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Project acronym 3MC
Project 3D Model Catalysts to explore new routes to sustainable fuels
Researcher (PI) Petra Elisabeth De jongh
Summary Currently fuels, plastics, and drugs are predominantly manufactured from oil. A transition towards renewable resources critically depends on new catalysts, for instance to convert small molecules (such as solar or biomass derived hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water and carbon dioxide) into more complex ones (such as oxygenates, containing oxygen atoms in their structure). Catalyst development now often depends on trial and error rather than rational design, as the heterogeneity of these composite systems hampers detailed understanding of the role of each of the components. I propose 3D model catalysts as a novel enabling tool to overcome this problem. Their well-defined nature allows unprecedented precision in the variation of structural parameters (morphology, spatial distribution) of the individual components, while at the same time they mimic real catalysts closely enough to allow testing under industrially relevant conditions. Using this approach I will address fundamental questions, such as: * What are the mechanisms (structural, electronic, chemical) by which non-metal promoters influence the functionality of copper-based catalysts? * Which nanoalloys can be formed, how does their composition influence the surface active sites and catalytic functionality under reaction conditions? * Which size and interface effects occur, and how can we use them to tune the actitivity and selectivity towards desired products? Our 3D model catalysts will be assembled from ordered mesoporous silica and carbon support materials and Cu-based promoted and bimetallic nanoparticles. The combination with high resolution characterization and testing under realistic conditions allows detailed insight into the role of the different components; critical for the rational design of novel catalysts for a future more sustainable production of chemicals and fuels from renewable resources.
Currently fuels, plastics, and drugs are predominantly manufactured from oil. A transition towards renewable resources critically depends on new catalysts, for instance to convert small molecules (such as solar or biomass derived hydrogen, carbon monoxide, water and carbon dioxide) into more complex ones (such as oxygenates, containing oxygen atoms in their structure). Catalyst development now often depends on trial and error rather than rational design, as the heterogeneity of these composite systems hampers detailed understanding of the role of each of the components. I propose 3D model catalysts as a novel enabling tool to overcome this problem. Their well-defined nature allows unprecedented precision in the variation of structural parameters (morphology, spatial distribution) of the individual components, while at the same time they mimic real catalysts closely enough to allow testing under industrially relevant conditions. Using this approach I will address fundamental questions, such as: * What are the mechanisms (structural, electronic, chemical) by which non-metal promoters influence the functionality of copper-based catalysts? * Which nanoalloys can be formed, how does their composition influence the surface active sites and catalytic functionality under reaction conditions? * Which size and interface effects occur, and how can we use them to tune the actitivity and selectivity towards desired products? Our 3D model catalysts will be assembled from ordered mesoporous silica and carbon support materials and Cu-based promoted and bimetallic nanoparticles. The combination with high resolution characterization and testing under realistic conditions allows detailed insight into the role of the different components; critical for the rational design of novel catalysts for a future more sustainable production of chemicals and fuels from renewable resources.
Project acronym ActiveBioFluids
Project Origins of Collective Motion in Active Biofluids
Researcher (PI) Daniel TAM
Summary The emergence of coherent behaviour is ubiquitous in the natural world and has long captivated biologists and physicists alike. One area of growing interest is the collective motion and synchronization arising within and between simple motile organisms. My goal is to develop and use a novel experimental approach to unravel the origins of spontaneous coherent motion in three model systems of biofluids: (1) the synchronization of the two flagella of green algae Chlamydomonas Rheinhardtii, (2) the metachronal wave in the cilia of protist Paramecium and (3) the collective motion of swimming microorganisms in active suspensions. Understanding the mechanisms leading to collective motion is of tremendous importance because it is crucial to many biological processes such as mechanical signal transduction, embryonic development and biofilm formation. Up till now, most of the work has been theoretical and has led to the dominant view that hydrodynamic interactions are the main driving force for synchronization and collective motion. Recent experiments have challenged this view and highlighted the importance of direct mechanical contact. New experimental studies are now crucially needed. The state-of-the-art of experimental approaches consists of observations of unperturbed cells. The key innovation in our approach is to dynamically interact with microorganisms in real-time, at the relevant time and length scales. I will investigate the origins of coherent motion by reproducing synthetically the mechanical signatures of physiological flows and direct mechanical interactions and track precisely the response of the organism to the perturbations. Our new approach will incorporate optical tweezers to interact with motile cells, and a unique μ-Tomographic PIV setup to track their 3D micron-scale motion. This proposal tackles a timely question in biophysics and will yield new insight into the fundamental principles underlying collective motion in active biological matter.
The emergence of coherent behaviour is ubiquitous in the natural world and has long captivated biologists and physicists alike. One area of growing interest is the collective motion and synchronization arising within and between simple motile organisms. My goal is to develop and use a novel experimental approach to unravel the origins of spontaneous coherent motion in three model systems of biofluids: (1) the synchronization of the two flagella of green algae Chlamydomonas Rheinhardtii, (2) the metachronal wave in the cilia of protist Paramecium and (3) the collective motion of swimming microorganisms in active suspensions. Understanding the mechanisms leading to collective motion is of tremendous importance because it is crucial to many biological processes such as mechanical signal transduction, embryonic development and biofilm formation. Up till now, most of the work has been theoretical and has led to the dominant view that hydrodynamic interactions are the main driving force for synchronization and collective motion. Recent experiments have challenged this view and highlighted the importance of direct mechanical contact. New experimental studies are now crucially needed. The state-of-the-art of experimental approaches consists of observations of unperturbed cells. The key innovation in our approach is to dynamically interact with microorganisms in real-time, at the relevant time and length scales. I will investigate the origins of coherent motion by reproducing synthetically the mechanical signatures of physiological flows and direct mechanical interactions and track precisely the response of the organism to the perturbations. Our new approach will incorporate optical tweezers to interact with motile cells, and a unique μ-Tomographic PIV setup to track their 3D micron-scale motion. This proposal tackles a timely question in biophysics and will yield new insight into the fundamental principles underlying collective motion in active biological matter.
Project acronym ALGSTRONGCRYPTO
Project Algebraic Methods for Stronger Crypto
Researcher (PI) Ronald John Fitzgerald CRAMER
Host Institution (HI) STICHTING NEDERLANDSE WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK INSTITUTEN
Summary Our field is cryptology. Our overarching objective is to advance significantly the frontiers in design and analysis of high-security cryptography for the future generation. Particularly, we wish to enhance the efficiency, functionality, and, last-but-not-least, fundamental understanding of cryptographic security against very powerful adversaries. Our approach here is to develop completely novel methods by deepening, strengthening and broadening the algebraic foundations of the field. Concretely, our lens builds on the arithmetic codex. This is a general, abstract cryptographic primitive whose basic theory we recently developed and whose asymptotic part, which relies on algebraic geometry, enjoys crucial applications in surprising foundational results on constant communication-rate two-party cryptography. A codex is a linear (error correcting) code that, when endowing its ambient vector space just with coordinate-wise multiplication, can be viewed as simulating, up to some degree, richer arithmetical structures such as finite fields (or products thereof), or generally, finite-dimensional algebras over finite fields. Besides this degree, coordinate-localities for which simulation holds and for which it does not at all are also captured. Our method is based on novel perspectives on codices which significantly widen their scope and strengthen their utility. Particularly, we bring symmetries, computational- and complexity theoretic aspects, and connections with algebraic number theory, -geometry, and -combinatorics into play in novel ways. Our applications range from public-key cryptography to secure multi-party computation. Our proposal is subdivided into 3 interconnected modules: (1) Algebraic- and Number Theoretical Cryptanalysis (2) Construction of Algebraic Crypto Primitives (3) Advanced Theory of Arithmetic Codices
Our field is cryptology. Our overarching objective is to advance significantly the frontiers in design and analysis of high-security cryptography for the future generation. Particularly, we wish to enhance the efficiency, functionality, and, last-but-not-least, fundamental understanding of cryptographic security against very powerful adversaries. Our approach here is to develop completely novel methods by deepening, strengthening and broadening the algebraic foundations of the field. Concretely, our lens builds on the arithmetic codex. This is a general, abstract cryptographic primitive whose basic theory we recently developed and whose asymptotic part, which relies on algebraic geometry, enjoys crucial applications in surprising foundational results on constant communication-rate two-party cryptography. A codex is a linear (error correcting) code that, when endowing its ambient vector space just with coordinate-wise multiplication, can be viewed as simulating, up to some degree, richer arithmetical structures such as finite fields (or products thereof), or generally, finite-dimensional algebras over finite fields. Besides this degree, coordinate-localities for which simulation holds and for which it does not at all are also captured. Our method is based on novel perspectives on codices which significantly widen their scope and strengthen their utility. Particularly, we bring symmetries, computational- and complexity theoretic aspects, and connections with algebraic number theory, -geometry, and -combinatorics into play in novel ways. Our applications range from public-key cryptography to secure multi-party computation. Our proposal is subdivided into 3 interconnected modules: (1) Algebraic- and Number Theoretical Cryptanalysis (2) Construction of Algebraic Crypto Primitives (3) Advanced Theory of Arithmetic Codices
Project acronym APROCS
Project Automated Linear Parameter-Varying Modeling and Control Synthesis for Nonlinear Complex Systems
Researcher (PI) Roland TOTH
Summary Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems are flexible mathematical models capable of representing Nonlinear (NL)/Time-Varying (TV) dynamical behaviors of complex physical systems (e.g., wafer scanners, car engines, chemical reactors), often encountered in engineering, via a linear structure. The LPV framework provides computationally efficient and robust approaches to synthesize digital controllers that can ensure desired operation of such systems - making it attractive to (i) high-tech mechatronic, (ii) automotive and (iii) chemical-process applications. Such a framework is important to meet with the increasing operational demands of systems in these industrial sectors and to realize future technological targets. However, recent studies have shown that, to fully exploit the potential of the LPV framework, a number of limiting factors of the underlying theory ask a for serious innovation, as currently it is not understood how to (1) automate exact and low-complexity LPV modeling of real-world applications and how to refine uncertain aspects of these models efficiently by the help of measured data, (2) incorporate control objectives directly into modeling and to develop model reduction approaches for control, and (3) how to see modeling & control synthesis as a unified, closed-loop system synthesis approach directly oriented for the underlying NL/TV system. Furthermore, due to the increasingly cyber-physical nature of applications, (4) control synthesis is needed in a plug & play fashion, where if sub-systems are modified or exchanged, then the control design and the model of the whole system are only incrementally updated. This project aims to surmount Challenges (1)-(4) by establishing an innovative revolution of the LPV framework supported by a software suite and extensive empirical studies on real-world industrial applications; with a potential to ensure a leading role of technological innovation of the EU in the high-impact industrial sectors (i)-(iii).
Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems are flexible mathematical models capable of representing Nonlinear (NL)/Time-Varying (TV) dynamical behaviors of complex physical systems (e.g., wafer scanners, car engines, chemical reactors), often encountered in engineering, via a linear structure. The LPV framework provides computationally efficient and robust approaches to synthesize digital controllers that can ensure desired operation of such systems - making it attractive to (i) high-tech mechatronic, (ii) automotive and (iii) chemical-process applications. Such a framework is important to meet with the increasing operational demands of systems in these industrial sectors and to realize future technological targets. However, recent studies have shown that, to fully exploit the potential of the LPV framework, a number of limiting factors of the underlying theory ask a for serious innovation, as currently it is not understood how to (1) automate exact and low-complexity LPV modeling of real-world applications and how to refine uncertain aspects of these models efficiently by the help of measured data, (2) incorporate control objectives directly into modeling and to develop model reduction approaches for control, and (3) how to see modeling & control synthesis as a unified, closed-loop system synthesis approach directly oriented for the underlying NL/TV system. Furthermore, due to the increasingly cyber-physical nature of applications, (4) control synthesis is needed in a plug & play fashion, where if sub-systems are modified or exchanged, then the control design and the model of the whole system are only incrementally updated. This project aims to surmount Challenges (1)-(4) by establishing an innovative revolution of the LPV framework supported by a software suite and extensive empirical studies on real-world industrial applications; with a potential to ensure a leading role of technological innovation of the EU in the high-impact industrial sectors (i)-(iii).
Project acronym ASICA
Project New constraints on the Amazonian carbon balance from airborne observations of the stable isotopes of CO2
Researcher (PI) Wouter Peters
Call Details Consolidator Grant (CoG), PE10, ERC-2014-CoG
Summary Severe droughts in Amazonia in 2005 and 2010 caused widespread loss of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. This loss, almost twice the annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the EU, suggests a large sensitivity of the Amazonian carbon balance to a predicted more intense drought regime in the next decades. This is a dangerous inference though, as there is no scientific consensus on the most basic metrics of Amazonian carbon exchange: the gross primary production (GPP) and its response to moisture deficits in the soil and atmosphere. Measuring them on scales that span the whole Amazon forest was thus far impossible, but in this project I aim to deliver the first observation-based estimate of pan-Amazonian GPP and its drought induced variations. My program builds on two recent breakthroughs in our use of stable isotopes (13C, 17O, 18O) in atmospheric CO2: (1) Our discovery that observed δ¹³C in CO2 in the atmosphere is a quantitative measure for vegetation water-use efficiency over millions of square kilometers, integrating the drought response of individual plants. (2) The possibility to precisely measure the relative ratios of 18O/16O and 17O/16O in CO2, called Δ17O. Anomalous Δ17O values are present in air coming down from the stratosphere, but this anomaly is removed upon contact of CO2 with leaf water inside plant stomata. Hence, observed Δ17O values depend directly on the magnitude of GPP. Both δ¹³C and Δ17O measurements are scarce over the Amazon-basin, and I propose more than 7000 new measurements leveraging an established aircraft monitoring program in Brazil. Quantitative interpretation of these observations will break new ground in our use of stable isotopes to understand climate variations, and is facilitated by our renowned numerical modeling system "CarbonTracker". My program will answer two burning question in carbon cycle science today: (a) What is the magnitude of GPP in Amazonia? And (b) How does it vary over different intensities of drought?
Severe droughts in Amazonia in 2005 and 2010 caused widespread loss of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere. This loss, almost twice the annual fossil fuel CO2 emissions in the EU, suggests a large sensitivity of the Amazonian carbon balance to a predicted more intense drought regime in the next decades. This is a dangerous inference though, as there is no scientific consensus on the most basic metrics of Amazonian carbon exchange: the gross primary production (GPP) and its response to moisture deficits in the soil and atmosphere. Measuring them on scales that span the whole Amazon forest was thus far impossible, but in this project I aim to deliver the first observation-based estimate of pan-Amazonian GPP and its drought induced variations. My program builds on two recent breakthroughs in our use of stable isotopes (13C, 17O, 18O) in atmospheric CO2: (1) Our discovery that observed δ¹³C in CO2 in the atmosphere is a quantitative measure for vegetation water-use efficiency over millions of square kilometers, integrating the drought response of individual plants. (2) The possibility to precisely measure the relative ratios of 18O/16O and 17O/16O in CO2, called Δ17O. Anomalous Δ17O values are present in air coming down from the stratosphere, but this anomaly is removed upon contact of CO2 with leaf water inside plant stomata. Hence, observed Δ17O values depend directly on the magnitude of GPP. Both δ¹³C and Δ17O measurements are scarce over the Amazon-basin, and I propose more than 7000 new measurements leveraging an established aircraft monitoring program in Brazil. Quantitative interpretation of these observations will break new ground in our use of stable isotopes to understand climate variations, and is facilitated by our renowned numerical modeling system "CarbonTracker". My program will answer two burning question in carbon cycle science today: (a) What is the magnitude of GPP in Amazonia? And (b) How does it vary over different intensities of drought?
Project acronym BinCosmos
Project The Impact of Massive Binaries Through Cosmic Time
Researcher (PI) Selma DE MINK
Summary Massive stars play many key roles in Astrophysics. As COSMIC ENGINES they transformed the pristine Universe left after the Big Bang into our modern Universe. We use massive stars, their explosions and products as COSMIC PROBES to study the conditions in the distant Universe and the extreme physics inaccessible at earth. Models of massive stars are thus widely applied. A central common assumption is that massive stars are non-rotating single objects, in stark contrast with new data. Recent studies show that majority (70% according to our data) will experience severe interaction with a companion (Sana, de Mink et al. Science 2012). I propose to conduct the most ambitious and extensive exploration to date of the effects of binarity and rotation on the lives and fates of massive stars to (I) transform our understanding of the complex physical processes and how they operate in the vast parameter space and (II) explore the cosmological implications after calibrating and verifying the models. To achieve this ambitious objective I will use an innovative computational approach that combines the strength of two highly complementary codes and seek direct confrontation with observations to overcome the computational challenges that inhibited previous work. This timely project will provide the urgent theory framework needed for interpretation and guiding of observing programs with the new facilities (JWST, LSST, aLIGO/VIRGO). Public release of the model grids and code will ensure wide impact of this project. I am in the unique position to successfully lead this project because of my (i) extensive experience modeling the complex physical processes, (ii) leading role in introducing large statistical simulations in the massive star community and (iii) direct involvement in surveys that will be used in this project.
Massive stars play many key roles in Astrophysics. As COSMIC ENGINES they transformed the pristine Universe left after the Big Bang into our modern Universe. We use massive stars, their explosions and products as COSMIC PROBES to study the conditions in the distant Universe and the extreme physics inaccessible at earth. Models of massive stars are thus widely applied. A central common assumption is that massive stars are non-rotating single objects, in stark contrast with new data. Recent studies show that majority (70% according to our data) will experience severe interaction with a companion (Sana, de Mink et al. Science 2012). I propose to conduct the most ambitious and extensive exploration to date of the effects of binarity and rotation on the lives and fates of massive stars to (I) transform our understanding of the complex physical processes and how they operate in the vast parameter space and (II) explore the cosmological implications after calibrating and verifying the models. To achieve this ambitious objective I will use an innovative computational approach that combines the strength of two highly complementary codes and seek direct confrontation with observations to overcome the computational challenges that inhibited previous work. This timely project will provide the urgent theory framework needed for interpretation and guiding of observing programs with the new facilities (JWST, LSST, aLIGO/VIRGO). Public release of the model grids and code will ensure wide impact of this project. I am in the unique position to successfully lead this project because of my (i) extensive experience modeling the complex physical processes, (ii) leading role in introducing large statistical simulations in the massive star community and (iii) direct involvement in surveys that will be used in this project.
Project acronym BIVAQUM
Project Bivariational Approximations in Quantum Mechanics and Applications to Quantum Chemistry
Researcher (PI) Simen Kvaal
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSITETET I OSLO
Summary The standard variational principles (VPs) are cornerstones of quantum mechanics, and one can hardly overestimate their usefulness as tools for generating approximations to the time-independent and time-dependent Schröodinger equations. The aim of the proposal is to study and apply a generalization of these, the bivariational principles (BIVPs), which arise naturally when one does not assume a priori that the system Hamiltonian is Hermitian. This unconventional approach may have transformative impact on development of ab initio methodology, both for electronic structure and dynamics. The first objective is to establish the mathematical foundation for the BIVPs. This opens up a whole new axis of method development for ab initio approaches. For instance, it is a largely ignored fact that the popular traditional coupled cluster (TCC) method can be neatly formulated with the BIVPs, and TCC is both polynomially scaling with the number of electrons and size-consistent. No "variational" method enjoys these properties simultaneously, indeed this seems to be incompatible with the standard VPs. Armed with the BIVPs, the project aims to develop new and understand existing ab initio methods. The second objective is thus a systematic multireference coupled cluster theory (MRCC) based on the BIVPs. This is in itself a novel approach that carries large potential benefits and impact. The third and last objective is an implementation of a new coupled-cluster type method where the orbitals are bivariational parameters. This gives a size-consistent hierarchy of approximations to multiconfiguration Hartree--Fock. The PI's broad contact with and background in scientific disciplines such as applied mathematics and nuclear physics in addition to quantum chemistry increases the feasibility of the project.
The standard variational principles (VPs) are cornerstones of quantum mechanics, and one can hardly overestimate their usefulness as tools for generating approximations to the time-independent and time-dependent Schröodinger equations. The aim of the proposal is to study and apply a generalization of these, the bivariational principles (BIVPs), which arise naturally when one does not assume a priori that the system Hamiltonian is Hermitian. This unconventional approach may have transformative impact on development of ab initio methodology, both for electronic structure and dynamics. The first objective is to establish the mathematical foundation for the BIVPs. This opens up a whole new axis of method development for ab initio approaches. For instance, it is a largely ignored fact that the popular traditional coupled cluster (TCC) method can be neatly formulated with the BIVPs, and TCC is both polynomially scaling with the number of electrons and size-consistent. No "variational" method enjoys these properties simultaneously, indeed this seems to be incompatible with the standard VPs. Armed with the BIVPs, the project aims to develop new and understand existing ab initio methods. The second objective is thus a systematic multireference coupled cluster theory (MRCC) based on the BIVPs. This is in itself a novel approach that carries large potential benefits and impact. The third and last objective is an implementation of a new coupled-cluster type method where the orbitals are bivariational parameters. This gives a size-consistent hierarchy of approximations to multiconfiguration Hartree--Fock. The PI's broad contact with and background in scientific disciplines such as applied mathematics and nuclear physics in addition to quantum chemistry increases the feasibility of the project.
Project acronym C4T
Project Climate change across Cenozoic cooling steps reconstructed with clumped isotope thermometry
Researcher (PI) Anna Nele Meckler
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), PE10, ERC-2014-STG
Summary The Earth's climate system contains a highly complex interplay of numerous components, such as atmospheric greenhouse gases, ice sheets, and ocean circulation. Due to nonlinearities and feedbacks, changes to the system can result in rapid transitions to radically different climate states. In light of rising greenhouse gas levels there is an urgent need to better understand climate at such tipping points. Reconstructions of profound climate changes in the past provide crucial insight into our climate system and help to predict future changes. However, all proxies we use to reconstruct past climate depend on assumptions that are in addition increasingly uncertain back in time. A new kind of temperature proxy, the carbonate 'clumped isotope' thermometer, has great potential to overcome these obstacles. The proxy relies on thermodynamic principles, taking advantage of the temperature-dependence of the binding strength between different isotopes of carbon and oxygen, which makes it independent of other variables. Yet, widespread application of this technique in paleoceanography is currently prevented by the required large sample amounts, which are difficult to obtain from ocean sediments. If applied to the minute carbonate shells preserved in the sediments, this proxy would allow robust reconstructions of past temperatures in the surface and deep ocean, as well as global ice volume, far back in time. Here I propose to considerably decrease sample amount requirements of clumped isotope thermometry, building on recent successful modifications of the method and ideas for further analytical improvements. This will enable my group and me to thoroughly ground-truth the proxy for application in paleoceanography and for the first time apply it to aspects of past climate change across major climate transitions in the past, where clumped isotope thermometry can immediately contribute to solving long-standing first-order questions and allow for major progress in the field.
The Earth's climate system contains a highly complex interplay of numerous components, such as atmospheric greenhouse gases, ice sheets, and ocean circulation. Due to nonlinearities and feedbacks, changes to the system can result in rapid transitions to radically different climate states. In light of rising greenhouse gas levels there is an urgent need to better understand climate at such tipping points. Reconstructions of profound climate changes in the past provide crucial insight into our climate system and help to predict future changes. However, all proxies we use to reconstruct past climate depend on assumptions that are in addition increasingly uncertain back in time. A new kind of temperature proxy, the carbonate 'clumped isotope' thermometer, has great potential to overcome these obstacles. The proxy relies on thermodynamic principles, taking advantage of the temperature-dependence of the binding strength between different isotopes of carbon and oxygen, which makes it independent of other variables. Yet, widespread application of this technique in paleoceanography is currently prevented by the required large sample amounts, which are difficult to obtain from ocean sediments. If applied to the minute carbonate shells preserved in the sediments, this proxy would allow robust reconstructions of past temperatures in the surface and deep ocean, as well as global ice volume, far back in time. Here I propose to considerably decrease sample amount requirements of clumped isotope thermometry, building on recent successful modifications of the method and ideas for further analytical improvements. This will enable my group and me to thoroughly ground-truth the proxy for application in paleoceanography and for the first time apply it to aspects of past climate change across major climate transitions in the past, where clumped isotope thermometry can immediately contribute to solving long-standing first-order questions and allow for major progress in the field.
Project acronym CAFES
Project Causal Analysis of Feedback Systems
Researcher (PI) Joris Marten Mooij
Summary Many questions in science, policy making and everyday life are of a causal nature: how would changing A influence B? Causal inference, a branch of statistics and machine learning, studies how cause-effect relationships can be discovered from data and how these can be used for making predictions in situations where a system has been perturbed by an external intervention. The ability to reliably make such causal predictions is of great value for practical applications in a variety of disciplines. Over the last two decades, remarkable progress has been made in the field. However, even though state-of-the-art causal inference algorithms work well on simulated data when all their assumptions are met, there is still a considerable gap between theory and practice. The goal of CAFES is to bridge that gap by developing theory and algorithms that will enable large-scale applications of causal inference in various challenging domains in science, industry and decision making. The key challenge that will be addressed is how to deal with cyclic causal relationships ("feedback loops"). Feedback loops are very common in many domains (e.g., biology, economy and climatology), but have mostly been ignored so far in the field. Building on recently established connections between dynamical systems and causal models, CAFES will develop theory and algorithms for causal modeling, reasoning, discovery and prediction for cyclic causal systems. Extensions to stationary and non-stationary processes will be developed to advance the state-of-the-art in causal analysis of time-series data. In order to optimally use available resources, computationally efficient and statistically robust algorithms for causal inference from observational and interventional data in the context of confounders and feedback will be developed. The work will be done with a strong focus on applications in molecular biology, one of the most promising areas for automated causal inference from data.
Many questions in science, policy making and everyday life are of a causal nature: how would changing A influence B? Causal inference, a branch of statistics and machine learning, studies how cause-effect relationships can be discovered from data and how these can be used for making predictions in situations where a system has been perturbed by an external intervention. The ability to reliably make such causal predictions is of great value for practical applications in a variety of disciplines. Over the last two decades, remarkable progress has been made in the field. However, even though state-of-the-art causal inference algorithms work well on simulated data when all their assumptions are met, there is still a considerable gap between theory and practice. The goal of CAFES is to bridge that gap by developing theory and algorithms that will enable large-scale applications of causal inference in various challenging domains in science, industry and decision making. The key challenge that will be addressed is how to deal with cyclic causal relationships ("feedback loops"). Feedback loops are very common in many domains (e.g., biology, economy and climatology), but have mostly been ignored so far in the field. Building on recently established connections between dynamical systems and causal models, CAFES will develop theory and algorithms for causal modeling, reasoning, discovery and prediction for cyclic causal systems. Extensions to stationary and non-stationary processes will be developed to advance the state-of-the-art in causal analysis of time-series data. In order to optimally use available resources, computationally efficient and statistically robust algorithms for causal inference from observational and interventional data in the context of confounders and feedback will be developed. The work will be done with a strong focus on applications in molecular biology, one of the most promising areas for automated causal inference from data.


Much like the rest of Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s NASCAR retirement season, there was hope this would be his weekend to go to victory lane. After all, his first win was at Texas Motor Speedway. It was a sign, wasn't it?
Nope. Not at all. That's not how this season is working for him.
Earnhardt told the broadcast crew in the garage that he "burned the hub up on the left front," and that it needed to be changed out. The hub helps attach the wheel to the car, making it kind of important at 200 mph.
The team got the repair done, and Earnhardt returned to the track 30 laps down. It probably isn't how Earnhardt wanted to end his last race as a full-time driver in Texas—especially when the Dallas skyline lit up with an "88" for him—but at least he'll get to finish the race.


text:
Shaun Derry thrilled with Cambridge United character in 3-1 win at Crawley Town in League 2
Shaun Derry hailed the Cambridge United spirit when he spoke to the press after their 3-1 League 2 victory at Crawley Town
Michael Vaughton
Cambridge United manager Shaun Derry.
Shaun Derry was a happy manager after Cambridge United marked his one-year anniversary with a 3-1 triumph at Crawley Town in Sky Bet League Two.
Having been installed as U's boss 12 months ago to the day, he saw his side come from behind to take maximum points thanks to Greg Taylor's first goal for the club, Uche Ikpeazu's lob and Luke Berry's free kick.
Derry on the win
"We felt internally that the win was going to come. We'd worked really hard and done all of our work in the week for the outcome, and the outcome was we produced a really good performance and got the win so I'm pleased.
"(Going behind) didn't help and it wasn't in the plan, that's for sure! I was disappointed in terms of the way we conceded the goal, but instantly the response was exactly what I wanted it to be.
"That response came from the pitch – it came from the players, and that's even more important. At certain times this season it has been driven from the sides, and I've always wanted the team to drive themselves.
"I thought the win was a real, real positive for all the character that we've shown since the season started. The team has been full of character, even when things haven't been going well and results have been going against us."
Crawley Town vs Cambridge United live score updates: U's win 3-1 through Taylor, Ikpeazu and Berry
Derry on pressing their opponents
"We knew if we sat off Crawley they've got good players. The way Dermot (Drummy, Crawley head coach) sets his team up, if you stand off them they can punish you.
"I never felt they really got going today, and perhaps Dermot will say that's a disappointment from his end, but I thought we contributed to that with the work rate we produced."
Derry on Taylor
"It's great to see from Greg. He's responded to certain criticisms in the past and I think the goal is testament to him as an individual and as a character.
"He's been written off so many times and he's always got himself back. He's playing consistently well for us and I'm pleased for him because it's nice to have goals coming from other avenues."
Derry on Ikpeazu's goal
"He's got that type of subtlety to his game. Obviously he's a big, strong individual, but he's got a good touch at times.
"With his goal, I'm not sure you're going to get too many better finishes than that this weekend. It was a really, really good goal.
"It was a great pass to him by Max (Clark). He saw the opportunity to connect with Uche in a one-v-one, and (Uche) took the chance fantastically well."
Derry on the Berry free kick
"He's got incredible quality. If you're asking me who are the best players at our level, I think you have to look at Luke Berry – I really back him that much.
"I think he's a fantastic player, a fantastic person and he epitomises everything this football club is.
"He's constantly producing top performances and it was a great goal."
Cambridge United FCCambridge United chief executive says it won't be hard to identify 'unacceptable' booing fansChief Executive of the club Ian Mather said it won't be very hard to identify who booed as many had messaged him directly on Twitter
Cambridge United fans who booed players taking the knee face ban as head coach speaks out
TwitterHead coach Mark Bonner said he hopes the people who booed "reflect long and hard" because they have "embarrassed" the club
What time is F1 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix today and is Lewis Hamilton racing?
SkyLewis Hamilton has returned to Mercedes for the final Grand Prix of the season
England France Rugby TV - What channel is England vs France on TV today? Kick-off time, TV and Amazon live stream details
UK Sport NewsWhen and where to watch England vs France in the Autumn Rugby Nations Final 2020 today
Cambridge United 'delighted' at the prospect of fans returning to Abbey Stadium
Cambridge NewsSupporters could be back in the stands ready for next Wednesday's fixture with Mansfield Town.
ShoppingParents raging after Aldi shopper suggests kids shouldn't ride in trolleysAll hell broke loose on the Facebook post, which received over 19,000 responses before moderators removed commenting

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


what is the crafting of it? I want this mod replace the standard plate minetest.
Last edited by BrunoMine on Sun Jul 07, 2013 03:39, edited 1 time in total.
brunob.santos wrote: what is the crafting of it? I want this mod replace the standard plate minetest.
Homedecor already provides this functionality (and more).
It is crafted like normal signs.
Last edited by kaeza on Sun Jul 07, 2013 08:49, edited 1 time in total.
oh cool! now i dont have to use HomeDecor for this!
I lost interest in Minetest for a couple of years and... I am still not really paying much attention. I rarely browse these forums anymore but it's nice to see old faces.
Homedecor's signs are superior. What is wrong with using homedecor anyway?
is this the sign which shows the words written without pointing it and is it default.
I know this mod is no longer available but I'm here to put notice about the license of the fonts used in the mod (in which the fonts still exist today on the same website linked from first post).
While the about page do write "Freeware! You may use them as you like" in the banner, the exact license written in Japanese did put up limitations on using the fonts.
■ Each of the bitmap fonts were created in respective minimum size, so the spacing between characters and lines were a bit tight. Please adjust them accordingly when using them.
■ Similarly, because the fonts are created in their minimum size, the recommended point size of each fonts is different (I'm sorry for making it confusing). Please use the font with size that is the multiple of the recommended point size.
■ These fonts are freeware.
■ You're free to distribute, transfer, or republish them for non-commercial purposes, but we strongly prohibit selling it or attaching it to products for commercial purposes without the permission from the author.
■ The author shall not be responsible for any damage caused by using these fonts.


Preah Khan was built by Jayavarman VII on the site of an earlier palace, and whilst Angkor Thom was being restored after a rain by the Cham in 1177 he came here to live.
The complex functioned as both a university and monastery, employing over 1,000 teachers plus an additional 97,840 other staff, the numbers are huge considering the site itself is not particularly large by Angkor standards. Inscriptions give us further details, revealing that a daily delivery of ten tonnes of rice was made to Preah Khan, enough to feed up to 15,000 people.
In 1191 Preah Khan was consecrated as a multi-denominational temple, catering to worshipers of Buddha, Shiva, Vishnu and a staggering 282 other gods.
The temple is in a semi-collapsed state and is currently under restoration, but with the surrounding lush jungle and lichen coated stone, it's immensely atmospheric.
Restoration might be the wrong term to use here, buildings are being stabilised to make them safe, but there is not any reconstruction happening, and the jungle is being allowed to encroach to a degree within the temple. It's a sympathetic approach, more maintenance that restoration, providing a great balance between the structures and the nature. It's places like this that could be straight out of a scene from Indiana Jones.
For whatever reason I always prefer visiting sites that are in a semi-ruined state, it seems to actually provide you with a greater connection to the past. Preah Khan is also less visited which is an added bonus, just a couple of hours earlier and less than 1km away I was fighting my way though hundreds of people at Bayon, but now I'm at a temple with less than 10 visitors.
The ruinous state of the complex can make it difficult to navigate around, the main passageways are cleared of rubble, but the side passages are not. It's immense fun to seek out these less explored areas, picking your way through the jumble of ruins, looking at the carvings, getting a little lost, and then managing to find your way again.
You should set aside a good 45 minutes to explore the Preah Khan complex, potentially a lot longer if you're a keen photographer. With less people around and numerous trees and other vegetation growing among the ruins, the atmosphere is wonderful and you will not find yourself keen to leave in a hurry.
Wow, wow, wow. Amazing, can't believe that tree!


The term 'Focus on Vision' or 'us' or 'we' refers to the owner of the website whose trading office is Catalyst House, 27 Yarm Road, Stockton-on-Tees. TS18 3NJ. The term 'you' refers to the user or viewer of our website.


Decorating the Christmas tree is one of my favourite parts of December. My mum refuseses to let us put up the tree before my sister's birthday (the 2nd) so as soon as she gives us the go-ahead, the tree goes right up. It makes the living room feel a lot more atmospheric and seeing it every day makes me way too excited for Christmas morning.
My mum hates putting up the tree – we don't have a real tree beccause the needles would end up all over the place so synthetic Christmas at my house!
Our tree isn't one of those ones that looks totally perfect and is the most photogenic ever – ours is very personal to our family and is filled with little 'Babys first Christmas' baubles and trinkets that we've picked up over the years.
The tree angel has always been kept in my room until the tree goes up, this year my little sister put it on the tree. It wouldn't be complete without the angel!
Putting up our tree is a whole family affair, the year they put it up without me caused the biggest hissy fit known to man. They won't make that mistake again.
Have you put your Christmas tree up?


text:
January 6 coronavirus news
By Joshua Berlinger, Adam Renton, Zamira Rahim, Angela Dewan and Hannah Strange, CNN
Updated 12:00 a.m. ET, January 7, 2021
The head of WHO is "very disappointed" that scientists investigating the origins of Covid-19 were prevented from entering China due to delayed paperwork.
Hospitalizations in the US continue to rise following the holidays — and the case surge has also limited the vaccine rollout, officials say.
The European Union has authorized Moderna's vaccine.
Some LA County ambulance crews were given guidance not to transport patients with little chance of survival.
About one in 50 people in England now has coronavirus, England's chief medical officer said. England entered another national lockdown on Tuesday.
Our live coverage of the coronavirus pandemic has moved here.
Sort by LatestOldest Dropdown arrow
10:11 p.m. ET, January 5, 2021
North Korea just held a major political meeting with about 5,000 people — and there wasn't a mask in sight
From CNN's Joshua Berlinger in Hong Kong and Yoonjung Seo in Seoul, South Korea
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un addressed the opening session of its 8th Workers' Party Congress on Tuesday morning, according to the state-run Korean Central News Agency. Source: KCNA
North Korea kicked off a rare political event that's supposed to happen every five years or so with about 5,000 people -- including leader Kim Jong Un -- gathered indoors without masks and seated close together on Tuesday.
While it's impossible to verify if face coverings were worn at any point in time, none of the images released by North Korea's state-run KCNA news Wednesday of the Workers Party Congress show people wearing masks indoors.
From a propaganda standpoint, the images make sense: North Korea claims to not have recorded a single case of Covid-19, so holding a high-level meeting without masks is a way to reinforce that narrative.
But almost no one believes North Korea has been spared from a pandemic that has infected more than 86 million people and killed nearly 2 million. In fact, Kim's regime recognizes the danger of the virus and has gone to incredible lengths to stop its spread.
Almost all travel into the country ceased shortly after the virus emerged a year ago, and internal travel is also heavily restricted. North Korean state media regularly carries articles reminding its people on the importance of its emergency anti-epidemic campaign. And the regime reportedly had two people executed for not following Covid-19 guidelines, including a customs official who did not follow virus prevention rules while importing goods from China.
Experts believe Pyongyang is enacting a vigilant response because it knows its dilapidated healthcare infrastructure likely cannot contain a major outbreak of Covid-19.
That makes the photographs from the meeting Tuesday all the more puzzling. Perhaps North Korea believes the safeguards it put in place were good enough to allow attendees not to wear masks to the meeting. This is a unique event that North Korea does not want to postpone -- it's just the eighth Party Congress in North Korea's history and the second of Kim's tenure. The last one held before Kim took power was in 1980.
But holding it is a risk. If just one of the 5,000 people who traveled from across the country to attend the meeting had Covid-19 and was infectious, it means Kim may have just kicked off an incredibly important political meeting with a super-spreader event.
9:27 p.m. ET, January 5, 2021
In Australia and Taiwan's fight against Covid, flight crews are proving to be their Achilles heel
From CNN's Julia Hollingsworth
Countries around the Asia-Pacific region have closed borders and imposed strict quarantine requirements, essentially sealing themselves off from the world.
But in many jurisdictions there's a key exception to those rules: flight crews.
For months, flight crews in a number of places -- including Taiwan and Australia -- have been able to avoid the tough quarantine rules imposed on other international travelers. But rule breaches by airline staff in both places in December have prompted questions about whether exemptions for aviation workers are creating an unnecessary risk to the public.
Taiwan has now tightened its quarantine rules for flight crews, something two Australian states did in December.
But it's a tricky predicament. While health experts say that treating flight crews differently is a loophole in an otherwise tough border approach, aviation industry officials say exemptions are needed to keep the industry operating -- and avoid jeopardizing flight crews' mental health.
What happened in Taiwan? When Taiwan reported its first locally-transmitted case in more than 250 days on December 22, authorities quickly pin-pointed a foreign pilot as the source of infection.
Authorities said a New Zealand pilot in his 60s infected a woman in her 30s after completing the required three days of quarantine required for pilots, Taiwan state media CNA reported. That pilot has now been fined by Taiwanese authorities for not disclosing his complete contact history and fired by his company.
What happened in Australia? A series of incidents in December prompted questions over quarantine exemptions for flight crews. A Sydney van driver who had transported international flight crews tested positive at the start of December.
Later that month, New South Wales Police fined 13 international air crew members 1,000 Australian dollars ($760) each for going to a number of Sydney venues when they should have been quarantining. And just before Christmas, a Qantas crew member tested positive after flying into Darwin from Paris and then boarding a domestic flight.
Read the full story:
By Julia Hollingsworth, CNN
WHO team blocked from entering China to study origins of coronavirus
From CNN's Helen Regan in Hong Kong
The World Health Organization said that China has blocked the arrival of a team investigating the origins of the coronavirus pandemic, in a rare rebuke from the UN agency.
WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said two scientists on the United Nations team had already left their home countries for Wuhan when they were told that Chinese officials had not approved the necessary permissions to enter the country.
The arrangements had been jointly agreed with China in advance.
"I am very disappointed with this news," Tedros told a news conference in Geneva on Tuesday. "I have been in contact with senior Chinese officials and I have once again made clear that the mission is a priority for WHO and the international team."
Tedros said WHO was "eager to get the mission underway as soon as possible" and that he had been given assurances that Beijing was speeding up the internal procedure for "the earliest possible deployment."
Dr. Michael Ryan, executive director of WHO's health emergencies program said there was an issue with visas and one team member had already returned home. The other was waiting in transit in a third country.
WHO officials have long been negotiating with Beijing to allow a team of global scientists access to key sites to investigate the origin of the virus -- first detected in Wuhan in December 2019 -- and its likely jump from an unidentified host species to humans.
In May, WHO agreed to hold an inquiry into the global response to the pandemic after more than 100 countries signed a resolution calling for an independent probe.
Ryan said the team hoped it was "just a logistical and bureaucratic issue" that can be resolved in "good faith in the coming hours and recommence the deployment of the team as soon as possible."
US hits record number of Covid-19 hospitalizations
From CNN's Virginia Langmaid
Clinicians care for a Covid-19 patient in the Intensive Care Unit at Providence St. Mary Medical Center on December 23, 2020 in Apple Valley, California. Mario Tama/Getty Images
The United States reported 131,195 current Covid-19 hospitalizations on Tuesday, setting a new record high since the pandemic began, according to the Covid Tracking Project (CTP).
This is the 35th consecutive day that the US has remained above 100,000 current hospitalizations.
According to CTP data, the highest hospitalization numbers were recorded on the following days:
Jan. 5: 131,195
Dec. 31: 125,379
US vaccine administration slows to 28% of distributed doses, CDC vaccine tracker shows
From CNN's Deidre McPhillips
The pace of Covid-19 vaccine administration in the United States continues to slow, according to data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
As of 9 a.m. ET Tuesday, just 4.8 million of the 17 million doses distributed had been administered -- or 28%. That figure was closer to 30% on Monday and 33% over the weekend.
Only five states have administered at least half of the Covid-19 vaccine doses that have been distributed to them, according to the CDC data:
South Dakota: 64.5%
New Hampshire: 56%
North Dakota: 55.8%
Connecticut: 54.7%
Iowa: 50%
Meanwhile, 15 states have administered less than a quarter of doses distributed, including three states that have administered less than 20%:
Kansas: 15.3%
Georgia: 16.3%
Arizona: 16.4%
Vaccine administration is moving even slower in long-term care facilities. Just 13% of the 3.3 million doses distributed for use in long-term care facilities have been administered, according to the CDC data.
1 in 50 people in England has coronavirus, England's chief medical officer says
From CNN's Richard Greene
About one in 50 people across England now has coronavirus, England's chief medical officer Chris Whitty said Tuesday, calling the figure "really very high."
The Covid-19 case rate across the United Kingdom increased by 70% in the two weeks to Dec. 30, Whitty said.
Government data showed the rate rose from 287 cases per 100,000 people on Dec. 16 to 487 per 100,000 people on Dec. 30. The comparison is of the seven-day rolling average.
The number of people currently hospitalized with Covid-19 across the UK is as high as it has ever been, Whitty added.
The number of daily deaths is currently below the peak in April 2020, but Whitty said that pattern might not hold given the number of people sick with coronavirus at the moment.
"We will unfortunately see, inevitably, a spike in the number of people who die of this disease," Whitty said.
On Monday, UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced a new national lockdown in England to tackle this surge. Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon announced Monday that mainland Scotland would enter into a lockdown from midnight while the remaining UK nations -- Wales and Northern Ireland -- started lockdowns in December.
© 2020 Cable News Network.A Warner Media Company.All Rights Reserved.CNN Sans ™ & © 2016 Cable News Network.


The trooper7 is the leading replica shoe for the FOTK trooper and provides the most visually accurate and stunning addition to your costume. Made of white leather with the correct concealed zipper it is easy to put on. The narrower top allows for a proper fitting of the shinguard and the inner comfort + sole allows you to remain comfy during long trooping hours.
Boots and gloves arrived this morning! This is the earliest I've ever seen my postman!
Just letting you know my order finally arrived safely. Both the boots and gloves are fantastic, awesome quality. And they fit perfectly. Thank you so much!
Amazing work!! Love my new boots and gloves!! Thanks! Can't wait to finish my suit!
I just received mine today, boots and gloves look fantastic! Thanks so much.
These are perfect, High Quality and smell so good. I wish you all the best!
Boots and Gloves arrived today!!! They look and feel amazing!!!
My boots and gloves arrived today. The tracking number never worked but they arrived to me before the big date so I'm thrilled! The leather on the boots is very soft, it feels very nice! There is no problem with the top of the boot fitting inside the calf. Very happy with these.
Gloves are very nice as well, even have the Velcro sewed onto them for the hand plates, so that's a bonus!
I'll definitely be buying from Imperial Boots again. And thanks for the patch!
I got my boots and gloves today. OMG! One word … awesome, Many thanks.


Most student-athletes believe that they do not have time to fit a study abroad experience into their college career. The Center for Global and Intercultural Study (LSAs Study Abroad Office) wants to help break that misconception and assist student-athletes in taking their education overseas while at Michigan.
CGIS offers over 100+ programs, with many short-term (3 - 4 week programs) available, especially during the spring/summer semesters!
If you are a scholarship athlete, in most cases, your athletic scholarship will cover most, if not all, of your study abroad costs!
Studying abroad was second ("more sleep" was first) on a list of things PAC-12 student-athletes said they wish they could have done during their undergraduate studies but couldn't due to athletic commitments (PAC-12, 2015).
Attend a First Step Session! CGIS will hold First Step sessions for student-athletes at the Academic Center (Rm 1230) during the Fall & Winter semester.
Check back here for First Step session dates.
Regular First Step sessions are also held every weekday from 5–5:30pm in the CGIS Office, 200 Weiser Hall. First Step sessions provide you with an overview of all CGIS offerings and allow you to ask any preliminary questions that you may have. After you have attended a First Step session, you may schedule an individual advising appointment with a CGIS advisor. At any point, you can open a study abroad application on M-Compass.
Studying abroad leads to significant personal growth and academic development. It also sets you apart from other applicants as you seek out jobs and internships, plan for graduate school, an begin the interview process.
It is never too early nor too late to study abroad. Michigan offers programs for first-year students and programs for seniors and can also help you find programs for international experiences after your undergraduate years.
International experiences make you desirable to future employers because of the skillsand knowledge gained through international exposure.
Do you have a (at least) 3 to 4-week "off-period" in the spring or summer semesters?
Are you required to be 'on-campus' during this time?
Are there particular requirements that you should or should not try to complete while abroad?
Can you continue your off-season training from off-campus?
Are there any other team commitments that you need to be on campus for during your off-period?
Meet with your ASP advisor for more advice on when the best time may be to study abroad!
The NCAA has strict compliance rules about participating in outside competitions. Make sure to meet with the Compliance office and/or your ASP counselor if you have any questions about compliance or eligibility before you leave.
As an athlete, your diet is likely to be quite strict and specific. Meet with a CGIS study abroad advisor to discuss what the food is like in your host country and meet with the Athletics Nutritionist prior to your departure to create a nutrition plan for while you are abroad.
If you are not a full scholarship athlete or are not receiving a scholarship at all, there are still a number of other ways to find funding to help pay for your experience abroad! Please see below for a link to get you started and visit your CGIS Advisor for more information.
Since 2016, CGIS has sent 58 student-athletes on study abroad programs, which is a 450% increase over the previous two years.
In 2017, we sent 46 student-athletes from 9 different athletic teams at the University of Michigan.
If you have questions about your status as a student-athlete and how it might affect your study-abroad experience, contact the CGIS Athletic Department liaison, Rachel Reuter, at reuterra@umich.edu.
If you are interested in learning more about a specific program, contact the CGIS advisor listed for that program.


text:
Additional Blog Posts
Brees: You're only going to be satisfied if you're holding up the trophy
Brees: Saints have played championship-caliber football
Brees: Michael Thomas makes everyone around him better
Brees: Just a really awesome night
Brees: Saints 'can build on' performance against 49ers
Brees: Winning the NFC South is just step 1
Brees: Saints have to avoid the penalties
Brees: Saints haven't played their best game yet
Brees: Saints aren't scratching the surface of what they're capable of yet
Brees: It was good to get back out there
A Friday edition of Monday Morning Quarterback with Drew Brees
Zach Strief
In a wild 26-18 win in Atlanta, the New Orleans Saints clinched the NFC South for the third straight year.
"Three in a row, that's saying something in this division," Saints quarterback Drew Brees told Zach Strief, the Voice of the Saints. "We've had to fight hard for it. We've won in a lot of different ways."
While Brees stressed that it was a team effort, he had plenty to say about Taysom Hill.
"[He had] the blocked punt to create that spark early on to get us that touchdown," Brees said." And then oh, by the way, he's blocking back on a run play and then we give him a shovel pass and runs and he scores. And on third and short we give it to him again, and he goes and scores. The Swiss army knife was alive and well out there today."
Hill had a blocked punt, 45 total yards, and two touchdowns.
Brees also singled out defensive end Cam Jordan, who had a monster game himself.
"He is all day, every day," Brees chuckled. "He is a high motor guy; and when we needed a play there at the end, he came up huge."
Jordan had 6 tackles, 4 sacks, another 4 QB hits, and 1 pass deflection. Jordan now has 13.5 sacks on the year, his third straight year with double digit sacks; and he leads the NFL in sacks for the moment.
It was not all pretty, however. New Orleans racked up 9 penalties for 121 yards, 5 of which gave the Falcons first downs.
"We have to clean that up," Brees said. "We understand that, or else it's going to get us beat. [We need to] clean up the penalties and take advantage of the opportunities. We can do a better job of that."
Still, the Saints hung on for the victory despite the late Falcons rally; and being the first team to clinch a playoff spot is nothing to scoff at. The NFC South is just one part of the Saints' plan, according to Brees.
"That's step No. 1, but obviously we've got other goals and objectives to accomplish along the way now, too," Brees said. "We just want to keep getting better every week. Each week presents new challenges and also new opportunities. We can control our destiny."
New Orleans has a big match-up against the San Francisco 49ers, who are the No. 1 team in the NFC at the moment, coming up.
Cam Jordan
Cameron Jordan
WWL Radio


We fish for half days, or sometimes 8-12 hours at a time. It depends what we're fishing for - and where we are going. We leave from Plymouth and go up and down the coast line, out to Stellwagon Bank and much more.
Julio has years of experience and strives to make each voyage an exciting, and memorable adventure!


Baylor Scott & White The Heart Hospital – Plano offers a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and treatment of chest and lung diseases and cancer. We offer an innovative lung cancer screening program in conjunction with Baylor Scott & White Medical Center – Plano to allow for early intervention for lung cancer.
For guests with lung disease or cancer in need of surgery, the vast majority of our cases are performed using minimally invasive techniques, including robotic-assisted surgery and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS).
Lung cancer screenings with low-dose CT scans have been shown to reduce lung cancer deaths by detecting a disease early, allowing for the possibility of curative surgery.
Baylor Scott & White Heart – Plano's commitment to minimally invasive surgical techniques and comprehensive, skilled care after surgery has translated into a number of notable achievements, particularly in regards to lobectomy – a common procedure to remove part of a diseased lung.


one located in the main building and three in relocatable classrooms.
in which the pupils may learn.
such as visits made to places of interest within the locality.
Each year, the pupils take part in a range of activities within the local Schools community including a Music Festival.
with opportunities given to extend or support their individual needs as appropriate.
to ensure pupils undergo a smooth transition to Key Stage 2.
Please find below the power point presentation regarding the changes to the application process in applying for a junior school place.
Please find below information regarding the Year 2 Curriculum Evening.


text:
PREVIOUS ARTICLE: Sel'vinskii, Il'ia L'vovich NEXT ARTICLE: Semyatitski, Khayim
Pages from a certificate issued by the rabbinical seminary to 20-year-old Khaim Aronov"evich Efron from Antokol, Vilna, 1869. Among the secular subjects studied were algebra, geometry, trigonometry, physics, astronomy, world history, Russian history, Russian language, geography, and handwriting and drawing. Efron received the grades of "satisfactory" for arithmetic and Russian and "poor" for geography and handwriting and drafting. (YIVO)
SEE MEDIA RELATED TO THIS ARTICLE
Vilna and Zhitomir
From the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were attempts to reform the training of rabbis and teachers in Europe. Such programs were conducted at seminaries that were modeled on elite state schools under Enlightened absolutism and on ecclesiastical seminaries, and combined traditional learning with the modern sciences; what was novel was the instruction in secular subjects as well as homiletics. The idea of rabbinical and teachers' seminaries was developed by maskilim, under both the pressure and the protection of the state. At times there were also open-minded traditional rabbis and teachers among the founders of the seminaries, who intended to anticipate and moderate changes dictated by the state or by radical Jewish reformers.
For a brief period beginning in 1823, Peter Beer and Herz Homberg, two maskilim and government advisers, oversaw the federation of three yeshivas in Prague to form the Privilegierte Öffentliche Rabbinerschule (lit., Privileged [i.e., Chartered] Public Rabbinical School). The first true seminary in Eastern Europe, however, was the Szkoła Rabinów, founded in 1826 in Warsaw primarily on the initiative of the maskilim Abraham Stern, Jakob Tugendhold, and Antoni Eisenbaum. Although it did not ordain any rabbis and graduated few teachers, it did help facilitate its students' integration into advanced institutions of learning and vocational training. The seminary in Warsaw was closed after the Polish uprising in 1863; yet, along with the Collegio Rabbinico Italiano in Padua (1829), the École Rabbinique de France in Metz (1830), and the Nederlandsch Israëlitisch Seminarium of the Ashkenazim in Amsterdam (1836), it served as a model for seminaries in the Pale of Settlement, the Ravvinskiia Uchilishcha in Vilna and Zhitomir (1847). In 1854 the Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar in Prussian-ruled Breslau was founded, stimulating the opening of the Országos Rabbiképző Intézet (1877) in Budapest.
The seminaries in Warsaw, Vilna, Zhitomir, and Budapest depended on cooperation between the Enlightened absolutist, imperial state and the maskilim. The Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar in Breslau, by contrast, owed its existence to a private Jewish foundation and the personal initiative of a conservative Jewish reformer. The seminaries in Warsaw, Vilna, and Zhitomir were connected via personal networks. There was cooperation between the seminaries of Breslau and Budapest, and an attempt at cooperation among Vilna, Zhitomir, and Breslau.
In their attempts to modernize rabbinical training, the seminaries invoked medieval Jewish philosophy as a forerunner of, and an inspiration for, modern Jewish academia. All of the seminaries developed new, comprehensive curricula and introduced the study of religious philosophy and homiletics; they merged academic scholarship with traditional learning (Bible and Talmud), though they struck a balance in different ways. Most offered a twofold course of study that combined university preparatory courses with rabbinical or teacher training; in Breslau and Budapest, however, rabbinical training had a clear priority and took more than two or three times as long to complete than the programs in Vilna and Zhitomir, where the main focus was on general higher education.
In Budapest, studies at the university were and continue to be obligatory; in Breslau they were looked on favorably. In Warsaw, university studies were possible only for a brief period, until the closing down of the university in 1831. In Vilna and Zhitomir, such studies were not an option.
All of the seminaries stimulated scholarship in Jewish studies. Breslau had the best reputation, but the highest enrollments were found at the seminaries of the Russian-ruled Pale of Settlement. The longest-lived, however, proved to be the seminary in Budapest.
State-sponsored seminaries were founded in the Pale of Settlement in 1847 in Vilna and Zhitomir, centers both of Russian administration and of Hebrew and Yiddish printing; the institutions trained rabbis and teachers and developed into the first Jewish state schools. The Vilna seminary was in a rented building near the old city, opposite the Tyszkiewicz Palace; the Zhitomir seminary was located on the city's outskirts. The expert for Jewish affairs at the Ministry of Education, the maskil Leon Mandel'stam, mediated between government and maskilim for the first 10 years (1847–1857) of its existence, and organized the production of textbooks for seminaries. Secondary school teachers taught general education, and renowned maskilim (Shemu'el Yosef Fuenn, Avraham Dov Lebensohn, Tsevi Hirsh Katzenellenbogen, Yehudah Idel Shereshevskii, Kalman Schulman, Tsevi Hirsh Klaczko, and Wolf Tugenhold in Vilna; Ya'akov [Jakob] Eichenbaum, Yitsḥak Bakst, Ḥayim Zelig Słonimski, Mark Suchostawer, Avraham Ber Gottlober, and Eli'ezer Zweifel in Zhitomir) taught Jewish subjects. Russian was the official language of instruction, but ignorance of that language meant that German was used until the forced integration policy after the Polish uprising of 1863. Yiddish was the spoken language.
Following the standard model for state educational institutions, both seminaries were boarding schools under Christian leadership. Each of them had dormitories with up to 65 students. Local Christian headmasters (although Akim Zimmerman in Zhitomir was a convert) ensured state control. Organized along paramilitary lines, the institutions demanded dual loyalty—to the state and to the Jewish religion and Jewish traditions. The seminaries admitted boys from the age of 10, both paying and scholarship students, with preference given to orphans, the poor, and teachers' children. Students received a seven-year general and Jewish secondary school curriculum according to the tenets of the Haskalah, including traditional Jewish educational elements: Bible studies, Talmud, ethics, Jewish law, Jewish history, and Hebrew and Aramaic language and literature. This curriculum was followed by either one year of teacher training or two years of training for the rabbinate. Scholarship students were obligated to teach for a mandatory period of 6–10 years.
The seminaries were poorly defined, controversial institutions. For maskilim, they were a means of reform (and a source of employment); for Russian reformers they were a tool of integration of Jews into Russian society; and for the state bureaucracy, they represented a means of control, as they were essentially state-run institutions. These varying goals created conflict over the methods for training rabbis and teachers and highlighted the impotence of the maskilim and the limits of governmental reform policies. Amid the tension created by these differing forces, the seminaries had to manage conflicts aggravated by crises and political upheavals. They nevertheless developed their own dynamic and managed to grow to impressive size and to wield considerable influence.
In 1847, there were 63 pupils in Vilna and 23 in Zhitomir; by the end of the 1850s, these numbers had grown to 300 and 207, respectively, and during the 1860s enrollment in Vilna reached 400. The two seminaries were at that point producing 4 rabbis and 10–11 teachers each year. Altogether, they produced 550 graduates, including about 150 rabbis and about 400 teacher candidates (more than 234 in Vilna and 160 in Zhitomir). During the 1870s, seminary graduates held 55 rabbinical posts, many in the larger cities: Zelik Minor in Moscow; Avram Drabkin in Saint Petersburg; Aharon Pompianski and Shelomoh Pucher in Riga. The most prominent graduates—Adolph Landau, Lev Katzenellenbogen, Avraham Harkavy, Nikolai and Osip Bakst, Mikhail Morgulis, and Mikhail Kulisher—became scientists, journalists, and lawyers who served as key figures in founding centers of Russian Jewish culture in Saint Petersburg and Odessa.
Three brothers of the Shokhor family who studied in the Vilna rabbinical seminary and went on to become crown rabbis in various cities of the Russian Empire, 1898. (Forward Association / YIVO)
In their earliest years, the seminaries met opposition from traditional communal leaders, who sometimes even compelled students to fill quotas for recruits into the Russian army; not until 1850 were seminary students exempted from military service. During the Crimean War, seminaries offered asylum from conscription, and enrollment rose by 60 percent. Simultaneously, conflict between seminaries and communal leaders erupted over the issue of ordination. Rabbi Yisra'el Gordon in Vilna refused to ordain the first candidates for the rabbinate (Zelik Minor, who later became the state rabbi of Minsk [1859] and of Moscow [1869] and Yonah Gerstein). The scandal set a precedent: the Ministry of Education, which intended to get control over the rabbinate, was no more than a mediator in the conflict, as ordination remained under the purview of the rabbinate and the local authority charged with choosing rabbis.
With major reforms taking place in Russia under Alexander II, the seminaries enjoyed new privileges: recognition of their diplomas at universities (1856), freedom of location, and admission to the civil service for Jewish academicians (1861). Enrollment rose with these features, and the changes fostered integration into the state educational system but distanced the seminaries from their intended function. Under the patronage of businessman Aharon Lebenson, the seminary in Vilna incorporated a cultural center with a library, a Sabbath school, a relief fund, and an orphanage. From 1860 to 1879, it published the weekly periodical Ha-Karmel with a supplement in Russian, receiving support for the venture from the Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews of Russia (OPE) in Saint Petersburg.
As a new generation of Jewish staff took over in Vilna, conflicts arose. The differences between the two generations of maskilim were manifest in their clothing, language, and understanding of the goals of education. While the older, self-taught generation spoke Yiddish and wore traditional garb, young teachers wore the uniform of the Ministry of Education (beginning in 1857) and spoke Russian (even during the Polish uprising of 1863, the seminaries remained loyal to the Russian state). Jewish studies, however, became unpopular. The Great Reforms radicalized the young maskilim, and they began to demand civil rights in addition to an education.
By the mid-1860s, almost all the self-taught teachers had retired, although influential teaching posts remained "in the family": Tsevi Hirsh Katzenellenbogen and Yehudah Idel Shereshevskii were replaced by their sons (Ḥayim Leib Katzenellenbogen, Il'ia Shereshevskii), Lebensohn passed the post to his son-in-law (Yehoshu'a Steinberg). Young maskilim, including Minor, Pompianski, and Pucher, became teachers in the new Russian Jewish elementary schools and were the first to preach in the language of the land. The seminary in Vilna became extremely active as a center for translation: for the first time, the prayer book (by Assir Vol'; 1866) and the Torah (by Yonah Gerstein, Lev Gordon, and Lev Levanda; 1875) were translated into Russian, and Russian Jewish textbooks were published. The seminaries produced the first generation of Russian Jewish intellectuals, a new elite.
The balancing act during a period of imposed acculturation threatened to degenerate into forced integration, and some seminarians indeed converted to Christianity. The publication of Kniga kagala (The Kahal Book; 1869) by the censor for Jewish books in Vilna, Iacov Brafman, launched a scandal; his text denounced the Jewish communal organization and supplied ammunition for antisemitic journalists. The seminary was involved in the publication and was therefore drawn into the controversy, placing it under increasing pressure to justify itself.
The seminary in Zhitomir followed the Vilna model but had some particular distinctions. Located in the provinces, far from the centers of power, it could more easily avoid close supervision, although this also meant that it was a less prestigious institution. Internecine feuds unfolded undisturbed by outside forces, and in contrast to Vilna, there was no handover from older to young among the Jewish staff. During the Crimean War, the Zhitomir seminary was larger than the one in Vilna, although it subsequently reassumed its subordinate position.
While the emphasis at the Vilna seminary was on philology, Zhitomir focused on mathematics. During the Great Reforms, it made a name for itself thanks to the head of the Kiev school district, Nikolai Pirogov, who abolished corporal punishment, admitted seminarians to universities, and allowed them to serve as headmasters. A struggle for pension entitlements, which lasted almost 10 years and was ultimately unsuccessful, was led largely by Jewish teachers in Zhitomir.
At the start of the 1870s, the revolutionary movement began to attract followers from the seminaries, including Aharon Lieberman, Aharon Zundelevich, Vladimir Iokhel'son, and Lev Kantor. The seminaries had fulfilled their function as engines of integration and the Russian government found them politically risky in this early revolutionary period. In 1873, after the change of state policy toward Poland and with the halt to educational reform under the minister of education, Count Dmitrii Tolstoi, the seminaries were converted to Jewish teacher-training institutes.
Seven years after the founding of the seminaries in the Pale of Settlement, the Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar (JTS) in Prussian-ruled Breslau opened its doors. Privately funded, JTS was founded by Zacharias Frankel, who also became its director, and was under the supervision of the state. Frankel developed the seminary based on the school of Positive-Historical Judaism that he had instigated.
Certificate issued by Zacharias Frankel, Director of Jewish Theological Seminary, Breslau, Prussia (now Wrocław, Pol.), 28 April 1862. The document attests that Michael Holzmann from Ostrowo attended the seminary from Michaelis 1854 to Easter 1862 and earned the marks of "good" in behavior and "satisfactory" in studies. German. RG 107, Letters Collection. (YIVO)
JTS existed from 1854 until it was violently dissolved by the Nazis. Not a boarding school, it was an institution of a manageable size, with 2–5 teachers and an average of 39 students per year (a peak of 69 in 1929–1930), some of whom earned it a great reputation. Especially prominent were the faculty of the early period—Heinrich Graetz, Jacob Bernays, and Manuel Joël—followed by Jacob Freudenthal and a multitude of seminary graduates (Ismar Elbogen, Hermann Cohen, Moritz Güdemann, Michael Guttmann, Bernard Weinryb, Leo Baeck, Mikhah Yosef Berdyczewski), who became eminent figures in academia, literature, and public life. In all, the seminary graduated a total of 250 rabbis.
The curriculum consisted of classical languages, German and Hebrew literature, natural sciences, Jewish philosophy and history, Bible, Talmud, and homiletic literature and preaching. German was initially the language of instruction, but in later years Hebrew was incorporated as well. From 1856 it operated its own synagogue. University studies were mandatory for seminarians, and obtaining a doctoral degree was looked upon favorably. After 1869, JTS and the university were connected informally when Graetz and Freudenthal taught at both institutions. In the early 1930s, two seminary teachers were accredited as university professors, and JTS was entitled to call itself the Hochschule für Jüdische Theologie. The renowned Monatschrift für die Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums (Monthly for the History and Science of Judaism) was the seminary's institutional journal, edited from 1869 to 1887 by Graetz, from 1893 to 1920 by Markus Brann, and from 1920 to 1938 by Isaak Heinemann. JTS contributed prominently to the scientific study of Judaism; Graetz's Geschichte der Juden (History of the Jews) is but one example.
The Rabbinical Seminary of Hungary in Budapest (Országos Rabbiképző Intézet), which still exists, was founded in 1877, a decade after the emancipation of Jews in Hungary. From its inception, the seminary was located in a building specifically built for it in the city's center. Originally it was under the control of the Ministry of Religion, which nominated the faculty and supported the school financially. Since 1945, it has been an institution of the Union of Jewish Communities in Hungary. Until World War II, the seminary's rectors and many of its teachers were internationally renowned Jewish scholars, among them Moses Bloch (who served as rector from 1877 to 1907), Vilmos (Wilhelm) Bacher (1907–1913), Lajos (Ludwig) Blau (1914–1932), Michael Guttmann (1933–1942), David Kaufmann (1877–1899), and Ignác Goldziher (1900–1921).
Ideologically akin to the Positive-Historical Judaism of the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau, with which it maintained close relations, the Budapest seminary bore the specific imprint of Hungarian Jewish Neology. Training courses generally lasted 10 years and were divided into two equal phases. Accordingly, there were two departments: the university preparatory program and the rabbinical school. Following the 1946–1947 academic year, the seminary was reduced to offering rabbinical training alone; after 1991 it was restructured and now has training programs for religious teachers, cantors, and social workers. In 1999, it was renamed the Jewish Theological Seminary–University of Jewish Studies (Országos Rabbiképző–Zsidó Egyetem).
The curriculum initially combined general education courses and classical rabbinical studies (Bible, Talmud, halakhah, Hebrew, Aramaic, Jewish history, and philosophy). The original languages of instruction were Hungarian and German; Hebrew was added after 1933, and Hebrew and Hungarian have been utilized since 1945. Since 1891, upper-level students had to be enrolled simultaneously at the University of Budapest; a doctorate became mandatory to receive the state-approved rabbinical degree.
Until the Holocaust there were two types of seminarians: secondary school graduates and former yeshiva students. The school attracted students from Hungary as well as Slovakia, Transylvania, and the Banat region. The plan to establish a boarding school was realized only for a brief period in 1931–1932 under the direction of Blau. After World War II, students came from the Communist states of Eastern Europe.
In the first century of its existence, the seminary ordained 300 rabbis, some of whom later became renowned seminary directors, including Adolf Buechler (Jews' College in London), Samuel Krauss (Israelitische-Theologische Lehranstalt in Vienna), and Michael Guttmann (JTS in Breslau). A number of its graduates, including Raphael Patai and Martin Schreiner, acquired international reputations as scholars. The lecturers Vilmos Bacher, József Bánóczi, and Samuel Krauss published the first complete translation of the Hebrew Bible into Hungarian between 1898 and 1907 and were among the founders of the Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Társulat (Israelite Hungarian Literary Society). In the 1920s, the seminary took a leading role in the Magyarization of Hungary's Jews. After World War II and despite the cold war, Alexander Schreiber emerged as an internationally renowned scholar of Judaic Studies and ensured the survival of the institution within the Communist state.
In 1985, the seminary was presided over by Lászlo Salgó; József Schweitzer headed it from 1985 to 1998, and was succeeded by Alfréd Schöner. The enrollment numbers varied, though there were always a greater number of students in the university preparatory department than in the rabbinical school. Peaks of 106 students at the university preparatory level and 48 students at the rabbinical level were attained in 1887–1888 and 1892–1893, respectively, but enrollment fell to an all-time low of 18 and 9 students, respectively, during the critical years of 1920–1921 after the founding of the Hungarian republic. In the years immediately preceding the Holocaust, enrollment in rabbinical courses rose drastically with the systematic exclusion of Jews from Hungarian society, reaching a peak of 125 in 1943–1944. After the war, combined enrollment in the seminary and the university numbered only in the tens but it rose again after 1989, reaching 264 in 2003.
Zofia Borzymińska, Szkolnictwo żydowskie w Warszawie, 1831–1870 (Warsaw, 1994); Andreas Brämer, Rabbiner Zacharias Frankel: Wissenschaft des Judentums und konservative Reform im 19. Jahrhundert (Hildesheim, Ger., 2000), pp. 318–414; Marcus Brann, Geschichte des Jüdisch-Theologischen Seminars (Fränckelsche Stiftung) in Breslau: Festschrift zum fünfzigjährigen Jubiläum der Anstalt (Breslau, 1904); Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, ed., The Rabbinical Seminary of Budapest, 1877–1977 (New York, 1986); Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger, "The Similarities and Relationship between the Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar (Breslau) and the Rabbinical Seminary (Budapest)," Leo Baeck Year Book 44 (1999): 3–22; Verena Dohrn, "Das Rabbinerseminar in Wilna, 1847–1873: Zur Geschichte der ersten staatlichen höheren Schule für Juden im Russischen Reich," Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 45.3 (1997): 379–400; Verena Dohrn, "Maimonides und die Haskala in Russland: Leon Mandel'štams politisches Vermächtnis," in Moses Maimonides, 1138–1204: His Religious, Scientific, and Philosophical Wirkungsgeschichte in Different Cultural Contexts, ed. Görge Hasselhoff and Otfried Fraisse, pp. 363–384 (Würzburg, 2004); Julij Gessen, "Ravvinskiia uchilishcha v Rossii," in Evreiskaia entsiklopediia, vol. 13, pp. 257–263 (St. Petersburg, 1912) ; Guido Kisch, Das Breslauer Seminar: Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar (Fränckelscher-Stiftung) in Breslau; Gedächtnisschrift (Tübingen, 1963); Sabinah Levin, "Bet ha-sefer la-rabanim be-Varshah be-shanim 1826–1863," Gal-Ed 11 (1989): 35–58; József Schweitzer, "Das Budapester Rabbinerseminar: Der Platz des Rabbinerseminars in der jüdischen Wissenschaft," in Wissenschaft des Judentums W Ḥokhmat Yisra'el: Anfänge der Judaistik in Europa, ed. Julius Carlebach, pp. 74–85 (Darmstadt, 1992); József Schweitzer, György Gábor, Piroska Hajnal, and Gábor Schweitzer, eds., "A tanítás az élet kapuja": Tanulmányok az Országos Rabbiképzö Intézet fennállásának 120. évfordulója alkalmából (Budapest, 1999); 'Azri'el Shoḥet, Mosad "ha-rabanut mi-ta'am" be-Rusyah (Haifa, 1975/76); Yehudah Slutski, "Bet ha-midrash la-rabanim be-Vilnah," He-'Avar 7 (1960): 29–48; Michael Stanislawski, Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, 1825–1855 (Philadelphia, 1983); Nikolaus Vielmetti, "Das Collegio Rabbinico von Padua," in Wissenschaft des Judentums W Ḥokhmat Yisra'el: Anfänge der Judaistik in Europa, ed. Julius Carlebach, pp. 23–35 (Darmstadt, 1992); Carsten Wilke, Den Talmud und den Kant: Rabbinerausbildung an der Schwelle zur Moderne (Hildesheim, Ger., 2003).
Verena Dohrn
Translated from German by Anna Lipphardt and Rebecca Stuart


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