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The Jats - Their Role in the Mughal Empire/Chapter I
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The Jats - Their Role in the Mughal Empire The book by Dr Girish Chandra Dwivedi, Edited by Dr Vir Singh 2003.
Chapter I: The Jat Uprising of 1669
Gokula, the leader of Jat Uprising
[p.15]: Paradoxical though it might appear and strange though it might seem, the Jat uprising of 1669 under Gokula occurred at a time when the Mughal government was by no means weak or imbecile. In fact this period of Aurangzeb's reign witnessed the climax of the Mughal Empire.1, during the early medieval period frequent breakdown of law and order often induced the Jats to adopt a refractory course. 2 But, with the establishment of the Mughal rule, law and order was effectively established and we do not come across any major Jat revolt during the century and a half proceeding the reign of Aurangzeb.
1 Causes of the revolt
2 Changed nature and scope of the Mughal government
3 The economic factors
4 Frequent transfer of the jagirs
5 Collusion between the Jat cultivators and the Jat zamindars
6 Promotion of Islamic practices
7 Temple demolition policy
8 The outbreak of the rebellion
9 Aftermath of the Rebellion
Causes of the revolt
The underlying causes of the Jat revolt of 1669 have not been properly analyzed so far. Historians have generally ascribed the said rebellion to Aurangzeb's religious discrimination and the oppression of local officers. 3 These, however seem to have been the contributory causes but neither the sole nor the dominant factors which precipitated the revolt.
Long before Aurangzeb even the bigotry of Firuz Tughluq and Sikandar Lodi4 did not provoke the Jats for any such rebellion. It leaves the impression that religious persecution of the Emperor was not responsible for the Jat insurrection. When Jiziya was imposed ten years later, it did not create a similar stir among the Jats and the outrageous conduct5 of the imperial officers seldom provoked a revolt of this magnitude. Hence, the real causes of the Jat rebellion of 1669 lay deeper than have been assigned-to it so far.	- ----
1. J.N. Sarkar, History of, Aurangzib (Calcutta: 1912), I, Introduction, XI-XIII; F.X. Wendel, Memoires des Jats, 10.
2. For details, Sarkar, Aurangzib, I, Introduction, XXVIII f.
3. K.R. Qanungo, History of the Jats (Calcutta: 1925),34; Sarkar, Aurangzib, III, 291-294; vide also Gokul Chandra Dikshit, Brajendra Vansha Bhaskar (Agra: 1983 V.S.), II; YP. Shastri Jat Kshatriya Jtihas (Hardwar; 1944),73-76; Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, 629; U.N. Sharma, Itihas, 88 ff
4. For treatment of the Hindus under Firuz Tughlug, see Tarikh-i-Firozshahi, in Elliot, (Allahabad edition), III, 365-377 and for destruction of temples by Sikandar Lodi, see Tarikh-i-Daudi, in Elliot, IV, 447.
5. Niccolao Manucci, Storia Do Mogor, trans. William Irvine (Calcutta: 1966), II, 424; Bernier, Travels in Mogul Empire, trans. A. Constable (Delhi: 1968), 231, Satish Chandra, Uttar Mughal Kalin Bharat Ka Itihas, 10.
Changed nature and scope of the Mughal government
[p.16]: One of the main causes may be sought in the changed nature and scope of the Mughal government under Aurangzeb6 which was detrimental to the democratic and tribal way of life of the Jat fraternity. Akbar assiduously tried to build a comprehensive state based on religious and social freedom, respect for village autonomy and willing acquiescence of the people at large.7 The nature of the Mughal despotism generally retained its previous character under Jahangir.8 In spite of Shahjahan's intolerant attitude in the beginning, the government in his times also displayed a "sense of justice" and kept the interests of the people in its view.9
But, with the accession of Aurangzeb, the comprehensive nature of the state gradually yielded to a narrow an over-cenrralized despotic regime.10 A despotic system rests upon the personality of the ruler which motivates the entire administrative machinery.11 Aurangzeb was gifted among therqualitiess with an astonishing industry, a dogged perseverance and an indomitable will. This bred in him a deep distrust of an intolerance for others, a narrow outlook, a "one track mind" and a passion to personally "supervise every minute detail of administration."12 Theoretically, the basis of the despotism remained the same as under Akbar, but in practice Aurangzeb's personal character and his ideal of the state moulded it into an over centralized autocracy.13 The enlightened and generous outlook of Akbar caring for all his people alike,14 gave way to a narrow political outlook.
The over-centralized set-up, accompanied by the 'narrow outlook of the ruler, was naturally antagomstic to the tribal and democratic outlook of the Jats. An instinctive attachment to democratic ways and a "sturdy independence" have throughout been their chief characteristics. They have a pronounced aversion to external interference and have been accustomed to self governance of their internal affairs.16 The tendency to settle everything pertaining to their
6. Sarkar, Auranztb, I, Introduction, xv.
7. Beni Prasad, History of Jahangir (London: 1930), 88 ff.
8. Ibid., 444f.
9. B.P. Saksena, History of Shahjahan of Delhi (Allahabad: 1938),269,271 and 296.
10. Sarkar Aurangzib (Calcutta: 1924), V, 455,457. 477f., see also III, 216.
11. J.N. Sarkar Mughal Administration , II, 16 and 254.
12. For details see Sarkar, Aurangzib, I, Introduction, XV, vol. V. 1,2, 455ff., also studies in Mughal India (Calcutta: 1919), 60-63, Anecdotes of Aurangzeb (Calcutta: 1925). 59, 107; Storia, II, 309, 366 and 371; Ishwari Prasad, A Short History of Muslim Rule in India (1st ed. Allahabad). 728ft.
13. M Athar Ali, The Nobility Under Aurangzeb (Asia Publishing House: 1966), 95; Sarkar, Aurangzib, V, 477ff., Vol. III. 248-264 et passim: Mughal Administration, 18; H.G.Keene, The Mughal Empire (London: 1866), 27; Ishwari Prasad, op. cil., 721 and 732.
14.	A.L. Srivastava, 'Akbar's Theory of Kingship'. Journal of Indian History, 1962.
15.	The Punjab Castes, 102.
16.	A.I1 Bingley, SIkhs (Simla: IS99), II, says, "From the earliest times, Jats have been remarkable for their rejection of the monarchical principle and their strong partiality for self governing commonwealth".
[p. 17]: daily life in accordance with their cherished ideals has been, and still is, in vogue among them. Unfortunately, we do not have any contemporary written evidence about the Jats of the Mathura region during the time of Aurangzeb. But the evidence of their tribal and democratic practices has come down to us in respect of certain other regions.17 The Jats being a homogeneous people, it would not be unfair to believe that those in perview also breathed almost, the similar spirit. Giving due regard to their tradition customs and laws, Akbar issued two firmans, dated 8th Ramzan, 987 A.H. and 11 th Ramzan, 989 A.H. granting internal freedom to the clan-councils of the Jats of thee Upper Doab region in religious matters and "to carry out their functions according to their ancient customs and laws".18 Akbar's sagacious policy seems to have been followed until the time of Shah Jahan. Jahangir sometimes showed the top Jat leaders the unique favour of calling them to his audience and giving khilats.19 But Aurangzeb, reversed this policy. He "restricted the activities" of then customary Institutions.This, along with his religious fanaticism, created "concern"among the Jats. They discussed the Issue in a meeting at Chhaprauli (1718 V.S.) and decided to protest against the new laws and pleaded for the reversion of the policy of the Delhi Court.20 We have no information about Aurangzeb's specific treatment of the Jats of Mathura. But, on the basis of his dealings with the Jats of the Uper Doab region, it may be inferred that the former also suffered a similar encroachment upon their cherished customary rights was by itself a matter of resentment for the tribal Jats. And, as it came after the spell of Akbar's liberal treatment, the feeling of resentment must have been deep and strong.
The courageous Jats, who had reminisences of their republican past and who still retained that spirit, could hardly afford to remain quiet before an immensely centralized system based on a narrow outlook which threatened to devour their traditional tribal and democratic way.
17. The clan groups of the Jats of the Upper Doab region managed their own affairs, military, political, religious, social and economic, in medieval times. M.C. Pradhan, The Political System of the Jats of Northern India (Oxford: 1966), chapter IV, V. The Jats of Rajputana and central and eastern Panjab had organised small republics; Bingley, Sikhs, I.
18. Akbar's farmans quoted by M.C. Pradhan, op. cit., 97.
19. Mandate of Jahangir, dated 3rd Rabi I, 1030 A.H. referred to by M.C. Pradhan, op. cit., 98, 112.
20. Kanha Ram (Hindi Ms., Muzaffarnagar Records), 17; The date of the meeting IS, however, wrong because by that time (i.e. 1661 A.D.), the Jiziya, referred to in the proceedings of the Federal Council meeting, had not been imposed.
The economic factors
[p.18]: Probably, not less significant was the role of the economic factors in leading the Jat peasantry to rebellion. In actual operation the Mughal revenue assignment system was extremely harmful to the interests of the peasants and the Empire itself.21 As the proprietor of land, the Emperor assigned a certain piece of land to the officials in lieu of their pay and also to enable them to defray the expenses over their troops, on condition of their paying a sum to the Emperor out of the surplus revenue. Such grants were called jagirs.22 Since they were mainly grants of revenue out of which the holders (who were usually mansabdars) maintained their quota of troops for the Empire, the tendency was to fix revenue at the highest possible rate almost equal to the surplus produce.23 Even this high rate went on increasing with the passage of time.24 Under the circumstances, the peasants were financially hit very hard.25 They were usually left with the barest minimum needed for supporting their lives.26
Frequent transfer of the jagirs
What added further to the hardships of the cultivators was the frequent transfer of the jagirs to different assignees. The jagirdars,held their jagirs at the pleasure of the Emperor. Bhimsen remarks, "There is no hope of a jagir being left with the same officer next year."27 This constant insecurity of the tenure of office proved unfortunate in two ways. Firstly it offered little incentive to the holders to exert for alleviating the distress of their tenantry. Instead it led them to employ all possible tactics to extort money from the peasantry.28 Secondly, quite often at the time of the transfer the hard hit peasants of the same jagir were pressurized to pay the same sum twice, first to the collectors of the outgoing jagirdar and then to those of the incoming one. Thus this system ended in a "mad looting" of the peasants by the rival collectors.29The consequences were worse if a jagir was farmed out. Bhimsen points out, "when a jagirdar sends a collector to his jagir, he first takes an advance from the latter by way of loan. This collector, on arriving in the village, fearing lest a second man who had given a larger loan to the jagirdar was following (to supplant him), does not hesitate to collect the rent with every oppression".30
21. Bernier, 225-226; Sarkar, Auranzib, V. 452-453.
22. Bernier, 224.
23. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India (Bombay: 1963), 318f.
24. Ibid, 320.
26. I. Habib, op. cit., 319, Sarkar, Mughal Administration, 80.
27. Dilkusha by Bhimsen, quoted by Sarkar, Aurangzib, Y, 453; Bernier, 227.
28. I. Habib, op.cit., 320; Bernier, 227.
29. Sarkar, Aurangzib, V, 446-447, 452-453; I. Habib, op.cit., 268.
30. Dilkusha, op.cit., V, 453; Khafi Khan also testifies to the oppression of the revenue collectors in his time. Khafi Khan, I, 157-158.
[p.19]: If the report of Khan-i-Dauran to Aurangzib is any indication, the lot of the peasants attached to Khalisa was by no means better either.31 And if the peasants refused to pay the revenue, very severe punishment was meted out to them. At times they were left with no other option than to sell their women, children and cattle, or to run away from their home to avoid extermination through-ill- treatment.32 It is not that the Mughal government did not take measures to prevent their exploitation. But the measures were often inadequate and the officers generally discovered a way out to perpetuate their unusual excesses.33 Thus the grievances of the peasantry generally went unredressed.34
In its actual operation Mughal assignment system became extremely "ruinous to the peasants and ultimately harmful to the interests of the Empire".35 The exploitation by the collectors increased as the time went on.36 At last a stage was reached when "excessive acts of oppression" by the officers could lead some of the peasants to shifting their hand from plough to the sword,37 as happened in the case of the Jats following the atrocities of Abdun Nabi. We know it on the testimony of Shah Waliullah that "the cultivators of the villages between Delhi and Akbarabad were of the Jat Caste".38 Wendel also refers to the rack-renting of the tenants but is not sure if the Jats resorted to lawlessness around Agra as a retaliation against oppression or as a means to gratify their lust for further gains.39
Against this background, it was quite natural for the Jats to ventilate their resentment over the prevailing assignment system as agriculture occupied the uppermost place in their life. "To be a Jat is to be a ploughman",40 is the testimony of the French Missionary F.X. Wendel, who lived among the Jats under study for quite a long time.
31. See the report quoted by Sakar, Studies in Mughal india, 223-224.
32. Bernier, 205, 226, 227; Storia, II, 423; I. Habib, op.cit., 322-329. The burden of the prevailing systems of giving presents and the sale of governments, also ultimately fell upon the agricultural classes. Sarkar, Mughal Administration, 84f., Aurangzib. Y, 467; Bernier, 230.
33. I. Habib, op. cit., 273 ff; Bernier, 225, 231, 235; Sarkar, Mughal Administration, 80-81, Aurangzib. III, 291f. M. Athar Ali (op.cit., 150) adds, "He (Aurangzib) was prepared to forgive or overlook any disobedience to his orders where his own military interests were not involved."
34. I. Habib, op.cit., 247 and 297; Sarkar, Mughal Administration, 80-81.
35.Sarkar, Aurangzib, Y,..52.
36.I. Habib, op.cit., 324.
37. Storia (II, 424) says, "Sometimes these faujdars commit excessive acts of oppression, which cause rebellion and bring on battles". I, Habib, op.cit., 329.
38. Siyasi Muktubat of Shah Waliullah Dahlavi, (Pers. Text and Urdu trans. by Prof. K.A. Nizami, 2nd ed., Delhi), 2.
39. Memoires des Jats (Fr. Ms.), 3.
[p.20]: The author of Maasir-ul-Umra seems to represent the official attitude when he remarks that the Jats of Mathura and Agra pretended to be agriculturists.41 Modave, a keen French observer who visited India (1774-76), did not, however, fail to be impressed by the industry and voluntary attachment to and skill in agriculture which the Jats of Bharatpur displayed. Modave remarks, "The Jats are, in general, good men and would occupy themselves voluntarily in agriculture and the arts if they were not obliged almost always to keep themselves under arms ..... One thing in my judgement does honour to the industry of the Jats; if is that. ..... the plain is not as much abandoned as might be imagined and the fields there are better maintained than one would have expected.42
It is obvious that an oppressive system goes hard with the agriculturists. Its sharp reaction among the Jats, culminating into a rebellion, appears to ave been because of their adventurous disposition and martial character.43 Probably not many agricultural communities possessed obstinate courage, indomitable spirit, heroic valour and tribal unity of the Jats which were needed to transfer a deep resentment into a military resistance. The Jats had been a race of warrior agriculturists. A close look into their past reveals that they were as keen to promote agriculture as to manufacture good arms and to receive military training.44 They highly disapproved of the enhanced revenue, the levying of "harmful taxes" and "looting by government tax collectors". They were prone to opposing such things and other oppressions even by force, if the occasion demanded.45 This may explain better why in face of similar provocations other weak agricultural communities remained more or less inactive while the Jat peasants unsheathed their swords.
Collusion between the Jat cultivators and the Jat zamindars
An auxiliary factor for the Jat rebellion was the circumstantial collusion between the Jat cultivators and the Jat zamindars,46 The zamindars often displayed a tendency to disobey the Mughal government. In applying force against neighbours and in defying the imperial authority
41. Maasir-ul-Umra, (trans. H. Beveridge and B. Prasad (Calcutta: 1941), I,436.
42. Modave's French account, trans. by Sarkar, Islamic Culture, XI, 1937, 387-388.
43. I. Habib's general statement (op. cit., 330) that by inclination the mass of the people were anything but warlike does not entirely hold good in case of the Jats at least.
44. See the decision of the Federal Council meeting (held on 10th Asarh, 1256 VS., under the presidentship of Hari Pal Rana at Tikri) of the Jats of the Upper Doab, in Kanha Ram (Hindi Ms.), 7.
45. See council decisions dated 1256 VS. (Tikri), 1344 VS. (Sikarpur), 1383 VS. (Sisauli) and 1547 VS. (Baraut), in Kanha Ram (Hindi Ms.), 7, 10-12, 14.
46. For full discussion about the zamindars in general see I. Habib, op. cit. 136-189, 334-338.
[p.21]: they had their own motives of self-aggrandisement.47 But the nature of their struggle against the Mughals before the reign of Aurangzeb was more defensive and passive in character. For various reasons, however, it did not remain merely defensive for long.48 Manucci draws attention to this change, "Usually there is some rebellion of the rajaha and zamindars going on in the Mughal kingdom".49 Thus, with their peculiar set of grievances, the zamindars and cultivators joined hands to oppose a common foe. We see Gokul and the subsequent Jat zemindars providing leadership to the rank and file.50 But the association between the early Jat zamindar leaders and their Jat followers must have been of a precarious nature. If the general practice of the numerous zamindars of the Empire is an index, Gokul and his predecessors51 also might have pressed their usual zamindari rights52 over the Jat peasantry thereby displeasing the latter. Apart from it, the Jats, more than any other people, are reputed to be deeply attached to personal freedom and to resenting external control.53 These factors must have come in the way of a cohesive union between the zamindars and the peasants. But it seems that they gradually got over them.
Promotion of Islamic practices
It is against this background that the part played by Aurangzib's religious bigotry in the Jat rebellion may best be appreciated. By nature Aurangzeb was an orthodox man. He had claimed the Empire as "the champion of pure Islam."54 As an Emperor he cherished the vision of a Muslim State. He had set his heart upon governing his composite Empire in accordance with the tenets of orthodox Islam.55
47.	According to the writer of the Agyapatra (c. 17th century; quoted in Indian History Congress Proceedings, V, 405) the zamindars were eager "to acquire new possessions bit by bit and to become strong .... and to seize (land and power) forcibly from some and to create enmities and depredations against others." Manucci (Storia, II, 405) also says, "Usually the viceroys and the governors are in a constant state of quarrel with the Hindu Princes and zamindars-with some because they wish to seize their lands; with others to force them to pay more revenue than is customary". Also see I. Habib, op. cit., 334.
49.	Storia, II, 434.
51.	Hereditary succession to zamindari was a general law in the Mughal Empire, I. Habib. op.cit., 154.
52. For zamindari rights see I. Habib, op.cit., 136ff.
53.	Bingley, Sikhs, 90-91; D. Ibbetson, The Panjab Castes, 102. The statements of both these are illustrative of the whole Jat people, "The Jat was not very submissive to his chiefs" "Jat", Encyclopaedia Britannica, XII.
54.	Sarkar, Aurangzib, III, 81.
55.	Ibid., III, 81; S.R. Sharma, Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors (Bombay; 1962), 132 and 152
[p.22]: Aurangzeb pursued a fourfold course with regard to his religious policy, namely, promotion of Islamic practices, regulations against the Hindus, conversions to Islam, and destruction of temples. Although he made a cautions start, his fanaticism increased with the passage of time.56 His supreme object was to make both Muslim and non-Muslim conform to the orthodox Holy Law.57 Hence, he issued regulations aiming at suppressing the un-Islamic ceremonies and encouraging Muslim ways among the people at large.58 They corresponded to Islam but contained little which was substantially prejudicial to any religion.
But certain other promulgations were provocative to the Hindus. The revival of pilgrimage tax is a case in point. In 1665, restrictions were imposed on the public celebration of the Hindu festivals of Holi and Diwali.59 In 1668, the Hindu fairs were prohibited in the Empire. In 1665, discriminative duties were imposed upon the Hindus.They were ordered to pay 5% while the Muslims merely 2.5% duty on their goods. In 1667, the Muslims were totally freed from this burden.60 The same discrimination was practised in respect of the taxes on the produce from gardens.61
These steps, apart from being a source of revenue, were intended to pressurise the Hindu into accepting Islam. In addition, Aurangzeb adopted seductive methods to attract the non-Muslims to Islam.He offered posts, money grants, public honour and even amnesty as rewards for embracing Islam.62
Temple demolition policy
Above all Aurangzeb embarked upon the policy of temple demolition, here he displayed his characteristic subtlety of approach. Early in 1659 he declared that Canon Law prohibited the construction of new temples but did not obtain the demolition of the old ones.63 Gradually he opened.
56.	S.R. Sharma top.cit., 122) is of the opinion that the presence of Raghunath Das, Jai Singh and Jaswant Singh applied "a restraint upon his (Aurangzeb's) religious enthusiasm. "
57.	Sharma, op.cit., 109; also 'Aurangzeb's Religious Policy Indian Historical Quarterly, III, 81. We would trace here the course of his religious policy only until the outbreak of the Jat rebellion in 1669.
58.	For details see Sharma op.cit., 107-115; Sarkar, Aurangzib, Ill, 81-90; Storia, II, 3-6.
59.	Mirat-i-Ahmedi by Ali Muhammad Khan, (trans. by M.R. Lokhandwala Gaekwad Oriental Series, No. 146, 223; Manucei tStona, II, 144), however, claims that Holi was stopped altogether.
60.	Mirat, 237; Storia, II, 55-56 and 389; Maasir-i-Alamgiri by Muhammad Saqi Mustaid Khan (Pers. text, Bib. Ind. Series), 530.
61.	For details see Sharma, op.cit., 142, 144; Sarkar, Aurangzib. 111,275-279.
62.	Sharma, op.cit., 170; Sarkar, Aurangzib, III, 276.
63.	The original farman in this respect in the name of faujdar of Banaras is preserved in the Bharat Kala Bhawan, Banaras Hindu University.
[p.23]: out. The temple of Somnath was razed to the ground early in his reign.64 In 1665, he ordered to redemolish the repaired temples of [Gujrat]] which had once been destroyed by him during his viceroyalty of the province.65He next ordered the pulling down of all the newly constructed temples in Orissa. In 1669, he fully unmasked himself.In that year he issued a general order for the destruction of the Hindu schools and temples and the suppression of their teaching and religious practices throughout the Empire.66 Several temples pulled down in the wake of this order included those of Malarna and Vishwanath.67 Thus, within a short span of 11 years, Aurangzeb reversed the liberal and tolerant approach of Akbar. While Akbar's liberalism had secured him the willing co-operation of his people, Aurangzeb's bigotry createdmounting discontent among the suffering non-Muslims.68
Mathura, the birth centre of the Jat rising, suffered heavily in Aurangzeb's reign. This venerated place of Hindu worship was naturally an object of annoyance to Aurangzeb. He appointed Abdun Nabi, "a rellgious man", as faujdar of the place to "suppress the Hindus". This officer amassed, through questionable means, cash worth 93,000 mohars and thirteen lakhs of Rupees and valuables worth four and a half lakhs.69 Abdun Nabi demolished a temple in the city and upon its ruins erected a Jama Masjid in 1661-1662. Next, in pursuance of Aurangzeb's order, he removed the stone railing of the famous temple of Keshava Rai in 1666.70
All these acts must have provoked the Jats further. We know that during the Sultanate danger to or suppression of their religion generated disaffection among them.71 There is no reason to believe that a more systematic religious persecutions by zealot Aurangzeb did not offend the religious feelings of the Jats. Generally speaking, the Jats have never been orthodox in their religious belief.72 They do not bother about the philosophical or the ethical nuances of religion, but the outward ritualistic aspects do commonly touch them. Hence, measureslike the closing of fairs and festivals and desecration of religious places could not but have caused concern among them.73
64.	Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, by Inayetullah (R.S.L. Pers. Ms., hereafter referred to as Ahkam), I, 10a.
65.	Mirat, 231 and 233.
66.	Maasir, 81; Storia, II, 143.
67. For details of temple destruction see Sharma, op.cit., 130-133: Sarkar, Aurangzib, III, 265-267, 280-282.
68.	Sharma op.cit., 132-133.
69.	Maasir, 83 and 73.
70.	Sarkar, Aurangzib, III, 293.
71.	Ibid. Aurangzib, I, Introduction, XXX.
72.	Ibid, XXII, XXIII; Shastri op.cit., 121; J.H. Hutton, Caste in India, 33.
73. Deshraj (op.cit., 126-127), rightly points out that fairs and festivals occupy an important place in the life of the Jats: Shastri, Op.cit., 121.
[p.24]: The religious bigotry of Aurangzeb and the consequent suffering of the non Muslims however had not assumed full proportion by 1668 – 1669. Jiziya, orders for the exclusion of the Hindus from public officers and even the destruction of the temple of Keshava Rai at Mathura followed later. And yet the Jats under Gokua unfurled the banner of revolt.
The 'floating literature' or the "Sakhas"74 as they are called among the Jats and other local people refers to the visit of Samarth Guru Ram Das75 who exhorted the Jats for insurrection. He urged them to meet excess with excess. He also impressed upon them that tyranny is a sin but to tolerate tyranny is greater sin. Having been urged and inspired by the Guru, Gokula took a vow to save the Hindus from destruction and rose in rebellion. 79
No doubt, an implicit reliance cannot be put on an evidence of the nature of "Sakhas' alone. 'Floating literature,' is passed on from one generation to another orally and as such is subject to exaggeration and change in the process. However, considering the character of the Jats, it is-difficult to reject the testimony of the " Sakhas" altogether. Few would acknowledge, much less a Jat, anybody's superiority for nothing. Besides, there is a very strong and persistent tradition among the Jats about the visit and activities of the Samarth Guru in the Jat areas.80 The traditional account as preserved by Devdatta also avers that Ram Das came and exhorted the Jats to throw off the Mughal Yoke.81 The teachings and philosophy of Samarth Guru are not the matter under study but it is very well known that he was a religious preacher of a different brand. He did not subscribe to a life negating philosophy. He was vitally interested in
74. The "Jogis" sing these "Sakhas" on 'ektara' on festive occasions. The author listened to and collected these Sakhas" from various Jogis of Haryana and western U.P.
75. "Shakha": एक शक्ति पैदा हुई दक्षिण में वो उत्तर में आई, ब्राह्मण के घर जन्म लिया फेर साधु वेश धारा, समर्थ गुरु की पदवी पाकर भारत का तारा.
76. Sobha Ram Jogis "Sakha": बड़े-बड़े वीरों से विद्रोह के नाम अपने सामने प्रण लिया, आर्य हिन्द यह आर्य देश हमारा है.
77. "Sakha": धर्म बचाओ, देश बचाओ, यही वचन सबसे प्यारा है। जुल्म को जुल्म से रोको, यह मेरा सबको कहणा।
78 "Sakha": जुल्म करना पाप घणा, जुल्म का शेणा पाप बड़ा।
79. "Sakha" गोकुल योद्धा ने पहला बीड़ा पान का आण चबाया। गुरु ने हाथ धर उसके सिर पर नूं उसे समझाया॥
81. In course of my wide tour of the Jat area (Western U.P. and Haryana) I heard from elderly Jat people stories associating different local places with the Guru's sojourn. His interest in wrestling warlike activities and his journey in the company of his followers are characteristically typical of the Guru. The common Jats have to this day preserved the liveliest memorial of the Guru and his activities in the Jat area.
81. Devdatta (Hindi Ms , Muzaffarnagar Records), 12-13. side note.
[p.25]: contemporary problems facing the society and the country. His visit and exhortation seem to have considerably influenced Gokul and his followers.
The Jats being restive, fuel was ready. Only fire was needed and it was according to the "Sakhas" provided by Ram Das.82 K.R.Qanuago observes that in the revolt of 1669 "one flare of the might conflagration kindled throughout India by the missionary zeal of the Emperor" and revived the Hindu Nationalism. Thus religious factors played and appreciable part in the Jat Insurrection.
The economic causes although important, may not be over-emphasized.84 The vices in the operation of the assignment system did not multiply overnight in the reign of Aurangzeb. Their increasing tendency was discernible even before him. But when the tightening grip of Aurangzeb threatened the age old democratic and tribal traditions of the Jats, the economic factors made their weight felt heavily.
From the foregoing discussion it may be concluded that the Jat rebellion of 1669 was essentially the result of the political provocation aggravated by the economic discontent and set ablaze by the religious persecution.
The outbreak of the rebellion
The year 1669 witnessed, the bursting forth of the pent up fury of the Jats into a very powerful revolt under the inspiring leadership of Gokula,85 the zamindar of Tilpat. A remarkable feature of this rebellion was its composite character. Though the Jats counted for its majority and provided leadership to it, it consisted of other local people as well such as, Mev, Meena, Ahir, Gujar, Naruka, Panwar and others.86 The rebels gathered at the village of Sahora (about 6 miles from Mathura). Abdun Nabi, the faujdar of Mathura, attacked them. At first he appeared to be gaining ground, but in the middle of the fighting he was killed on 12 may, 1669 (21st Zil-Hijja, 1079 A.H.)87. Overjoyed at this success, Gokula
82. "Sakha": सारे देश में सूखा इंधण बिछा पड़ा है, आग लगावन चाहिए। आग लगा दो मेरे वीरों आगे आवणा चाहिए।
83. Qanungo, Jats, 36 and 37.
84. I. Habib top.cit., 338-342), attributes the Jat rising only to economic factors and totally dismisses the others.
85. Maasir, 93; Fatuhat-i-Alamgtri by Ishwar Das Nagar (R.S L. Ms.) 53 a; Tazkirat-us-Salatin-i-Chughtai by Muhammad Hadi Kamwar Khan (R.S.L.Ms.) II, 166; M. U,I, 437, and 618. Without mentioning by name, Wendel also refers to Gokul and his rebellion Memoires des Jats (Fr. Ms.), 9. About Gokul it is said that his original name was Ola and he was the son of Roria Singh of Sinsini. Gokul settled first near Mahaban and finally at Tilpat, as the zamindar.Vide Ganga Singh, Yadu Vansh. I, Bharatpur Rajvash Ka Itihas (Bharatpur: 1967), 43; U.N. Sharma, Ittihas,I. 89f.
86. Ganga Singh, op.cit., I, 64-65.
87. Maasir, 83; Roznamcha also known as Ibratnama by Mirza Muhammad (R.S.L.Ms) 133; Kamwar (Pers. Ms.), II, 163; M.U., I, 437 and 618.
[p.26]: ravaged the paragana and town of Sadabad (24 miles from Mathura) in the Daob.88 The turbulance spread to Agra District also whereto Radandaz Khan was sent (13th May – 22nd Zil-Hijja) with a force to put down the rebels. Aurangazeb appointed Saf Shikan Khan as the new faujdar of Mathura.89 As arms failed to prevail, diplomacy was resorted to. The Mughal government offered to forgive Gokula provided he surrendered his spoils. But Gukula spurned the offer. Gokula provided the surrendered his spoils. But Gukula spurned the offer. On the other side, as the situation was assuming serious proportions, the Emperor had to proceed (28th November-14th Rajab, 1080 A.H.) in person to the Disturbed area. On his way on 4th December (20th Rajab) Aurangazeb learnt of the circumstance of rebellion in the villages of Rewara, Chandarakanta and Sarkhud (Sarkharu ?). He dispatched Hasan Ali khan to attack these places. Till noon the insurgent fought with bows and muskets. Getting desperate thereafter, many of them having performed the jauhar of their women fell upon the Khan. A fierce fight raged till the evening in which many imperialists and 300 rebels were killed. Hasan Ali Khan returned to the Emperor, taking 250 male and female prisoners. Aurangazeb was pleased with his performance. He made him the faujdar of Mathura in place of Saf Shikan Khan who had obviously failed in suppressing the rebels.90
Under Hasan Ali Khan, were placed 2,000 barqandaztroops 1000 archers 1000 musketeers 1,000 rocketmen, and 25 pieces of cannons. Amanulla, the faujdar of the environs of Agra, was also ordered to help Hasan Ali. The latter immediately got engaged in quelling the rebellion. In January 1670, Gokula with 20,000 Jat and other followers, rushed forward to face the imperialists at a place 20 miles from Tilpat. Both the sides suffered many casualties in the battle in which the Jats, despite showing utmost bravery, could not cope with the trained Mughals and their artillery. They retreated to Tilpat. Hasan Ali followed them and besieged the fortalice. Fighting continued for three days in which muskets and bows were used by the contestants. On the fourth day, the royalists charged the besieged from all sides and having made a breach in the walls entered Tilpat. Then ensued a sanguinary conflict. The Jats displayed their reckless courage and undaunted valour. The experienced Mughals gained the day but not before losing 4,000 men. Of the vanquished 5000 lay dead, while 7000 were arrested. Gokula, with his two associates including " Sonki" (Udai Singh Singhi)91, was captured
88. Maasir, 93; MU, I, 437 and 618; cf. Fatuhat, (pers. Ms.), 53a.
89. Maasir, 83 and 84; M.U, I, 618, II, 673.
90. Maastr, 91-92; Also Kamwar (Pers. Ms.), II, 166; Sarkar, Aurangztb, III, 294.
91.	It is related that his full and correct name was Udai Singh Singhi. He was the uncle of Gokul and lived in Mauza Girsa. Vide Ganga Singh, op.cit., I, 43.
[p.27]: alive through the efforts of Shaikh Razi-ud-Din, the peshkar of Hassan Ali. They and other prisoners were presented to the Emperor. Being furious, he ordered Gokula and Singh to be cut limb on the Chabutara of the Kotwali (Agra). Other captives either met fate of their leader or were put in chains.92
The overthrow of their leader dampened the spirits of the followers of Gokul. Hasan Ali Khan dealt with them sternly. For a few months more he kept on slaying, capturing and plundering the rebels and their families and demolishing their strong fortresses along both banks of Yamuna. Not long after, the last vestiges of the insurrection disappeared and peace was re-established in the region for some time. On 6th April, 1670 (25th Zi-qada, 1080 AH.)), Aurangzeb granted audience to Hasan Ali and highly praised him for his distinguished services.93
Aftermath of the Rebellion
Never before in the history of the Mughal Empire had the standard of such a formidable rebellion been raised by the Jats as was done by those of Mathura under Gokula in 1669. Although the rebellion failed, it had considerable though indirect, repercussions upon the future course of the Jat History and in the long run upon the Mughal Emperor itself. The crushing defeat of the Jats in 1669 was not without a lesson. It exposed to them certain strategic flaws in their ways of fighting. They had seen their 20,000 gallant brethren being easily routed by the Mughal forces in a face to face combat. It must have been laid bare to them that, in the absence of proper military training and sufficient equipment their reckless courage and obstinate valour alone would not prove effective against the mighty Mughal army. Besides, the fall of Tilpat within the short duration of three days must have pointed out to them the hopeless vulnerability of their defence and its corresponding implications. The military tactics of Raja Ram and Churaman II clearly indicate that the Jats had benefited from the failure of 1669.
They gradually turned to making a change in their existing military methods. The subsequent Jat leaders grew alive to the efficacy of discipline and proper equipment in warfare. There developed an increasing tendency to build their forts in the fastness of dense Jungles capable of withholding the onslaught of powerful armies. Likewise they avoided the rashness of Gokula in inviting pitched battles with the mighty Mughals.
Gokula's rebellion also gave to the posterity an inspiration of political nature, namely, the usefulness of working under a united leadership.
92.	Fatuhat (Pers. Ms.), 53a-53b; Maasir, 93-94; Kamwar (Pers. Ms.), II, 166; M.U., I, 437 and 618.
93.	Maasir, 100; Roznamcha (Pers. Ms.), 133.
[p.28]: We know that the Jats had the reputation of being impatient of any external control. Although success did not crown them in 1669, it was perhaps, heartening for them to perceive that their joint efforts could gather so powerful a momentum as to disturb even the Mughal Emperor, compelling him to rush to the disturbed region. On the other hand, it was disheartening to them that the effectiveness of their resistance withered away once their chief leader Gokula was no more. This seems to have emphasized to the Jats the advantage to working united under a common leader. Although progress in this direction was necessarily slow in due course it proved to be of considerable political importance to them. Once their combined efforts proved fruitful under later leaders and bright future prospects appeared ahead. Their circumstantial union assumed a little fixed character. Consideration of common benefit might also have been instrumental in leading the tribal and democratic Jats to prefer, accept and finally adopt the institution of kingship. To such circumstances may be traced the genesis of the Jat state of Bharatpur and the eventual emergence of the principalities of Patiala, Nabha and Jhind which were republican until recently.94
In the light of the above considerations it seems that from the viewpoint of the long term interests of the Jats, Gokula's abortive exertions were no less significant than the more fruitful struggles of Raja Ram and Churaman II. The brighter careers of these two have dimmed the image of Gokula whose full importance has not been duly appreciated so for.95 The circumstances in which they worked were not altogether similar. Gokula had to face more formidable odds than the two later fortunate Jat leaders. It is doubtful whether, even with their better organizing capacity their success could have been assured in Gokula's circumstances. It is difficult to resist the conclusion that though Gokula failed, his failure paved the way for the subsequent success of Raja Ram and Churaman II.
Prior to the Jat uprising, other revolt had taken place in a different part of the Empire.96But they were not so powerful and the place of their occurrence were comparatively too distant from the capital. The rebellion under Gokula was, however quite different. From the point of view of time, dimension and place it was the first fierce repudiation of the authority of Aurangzeb under his very seat. Though such evidence is not forthcoming, the possibility cannot be ruled out that his audaciousness provided a stimulus to the later rebels such as the Satnamis.
94. Bingley, Sikhs, 12.
95. According to Qanungo (Jats, 39) Gokul "Watered" the newly-sprouted seedling of liberty in the heart of the Jats. But Sir Denzil Ibbetson (The Panjab Castes, 102) writes "Sturdy independence" has been one of their Strongest characteristics". The Jats have always clung to liberty.
96.	For minor risings vide Sarkar, Aurangzib, III. 21ff.
[p.29]: Aurangzeb's harsh policy itself seems to have duly contributed in fostering rebellious spirit among the Jats. Although with his overwhelming power he succeeded in suppressing the first Jat insurrection, the resentment underlying it not only lingered on but also probably received fresh provocation from his imprudent attitude. It is a fact that an autocratic regime cannot hope to survive if rebellions are not resolutely crushed. Occurring under the very shadow of the imperial Metropolis, the Jat revolt had additional ground for being crushed sternly, in that it might serve as a deterrent against similar eruptions. However, in the future interests of the Empire, the reasons justifying strict measures also warranted at the same time the removal of their just grievances and their pacification. It was for the first time that they had defied the imperial power in such large numbers in an organised way.97 Aurangzeb did very little to reconcile them beyond despatching 200 horsemen to protect the village crops and preventing the soldiers from oppressing the villagers or taking any child captive.98 He was anxious, no doubt to relieve the peasantry in general of the economic distress but his repeated farmans, as we have seen above, remained generally ineffective.
Aurangazeb pursued a course which seems to have estranged the Jats further. He wrecked terrible vengeance upon them. Apart from the treatment meted out to 7,000 captors, the family of their leader, Gokula was forcibly tried to convert to Islam. Gokul's daughter was married to Shah Quli Chela and his son renamed Fazil.99 Even after the fall of Gokula the Mughal forces kept on imprisoning plundering the Jats. Not content with it, as it were, Aurangzeb broke loose his fury upon the temple of Keshava Rai. It was levelled to the ground (during the month of Ramzan, 1080 A.H. 13th January to 11th February 1670) and mosque was built upon its site. Its idols were desecrated and later buried under the footsteps of the Begum Sahiba mosque at Agra. The name of Mathura was changed to 'Islamabad' and that of Brindaban to 'Mominabad.' The temples and idols of the rest of the holy places in the Brij were gradually destroyed.100 This added insult to injury. The affront inflicted upon the families of their leader and kinsmen must have outraged the feelings of the entire tribe in whose social consciousness and tribal sentiments have always been uppermost. It appears that Aurangzeb, despite his
97. The Jats were turbulent for some time. But this state was not a little due to the local oppression Storia, II, 77; Sarkar, Aurangzib, III, 291-292; Muttra Gazetters, 194; Also see Z. Faruki, Aurangzib, and His times (Bombay: 1935), 124.
98.	Maasir. 92.
99.	Ibid., 94, Kanwar (Pers Ms), II, 166; M.U., I,437 .
100.	Maasir, 95-96; Storia, II, 143; Kamwar, II, 167; Raghubir Singh, Brij, I, 163, Faruki (op. cit., 125), who is generally apologetic for Auranzeb, also thinks that the demolition of the temple was a retaliatory measure
[p.30]: shrewdness, failed to appreciate properly the character of the Jat people, who are normally moderate, light-hearted and not unmanageable, unless of course when excited.101 Modave is emphatic on the point that Bharatpur Jats "are in general goodmen" who follow their peaceful pursuits "not obliged almost always to keep themselves under arms."102 Such were generally the people whom Aurangzeb had to deal with.
There is basis to believe that they might have been largely pacified and the chances of their subsequent lawlessness minimized, had he displayed a little caution and foresight in his dealings with them. But Aurangzeb lacked that "warm generosity of the heart" and "chivalry to fallen foes" which had enabled Akbar to win the people's affection and praise.103 can hardly be called an act of political wisdom on his part to have tried to put down the warlike and stubborn Jats in a ruthless manner. Probably, Aurangzeb was too obstinate, vindictive and blind104 to visualize this, as in some other cases, the evil consequences of leaving such a hardy people deeply annoyed in the neighbourhood of the Capital.
So long as the Emperor had a firm grip over the north the Jats remained subdued but as soon as it loosened, their pent up fury was let loose and they resumed their lawless course with added vigour. Thus the policy of Aurangzeb towards them defeated its very object and in the long run proved harmful for the Empire. It has been rightly remarked that "a little indiscretion and persistence in a wrong policy" converted " peaceful husbandmen (Jats) into flaming warriors as it did "friends (Rajputs) into foes".105 Ironical though it may sound, it appears that the persistence of the defiant attitude among the Jats and the eventual emergence of their political power were, thus, in no mean measure, due to the impolitic and vindictive attitude of Aurangzeb himself.106
101.	Ibbetson, op.cit., 102, Bingley, Sikhs, 91-94.
102.	Supra, Ch. I, f.n. 42.
103.	Sarkar, Studies in Mughal India, 62
104.	Sarkar, Studies in Mughal India, 44.
105.	A.B. Pandey, Later Medieval India (Allahabad; 1963),247.
106.	U.N. Sharma, Itihas, 90: Raghubir Singh, Brij, 164.
End of Ch.I: The Jat Uprising of 1669
Retrieved from "http://www.jatland.com/w/index.php?title=The_Jats_-_Their_Role_in_the_Mughal_Empire/Chapter_I&oldid=493376"
Books on Jat History


text:
share_examples_for 'An ObjectId Type' do
  describe '#typecast' do
    it 'should return nil when given nil' do
      @property.typecast(nil).should be_nil
    end

    it 'should return BSON::ObjectId when given a valid string' do
      value = '4d7b57618f9f1f12bd000002'
      loaded = @property.typecast(value)
      loaded.should == ::BSON::ObjectId.from_string(value)
    end

    it 'should raise BSON::InvalidObjectId when give an invalid string' do
      lambda {
        @property.typecast('#invalid#')
      }.should raise_error(::BSON::InvalidObjectId)
    end

    it 'should return the argument when given a BSON::ObjectId' do
      mongo_id = ::BSON::ObjectId.new
      loaded = @property.typecast(mongo_id)
      loaded.should be(mongo_id)
    end

    it 'should raise an error when given anything else' do
      [ 0, 1, Object.new, true, false, [], {} ].each do |value|
        lambda {
          @property.typecast(value)
        }.should raise_error(ArgumentError)
      end
    end
  end
end

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text:
We love everyone involved with Book of Mormon Central and share their stated objectives of sharing the gospel. However, we think their single-minded focus on the Mesoamerican/two-Cumorahs theory (M2C) undermines their mission and contradicts the Church's policy of neutrality. Here, we explain why. They could fix the problem by recognizing that many members of the Church still believe what the prophets have taught about the New York Cumorah, but they refuse to do so.
Skousen/Carmack and Early Modern English theory (EMET)
I'm among those few remaining Latter-day Saints who still believe Joseph Smith translated the Nephite plates with the Urim and Thummim. Some claim that makes me a "fundamentalist" or even a heretic, but I think there is strong extrinsic evidence to support what Joseph and Oliver claimed.
Nevertheless, the trend in the Church is toward embracing the new narrative that Joseph Smith didn't translate the Book of Mormon.
For example, this week Dan the Interpreter is going to interview Stanford Carmack. Carmack and Royal Skousen have worked together to create the "Early Modern English theory," or EMET.
I don't know how many ordinary people are interested in this topic, but it's not as difficult or complex as it is made out to be. Because it has important implications, I think Church members need to become familiar with EMET.
You can read the announcement here:
https://www.patheos.com/blogs/danpeterson/2020/05/bad-grammar-and-early-modern-english-on-the-radio.html?utm_medium=email&utm_source=BRSS&utm_campaign=Latter-day+Saint&utm_content=366
We have great respect for scholars such as Stanford, Royal, Dan, etc., even though they promote M2C, SITH, EMET, etc. They are all fine people, faithful Church members, etc. They make important contributions in many ways. But that doesn't mean we agree with everything they teach.*
EMET is a natural progression from M2C. M2C teaches that Joseph Smith didn't know much about the Book of Mormon and merely speculated about the New York Cumorah, the plains of the Nephites, Zelph, etc., and that he learned about the ancient civilizations in America not from Moroni and Nephi, but from scholars such as Stephens and Catherwood (hence the anonymous 1842 Times and Seasons articles that M2C relies upon).
Such theories enable the credentialed class to attract followers, fame and funding.
As we've seen the Academic Cycle insures that eventually, academic theories become mainstream. It has happened with M2C and SITH and will undoubtedly happen with EMET. There will be Ensign articles. There will be references in the Gospel Topics Essays. Eventually it will be in the manuals and missionary lessons.
Before EMET becomes mainstream, it's important for people to understand it so they can make informed decisions.
EMET teaches that Joseph Smith could not have translated the plates because the Book of Mormon text includes grammar elements of "Early Modern English" that were obsolete in Joseph's day. Joseph could not have known or imitated these elements.
Royal Skousen sums up their approach in the Foreword to his book The History of the Text of the Book of Mormon: Part Five: The King James Quotations in the Book of Mormon, (FARMS, BYU Studies, 2019), p. 6.
All of this quoting from the King James Bible is problematic, but only if we assume that the Book of Mormon translation literally represents what was on the plates. Yet the evidence in The Nature of the Original Language (parts 3 and 4) argues that the Book of Mormon translation is tied to Early Modern English, and that the themes of the Book of Mormon are connected to the Protestant Reformation, dating from the same time period. What this means is that the Book of Mormon is a creative and cultural translation of what was on the plates, not a literal one. Based on the linguistic evidence, the translation must have involved serious intervention from the English-language translator, who was not Joseph Smith. Nonetheless, the text was revealed to Joseph Smith by means of his translation instrument, and he read it off word for word to his scribe. To our modern-day, skeptical minds, this is indeed "a marvelous work and a wonder."
In my view, the evidence they provide is interesting and useful for many purposes, but their conclusion is flawed for two basic reasons. (I have written more detailed critiques that I haven't posted or published yet.)
1. They assume that the only evidence we have of how Joseph Smith, Jr. spoke--the verbatim manuscript of the Book of Mormon--is not evidence of how he spoke. Or, even more illogically, it is evidence of how he did not speak.
2. They assume that published materials in their database reflect the speech patterns, grammar, vocabulary, etc., of people in rural Vermont and western New York in 1828-9, including Joseph Smith, Jr.
To support their assumptions, they claim that Joseph's writings in that period, such as his 1832 history, don't contain the same EME elements that are found in the Book of Mormon. However, by 1832 Joseph was in Kirtland, learning from better educated people (such as Frederick G. Williams, who shared writing duties on the 1832 history). We don't even know if the 1832 history was dictated or copied from a previous written document.
Speaking and writing are separate skills. People can speak even when they cannot write. We are familiar with the people of Zarahemla when Mosiah first encountered them. They had no written records but they could communicate verbally and recite their history and genealogy from memory.
People don't speak the way they write; writing is slower and more deliberative. Published materials typically involve editing. Plus, we don't have physical or electronic copies of everything ever published in English. Published material can document changes in written language that may relate in some ways to spoken language, but even today in the United States, where everyone reads the same materials, people speak differently in different parts of the country.
Regarding English specifically, colonists in various parts of the world tended to retain the English from their places of origin in England, and different regions of England had different dialects. Even today, there remain 37 dialects in England.
Because of this "colonial lag," Americans in the 19th century understood Shakespeare more easily than their British cousins, whose language changed more rapidly. For an overview, see
https://www.thehistoryofenglish.com/history_late_modern.html.
I realize there are academic responses to these observations, and I encourage you to consider them. I just don't find them persuasive at all because Joseph Smith's explanation is far more persuasive and far better supported by the evidence.
If people are interested, I'll explain more in upcoming posts.
*Some of their employees and followers take our criticisms personally, a common emotional approach. You'll see them post on the Internet as anonymous trolls. We recognize their adoring attachment to their mentors and empathize with them, and we consider their comments in that context. They are a good example of this observation: "If you believe people use reason for the important decisions in life, you will go through life feeling confused and frustrated that others seem to have bad reasoning skills." Scott Adams, How to Fail In Everything and Still Win Big.
Posted by jonathan3d at 5:59 AM
James May 29, 2020 at 7:39 PM
Forgive me if I am ignorant on this matter, but when did anyone ever call you a heretic? I am not familiar with a single instance of this word ever being used in conjunction with your name after following this debate for some time now. If you have a citation, please share it; otherwise, I am prone to disbelieve it ever happened.
How to Zion
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maps and explanations
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I love the people of Hong Kong, Macao and China. This is the chapel in Macao which we visited in January. The name of the Church is displayed in English, Chinese, and Portuguese.
Answers to common M2C claims
Oliver was truthful except...
The Two Sets of Plates schematic
A/B test on explaining Cumorah
Confirmation bias and evidence
Delusion of forming opinions based on "the evidenc...
Where bias originates
Curing confirmation bias
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Video summary of SITH and New Mormon History
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"this country" vs. "the Americas"
M2C and cognitive dissonance
jonathan3d
I blog about LDS topics from a faithful perspective, although I disagree with much of what LDS intellectuals teach. I also blog about science, art, economics, legal and environmental issues. I've lived in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America and I've visited every continent and over 65 countries for work and fun. I've had over 50 books published. The photo is me on a plane in 2020.
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text:
Optical spaces are mathematical coordinate systems that facilitate the modelling of optical systems as mathematical transformations.  An optical space is a mathematical coordinate system such as a Cartesian coordinate system associated with a refractive index.  The analysis of optical systems is greatly simplified by the use of optical spaces which enable designers to place the origin of a coordinate system at any of several convenient locations.  In the design of optical systems two optical spaces, object space and image space, are always employed. Additional intermediate spaces are often used as well.

Optical spaces extend to infinity in all directions. The object space does not exist only on the "input" side of the system, nor the image space only on the "output" side. Spaces in this sense can be considered points of view. All optical spaces thus overlap completely to infinity in all directions. Typically, the origin and at least some of the coordinate axes of each space are different, providing different perspectives to the designer. It may not be possible to discern from an illustration to which space a point, ray, or plane belongs unless some convention is adopted. A common convention uses capital letters like X, Y, or Z to label points and lower case letters like a, b, and c to indicate distances. Unprimed letters like t or v indicate object space and primed letters like t′ or v′ indicate image space. Intermediate spaces are indicated by additional primes such as r″, z″, or q″.  The same letter is used to indicate points or distances that share a conjugate relationship. The only exception is the use of F and F′ to indicate respectively object and image space focal points (which are not conjugate).  The term "object point" does not necessarily refer to a point on a specific object but rather to a point in object space; similarly for "image point".

One may wonder how an object point can exist on the "output" side of an optical system or conversely how an image point could be located on the "input" side of an optical system. The answer in both cases is that the points are virtual; they do not physically exist. Optical spaces are divided into real and virtual parts. Thus, an object point on the "output" side of the system is in the virtual part of object space and is referred to as a virtual object point. Object points on the "input" side are in the real part of object space and are real object points. The situation is reversed for image points.

It is common practice to designate the horizontal axis of an optical space as the z-axis with the positive direction left to right.  Similarly, the y-axis is vertical with the positive direction upward.

Geometrical optics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A Quick Guide to Beauty Products.
There are a lot of persons out there who will do anything to try and look good or better than others. Such people are always choosy about what to wear and not just to look finer than all the persons that are in the event. However, the type of clothes you wear on are not important as a how you look.
Due to innovations and creativity, we have witnessed creation of products that have a lot of impact on how people. The increase in the number of companies dealing with this kind of product can be associated with increased number of people using this kind of creations.
Ion the current times, you ate likely to notice that there are a lot of companies dealing with beauty products in your town. Similarly, there is need to bring to your attention that the number of counterfeit goods has a lot risen for some years. As a result, this is an alarm call to all who are buying or are planning to buy to be careful.
There Are more than a few details that need to be addressed in a case where a person is seeking to buy any of the health products. In the list below, there are more than a few factors that should be subject to deliberation in a case you want to buy this kind of products.
The charges for the beauty products. In the identification of the best beauty product, this feature is worth considering. It is for the reason that the product ought to be dealt in a condensed cost. The person in quest for the item is therefore recommended to consider equating different rates from a number of dealers. As a result of the comparison, chances of making mistakes when it comes to the purchase price are reduced. On the other hand, there is a call for alarm on some of the beauty products sold in a reduced cost. Not all cheap health products are effective and they could have adverse effects in the future.
An involvement with the dealer. There are some of the companies that are known to deal with a number of products that are a success. Since the company dealing in that is line is known, purchasing from them may be a good move to an individual. With such, there is an assurance of less challenges to be expected from the purchase and use of the product.
Reactions of the products to body. As a result of the research conducted, there are a number of reactions that are expected especially in case where the product is used. In most cases, if a substance has negative side effects, you are advised not to buy the product. To avoid the negative results, one is counseled to be keen on the selection of the type of product they want.


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Q: Custom admin dashboard displaying specific model instances I'm creating a website with Django (+ django-grappelli + mezzanine) and I would like to customize my Admin panel to add a new dashboard displaying specific model instances.
Let's say that I have a model :
class Thing(models.Model):
    published = models.BooleanField(default=False)

And several model instances (for example T1, T2, T3 where T1 and T2 are published but not T3) and I would like to have a dashboard displaying a list of all "Thing" instances that are not published (in this case, T3).
Any ideas? Thanks for reading !

A: Ok I've found a solution. Here are the guidelines :
Mezzanine allows the users to customize their dashboard giving a function and registering it as inclusion tag.
Documentation : http://mezzanine.jupo.org/docs/admin-customization.html -> Dashboard https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/howto/custom-template-tags/#inclusion-tags
To implement such a function, you need to follow these steps :
1) Add a templatetags folder in your application (don't forget the __init__.py file) and create a file called "your_tags.py" inside of this package.
2) In this new file, add a function to provide data to the new dashboard you want to add in the Dashboard panel. It could look like this :
from mezzanine import template
from your_app.models import Thing

register = template.Library()
@register.inclusion_tag('unpublished_things.html')
def show_unpublished_things():
    plugins = Thing.objects.filter(published=False)
    return {'things':things}

3) Then you need to create the "unpublished_things.html" file used in the inclusion tag, so for example create such a file in the templates folder of your application. The file could look like this (assuming there is a "get_admin_url" function in the Thing model) :
{% load i18n %}

Unpublished things

        {% for thing in things %}

            {{ thing.name }}

        {% endfor %}

4) To finish, you just need to add the following in your local_settings.py (or settings.py) :
DASHBOARD_TAGS = (
    ("your_tags.show_unpublished_things", "mezzanine_tags.app_list"),
    ("comment_tags.recent_comments",),
    ("mezzanine_tags.recent_actions",),
)

This configuration will automatically add the generated stuff provided by the function "show_unpublished_things" at the top of the first row, in the Dashboard of your admin panel.
Don't forget to restart your server if you get an error !

A: It sounds like what you want is a ModelAdmin with a custom list_filter, as seen here: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.5/ref/contrib/admin/#django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.list_filter
For example, in the same folder as your models.py, you would create an admin.py which looked something like:
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Thing

class ThingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_filter = ('published',)

admin.site.register(Thing, ThingAdmin)

This will give you a new section in your admin site for your Thing objects, and allow you to filter them by whether or not they have been published.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mbeki focuses on Libya while acknowledging that intervention in Ivory Coast also carries many of the same lessons. He recalls the adoption by the African Union Peace and Security Council of a roadmap for the resolution of the Libyan conflict, which secured Qaddafi's agreement. The AU then forwarded its decision to the UN and the Arab league. However, the UN Security Council ignored the African Union and took as the justification for its actions the positions taken by the Arab League. It adopted Resolution 1973, which provided the justification for NATO "to intervene in Libya to impose a violent resolution to this conflict, centered on regime change—which was not the intention of Resolution 1973." Mbeki charges President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron, President Sarkozy, and the UN with imposing their own solution on an African state. (He denies that Qaddafi was intent on making war on his own people.) It particularly sticks in his craw that the UN gave greater weight to the Arab League than to the African Union; in effect, he accuses the UN of detaching Libya from Africa.


The 61813th positive integer is an odd prime number that follows the number 61812 and comes before 61814. Sixty-one thousand eight hundred thirteen is 5 digits long.
Q: Is 61813 a prime number?
Q: What is the negative number for 61813?
Q: What is half of 61813?
Q: What is a third of 61813?
Q: What is a quarter of 61813?
Q: What is the square root of 61813?
Q: What is 61813 times Pi?
Q: What is 61813 divided by Pi?
Q: What is the scientific notation for 61813?
Q: What are the divisors for 61813?
Q: What is the factorization of 61813?
Q: What is the sum of divisors of 61813, including itself?
Q: What is the sum of divisors of 61813, excluding itself?
The spelling of 61813 in different languages.
Q: What is the roman numeral for 61813?
Q: What is the digital capacity for 61813?
The number 61813 represented in different base number systems.
List the frequency of characters that make up the number 61813.
List of hash code values for 61813.


text:
Het woord discours heeft meerdere betekenissen:
 Gebrek aan overeenkomst onder personen, groepen of dingen; spanning of geschil dat daaruit voortvloeit; meningsverschil.
 Taalkunde en filosofie: het communicatieproces waarbij structuren een tekstuele betekenis krijgen; het spreken van een bepaalde groep op een bepaald niveau; vertoog. Zie: Michel Foucault.
 Muziek: Een verward of ruw geluid of het zich vermengen van dit soort geluiden; een niet harmonieuze (= kloppend geheel) combinatie van gelijktijdig klinkende tonen; een dissonantie.


Whitehall, which does not shy away from collaborating with authoritarian leaders, has to make a difficult choice in the near future between its two authoritarian friends that are hostile to each other: Saudi Arabia's Muhammad bin Salman (MBS) and Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (RTE).
It's not known how much the Saudi Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman's visit to the UK relieved the British economy experiencing the trauma of Brexit. Surely the deal that could reach $90 billion in the coming five years must have increased the morale in the British defence industry. However, this 'tip' handed to the British economy must be repaid at some point. Muhammad bin Salman, who is quickly moving towards becoming the new strongman of the Middle East, despite packaging this transformation in mostly meaningless and highly delayed reforms, has returned from London after gaining international recognition and added support for his ambitious 2030 projects.
Before Muhammad bin Salman's visit, the British Prime Minister Theresa May answered criticism directed to her at the British Parliament. She was perhaps right when she said that the significant historical bonds that her country has with Saudi Arabia has saved the lives of hundreds of English people. But with this optimistic worldview, May was ignoring the fact that Muhammed bin Salman's aims regarding the future were conflicting with the aims of the UK's other allies in the region. It seems that Whitehall, which does not shy away from collaborating with authoritarian leaders, has to make a difficult choice in the near future between its two authoritarian friends that are hostile to each other: Saudi Arabia's Muhammad bin Salman (MBS) and Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (RTE).
Both countries are known in recent years to be lucrative customers of the British defence industry. It is also well known that the British government prefers silence in the guise of 'critical engagement' when it comes to the war crimes committed by Saudi Arabia in Yemen and by Turkey in all regions of Kurdistan, and when it comes to both countries' human rights violations towards their own citizens. However, it is not a sustainable foreign policy strategy to flirt with both MBS and RTE, who set their eyes on being the unnamed caliph of an Islamic Middle East.
Two news pieces that came out right before the Crown Prince's visits to UK and US were like messages to Western leaders, telling them to 'side with the Crown Prince, not with the Turks'. Just like Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's saying repeatedly to the anti-ISIS coalition in Syria and Iraq that they should 'work with me; not with the Kurds'. The first message came before MBS's visit to Egypt, when MBC, the Dubai-based channel whose shareholders include the Saudi princes, announced that it placed a ban on all Turkish TV series.
Everybody knows that this ban is related to the strong overt symbolism of Ottoman leadership in the Turkish TV series standing for RTE's image of 'Leader of the Future' that he is trying to sell to the Muslim world.
Arab leaders tend to refute these kinds of utterings which they make during off-the-record meetings, through their embassies. However, the Saudi ambassador in Ankara, in his statement only said that the Crown Prince Salman's words were misunderstood, adding that the 'evil triangle' mentioned in the Prince's statement are 'Muslim Brotherhood and radical groups.' Surely this explanation does not exclude Turkey from the 'triangle of evil', since the Crown Prince had accused Erdogan for collaborating exactly with these 'evil powers'.
It is clear that the power struggle between Turkey and Saudi Arabia will not stop easily and this rivalry might soon evolve into a new level whereby the UK will have to make a difficult choice between its two authoritarian allies in the region. It is obvious that Westminster will try to avoid any meddling with the dogfight between MBS and RTE but given the fact that ambitions of the two authoritarian leaders outreach their immediate geographies with implications for several Muslim members of the Commonwealth, the clash seems to be an issue of not if, but when. The obvious and more immediate clash of interest between Turkey flirting Russia and the UK at the same time will only add spice to the already hot Middle Eastern dish.
It seems that the price of good relations with Turkey will be heavy for the UK, given the conflicting attitude of Turkey towards UK's friends and Turkey's friendly relations with UK's global rivals.
Turgut Mehmetoglu is a freelance journalist and an expert on MENA region. He lived in Egypt as a freelance journalist from 2013 to 2017. He is a regular contributor to Turkey Institute.


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Glycol Antifreeze
Glycol Antifreeze are a class of organic compounds that are included in the alcohol family and are widely used as an antifreeze in automobile cooling systems and in the manufacturing of brake fluids. These glycol antifreeze are mainly of two types - Ethylene glycol based antifreeze and Propylene glycol based antifreeze.
Now, let us first understand how an antifreeze works and why it is so important to use an antifreeze.
An antifreeze can be regarded as an additive that alleviates the freezing point of a water-based liquid. A mixture of antifreeze can be utilized to bring about freezing point depression for cold climates and also work towards elevating the boiling point to allow higher coolant temperature. Water was originally used as a coolant owing to…
An antifreeze can be regarded as an additive that alleviates the freezing point of a water-based liquid. A mixture of antifreeze can be utilized to bring about freezing point depression for cold climates and also work towards elevating the boiling point to allow higher coolant temperature. Water was originally used as a coolant owing to its good coolant properties. The main purpose of an antifreeze is to help in the prevention of a definite enclosure from bursting due to expansion when water freezes.
Water acting as a coolant has many drawback. When used in the car radiator, water tends to overheat. This brings with it the risk of expansion and this expansion may cause a pressure build up as the car cooling system is a close system. Moreover, water serves as the most corrosive element and its usage would lead to corrosion and rusting of metal parts.
This led to the use of coolant and antifreeze for automobile cooling system. Glycol antifreeze, not only has a high boiling point, but it also reduces the chances of expansion. Unlike water, coolant does not corrode as the antifreeze mixture comes with in-built corrosion inhibitors and other additives that enhance the performance of the overall system.
Suppliers of Glycol Antifreeze
Chemtex Speciality Limited
Chemtex Speciality Limited has been in the sector of speciality chemicals for over 45 years. Established in 1970, Chemtex has created a niche for itself in the chemical industry in this span of time by virtue of its high performance chemical formulations. The main industrial sectors that Chemtex deals in include Water Treatment Chemicals, Heat Transfer Fluids, Cleaners & Disinfectants and Performance chemicals. Chemtex manufactured products have a wide variety of applications and cater to a large number of industries, amongst which the major few are namely Agro, Automobile, Dairy, Food & Beverage, Iron & Steel, Institution, Paper, Pharmaceuticals, Power and Textile.
Serves Globally | Manufacturer
Mid South Chemicals
Mid South Chemical Co., Inc. is a manufacturer and reseller of chemical products to the water treatment industry. These products are used in the treatment of boiler and cooling water, closed loop systems, municipal drinking water, industrial waste water and specialty treatment formulations. Mid South also sells intermediates to blenders and manufacturers as we represent name brand products that are typically used in the water treatment industry.
Serves Locally | Reseller
Accepta Ltd
Accepta is an innovative, industry leading chemical technology specialist serving global environmental, municipal and industrial process markets. Accepta's advanced, scientifically formulated range of speciality chemicals incorporates water treatment chemicals for steam boilers, cooling systems and closed circuits; wastewater and effluent treatment chemicals, high performance industrial cleaning and janitorial chemicals, advanced polymers, state-of-the-art solid chemicals, reverse osmosis membrane products, eco-friendly biological formulations and much more.
At Autobarn, whatever your automotive need or dream is…"We knOw how to get you there." With 111 stores across all states in Australia the team at your local Autobarn can help you get exactly what it is you want from your car. For us, it's not just about selling products; Autobarn staff want to know what it is you're trying to achieve, what type of car you have, do you plan to do the work yourself or do you need a hand from us?
Cortec Corporation
From a humble beginning in a small garage in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, our Principals - Cortec Corporation have grown into the World's Leader in Corrosion Protection Technology with the manufacture, distribution and application of anti corrosion products and systems based on the revolutionary Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibition Technology. Cortec VpCI products can be customised in various forms and shapes such as liquids, powders, film, foam, paper etc., but they all protect metal with a mono - molecular layer that provides multimetal corrosion protection.
Fuchs Lubricants
Fuchs is the world's largest independent lubricants manufacturer. We manufacture and supply innovative lubricating products and bespoke support packages - providing a complete service to our customers. Our product portfolio includes engine oils, food grade lubricants, agricultural oils, cutting fluids, greases, hydraulic oils and much more.
American Water Chemicals Inc.
American Water Chemicals, Inc. (AWC) was created in 1993 as a subsidiary of American Engineering Services (AES). AWC is an international ISO 9001:2008 certified company specializing in chemicals and analytical services for membrane separation processes used for water treatment. AWC uses only the highest quality materials at the most effective levels to ensure that our products perform as per our customer's requirements.
Serves Locally | Manufacturer
Halfords Retail manages its business in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and its product ranges are marketed through a national network of stores and through an innovative multi-channel offer which combines website promotion with direct delivery or collection from store, backed up by in-store services.
Peak Commercial & Industrials
The history of PEAK Commercial & Industrial products began with Old World Industries, LLC. At PEAK Commercial & Industrial, we value scientific discipline and use it to deliver product purity and superior performance. PEAK Commercial & Industrial strives every day to be the chemistry that drives commerce. Our culture of innovation continues to fuel new, patented technology in automotive, trucking, mining, construction, and agricultural products. Today, Old World Industries proudly provides these products to more than 60 countries around the globe.
Addapt Chemicals BV
ADDAPT Chemicals BV, started in 2003, is an independent chemical company specialized in the development and manufacturing of environmentally friendly additives for a wide variety of mainly water based systems. Our extensive range of additives are used for various industry groups all over the world such as (industrial) coatings, adhesives, (decorative) paints, renders/putties, printing inks, foam control agents, lubricants, waste water treatment, cement/concrete gypsum and protective care systems.
Recochem Inc
Recochem is a Canadian owned, privately held company with a global reputation for quality products and outstanding customer service. Our Industrial Division includes refining and distillation of both Crude and Refined Naphthalene in Canada and in Belgium, as well as the ability to supply Chlorinated Benzenes for a wide range of applications.
Send Enquiry To:
Selected Suppliers () All Suppliers Found (11) Top 5 Suppliers (5) Top 10 Suppliers (10) CE Verified Suppliers (1)
We are looking for Glycol Antifreeze
Unit Kilogram (Kg) Litre (Lt) Metric Ton (MT) US Gallon (USG) UK Gallon (UKG) Piece (Pc) Ounce (Oz)
Acid Thickener
Anionic PAM
Boiler Antiscalant
Boiler Treatment Chemical
Brewery Chemicals
Chiller Water Treatment Chemicals
CIP Cleaner
Citric Acid Descaler
Condensate Line Corrosion Inhibitor
Coolant Additive
Coolant Corrosion Inhibitor
Cooling Tower Chemicals
Dairy Chemicals
Degreasing Chemical
Descaling Chemical
DOPE (Deoiling Polyelectrolyte)
Drilling Aid Polymer
Drinking Water Chemicals
Dust Suppressant
Effluent Treatment Chemicals
Fumigation Chemical
Housekeeping Chemicals
Hydrogel Polymer
Hydrotesting Corrosion Inhibitor
Inhibited Ethylene Glycol
Inhibited Glycol
Inhibited Propylene Glycol
Oxygen Scavenger
PCM (Phase Change Material)
Peracetic Acid
Pharma Chemicals
PHPA (Partially Hydrolyzed Polymer)
Polyamine
Polyelectrolyte
Quaternary Disinfectants
Reverse Osmosis Chemicals
RO Antiscalant
RO Membrane Cleaner
Rodine Acid Inhibitor
Silver Hydrogen Peroxide
Sulfamic Acid Descalant
Sulfamic Acid Descaler
VCI (Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor)
© Copyright 2020 Chemequal


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Private GP Clinic Services
Private Blood Test
Radiological Imaging
Including X-rays / Ultrasounds
Essential Health Screening
Well Woman Services
Visa Medicals
Saudi / South African / China / Kuwait
Pre Employment Medicals
Chickenpox Vaccination
Combined MMR Vaccines
Meningitis B Vaccine
BCG Vaccinations & TB (Mantoux) Testing
Whooping Cough Vaccination
Premier Healthcare.
Opening Times: Mon to Sat
Whooping cough is a highly infectious illness affecting the lungs and upper airways. It is caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. It can lead to severe and potentially life-threatening illness in infants, especially those under 6 months of age. In older children and adults, it presents with painful coughing spasms, which can be very distressing and last for 2-3 months.
The infection is spread from person to person through coughing and sneezing. It is contagious from 6 days after exposure has occurred until 3 weeks after the coughing spasms start.
The initial symptoms of whooping cough are runny nose, fever and occasional cough (known as the Catarrhal Phase). This lasts typically 1 to 2 weeks.
This is followed the Paroxysmal Phase, which is characterised by fits of severe and repeated coughing episodes. At the end of the coughing fit, a "whoop" may be heard. Vomiting and exhaustion can occur after the coughing fits. This stage can last from 1-6 weeks (but can go on for 10 weeks). Recovery is gradual with a reduction in the coughing fits
Complications are more likely to occur in infants under 6 months and include:
Weight loss from repeated vomiting
Lack of oxygen to the brain from Apnoeic episodes (breathing stops after fits of coughing) leading to convulsions, coma and brain damage
In adults and older children, the disease can cause:
Weight loss from vomiting
Loss of bladder control
Rib fractures from repeated severe coughing fits.
Early treatment is important as antibiotics can lessen the severity of the illness, as well as reduce its infectiousness.
The disease is easily preventable with vaccination. Pertussis vaccination is included in the UK childhood immunisation programme and is also given to pregnant women to protect new-borns who are vulnerable to the infection, but are not able to receive the vaccination.
Available at our Flagship Clinics -Moorgate, Oxford Circus and Canary Wharf London
Other London Clinics (Updated June 2019)
Greenwich (High Street)
Hornchurch
Rest UK
Blackpool North
Brighton (Withdean)
Cambridge (Mill Road)
Glasgow East End
Glasgow West End
Glasgow GP St Vincent
Leicester (Evington Road)
Manchester (GP Didsbury)
Newcastle Benton
North Cheam (Sutton)
Scunthorpe (Cambridge Avenue)
Available at our Flagship Clinics -Moorgate, Oxford Circus and Canary Wharf
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Vaccination
The whooping cough vaccine is only available as a combination vaccine in the UK (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis and Polio). It is an inactivated vaccine, which means it does not contain any live organisms and thus, cannot cause the disease.
The vaccine is normally given as three doses at 2, 3 and 4 months of age as part of the UK childhood immunisation programme. A further dose is given with the pre-school boosters.
Immunity to the vaccine as well as to natural infection with whooping cough does wane with time. Therefore, re-infection or infection after vaccination can occur. However, it is usually milder and less prolonged than in those individuals who have never been vaccinated or never had the infection. As immunity wanes with natural infection also, vaccination can be given to individuals who have had whooping cough infection in the past.
The whooping cough vaccination can be given to individuals over 10 years of age in the following circumstances:
To pregnant women to protect their new-born babies from the disease.
For travellers to regions with an outbreak of pertussis and who had their last dose of the vaccine more than 10 years ago.
To individuals who been exposed to whooping cough infection and had their last dose of whooping cough vaccine more than 5 years ago.
For individuals who have had the vaccine more than 10 years ago and are regularly in close contact with young children or pregnant women and could transmit the infection to these vulnerable groups, such as health care workers.
Boosting may be required for individuals working or living in the USA or Australia
The vaccine is given as a booster dose only for those who have received the initial three doses of the vaccination or had prior infection with whooping cough.
It is a single dose, which provides protection for around 10 years
Booster Doses
Further doses of the vaccine can be given at 10 years if required.
The vaccine cannot be given in the following circumstances:
To individuals under 10 years of age
If there is a history of severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria or polio containing vaccines
If there is a history of severe allergic reaction to any of the additional components of the vaccine (see FAQ for list). This includes neomycin and polymyxin.
History of encephalopathy (altered consciousness, convulsions, coma) within 7 days of receiving a previous pertussis containing vaccine.
Acute illness with high fever (above 38.5 degrees Celsius).
Uncontrolled neurological conditions, such as severe epilepsy.
There is no evidence of harm to the unborn child from vaccinating with inactivated vaccines, such as pertussis. Indeed, the vaccine is given to pregnant women between 16 to 32 weeks to protect the new-born infant from the illness.
Although, there is no specific data on the effects of pertussis containing vaccines to breast fed infants, there is no evidence of harm in using inactivated vaccines, such as this, during breast feeding.
Localised reactions at the injection site-includes redness, bruising, pain and swelling of the vaccinated arm.
Generalised side effects include fever, headache, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Interactions with Other Vaccinations
The vaccine can be given at the same time or any time before or after other vaccinations including:
Travel vaccine such as yellow fever, hepatitis A, Typhoid, Rabies
Hepatitis B vaccine
Chickenpox vaccine
Which Pertussis Vaccine Do you use?
CityDoc provides Boosterix-IPV, which is a combination vaccine containing Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis and Poliomyelitis. It has a lower content of Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis and thus, is only used as a booster vaccination.
The vaccine is manufactured by GSK.
Is the vaccine Safe?
Pertussis containing vaccines have been used as part of the UK childhood immunisations programmes since 1957. The vaccine used by CityDoc contains acellular pertussis (contains components of the bacteria only) in line with Department if Health guidance as these have lower incidence of side effects. The vaccine is inactivated and thus, cannot cause any of the illnesses that is protects against.
The vaccine does not contain mercury.
What does the vaccine contain?
In addition to pertussis, diphtheria, polio and tetanus, the vaccine contains:
Aluminium Hydroxide and Aluminium Phosphate
Medium 199 (as stabilizer containing amino acids, mineral salts, vitamins and other substances)
Water for injections
If I have already had diphtheria, tetanus and polio vaccine recently, but now require pertussis, is it safe to have this vaccine?
The pertussis vaccine is only available as a combination vaccine (dTap/IPV or DTap). The current guidance is that a pertussis containing vaccine can be given if required, but it should be given at least 1 month after receiving a dose of Diphtheria/Tetanus/Polio vaccine.
If I have a cold, can I still go ahead and have the vaccination?
The vaccine can be given in minor illnesses without any significant fever. If a high temperature is present, then it is best to postpone the vaccine until you have recovered.
Am I infectious after the vaccine?
The vaccine is inactivated and thus, cannot cause infection in the vaccinated individual and nor is the vaccinated individual infections to others.
How safe is the vaccine in pregnancy?
The vaccine has been given to pregnant women in the UK since 2012 following increase in the incidence of whooping cough infections. The very young are more vulnerable to severe infection and even death from contracting the illness.
A study if 18,000 women who were given the pertussis containing vaccine during pregnancy showed that they had the same incidence of healthy births as non-vaccinated women. Additionally, there was no evidence of stillbirth or any other serious adverse effects in the vaccinated individuals.
Why can the vaccine not be given to children under 10 years?
Whooping cough vaccination is part of the UK childhood schedule, with the last dose being given at preschool (3 years 4 months). The vaccine is designed to be given as a booster vaccination. Therefore, children under 10 years of age, should see their NHS GP to obtain the vaccination.
Flagship Private GP Clinics
Private GP
Private Blood Tests
Healthcare Worker Services
Health Screens
Cervical Smears
Speciality Services
HPV Vaccines
Shingles Vaccines
Combined MMR
BCG Vaccinations & TB Testing
Whooping Cough Vaccine
Travel Vaccine Schedules
Premier Sexual Screens
Private GP Consultations
Executive Health Screens


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Carlos Miguel Ribeiro Dias (born 26 February 1993), known as Cafú, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Nottingham Forest as a midfielder.

He played in Portugal, France, Poland, Greece and England, winning two Ekstraklasa and Super League Greece titles with Legia Warsaw and Olympiacos respectively, as well as a double with both of those teams.

Club career

Benfica
Born in Guimarães of Bissau-Guinean descent, Cafú joined local Vitória SC's youth system at the age of 11, signing with S.L. Benfica four years later and going on to complete his development there. He started playing as a striker, but later shifted to a defensive midfielder role.

On 19 September 2012, whilst with Benfica B, Cafú made his debut as a professional, coming on as a 46th-minute substitute for Cláudio Correa and scoring the 2–2 equaliser away against C.D. Tondela in the Segunda Liga. It was his only goal of the season, in seven starts.

Guimarães
On 26 July 2013, Cafú signed a four-year contract with former club Vitória. Having returned to his previous position, he was initially assigned to the reserve team, which he helped promote to the second tier.

Cafú first appeared in the Primeira Liga on 17 August 2014, in a 3–1 away win over Gil Vicente F.C. where he partnered André André and Bernard Mensah in midfield and also featured the full 90 minutes. He finished his debut campaign with 29 games, in an eventual fifth-place finish and the subsequent qualification to the UEFA Europa League.

Lorient
On 8 June 2016, Cafú signed a four-year contract with French club FC Lorient. His maiden appearance in Ligue 1 occurred on 18 November, in a 3–0 home loss against AS Monaco FC.

Metz
Following his team's relegation, Cafú joined FC Metz also in the French top division on 1 August 2017, penning a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his league debut 17 days later, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 home defeat to title holders Monaco.

Legia Warsaw
On 27 February 2018, Cafú was loaned to Legia Warsaw until 30 June 2019. Subsequently, the move was made permanent.

During his spell at the Polish Army Stadium, Cafú took part in 59 competitive matches (nine goals, six assists). On 2 May 2018, he scored the 2–1 winner in the final of the Polish Cup against Arka Gdynia.

Olympiacos
On 1 February 2020, Olympiacos F.C. agreed to pay Legia €400,000 to sign Cafú. He played 14 official games during his stint, including nine in two separate editions of the Super League Greece which his team won.

Nottingham Forest
Cafú was loaned to English Championship side Nottingham Forest on 5 October 2020, until the end of the season. He was originally seen as a defensive midfielder, but manager Chris Hughton began using him in a more attacking role.

Cafú agreed to a permanent move on 2 February 2021. He scored his first goal for the club on 11 December, closing a 4–1 away win against Swansea City. The following 9 January, he came off the bench for Philip Zinckernagel to help beat Arsenal 1–0 in the third round of the FA Cup. He was unused as the Reds ended their 23-year absence from the Premier League with a 1–0 playoff final victory over Huddersfield Town on 29 May 2022.

On 14 August 2022, Cafú made his debut in the English top tier, replacing Orel Mangala late into the 1–0 home defeat of West Ham United.

International career
Cafú earned 27 caps for Portugal, from the under-16 to the under-20 levels. He was part of the under-19 squad that competed in the 2012 UEFA European Championship.

Career statistics

Club

Honours
Legia Warsaw
Ekstraklasa: 2017–18, 2019–20
Polish Cup: 2017–18

Olympiacos
Super League Greece: 2019–20, 2020–21
Greek Football Cup: 2019–20

Nottingham Forest
EFL Championship play-offs: 2022

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Portuguese sportspeople of Bissau-Guinean descent
Sportspeople from Guimarães
Black Portuguese sportspeople
Portuguese footballers
Association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Campeonato de Portugal (league) players
S.L. Benfica B players
Vitória S.C. B players
Vitória S.C. players
Ligue 1 players
FC Lorient players
FC Metz players
Ekstraklasa players
Legia Warsaw players
Super League Greece players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Portugal youth international footballers
Portuguese expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in Poland
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Expatriate footballers in England
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in France
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in England