text:
Destinations, Eurail Stories
I opened Google Maps on my phone in the basement-level hostel in Zakopane and discovered a problem. The only way out of this quaint Polish resort town by rail was back the way I'd come. The only viable way out, towards Slovakia, meant traversing the mountains by small private bus; I'd have to break with my two-month commitment to trains for the short journey.
The bus took me over the spectacular High Tatras and delivered me at a tiny nondescript station in a town called Poprad. As it turned out, it was a small price to pay. And the perfect introduction into a week of touring Slovakia by rail.
Tatra Mountains 🇵🇱 ———- #tatra #hightatra #poland #valleyoffivelakes
A post shared by Andrew Thompson (@andrewthompsonsa) on May 3, 2017 at 11:42pm PDT
Arriving in Poprad
Poprad station was throughly underwhelming. I'd chosen the city for its cheap hostel, proximity to the mountains, and the daily trains that could connect me with Slovakia's small villages and larger cities. I stepped off the bus and realised I had little idea where my accommodation was, and no way to find out without wifi.
It was shortly before 6pm on a Friday. It appeared as if much of the dusty bus station had closed up shop for the weekend. I looked around for someone to ask, but the handful of passengers who had alighted with me had filtered off into the late afternoon sunlight.
I muttered something about my dislike for buses and pulled out my phone. Any kind of wifi seemed unlikely in a station as deserted and remote as this, but I had few other options. I needed to siphon just enough internet from somewhere to at least give me directions to my pre-booked accommodation for the night.
Miraculously a single bar appeared on my phone. And then another. And before I knew it, I had Google's walking directions to a tiny restaurant where I'd find the key to my humble accommodation in Poprad.
The quiet streets of Poprad, looking towards the looming High Tatras on the Polish border 🇸🇰🏔 ———- #Slovakia #Poprad #HighTatras
A post shared by Andrew Thompson (@andrewthompsonsa) on Apr 25, 2016 at 2:01am PDT
Bunking with Wolves and Brick Layers
The woman in the neighborhood restaurant couldn't speak English. But she knew I was there for the room upstairs, and so she handed me the key and pointed me to the door around the corner. I trudged up the creaking wooden stairs, following the sound of a hissing pan and the smell of frying meat.
Upstairs a crew of Romanian brick layers was cooking up a feast after a day of hard labour nearby. They looked up as I arrived, and then continued their conversation.
I walked towards a room in the corner of the communal house and pushed open the thin wooden door. Inside I met a longhaired bearded German man called Wolf. He was hunched over a large map on the floor of the room.
'No English,' he said, holding out a hand in greeting.
He motioned towards a mattress on the floor in the corner and shrugged. A thin see-through curtain hung over the large window which was slightly ajar. The warm summer outside, and Wolf's weathered hiking boots by his bed, necessitated it being open, in spite of the loud traffic and early karaoke party taking place across the road.
Walking to Thailand
Through a combination of online translation apps and broken English, Wolf informed me that he was walking to Thailand as a protest to his ex-girlfriend's imprisonment. 'But tomorrow,' he said. 'We go for a hike. Slovak Paradise. You coming?'
We rose early the next morning. The night had been a restless one with all-night drag racing on the street outside and the continuation of the karaoke party until the early hours. Though on a rest day of his greater mission, Wolf was determined to hike. A visit to a place called Slovak Paradise was hard for me to resist. We threw a few supplies in our backpacks and walked in the sunrise to the train station.
We hopped aboard a rusted regional train, and rode it until a small town that bordered on the reserve. And for the rest of the day we trudged through vast pine plantations and natural forests, up steep muddy hills, through daisy fields, and down impossible embankments. Eventually, we admitted we were lost.
From one hilltop we noticed a small restaurant at a lake below. We pulled in tired, sweaty, and with no idea of where we were. We mulled over the options with a few cold beers, including walking the 25 kilometers back to our starting point. Fortunately, we agreed to beat a retreat to a nearby bus stop.
Touring Spiš Castle
Another morning in Poprad a French guest, Sarah, told me she was visiting a popular castle in the area. It seemed like a good alternative to another misguided walk in the woods with Wolf. Again, a small regional train, combined with a short bus ride, got us to the foot of this incredible attraction.
Abandoned in 1760, Spiš Castle is now a popular tourist attraction in Slovakia. The ruins form one of the largest castle sites in central Europe. The history, views, and understated beauty of the countryside kept us walking the walls and exploring nearby villages for the entire day until eventually we boarded a train back to our base in Poprad.
View from Spiš Castle, eastern Slovakia 🏰🇸🇰 ———- #spiscastle #slovakia
A post shared by Andrew Thompson (@andrewthompsonsa) on Mar 23, 2016 at 10:57pm PDT
Leaving for Bratislava
Eventually the late night drag races and mattress on the floor got the better of me. My two companions were moving off too. Wolf caught a ride with the bricklayers to continue his walk to Thailand, and Sarah headed north to Poland for the last few days of her journey.
Bratislava ⛪🇸🇰 ———- #Bratislava #Slovakia
A post shared by Andrew Thompson (@andrewthompsonsa) on May 4, 2016 at 11:21am PDT
I boarded an early morning train for the Slovakian capital. The trains in these parts have a special kind of charm and the scenery outside was phenomenal. Green fields, blue skies and cotton wool white clouds heralded my arrival to Bratislava. After three days exploring the capital's beautiful architecture, quirky attractions, interesting history and absorbing the idyllic location on the famous Danube river, my time in Slovakia was up. But with its easy rail routes and endless natural beauty, I was in no doubt that it would soon feature in a future Eurail trip.
High Tatras, Poprad, Slovak Paradise, Slovakia, Spiš Castle


text:
San Carlos de Bariloche, conocida simplemente como Bariloche, es una ciudad patagónica que, con 112.887 habitantes (2010), es la más poblada de la provincia de Río Negro, siendo además la cabecera del departamento de Bariloche.

Bariloche es el destino más visitado de la Patagonia y uno de los destinos más visitados de la Argentina. Recibe alrededor de dos millones de turistas anualmente, principalmente en temporada invernal, entre los que se destacan por su afluencia los provenientes de países de Europa y América. Es conocida por ser el destino principal del viaje de egresados secundarios en Argentina y Uruguay.

Es la ciudad argentina más poblada de los Andes Patagónicos. Está ubicada en el parque nacional Nahuel Huapi, en el suroeste de la provincia de Río Negro, junto a la cordillera de los Andes, en la ribera sur del lago Nahuel Huapi, a 832 km de Viedma, la capital de la provincia.

Sus reservas naturales, que incluyen lagos, bosques y montañas, y sus destacados centros de esquí son el principal atractivo. La ciudad ha sido considerada por algunas fuentes como el segundo destino de esquí a nivel mundial y el más grande de América del Sur. Está además en una zona donde se puede observar y estudiar al cóndor andino.

Bariloche es además uno de los polos científicos y tecnológicos más importantes de América, encontrándose INVAP, empresa provincial de alta tecnología que diseña y construye molinos eólicos, radares y satélites, entre otros.

En noviembre de 2012 Bariloche fue nombrada «capital nacional del turismo aventura» bajo la Ley 26802 sancionada por el Congreso Nacional Argentino.

Toponimia
El nombre de la ciudad, San Carlos de Bariloche, está compuesto de dos partes las cuales tienen cada una un origen diferente. Por un lado, "Bariloche" deriva de la palabra mapuche vuriloche, que significa "gente de atrás de la montaña", dado que así era como los mapuches al oeste de la cordillera denominaban a los que vivían del lado este, es decir, la zona donde se encuentra la ciudad. Por otro lado, "San Carlos" surgió a partir de un error en una carta enviada por el Sr. Enrique Paterson Neil, pionero inglés en el Nahuel Huapi, a Carlos Wiederhold, comerciante chileno de origen alemán que se había instalado en el centro de lo que hoy es la ciudad, en 1895, en la cual el británico confundió el tratamiento de Don por el apócope San, quedando así el nombre de la ciudad.

Para fines del , la ciudad era conocida como San Carlos. Sin embargo, en 1909 se llamaba oficialmente Bariloche. Fue a partir de un decreto sancionado el 26 de julio de 1927 que la ciudad pasó a llamarse de manera oficial San Carlos de Bariloche.

Historia

Existen evidencias de la existencia de asentamientos indígenas en las riberas del Lago Nahuel Huapi, en la zona hoy ocupada por la ciudad de Bariloche, previos a la llegada de los expedicionarios y colonizadores blancos. Durante el neolítico, se produce la llegada de seres humanos a la región del Nahuel Huapi. El registro arqueológico e histórico habla de la presencia de tehuelches y puelches en la zona. Con el proceso de araucanización y principalmente desde el  la cultura de estos grupos es fuertemente afectada por la de los mapuches, que incrementaron su presencia a partir del asentamiento de españoles en Chile.

Entre mediados del  y comienzos del , la zona fue objeto de viajes de misioneros provenientes de Chile, entre los que se cuentan los padres Diego Rosales, Nicolás Mascardi, Felipe Laguna y Juan José Guillelmo. El primer argentino que llegó a la región desde el Atlántico es Francisco Pascasio Moreno, que entonces contaba con veintitrés años de edad; arribó el 22 de enero de 1876 e izó la bandera argentina en las orillas del Nahuel Huapi.

El 3 de abril de 1881 la primera brigada, al mando del teniente coronel Rufino Ortega, alcanzó el lago Nahuel Huapi como parte de las acciones desarrolladas por el Ejército Argentino en las campañas posteriores a la Conquista del Desierto realizadas por Conrado Villegas.

Hacia fines del , el mayor asentamiento se ubicaba en las nacientes del río Limay. El primer poblador no aborigen de la región fue el bohemio José Tauschek, quien llegó junto a su familia en 1892 proveniente de la zona del Volcán Osorno en Chile; sin embargo, un accidente sobre su balsa mientras navegaba el río le arrebató la vida apenas ocho años después. Para entonces, el poblador Carlos Wiederhold Piwonka (un colono chileno proveniente de la zona de Osorno, en Chile) ya tenía establecido un almacén en la zona que hoy ocupa la ciudad y desarrollaba una destacable actividad comercial con la zona aledaña de Chile, y en su honor, el Congreso Argentino le dio a esta ciudad el nombre oficial de San Carlos de Bariloche.

La ciudad fue fundada oficialmente el 3 de mayo de 1902, por decreto del Poder Ejecutivo de la Nación. En 1909 tenía ya unos 1250 habitantes, telégrafo, correo y camino hasta Neuquén. De todas maneras, continuó dependiendo del comercio con Chile hasta la llegada del ferrocarril en 1934.

Entre los años 1901 y 1905 vivieron por la zona los famosos ladrones de trenes y bancos estadounidenses Sundance Kid y Butch Cassidy, que por esa época tenían una estancia en cercanías de Cholila en el territorio de Chubut. Luego, dejan la zona al enterarse que los perseguía un detective de la famosa agencia Pinkerton. Los bandoleros dejan evidencia de su paso por la zona en los registros del almacén de ramos generales ubicado a la vera del río Limay en su naciente en el Nahuel Huapi. En el edificio, aun intacto, funciona actualmente un restaurante y parrilla, El Boliche Viejo, cuyos administradores conservan la impronta de los antiguos pobladores.

A principios del , y especialmente antes de la llegada del ferrocarril, la ausencia de buenos caminos hacía muy dificultoso el abastecimiento del pueblo, sobre todo de productos frescos. Por ello se desarrollaron varias chacras que proveían de verduras, productos lácteos y carnes a la incipiente población, llegándose a sembrar campos con trigo en la zona de lo que hoy es el barrio Melipal y Colonia Suiza.

Desde comienzos del , se reportan avistajes de lo que algunos interpretan sería una criatura que vive en el Lago Nahuel Huapi. La misma fue bautizada como Nahuelito, y la creencia popular es que sería un sobreviviente de la época de los dinosaurios. Durante la década de 1920, Clemente Onelli organizó una expedición en su búsqueda, la cual fue infructuosa.

Hacia 1913 se termina de construir la primera carretera para vehículos que permite conectar la ciudad con Buenos Aires, en un azaroso viaje que duraba varias jornadas. El expresidente estadounidense Theodore Roosevelt visita la zona por esos años, en lo que sería el comienzo del desarrollo turístico de la región. En 1934 se crea el parque nacional Nahuel Huapi, cuya intendencia se establece en Bariloche.

A finales de la década de 1930, desde el gobierno federal se decide dar un impulso al desarrollo de esta parte de la Patagonia, y para ello a través de la Administración de Parques Nacionales, dirigida por Exequiel Bustillo, se encara la construcción de una serie de obras que son hoy emblemáticas de Bariloche. Especialmente se destacan el Centro Cívico y la iglesia catedral, como también el Hotel Llao Llao. El camino que lo vincula con Bariloche, a 25 kilómetros del centro, fue la primera ruta asfaltada de la Patagonia.

Es por esta época que comienza el interés por los deportes invernales, y se comienzan a explorar los cerros vecinos para desarrollar actividades de invierno. Las primeras actividades y competencia en esquí se desarrollan en el Cerro Otto, cuyas pendientes llegan hasta las estribaciones de la ciudad. En 1931 se funda el Club Andino Bariloche, que fomenta las actividades de montañismo en la zona.

Desde 1948 hasta 1952, se desarrolló en la isla Huemul el llamado Proyecto Huemul, que según el físico austríaco Ronald Richter podría controlar la reacción de fusión nuclear, pero este fracasó. Esta situación fue expuesta por una comisión investigadora liderada por el físico José Antonio Balseiro. Utilizando parte del equipamiento existente se crea en el año 1955 el "Instituto de Física de Bariloche" por un convenio entre la Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA) de la Argentina y la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), siendo su primer director el Dr. Balseiro. Asimismo se crea el Centro Atómico Bariloche utilizando unos cuarteles en desuso ubicados en el km 10 de la ruta al Llao Llao. En 1984 el instituto es rebautizado como Instituto Balseiro.

Durante el mes de mayo de 1960, la ciudad se vio afectada por el terremoto de Valdivia de 1960. Si bien se percibió el movimiento sísmico, los mayores efectos fueron producidos por una gigantesca ola que se generó en el Lago Nahuel Huapi y que impactó contra la costa frente a la ciudad. Dos personas que se encontraban en el embarcadero frente al Centro Cívico murieron, y el embarcadero de madera resultó muy dañado. En los días subsiguientes cayó sobre la ciudad ceniza producto de la erupción desencadenada en el volcán Puyehue.

Desde enero de 1963 y hasta el 31 de julio de 1963 el expresidente Arturo Frondizi, que fuera depuesto por un golpe militar, es retenido en el actual hotel Tunquelén, en la zona de Llao Llao. Durante su detención Frondizi recibe la visita de numerosos amigos y periodistas, y disfruta de caminatas por las zonas aledañas al hotel adentrándose en los senderos de la península Llao Llao y Villa Tacul. Asimismo, dedicó su tiempo a numerosos escritos, entre otros el libro Breve historia de un yanquee que proyectó industrializar la Patagonia, 1911-1914: Bailey Willis y la segunda conquista del desierto, en el que rescata los planes del Ministro Ezequiel Ramos Mexía y del geólogo estadounidense Willis "para hacer de Bariloche y su área circundante un enclave industrial atravesado por un ramal ferrocatero que uniera las costas atlántica y pacífica".

A comienzos de la década de 1970, la ciudad comenzó un sostenido período de crecimiento, en parte impulsado por la construcción del camino asfaltado que conectó a Bariloche con Buenos Aires. Hoy la principal vía de abastecimiento de la ciudad es mediante transporte terrestre.

El 28 de julio de 1970 tuvo lugar el Barilochazo. Ese día los ciudadanos locales lograron imponer su voluntad por sobre la del por entonces gobernador Roberto Requeijo, quien quería poner a Robespierre Panebianco, desconocido por los locales, como intendente de la ciudad.

En 1976, a partir del grupo de "investigación aplicada" del Centro Atómico Bariloche, se crea la empresa INVAP, dedicada al desarrollo de proyectos de base tecnológica como reactores nucleares, satélites espaciales y radares entre otros.

En 1994, el criminal de guerra nazi Erich Priebke fue detenido en la ciudad, en la cual vivía desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

En 1995, la Quinta Cumbre Iberoamericana de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de los 21 países miembros se realizó entre los días 16 y 17 de octubre. El tema principal fue la educación como factor de cohesión de la Comunidad Iberoamericana y como elemento esencial de la política social y del desarrollo económico. En este sentido, se trató sobre la situación de programas de educación en curso y se aprobaron nuevos programas de educación.

En 2009 se llevó a cabo una cumbre de emergencia por parte de los miembros de la UNASUR para tratar el conflicto de la instalación de bases estadounidenses en territorio colombiano. Al mismo tiempo hubo manifestaciones pacíficas en contra de la instalación de las bases y a favor de los gobiernos que protestaban contra esto.

En junio de 2011, las cenizas del Volcán Puyehue cubrieron por completo a Bariloche, y los vecinos, solidarios, decidieron levantar las cenizas con palas, escobas, carretillas y rastrillos.

Edificaciones y arquitectura

En sus orígenes la mayoría de las construcciones eran de madera, siguiendo estilos de construcción inspirados en diseños alpinos y europeos similares, ya que los primeros hombres blancos que se asentaron en el lugar fueron inmigrantes de origen alemán, al igual que en la zona del Lago Llanquihue en Chile.

El estilo constructivo es parte del legado histórico de la ciudad y perdura hasta el presente. Un aserradero propiedad de Primo Capraro (italiano oriundo de la ciudad de Belluno) ubicado en el predio ocupado actualmente por el Centro Cívico sobre el Arroyo sin nombre era uno de los principales proveedores de materia prima para la construcción.

Entre 1935 y 1940, la Dirección de Parques Nacionales realizó una serie de obras y edificios, embelleciendo y caracterizando con dicha arquitectura la ciudad. Algunas de ellas son el Centro Cívico, proyecto del arquitecto Ernesto De Estrada, que albergaba a la biblioteca con un teatro, el Museo de la Patagonia, el edificio de la Municipalidad con su torre con reloj, la oficina de correos y telégrafos, la policía y la aduana. También se destacan la Catedral de Bariloche, el Hotel Llao Llao y la Capilla San Eduardo, entre otros proyectados por el arquitecto Alejandro Bustillo.

El estilo que tenía la ciudad se ha ido perdiendo poco a poco, ya que se han construido edificaciones de gran tamaño y de varias plantas, en las que se dejan de usar la madera, la caída a dos aguas y los revestimientos de piedra. Es habitual observar edificaciones con losa en el techo y con revoque común.

Clima

El clima de Bariloche es mediterráneo oceánico (Csb en la clasificación climática de Köppen), con lluvias invernales abundantes en forma de nevadas, temperaturas frías, una escasa amplitud térmica anual y una alta amplitud diaria. Sin embargo, en verano suelen alcanzarse los 35 °C y en invierno hasta -25,4 °C. Los veranos son secos, suaves y cortos, con precipitaciones concentradas en el invierno que son en forma de lluvia, cellisca y nevada.

El clima está influenciado en gran medida por los vientos que soplan en forma prácticamente constante desde el oeste. Estos vientos húmedos provenientes del océano Pacífico a su paso por la cordillera de los Andes, depositan su humedad en una franja montañosa que se extiende hasta unos 30 a 40 km al este. Durante los meses de mayo y de junio se producen las mayores lluvias, que alcanzan promedios mensuales de unos 130 mm. El mes de noviembre se destaca por los fuertes vientos, que pueden tener ráfagas de hasta 100 km/h.

El 16 de julio de 2017 la ciudad de San Carlos de Bariloche registró a las 4:22 de la madrugada la temperatura mínima más baja de su historia, con una marca absoluta de -25,4 °C, y una sensación térmica de -29 °C, récord histórico absoluto.

Flora

Bariloche se encuentra en el área de transición entre la estepa patagónica y la selva valdiviana, por lo tanto es rica en variedad de especies autóctonas, de las cuales la siguiente es una lista incompleta:
 Fitzroya cupressoides, Alerce
 Drimys winteri, Canelo
 Lomatia hirsuta, Radal
 Nothofagus nervosa, Raulí
 Nothofagus dombeyi, Coihue
 Nothofagus betuloides, Coihue de Magallanes
 Nothofagus antarctica, Ñire
 Nothofagus pumilio, Lenga
 Nothofagus obliqua, Roble Pellín
 Chusquea culeou, Caña Colihue
 Maytenus boaria, Maitén
 Austrocedrus chilensis, Ciprés
 Luma apiculata, Arrayán
 Embothrium coccineum, Notro
 Araucaria araucana, Araucaria
 Gevuina avellana, Avellano
 Alstroemeria aurea, Amancay
 Fuchsia magellanica, Chilco

Modos de acceso

La ciudad de Bariloche cuenta con el Aeropuerto Internacional Teniente Luis Candelaria, el cual está equipado para recibir aviones de todo tipo. Las principales líneas aéreas nacionales como Aerolíneas Argentinas, LATAM, Andes Líneas Aéreas y LADE hacen vuelos regulares, así como varias líneas aéreas internacionales de países cercanos, que se incrementan en la época de esquí, y tienen sus picos más altos durante los meses de julio y agosto.

También se puede llegar a Bariloche en ómnibus y autos particulares. La principal vía terrestre desde el Norte es la RN 40 (ex 237) que ingresa desde Neuquén y que conecta a través del sistema argentino de rutas con Buenos Aires y el resto de la Argentina. Otras opciones son, desde el Este, por la Ruta Provincial 23 (asfaltada parcialmente), surcando la línea sur patagónica, o desde el Sur por la RN 40, viniendo desde la localidad de El Bolsón. Actualmente, la ruta RN 2455 (desde Collón Curá) y la ruta 258 forman parte de la RN 40; las ex rutas 237 y 258 se unen por la Av. de Circunvalación al norte de la ciudad.

No es posible viajar directamente en tren desde Buenos Aires a Bariloche, pero existen muchas opciones para hacer la mayor parte del recorrido. Se puede llegar desde Buenos Aires tomando el tren a Bahía Blanca, este viaje dura 13 horas. En Bahía Blanca habrá que tomar otro tren hasta Viedma, con una duración de otras 4 horas para finalmente en Viedma tomar el Tren Patagónico.

El Tren Patagónico conecta a Bariloche con la ciudad de Viedma, a unos 800 km al este, emplazada sobre la ribera del río Negro y el viaje tiene una duración de 19 horas.

Transporte interno

Dentro de la ciudad trabaja una única empresas de colectivos de transporte masivo: Mibus, la cual opera con la tarjeta SUBE. También recorre parte de la ciudad la empresa Las Grutas, que conecta Bariloche con Dina Huapi; esta línea opera con su propia tarjeta.

Distancias desde la ciudad de San Carlos de Bariloche
Destinos nacionales:
  Dina Huapi, RN - (15 km por ruta)
  Villa La Angostura, NQ - (80 km por ruta)
  El Bolsón, RN - (120 km por ruta)
  Neuquén, NQ - (360 km en línea recta, 414 km por ruta)
  Bahía Blanca, BA - (817 km en línea recta, 946 km por ruta)
  Mendoza, MZ - (939 km en línea recta, 1.218 km por ruta)
  Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires - (1.345 km en línea recta, 1.550 km por ruta)
  Córdoba, CB - (1250 km en línea recta, 1.558 km por ruta)
  Rosario, SF - (1.310 km en línea recta, 1.630 km por ruta)
  Ushuaia, TF - (1.501 km en línea recta, 2100 km por ruta, aprox.)
  San Miguel de Tucumán, TM - (1.682 km en línea recta, 2.126 km por ruta)
  Salta, SA - (1.933 km en línea recta, 2.427 km por ruta)

Ciudades Hermandadas

Ciudades hermanadas
  La Massana (Andorra)
  Sankt Moritz (Suiza)
  Aspen, Colorado (Estados Unidos)

Cultura

Música

Son de destacar las actividades que desarrolla el Camping Musical Bariloche, que en los veranos realiza actividades de capacitación y perfeccionamiento para músicos, con la participación de renombrados maestros internacionales.

En Bariloche nació el conjunto de música de cámara Camerata Bariloche, que ha alcanzado reconocimiento y prestigio internacional. Desde 1993 se realiza anualmente la Semana Musical Llao Llao, que cuenta con la participación de prestigiosos músicos e intérpretes.

La ciudad cuenta con una intensa actividad coral, llevada adelante por:
 El Coro Niños y Jóvenes Cantores de Bariloche
 El Coro Juvenil Municipal
 El coro de niños de la Escuela Municipal de Arte "La Llave"
 El Coral Melipal
 El Coro Ruso Likui de Música Litúrgica
 También se encuentran dentro de la actividad coral barilochense muchos coros vocacionales de adultos. Algunos de ellos son: el Coro Empinar, el Coral Woodville, el Coro de Cámara Patagonia y el Taller Coral Municipal de Adultos.

Desde el año 2010 el grupo de música La Maroma Bariloche lleva a cabo espectáculos para niños y grandes con canciones especialmente escritas y compuestas sobre la flora y fauna autóctona de nuestra región andino patagónica, con variados ritmos folklóricos argentinos.

Dentro de lo que es la música a capella, Bariloche cuenta con uno de los pocos cuartetos del estilo Barbershop que hay en Argentina y Latinoamérica, conocido como The Barbershop Bariloche.

Artes plásticas
Existe actividad de pintores, ceramistas y artesanos. La ciudad cuenta con una escuela municipal de arte llamada "La Llave".

El San Bernardo

El San Bernardo es una raza de perro originaria de los Alpes suizos y del norte de Italia. Es el perro boyero más famoso junto con el mastín del Pirineo y es muy próximo al gran boyero suizo. Desciende del extinto mastín de los Alpes, que se mezcló con otras razas como el dogo del Tíbet, el terranova y el gran danés. Infaltable para las fotografías de recuerdo.

Mito local

Nahuelito es una supuesta criatura acuática desconocida que, según la creencia popular, habita en las aguas del lago Nahuel Huapi. Pertenece al grupo de reptiles marinos, los plesiosauros, que habitaron en la Tierra hace 65 millones de años, con la característica de un cuerpo con forma de barril de un color marrón oscuro, con aletas, un cuello entre 5 o 6 metros y una cabeza pequeña, los cuales se alimentaban de peces.

Historia
Después de varios meses sin tener éxito, tanto en el lago Epuyén como en el Nahuel Huapi, Clemente Onelli regresó a Buenos Aires y es allí cuando desde Bariloche le llega el antecedente: "El plesiosauro había sido capturado". Impactó fuertemente la noticia en distintos medios nacionales e internacionales. Pero en realidad había sido una broma de Primo Capraro, empresario de Bariloche, quien en el carnaval del año 1922 armó una carroza con la figura de un plesiosauro haciéndola desfilar por las calles del pueblo, como una estrategia publicitaria.

Recientes registros
Uno de los registros es de la Prefectura Naval, donde se le solicitó a dos buzos realizar trabajos en las profundidades del lago, y cuando subieron se negaron a volver a bajar por lo que habían visto. "Los buzos de Prefectura informaron que vieron peces con la forma de mantarrayas", según los informes oficiales.

Melisa Reinhold, periodista que se encontraba a las orillas del lago el 21 de febrero de 2020, escuchó un ruido en el agua que le llamó la atención y vio algo que la dejó sin palabras. Como tenía cerca su cámara de fotos, tomó una imagen. "Sé lo que vi, estoy segura que fue un ser vivo por el movimiento y el ruido que hizo. Salió, se asomó y se volvió a meter al agua", aseguró.

El 23 de enero de 2020 pescadores locales que se encontraban en la zona del puerto Elma, en Villa la Angostura, vivieron un acontecimiento extraño, ya que notaron que algo se movía en el agua y de inmediato filmaron el hecho. En la filmación se puede escuchar "Se ve como una aleta ¿no?", y alguien agrega: "No sé qué es, pero parece algo muy grande, se veían como unas escamas, yo llegué a ver hasta tres aletas salidas para afuera".

Producciones

 El plesiosauro, un tango con letra de Amilcar Morbidelli de 1922, que le dedicó a Rafael D'Agostino.
 Bajo superficie, de Miguel Ángel Rossi, película que no solo investiga el mito de Nahuelito, sino que relata sucesos y la cultura de un pueblo hasta la actualidad que se transformó en una ciudad que es visitada por el mundo.

Demografía
Los resultados definitivos del censo 2010 arrojaron que el municipio posee 112 887 habitantes. La tasa de crecimiento demográfico resultante es 2,14 %.

El censo de 2001 registró una población de 93 101 pobladores. Esto daba una tasa de crecimiento de 1,39 %, respecto a su población de 1991 de 81 001 habitantes. Este constante crecimiento le permitió superar a Trelew y ubicarse tercera en la Patagonia Argentina en el censo de 2001.

Por su magnitud y ubicación geográfica, el centro urbano de Bariloche es relevante en varios aspectos: es el más poblado de la provincia de Río Negro (Neuquén - Plottier - Cipolletti la supera pero solo si se suma la población que corresponde a la provincia del Neuquén); es el segundo centro argentino cuya principal actividad es el turismo (después de Mar del Plata); y es el tercer aglomerado de toda la Patagonia Argentina, siendo sólo superado por el Gran Neuquén y el aglomerado Comodoro Rivadavia-Rada Tilly.

Asimismo, históricamente, Bariloche ha sido el hogar de una notable comunidad alemana, así como de otras comunidades europeas como la austríaca e italiana, entre otras. Entre las comunidades de origen americano destaca la chilena. También existe una importante población de origen aborigen, principalmente mapuche.

Barrios

Entre sus barrios figuran el Barrio Belgrano, Barrio Belgrano Sudeste, Jardín Botánico, Melipal y Playa Bonita. Otros barrios cercanos al centro, en la zona de montaña, son Villa Lago Gutiérrez, Lomas del Cauquén, Valle Azul, Reina Mora, Villa los Coihues, ubicados en la Pampa de Huenuleo, con impresionantes vistas al Lago Gutiérrez y a los cerros Catedral, Ventana, Challhuaco, Carbón, Otto, Ñireco, entre otros.
Además de su ubicación, también son excelentes puntos panorámicos y dentro de estos se pueden encontrar shoppings, capillas, supermercados, hosterías, albergues, departamentos y colegios como Integral Vuriloche, Don Bosco, Primo Capraro, Woodville, Castex, Escuela N.º 16, y C.E.M 99.

Zona de los kilómetros: Casa de Piedra (Ruca-Cura), Villa Don Orione, Las Vertientes, Los Maitenes, Villa Los Coihues, Villa Lago Gutiérrez, Villa Nahuel Malal, Pinar del Lago, Pinar de Festa, Península San Pedro, Cerro Chico, Melipal, La Cascada, Los Cipresales, Carihue, El Faldeo, Los Retamos, El Mirador, Virgen Misionera, Peumayén, Villa Catedral, Rancho Grande, San Ignacio del Cerro, Parque Lago Moreno, Jockey Club, Gastronómico (2 de agosto), Covibar.

Zona centro: Belgrano, Belgrano Sudeste, Jardín Botánico, 10 de Diciembre, Parques Nacionales, Las Margaritas, Ñireco, Las Quintas (donde se encuentra el cuartel central de Bomberos Voluntarios).

Zona Sur: La Cumbre, 400 Viviendas, Sara María Furman, Levalle, El Frutillar, Arrayanes, Omega, Islas Malvinas, Maitén, Quimey Hue, El Progreso, 28 de Abril, Coop 258, Unión, Pilar 1, Pilar 2 y 3, Vivero; Nahuel Hue; 2 de Abril, 60 Viviendas, 400 Viviendas y Vuriloche. Limita al norte con la Avenida Brown, al este con la Avenida Esandi, al sur con la Avenida de Circunvalación, al Suroeste con la base del cerro Carbón y al oeste con Valle Azul.

Zona Oeste: Villa Lago Gutierrez, Reina Mora, Entre Cerros, Valle Azul, Lomas del Cauquén, Arelauquen Golf & Country Club, Villa los Coihues

Zona Este: Las Victorias, Aldea del Este, La Colina, San Francisco, Villaverde, El Cóndor, Altos del Cóndor, Lomas de Monteverde y Las Chacras.

Organización y administración
La ciudad está administrada según la Carta Orgánica Municipal de Bariloche y sigue la división de tres poderes implantada en la Argentina desde el texto de la Constitución Nacional.

El poder ejecutivo Municipal de la Municipalidad de San Carlos de Bariloche, está representado por el intendente municipal, el poder legislativo por el Concejo Deliberante y el poder judicial por el Tribunal de Contralor.

Turismo

El turismo es la principal actividad económica de la ciudad. Por sus características geográficas, existen actividades que se desarrollan durante los meses de verano y otras propias del invierno. La ciudad está emplazada en el centro del parque nacional Nahuel Huapi y es la puerta de acceso (por vía acuática) del parque nacional Los Arrayanes, que protege un estimado bosque de arrayanes. Una serie de catamaranes especialmente acondicionados permiten realizar paseos y excursiones lacustres por el lago Nahuel Huapi.

Recibe anualmente turismo nacional e internacional, que se deleita en las múltiples actividades que ofrece esta ciudad al borde del lago Nahuel Huapi. El centro de esquí más importante de Argentina es el del cerro Catedral, ubicado a 20 km de San Carlos de Bariloche. Otro centro de esquí es el de cerro Otto, donde se practica esquí nórdico, también conocido como esquí de fondo o cross country.

Dentro del circuito turístico obligado se encuentra la visita al cerro Tronador pasando por el lago Mascardi, por el cual pueden realizarse paseos lacustres, y visitando el glaciar ventisquero Negro en su base. También es posible ascender hasta la cima del cerro Tronador, pernoctando en el camino en un refugio de montaña.

Los paseos por el lago Nahuel Huapi se inician en Puerto Pañuelo. Este pequeño puerto está ubicado muy cerca del Hotel Llao Llao, y cuenta con uno de los mejores paisajes de la zona.

El circuito denominado "cruce de los lagos" permite enlazar la ciudad de Puerto Varas en Chile con Bariloche mediante un recorrido en el que se alternan recorridos por agua y por tierra: se viaja hasta Puerto Blest, un sitio ubicado en pleno parque nacional, donde se puede pernoctar en una hostería, lejos de todo. Luego, en bus, se continúa el viaje hasta Puerto Alegre, donde se embarca en el barco Caleuche para navegar el lago Frías, encajonado entre montañas y de un increíble color verde. En Puerto Frías se hacen los trámites de migración y el viaje continúa hacia el oeste por Chile, donde posteriormente se navega por el Lago Todos los Santos.

El agua de los ríos y lagos es fría en toda época debido al deshielo, no obstante durante los meses de verano, incluso en marzo, mucha gente acude a las playas soleadas del Nahuel Huapi como: Bonita, Serena y los lagos Moreno y Gutiérrez, e incluso disfrutan de un baño. En los lagos y ríos de la región se practican actividades náuticas, incluyendo velerismo, canotaje y rafting de ríos de montaña. Además, hay varios circuitos de excursiones equinas, como Piedras Blancas.

Es de destacar la extensa red de picadas y refugios de montaña que recorren sus paisajes y permiten conocer lagos, montañas y glaciares. Existen itinerarios para todos los niveles, comenzando por sendas de pocos cientos de metros bajo centenarios coihues, hasta picadas de alta montaña, recomendadas solo para expertos. Los montañistas de la zona están agrupados en el Club Andino Bariloche, que brinda información a turistas y residentes.

Durante el año se realizan dos importantes fiestas. Una de ellas es la Fiesta Nacional de la Nieve, que generalmente se realiza al iniciar la temporada de invierno (entre junio o julio), y la otra es la Fiesta del Chocolate, que se realiza cada año durante Semana Santa.

Bariloche también es el principal centro turístico estudiantil del país, ya que allí se realizan los viajes de egresados de los jóvenes que finalizan la secundaria.

Récord
En 2014, vecinos de la ciudad fabricaron la barra de chocolate más grande del mundo, con 130 metros de largo y 800 kg de peso. Además, la ciudad cuenta con el récord del huevo de Pascua más grande del mundo, hecho con 8000 kg de chocolate en el año 2015. Para 2016, la ciudad vuelve a superarse y fabrica la barra de chocolate más grande del mundo, con 150,5 metros y para el año 2017 la barra de chocolate fue de 200 metros, utilizando 1500 kilos de chocolate y 400 de frutas secas.

Medios de comunicación
La ciudad cuenta con varias frecuencias de radio FM, algunas de ellas con programación exclusivamente local como FM Bariloche 89.1 y otras retransmisoras de las radios de Buenos Aires (entre ellas Radio Seis). En AM, la única radio disponible es LRA 30 Radio Nacional.

Circulan varios diarios locales: El Cordillerano, El Ciudadano, DeBariloche, BarilocheOpina.com, Bariloche2000.com; los últimos tres disponibles en Internet. También se distribuye el diario regional Río Negro y otros nacionales.

Existe un canal de televisión, el Canal 6.

Turismo de aventura

El 28 de noviembre de 2012 el Congreso Nacional Argentino declara a Bariloche «Capital Nacional del Turismo Aventura».

Bariloche fue sede de numerosas carreras de aventura, como las dos más importantes en su tipo: la estadounidense Discovery Channel Eco Challenge en el año 1999 y la francesa Raid Gauloises en 1995, transformándose en la primera ciudad en el mundo en albergar este tipo de eventos deportivos. También fue escenario de otros eventos del país, como el Eco Peugeot, Salomon Adventure Race, Cruce de los Andes, El Triatlón escape de la Isla Huemul, el Bariloche Classic Windsurf + Kitesurf, la Carrera de los 4 Refugios, el Triatlón del Cerro Catedral, el Campeonato Patagónico de Enduro, la Media Maratón Bariloche Llao Llao 21 K, y las primeras competencias de Argentina y Sudamérica de esquí de montaña como el Vertical Race y el Open Sudamericano.

En la ciudad también se desarrollaron los primeros Congresos de Montañismo en la década de 1960, siendo por esto pioneros en los Cursos de Rescate y Medicina de Montaña del país y también de Sudamérica.

Recreación
Existen numerosos estadios y gimnasios cubiertos que permiten la práctica de deportes a lo largo de todo el año.

La ciudad de Bariloche cuenta con tres campos de golf, siendo el más antiguo el que se ubica en el Hotel Llao Llao (18 hoyos); también están el Arelauquen Golf & Country Club (18 hoyos) y otro de 9 hoyos en el km 15 del camino al Llao Llao.

Existen piscinas de natación cubiertas en los clubes Pehuenes y Piletas del Nahuel. También están las aerosillas para subir al cerro Campanario o también al cerro Otto. En el cerro Otto hay una confitería giratoria.

La ciudad fue elegida como el segundo destino mundial de esquí.

Actualmente, el Club Deportivo Cruz del Sur y la Asociación Puerto Moreno de Bariloche compiten en el Torneo Transición Regional Federal Amateur 2020-21 de fútbol, cuarta categoría del fútbol argentino.

Educación
Con respecto a la educación universitaria, la ciudad cuenta con la presencia de la Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, la Universidad Nacional del Comahue y el Instituto Balseiro. Por otro lado, se encuentran la Universidad Empresarial Siglo 21, la Universidad Católica de Salta y la Universidad Blas Pascal con sus carreras a distancia, además de la Universidad FASTA.

Vertedero municipal - Políticas sanitarias

La ciudad de Bariloche tiene uno de los cincuenta vertederos más peligrosos para el medio ambiente del mundo. Así lo indicó  un informe que fue realizado por la organización ambientalista International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), con sede en Austria.

El pedido del traslado del basural de Bariloche, ubicado sobre la ruta 40 sur fue quedando cercado por barrios con gran densidad de población, ya es histórico. A la situación de colapso ambiental, se sumó la situación desesperante de gran cantidad de personas que concurren a diario al basural en busca de comida o abrigo. Los incendios, además, en diversos sectores del vertedero también se volvieron recurrentes, afectando no solo a quienes trabajan en el basural sino también a los barrios más cercanos, sin hablar de los bosques que lo rodean, la fauna que los habita, y el agua que se deposita en napas que terminan en el lago del cual extraen el agua que beben los habitantes del lugar.

Despliegue de las Fuerzas Armadas en Bariloche
En Bariloche se encuentran las siguientes unidades de las Fuerzas Armadas:

Acuerdos de hermanamiento y amistad
San Carlos de Bariloche tiene acuerdos de hermandad con las siguientes ciudades:
  Aspen, Estados Unidos
  La Massana, Andorra
  St. Moritz, Suiza
  Puerto Varas, Chile
  Osorno, Chile
  Puerto Montt, Chile
  Queenstown, Nueva Zelanda
  Zúrich, Suiza

Asimismo, Bariloche ha hecho acuerdos de amistad con las siguientes ciudades:
  Gramado, Brasil
  Belluno, Italia
  L'Aquila, Italia
  Sestriere, Italia
  Andorra la Vieja, Andorra

Ubicación geográfica

Parroquias de la Iglesia católica

Referencias

https://www.rionegro.com.ar/el-basurero-de-bariloche-figura-entre-los-50-mas-contaminantes-del-mundo-1016253/

Enlaces externos

 Municipalidad de San Carlos de Bariloche
 Bariloche Turismo - Sitio web oficial

Turismo en Argentina

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Girl Scouts - Everywhere!!!
Girl Scout News
B.E.E.s (FLL Jr)
C.A.K.E. B.A.T.T.E.R.S. (FLL)
F.R.E.N.C.H. F.R.I.E.S. (FTC)
2018-2019 FTC Notebook
2019-2020 Engineer Notebook - PDF
Robotics Calendar
Girl Scout Pathways
Girl Scout pathways allow volunteers to participate in Girl Scouting in multiple ways. Some adults (such as alumnae and parents) register because they want to belong to the organization. The majority of adults, however, register with the intent to volunteer. GSUSA is prioritizing the work related to these members, because volunteers must be in place to help girls belong in the ways that interest them. We've worked to develop initial volunteer position descriptions for these direct-service roles, but recognize that additional descriptions must be developed for indirect service volunteers, and the existing descriptions must be further tested. A sample list of volunteer positions and opportunities for each pathway follows: Work directly with girls:
Camp counselor
Camp director
Camp program director
Event and series program coordinator
Lead trip advisor/trip advisor
Troop leader/troop helper
Work indirectly with girls by providing support to adults who work directly with girls:
Events and series program liaison
Travel pathway committee member
Administrative/clerical work
Board or committee member
The camp pathway features day, weekend, and resident experiences that introduce and explore the out-of-doors. A defining characteristic of this pathway is that it is an outdoor, condensed experience.
Day camp features girls who are currently attending or have completed kindergarten (or older), and who typically meet for at least three consecutive days for four or more hours. The occasional overnight may be offered.
Weekend camp includes girls currently attending or have completed kindergarten (and above), and typically lasts for two or three days, with overnights.
Resident camp includes girls who have completed kindergarten, and they camp for three to fourteen days (the average is four nights). Campers live at the program site for the duration of the damp. Resident camp is typically delivered by seasonal, part-time staff during the summer season; this differs from the volunteer-delivered nature of the other pathway offerings.
Events are standalone offerings; examples include a career event for Seniors and Ambassadors, or a leadership conference for teenage Girl Scouts. The primary difference between events and all other pathways is that different girls participate in each event, as opposed to one group of girls coming together regularly.
Series offerings are a sequence of linked program sessions—offered by councils or community partners—that relate to a specific theme or purpose and feature cumulative, sequential experiential learning. Each girl chooses to participate in the entire series as a complete program package; series offerings may be short-term (for example, six days of two-hour daily meetings) or longer-term (such as meeting every two weeks for twelve weeks). The intent is to engage the same group of girls throughout the entire series of program opportunities.
Note: Series offerings may require a pre-requisite to participate from session to session, because girls build on the skills learned at each session
The travel pathway offers girls leadership opportunities and cross-cultural understanding through local, regional, national, and international travel. Girls prepare, plan, money-earn and participate through group travel, council-sponsored trips, or nationally sponsored excursions. The travel pathway also facilitates appropriate progression; for example, younger girls participate in short, local trips to prepare them for longer, international trips as they progress through grade levels.
The troop pathway offers the same group of girls the opportunity to participate in a variety of activities, usually over a span of nine to twelve months. Girls may join at any time during the troop year. Note: A troop that also goes camping or travels as a group is still operating in the troop pathway (not the camp or travel pathways).
The virtual pathway is an online Girl Scout community that provides girls with the opportunity to participate in Girl Scouting without regard to geographic location. Participation is through a Web-based platform developed by GSUSA and includes interactive and high-quality program activities in a safe, secure online environment. This pathway, when completed, will be delivered by virtual volunteers through two models:
Group-based model delivers the GSLE via national Girl Scout programming, such as the journey books.
Issue-based model delivers the GSLE through progressive learning that's focused on a specific interest or topic.
Girl Scouts - Where Girls Discover, Connect and Take Action

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to the Family & Students Section of Yukon Public Schools. This section of the website is designed to provide easy access to the information students and families often look for on our District website. If you cannot find something you are looking for or would like to see something added, please send your feedback to webmaster@yukonps.com.
Learn about Standards Based Report Cards?


text:
    eval 'exec perl $0 ${1+"$@"}'
	if 0;

use strict refs;
use strict vars;
use strict subs;
use File::Basename;
use File::Copy;
use lib 'D:\Aberscan\PerlApplications\PerlLibrary';
require "library.pl";

my $fileNumber;
my %photosFound;
my $photoCount = 0;
my $relativePath;

# Global Variables - initialized in parseCommandLine
my %cmdLine;
my $srcFolder;
my $destFolder;
my $fileRootName;
my $fileStartNumber;
my $useOrigFileName;

################################################################
# This script will find all of the directories in $srcFolder and make a complete copy of it, but will re-number the
# photo files
#
#

MAIN: {
    my %switches = qw (
        -srcFolder optional
	-destFolder required
	-fileRootName optional
	-fileStartNumber optional
	-useOrigFileName optional
        -help optional
    );

    %cmdLine = parseCommandLine( %switches );

    # For now, map the cmdLine back to variables. I should replace all the unique global variables, but
    # I can't be bothered at the moment
    $srcFolder = $cmdLine{ "srcFolder"};
    $destFolder = $cmdLine{ "destFolder"};
    $fileRootName = $cmdLine{ "fileRootName"};
    $fileStartNumber = $cmdLine{ "fileStartNumber"};
    $useOrigFileName = $cmdLine{ "useOrigFileName"};

    ## Check that the src folder exists, and the destination doesn't
    unless(-e $srcFolder) {
	print ("Source folder '$srcFolder' doesn't exist\n");
	exit 1;
    }

    ## create the destination folder
    if(createDestinationFolder( $destFolder ) == 0) {
	exit 2;
    }

    $fileNumber = $fileStartNumber;

    #print( "Processing Source Folder '$srcFolder'\n");

    processTopFolder ($srcFolder);

    ## print out the file count so that it can be used in the next run
    $fileNumber--;
    print("Final photo count is '$fileNumber'\n");

} # MAIN

################################################################
# processTopFolder
#
# This function looks through the top level. If a directory
# is found, then the function 'processFolder' is recursed
# until all photos are found
################################################################
sub processTopFolder {
    my ($path) = @_;
    my @contents = ();
    my $content;
    my $line;
    my $tmpFileName;
    my $tmpKey;

    ## append a trailing / if it's not there
    $path .= '\\' if($path !~ /\\$/);

    ## print the directory being searched
    #print("Path is '$path'\n");

    processFolder( $path );

    # list out the summary
    print("\nSummary of Files found in each Folder:\n");
    for $tmpKey (sort keys %photosFound) {
	print("\t$photosFound{$tmpKey}\t$tmpKey\n");
    }

    print("\n");

}

################################################################
# processFolder
################################################################
sub processFolder {
    my ($path) = @_;
    my @contents = ();
    my $i;
    my $f1;
    my $f2;
    my $f3;
    my $f4;
    my $f5;
    my $b1;
    my $b2;
    my $b3;
    my $b4;
    my $b5;

    ## append a trailing / if it's not there
    $path .= '\\' if($path !~ /\\$/);

    ## print the directory being searched
    print("\tProcessing folder'$path'\n");

    # find the relative path for the dir we are currently in
    $relativePath = findRelativePath($path, $srcFolder);

    ## Find all the 'FD*' subdirectories
    @contents = findDirContent($path);

    # process each sheet (5 photos)
    for( $i = 0; $i< scalar(@contents); $i = $i+10) {

    	#are there still 10 photos remaining?
	if($contents[$i+5] ne "") {
	    #here if yes
	    $f1 = $contents[$i];
    	    $b3 = $contents[$i+1];
    	    $f2 = $contents[$i+2];
    	    $b4 = $contents[$i+3];
    	    $f3 = $contents[$i+4];
	    $b5 = $contents[$i+5];
	    $f4 = $contents[$i+6];
	    $b1 = $contents[$i+7];
	    $f5 = $contents[$i+8];
	    $b2 = $contents[$i+9];
	}
	else {
	    #here if no. the 5 remaining photos are in sequential order
	    $f1 = $contents[$i];
    	    $f2 = $contents[$i+1];
    	    $f3 = $contents[$i+2];
    	    $f4 = $contents[$i+3];
    	    $f5 = $contents[$i+4];
	    $b1 = "";
	    $b2 = "";
	    $b3 = "";
	    $b4 = "";
	    $b5 = "";
	}

        #print("Files are:\n\t$f1,\t$f2,\t$f3\t$f4,\t$f5,\t$b1,\t$b2,\t$b3,\t$b4,\t$b5\n");

	#copy the files into the dest folder
	copyFile($f1);
	copyFile($f2);
	copyFile($f3);
	copyFile($f4);
	copyFile($f5);

	#before doing the back page, check that there are photos for it
	if($b1 ne "") {
	    copyFile($b1);
	    copyFile($b2);
	    copyFile($b3);
	    copyFile($b4);
	    copyFile($b5);
	}

    }

    # record the number of photos found in this folder
    $photosFound{$relativePath} = $photoCount;

}

sub copyFile() {
    my ($content) = @_;
    my $fileBaseName;
    my $dirName;
    my $fileExtension;
    my $newFileName;
    my $tmpFileName;

    ## check to see if the file is a photo, then copy it to destination
	    ($fileBaseName, $dirName, $fileExtension) = fileparse
                       ($content, ('\.[^.]+$') );
	    #print("\tFile bits are '$dirName', '$fileBaseName', '$fileExtension'\n");

	    if($fileExtension eq ".jpg" || $fileExtension eq ".JPG" || $fileExtension eq ".tif" || $fileExtension eq ".tiff") {
		$fileExtension = ".tiff" if ($fileExtension eq ".tif");		#use an extension I prefer

	    	# create the new file Name
	    	$newFileName = sprintf("%s%04d%s", $fileRootName, $fileNumber++, $fileExtension);

		# do the copy
		$tmpFileName = "$destFolder\\$relativePath\\$newFileName";
		#print("\t'$fileBaseName$fileExtension' -> '$tmpFileName'\n");
		$photoCount++;
		copy($content, "$tmpFileName") or die "File '$content' cannot be copied.";
	    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Django ValidationError not being raised; key not present in cleaned_data I have the following form fields on a ModelForm subclass:
forms.py
class ProjectUpdateForm(ModelForm):

    start_date = DateField(...)
    due_date = DateField(label="Due Date",
                         required=True,
                         widget=CustomDatePicker(),
                         validators=[validate_not_past])

    def clean(self):
        super().clean()    # Problem: this isn't this raising a ValidationError...
        start_date = self.cleaned_data.get('start_date')
        due_date = self.cleaned_data.get('due_date')
        if start_date > due_date:          # ...instead getting a TypeError from this line!
            raise ValidationError("Project Start Date cannot be after Project End Date")

validators.py
def validate_not_past(value):
    today = datetime.date.today()
    if value and value < today:
        raise ValidationError('This date cannot be in the past.', code='invalid')

Anytime that I enter a date in the past, the applications throws a TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'datetime.date' and 'NoneType' (see comments above for clarity).
After attempting to troubleshoot, the POST data comes in fine from the form.  The problem occurs because run_validators() is raising the ValidationError triggered by the validate_not_past, validator (above) as expected.  However, rather than raising the ValidationError, the self.cleaned_data dictionary just doesn't get a due_date key.
I can't figure out why I'm not getting a ValidationError raised. I can't find code elsewhere that catches it.
Thanks in advance.

A: The clean_method can ideally optionally return a dictionary (recommended) to return the cleaned_data. If you do this and are doing inheritance in Forms, you'll not face any errors. Currently, your ProjectUpdateForm is not utilizing it correctly to call the clean() method on the super-class. Your code will be fixed if you call it correctly like this:
class ProjectUpdateForm(ModelForm):

    start_date = DateField(...)
    due_date = DateField(label="Due Date",
                         required=True,
                         widget=CustomDatePicker(),
                         validators=[validate_not_past])

    def clean(self):
        cleaned_data = super().clean()
        start_date = cleaned_data.get('start_date')
        due_date = cleaned_data.get('due_date')
        if start_date and due_date and start_date > due_date:
            raise ValidationError("Project Start Date cannot be after Project End Date")
        return cleaned_data

Note here that I'm also checking start_date and due_date are not None before doing the comparison between them. It wasn't evident from your code if the start_date is also mandatory, so I added this additional check.
Finally, I'm also returning cleaned_data which is optional but recommended, since then it enables this form to be inherited in other forms without any worries of correctly propagating errors from the super-class forms.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Yesterday media from ABC was at Fairfax Community Church. At FCC, we have a woman, Loretta, who was an ABC White House correspondent for more than a decade. She's a devoted follower of Christ and also happens to be the wife of one of our Youth Pastors. She now leads this organization, Clarity Communications Group. Apparently a study is coming out which, in part, states that a majority of religious Americans believe that Jesus is not the only way to heaven. Tonight ABC World News Tonight with Charles Gibson is said to air a piece on this report as well as (to the best of my knowledge) a sampling of comments from interviews of people interviewed here at FCC yesterday following Sunday services.
Loretta called me Friday evening asking me to be one of those ABC talks to. My name came up because I'm "articulate" and "cool." That made me laugh. Maybe that should be what I request as my epitaph. Just throw in husband and father – "Here lies Andy. He was an articulate and cool husband and father." Yup, that'll work! Anyways, after I got off the phone with Loretta my mind immediately began filtering through my thoughts on the subject on whether Jesus is the only path to heaven and whether I have a personal relationship with God or something more abstract. I even called up one my closest friends who I did youth ministry and seminary with in Dallas to get his thoughts.
As it turned out, I never spoke with ABC. I was ready, standing outside after our first service, chewing the fat with people arriving for the second service, waiting my turn in front of the camera. Before getting to me ABC needed to wrap up. Funny but I wasn't bothered, upset, or disappointed, nor did I feel jipped. Of course I would have loved to share my thoughts but God reminded me while I was brushing my teeth Sunday morning that this wasn't about me at all. What God wanted to be revealed about himself would happen regardless of my involvement. So I was at peace before ever arriving at church. Not to say I wasn't nervous, but I was also cool with whatever would happen. And I would have shared this story here regardless of what went down yesterday morning. It just so happens this will be the only place that will be the avenue of what Andy Gingrich would have said to ABC. Tonight we'll hear what God allowed to be known.
I had thought that out before Sunday morning. But of course I wouldn't have been that articulate or sounded that cool in front of the camera.
I'm still taking up….evidenced by the fact that I just wrote "I'm still taking up." I think my brain's just a little woozy from small group saturation. Concurrently I'm learning how to and actually starting to interview potential group leaders, meeting and catching up with current leaders, helping develop a strategy for married and singles target events, while immersing myself in the ministry culture of FCC. Fortunately I'm doing none of the above on my own, well at least not yet. As I've already said and will say a million times, I'm part of an awesome team! I'm afraid a certain someone is ready to boot the little birdy out of the nest sooner than later assuming that birdy can fly. The birdy? Not so sure!
I'm sitting in the Great Room at Fairfax Community Church soaking in the reality that I'm actually sitting here in the Great Room at FCC. It's not so much an awe inspiring reality that I'm grappling with. Rather it's a contentedness that's found me over these past two weeks that is slowly convincing me of its realness. At the same time, I'm becoming convinced that it is easier to know when I am content than when I lack contentedness. When I'm discontent things just don't "feel right." There's always some part or parts of me that aren't healthy and that are compartmentalized (sometimes out of survival instincts). If enough time passes my sense of compassion erodes, patience is a burden, and self-preservation becomes my most coveted pursuit. Ultimately I begin struggling with my sense of identity because I've adapted into a survivor rather than a learner and a contributor.
Things are different now. I sense when I'm being selfish and I want to correct it, even apologize for it immediately. My self awareness is heightened because I feel the freedom and the encouragement to be myself. I feel I can trust those around me and be trusted by them. And I feel loved and appreciated explicitly.
It's been almost two weeks since I came on staff at FCC but it's been seven years since I've felt the way I'm feeling right now. While I didn't notice it right away, I felt trapped in seminary and I began to become something very different from who I knew myself to be. I thought after graduation that I'd been freed only to realize I went from one trap to another of a different kind. The environment and reasons were different but the result was the same. For years I've told students that you can only become who you're currently becoming. I don't like who've I've been becoming over the past seven years.
FCC has a high value on giftedness and they hire in such a way that takes the greater group dynamic into consideration while also placing their staff in a position to exercise their gifts to enhance the quality of the staff, the local congregation and whoever may fall into their sphere of influence. What I'm absolutely giddy about is that I have a much clearer picture of who I am now than I did 7 years ago. I have people around me who are intent on developing my strengths and helping manage my weaknesses well. I am excited about becoming a different person; in some respects the person I once was becoming and in other respects a different person altogether. Most of all I'm focused on being the husband and father that I want to be.
I'm content and I'm healing.


Lego display shelf lego room makeover pinterest, lego display shelf do it yourself home projects from ana, i wanted to do something like corner shelves for lego. Ana white lego display shelves diy projects. 1000 ideas about lego display on pinterest lego boys.


text:
Ha iniziato a praticare l'atletica leggera nel 2008. Nel 2016 ha esordito nella nazionale mauritana prendendo parte alla gara degli 800 metri piani ai Giochi olimpici di Rio de Janeiro, senza però riuscire ad approdare in semifinale. Nel 2021 è tornata a competere ai Giochi olimpici di Tokyo, ma nei 100 metri piani, dove è stata eliminata durante i turni preliminari.

Palmarès

Collegamenti esterni


The BJP government published an infographic on the 48-months portal that makes two claims about the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). This article is a fact check of the claims.
What is the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)?
A response to a question in the Lok Sabha in March 2016 states that 'the existing crop insurance scheme namely, National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) with its three component schemes viz. Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS), Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) & Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS) and National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) have been comprehensively reviewed and Government of India has recently approved the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) which would replace the existing schemes of National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) & Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) from ensuing Kharif 2016. Government has also circulated the Operational Guidelines of the new scheme on the basis of which the scheme would be actually implemented by all the stakeholders including States/UTs, insurance companies, financial institutions etc.' In other words, the existing schemes related to crop insurance have been merged to launch one integrated scheme by the current government in 2016.
How many farmers have been covered under the scheme? Is it the biggest scheme till date?
The first claim is that PMFBY is the 'biggest financial support till date in crop insurance where 4.05 crore farmers are covered'.
According to an answer in Lok Sabha in December 2018, the total number of farmers enrolled in PMFBY in 2016-17 was 5.73 crores while it was 5.18 crores for 2017-18 (mainly Kharif 2017). The total number of beneficiaries (farmers whose claims are processed) in 2016-17 & 2017-18 is 4.65 crores.
It is not clear as to what the government means by 'biggest financial support in crop insurance till date'. If this is about the number of farmers insured, the number has grown even during the UPA from 2.62 crore farmers insured in 2009-10 to 3.3 crores in 2012-13.
Claim: Biggest financial support till date in crop insurance where 4.05 crore farmers are covered.
Fact: The total number of farmers enrolled in PMFBY in 2016-17 was 5.73 crores while it was 5.18 crores for 2017-18 (mainly Kharif 2017). The total number of beneficiaries (farmers whose claims are processed) in 2016-17 & 2017-18 is 4.65 crores. However, it is not clear as to what the government means by 'biggest financial support in crop insurance till date'. If this is about the number of farmers insured, the number has grown even during the UPA from 2.62 crore farmers insured in 2009-10 to 3.3 crores n 2012-13. Hence, the claim is PARTLY TRUE.
How much land has been insured at what amount?
The second claim is that '379.06 lakh hectares of land is insured for a sum of Rs. 1,31,519 crores'.
This claim needs to be verified in two parts. The first part is about the extent of land (area) insured. According to an answer in Lok Sabha in July 2017, the three schemes in operation during the UPA were National Agriculture Insurance scheme (NAIS), the modified National Agriculture Insurance scheme (MNAIS) and the Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS). For Kharif 2013, the total extent of land insured (area) under these three schemes was 276.7 lakh hectares whereas under the modified PMFBY, the extent of land insured for Kharif 2016 was 385.3 lakh hectares. However, the extent of land insured for Kharif 2017 has dropped to 340.5 lakh hectares, a decrease of more than 10%. If the government's claim is about Kharif 2016, then the number if true. However, there has been more than a 10% drop in Kharif 2017.
The second part is about the total sum insured. As per the PMFBY website, the total sum insured for Kharif 2016 was Rs. 1,31,387.6 crores where as it decreased to Rs. 1,29,912.8 crores in Kharif 2017. But the sum insured has been continuously increasing during various governments. The total sum insured increased from Rs. 43,466 crores in 2009-10 to Rs. 65,340 crores in 2012-13. Even during the current government, it increased from Rs. 82,032 crores in 2014-15 to Rs. 1,91,634 crores in 2017-18.
Fact: The first part of the claim is TRUE since the extent of land insured for Kharif 2016 was 385.3 lakh hectares. However, the extent of land insured for Kharif 2017 has dropped to 340.5 lakh hectares, a decrease of more than 10%. Assuming that the second part of the claim is talking about Kharif 2016, the total sum insured for Kharif 2016 was Rs. 1,31,387.6 crores. Hence the claim is TRUE. However, it has decreased to Rs. 1,29,912.8 crores in Kharif 2017.


The other day, I received an email from a colleague that began: "Because I'm invested in your success…" and then she went on to give me a very useful tip for how I could entice more people to read my blog. I was blown away more by her saying "I'm invested in your success" than the actual tip even though it was extremely useful.
Do you have people in your life who are invested in your success? How many people can you honestly name who you feel invested in?
Most of us artists and entrepreneurs work alone. We don't like making our work by committee. It's one of the reasons we hope we don't ever have to get a "real job" ever again. But one of the nice things about a real job is that you have colleagues and maybe even a boss who's "invested in your success." If it's a good job with a good company, you're on a team where everyone is helping each other do their best work.
How can you build these partnerships and teams into your life so that you can all help each other move forward?
I have several groups that I participate in: One is a group of four solo business owners who meet once a month with a leader who we pay, another is a group of six women who meet once a month without a leader and a third group is my writing group that meets haphazardly to critique and support each other as writers. I also have a dozen individuals who I consider close colleagues.
My career would not be the same without these groups and these people. I have such fondness for each of them. If I receive a request from any of them, I make it a priority to help them unless I am completely swamped. Why do I do this? It's because I'm invested in their success. When they succeed I get goose bumps! When I succeed, they're the first people I want to tell.
This weekend, ask yourself: whose success are you invested in? Who in your circle is invested in your success? If not enough names pop to mind, it might be time to join a peer group or a group led by a professional coach.
Maybe it's time to write a note of appreciation or encouragement to somebody whose success would give you goose bumps.
You're an artist. Give yourself enough time to really see.


Rectus capitis posterior minor goes from the middle of the posterior arch of the atlas to the occiput.
The Rectus Capitis Posterior minor (RCPmi) is connected to the cervical spinal dura mater via the Myodural Bridge (MDB) through the posterior antlanto-occipital interspace.
Occipital neuralgia - Characterized by chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head and behind the eyes. These areas correspond to the locations of the lesser, greater and dorsal occipital nerves.
Enix, D.E., Scali, F., Pontell, M.E. (2014) The cervical myodural bridge, a review of literature and clinical implications. J Can Chiropr Assoc.
Palomeque-Del-Cerro, L., Arráez-Aybar, L. A., Rodríguez-Blanco, C., Guzmán-García, R., Menendez-Aparicio, M., & Oliva-Pascual-Vaca, Á. (2016). A Systematic Review of the Soft-Tissue Connections Between Neck Muscles and Dura Mater. Spine.
Simon, M. J., & Iliff, J. J. (2016). Regulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in neurodegenerative, neurovascular and neuroinflammatory disease. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease.
Xu, Q., Yu, S., Zheng, N., Yuan, X., Chi, Y., Liu, C., . . . Sui, H. (2016). Head movement, an important contributor to human cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Scientific Reports.
Yuan, X., Yu, S., Liu, C., Xu, Q., Zheng, N., Zhang, J., . . . Sui, H. (2016). Correlation between chronic headaches and the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle: A comparative analysis of cross-sectional trail. Cephalalgia.


text:
Donald Trump – Prescript
Tom Friedman, a leading columnist at the New York Times, has suggested the Republicans should have gone into bankruptcy protection instead of allowing Donald Trump to succeed in his unfriendly takeover of the party. For the GOP had become morally bankrupt. It had allowed Tea Party extremists to dictate a non-engagement in the politics of dialogue and compromise in favour of political blackmail and extremist rhetoric. Existing representatives who did not toe the extremist line were attacked mercilessly in primaries.
The Republican Party had become a movement intolerant of dissent and differences, whether the issue was gun control, climate change or the nuclear deal with Iran. It is now reaping what it has sown. This was a direct challenge to Mitch McConnell, the Republican Senate majority leader, who declared that Donald Trump is "not going to change the Republican Party" or "the basic philosophy of the party." Ironically, he may have been correct because the GOP no longer seems to have a basic philosophy.
It once did. It was a party that stood for fiscal conservatism, that is, only spend what you take in from taxes and try to reduce the tax burden, But Ronald Reagan destroyed that trademark, though the principle continued to persist rhetorically. Conservatives, especially Ronald Reagan, were committed to Pax Americana and America as the leading policeman of the world, George W. Bush practiced the principle in excess and destroyed the brand. Trump has buried that principle for he believes in bludgeoning allies and not just retreating from alliances, in making deals and toadying up to tyrants in a world sewn together by money rather than trust and relationships that promote security and world order. Conservatives were committed to limited government and emphasized individual liberty; Donald Trump has demonstrated that he respects might and bullying not rights and respect. Further, he has openly advocated spying and reporting on neighbours you regard with suspicion. If people do not do this, they should be penalized.
The GOP was committed to moral conservativism, upholding traditional values and reinforcing the centrality of the family as the core of Republican virtues. Narcissism is not a conservative virtue. Competing for boasting rights is not a conservative virtue. Donald Trump with his irreverence for any establishment, with his shatter gun attacks on individuals, with his appeals to fear rather than any sense of honour or dignity, with his malicious malignancy, is in the process of incinerating this last foundation of Republican conservatism. Donald Trump is the dancing champion of all champions, a Muhammad Ali, but of mendacity rather than courage and truth.
Now fiscal and traditional conservatives have a hard time grasping and even supporting Donald Trump as their presumptive candidate, someone who attacks both free trade and minorities with his populist ethnic nationalism – or really, anti-ethnic nationalism – while promoting a foreign policy that, at one and the same time, lauds a strengthened America but agrees with President Obama that America should abandon its role as the world's policeman as he encourages nations in troubled areas to assume responsibility for their own self-defence. Together, Donald Trump and Barack Obama have destroyed the vision of Pax Americana that has governed American foreign policy for the last sixty years. Obama preaches the policy cautiously. Trump does so recklessly, but even then few notable Republicans – Mitt Romney and David Johnson, an Iowa state senator – can be counted among the few exceptions to show the emperor has no clothes.
But the largest acts of self-destruction have come in domestic policy as a blowback from President Bush's invasion of Iraq as a response to the 9/11 Islamic extremist terrorist attacks on American soil. A news item published by Arutz Sheva this morning (http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/213567#.V1-1J_krJyE) was headlined, "Canadian PM ignores Islamic identity of Orlando shooter." It began, "Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau issued an official statement condemning the 'mass shooting' in Orlando, but avoided mentioning the fact that the terrorist was a devout Muslim who apparently had ties to terrorist organizations." Of course, it is not a fact that Omar Mateen was a devout Muslim, though he did attend his local mosque fairly regularly. Interviews with friends and acquaintances on CNN indicated that, in many senses, he did not seem to be devout at all. Further, it is also not a fact that he had ties to terrorist organizations, even though he declared his loyalty to ISIS and ISIS took responsibility for the slaughter. The Orlando investigation thus far suggests that there is, "No clear evidence that he was directed externally." Early indications point in the direction that he was a lone wolf, perhaps inspired by radical Islam, but a definitive answer will await the full investigation.
Trudeau called the attack a "domestic terror attack targeting the LGBTQ community." It was domestic in two senses. The attack took place on American soil rather than overseas. The attacker was born in the U.S. By avoiding the reference to Islam (both Trudeau and Obama), these leaders want to avoid the equation of terrorism with Islam and reinforce the view that the vast majority of Muslims are law abiding citizens. Their message also has a foreign policy dimension. They both recognize that both Muslim moderates and Muslim dissidents who aspire to achieve democracy and rights for millions of Muslims offer the best defence against Islamic extremists. Dissidents and moderates only desire to practice their faith without being threatened by non-Muslims who would paint the whole community with an extremist brush. The same members of the Muslim community do not want to be led down the pathway of destruction of both their community and fellow-citizens by bowing before the dictates of Muslim fanatics.
Even though I do not avoid the phrase, "Islamic radicals," I understand why a political leader might do so, particularly when one candidate for the presidency of the United States blatantly justifies keeping all Muslims out of the United States because some are terrorists and, even more, insists that Omar Mateen was foreign-born in spite of the widespread news already out that he was born in New York. He also promotes neighbour surveillance of Muslims. As Michael Oren, a current Kulanu member of the Knesset and former Israeli ambassador to the U.S., has said, the LGBTQ club massacre will be used to strengthen and reinforce Donald Trump's anti-Islam message even though the LGBTQ movement and Muslim organizations were allies in fighting bigotry and hatred in Orlando.
Yet Trump used his twitter postings to reinforce the threat of Islamic immigration because it could permit Islamic terrorists to get into the U.S. In doing so, he attracts the support of leftists like George Galloway in Britain, who calls Trump a monster but declares Hillary Clinton to be the bigger monster. Trump also attracts rightists like Donald Duke in the U.S., who is less ambivalent than Galloway in his praise. Both Galloway and Duke, like Trump, are strong supporters of the big lie and the politics of fear.
When Begin and Shamir (both future Prime Minsters) were very active terrorists in attacking the British in Palestine in 1947, how would you feel if international news organizations referred to those events as acts of "Jewish terrorism"? And some did describe them that way at the time. Shamir's men even killed the Swedish Count Folke Bernadotte, the UN-appointed mediator, on the grounds that they believed (erroneously as it turned out) that he was a British spy. Begin and Shamir they were right-wing terrorists who happened to be Jewish, not Jewish terrorists.
The question of equating a larger group as a whole (Muslims, Arabs, Jews) with terrorism because of the actions of a few became acute for me in a discussion I had Sunday morning with a very old friend when I attended a Bat Mitzvah on Shavuot. She (this old friend) responded to a remark made by my beginning an attack on Trump's position. It quickly became apparent that this individual might be a strong Trump supporter. She certainly seemed sympathetic to his plan to ban entry to the U.S. of Muslims and expressed her deep worry that Muslims, who have been brought up and taught to hate Jews according to her, would pose a dire threat over the long run to the Jewish community in the future. Even if most members of the Muslim community were not terrorists themselves, she might admit, it seemed that she was also sympathetic to Trump's actions and strategy of reinforcing fear.
Trump claimed that, although many people thought the Orlando mass murderer was freaky, "They knew that something like this would happen. The Muslim community does not report these people." The immigration of Muslim refugees into the US is described by Trump as the "all-time Trojan horse." Trump blasted local Muslim leaders for not exposing "bad apples" with inclinations towards radicalism. "They don't report these people," said Trump during an interview on Fox News. "The people know who the bad apples are, where the bad seeds are. And they don't report them."
The fact is that the FBI investigated Omar Mateen at least twice and, given current U.S. law, could not even prevent him acquiring an assault rifle. This simple fact was a matter of indifference to Trump. He still supports current gun legislation and, instead, would take away the rights of law-abiding Muslims and Muslim foreigners. Trump insisted, "Believe me, the community recognizes the people that have the potential to explode." Why anyone would believe Donald Trump given his record of serial lying is almost beyond understanding. The evidence thus far indicates that a few acquaintances did recognize Mateen's explosive and angry personality, but never linked that with potential terrorism. Perhaps more data will come out in the investigation that might alter this initial judgement, but so far the investigation offers no evidence to support Donald Trump's claims.
The only fact that seems absolutely clear is that even before the victims of America's worst mass shooting have been buried, a war has broken out over how to understand and narrate what happened. The act was an expression of Muslim radicals. The other camp, "The attack seemed to be an attack by a deranged individual who happened to be Muslim and referred to radical Islamicists to justify his actions. He certainly seemed to have harboured a long-standing antipathy towards the gay community. And it is not clear whether or not he was possibly at war with his own repressed homosexual proclivities.
After all, there have been radical Islamic-inspired attacks, such as the slaughter in San Bernardino last December in which two radicalized Muslims murdered 14 civilians. On the other hand, of the 155 mass shootings in America this year alone, the overwhelming number have been killings by a lone gunman with easy access to automatic weapons and with no connections to Islam. But somehow the shooting in Orlando is claimed as falling into a totally separate category from the attack on school children in Newton, Connecticut. Or the attack by a white racist, Dylan Root, on a Black southern church, the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, a young white racist who, coincidentally was arraigned yesterday.
Most observers agree that the attack served the Trump campaign, reinforcing his narrative in spite of it being based on outright lies. At the very least, it took the heat away from Trump because of his outlandish criticisms of a judge of Mexican heritage, Gonzalo Curiel, who was in charge of a trial of fraud, breach of contract, negligent representation and bad faith of the now defunct Trump University, all of which charges could be directed at Donald Trump himself. Was Trump going on the attack to deflect possible deeper criticism of his shenanigans? There was virtually no chance that the judge could or would be removed.
Rasmea Odeh is a Palestinian being tried for immigration fraud because she had not included in her application for immigration that she had been charged with terrorism and spent time in an Israeli jail. She tried to get Paul Berman, the Jewish judge assigned to her case, removed because of presumed bias. Of course, on the principle of judicial independence and the principle of impartiality he was not. Nor will Curiel be removed. In Donald Trump's logic, no judge of any background or any ethnicity or any decent belief should be able to try him given his shotgun approach to those who disagree with him. Any judge who belonged to a group could be accused of bias against him given that his attacks have been so wide. A woman judge, on his logic, could not try him. Certainly no Hispanic judge could. If he goes on with his political campaign founded on insult, he could make himself immune to any prosecution – which may have been his forlorn hope all along.
Thomas Friedman had written that, "Today's G.O.P. is to governing what Trump University is to education – an ethically challenged enterprise that enriches and perpetuates itself by shedding all pretense of standing for real principles, or a truly relevant value perspective, and instead plays on the ignorance and fears of the public." The Republican party's mess of incoherent policies bear no relationship to "where the world is going or how America actually becomes great again in the 21st century." As such, Donald Trump is the appropriate standard bearer.
Did the massacre in Orlando serve to stem the outflow of Conservatives who could no longer stomach the idea of voting for someone so antithetical to both the value of truth and the U.S. constitutional provisions protecting human rights, to a candidate so utterly ignorant of foreign policy and so racist in his mentality? House Speaker Paul Ryan, a presumptive supporter of Trump, admitted as much although Trump may perhaps not be racist in his practices. Nevertheless, his proposals to erect walls to protect America are so impractical that they could only be offered as metaphors for stirring up fear. For Trump, in the aftermath of Orlando, there was no sympathy expressed for the victims, only news that he had been supposedly prescient while insisting that it did not matter whether he was right. The incident "proved" the need to make America strong again. The leaps in illogic are impossible to fathom.
There is no reason to separate Omar Mateen's motives and determine whether his actions were propelled by Islamic extremism or by hatred of gays. (His father: Omer's rage was excited when he observed two men kissing – he would have observed many given his frequent visits to the Pulse Club. In either case, it does not matter whether the prime motive was radical Islam and/or his attraction/revulsion toward the gay community. The reality is that there is no need to choose between the two motives since ISIS throws suspected gays off rooftops.
It was very noticeable that Hillary Clinton called Mateen's crime a "terror" attack and not a hate crime as she tacks right to cut off Donald Trump, just as she tacked left to cut off Bernie Sanders and, thereby, added weight to the distrust directed at her.
Donald Trump now claims he is the only candidate trying to protect gays and that he is the best friend gays could ever have because he is committed to protecting them as Americans. Almost all gays seem not to have taken this bait and continue to recognize that any attack on any minority is a threat to them. First the Muslims. Then Mexicans. Then gays. And then once again Jews? The failure to recognize the latter is an important part of my distress at my old friend's sympathy for Trump's Muslim exclusionary rhetoric at the Bat Mitzvah.
Of course, the real fear is of any minority being attacked and maligned because of the behaviour of some. This does not mean that the behaviour of the small number of mass murderers that are Islamic has no connection with Islam any more than the claim that Begin's and Shamir's acts had nothing to do with Judaism or Jews as an ethnic group. Of course they did. So do the slaughters of radical Islamicists. But a whole community should not be singled out because of the acts of a few. With the many ethnic slurs, Trump attacked the new Islamic mayor of London, who, coincidentally, happens to be a friend and supporter of the British Jewish community. Canada's best current mayor, Naheed Nenshi in Calgary, could be Trump's next target.
In the pre-WWI period, when there were very large numbers of Jewish immigrants, President Theodore Roosevelt welcomed them with open arms. One hundred years later, the Twenty-First Century began with so much optimism. The era quickly went down the wrong path with the Iraq War and with the near collapse of the American economy. America tried to reverse consolidating that misguided route. However, as the candidate for the Republican Party assaults the fundamental values of pluralism and immigration, of democracy and the rule of law, of free trade and America's responsibility to and for the global world, one does not so much fear extremist Muslims as fear for America.
t's also worth recalling that the Russian pogroms that sent those thousands of Jews to Teddy Roosevelt and Clifford Sifton's arms were justified by Tsarist authorities as retaliations against "Jewish terrorists" who happened to be anarchists after the assassination of Alexander II. One of the accomplices, Gesya Gelfman, was born in a Jewish home. True. The rest were self-identified atheists (as was Gelfman). That did not stop the wanton anti-Semitism.
Then, when Jewish self-defense organizations started to pop up, Alexander III unleashed three years of sustained assault, especially in Ukraine.
Meanwhile, Jewish leaders in Berlin, London, and Paris were slow to speak out — for fear that they would draw out more anti-Semitism in the Pale and at home. Eventually they did speak. But it took time, and what they said was often muted.
Things got even worse in 1903 — with the same cycle: blame Jews as terrorists so you can rape, slaughter, and remove them. When they try to defend themselves, mow them down. In public, before shooting squads if at all possible.
October 17, 1905, Tsar's Nicholas II "Manifesto" unleashed even more reprisals, especially where Jews worked in factories and ports, as the government used the promises to reform as cover to restore order with a mailed fist.
At a Bat Mitzvah, this history should be told.
Dear Howard I read your article very carefully. I recently spent some time in the USA and took part in many Current events discussions. I have never seen the United States so divided. Whether we like it or not, every attack in the US gives Trump another Million Voters. During the few month I spent there, I noticed a definite change from a huge lead by Hillary to almost even. The real problem —the American public has to choose the lesser of two evils. I was asked to speak several times and people asked why are you as a Canadian interested in the US elections. My answer? Whoever Sits in The White house is not only The president of the United States, but should also be the Leader of the Free World. This has not been the case. Leaders cannot lead from behind. That is one of the reasons why TRUMP is now so popular. Every new attack on the USA will help Trump and almost make it certain, like it or not, that Trump will be President of The United States. My best wishes
Everything Howard says I can agree with and we have heard political analysts who have said the same thing…at times in more detail of Trump's quotes and Hillary's change of tactics. But when I come to the last line…"fear for America", I feel a sense of rejecting that notion. In the darkest of times, war, civil war and untold challenges to civil rights and a great Depression, there have been those who spelled doom and gloom that America could never recover or even survive. True, there are people…Americans….who doubted before and doubt again the survival of the principles that founded America, that the experiment was or is coming to be over in failure, that collapse was and is imminent. And that "fear for America" seems justified to be considered as real. I totally disagree.
This country has an inherent will to survive. A stubborn, illogical sense not to surrender. A steadfast faith with no evidence to make it so that faith in the unique, complicated system, and faith in the founders who still live in the ideas and principles, will endure. That this optimism I state here can see its darkest days, true, but there will always be the faith that it will survive and prosper and inherently lead the world as a light in the dark…not for countries but for mankind to be free. So we must fight enemies from abroad and fight enemies from within over and over again and again….as if to redefine and prove it again and again…to prove the idea of America.
All this optimism….all this blind faith….all this intangible stand for the right against the wrong….is built into the fiber of this country. And so we will win. If ISIS attacks again and again…we will find a way to win. If Trump is elected and in his insanity works to unravel the character of this country…we will find a way to restore and have it be right again. And to win is to shut the door on threats. To win is to discover ourselves and like to establish a course, a foundation…to debate again the meaning of this idea…this country called America.
So the last line of Howard's dissertation…..should not be fear, but a path to rebirth that is inevitable.
Robert and Wendell
This entry was posted in Diplomacy, Ethics, Iran, Obama, Politics, Religion, Social and Political Musings and tagged Conservatism, gays, Islamic Extremism, Muslims, Omar Mateen, Orlando, Principles, Republican Party.
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