The traditional view of shark intelligence is that they have none to speak of. It was taken for granted that a given stimulus would generate in any shark a specific, un-learned response. This response would be performed the same way, time-after-time, independent of context or probable survival value. In short: sharks were deemed to be little more than mindless automatons.
It had long been assumed that, like other sharks, the Great White operates largely on the basis of instinct. Instinct may be defined as a highly stereotyped (performed the same way each time) behavior, usually directed toward objects in the environment, that is more complex than simple reflexes. Certain instinctive behaviors may be modified through learning, but most tend toward a narrow, predictable response. Examples of instinctive behaviors in the White Shark include rolling the eye tailward when the snout touches an object and body language elicited in social contexts. Observations of baited White Sharks reveal that most individuals quickly learn that the bait, nearby boat and shark cages do not represent a threat to its eyes. In response, the eye-rolling behavior is greatly reduced and may discontinue altogether for as long as an individual shark is feeding in that now-familiar situation. This is an example of habituation. If, however, a human boldly — and ill-advisedly — reaches out to pat an inured White Shark on the head, the eye rolling behavior is likely to re-appear. Similarly, White Shark display behavior (body language) tends to be highly stereotyped. Yet this response, like the eye rolling behavior, is often muted with frequent exposure to the same context, as in areas where organized shark feedings are regularly choreographed for the benefit of tourists. It seems very likely that, when such intimate behaviors become better documented and understood, White Shark precopulatory rituals are also highly stereotyped.
As opportunistic predators that must perennially be willing to exploit new food resources, sharks often display overt curiosity toward novel objects in their environment. Porbeagles (Lamna nasus) off the Cornish coast seem to be utterly fascinated by the balloons that sport anglers use to hold their baited hooks a set distance below the surface. A fascinating 1996 paper by Wesley Strong demonstrated that, given a choice between a floating seal-shaped decoy and a floating plyboard square of comparable surface area, 9 to 31% of White Sharks tested off South Australia preferentially approached and visually inspected the square. There are numerous reports from South Australia and the Farallon Islands, California, of White Sharks slowly gliding past and even languidly circling professional abalone divers before peacefully swimming away. At no time did these sharks show any sign of aggression toward the divers; they merely gave the distinct impression of swimming by for a closer look at the unfamiliar phenomenon of a clumsy, bubbling biped. In a provocative 1996 paper, shark researchers Ralph Collier, Mark Marks, and Ronald Warner examined cases of White Shark attacks on inanimate objects along the Pacific coast of North America. Collier and his colleagues found that a wide variety of floating objects had been bumped and/or nipped by White Sharks and they noted that it seemed to make little difference what color, shape, size, or kind of movement (minimal, constant, or erratic) the objects had when struck. The only factor that seemed consistent among all cases was that the object was at the surface when struck, although this could represent observer bias — as surface-bound creatures, we have virtually no idea how often Great Whites or other sharks strike inanimate objects underwater. What is intriguing about these cases, however, is the fact that relatively little damage was inflicted against the objects struck by White Sharks — suggesting that the animals were examining rather than attempting to eat them. This, and other behavioral evidence, strongly suggests that the Great White experiences curiosity.
Sharks were long presumed to be too primitive and stupid to be capable of learning. In a pivotal 1963 paper, ichthyologist Eugenie Clark demonstrated that captive Lemon (Negaprion brevirostris) and Nurse (Ginglymostoma cirratum) Sharks could learn and remember as well as some mammals. In as few as 10 trials, some of the Lemon Sharks learned to press their snouts against a submerged plyboard target and wait for an underwater bell before returning to a specific part of the pool to receive a 'reward' of food. This association of an action and a sound with the imminent arrival of food is an example of conditioning. By the end of the first week, all the sharks of both species learned to perform this task. When the water cooled in winter, the sharks lost interest in feeding and the experiment was temporarily suspended. But when the waters warmed in the spring — some 10 weeks later — the sharks were once again presented with the underwater target. To everyone's astonishment, the sharks performed perfectly, as though they had not lost a single day's practice.
Of course, pressing targets and ringing bells have little or no relation to feeding in the lives of wild sharks. Zoologists Robert Jackson and R. Stimson Wilcox have demonstrated that — despite their tiny, simple brains — jumping spiders of the genus Portia can learn to hunt other spiders using trial and error. Surely sharks — with their much larger and more complex brains — can also draw on experience to learn how to become more effective predators. One of the best-documented examples of this comes from the shallow waters off Hawaii. Each year, from June to August, the Line Islands are invaded by some 14 million seabirds of 15 species that migrate to these isolated sand cays to nest and rear their young. Among the squawking, flapping, guano-excreting hoard are hundreds of thousands of pairs of the Black-Footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes). Black-Footed Albatross chicks grow rapidly on a diet of regurgitated fish and, by about mid-June, most are preparing to leave the nest. Each morning, when the wind rises off the surrounding sea, these fledglings test their developing flying muscles. Some flap impotently, others rise vertically a few feet off the ground for a few seconds at a time, and still others glide a short distance to set down in the shallow waters surrounding the place of their birth. Just offshore, in water only a few feet deep, aggregations of Tiger Sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) wait for them. Tiger Sharks are only seen here for the two weeks or so that the albatrosses fledge. Initially, the Tiger Sharks have little success capturing the hapless albatross fledglings that plunk into the shallows — the light-weight chicks are pushed away from the surface-rushing sharks like corks bobbing on a bow-wave. The sharks are out of practice, as many of them have not tried to catch albatross chicks since the same season a year before. After a few days' of trial and error, however, the Tiger Sharks learn — or re-learn — the tricks essential to successful capture of the albatross chicks. The sharks learn that to ensure catching on of the bobbing birds, they must rise high out of the water. The sharks also learn that, if they miss a given chick, they are most likely to re-acquire it a short distance upwind — for that is where the panicked but weak bird will probably land. As we shall see in the next chapter, the White Shark also learns how to maximize its chances for predatory success.
Sharks earn their predatory living gliding through a complex, four-dimensional and dynamically changing liquid universe. Like its less infamous kin, the White Shark navigates from place to place in a visually concealing realm punctuated by acoustic, chemical, vibratory, and electrical signposts we do not yet know how to read. Until relatively recently, the comings and goings of the Great White and most other sharks were mysterious and completely unpredictable. But, thanks to the tireless efforts of hundreds of marine researchers, our near-total ignorance of shark movement patterns is slowly being replaced by the beginnings of an understanding.
Accumulated returns from shark tagging programs conducted since the mid-20th Century off the shores of many maritime countries have begun revealing basic patterns of seasonal migration in many species. More recently, sonic telemetry (the underwater equivalent of radio tagging) has elucidated the day-to-day movements of numerous species of sharks. These studies have revealed surprisingly well-defined and predictable patterns of movement for some shark species at certain locations. For example, off northern California and South Australia, sonic telemetry studies have shown that White Sharks move about in fairly regular and predictable patterns. Each autumn, from about August to November, White Sharks appear off the craggy and isolated Farallon Islands, California, apparently to prey upon the seals and sea lions that breed there. White Sharks in Spencer Gulf, South Australia patrol around and among the rocky islands in patterns that suggest the sharks form a resident population, each member with a discrete home range. At Rangiroa Atoll, French Polynesia, shark behaviorists Donald Nelson and Richard Johnson have found that sonically tagged Grey Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) are astonishingly regular in their day-to-day movements. Johnson and Nelson found that these sharks' movements are so regular that they could predict, down to a matter of minutes, when and in what direction an individual shark would pass by a given point along its established route.
How do sharks manage to keep such well maintained schedules of time and space? The seasonal and daily movement patterns of the Port Jackson Shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) have for decades been studied by Australian zoologist A. Ken O'Gower. O'Gower found that these chubby, bottom-dwelling sharks repeatedly visit specific resting sites on rocky reefs at South Bondi, New South Wales, and — when disturbed — move directly from one site to another. In addition, he found that Port Jackson Sharks also use specific resting sites in Sydney Harbor and — when transferred by boat to different localities within the Harbor, up to 1.9 miles (3 kilometres) away — returned to their original resting sites. This is no mean feat, as Port Jackson Sharks average only about 2 feet (60 centimetres) in length. Working with his long-time colleague, fellow Aussie zoologist Allan Nash, O'Gower had previously used tagging to demonstrate that Port Jackson Sharks migrate from as far south as Tasmania to Sydney Harbour to lay their auger-shaped eggs at specific, traditional sites. Based on these studies of precision navigation in the Port Jackson Shark, O'Gower proposed in a bold 1995 paper that this species must have a highly developed spatial memory.
Many species of sharks utilize specific bays or other sheltered areas for egg-laying or pupping and still others for mating. It is likely that the White Shark, too, seeks out specific locations for giving birth and mating, but these remain to be discovered. As a prelude to mating, many shark species perform complex — and sometimes violent — precopulatory rituals, often resulting in females of the species receiving nasty-looking but not life-threatening scars on their nape, back, flanks or fins. These sexual rituals are absolutely vital to securing the mutual understanding and cooperation that intromission demands.
As well-armed creatures capable of seriously injuring one another, sharks have evolved many other complex and subtle social rituals. We are only just beginning to understand how to read shark body language. Many of the most overt signals occur in competitive contexts, such as during feeding on highly localized bait or in approach-withdrawal conflict situations. In the course of my own field research, I have discovered that shark threat displays are most often elicited when a shark's idiosphere (personal space) is persistently violated. I have also discovered that these so-called 'agonistic displays' vary from species to species, yet some common features of these displays are becoming clear. Observations of social interactions among White Sharks indicates that this species, too, has a complex and dynamic social life that is — for the most part — remarkably peaceful. White Shark social hierarchies are apparently relatively stable and peaceable: each member of a given population seems to understand its rank relative to the others, recalling which individuals are dominant over itself and which are submissive. When disputes over possession of a prey item or invasion of idiosphere occur, they are usually resolved non-violently through agonistic displays.
All of the foregoing strongly suggests that the mental universe of the White Shark is quite complex. Given its remarkable sensory talents, ability to examine, learn and remember, the strategic demands of predation and reproduction, the dynamic complexity of its social structure, and basic communicative ability, it is easy to appreciate why the Great White has evolved such a large, complex brain. What the White Shark does guided by that large, complex brain is a topic of much interest and debate. Much of that interest and debate has centered around the question of why the Great White sometimes bites, kills, or eats people (there's no interest like self-interest). We feel confident that if only we understood why White Sharks attack people, we might be better able to protect ourselves. But to understand why the Great White occasionally attacks humans, we need to explore how this creature thinks — especially how it perceives, learns about, and reacts to human beings in its environment. Understanding this holds important implications for humans who find themselves in the company of this very powerful and well-armed shark.
Is the White Shark Intelligent?


1. Looking back at Crag Lough past Steel Rigg, Hadrian's Wall, in the English borders with Scotland. 5.30 am on a July morning in 2011. An anxiety of allure.
2. Lindisfarne, Insula Sacra, Northumberland UK. The later medieval priory, after an eighteenth-century aesthetic.
4. Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland UK, as rebuilt by John Clayton in the nineteenth century. After Paul Nash.
5. Pax: the mother, the earth, the angel. A work for TV by Brith Gof. BBC broadcast 1994. Video still.
6. Esgair Fraith (Speckled Ridge), Clywedog Plantation, Llanfair Clydogau, Wales. Farm buildings acquired by compulsory purchase and forced eviction for UK government agency Forest Enterprise. Buried lives.
7. Tri Bywyd (Three Lives): site specific performance by Birth Gof, October 1995, at Esgair Fraith, farmstead.
8. Tri Bywyd (Three Lives): site specific performance by Birth Gof, October 1995, at Esgair Fraith, farmstead.
9. Tri Bywyd (Three Lives): site specific performance by Birth Gof, October 1995, at Esgair Fraith, farmstead.
10. Tri Bywyd (Three Lives): site specific performance by Birth Gof, October 1995, at Esgair Fraith, farmstead.
11. Tri Bywyd (Three Lives): documentation of the site specific performance by Brith Gof. Cliff McLucas 1998, with photography by Michael Shanks.
12. A map on a wall. An experiment in deep mapping California. Cliff McLucas for Three Landscapes, Stanford 2000.
13. A book in a room. A diary experiment in the documentation of visit and encounter. Cliff McLucas for Three Landscapes, Stanford 2000.
14. Diary page. An experiment in the documentation of visit and encounter. Cliff McLucas for Three Landscapes, Stanford 2000.
15. Video diary: the excavations of Monte Polizzo, Salemi, Sicily. Michael Shanks for Three Landscapes, Stanford 2000.
16. Bubbling Tom (2000). (Mike Pearson).
17. Lindisfarne, Northumberland UK, the original Bishop's Palace (site of). On this spot: it happened here. Part of the chorographic series exploring "code" in photowork: genre, convention, schema, formal structures. Tactics: irony, exaggeration, pastiche, transgression.
18. Lindisfarne, Northumberland UK, door to a fisherman's hut on the Ouse, site of the great Viking raid of June 793. On this spot: it happened here. Part of the chorographic series exploring "mediawork" in the documentation of site: framing, surface and materiality, resolution, and the performance of document. Degraded Polaroid film.
19. Dryburgh Abbey, Scottish Borders, near the grave of Sir Walter Scott. Quiddity: "whatness", the qualities of things. Part of the chorographic series Lapidarium Septentrionale (Northern Stones).
20. Lindisfarne, Northumberland UK, remains of a medieval farmstead in the sand dunes colonized by invasive pirri-pirri from New Zealand. Part of the chorographic series "the quotidian", exploring how "haecceity", hereness, a sense of place, is constituted through everyday ambient textures.
21. Eidetic presence: daguerreotype, circa 1850. From the series "Ghosts in the Mirror".
22. The Persians (Aeschylus). Site Specific Performance of the ancient Greek play by National Theatre of Wales, directed by Mike Pearson, August 2010. Set in the model village used for simulating urban fighting in the Sennybridge military training ranges, Wales. (Paul Farrow Creative/National Theatre of Wales).


text:
C. J. Walsh
Cover Analysis
T Model Ford, Cafe 9 New Haven 2010
Published: 2010/03/23 Relix online
T-Model Ford, Cafe 9, New Haven, CT – 2/26
A dozen years ago I had a chance to see T-Model Ford open for R.L. Burnside at the House Of Blues in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In his late seventies at the time, he'd only recently started recording and performing – just a kid with a dream, really. Café 9 is known as the "musician's living room" and Ford spent the hours before his set resting comfortably at the bar; leaving him sufficiently relaxed by the time he took the stage.
"I'm from Greenville, Mississippi", Ford reminded the crowd before touching off with "Mean Old Frisco" – battered into a new song called "Yes, I'm Standing", though virtually the entire set is an excuse for the boogie or a shuffle. His nickname The Tail Dragger, is written across his Peavey Razer, which somehow stayed in tune despite the pounding it took on Howlin' Wolf's "44 Blues", which goes on for about 15, though no one seemed to mind. Ever the raconteur, he cadges drinks from the crowd ("I need my medicine.") before launching into Jimmy Reed's "Big Boss Man" and the tumblers of Johnny Walker Black line up atop his amplifier.
The twelve-bar chaos continued with lots of Muddy Waters – "Rock Me Baby", "Honey Bee" and "Hoochie Coochie Man" (twice!) as well as the title track from his newest, "Ladies Man", where we're left with no doubt that this ninety year-old still likes a good time. With Burnside and Junior Kimbrough both gone, T-Model Ford is one of the last performers whose ramshackle style of blues can conjure up a Delta juke joint without a credibility problem. He manages to deliver a sepia-toned view of another world as well as something thoroughly modern.
It all wrapped up at nearly 1:30 in the morning with"Hip Shakin' Woman" and Willie Dixon's "My Babe". By which point he'd worn out his drummer, Marty Reinsel of Gravelroad, nearly sixty years his junior.
Published in Relix Online

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: A HashMap's traverse, I get NullPointerException
Possible Duplicate:
When traverse a HashMap, I get NullPointerException

This is my code:
HashMap<String, HashSet<String>> map;

....//I didn't write those code.

System.out.println(map.entrySet().size()); // run util here is ok, I get the size of the map.
for(Map.Entry<String, HashSet<String>> entry : map.entrySet()) {// here throw the exception

}

And I get the exception:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException at key.test.EnwikiOutlink.main(EnwikiOutlink.java:68)
The map object has more than 10,000 map objects, I run it in server machine and couldn't debug. But when I decrease the size of this map(under 10,000), program runs ok. What's the reason of the problem, and the solution? Thanks!

A: HashMap allows null in values. So in your HashMap if the HashSet is null, you will get NullPointerException. Make sure that HashSet is not null.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
This happens every dayMichael Wood
Vol. 43 No. 15 · 29 July 2021
This happens every day
Under the Dome: Walks with Paul Celan
by Jean Daive, translated by Rosmarie Waldrop.
City Lights, 186 pp., £11.99, November 2020, 978 0 87286 808 3Show More
Microliths They Are, Little Stones: Posthumous Prose
by Paul Celan, translated by Pierre Joris.
Contra Mundum, 293 pp., £20, October 2020, 978 1 940625 36 2Show More
Memory Rose into Threshold Speech: The Collected Earlier Poetry
Farrar, Straus, 549 pp., £32, November 2020, 978 0 374 29837 1Show More
Paul Celan was born in 1920 and died in 1970. The symmetry of these dates, arranged around the end of the Second World War, seems cruelly freighted, as does the fact that Celan chose to end his life on Hitler's birthday. Celan – he gave himself the name by inverting the order of the syllables of his original surname, Antschel – grew up in Czernowitz, then part of Romania, now part of Ukraine. During the war he worked in forced labour camps in Czernowitz, and was released in 1944 when the Soviet army advanced into Romania. Both his parents had also been sent to labour camps in 1942, along with all the other Jews in Bukovina. His father died of typhus, his mother was killed because she was no longer healthy enough to work. The German language, Celan often said, was his mother's tongue and the tongue of her murderers ('Muttersprache und Mördersprache'). Writing poetry in German was for him both an act of remembrance and a rescue mission, as if a language could and could not be saved from its historical contamination.
In his memoir the French poet Jean Daive reports an intriguing conversation:
Paul Celan asks me:
– Have you thought of writing in another language?
– No. Have you?
– Yes, sometimes, in French … But it's not possible.
– Why?
He smiles.
Celan lived in Bucharest for two years after the war ended, then in Vienna, moving in 1948 to Paris, which remained his home – or would have done if he had believed in such a thing – until he died. 'Heimat,' he told Daive, 'is an untranslatable word. And does the concept even exist? It's a human fabrication: an illusion.'
The dome of Daive's title is the foliage of Paris, especially of the area around the École Normale, where Celan taught. The book, which appeared in French in 1996, records conversations that are literary and philosophical rather than confessional, and Daive writes of the 'charm' of Celan's distance. But we get quite a few glimpses of the agitations of Celan's later life: a 'failed suicide', an arrest leading to a period in a psychiatric hospital, the last days of his marriage to Gisèle Lestrange, his death in the Seine.
Daive was 25 when he met Celan, who was then 45, and both of them can be quite sententious in their search for aphoristic wisdom ('a poet is a pirate'; 'the world is a theorem that nobody wants to prove any more'). But there is a moment when both men appreciate the comic mischief of chance. They are walking down the boulevard Saint-Michel, and Celan has bought an issue of Die Zeit – he likes to keep up with German culture. He doesn't need all the sections of the fat paper, though, and 'feverishly', Daive says, disposes of many of them as he walks, keeping only the literary pages. These he puts in his pocket. The two flâneurs take a bus to the place de l'Opéra, and as they step off the bus and onto the pavement, Celan finds a complete copy of Die Zeit at his feet. 'You see', he says, 'this happens to me with everything, every day.'
There are all kinds of ways of reading this little allegory. The powers that be don't like minimalism. Celan's dream of getting rid of clutter, in life as in poetry, is a lost cause. Or more optimistically, concision in poetry is fine but you can't expect the world to play along. Celan himself makes this point elsewhere by adapting (in the wrong direction) Hamlet's ironic remark about his father's funeral and his mother's speedy wedding, the fact that 'the funeral baked meats/Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables'. 'Thrift, thrift, Horatio,' he says. In Celan, this becomes 'Counter-economy, Horatio.'
As his career developed, Celan wrote shorter and shorter poems: brief lines, not many stanzas. He saw himself, we're told in Microliths, as 'word-poor and perhaps already irrevocably condemned to silence'. Longer pieces begin to seem strange exceptions. Daive picks up a crucial move in this venture: 'Absence of the verb: the verb is absorbed into the energy of the composite noun.' Verbs give clues, over-arrange the story. They involve agents and effects, and who knows if any of us are those or have those?
Microliths gathers together Celan's hitherto uncollected prose: aphorisms, drafts for stories and plays, fragments of poetic theory, unsent letters, interviews. There are wonderful allusive jokes here ('There's something rotten in the state of D-Mark'), but there is also a sense of doom: 'My Judaism: what I still recognise among the ruins of my existence.' Celan writes this phrase in French. And there are subtle remarks that connect his poetry to what he imagines poetry more generally to be.
[Poetry is] that which, striving for truth, wants to come into language.
I don't, in fact, write for the dead, but for the living – though of course for those who know that the dead too exist.
In the poem … the said remains unsaid as long as the one who reads it will not let it be said to him.
And most intriguing, perhaps: 'There is no word that, once said, does not carry with it a figurative meaning; in the poem the words believe themselves not to carry that meaning.'
There are some interesting glosses too on Adorno's famous claim that to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric. One of the meanings of this much misunderstood proposition is that it is barbaric to pretend to be civilised when everything you do shows you are not. This is close to Celan's suggestion that 'he who mythifies after Auschwitz is a murderer.' Another meaning is that poetry is answerable to history, and that to write poetry as if nothing had happened is to cover up all kinds of horrors. Celan brings a curious wit and precision to this argument, noting 'the arrogance of the one who dares … to poetically describe Auschwitz from the nightingale – or lark – perspective'. He also writes of what happens 'where the lyrical I goes to the objects to caress them with language'. There may be charm in such work, he says, but it will necessarily 'lack … the greatness of true downfalls'. He is not thinking specifically about Auschwitz, but the connection is easily made. A great deal of lyric poetry, especially of the civilised-barbaric kind, doesn't know how to do anything but caress. Pierre Joris quotes Celan as saying something similar in relation to 'euphony' in poetry, 'which more or less blithely continued to sound alongside the greatest horrors'.
The German language, like English, uses words as building blocks, but prefers to do it without structural support. Without prepositions, for example. So 'worldview' (Weltanschauung) rather than a 'view of the world'; 'damagepleasure' (Schadenfreude) rather than 'pleasure in damage'. Yet even in a language already devoted to this kind of construction, Celan invents a great many new buildings. Riffling more or less at random through the early poems we find übersternte, umsommert, nachtgewiegte, tagenthobene, Weltabwärts, herznäher. Joris's deft translations are: 'starred-over', 'ensummered', 'night-cradled', 'day-removed', 'worlddownward', 'more heartnear'. Geoffrey Hill had a good time with the title of Celan's collection Atemwende, or Breathturn (1967). In The Orchards of Syon (2002) he anglicises 'breathturn' into 'turn of breath'. But he also has 'breath-hitch', 'catch-breath', 'breath-ply', 'breath-fetch', and 'breath-glitch'. As if he couldn't stop the variants from piling up. Celan would have liked the idea, and he wouldn't have needed the hyphens. There are pieces of verbs in Celan, we note, but they are all past participles; their time of active service was yesterday.
Joris's translations of Celan's collected later poetry, Breathturn into Timestead, appeared in 2014, and separate volumes were published much earlier: he started translating Celan in 1968. Now we have the collected earlier poems. Joris speaks of the pleasure of going back to 'these four books in their order of composition', and we may mention another pleasure: that of rereading the complete poems in a flipped arrangement, the second half first. It is astonishing how 'late' some of the earlier poems feel. This effect is enhanced by Joris's style as a translator. A poet himself, he is not afraid of strangeness in diction. He doesn't seek it out, but he knows when it sounds good. He brings us very close to Celan at work, shows him leading the words along and being led by them, as Celan himself describes the process.
We can think of the poem 'Heimkehr' ('Homecoming'), probably written in 1955, which concentrates so firmly on its unmetaphorical snow that it is hard for us to think of anything else. But then it's hard too not to think of the several different histories the snow invites us to imagine. What does snow have to do with sleep? Who are the lost? Why are the separate hills some kind of home? What loyalties does the flag represent? A note suggests the poem is in part an improvisation on Kafka's story of the same title.
Snowfall, thicker and thicker,
dove-coloured, like yesterday,
snowfall, as if you were asleep even now.
Far layered whiteness.
Over it, endless,
the sledtracks of the lost.
Underneath, salvaged,
bulging up,
what hurts the eyes so much,
hill after hill,
On each,
brought home into its today,
an I that slid into muteness:
wooden, a stake.
There: a feeling,
blown over here by the icewind,
fastening its dove-,
its snow-coloured flagcloth.
The books brought together in the new volume are Mohn und Gedächtnis/Poppy and Memory (1952), Von Schwelle zu Schwelle/Threshold to Threshold (1955), Sprachgitter/Speechgrille (1959), Die Niemandsrose/NoOnesRose (1963). The first of these includes most of the poems Celan published in 1948, in a volume he later withdrew from circulation because of its many misprints. It contained his most famous poem, 'Deathfugue', first published in a journal in 1947. Much later, Celan said he was 'far away' from that poem, and insisted, whenever it was reprinted, on its being separated from other works by a blank page before and after. In the same interview, in 1969, he also said that he 'rarely' read it in public any more. It's worth pausing over these comments, because we can respect his sense of things without letting the extraordinary qualities of the poem escape us. No poet wants to be known for only one poem when he has written so many others.
The rhythm of the poem has the mood and movement of a ballad or a nursery rhyme, an ironic lightness that contrasts powerfully with its horrific content.
Black milk of morning we drink you evenings
we drink you at noon and mornings we drink you at night
we drink and we drink
we dig a grave in the air there one lies at ease
Schwarze Milch der Frühe wir trinken sie abends
wir trinken sie mittags und morgens wir trinken sie nachts
wir trinken und trinken
wir schaufeln ein Grab in den Lüften da liegt man nicht eng
It seems grotesquely comic to address the milk here. Why tell the milk it is being drunk? Does it need to know? If it knows anything it probably knows about that grave. There are interesting points of translation here. In Joris's version, above, the camp inmates call the milk 'you' throughout. In other translations (by John Felstiner and Michael Hamburger, for example) and in the German text, they start by calling the milk 'it' and then move to 'you'. I like the (incorrect) intimacy from the start, and confess that I had to look at several editions to find out what is happening. I initially read the 'it' (sie) as a polite 'you' (Sie) – all it takes is a capital letter (which isn't there). And of course if you heard the poem without seeing a text, there would be no difference.
The poem continues:
A man lives in the house he plays with the snakes he writes
he writes when it darkens to Deutschland your golden hair Margarete
he writes and steps in front of his house and the stars glisten and he whistles his dogs to come
he whistles his jews to appear let a grave be dug in the earth
he commands us play up for the dance
Ein Mann wohnt im Haus der spielt mit den Schlangen der schreibt
der schreibt wenn es dunkelt nach Deutschland dein goldenes Haar Margarete
er schreibt es und tritt vor das Haus und es blitzen die Sterne er pfeift seine Rüden herbei er pfeift seine Juden hervor läßt schaufeln ein Grab in der Erde
er befiehlt uns spielt auf nun zum Tanz
This is not so comic, and the equation of dogs and Jews is ugly, but the pace is still jaunty. We move very quickly through various assertions and juxtapositions. The placing of the fading light suggests we are somewhere to the east of Germany, where Margarete presumably resides. In the next stanza the poem invokes another woman, Shulamith, first heard of in The Song of Songs, and whose hair is 'ashen', not golden. She has no association with Goethe's Faust or with German fantasies of blonde beauty. Her later avatar would be just the woman the man who writes is not thinking of – unless he remembers her as an inmate of the camp.
The German critic Hans Egon Holthusen saw what was 'light' about the style of the poem, since he used that word, but went on to associate the effect with 'a dreamy surrealism already beyond language', and an ability to 'escape the bloody chambers of horror of history and rise up into the ether of pure poetry'. I would like to think that most readers feel exactly the opposite – that the remorseless levity of the verse makes the bloody chambers of history all too present – but who knows, and Celan himself certainly turned away from such ironies.
It's helpful to listen to Celan read this poem (as we can on YouTube). He begins in a rather dry manner, as if only impersonality could suit these lines, and gets quite a way into the poem in this fashion. But well before he arrives at the poem's last iteration of the milk and the grave, the man with the snakes and the two women, his voice has changed and slowed down, and there's an anxiety, a sort of secrecy in it, as if the text were not supposed to be heard from too far away. He seems ready to break down when he says, for the third time in one stanza, that death is a master from Deutschland. This is not dreamy surrealism: he's too human for the irony of his own text.
Celan told the poet Ingeborg Bachmann that the poem was 'a tombstone epigraph and a tombstone … My mother too has only this grave.' In many modern cases, counter to older traditions, graves in the earth are anonymous and collective, while graves in the air are individual and named – that's why it's so ironic that the poem should call a grave in the air the snakeman's 'gift'. There is a moving continuation of this thought in the later poem 'Cenotaph', where Joris's note tells us that the two Greek words that make up the word for the memorial mean 'empty' and 'tomb'. The poem says: 'He who was supposed to lie here, lies/nowhere.' The German doesn't have the interesting pun on 'lies'.
It does remind us, though, that lying nowhere, in 'Deathfugue', is lying at ease. 'Da liegt man nicht eng,' literally, 'one doesn't lie in a narrow space.' If one is buried in the air, one has all the room absence and imagination can confer. And eng, 'narrow', is the key word in what Joris calls a 'rewriting' of 'Deathfugue'. This is a poem Daive translated into French; indeed he speaks of working on it 'side by side' with Celan in a café. It is also fairly long, one of the strange exceptions to what I said earlier about Celan's poems getting shorter with time. It is called 'Engführung', literally 'narrow-leading' or 'leading in to the narrow', and was written between July 1957 and November 1958. Celan chose the musical term stretto for the French translation and Joris follows suit. The reference is to the subject of a fugue being repeated before the first statement of it has finished; the poem notably offers almost no space for irony or evasion.
Eight of its nine sections are followed by a stutter of repetition ('nowhere nowhere', 'came came', 'still the one still the one', 'covered it up covered it up' and so on), as if we can't be relied on to remember what we have just read. The last and most mysterious of the remarks on poetry I quoted from Microliths is helpful here, the one about language being figurative as soon as it is spoken, and the words of poems believing they can put a stop to this. Here the words are 'carried over', übertragen, and the words imagine they are unübertragbar, 'un-carry-over-able'.
They're not, but they can make the carrying difficult, and 'Stretto' does this very well. It takes us into a place with an 'unmistakeable track'. There is grass there, 'written asunder', that is, presumably, split into too many words, or into words with no syntax. 'Stop reading,' we are told, 'look!' And then, 'Stop looking – go!' The place has no name but it is where 'they' lay. Or it isn't. 'They didn't lie there.' Years pass, hurricanes come and go. Were they hurricanes, though? Celan writes twice of 'particle flurries', Partikelgestöber, and of what 'we' read somewhere:
know this, we
read it in the book, it was
We may think of the camps again, and perhaps we need to. Joris reminds us that Celan's language in the poem comes close to that in his translation of Jean Cayrol's text for Alain Resnais's Night and Fog, a documentary about Auschwitz. But we are missing one of the main events. Or I was, until I saw in the notes that Celan is quoted several times as saying the poem is about 'the ravages of the atomic bomb', about 'atomic death'. 'The book' is where Democritus says: 'Nothing exists except atoms and empty space, everything else is opinion.' Celan insisted that he wrote this poem 'for the sake of this opinion – of the humans, and thus against all emptiness and atomisation'.
When we read this, we see the waste land and its track differently. Only some kind of vegetation has remained, 'a sepal, a/thought of plant life'. And a stone. But then the 'stone' turns out to be 'hospitable'. It speaks, and 'the world, a thousandcrystal', begins to assemble again. But what world is this?
In owlflight, near
petrified leprosy,
our fled hands, in
the latest fault lines,
above the
bullet trap on
the ruined wall:
visible, a-
gain: the
furrows, the
choirs, back then, the
psalms. Ho, ho-
sanna.
Michael Hofmann, in a remarkable piece in this paper (23 May 1996), points us towards Felstiner's scary commentary on these lines. We recognise the reference to 'Hosanna in excelsis', but would we know without his help that 'the Hebrew term means 'Save [us] please!'? Will we catch the echoes of a Nazi marching song ('Huzza, ho-ho')?
In spite of these echoes, and the allusion to choirs, there is little verbal music in the poem, not much rhyme or echo, no allusive play of words. There is what there is (what is left), presented in language that is referential but not metaphorical. It may be hard to hang on to this distinction, but at least we can think of the grass, the plant, the wall, the temple and the star as entities in their own right before they lapse into summary and symbolism. Thoughts of Ruskin revive at this refusal of the pathetic fallacy; and Susan Sontag's arguments against metaphor find a friend.
This poem is the last piece in a volume called Sprachgitter, and that name helps us quite a bit, even if it does contain a metaphor. A Gitter is a grid or grating or lattice or mesh; a street gutter, railings, a cooking grill, the bars of a cage. It is what we see language through, or perhaps it simply is language. Celan himself says that at this point in his career (it was 1957) 'the difficulty of all speaking (to one another) and at the same time the structure of that speaking is what counts'.
Slanted, in the iron socket
the smouldering splinter.
By its light-sense
You guess the soul.
'We are strangers', the short poem called 'Sprachgitter' asserts. We are 'mouthfuls of silence' even when we speak, especially when we speak. But there is that light between the bars, and there is that guess. If we start as modestly, as unfiguratively, as possible, we may after all get somewhere, find some snowy connection between ourselves and others.
Michael Wood is an emeritus professor at Princeton. He has written books on Yeats, Nabokov, Stendhal, Hitchcock and Empson, among other things.
Probably Quite Coincidental: Silences for Sebald
At the Movies: 'Dune'
At the Movies: 'Last Night In Soho'
More by Michael Wood


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City of Lyndhurst, Ohio City Council
September 19, 2011: City Council
REGULAR MEETING of the Council of the City of Lyndhurst, Monday, September 19, 2011, at 8:00 P.M., Vice Mayor Lane A. Schlessel, presiding.
Members Present:
Council Representatives: D. J. Fisher, D. A. Frey, J. A. Gambatese, C. A. LoPresti, J. A. Marko, P. A. Ward.
Others Present: J. M. Cicero, Jr., Mayor; P. T. Murphy, Director of Law; R. F. Porrello, Chief of Police; F. E. Glady III, Director of Service; M. A. Kovalchik, Director of Finance; T. P. Kunz, Building Commissioner; M. J. Carroll, Chief of Fire; H. J. Lensner, Assistant Clerk of Council.
Approve Minutes of the Regular Meeting of Council held Tuesday, September 6, 2011.
MAYOR'S REPORT - MAYOR CICERO
FINANCE COMMITTEE - WARD
PUBLIC LANDS & BUILDINGS COMMITTEE - FREY
ROADS & UTILITIES COMMITTEE - GAMBATESE
SAFETY COMMITTEE - LoPRESTI
Service and Sewers Committee - FISHER
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE - MARKO
PLANNING COMMISSION - WARD
Requests for additions to the Agenda:
Public Comment:
ORDINANCE NO. 2011-67
INTRODUCED BY: ADMIN
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING SECTION 1385.16 OF THE BUILDING AND HOUSING CODE.
AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE MAYOR TO EXECUTE AN AGREEMENT WITH PENN OHIO COAL CO. DBA KIMBLE TRANSFER & RECYCLING FOR THE PROVISION OF SOLID WASTE TRANSFER AND DISPOSAL SERVICES AND DECLARING AN EMERGENCY.
RESOLUTION NO. 2011-70
A RESOLUTION DECLARING THE REAL PROPERTY KNOWN AS CUYAHOGA COUNTY AUDITOR'S PERMANENT PARCEL NO. 712-13-101 TO BE A NUISANCE, AUTHORIZING THE MAYOR TO ENTER INTO A CONTRACT FOR THE WORK NECESSARY TO ABATE THE NUISANCE, AND DECLARING AN EMERGENCY.
A RESOLUTION DECLARING THE REAL PROPERTY KNOWN AS CUYAHOGA COUNTY AUDITOR'S PERMANENT PARCEL NO. 712-07-011 TO BE A NUISANCE, AUTHORIZING THE MAYOR TO ENTER INTO A CONTRACT FOR THE WORK NECESSARY TO ABATE THE NUISANCE, AND DECLARING AN EMERGENCY
AN ORDINANCE AUTHORIZING THE MAYOR TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH THE CITY OF BEDFORD HEIGHTS, OHIO PROVIDING FOR USE BY THE CITY OF THE BEDFORD HEIGHTS CITY JAIL.
Confirm decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals:
CASE NO. 2011-03
Recommendation made to Council to confirm the decision of the Board in Case No. 2011-03 to grant requested variance to Renew Contracting LLC, an agent for Roland Somerville of 5496 Lansbury Lane, for a variance from Chapter 1160.05 of the Planning and Zoning Code. The applicant requests a 16'8" rear yard variance to allow the erection of a 12' x 12' deck.
Ohio Division of Liquor Control for change of corporate stock ownership for C1 and C2 for Krish Ambe Inc., dba Lyndhurst Beverage, 5343 Mayfield Road.
TABLED ITEMS:
Board of Zoning Appeals:
Recommendation made to Council to confirm the decision of the Board in Case No. 2011-05 to grant requested variance to Eli Mahler, Architect for Amy Joy Donuts, located at 5211 Mayfield Road, for a variance from Chapter 1168.03 (a)(5) of the Planning and Zoning Code for use of a drive-through window which is prohibited for food establishments. This request would allow Amy Joy Donuts to use the existing drive-through window that the former D O Summers utilized.
INTRODUCED BY: Councilman Schlessel
AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 432 OF THE CODIFIED ORDINANCES OF THE CITY ENTITLED "OPERATION GENERALLY" BY ENACTING NEW SECTION 432.44 PROHIBITING DRIVING A VEHICLE WHILE USING A MOBILE COMMUNICATION DEVICE BY AN INDIVIDUAL UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN YEARS, OR BY AN INDIVIDUAL WITHOUT A VALID DRIVER'S LICENSE, AND DECLARING AN EMERGENCY.
The Council of the City of Lyndhurst met in Regular Session on Monday, September 19, 2011 at 8:04 P.M., Vice Mayor Lane A. Schlessel, presiding.
Others Present: P. T. Murphy, Director of Law; R. F. Porrello, Chief of Police; F. E. Glady III, Director of Service; M. A. Kovalchik, Director of Finance; T. P. Kunz, Building Commissioner; M. J. Carroll, Chief of Fire; H. J. Lensner, Assistant Clerk of Council.
Absent: J. M. Cicero, Jr., Mayor.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that reading of the minutes of the Special Meeting of Council held Tuesday, September 6, 2011, copies of which were mailed to all Members be dispensed with and said minutes stand approved as circulated.
The question was put to a voice vote and passed unanimously.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that reading of the minutes of the Regular Meeting of Council held Tuesday, September 6, 2011, copies of which were mailed to all Members be dispensed with and said minutes stand approved as circulated.
MAYOR'S REPORT - Mayor Cicero was not present at the meeting; therefore, he had no report.
FINANCE COMMITTEE - Chairman Ward had no report.
PUBLIC LANDS & BUILDINGS COMMITTEE - Chairman Frey reported that the Public Lands & Buildings Committee had met at 6:30 p.m. that evening to discuss the Emerald Ash Borer infestation. He described Mr. Glady's presentation of a proposed five-year plan to remove and replace trees which are affected by the Ash Borer. He described that the plan would need to be flexible because the rate of infestation cannot be immediately determined. Mr. Frey further explained that the cost of repairing this situation would be about $160,000 per year over five years, and that formal minutes from the meeting would be forthcoming.
ROADS & UTILITIES COMMITTEE - Chairman Gambatese had no report.
SAFETY COMMITTEE - Chairman LoPresti had no report.
SERVICE & SEWERS COMMITTEE - Chairman Fisher had no report.
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE - Chairman Marko had no report.
PLANNING COMMISSION - Chairman Ward reported that the Planning Commission would not be having a regular meeting for the month.
SOUTH EUCLID-LYNDHURST BOARD OF EDUCATION - Stefanie Rhine was present from the Board of Education, and discussed the upcoming Fall Retreat. Ms. Rhine then expressed her disappointment at the State Report Card that came out the previous month, and began to offer an explanation as to why the numbers were so low. She described the 26 indicators, which are based on test scores and attendance. She continued by describing the State's performance index, and that improvement was shown this year from last year. Ms. Rhine then described how students are rated, in that below-average students who improve are given a good rating, and students who test out as accelerated, at the highest level, do not get any extra credit from the State.
Ms. Rhine continued by explaining that this is the reason for the poor score this year; that students who were below-achievers actually performed better than the high performers. She stated that because the score was negative, the Board was required to drop in rating. She further stated that this was not a justification for the poor rating, and that they were going to work very hard to increase their rating. Ms. Rhine highlighted bright spots, in that some schools were rated as excellent.
Ms. Rhine continued by explaining the AYP (Adequate Yearly Progress), the Federal rating and that it is based on subgroups. In the instance of South Euclid-Lyndhurst, they are divided into minority students, high-poverty students, special-education students, and that they were closing in on having English-as-a-Second-Language students included, as well. She stated that if a student is African-American and poor and they perform well, they get positive points and that if one group fails, every group fails. Ms. Rhine stated that Special Ed. is an area that is continually challenged and needs improvement, included extended interventions after school.
Mr. Ward commented that there are too many cooks in the kitchen, those cooks being educators, and that they are doing absolutely nothing to educate the children. He extrapolated by stating that these mandates get sent out with no plan for improvement, and they end up causing a negative effect. He implied that if teachers actually took the time in the classroom to properly educate children, they would produce results that are meaningful in real life. He further stated that teachers need to focus on creating life-long learners rather than robots who can take their stupid tests.
Mr. Ward elaborated by stating that the federal government needs to stay out of where they don't belong, that the State and Local governments need to be in control of education. He said that if it takes five years to educate a student, and that it will result in sending that child out into the world with a meaningful skill, it is an accomplishment, and they should be rewarded and acknowledged for that. He described his fear that the dynamic tension between what the State and Federal government are giving credit for is causing strain on what has to be done to accomplish certain things. He stated that at one point or another, there was just a draw as to what was going to give the number, rather than putting the resources where they will be given a result; the result being an educated child, not a number.
The meeting was opened to public comment. There was no public comment.
Mr. Ward noted that the upcoming Council Coffee event would be on September 24th from 9:00 a.m. until 12:00 Noon at the Lyndhurst Community Center, at Council's expense, and that a city-wide shredding would be offered from the hours of 11:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., which is free for Lyndhurst residents.
Tom Coste, the owner of Amy Joy Donuts, commented that he was willing to do whatever it takes for Council to approve his use variance.
Mr. Marko thanked Service Director Glady for his hard work at Home Days, and that even though there was a lot of rain throughout the weekend, a splendid time was had by all. He also thanked Chief Carroll and Chief Porrello for their touching ceremony on the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Mr. Ward added that the people in the Building and Police Departments were extremely flexible during the entire weekend, and did everything they could to keep things convenient for attendees. Mr. Schlessel thanked Mr. Frey for an incredible, top-notch parade.
INTRODUCED BY: ADMINISTRATION
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that rules set forth under Section 123.01 Codified Ordinances be suspended for full reading and that Ordinance No. 2011-67 be placed on second reading.
Roll Call:
Yeas: Fisher, Frey, Gambatese, Marko, Ward, LoPresti, Schlessel.
Nays: None.
Motion carried.
Rules suspended.
It was moved by Mr. Marko, seconded by Mr. Ward, that rules set forth under Section 123.01 Codified Ordinances be suspended for full reading, that Ordinance No. 2011-69 be placed on second and third reading for final passage and that it be highlighted.
Ordinance No. 2011-69 was highlighted by Ms. Lensner, with Section 6 being read in its entirety.
It was moved by Mr. Marko, seconded by Mr. Ward, that Ordinance No. 2011-69 be passed.
Ordinance No. 2011-69 is passed.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. LoPresti, that the next seven resolutions be combined into one reading, with specific details of said resolutions being highlighted.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that rules set forth under Section 123.01 Codified Ordinances be suspended for full reading, that Resolution No. 2011-70 be placed on second and third reading for final adoption and that it be highlighted.
Resolution No. 2011-70 was highlighted by Ms. Lensner, with Section 8 being read in its entirety.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that Resolution No. 2011-70 be adopted.
Resolution No. 2011-70 is adopted.
Yeas: Fisher, Frey, Gambatese, Marko, Ward, LoPresti, Schlessel. Nays: None.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that rules set forth under Section 123.01 Codified Ordinances be suspended for full reading, that Ordinance No. 2011-77 be placed on second and third reading for final passage and that it be highlighted.
Ordinance No. 2011-77 was highlighted by Ms. Lensner, with Sections 3 and 4 being read in their entirety.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that Ordinance No. 2011-77 be passed.
The findings in Case No. 2011-03 as recorded in the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Zoning Appeals held September 12, 2011 were read by Ms. Lensner.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Frey, that the decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals Case No. 2011-03 be confirmed.
Case No. 2011-03 confirmed.
Correspondence from the Ohio Division of Liquor Control for change of corporate stock ownership for C1 and C2 for Krish Ambe, Inc., dba Lyndhurst Beverage, 5343 Mayfield Road, was noted with no objections.
It was moved by Mr. Marko, seconded by Mr. Ward, that the Board of Zoning Appeals Case No. 2011-05 be removed from tabled status.
Case No. 2011-05 removed from tabled status.
The findings in Case No. 2011-05 as recorded in the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Zoning Appeals held August 8, 2011 were read by Ms. Lensner.
It was moved by Mr. Frey, seconded by Mr. Marko, that the decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals Case No. 2011-05 be confirmed.
It was moved by Mr. Frey, seconded by Mr. Marko, that Case No. 2011-05 be amended so that the hours of operation for the drive-through be limited to 5:30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m.
Mr. Gambatese commented that Amy Joy Donuts should be given 60 to 90 days to comply with any restrictions Council may put upon their use variance, should it be approved. Mr. LoPresti commented that hours of use for the drive-through should not be restricted, as it could be confusing to the customers. He continued, stating that the store being a 24/7 operation anyway means that there will always be traffic in the parking lot, regardless of it being for the drive-through or not, and Mr. Gambatese agreed. Mr. Ward stated that the fence should at least be solid vinyl, not board-on-board, and that that be made a condition of approval.
Mr. Schlessel noted that we now have a motion for conditions, being that the drive-through operations be limited from 5:30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m., and that a six-foot vinyl fence be installed.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Frey, that the decision of the Board of Zoning Appeals Case No. 2011-05 be confirmed, noting that the restaurant does not serve meals and does not serve anything except food product that is already pre-prepared.
Yeas: Fisher, Frey, Marko, Ward, Schlessel.
Nays: Gambatese, LoPresti.
It was moved by Mr. Ward, seconded by Mr. Marko, that the meeting be adjourned.
Meeting adjourned at 8:50 P.M.


Carr Lake Trailhead is located on Forest Road 9350, just off Forest Road 300. Horse corrals and vault toilets are available at the trailhead. This trail system may be closed for Forest Health Projects from Summer 2016 through Fall 2020.
Signs along the Carr Lake Trail System are in disrepair and need replacement. Trails are difficult to follow and signs may be misleading. Please do not attempt to hike this trail system unless you possess and are proficient with a GPS or a compass and have advanced hiking and directional skills.


text:
Kwa-Natal Indaba 000-00-00
Article regarding Kwa-Natal Indaba as it met to plan tactics and tie up crucial loose ends in the face of dicouraging government reaction to its proposals, in the latest setback, constitutional dev
A new situation has emerged: let us meet the challenge! 0000-00-00
Unauthored statement on the impending independence of Angola, Guinea Bissau and Mozambique, providing proof that the liberation of Southern Africa is assured.
Press cuttings-repression of youth 0000-00-00
Article on repression of youth regarding repression of students in 1984 as over 50 students were detained, an article on Sowetan regarding fun run to launch the International year of the youth in S
Statement on the question of a united front to the 20th session of the O.A.U. Liberation Committee 0000-00-00
Edited statement by Oliver Tambo on the question of a united front, presented to the 20th session of the Organisation of African Unity Liberation Committee.
Perspectives on the current situation: ANC view 0000-00-00
African National Congress statement on the current political situation in South Africa, presented to a meeting of the Five Freedoms Forum.
NUM, FEDTRAW, rural, parliament and miscellaneous 0000-00-00
Different articles on NUM, as Anglo American Corporation yesterday appeal to the National Union of Mines workers to resume talks aimed at ending then two-week old gold and coal miners strike, artic
Statement issued by the Vigilance Committee, Grahamstown 0000-00-00
Statement issued by the Grahamstown Vigilance Committee with suggestions on improving relations between the Council and Grahamstown Townships.
Declaration of Unity and the Ten Point Programme 1943-12-17
Statement approved by the Continuation Committee of the Preliminary Unity Conference of Delegates from the AAC and the National Anti-C.A.D., December 17, 1943.
Statement protesting against first bannings under Suppression of Communism Act and calling for defiance of unjust laws 1952-05-22
Statement by Dr Y M Dadoo published in "The Guardian" on May 22, 1952, protesting against first bannings under Suppression of Communism Act and calling for defiance of unjust laws
Group Areas Board: investigation in terms of the Group Areas Act, 1950 (Act No. 41 of 1950) as amended: Grahamstown 1957-05-03
Press cutting:
NUSAS Press Digest, Number 4, 1967 1967-00-00
NUSAS Press Digest, number 4, 1967. A compilation of press reports and editorial comments during July, August and September, 1967 on the banning order placed on Dr Raymond (Bill) Hoffenberg.
NUSAS Press Release No. 4, 1967 1967-06-06
NUSAS press bulletin on the 1967 National Day of Affirmation of Academic and Human Freedom in South Africa.
Press release by the NUSAS President and Vice-President of the National Union of South African Students stating the opposition of the Union to the Terrorism Bill that had been tabled in the South A
Statement by the ANC (SA) on the situation in Czechoslavakia 1968-09-19
A press release by the African National Congress on unity with Czechoslavakia in their negotiations with the USSR.
Press release issued following the Mariannhill Conference held on 1-3 December 1968. 1968-12-03
The press release provides reasons for establishing a national student organisation (SASO) South African Students Organisation..
A compilation of press reports and comments on events at Fort Hare University College during 1968, and an historical background of the College from 1916 to 1948.
Black power - students forced to leave meeting 1969-03-27
Group Areas proclaimed: Fingo village now for Coloureds 1970-03-26
Press cutting announcing the proclamation of the Group Areas Act in Grahamstown for White and Coloured areas
NUSAS Press Release: Behind the scenes activity in the last three months... 1970-05-14
Press release issued by the NUSAS Chairperson, Neville Curtis, listing achievements and detailing future plans ahead of the 46th Annual Congress in June/July 1970
NUSAS Press Release 1970-05-16
NUSAS Press release regarding developments and plans for the National Union of South African Students and a confirmation of a special congress to complete the reassessment of the Union.
Statement made by Senator O P F Horwood in Senate on June 4, 1971 1971-06-04
Statement made by Senator Owen Horwood in Senate, 4 June 1971, suggesting that university authorities should act strongly to stop the activities of the National Union of South African Students and
A brief general statement on the political situation in South Africa 1971-09-03
Statement by the ANC National Executive Committee on the current political situation in South Africa, as examined by the meeting of the ANC National Executive Committee in Zambia, August 27-31 in 1
Black People's Convention: press release 13 January 1972 1972-01-13
NUSAS Press Bulletin 1972-05-12
Press statements issued by Paul Pretorius, President of the National Union of South African Students, and Geoff Budlender on behalf of the Students Representative Council at the University of Cape
Statement of the African National Congress of South Africa to the Ad Hoc Committee on Human Rights 1972-08-14
Statement of the ANC to the Ad Hoc Committee on Human Rights of the United Nations on how the imperialist powers opposed fundamental Human Rights resolutions regarding South Africa and other parts
Banned 1973-02-00
Statement calling on the public to support a petition of the Students Representative Council of the University of Cape Town, asking the United Party to explain its stand on the banning of eight per
NUSAS bannings condemned 1973-02-28
Articles in the Cape Times reporting on the condemnation by several leading figures of the banning of eight office bearers of the National Union of South African Students.
These bannings are wilful 1973-03-01
Biographical sketches of eight student leaders banned in February 1973.
Black Peoples Convention: Press Release 3rd March 1973 1973-03-03
The Black Peoples Convention press release in response to the banning of Black leaders
Black peoples convention 1973-03-03
This is a press article about bunning of black leaders.
Statement issued by The Black Peoples Convention 11th July 1973 1973-07-11
The statement was isued in reponse to an article in the Daily News dated 4th July 1973.
Appeal to the United Nations, to all Governments, Trade Union Organisations and Mass Organisations 1973-09-26
ANC Appeal to the United Nations, to all Governments, Trade Union Organisations and Mass Organisations for the United Nations Organisation to take measures to secure the release of political prison
Tribute to the late Mthuli ka Shezi, Vice-President of the Black People's Convention 1973-12-00
A tribute to the late Mthuli ka Shezi, Vice-President of the Black People's Convention, after his assassination, with a call for solidarity in the liberation struggle.
Press release to the Rand Daily Mail 1974-00-00
The Black People's Convention press release, signed by Nkwenkwe Nkomo, National Organiser, states that the convention has been mandated by Black people to utilise all available resources to achieve
Press Statement concerning the transition in Mozambique: riots, rallies etc 1974-09-09
A press statement issued by SASO on the independance of Mozambique
Declaration of the African National Congress (SA) Executive Committee, Morogoro, 17 - 20 March 1975 1975-03-00
Declaration of the ANC National Executive Committee in Morogoro, 17-20 March 1975. Calls for the mobilisation of all forces in Africa and world-wide against apartheid.
Statement by the African National Congress of South Africa on the invasion of Angola by South African troops 1975-10-31
Statement by the ANC on the invasion of Angola by South Africa. Signed by Oliver Tambo.
A delegate's account of the Black People's Convention Congress (BPC), King Williams Town, December 13-16, l975 1975-12-16
A delegate's account of the Black People's Convention Congress (BPC), King Williams Town, 13-16 December, l975 and includes extracts from the Final Congress Report
Statement on the expulsion from the ANC of South Africa 1975-12-27
Statement on the expulsion from the ANC (SA) of T Bonga, A M Makiwane, G M Mbele, A K Mqota, P Ngakane, T X Makiwane, O K Setlhapelo. Includes list of resolutions.
Students Representative Council: Press release 1975-19-29
This press release is a statement of rejection, by the Black youth of Azania, of the concept of Bantu homelands
126 records found.


It was once spread in the Tuscan Appennines; today only few heads are bred in the Calvana and Mugello mountains to the east of Prato. It is considered to be within the bio-type of Chianina Breed, from which it differs in the smaller size due to a more difficult breeding environment.
The coat is white porcelain.
Hoofs and black horn tips.
It was applied to meat production and farming activities.
It is suitable to difficult grazing.


Pink Deluxe Star Wand (pictured in the middle) makes imagination playtime come to life for any little one who enjoys magic. Also makes the perfect finishing touch for a fairy princess or wizard costume. This shiny star wand is soft stuffed with marabou and ribbons to accent.


text:
Q: How to make Vite development server serve images in nested folder I'm working on a React app, using Vite. Once I build the app, I have no problem seeing the images, but during development, I get the following error in the browser:
GET https://localhost:5173/uploads/2/6337005fd6d4d.png 404 (Not Found)

Images are supposed to be served from a folder at public/uploads. The favicon.ico at public isn't being served either (during development).

A: Ok, found the answer to my own question: In vite.config.js, I had to set the root of the project, and the publicDir, which by the way, must be set relative to the root.


Dial-Tone's been fixing and building communication systems since he was knee high to a Thyratron. Ten years experience and advanced forces training has also made him an expert in the field of laser technology. To Dial-Tone, bouncing a message off a satellite halfway around the globe, and firing a high-intensity laser burst at a moving target, are essentially the same thing. So when he heard the high command was looking for seasoned troopers with specialized skills, Dial-Tone said, "Hold my calls!" Dial-Tone is also the unofficial electronics repairman for the team.
"Out in the field, Dial-Tone used to be the guy caught in a fire fight, huddled in the mud somewhere, screaming at headquarters for reinforcement. Now, he's the reinforcement, and the only message this guy sends is, 'Duck!'"
Assigned Armaments: Multi-Burst Laser Pistol, XML-3000 Laser Rifle, 40mm XML-2000 Grenade Launcher and 5.56mm Submachine Gun.
* Dial-Tone's Security Number has been specially modified to prevent breaches in GI Joe Security.


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Home city guide courts in jalandhar
Courts in Jalandhar
Jalandhar is one of the most important districts of Punjab and it is also one of the revenue divisions in state. The judicial system of this district is also well laid out since its history.
Jalandhar has a court of District and Sessions Judge which is an appellate authority working under High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh.
History of District and Sessions Court in Jalandhar
With the end of First Sikh war in 1845-46, Jalandhar was made a separate district that was called as Jullundur. The first commissioner of this district was Baron Lawrence who introduced may revolutionary amendments in the local administrations. He initiated the system of uniform currency, laid foundation for construction of roads and canals, curbed practices of Sati and female infanticide, and established courts.
In 1853, judicial commissioner was appointed for entire Punjab and written laws were provided to it. Later, when in 1960, smaller courts were established in provinces to recover petty debts. In Jalandhar, Shri R S Mitra was appointed as Judge of Small Cause Court in Jalandhar.
Later civil and criminal courts were established in the district when Indian Penal Code and Indian Civil Procedure Code were enforced in Punjab state. Till 1875, the district had six munsifs. Three of these munsifs were appointed for district and one each for the sub divisions of Phillaur, Nakodar, and Nawashahr. There were also honorary judges and magistrates with powers related to summary, civil, and criminal judiciary.
The building for this court of District and Sessions Judge was built in 1866. In 1909, Shri A H Pakar was appointed as Sessions Judge in Jalandhar district. During those times, civil courts of Jalandhar were situated in Mohalla Kacherian, which was located between Hoshairpur Adda Crossing and Tanda Road Crossing.
The new Courts Complex of Jalandhar was started in 1966 while later the Judicial Courts Complex was built near BMC Chowk with a grand foundation ceremony held there. In 2004, the Judicial Complex of Jalandhar was inaugurated by the Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court.
Judicial Officers with their powers and duties in Jalandhar Courts:
District and Sessions Judge
District and Sessions Judge is the main authority in the legal services of Jalandhar. He has many significant powers vested with him. He is the chairman of District Legal Services Authority and supervises various Lok Adalats and other seminars held on issues related to laws and judiciary.
Additional District and Sessions Judge
He exercise those powers as conferred upon him bu various rules. These include powers as revisional court and powers as appellate court in various criminal and civil cases.
Additional District and Sessions Judge for fast track courts
Those cases that fall under the trial of Sessions only are dealt with by these judges. They also resolve matters related to petitions under Motor Accident claims and Special Acts.
Civil Judges (Senior Division)
These judges exercise unlimited pecuniary jurisdiction for all cases of civil nature. Even the petitions and suits against government are solved by these judges in Jalandhar.
Chief Judicial Magistrates
They deal with the matters that are criminal in nature but excluding those that are triable by the Sessions court.
Civil Judges (Junior Division) & Judicial Magistrate First Class
They deal with civil matters up to jurisdiction of Rs. two lakhs with service of less than 3 years.
For matters of criminal nature, excluding cases triable by Sessions Court and those cases lying to the exclusive jurisdiction of Chief Judicial Magistrate.
Rules and Regulations followed by Courts in Jalandhar
For discharging their functions effectively, there are certain rules, manuals, regulations, records, and instructions being followed by these courts in Jalandhar. They are:
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Criminal Manual, 1980
Civil Manual, 1986
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Punjab Civil Services Rules
Punjab Budget Manual
Punjab Financial Rules
Punjab Treasury Rules
Rules & Regulations of High Court Volume I, II, III, IV, V, & VI
The various resolutions, circulars, gazettes, notifications, issued by the Government of Punjab and the High Court of Punjab and Haryana from time to time.
Address of the District and Sessions Court in Jalandhar
Sh. Raj Shekhar Attri
Address - Chamber No. 102-B,
New District & Sessions Courts,
Near BMC Chowk, Jalandhar
Phone - 098 88 246788
Hours - Open from 5:00 am – 11:30 pm
Police Commissionerate in Jalandhar | Administration of Jaladhar
Explore more about Administration in Jalandhar


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JN-1023
Jerusalem News (12 May, 2013, Sivan 3, 5773)
1. Dying Atheistical Nations Hate Israel! Snaking the Scotch by David P. Goldman
2. Why Muslims Must Hate Jews by Nonie Darwish
3. Comparative Statistics: Relative Support for Israel and the USA
1. Dying Atheistical Nations Hate Israel!
Snaking the Scotch by David P. Goldman
http://www.meforum.org/3499/snaking-the-scotch
Ethnocentrism is the snake in Christianity's garden, and last week it slithered into the Church of Scotland. It took the form of a screed denying the special claim of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel.
By no coincidence, the most successful Christian communities embrace the State of Israel, while the least successful ones abhor it. Almost four-fifths of Americans identify themselves as Christians, for example and two out of five worship every week. Less than two-fifths of Britons say they believe in God, by contrast, and only one out of eight attends weekly services. More than half of Britons never go to church, against only 18% of Americans.
This division is mirrored in attitudes towards the State of Israel. By a margin of nearly five to one, Americans say their sympathies are more with Israel than with the Palestinians, and the proportion is at an all-time high. Britons view Israel negatively by a margin of 65 to 17, and the numbers are similar across the European continent, according to a BBC poll.
We observe eruptions of unabashed Jew-hatred in the European nations most likely to become extinct, notably in Hungary, where the ethnic Hungarian total fertility rate is just 0.83 per female, barely a third of the replacement rate. The third-largest party in the Hungarian parliament, Jobbik, wants to list all Jewish officials of Jewish origin as a national security risk and blames the country's economic problems on a "Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy". The party demonstrated on May 5 in Budapest to denounce the World Jewish Congress, which held its annual meeting in the Hungarian capital.
Hungary's demographic disaster and Jobbik's Jew-hatred are extreme cases, to be sure, but existentially challenged nationalities elsewhere in Europe evince a special animus against Jews and the Jewish State. Last week the Church of Scotland issued a report rejecting the notion that the Jewish people had any special claim on the Land of Israel, excoriating Zionism in general and the actions of past and present Israeli governments.
Both the Church of Scotland, the bearer of the Scots Calvinist tradition, and the country itself are a shadow of their former selves. The number of births per year has fallen by half since 1950 (and the number of births to married couples has fallen by four-fifths).
If we had some Scots, we would still have Scots Presbyterians, if we had some Presbyterians. That is a sad end to a great religious tradition that, among other things, fostered Christian Zionism. It may well have been a Kirk minister, notes the Church of Scotland report, who coined the phrase "a land without people, for a people without land", referring to Jewish settlement of the then-sparsely populated Land of Israel at the end of the 19th century.
With the specter of disappearance visible at the horizon of a single generation, why is the Church of Scotland so concerned about the Jews' claim on their historic homeland? One would think it had more urgent concerns. Its report, "The Inheritance of Abraham?," is a junkyard dog's assemblage of arguments against a special Jewish claim to the land.
The borders specified by the Bible are not the exact borders of the present state; even if they were, "The lack of detailed archaeological evidence supports the view that the range of scriptural material makes it inappropriate to try to use the Hebrew scriptures to determine an area of land meant exclusively for the Jewish people"; even if there were such evidence, the biblical grant of the land is conditional on a standard of behavior which the Church of Scotland doesn't think Israel meets; even if the original Zionist concept was valid, it called for equal treatment of all of Israel's citizens, and the Church of Scotland thinks Palestinian Arabs are badly treated, and so forth. It reads as if the presbyters had conducted a contest for the best excuse to turn the Jews out of Israel, and printed all the responses.
As a regional entity clamoring for national status, Scotland imagines itself in a position similar to the Palestinian Arabs and identifies with them. The Irish tend to sympathize with the Palestinians out of the same misplaced nostalgia.
There is a great deal of wisdom in this observation: each nation views the other nations through the carnival-mirror of its own preoccupations. But there may be something deeper to the Church of Scotland's newfound obsession with repudiating the Jews' claim to the Land of Israel. It denounces Christian Zionism, which it defines (quoting an Arab Christian) as "a movement within Protestant fundamentalism that understands the modern state of Israel as the fulfillment of biblical prophecy and thus deserving of political, financial and religious support."
The nations of Europe stopped having children because they lost their Christian faith (as Mary Eberstadt argues in a brilliant new book, How the West Really Lost God, they also lost their faith because they stopped having children). As Christianity sloughs off the declining peoples of the West, some of them cling instead to ethnic identity. Rosenzweig wrote that once Christianity taught the Gentiles the Hebrew promise of eternal life, they abandoned their ancient fatalism about their inevitable extinction of their tribe.
After Christianity taught them about the election of Israel, the Gentiles wanted the same kind election for themselves. In some cases that can lead to philo-Semitism - for example, among the Scots Calvinists of the past century. In other cases it leads to what one might call Election envy, Jew-hatred inspired by jealousy.
What makes America unique, an "almost-chosen people" in Abraham Lincoln's quip, is the absence of ethnicity. As a nation founded on a covenant rather than an ethnicity it absorbs folk from every ethnicity, and despite the sin of slavery and ugly episodes of racism and xenophobia, America remains less polluted by the original sin of ethnic hatred than any land on earth. That helps explain why Americans instinctively sympathize with the State of Israel.
Asked why they support Israel, most devout American Christians will cite Genesis 12:3: "And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed."
David P. Goldman is an Associate Fellow at the Middle East Forum. His book How Civilizations Die (and why Islam is Dying, Too) was published by Regnery Press in September 2011.
2. Why Muslims Must Hate Jews
Nonie Darwish - American Thinker, August 3rd, 2012
Recently, a Pakistani religious leader, Pirzada Muhammad Raza Saqib Mustafai, said: 'When the Jews are wiped out , the sun of peace [will] begin to rise on the entire world.' The same preaching is routinely done not only by clerics, but by politicians - in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and elsewhere. This is not just Ahmedinijad; it is at the heart of Islamic theology that world peace will be established only when all the Jews are wiped from the earth. But few people in Western media are alarmed by this kind of rhetoric or care to expose this dreadful dark side of Islam's obsession with Jew-hatred.
After a lot of thinking, analysis, research, and writing, I discovered that Jew hatred in Islam is an essential foundation to the Islamic belief system that Muslims cannot seem to be able to rid themselves of. Jew-hatred masks an existential problem in Islam. Islam is terrified of the Jews, and the number-one enemy of Islam is the truth, which must be constantly covered at any cost. It does not matter how many Muslim men, women, and children die in the process of saving Islam's reputation. The number-one duty of Muslims is to protect the reputation of Islam and Mohammad. But why would a religion burden its followers like that? This is why:
When Mohammed embarked on his mission to spread Islam, his objective was to create a uniquely Arabian religion, one created by an Arab prophet, which reflected the Arabian values and culture. Yet to obtain legitimacy, he had to link it to the two previous Abrahamic religions, Judaism and Christianity. He expected the Jewish tribes who lived in Arabia to declare him their Messiah and thereby bring him more legitimacy with Arabs, especially with his own tribe in Mecca, the Quraish. Because his own tribe had rejected and ridiculed him, Mohammed needed the approval of the Jews, whom he called the people of the book. But the conversion of Jews to Islam was part of the scenario that Mohammed had to accomplish in order to prove to Meccans that they had made a mistake by rejecting him.
That was one of the reasons Mohammed chose to migrate to Medina, a town that had predominantly been settled by Jewish tribes and a few impoverished Arabs who lived around the Jews. The Jews allowed Mohammed to move in. At the beginning, the Koran of Mecca was full of appeals to the Jews, who were then described as 'guidance and light' (5:44) and a 'righteous' people (6:153-154), who 'excelled the nations' (45:16). But when the Jews rejected the appeasement and refused to convert to Islam, Mohammed simply and completely flipped. The Quran changed from love to threats and then pure hatred, cursing, and commandments to kill Jews. Rejection by the Jews became an intolerable obsession with Mohammed.
Not only did the Jews reject him, but their prosperity made Mohammed extremely envious. The Jewish Arabian tribes earned their living from legitimate and successful business, but Mohammed earned his living and wealth through warfare - by attacking Arab tribes, some of whom were from his own tribe, and trade caravans, seizing their wealth and property. That did not look good for a man who claimed to be a prophet of God. The mere existence of the Jews made Mohammed look bad, which led Mohammed to unspeakable slaughter, beheading of 600 to 900 Jewish men of one tribe, and taking their women and children as slaves. Mohammed had the first pick of the prettiest woman as his sex slave. All of this senseless slaughter of the Jews was elaborately documented in Islamic books on the life of Mohammed - not as something to be ashamed of, but as justified behavior against evil people.
... An enormous number of verses in the Koran encouraged Mohammed's fighters to fight, kill, and curse Muslim fighters who wanted to escape fighting and killing Jews. The Quran is full of promises of all kinds of pleasure in heaven to those who followed Mohammed's killing spree and curses and condemnation to those who chose to escape from fighting. Muslims were encouraged to feel no hesitation or guilt for the genocide because it was not they who did it, but rather 'Allah's hand.'
Mohammed never got over his anger, humiliation, and rejection by 'the people of the book' and went to his grave tormented and obsessed that some Jews were still alive. On his deathbed, Mohammed entrusted Muslims to kill Jews wherever they found them, which made this a 'holy commandment' that no Muslim can reject. Muslims who wrote sharia understood how Mohammed was extremely sensitive to criticism, and that is why criticizing Mohammed became the highest crime in Islam that will never be forgiven even if the offender repents. Mohammed's message on his deathbed was not for his followers to strive for holiness, peace, goodness, and to treat their neighbors as themselves, but rather a commandment for Muslims to continue the killing and the genocide against the Jews. Killing thus became a holy act of obedience to Mohammed and Allah himself.
Mohammed portrayed himself as a victim of Jews, and Muslims must avenge him until judgment day. With all Arab power, money, and influence around the world today, they still thrive at portraying themselves as victims. Sharia also codified into law the duty of every Muslim to defend Mohammed's honor and Islam with his own blood, and allowed the violation of many commandments if it is for the benefit of defending Islam and Mohammed. Thus, Muslims are carrying a huge burden, a holy burden, to defend Mohammed with their blood, and in doing so they are allowed to kill, lie, cheat, slander, and mislead.
... One hundred years after Mohammed's death, Arabs occupied Jerusalem and built Al Aqsa mosque right on top of the Jewish Temple ruins, the holiest spot of the Jews. Muslims thought they had erased all memory of Jewish existence.
Mohammed's genocide of the Jews of Arabia became an unholy dark mark of shame in Islamic history, and that shame, envy, and anger continues to get the best of Muslims today. In the eyes of Mohammed and Muslims, the mere existence of the Jewish people, let alone an entire Jewish state, delegitimizes Islam and makes Mohammed look more like a mass murderer than like a prophet. For Muslims to make peace with Jews and acknowledge that Jews are humans who deserve the same rights as everyone else would have a devastating effect on how Muslims view their religion, their history, and the actions of their prophet.
Islam has a major existential problem. By no will of their own, the Jews found themselves in the middle of this Islamic dilemma. Islam must justify the genocide that Mohammad waged against the Jews. Mohammad and Muslims had two choices: either the Jews are evil sub-humans, apes, pigs, and enemies of Allah, a common description of Jews still heard regularly in Middle Eastern mosques today, or Mohammad was a genocidal warlord not fit to be a prophet of God - a choice that would mean the end of Islam.
Nonie Darwish author is the author of The Devil We Don't Know.
This Ongoing War: A Blog
http://thisongoingwar.blogspot.co.il/
10-May-13: Peaceful co-existence: Israelis and Palestinian Arabs believe in it to about the same degree. Not.
Pew Research Center announced yesterday (Thursday) the findings of a poll that shows Israelis generally believe an independent Palestinian state can coexist peacefully with their country. Palestinian Arabs, by contrast, overwhelmingly say this is not possible. When asked about the best way to achieve statehood, a plurality of Palestinian Arabs prefer armed struggle over negotiations or nonviolent resistance.
Americans who favour the Israeli side outnumber those preferring the Palestinian side by 53% to 14%. In the United Kingdom, the proportions are almost the reverse: 19% for Israel, 35% for the Palestinian Arabs. (In the UK, the proportion who say they are undecided is a whopping 22%.) In France it's 40% for Israel and 44% for the Palestinian Arabs; in Germany it's 28% Israel versus 26% Palestinian Arabs.
When it comes to groups who don't sympathize with either the Palestinian Arabs or the Israelis, the standouts are Germany (31% prefer neither) and Russia (42% prefer neither)
83% of Israelis have a favorable view of the U.S. Among Palestinian Arabs, a mere 16% think the same.


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Heimdal Online Security – The idea that we should create a gargantuan list of cyber security tools started to spring in our minds around the beginning of this year. We started from a simple idea: I...	t should be useful. We need it. You need it. It will come in handy in the future, to have all those tools in one place. In our journey into the cyber security and data protection world, we ran into lots of useful tools. Some of them were unmarketed gems that we had no idea that they even existed. We ran into most of them completely by mistake, while searching for something else (usually on Quora or randomly navigating on blogs). When we finally decided to do it, to work on the list, we had no idea how and where to begin. What tools should we include? What should we not? How do we tell if one is worthy and the other one is not? Do we mention ultra-known products? What about antivirus products? We haven't tested them all since there are independent industry experts who do a much better job. Should we mention the services that are duplicated and basically do the same thing? Or should we stick to the best? Why? Who decides what's best for someone and what's not? Should we stick to what's free or should we also add paid products? Eventually we came up with what we're about to read. But first here's a quick guideline that you should read before we jump right to the subject: We don't claim that this is the ultimate list. It's not complete and it's definitely not final. It probably never will be. We are aware that we missed lots of essential, important tools – by mistake or just because we can't know them all. So please feel free to jump in with more useful tools that you feel they should be mentioned. We stayed away from recommending antivirus, VPN or firewall products. There are independent industry experts who only do that. Instead, we prefer to list those experts or websites that will help you compare such services, in order to choose what's best for you. We tried to test them all before recommending them. And we only included tools that have free versions.