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Scary Twitter Threads & Twitter Ghost Story that Will Terrify You
Dear David: Twitter Ghost story
The first ghost story on the list would have to be formed, Adam Ellis. You can look him up on Twitter @moby_dickhead. Adam kept his Twitter friends updated on a series of creepy events that took place in his apartment. Adam started seeing a child with a misshapen head in his dreams. Followed by a dream where a girl addresses him as, "Dear David".
However, Adam moves to a new apartment, above his previous one. There he begins to notice the unusual behavior of his cats. They tend to gather at the front door at midnight and stare at it. Besides, he also uses an app to record any weird noises while he sleeps. In particular, he notices a few recordings that were suspicious. He keeps updating his scary Twitter thread. For further evidence, he takes Polaroid photos and they come out black. He continues to have those dreams and that cats follow the same routine.
Following, Adam also installs a monitoring camera in his house. However, the series of events keeps getting even creepier. And then he captures the ghost child on camera. To find out more read his Twitter thread compilation, Dear David. Adam claims that his tweets and the pieces of evidence were not fake. Moreover, there have been reports that this story might turn into a film. A fan-made Dear David Short Film is available on YouTube.
Murder Of Skylar Annette Neese: Creepy Twitter accounts
These two Twitter accounts made it to the list of scary Twitter threads because of the terrifying backstory. Back in 2012, a teenage girl named Skylar Neese went missing from her house. There was no clue of her disappearance for a year. However, in December 2012 Skylar's best friend disclosed the truth. Rachel Shoaf and Shelia Eddy had decided to sneak out after midnight and took Skylar Neese with them.
They took her just across the Pennsylvania state border. In fact, that was their occasional spot for smoking marijuana. They had made all the preparations for her murder and stabbed her to death. According to the post-mortem report, she was stabbed more than 50 times. The Twitter accounts of Shelia Eddy @_sheliiaa and Rachel Shoaf @_racchh were still active after they had murdered Skylar Neese. They aren't paranormal twitter threads but you'll hate them.
Article from: https://www.paktales.com/scary-twitter-threads
April Fools' Day: The Worst Pranks in Horror History
Best True Crime Series On Netflix Australia Right Now


From the end of Kosciuszko Rd at Charlotte Pass (just near the toilet block), this walk heads along a wide management trail, following the large 'Summit walk' sign. The walk initially dips down a bit and heads through a grove of snow gums. This walk soon leaves the snow gums and the landscape opens to a fantastic view of the Snowy River and the valley (on your right). After about 1km, the walk passes a yellow 'MT K 8' sign on a snow pole. This walk continues along the management trail and gently undulates up along the side of the long ridge, passing several more 'Mt K' milestone signs counting down. After a while, the old road heads up and over a ridge, passing the 'MT K 5' and the original 'K 3' milestone (on your left) to find the un-signposted concrete bridge over Merritts Creek.
Continue straight: From the bridge, this walk follows the management trail west through the valley, where the trail soon bends right and passes a 'Snowy River' sign, coming to the bridge crossing the river.
This whole walk, 4.5km is flat with no steps.
This whole walk, 4.5km follows a clear and well formed track or trail.
This whole walk, 4.5km is clearly signposted.
This whole walk, 4.5km requires no previous bushwalking experience.
This whole walk, 4.5km is affected by forecast, unforecast storms and severe weather events that may impact on navigation and safety.
A list of walks that share part of the track with the Summit Trail – Charlotte Pass to Snowy River walk.
A list of walks that start near the Summit Trail – Charlotte Pass to Snowy River walk.
http://new.wildwalks.com/wildwalks_custom/includes/walk_fire_danger.php?walkid=nsw-kosciunp-swcptsr Each park may have its own fire ban, this rating is only valid for today and is based on information from the RFS Please check the RFS Website for more information.


Ortronics introduces the Clarity5E TracJack™ with center tuned technology. Clarity5E TracJack™ exceed TIA Category 5e component compliance but, more importantly, are precision tuned to the same optimized center values as are Clarity5E patch cords. This maximizes each mated union for significantly improved cross talk and return loss performance that is field measurable in the link or channel. The Clarity5E TracJack™ also reflects mechanical improvements that make it easier to terminate while reducing the size of the jack.


Julia embarks on a crocodile safari in the wetlands of the Northern Territory, before chilling out in Darwin, home of the Ghan train.
Julia drives the Great Ocean Road, where she enjoys some koala-watching.
Julia visits the world's most isolated pub and explores the Painted Hills.
At Alice Springs in Australia's Red Centre, Julia is roped into a dry boat race.
Julia embarks on a crocodile safari in the wetlands of the Northern Territory.
Documentary following the detectives in the Specialist Crime Units of South Wales.


text:
layout: post
title: "Daily Digest #77"
type: digest
tags:
    - daily
    - development
description: ""
publish: true
---

- [Firefox Pioneer](https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/about-firefox-pioneer)
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text:
The Devil S Chessboard
Download The Devil S Chessboard Full eBooks in PDF, EPUB, and kindle. The Devil S Chessboard is one my favorite book and give us some inspiration, very enjoy to read. you could read this book anywhere anytime directly from your device.
Author : David Talbot
An explosive, headline-making portrait of Allen Dulles, the man who transformed the CIA into the most powerful—and secretive—colossus in Washington, from the founder of Salon.com and author of the New York Times bestseller Brothers. America's greatest untold story: the United States' rise to world dominance under the guile of Allen Welsh Dulles, the longest-serving director of the CIA. Drawing on revelatory new materials—including newly discovered U.S. government documents, U.S. and European intelligence sources, the personal correspondence and journals of Allen Dulles's wife and mistress, and exclusive interviews with the children of prominent CIA officials—Talbot reveals the underside of one of America's most powerful and influential figures. Dulles's decade as the director of the CIA—which he used to further his public and private agendas—were dark times in American politics. Calling himself "the secretary of state of unfriendly countries," Dulles saw himself as above the elected law, manipulating and subverting American presidents in the pursuit of his personal interests and those of the wealthy elite he counted as his friends and clients—colluding with Nazi-controlled cartels, German war criminals, and Mafiosi in the process. Targeting foreign leaders for assassination and overthrowing nationalist governments not in line with his political aims, Dulles employed those same tactics to further his goals at home, Talbot charges, offering shocking new evidence in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. An exposé of American power that is as disturbing as it is timely, The Devil's Chessboard is a provocative and gripping story of the rise of the national security state—and the battle for America's soul.
The Devil s Chessboard Allen Dulles the CIA and the Rise of America s Secret Government
Publisher : HarperCollins UK
Based on explosive new evidence, bestselling author David Talbot tells America's greatest untold story: the United States' rise to world dominance under the guile of Allen Welsh Dulles, the longest-serving director of the CIA.
Traces the story of San Francisco in the latter half of the twentieth century, covering topics ranging from the civil rights movement and pop culture to the 49ers and famous crime cases.
The Brothers John Foster Dulles Allen Dulles and Their Secret World War
Author : Stephen Kinzer
Publisher : Macmillan
A joint biography of John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, who led the United States into an unseen war that decisively shaped today's world During the 1950s, when the Cold War was at its peak, two immensely powerful brothers led the United States into a series of foreign adventures whose effects are still shaking the world. John Foster Dulles was secretary of state while his brother, Allen Dulles, was director of the Central Intelligence Agency. In this book, Stephen Kinzer places their extraordinary lives against the background of American culture and history. He uses the framework of biography to ask: Why does the United States behave as it does in the world? The Brothers explores hidden forces that shape the national psyche, from religious piety to Western movies—many of which are about a noble gunman who cleans up a lawless town by killing bad guys. This is how the Dulles brothers saw themselves, and how many Americans still see their country's role in the world. Propelled by a quintessentially American set of fears and delusions, the Dulles brothers launched violent campaigns against foreign leaders they saw as threats to the United States. These campaigns helped push countries from Guatemala to the Congo into long spirals of violence, led the United States into the Vietnam War, and laid the foundation for decades of hostility between the United States and countries from Cuba to Iran. The story of the Dulles brothers is the story of America. It illuminates and helps explain the modern history of the United States and the world. A Kirkus Reviews Best Nonfiction Book of 2013
Publisher : Chronicle Books
Acclaimed writer, bestselling author, and founder of Salon magazine, David Talbot has brought us masterful and explosive headline-breaking stories for over 25 years with books like the New York Times bestsellers Brothers, The Devil's Chessboard, and nationally recognized Season of the Witch. Now for the first time, journalist and historian David Talbot turns inward in this intimate journey through the life-changing year following his stroke, a year that turned his life upside down, and ultimately, saved him. • A portrait of how a health crisis can truly shift one's perspective on life and purpose • Includes insider stories on the wild early days of Internet journalism, tech culture, and Hollywood • Powerful storytelling of the physical, emotional, and psychological impact a stroke has had on the author's identity Fans of My Stroke of Insight, The Devil's Chessboard and Season of the Witch will love this book. This book is perfect for: • Fans of David Talbot • Anyone dealing with or recovering from health issues (particularly stroke or brain injury) and looking for insight and inspiration • Gen Xers and baby boomers who understand their risk for stroke • Entrepreneurs scared of burnout
Devil Dog
Pulp History brings to life extraordinary feats of bravery, violence, and redemption that history has forgotten. These stories are so dramatic and thrilling they have to be true. In Devil Dog, the most decorated Marine in history fights for America across the globe—and returns home to set his country straight. Smedley Butler took a Chinese bullet to the chest at age eighteen, but that did not stop him from running down rebels in Nicaragua and Haiti, or from saving the lives of his men in France. But when he learned that America was trading the blood of Marines to make Wall Street fat cats even fatter, Butler went on a crusade. He threw the gangsters out of Philadelphia, faced down Herbert Hoover to help veterans, and blew the lid off a plot to overthrow FDR.
JFK and the Unspeakable
Author : James W. Douglass
SSuggests that John F. Kennedy was assassinated because military leaders feared his dedication to peace would result in the United States falling to Russia
By the Light of Burning Dreams
Author : David Talbot,Margaret Talbot
New York Times bestselling author David Talbot and New Yorker journalist Margaret Talbot illuminate "America's second revolutionary generation" in this gripping history of one of the most dynamic eras of the twentieth century—brought to life through seven defining radical moments that offer vibrant parallels and lessons for today. The political landscape of the 1960s and 1970s was perhaps one of the most tumultuous in this country's history, shaped by the fight for civil rights, women's liberation, Black power, and the end to the Vietnam War. In many ways, this second American revolution was a belated fulfillment of the betrayed promises of the first, striving to extend the full protections of the Bill of Rights to non-white, non-male, non-elite Americans excluded by the nation's founders. Based on exclusive interviews, original documents, and archival research, By the Light of Burning Dreams explores critical moments in the lives of a diverse cast of iconoclastic leaders of the twentieth century radical movement: Bobby Seale of the Black Panthers; Heather Booth and the Jane Collective, the first underground feminist abortion clinic; Vietnam War peace activists Tom Hayden and Jane Fonda; Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta and the United Farm Workers; Craig Rodwell and the Gay Pride movement; Dennis Banks, Madonna Thunder Hawk, Russell Means and the warriors of Wounded Knee; and John Lennon and Yoko Ono's politics of stardom. Margaret and David Talbot reveal the epiphanies that galvanized these modern revolutionaries and created unexpected connections and alliances between individual movements and across race, class, and gender divides. America is still absorbing—and reacting against—the revolutionary forces of this tumultuous period. The change these leaders enacted demanded much of American society and the human imagination. By the Light of Burning Dreams is an immersive and compelling chronicle of seven lighting rods of change and the generation that engraved itself in American narrative—and set the stage for those today, fighting to bend forward the arc of history. By the Light of Burning Dreams includes a 16-page black-and-white photo insert.
Unspeakable
Author : Chris Hedges,David Talbot
Publisher : Skyhorse
The Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist discusses America's most taboo topics in a no-holds-barred extended interview with Salon founder David Talbot. Chris Hedges has been telling truth to (and against) power since his earliest days as a radical journalist. An intellectual heir to heroes such as Thomas Paine and Noam Chomsky, he continues to confront American empire in the most incisive, challenging ways. In Unspeakable, Hedges and Salon founder David Talbot discuss the most pressing issues that face our nation. He tackles the rise of a fascist right in support of Donald Trump; the false posturing of inclusivity from establishment elites on both sides of the aisle; politicians who continue to implement policies that widen income inequality; the contemporary glamorization of the military and the unchallenged hawkishness of contemporary American foreign policy; and many other topics. Hedges also discusses a path forward, underscoring the necessity of protest movements—such as Black Lives Matter—that represent Americans refusing to take the destruction of their country lying down. If we are to combat the intellectual and moral decay that have taken hold of American life, we must listen to the urgent messages raised in this book.
Robert F. Kennedy was the first conspiracy theorist about his brother's murder. In this astonishingly compelling and convincing new account of the Kennedy years, acclaimed journalist David Talbot tells in a riveting, superbly researched narrative why, even on 22 November 1963, RFK had reason to believe that dark forces were at work in Dallas and reveals, for the first time, that he planned to open an investigation into the assassination had he become president in 1968. BROTHERS also portrays a JFK administration more besieged by internal enemies than has previously been realised, from within the Pentagon, the CIA, the FBI and the mafia. This frightening portrait of sinister elements within and without the government serves as the background for the emotionally charged journey of Robert Kennedy. Reading it, you can absolutely believe any number of people would have been happy for both brothers to meet a sticky end. The tragedy, not just for America but for the world, is that since their murders no one has had the nerve to stand against the dark forces they challenged in quite the same way.
The Phoenix Program
Author : Douglas Valentine
Publisher : Open Road Media
"This shocking expose of the CIA operation aimed at destroying the Vietcong infrastructure thoroughly conveys the hideousness of the Vietnam War" (Publishers Weekly). In the darkest days of the Vietnam War, America's Central Intelligence Agency secretly initiated a sweeping program of kidnap, torture, and assassination devised to destabilize the infrastructure of the National Liberation Front (NLF) of South Vietnam, commonly known as the "Viet Cong." The victims of the Phoenix Program were Vietnamese civilians, male and female, suspected of harboring information about the enemy—though many on the blacklist were targeted by corrupt South Vietnamese security personnel looking to extort money or remove a rival. Between 1965 and 1972, more than eighty thousand noncombatants were "neutralized," as men and women alike were subjected to extended imprisonment without trial, horrific torture, brutal rape, and in many cases execution, all under the watchful eyes of US government agencies. Based on extensive research and in-depth interviews with former participants and observers, Douglas Valentine's startling exposé blows the lid off of what was possibly the bloodiest and most inhumane covert operation in the CIA's history. The ebook edition includes "The Phoenix Has Landed," a new introduction that addresses the "Phoenix-style network" that constitutes America's internal security apparatus today. Residents on American soil are routinely targeted under the guise of protecting us from terrorism—which is why, more than ever, people need to understand what Phoenix is all about.
A fast-paced narrative history of the coups, revolutions, and invasions by which the United States has toppled fourteen foreign governments -- not always to its own benefit "Regime change" did not begin with the administration of George W. Bush, but has been an integral part of U.S. foreign policy for more than one hundred years. Starting with the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893 and continuing through the Spanish-American War and the Cold War and into our own time, the United States has not hesitated to overthrow governments that stood in the way of its political and economic goals. The invasion of Iraq in 2003 is the latest, though perhaps not the last, example of the dangers inherent in these operations. In Overthrow, Stephen Kinzer tells the stories of the audacious politicians, spies, military commanders, and business executives who took it upon themselves to depose monarchs, presidents, and prime ministers. He also shows that the U.S. government has often pursued these operations without understanding the countries involved; as a result, many of them have had disastrous long-term consequences. In a compelling and provocative history that takes readers to fourteen countries, including Cuba, Iran, South Vietnam, Chile, and Iraq, Kinzer surveys modern American history from a new and often surprising perspective. "Detailed, passionate and convincing . . . [with] the pace and grip of a good thriller." -- Anatol Lieven, The New York Times Book Review
Author : Annie Jacobsen
Publisher : Little, Brown
The explosive story of America's secret post-WWII science programs, from the author of the New York Times bestseller Area 51 In the chaos following World War II, the U.S. government faced many difficult decisions, including what to do with the Third Reich's scientific minds. These were the brains behind the Nazis' once-indomitable war machine. So began Operation Paperclip, a decades-long, covert project to bring Hitler's scientists and their families to the United States. Many of these men were accused of war crimes, and others had stood trial at Nuremberg; one was convicted of mass murder and slavery. They were also directly responsible for major advances in rocketry, medical treatments, and the U.S. space program. Was Operation Paperclip a moral outrage, or did it help America win the Cold War? Drawing on exclusive interviews with dozens of Paperclip family members, colleagues, and interrogators, and with access to German archival documents (including previously unseen papers made available by direct descendants of the Third Reich's ranking members), files obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, and dossiers discovered in government archives and at Harvard University, Annie Jacobsen follows more than a dozen German scientists through their postwar lives and into a startling, complex, nefarious, and jealously guarded government secret of the twentieth century. In this definitive, controversial look at one of America's most strategic, and disturbing, government programs, Jacobsen shows just how dark government can get in the name of national security.
The Purchasing Chessboard
Author : Christian Schuh,Joseph L. Raudabaugh,Robert Kromoser,Michael F. Strohmer,Alenka Triplat
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
The approach used on a given spend item should largely depend on the balance between supply power and demand power. That is the logic behind the bestselling Purchasing Chessboard®, used by hundreds of corporations worldwide to reduce costs and increase value with suppliers. The 64 squares in the Purchasing Chessboard provide a rich reservoir of methods that can be applied either individually or combined. And because many of these methods are not customarily used by procurement, the Purchasing Chessboard is also the perfect tool for helping buyers to think and act outside the box and find new solutions. A well-proven concept that works across all industries and all categories in any given situation, it is little wonder that business leaders and procurement professionals alike are excited by, and enjoy strategizing around, the Purchasing Chessboard. This second edition of The Purchasing Chessboard addresses the new realities of a highly volatile economic environment and describes the many—sometimes surprising—ways in which the Purchasing Chessboard is being used in today's business world. Yet despite all of the great achievements of procurement executives and their teams, they do not always receive the recognition they deserve. In response, the authors have developed and outlined within the book an unequivocal approach to measure procurement's impact on a company's performance—Return on Supply Management Assets (ROSMA®).
Finks
Author : Joel Whitney
Publisher : OR Books
When news broke that the CIA had colluded with literary magazines to produce cultural propaganda throughout the Cold War, a debate began that has never been resolved. The story continues to unfold, with the reputations of some of America's best-loved literary figures—including Peter Matthiessen, George Plimpton, and Richard Wright—tarnished as their work for the intelligence agency has come to light. Finks is a tale of two CIAs, and how they blurred the line between propaganda and literature. One CIA created literary magazines that promoted American and European writers and cultural freedom, while the other toppled governments, using assassination and censorship as political tools. Defenders of the "cultural" CIA argue that it should have been lauded for boosting interest in the arts and freedom of thought, but the two CIAs had the same undercover goals, and shared many of the same methods: deception, subterfuge and intimidation. Finks demonstrates how the good-versus-bad CIA is a false divide, and that the cultural Cold Warriors again and again used anti-Communism as a lever to spy relentlessly on leftists, and indeed writers of all political inclinations, and thereby pushed U.S. democracy a little closer to the Soviet model of the surveillance state. p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; line-height: 15.0px; font: 13.0px Helvetica; color: #323333; -webkit-text-stroke: #323333} p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; line-height: 15.0px; font: 13.0px Helvetica; color: #323333; -webkit-text-stroke: #323333; min-height: 16.0px} span.s1 {font-kerning: none}
Author : Ben Hubbard
Publisher : Crown
A NEW YORK TIMES EDITORS' CHOICE • A gripping, behind-the-scenes portrait of the rise of Saudi Arabia's secretive and mercurial new ruler "Revelatory . . . a vivid portrait of how MBS has altered the kingdom during his half-decade of rule."—The Washington Post Finalist for the PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award • ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR: Financial Times, Foreign Affairs, Kirkus Reviews MBS is the untold story of how a mysterious young prince emerged from Saudi Arabia's sprawling royal family to overhaul the economy and society of the richest country in the Middle East—and gather as much power as possible into his own hands. Since his father, King Salman, ascended to the throne in 2015, Mohammed bin Salman has leveraged his influence to restructure the kingdom's economy, loosen its strict Islamic social codes, and confront its enemies around the region, especially Iran. That vision won him fans at home and on Wall Street, in Silicon Valley, in Hollywood, and at the White House, where President Trump embraced the prince as a key player in his own vision for the Middle East. But over time, the sheen of the visionary young reformer has become tarnished, leaving many struggling to determine whether MBS is in fact a rising dictator whose inexperience and rash decisions are destabilizing the world's most volatile region. Based on years of reporting and hundreds of interviews, MBS reveals the machinations behind the kingdom's catastrophic military intervention in Yemen, the bizarre detention of princes and businessmen in the Riyadh Ritz-Carlton, and the shifting Saudi relationships with Israel and the United States. And finally, it sheds new light on the greatest scandal of the young autocrat's rise: the brutal killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi by Saudi agents in Istanbul, a crime that shook Saudi Arabia's relationship with Washington and left the world wondering whether MBS could get away with murder. MBS is a riveting, eye-opening account of how the young prince has wielded vast powers to reshape his kingdom and the world around him. Praise for MBS "Saudi Arabia is testing the extremes of tradition and innovation, of half-baked visions and intensifying repression. Ben Hubbard's authoritative reporting on the inner sanctums of its society offers a perfect synthesis of journalism and area expertise: the best description we have at the moment of why things happen as they do in the kingdom."—Robert D. Kaplan, author of The Return of Marco Polo's World
Mary s Mosaic
Author : Peter Janney
Winner – 2012 Hollywood Book Festival for General Non-Fiction Honorable Mention – 2012 New England Book Festival for General Non-Fiction Honorable Mention - 2012 London Book Festival for General Non-Fiction Who really murdered Mary Pinchot Meyer in the fall of 1964? Why was there a mad rush by CIA counterintelligence chief James Angleton to locate and confiscate her diary? What in that diary was so explosive? Had Mary Meyer finally put together the intricate pieces of a plan to assassinate her lover, President Kennedy, with the trail ultimately leading to the CIA? And was it mere coincidence that Mary was killed less than three weeks after the release of the Warren Commission report? These are the questions that author Peter Janney finally answers in a way that no one else ever has. In doing so, he may well have solved Washington's most famous unsolved murder. Based on years of painstaking research and interviews, much of it revealed here for the first time, the author traces the key events and influences in the life of Mary Pinchot Meyer, including her first meeting with Jack Kennedy at the Choate School in 1936; her explorations with psychedelic drugs; her relationship with Timothy Leary; and finally how she supported the president as he turned away from the Cold War toward the pursuit of world peace. As we approach the 50th anniversary of President Kennedy's assassination—and Mary Meyer's—Mary's Mosaic adds to our understanding of why both took place.
JFK vs Allen Dulles
Author : Greg Poulgrain
The untold story of Indonesia, gold, JFK, Allen Dulles, the CIA, and secret military coups. Two of the most fascinating figures in history—John F. Kennedy, thirty-fifth president of the United States, and Allen Dulles, our nation's longest-serving CIA director—often clashed over intelligence issues and national security. However, one such conflict has remained in the shadows until now. JFK vs. Allen Dulles: Battleground Indonesia takes reader to the vast archipelago 3,350 miles wide where this secret showdown occurred. In 1936, an Allen Dulles-established company discovered the world's largest gold deposit in remote Netherlands New Guinea. In 1962, President Kennedy intervened, and Netherlands New Guinea was added to President Sukarno's Indonesia. Neither Sukarno nor JFK was aware of the gold, since Dulles had not informed Kennedy. Dulles planned a complicated and ruthless CIA regime-change strategy to seize control not only of Indonesia itself, but also of its vast resources, including the gold. This strategy included a push to start Malaysian Confrontation. Yet Kennedy's plan to visit Jakarta in early 1964 would have sunk Dulles' master plan, which included the destruction of the Indonesian communist party as a wedge to split Moscow and Beijing. Only an assassin's bullet put an end to Kennedy's plan of peace. Did Allen Dulles arrange for JFK to be killed to save his plan and his gold? Was his coup for gold successful with JFK out of the picture? Using archival records as a basis, Greg Poulgrain adds word-of-mouth evidence from those people who were directly involved—such as Dean Rusk and others who worked with President Kennedy and Allen Dulles at the time; or the person who was with Michael Rockefeller when he mysteriously disappeared in West New Guinea during this whole affair. "What did Allen Dulles know that meant JFK and Sukarno both had to go? How did Sukarno's Non-Aligned Movement shake Dulles's Cold War chessboard? How was JFK about to turn it over? Greg Poulgrain blazes the way brilliantly. Follow the dark trail from the world's largest gold deposit, to the murder in Dallas, to the CIA coup and genocide in Indonesia." —James W. Douglass, author of JFK and the Unspeakable "Dr. Poulgrain is to be commended for exposing definitively, at long last and despite vehement government denials, the CIA-Suharto alliance that toppled Sukarno in Indonesia, leading to the slaughter of at least half a million innocent people. The template for regime change, reused in Iraq and other conflicts, is laid bare for all to see. Poulgrain's work fills a significant hole in our history—the importance of Indonesia on the large battlefield of interests that put Allen Dulles and John F. Kennedy on a fatal collision course." —Lisa Pease, author of A Lie Too Big to Fail: The Real History of the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Nixonland
Author : Rick Perlstein
An exciting e-format containing 27 video clips taken directly from the CBS news archive of a brilliant, best-selling account of the Nixon era by one of America's most talented young historians. Between 1965 and 1972 America experienced a second civil war. Out of its ashes, the political world we know today was born. Nixonland begins in the blood and fire of the Watts riots-one week after President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act, and nine months after his historic landslide victory over Barry Goldwater seemed to have heralded a permanent liberal consensus. The next year scores of liberals were thrown out of Congress, America was more divided than ever-and a disgraced politician was on his way to a shocking comeback: Richard Nixon. Six years later, President Nixon, harvesting the bitterness and resentment borne of that blood and fire, was reelected in a landslide even bigger than Johnson's, and the outlines of today's politics of red-and-blue division became already distinct. Cataclysms tell the story of Nixonland: • Angry blacks burning down their neighborhoods, while suburbanites defend home and hearth with shotguns. • The civil war over Vietnam, the assassinations, the riot at the Democratic National Convention. • Richard Nixon acceding to the presidency pledging a new dawn of national unity--and governing more divisively than any before him. • The rise of twin cultures of left- and right-wing vigilantes, Americans literally bombing and cutting each other down in the streets over political differences. •And, finally, Watergate, the fruit of a president who rose by matching his own anxieties and dreads with those of an increasingly frightened electorate--but whose anxieties and dreads produced a criminal conspiracy in the Oval Office.
Acid Dreams
Author : Martin A. Lee,Bruce Shlain
Publisher : Grove Press
Provides a social history of how the CIA used the psychedelic drug LSD as a tool of espionage during the early 1950s and tested it on U.S. citizens before it spread into popular culture, in particular the counterculture as represented by Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg, Ken Kesey, and others who helped spawn political and social upheaval.
FinFET Modeling for IC Simulation and Design
A Pharmacology Primer
Ten Restaurants That Changed America
General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts
Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Brain
The Official LSAT PrepTest 75
Cut Protective Textiles
Platform Revolution
Solar PV Power
Research In Psychology
Drug Targeting and Stimuli Sensitive Drug Delivery Systems
The Lands of Ice and Fire
Spinocerebellar Degenerations
Embedded System Programing
Meeting People via WiFi and Bluetooth
Formulation of Monoclonal Antibody Therapies
Advances in Independent Component Analysis and Learning Machines
The Silent Girls
Global Mental Health and Psychotherapy
Difficult to Diagnose Rare Diffuse Lung Disease
Gibbs' Entropic Paradox and Problems of Separation Processes
Fundamentals and Properties of Multifunctional Nanomaterials
Pediatric Type II Diabetes
Textbook of Nephro-Endocrinology
Theranostic Bionanomaterials
Hope In The Dark
Integrated Population Models
Genetic Diseases of the Kidney
Little Gorilla
Doing Business Successfully in China
Believing in Magic
Flight Dynamics Principles
Medical Applications of Mass Spectrometry

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
\section{Introduction}
While 5G networks are already in their deployment phase, the race to 6G has just started, and the path is still long towards a first standardization. One of the fundamental challenges of 6G is to design a \textit{holistic} system in which communication, computation, and control are jointly orchestrated to achieve new target levels of dependability, energy efficiency, and sustainability. In this ecosystem, a central role is played by Machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), and especially by their deployment at the edge of wireless networks, close to the end consumers, towards the rising concept of Edge ML/Edge AI, or more in general Edge Intelligence (EI) \cite{Zhou19_EI}. EI comes with a twofold perspective: i) \textit{EI for communications}, i.e. ML/AI based methods enabling wireless networks' optimization with unprecedented flexibility; ii) \textit{Communications for EI}, i.e. the exploitation of massive amounts of connections to collect, transmit and process enormous data volumes within low end-to-end (E2E) delays, possibly with a sustainable perspective. The aforementioned perspectives are also naturally bonded into an end-to-end view in which AI/ML, and in general adaptive mechanisms, are exploited to manage radio, computing and control resources, to finally enable reliable and sustainable AI/ML on data collected at the edge \cite{MerluzziEML2021}.
\begin{figure*}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.79\textwidth]{scenario_edge_inference.png}
    \caption{Network model}
    \label{fig:scenario}
    \vspace{-.4 cm}
\end{figure*}
A key enabler of EI is Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) \cite{ETSIMEC}, which foresees the deployment of distributed computing resources close to end users, namely in Mobile Edge Hosts (MEHs) that are, e.g. co-located with radio Access Points (APs). In this work, we focus on the paradigm of communications for EI, devising a resource allocation framework to enable dynamic energy efficient edge classification on data collected by end devices, with target E2E delays and inference reliability constraints. \\%Nevertheless, as it will be clarified later on, our resource allocation framework falls under the umbrella of adaptive strategies, so that it also recall learning and adaptation for networks (i.e. EI for communications).\\
\textbf{Related works.} As pointed out in \cite{Zhou19_EI,Letaief22}, several aspects must be tackled when performing edge inference tasks in the most efficient way, such as model compression techniques to reduce the memory footprint \cite{Han15}, model selection strategies to adaptively select the inference model online \cite{Tay18}, or application oriented optimization, for instance adapting frame rate and resolution of video streaming for resource efficient classification \cite{Jia18}, \cite{Ran18}. The authors of \cite{Gal21} aim at maximizing the average accuracy of a video analytics task, under a frame rate and delay constraint. Also, \cite{LiYong17} explores the trade-off between energy, delay and accuracy, by optimizing a parameter that controls the quality of the results and the workload size. Similarly, in \cite{LiuHuang18}, the authors formulate the edge inference problem as the minimization of a weighted sum of latency and a decreasing function of the analytics accuracy, with a per device analytics accuracy constraint. In \cite{MerluzziEML2021}, a joint management of radio and computation resources is proposed to explore the trade-off between energy, latency and accuracy, exploiting data quantization as a way to control the accuracy, for different learning tasks.
\\
\textbf{Contribution.} The aim of this work is to perform another step towards a holistic system, in which communication, computing and learning aspects are jointly optimized in system design and operation phases. We propose an adaptive resource allocation algorithm aimed at enabling energy efficient image classification with E2E delay and inference reliability guarantees. We consider a dynamic scenario, in which data (images) are continuously collected by end devices (e.g. cameras), and uploaded to an MEH through the wireless connection with an AP.
To cope with time varying context parameters, such as radio channels and data arrivals, our method \textit{dynamically, adaptively, and jointly} optimizes; i) Data encoding scheme; ii) Radio resources; iii) Local and remote computation resources. We propose to use a specific metric of inference reliability, whose dynamic behaviour is measured through formally defined state variables that can be updated online, and controlled by the encoding scheme with a closed-loop. Numerical results on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based image classification assess the performance of our strategy in striking the best trade-off between energy consumption, E2E delay, and inference reliability, which directly affects the final accuracy.

\section{System model and performance indicators}\label{sec:system_model}
In this work, we focus on edge inference, assuming a pre-trained and pre-uploaded model at the edge (i.e. at the MEH). We consider a dynamic system, with time-varying context parameters (i.e. wireless channels and data arrivals). In such a dynamic setting, data are continuously generated locally at each device (e.g. a camera capturing images), and uploaded to an MEH that runs an inference task (e.g. object recognition). Since we deal with image classification, we design a procedure in which data are: i) Collected and buffered locally at the device; ii) Encoded and transmitted; iii) Remotely buffered and processed by the MEH for classification. While the exploited queueing system is represented on the left hand side of Fig. \ref{fig:scenario}, we present a high level description of the edge inference process through the flow diagram on the right hand side. After being generated by the device, data are encoded (with an optimized compression level), depending on the channel conditions, queues' states, etc., as we will describe later on. This results into a new (possibly degraded) version of each pattern, which is then transmitted to the MEH through the wireless connection with the AP (uplink transmission). At this point, the MEH can process data to output the inference result (i.e. a label) and, a the same time, a confidence level associated with its decision (e.g. the entropy, as it will be clarified later on), which represents our metric of inference reliability. The latter is used to control the source encoder, to close the loop between encoding, communication, and computing.
The goal of this procedure is to provide inference results within a finite E2E delay, with the least device energy consumption and target inference reliability.\\% In the next sections, we present the notation and we mathematically formalize the described process, to formulate the problem and propose our solution.
\textit{Notation:} The operator $\lfloor\cdot\rfloor$ represents the floor operation, i.e. the highest integer lower than the argument; $\mathbf{1}\{\cdot\}$ is the indicator function. Also, let us denote the long-term average of a generic random variable $X$ as
\begin{equation}\label{average_value}
    \overline{X} = \lim_{T\to\infty}\frac{1}{T}\sum\nolimits_{t=1}^T\mathbb{E}\left\{X_t\right\},
\end{equation}
where the expectation is generally taken with respect to random context parameters (e.g. time-varying wireless channels and data arrivals). The above notation ($\overline{X}$) is useful to represent the long-term average of all variables used throughout the paper. All other notation details will be given in the text, when needed.
\subsection{End-to-end delay}
In our setting, edge inference entails four phases: i) Local buffering; ii) Encoding and transmission; iii) Remote buffering; iv) Remote computation for inferencing. We choose to neglect the time needed to send the results back to the devices, which in this case is only a scalar denoting the label, i.e. a very small amount of information. We consider a time-slotted dynamic system, where each slot is indexed by $t$ and has duration $\tau$. To characterize the E2E delay, let us consider a 2-hop queueing system, with a local communication queue at each device and a remote computation queue at the MEH for each device, whose time evolution is described in the following.
\subsubsection{Local buffering, encoding and transmission}
At time $t$, the $k$-th local communication queue is fed by new arrivals, denoted by $A_{k,t}$. At the same time, given an uplink transmit power $p_{k,t}^u$, the data rate can be written as follows:
\begin{equation}\label{uplink_rate}
    R_{k,t}^u=B_{k,t}\log_2\left(1+\frac{h_{k,t}^u p_{k,t}^u}{N_0B_{k,t}}\right),
\end{equation}
where $h_{k,t}^u$ is the  time varying channel power gain between device $k$ and the AP, $B_{k,t}$ is the bandwidth assigned to device $k$ at time $t$, and $N_0$ is the noise power spectral density at the receiver. We assume that patterns are encoded right before transmission, while they live in form of raw data until they soujour in the local communication queue. To this end, we assume that the whole slot duration $\tau$ is divided into two portions: a portion $\tau_e$ for encoding, and a portion $\tau_u$ for uplink transmission. We denote by $n_{k,t}$ the number of bits used to encode the patterns transmitted during time slot $t$. Also, let us denote by $f_{k,t}^l$ the local CPU cycle frequency used by device $k$ to perform the computations necessary to encode patterns, and by $J_k^e$ the number of CPU cycles needed to encode one pattern. Therefore, assuming that all encoded patterns should be transmitted (and vice versa) the number of transmitted patterns during time slot $t$ is
\begin{equation}\label{uplink_data}
    N_{k,t}^u=\left\lfloor \tau_u R_{k,t}^u/n_{k,t}\right\rfloor=\left\lfloor\tau_e f_{k,t}^l/J_{k}^e\right\rfloor,
\end{equation}
which is guaranteed by imposing the straightforward relation
\begin{equation}\label{change_var}
    f_{k,t}^l=\tau_u R_{k,t}^u J_k^e/(\tau_e n_{k,t}),
\end{equation}
which will be used later on in the problem formulation. As it will be clarified, the linear relation between $R_{k,t}^u$ and $f_{k,t}^l$ preserves important structures in the problem, which will help us deriving low complexity solutions, besides clearly linking radio and computation resources, with a single variable for each user (i.e., $R_{k,t}^u$). Finally, the local buffer evolves as:
\begin{align}\label{local_queue}
    Q_{k,t+1}^u=\max\left(0,Q_{k,t}^u-N_{k,t}^u\right)+A_{k,t}.
\end{align}
\subsubsection{Remote buffering and inferencing}
The remote buffer at the MEH is fed by the transmitted patterns, and drained by remote processing (i.e. by providing inference outputs). Specifically, denoting by $f_{k,t}^r$ the portion of the MEH CPU clock frequency dedicated to device $k$ (depending on the optimized MEH scheduling policy), and by $J_k^c$ the number of CPU cycles needed to classify one pattern, the number of patterns classified during time slot $t$ is
\begin{equation}\label{num_computed}
    N_{k,t}^c=\left\lfloor\tau f_{k,t}^r/J_k^c\right\rfloor.
\end{equation}
A remote queue is defined for each device, as different devices compete for a limited pool of computing resources, to be efficiently scheduled. The $k$-th queue evolves as follows:
\begin{align}\label{comp_queue}
    &Q_{k,t+1}^r=\max\left(0,Q_{k,t}^r-N_{k,t}^c\right)+\min(N_{k,t}^u,Q_{k,t}^u),
\end{align}

\subsubsection{Stability and average E2E delay}\label{sec:delay}
The described 2-hops queueing system is propaedeutic to characterize the E2E delay of the inferencing process. In particular, denoting by $\overline{Q_k^u}$, $\overline{Q_k^r}$ the long-term average of the involved queues (cf. \eqref{average_value}), the stability of the system is formalized as follows:
\begin{align}\label{stability}
    & \overline{Q_k^u}<\infty,\;\forall k;\quad\overline{Q_k^r}<\infty,\;\forall k.
\end{align}
Moreover, in a stationary stable system, due to Little's law \cite{Little1961}, the average E2E delay is finite and can be written as $\overline{D}_k=\tau(\overline{Q_k^u}+\overline{Q_k^r})/\overline{A_k}$,
where $\overline{A_k}$ is the average number of new arrivals $A_{k,t}$ (cf. \eqref{local_queue}), computed as in \eqref{average_value}.
\subsection{Energy consumption}
In this paper, we are interested in the end devices' energy consumption, while we leave the whole network energy-efficiency for future investigations. In the proposed scenario, devices spend energy to encode (i.e. for local processing) and to upload data through the uplink wireless transmission.
Recalling  the local CPU cycle frequency $f_{k,t}^l$ used by device $k$ at time $t$, the encoding energy consumption at time $t$ is:
\begin{equation}\label{encoding_energy}
    E_{k,t}^e=\tau_e\kappa_k \left(f_{k,t}^l\right)^3=\tau_e\kappa_k \left(\tau_u R_{k,t}^u J_k^e/(\tau_e n_{k,t})\right)^3,
\end{equation}
where $\kappa_k$ is the effective switched capacitance of the processor \cite{Burd1996}, and the second equality directly comes from \eqref{change_var}. At the same time, recalling the uplink transmit power $p_{k,t}^u$ of device $k$ at time $t$, the energy spent for transmission is
\begin{equation}\label{tx_energy}
    E_{k,t}^u=\tau_u p_{k,t}^u=\frac{\tau_u N_0B_{k,t}}{h_{k,t}^u}\left[\exp\left(\frac{R_{k,t}^u\ln(2)}{B_{k,t}}\right)-1\right],
\end{equation}
where the second equality comes from the inverse of \eqref{uplink_rate}.
\subsection{Inference reliability}\label{sec:inf_rel}
\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{ac_entr_vs_jpeg.pdf}
    \caption{Accuracy and entropy vs. JPEG quality factor}
    \label{fig:acc_entr_jpeg}
    \vspace{ 0 cm}
\end{figure}
The last performance indicator we exploit is a measure of the inference reliability. It should be noted that a proper measure should not require any ground truth to be able to work online on previously unseen (i.e. unlabeled) data. Therefore, it is not possible to directly use the accuracy (i.e. correct classification rate) as a measure of inference reliability. In this paper, we consider the entropy computed on a posteriori probabilities assigned to each label, as a measure of confidence in classifying a given pattern. For instance, given a pattern $i$ generated by user $k$, and $l_k=1,\ldots L_k$ possible labels, the output of a neural network based classifier is a vector of probabilities $[p_{k,i,1},\ldots p_{k,i,L_k}]$. The entropy associated with this vector reads as $H_{k,i}=-\sum\nolimits_{l=1}^{L_k}p_{k,i,l}\log(p_{k,i,l}).$
The reasoning to use the entropy as inference reliability measure is threefold: i) It does not require any ground truth; ii) It applies generally to any discriminative or generative classifier \cite{Bishop06}; iii) The cross-entropy is the typical loss function used to train neural networks for classification. Finally, as reliability constraint, we choose to use the long-term average entropy, thus imposing the following constraint (cf. \eqref{average_value}):
\begin{equation}\label{entropy_constraint}
    \overline{H_{k,i}}\leq H_k^{\textrm{th}},\quad\forall k,
\end{equation}
where $H_k^{\textrm{th}}$ denotes an entropy threshold requested a priori by the intended device, and depends on the specific service and goal. Also, in this paper, we make the assumption that the output entropy is a function of the image quality. Indeed, we will consider the case of lossy compression, so that the inference task at the MEH is run on compressed images.
Finally, the real metric (not measurable online) is the accuracy, which in this paper we mildly assume to be directly linked to the entropy. In particular, we make the following two assumptions to link data compression, entropy, and accuracy. \\ \textbf{\textit{Assumption 1:}} \textit{$H_{k,i}$ is a monotone non increasing function of the number of bits $n_{k,t}$ (cf. \eqref{uplink_data}) used to encode patterns.}\\
\textbf{\textit{Assumption 2:}} \textit{The accuracy (i.e. correct classification rate) is a monotone non increasing function of $H_{k,i}$.}\\
Assumptions $1$ and $2$ are not formally proved, but they are mild assumptions that we also validate through the results in Fig. \ref{fig:acc_entr_jpeg}, in which we show the the entropy as a function of the JPEG quality factor used to encode images, and the accuracy as a  function of the entropy, for two different data sets, namely CIFAR-$10$ \cite{krizhevsky2009learning} and Imagenette\footnote{\url{https://github.com/fastai/imagenette}}, as examples. Other examples are omitted due to the lack of space.

\section{Problem formulation}
Recalling \eqref{average_value}, \eqref{change_var}, \eqref{stability}, \eqref{encoding_energy}, \eqref{tx_energy}, and \eqref{entropy_constraint}, we formulate the following long-term optimization problem:
\begin{align}\label{problem_edge_inference}
    &\hspace{-1.8 cm}\underset{\mathbf{\Psi}_t}{\min}\quad\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^K\left(\overline{E_k^e}+\overline{E_k^u}\right)\\
    \textrm{subject to}\quad&\eqref{stability},\;\eqref{entropy_constraint},\;(a)\: n_{k,t}\in\mathcal{N}_k\nonumber,\\
    &(b)\: I_{k,t}\widetilde{R}_{k,t}^{\min}(n_{k,t})\leq R_{k,t}^u\leq \widetilde{R}_{k,t}^{u,\max}I_{k,t},\; \forall k,t,\nonumber\\
    &(c)\: f_{k,t}^r\geq 0,\,\forall k,t,\;(d)\: \sum\nolimits_{k=1}^Kf_{k,t}^r\leq f_r^{\max},\,\forall t,\nonumber
\end{align}
where $\mathbf{\Psi}_t=[\{n_{k,t}\}_{k=1}^K,\{R_{k,t}^u\}_{k=1}^K,\{f_{k,t}^r\}_{k=1}^K]$, recalling that $f_{k,t}^l$ is directly linked to $R_{k,t}^u$ through \eqref{change_var}; whereas, $I_{k,t}=\mathbf{1}\{n_{k,t}\}$ equals $1$ if device $k$ encodes and transmits patterns during time slot $t$. Also, $\widetilde{R}_{k,t}^{\min}(n_{k,t})$ is defined as
\begin{equation}\label{rate_min}
\widetilde{R}_{k,t}^{\min}(n_{k,t})=\frac{n_{k,t}}{\tau_u},
\end{equation}
meaning that, if a user transmits, the data rate (and the local computation rate) must be as high as to transmit (and encode) at least one pattern. On the other hand, $\widetilde{R}_{k,t}^{u,\max}$ reads as
\begin{equation}\label{rate_max}
    \widetilde{R}_{k,t}^{\max}=\min\left(\frac{\tau_e n_{k,t}f_{k}^{l,\max}}{\tau_u J_k^e},B_{k,t}\log_2\left(1+\frac{h_{k,t}^uP_k^u}{N_0B_{k,t}}\right)\right),
\end{equation}
where $f_{k}^{l,\max}$ is the maximum local CPU cycle frequency, and $P_k^u$ is the maximum uplink transmit power.
Besides the long-term constraints already discussed in Section \ref{sec:system_model}, the instantaneous constraints in \eqref{problem_edge_inference} have the following meaning: $(a)$ The number of bits used to encode data (i.e. the encoding strategy) belongs to a discrete finite set $\mathcal{N}_k$, which includes $n_{k,t}=0$; $(b)$ If $n_{k,t}=0$, the user does neither encode nor transmit. Instead, if the user transmits (i.e. $n_{k,t}>0$), the transmit data rate is higher than the threshold defined in \eqref{rate_min} and lower than the maximum value defined in \eqref{rate_max};  $(c)$ The remote CPU cycle frequency assigned by the MEH to each user is non negative; $(d)$ The sum of the CPU frequencies assigned to each user is lower than the maximum CPU clock frequency of the MEH $f_r^{\max}$.
Problem \eqref{problem_edge_inference} is very complex from several points of view. First of all, the expectations are taken with respect to wireless channels and data arrivals, whose statistics are supposed to be unknown a priori (i.e. the objective function is unknown). Moreover, it is non-convex and involves integer variables over a long-term horizon, which makes it a mixed integer non linear program.
\subsection{The Lyapunov framework}\label{sec:Lyapunov}
Lyapunov stochastic optimization is a powerful tool that can be used to transform long-term problems into pure stability programs, which are then solved in a per-slot fashion, typically with low complexity or exhaustive searches over a reduced (instantaneous) action space \cite{Neely10}.
The first goal is to define a mathematical tool able to deal with the long-term constraint \eqref{entropy_constraint}. To this end, we define a \textit{virtual queue} $Z_{k,t}$, which is updated each time a new pattern is classified, i.e. whenever a new measure of entropy is available. Therefore, its evolution between subsequent slots reads as follows:
\begin{equation}\label{Z_evolution}
    Z_{k,t+1}=\max\left(0, Z_{k,t}+\epsilon_z\sum_{i\in\mathcal{C}_{k,t}}\left(H_{k,i}-H_k^{\textrm{th}}\right)\right),
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon_z$ is a positive step size, and $\mathcal{C}_{k,t}$ is the set of all patterns classified during time slot $t$, whose cardinality is $N_{k,t}^c$ (cf. \eqref{num_computed}). Virtual queues generally measure the behaviour of a system in terms of constraint violations. Theoretically speaking, the \textit{mean rate stability}\footnote{It is defined as $\lim_{T\to\infty}\frac{\mathbb{E}\{Z_{k,T}\}}{T}=0$} of a virtual queue guarantees to meet the corresponding constraint \cite{Neely10}. This allows us to transform \eqref{problem_edge_inference} into a pure stability problem, in which we aim to guarantee the stability of both physical and virtual queues, to meet a finite average E2E delay and a target entropy, respectively. To this aim, defining the vector
 $\mathbf{\Theta}_t=[\{Q_{k,t}^u\}_{k=1}^K,\{Q_{k,t}^m\}_{k=1}^K,\{Z_{k,t}\}_{k=1}^K]$, we introduce the \textit{Lyapunov function} as follows \cite{Neely10}:
\begin{equation}\label{lyap_fun}
    L(\mathbf{\Theta}_t)=\frac{1}{2}\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^K\left[(Q_{k,t}^u)^2+(Q_{k,t}^r)^2+Z_{k,t}^2\right],
\end{equation}
which is a measure of the overall congestion state of the system in terms of both physical and virtual queues. Our aim is to push the network towards low congestion states (in terms of physical and virtual queues), while minimizing the energy consumption. To this end, let us define the \textit{drift-plus-penalty} (DPP) function $    \Delta_{p,t}=\mathbb{E}\left\{L(\mathbf{\Theta}_{t+1})-L(\mathbf{\Theta}_t)+VO_t\big|\mathbf{\Theta}_t\right\}$,
where $O_t=\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^KE_{k,t}^e+E_{k,t}^u$ (i.e. it is the instantaneous objective function of \eqref{problem_edge_inference}). The DPP is the conditional expected variation of the Lyapunov function over one slot, with a penalty factor, weighted by a parameter $V$, which assigns more or less priority to the objective function of \eqref{problem_edge_inference} (i.e. the devices' energy consumption) compared to queue backlogs, thus shaping the trade-off between energy consumption, E2E delay, and inference reliability. Interestingly, the stability of the physical and virtual queues is guaranteed if the DPP is bounded by a finite constant at each slot. Therefore, as in \cite{Neely10}, we proceed by minimizing an upper bound of the DPP, which in this case reads as
\begin{align}\label{DPP_upper}
  & \hspace{-.3 cm}\Delta_{p,t}\leq\zeta+\sum\nolimits_{k=1}^K\mathbb{E}\big\{(Q_{k,t}^r-Q_{k,t}^u)N_{k,t}^u-Q_{k,t}^r N_{k,t}^c\nonumber\\
    &\hspace{-.3 cm}+\epsilon_zZ_{k,t} \sum_{i\in\mathcal{C}_{k,t}}\left(H_{k,i}-H_k^{\textrm{th}}\right)+V\left(E_{k,t}^u+E_{k,t}^e\right)\big|\mathbf{\Theta}_t\big\},
\end{align}
where $\zeta$ is a positive constant omitted due to the lack of space, as well as the derivations leading to \eqref{DPP_upper}, which closely follow the arguments in \cite{Neely10}.
As already mentioned in section \ref{sec:inf_rel}, the entropy is affected by the number of bits used to encode patterns. However, at time $t$ (when the decision on the number of bits $n_{k,t}$ is taken), the entropy value $H_{k,i}$ associated with number of bits $n_{k,t}$ is generally not available. Thus, to control efficiently the number of bits $n_{k,t}$ at time $t$, we introduce a surrogate function replacing $H_{k,i}$ in (\ref{DPP_upper}), say $\varphi(n_{k,t})$, which behaves similarly to $H_{k,i}$ with respect to $n_{k,t}$ (cf. Assumption 1). This falls under the concept of a $C$-additive approximation, for which the usage of outdated queue states does not prevent the solution to asymptotically approach optimal performance, with the cost of increased queues backlogs and convergence time \cite{Neely10}. Now, let us hinge on the concept of opportunistically minimizing \eqref{DPP_upper}, to optimize resources in a per slot fashion by removing the expectation. It can be easily shown that, in this case, the problem can be split into a radio resource allocation problem, involving local encoding and uplink transmission variables (i.e., $\{n_{k,t}\}_{k=1}^K$ and $\{R_{k,t}^u\}_{k=1}^K$), and a remote computation problem, to optimize the MEH CPU scheduling (i.e., $\{f_{k,t}^r\}_{k=1}^K$). The two problems, along with their respective solutions, are presented in the next two sections.
\subsection{Encoding and radio resource allocation sub-problem}
The sub-problem to be solved to encode and transmit patterns is a mixed-integer non linear program. In this work, we assume the bandwidth to be assigned a priori to each user. Therefore, the problem is separable among different users and can be formulated as follows
\begin{align}\label{radio_resource}
    \hspace{-.2 cm}\quad\underset{\{n_{k,t}\}_k,\{R_{k,t}^u\}_k}{\min} &O_{r,t}\coloneqq V(E_{k,t}^u+E_{k,t}^e)+(Q_{k,t}^r-Q_{k,t}^u)N_{k,t}^u\nonumber\\
    &\qquad+\epsilon_zZ_{k,t}\left(\varphi(n_{k,t})-H_k^{\textrm{th}}\right)N_{k,t}^u\\
    &\textrm{subject to}\quad (a)\text{-}(c)\;\text{of\;\eqref{problem_edge_inference}}\nonumber
\end{align}
Problem \eqref{radio_resource} is a mixed integer non linear program, although being much less complex than \eqref{problem_edge_inference}, since it requires only an exhaustive search over $\mathcal{N}_k$, whose cardinality is limited. Namely, for a generic user $k$, we can analyze two cases:\\
\textbf{Case 1:} $n_{k,t}=0$. In this case, the solution is $R_{k,t}^u=0$, and the value of the objective function is $O_{r,t}(n_{k,t}=0) = 0$.\\
\textbf{Case 2:} $n_{k,t}>0$. In this case, an exhaustive search over the small set $\mathcal{N}_k\setminus\{n_{k,t}=0\}$ must be performed. Interestingly, for each $n_{k,t}$, the optimal data rate can be found with extremely low complexity. In particular, by considering the tight approximation $\left\lfloor\frac{\tau_u R_{k,t}^u}{n_{k,t}}\right\rfloor\approx\frac{\tau_u R_{k,t}^u}{n_{k,t}}$, the problem is convex.
Solving the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions \cite{boyd2004convex}, which are omitted due to the lack of space, it can be easily shown that, given $n_{k,t}$ the solution can be found by solving the following non linear equation:
\begin{align}\label{nonlineq}
    &3V\tau_e\kappa_k\left(\frac{\tau_uR_{k,t}^uJ_k^e}{\tau_en_{k,t}}\right)^2 +\frac{V\tau_uN_0\ln(2)}{h_k^u}\exp\left(\frac{R_{k,t}^u\ln(2)}{B_{k,t}}\right)\nonumber\\
    &+(Q_{k,t}^r-Q_{k,t}^u+\epsilon_zZ_k\varphi(n_{k,t})-\epsilon_z Z_kH_k^{\textrm{th}})\frac{\tau_u}{n_k}=0,
\end{align}
and bounding the solution according to constraint $(b)$ of \eqref{problem_edge_inference}. Note that \eqref{nonlineq} can be efficiently solved via a bisection method. Finally, once \eqref{nonlineq} is solved for each $n_{k,t}\in\mathcal{N}_k\setminus\{n_{k,t}=0\}$, the global optimal data rate is obtained as $R_{k,t}^{*}=\underset{n_{k,t}}{\arg\min}\;O_{r,t}$, also considering the case with $n_{k,t}=0$), with $O_{r,t}$ is the objective function of \eqref{radio_resource}.
\subsection{Mobile Edge Host CPU scheduling}
The second sub-problem, to optimize the MEH's CPU scheduling, can be formulated as follows:
\begin{align}\label{slot_opt_freq}
&\hspace{-.3 cm}\underset{\{f_k^r\}_k} \max \quad  \displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^K \tau f_{k,t}^r\frac{Q_{k,t}^r}{J_k^c}\;\;\displaystyle \\
&\hbox{{\rm s.t.}}\;(a)\: f_{k,t}^r\geq 0,\,\forall t,\quad (b)\:f_{k,t}^r\leq\min\left(f_{r}^{\max},\frac{Q_k^rJ_k^c}{\tau}\right)\nonumber\\
&(c)\: \sum\nolimits_{k=1}^Kf_{k,t}^r\leq f_r^{\max},\,\forall t.\nonumber
\end{align}
In \eqref{slot_opt_freq}, to improve efficiency w.r.t problem \eqref{problem_edge_inference}, we added, without loss of generality, constraint $(b)$, to ensure that each user cannot be assigned a clock frequency higher than the one necessary to empty the queue.
Problem \eqref{slot_opt_freq} is linear, and its global optimal solution consists in assigning the whole available frequency to the user with the highest ratio $Q_{k,t}^r/J_k^c$. If this leaves available frequency, the left part is assigned to the subsequent users until draining the whole CPU power of the server $f_r^{\max}$, or serving all users \cite{Merluzzi2020URLLC}.
\vspace{0 cm}
\section{Numerical Results}
\begin{figure*}[htb!]
    \centering
    \subfloat[Average E2E delay vs. device energy]{
        \includegraphics[width=0.32\textwidth]{tradeoff_edge_inference.pdf}
        \label{fig:delay_vs_energy}
    }
    \subfloat[Average entropy vs. $t$]{
        \includegraphics[width=0.31\textwidth]{entropy_vs_t.pdf}
        \label{fig:entropy_vs_t}
    }
    \subfloat[Correct classification rate vs. $t$]{
        \includegraphics[width=0.325\textwidth]{accuracy_vs_t.pdf}
        \label{fig:accuracy_vs_t}
    }
    \caption{Trade-off between average energy consumption, E2E delay, and inference reliability/accuracy}
    \label{fig:tradeoff}
    \vspace{0 cm}
\end{figure*}
In this section, we assess the performance of our algorithm. Let us briefly present the learning related setting, followed by the communication-computation scenario and parameters.\\
\underline{\textbf{\textit{Learning setting:}}} We recall that, since we focus on inference, we assume a pre-trained model, pre-uploaded in the MEH. For our numerical results, we consider the CIFAR-10 dataset\footnote{More results on other data sets are omitted due to the lack of space and left for an extension, but would come with similar conclusions (see Fig. \ref{fig:acc_entr_jpeg}).}. CIFAR-10 consists of 60000 32x32 color images divided in 10 classes, with 6000 images per class. The training set is made of 50000 instances, while the test set is made of 10000 instances. We exploit a Deep Convolutional Neural Network trained via usual backpropagation with an $l_2$-penalized Cross-entropy loss. The CNN architecture is made of six convolutional layers divided in three blocks with 32, 32 (end of the first block), 64, 64 (end of the second block), 128 and 128 (end of the third block) $3\times 3$ filters, respectively, with final flatten and dense layers; SAME padding, eLu non-linearities and Batch Normalization are applied after each convolutional layer, $2$ Max Pooling and Dropout is performed after each block and a final Softmax non-linearity is applied after the flatten and dense layers\footnote{https://appliedmachinelearning.blog/2018/03/24/achieving-90-accuracy-in-object-recognition-task-on-cifar-10-dataset-with-keras-convolutional-neural-networks/}.\\
\underline{\textbf{\textit{Communication and computation setting:}}} We consider a wireless AP at the center of a circle of radius $100$ m, endowed with an MEH with $f_r^{\max}=10$ GHz, and $6$ devices uniformly randomly located inside the circle, transmitting at maximum power $P_k^u=20$ dBm. Denoting by $f_c$ the carrier frequency in GHz, and by $d_k$ the distance in meters between device $k$ and the AP, the channel $h_{k,t}^u$ is generated with path loss $\textrm{PL}_k=33+25.50\log_{10}(d_k)+20\log_{10}(f_c)$, with a time varying Rayleigh fading with complex distribution $\mathcal{N}(0,1)$. The considered total available bandwidth is $100$ MHz, to be equally shared among all devices, while the noise power spectral density is $N_0=-174$ dBm/Hz, with a noise figure of $5$ dB at the receiver. We assume a slot duration $\tau=25$ ms, which is equally split among $\tau_e$ for encoding and $\tau_u$ for transmission. The effective switched capacitance of the processor is $\kappa_k=10^{-27}, \forall k$ (cf. \eqref{encoding_energy}), the number of CPU cycle to encode one pattern in set to $J_k^e=5\times10^5$ CPU cycles (cf. \eqref{uplink_data}), while the number of CPU cycles needed to classify one pattern is $J_k^c=10^7$ CPU cycles (cf. \eqref{num_computed}). We assume Poisson arrivals with parameter $\overline{A_k}=2,\forall k$. Each device has a different requirement in terms of $H_{k}^{\textrm{th}}$ (cf. \eqref{entropy_constraint}). In particular, two devices will serve as benchmarks for comparison, since they require, respectively, the highest and the lowest inference reliability. For the others, the requirement is $\mathbf{H}^{\textrm{th}}=[0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6]$. As surrogate function $\varphi(n_{k,t})$, we use a look up table that has been built on a validation set.\\
\underline{\textbf{\textit{Comments to the results:}}} Let us now comment the results in Fig. \ref{fig:tradeoff}, where we plot the energy-delay-reliability trade-off. In particular, in Fig. \ref{fig:delay_vs_energy}, we show the trade-off between E2E delay and energy consumption, obtained by increasing the single tuning parameter $V$ from right to left. The trade-off is different for each device, due to the different requirements in terms of inference reliability. As expected, all energies decrease as $V$ increases, with the cost of an increased E2E delay. Let us now focus on our two benchmarks, represented by the blue curve (highest reliability) and the green curve (lowest reliability). We can appreciate that the highest reliability ($H=0.27$, which translates into around $88$\% accuracy, as visible in Figs. \ref{fig:entropy_vs_t} and \ref{fig:accuracy_vs_t} that show the time average values of entropy and accuracy, respectively) is payed by a higher energy consumption (for a given E2E delay), due to the fact that more bits must be transmitted. On the other hand, achieving the "\textit{green solution}" (i.e., minimum energy consumption) is payed by a very low reliability ($H=0.88$, which translates into around $45$\% accuracy). However, among these two "extreme" cases, one can select different values of target entropy that the method is able to guarantee (see Fig. \ref{fig:entropy_vs_t} with the corresponding black dotted horizontal lines), while achieving lower energy consumption w.r.t. the highest accuracy case, but a much higher reliability and accuracy w.r.t. the minimum energy case. For instance, looking at the orange curve, we can conclude that a very small degradation in the accuracy (around $2$\%) is able to guarantee a non negligible gain in terms of energy-delay. Similar conclusions can be drawn for the other curves. More numerical results are omitted due to the lack of space, and are left for future extensions, for a deeper investigation of the achievable trade-offs in the context of edge inference.
\section{Conclusions}
In this paper, we proposed a method to jointly manage radio and computing resources to enable reliable and energy-efficient edge classification in dynamic scenarios. We efficiently solved a long-term problem through stochastic optimization tools, proposing a per-slot optimization (with quasi-closed form solutions), without requiring any apriori knowledge of the statistics of the involved random variables (i.e., wireless channels and data arrivals). To assess the performance of our method, we focused on a CNN based image classification, in which new images are adaptively encoded through different JPEG compression factors, to explore the fundamental trade-off between energy, delay, and accuracy.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Ма́шенька — село Чогодарівської сільської громади у Березівському районі Одеської області, Україна. Населення становить 0 осіб.

Історія
Під час організованого радянською владою Голодомору 1932—1933 років помер щонайменше 1 житель села.

Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила  , з яких   та  .

За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі   . 100 % населення вказало своєю рідною мовою українську мову.

Незаселене з 2009-2011 року.

Примітки

Джерела
 ВРУ

Села Березівського району

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Today I found myself heating up the oven, making a quick pan of yeast rolls with a few crushed pecans at the bottom of half of them as a sweet surprise.
Then I put on a simple meatloaf with a scattering of whole onions in the shell and then a few white potatoes to bake.
As this all bakes and the smell of it penetrates throughout the house thanks also in part to the natural sage dried and added for flavor, it begins to smell a little like the holidays.
I can be busy somewhere else, doing something else. I have always had to do things like that. Nowadays they call it multi-tasking or something like that.
I not only like the idea, I have always embraced it without knowing it.
So this week, I have my new cookbook out on amazon, and I am in a baking mood and don't know when this will stop for now and I can go on to something else.
Meanwhile, the kitchen will smell good, my writing with have the love of cooking and baking mixed liberally in it and I look forward to the holidays which enhance this desire to cook and bake. Happy Holidays to All!


While watching The Killing of a Sacred Deer I found myself trying to identify the deeper meaning behind its stylised acting, clinical visual style, and themes of hubris and revenge (taken from the classical Greek myth of Iphigenia). It wasn't until afterwards that I realised the brilliance of Yorgos Lanthimos's film was simply that it made me consistently laugh, often without exactly knowing why. While not quite as rich as his previous film The Lobster, this is still a remarkable achievement in its ability to play it straight and still present darker than dark material in a way that is perversely comedic.
As the final film for beloved actor Harry Dean Stanton – and one of his very few leading roles – Lucky could not be more perfect. Playing an ageing, chain-smoking and reclusive old man who is musing on death and dying, Lucky is not exactly a stretch for Stanton and yet he still looses himself in the part with his distinctive understated charm. Lucky embodies the spirit of so many of the classic American films that Stanton appeared in over the decades in terms of setting, supporting cast and themes, resulting in something fittingly familiar. It's a lovely farewell.
Goodbye Christopher Robin comes with many of the standard characteristics of a conventional biopic in telling the story of how A A Milne came to create the much-loved Winnie-the-Pooh stories. However, what sets the film apart is not just its avoidance of whimsy and sentimentality (for the most part), but its thematic complexities. Milne's PTSD and at times difficult relationship with his family are explored, as are the issues surrounding the way he used his son's childhood to create the much-loved stories and by doing so turned his son into a reluctant celebrity.
Like so many, I had an incredible time when I saw the 2003 so-bad-it's-good cult film The Room. The Disaster Artist depicts how writer/director/producer/actor Tommy Wiseau teamed up with struggling actor Greg Sestero to make The Room and while so much of what happens is hilarious, the film still acknowledges Wiseau's pain, passion and triumph of sorts. Wiseau is not nearly as sympathetic a character as Ed Wood, the 1950s B-grade filmmaker who is the subject of the 1994 film Ed Wood, but The Disaster Artist does share some of that film's affection for its respective delusional misfit filmmaker.


text:
Research /
Research Areas /
ICARe (Intensive Care Audit & Research)
Barwon Health Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a 24-bed ICU with an active profile in clinical research. Admissions include patients from all medical, surgical and specialty units including cardiac surgery and number over 1,400 patients per year. Research in ICU involves all disciplines and has grown substantially over the last 10 years and our department is supported by research co-ordinators seven days per week. We have a strong commitment to observational audits to describe practice and act as a basis for new clinical trials.
We have an established multi-disciplinary research group who meets on a weekly basis to discuss the progress of current clinical trials, consider new clinical trials and provide a forum for the discussion of clinical audits and observational audits (BH Investigator Initiated and Collaborative). We are also one of the first sites to recruit patients in the TARGET study and have had strong consistent recruitment over the duration of this study.
Last Modified: Wednesday, 14 November 2018
Dr Neil Orford, ICU Medical Director
Research Coordinators: Allison Bone, Tania Elderkin, Melissa Fraser & Tania Salerno


A boiler needs to be regularly serviced to ensure all components are checked and working correctly – and most importantly that they are safe. An annual service not only helps prevent potential issues but ensures heating and hot water efficiency to keep energy bills as low as possible. Without a regular service your warranty may be invalidated.
If your boiler hasn't been regularly serviced or poorly maintained it can produce carbon monoxide gas – this applies to gas, LPG and oil systems. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a risk to health; it can cause death as well as other long term health problems. The main symptoms of CO poisoning are headaches, dizziness, nausea, breathlessness & loss of consciousness.
Other symptoms of CO poisoning are less obvious, and can appear as tiredness, flu or a viral infection. If symptoms only appear when you're home it could be another indicator of CO poisoning.
Check for any leaks and corrosion.
If you have a commercial system that requires servicing please click here for more information on our Commercial Heating & Plumbing services.


Please note that, unlike previous years, we will not be reserving pews for groups by parish.
Please fill in the form below then click Submit. All fields are required. This form must be completed (even if you do not have participants this year) and submitted no later than Thursday, February 14, 2019.
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The number of individuals in each appropriate section.
Space will then appear to input names. Please fill in the first and last name of each catechumen/candidate.
If you do not have any individuals in your RCIA process this year, please put the number "0" in each of the columns.
In the event that one of your catechumens or candidates has circumstances that might prevent his or her participation, please include them in your numbers. It is important that we have the numbers that you think will celebrate with us so we can accommodate the appropriate space.
For a reminder of what makes a child or an adult a catechumen or candidate, click on the (?) next to each form item.
An adult catechumen is an individual 18 years or older who has never been baptized.
A child catechumen is an individual between the ages of 7 - 17 who has never been baptized.
An adult catechumen is an individual 18 or older who has already been baptized in a different ecclesial tradition and seeks the full communion of the Catholic Church through Confirmation and Eucharist.
A child catechumen is an individual between the ages of 7 and 17 who has already been baptized in a different ecclesial tradition and seeks the full communion of the Catholic Church through Confirmation and Eucharist.
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text:
From Dec. 20, art lovers to get a rare chance to see Predic's "Children under the Mulberry Tree"
The painting is privately owned, but thanks to the kindness of the owner, the National Museum is able to present this well-known but rarely seen work of Predic
Uros Predic's painting "Children under the Mulberry Tree" will be on display on the first floor of the National Museum in Belgrade from December 20, 2019 until January 12, 2020.
Children under the Mulberry Tree, by Uros Predic / Photo: National Museum
The painting is privately owned, but thanks to the kindness of the owner, the National Museum is able to present this well-known but rarely seen work of Predic.
During the presentation on December 20 at noon, as well as on January 4 at 6 pm, Museum Advisor Petar Petrovic will give a lecture in front of the painting exhibited on the first floor of the National Museum in Belgrade.
Uros Predic (1857-1953) is one of the few Serbian painters who, with special care, much love and respect, painted children.
Očajna mama na meti osuda: Sinu gejmeru kupila mini frižider i od tad ga nije videla
Kravama stavlja VR na oči: Pred očima joj pašnjaci, a evo zbog čega
In dealing with them, he immortalized different scenes from children's daily lives. Predic refined and elevated to a higher level precisely the painting of children's portraits.
Predic's preference for the realist genre manifested itself in his high school days, to take on its mature form after he completed his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.
Predic received the prestigious Gundel Prize from the Vienna Academy for the best student work - am oil painting of a child, the famous "Sulking Girl" from 1879.
The painting "Children under the Mulberry Tree" has been exhibited only three times so far.
The first time was at the first solo exhibition by Uros Predic held at Gradjanska Kasina in 1888 in Belgrade. The second time was at the Great World Exhibition in Paris in 1889 as part of the pavilion of the Kingdom of Serbia, and the third at a joint exhibition of the works of Uros Predic and Paja Jovanovic at the National Museum, then the Art Museum, in 1949.
After a break of 70 years, "Children under the Mulberry Tree," the 19th century masterpiece of Serbian realistic painting, will be in front of the audience once again at the National Museum in Belgrade - for viewing and enjoyment.
Most expensive Serbian painting was sold for $200,000: These are our painters' highest-priced works
Young man suspected of murdering his brother is grandson of famous Serbian painter
Knight of Serbian painting Vladimir Velickovic passes away
Children under the Mulberry Tree
Uroš Predić
portrait of children
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How close is Serbia to reintroducing compulsory military service? Vucic, Army representatives meet
More than 17,000 new cases in Serbia, 28 more Covid deaths: 112 patients are on ventilators
Kocovic predicted yesterday's peak, says another spike is possible, two limitations for predictions
Djokovic attends Epiphany liturgy: World's best tennis player delights believers in Belgrade church
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Planning your lavatory transform in depth takes endurance and know-how. As a result of the paint color was too intense for the space, this bathroom felt even smaller. A bright aqua tiled tub takes over on this downstairs lavatory, while the white bathe curtain cuts up the room, making it appear smaller. Guidelines from the National Kitchen and Bathtub Affiliation name for a ducted system that is at the very least 50 cubic feet per minute, though you could need twice as much ventilation if the house is bigger than a hundred sq. toes or for those who plan to put in a steam shower.
Projecting the cost of a rework typically depends upon what number of big-ticket items you're replacing and who's doing the work. Material prices can shortly add up, but they're solely a portion of your complete funds. Alternatively, bathtub and bathe liners -a staple of infomercials-are not as cheap as they seem. This helps forestall disagreements alongside the best way and gives you clear expectations about how long the venture should take to complete when remodeling a bathroom.
Tender gray walls, marble flooring and a furniture-type self-importance create a sublime spot for friends to clean up. Heather Scott Dwelling & Design removes the wall-mounted cupboard above the toilet, making the house really feel much larger and brighter. As an illustration, if you had been eager about altering the situation of the toilet, shower or sink, an experienced bathroom remodeler may also help you determine if these format adjustments can be prohibitively expensive in your funds.
It can be tough to wrap your thoughts around this as a result of we have now turn into numb to mid-to-excessive five-figure rest room remodels that start by ripping all the pieces all the way down to the studs. In fact, you may go away the selection to your general contractor in case you're unsure about shopping for what suits best within your finances and design.
Finest for: Baths on a good funds or brief mission timetable. Fully enclosed steam showers with a number of showerheads are a luxurious that is changing into extra conventional in new houses and remodeled master loos. New flooring and white wainscoting give this lavatory a basic look. Plumbing and electrical: Any issues with your plumbing or electricity through the renovation will add onto the cost of the remodel.


1.3 Where can I buy Mucopolysaccharides?
It is common knowledge that a good nutrition is based on vitamins, minerals, proteins and essential fatty acids. However, what is not so widely known is that good nutrition is also dependent on an obscure type of carbohydrate which has a long, not easily to remember name – mucopolysaccharides.
These are long, carbohydrate chains of amino sugars which are omnipresent in all tissues of organisms that consist of multiple cells. Mucopolysaccharides tend to bind to proteins or lipids, thus being crucial components of the tissue of cells. In a nutshell, you can say that these compounds are in essence responsible for the form and organization of the human biological system. They are present both at the surface as well as in the intercellular matrix of the cells, thus playing a very significant role in the sustainment of smooth functioning of the biological systems. Jargon aside, you can say they are the "glue of life"; without them all living organisms would collapse!
Are you not sure how to pronounce this long word? This is a video to help you!
Good health depends on the variety and amount of nutrients we provide for our body's 60 trillion cells.
As you know, our health quality depends largely on both the amount as well as the variety of the nutrients that we obtain from food.
Mucopolysaccharides play a significant role in making sure that the transfer and circulation of nutrients among the cells is the optimum one. Their presence at the surface of the cells as well as their interfaces makes sure that everything useful is absorbed and transported from cell to cell, while whatever is harmful is expelled.
While it is true that aging is an inevitable process, we can still delay its onset through adopting sound nutritional habits and taking some simple precautionary measures.
As far as mucopolysaccharides are concerned, they tend to diminish and decay in content throughout our lives. As a matter of fact, to be exact the diminishing of these compounds does not happen late in life; suffice is to say that by the time we are ten years old we have already lost about 90% of the total quantity of mucopolysacharides that we were born with!
Where can I buy Mucopolysaccharides?
So, having said the above, it easily concluded that, in order to preserve our youth and delay the aging process, is to try to preserve the quantity and quality of mucopolysacharides in our body. How can we achieve this?
Well, there is good news about this! Based on medical evidence, the best source for these amazing compounds are green lipped mussels. These type of shellfish, in addition to all the other health enhancing ingredients that they have (essential fatty acids, lipid and proteins) they also contain mucopolysaccharides as well.
But, beware, not all green lipped mussel supplements are created equal. The brand that I personally recommend, Xtend-Life, are the only producers of green lipped mussel powder that, though their proprietary processing, ensure that all ingredients that are contained in the green lipped mussels are retained in the powder used in their supplements.


text:
Survival of Azospirillum brasilense in the Bulk Soil and Rhizosphere of 23 Soil Types.
Y Bashan, M E Puente, M N Rodriguez-Mendoza, G Toledo, G Holguin, R Ferrera-Cerrato, S Pedrin
Y Bashan
M E Puente
M N Rodriguez-Mendoza
G Toledo
G Holguin
R Ferrera-Cerrato
S Pedrin
The survival of Azospirillum brasilense Cd and Sp-245 in the rhizosphere of wheat and tomato plants and in 23 types of plant-free sterilized soils obtained from a wide range of environments in Israel and Mexico was evaluated. Large numbers of A. brasilense cells were detected in all the rhizospheres tested, regardless of soil type, bacterial strain, the origin of the soil, or the amount of rainfall each soil type received prior to sampling. Survival of A. brasilense in soils without plants differed from that in the rhizosphere and was mainly related to the geographical origin of the soil. In Israeli soils from arid, semiarid, or mountain regions, viability of A. brasilense rapidly declined or populations completely disappeared below detectable levels within 35 days after inoculation. In contrast, populations in the arid soils of Baja California Sur, Mexico, remained stable or even increased during the 45-day period after inoculation. In soils from Central Mexico, viability slowly decreased with time. In all soils, percentages of clay, nitrogen, organic matter, and water-holding capacity were positively correlated with bacterial viability. High percentages of CaCO(inf3) and fine or rough sand had a highly negative effect on viability. The percentage of silt, pH, the percentage of phosphorus or potassium, electrical conductivity, and C/N ratio had no apparent effect on bacterial viability in the soil. Fifteen days after removal of inoculated plants, the remaining bacterial population in the three soil types tested began to decline sharply, reaching undetectable levels 90 days after inoculation. After plant removal, percolating the soils with water almost eliminated the A. brasilense population. Viability of A. brasilense in two artificial soils containing the same major soil components as the natural soils from Israel did was almost identical to that in the natural soils. We conclude that A. brasilense is a rhizosphere colonizer which survives poorly in most soils for prolonged periods of time; that outside the rhizosphere, seven abiotic parameters control the survival of this bacterium in the soil; and that disturbance of the soil (percolation with water or plant removal) directly and rapidly affects the population levels.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 1995, 61 (5) 1938-1945; DOI:
You are going to email the following Survival of Azospirillum brasilense in the Bulk Soil and Rhizosphere of 23 Soil Types.


text:
Sen. Martha McSally: Military's sexual-assault numbers unacceptable
Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., has made the eradication of sexual assaults and harassment in the military a signature issue.
Sen. Martha McSally: Military's sexual-assault numbers unacceptable Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., has made the eradication of sexual assaults and harassment in the military a signature issue. Check out this story on azcentral.com: https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2019/05/02/sen-martha-mcsally-militarys-sexual-assault-numbers-unacceptable/3651511002/
Yvonne Wingett Sanchez, Arizona Republic Published 10:48 a.m. MT May 2, 2019 | Updated 12:05 p.m. MT May 2, 2019
U.S. Sen. Martha McSally addresses media at Luke A.F.B about her goal to eliminate sexual assault and sexual harassment in the U. S. Armed Forces. Arizona Republic
Sen. Martha McSally, whose story of sexual assault while serving in the Air Force rocked the Pentagon and on Capitol Hill, said on Thursday that the spike of sexual-assault and harassment reports in the military gives urgency to the need to address the pervasive problem.
McSally, a freshman Republican from Arizona, has made eradication of assaults and harassment a signature issue since revealing her story of rape by a military officer earlier this year.
At McSally's request, the Pentagon created the Sexual Assault Accountability and Investigation Task Force to develop policy recommendations to improve the handling of assault and harassment claims and to ensure justice for both alleged victims and alleged offenders.
The task force released its recommendations on Thursday as the Pentagon issued its annual report showing a significant rise in unwanted sexual contact in the military from 2016 to 2018. That report surveyed Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine personnel in 2018.
Unwanted contact ranges from rape to touching.
The task force's recommendations include: establishing "a specific criminal offense of sexual harassment"; improving long-term storage of evidence gathered by investigators during sexual assault cases; expanding the judicial authorities for military judges and magistrates; developing a policy that would allow victims to more fully protect them if they filed a "restricted report," enhancing the protections and support of victims; and bolstering training and education requirements for commanders.
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"The Department will use whatever resources are required and bring the full weight of the Department of Defense to eliminate the scourge of sexual assault in our ranks, and encourage more Service members to come forward and report sexual assault and sexual harassment, so Commanders can hold offenders appropriately accountable and ensure good order and discipline," the report said.
During a phone call with reporters, McSally said she agreed with the recommendations, and reiterated her position that additional trained special-victims counsel and experienced judge advocates, investigators, and prosecutors are needed to ensure cases are worked quickly.
"They are doing the best they can, but they are under-resourced and under-manned, and so I believe this is a readiness issue," McSally said. "Just like when we have other readiness issues where we need bombs and bullets and training hours, we need to invest more resources into this process to make sure we're addressing the shortfalls we've seen throughout the different bases I've visited."
McSally said she's seen a responsiveness to address the problem that she has not seen before from military leaders.
"Their term to me was that I sent off a 'shock wave' in the Pentagon when I did what I did," she said, "and people are really looking long and hard at what else needs to be done, and are being extremely responsive to me as I push them on many issues."
McSally served more than two decades in the Air Force and she was the first female U.S. pilot to see combat. She told her story during a March 6 hearing of the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel. The hearing was intended to prevent and better respond to sexual assaults in the military in the future.
McSally has not identified her assailant or disclosed details about when or where the rape occurred. When she did report her assault, she has said was "horrified" by the way it was handled.
Sen. Martha McSally recounts assault while serving in the Air Force
During a hearing by the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel about prevention and response to sexual assault in the military, Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., recounts her own experience with sexual assault while serving as a colonel in the Air Force, as Sen. Mike Rounds, R-S.D., listens at right, on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, March 6, 2019. McSally, the first female fighter pilot to fly in combat, says she was raped in the Air Force by superior officer. J. Scott Applewhite, AP
During a hearing by the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel about prevention and response to sexual assault in the military, Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., recounts her own experience while serving as a colonel in the Air Force, on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, March 6, 2019. McSally, the first female fighter pilot to fly in combat, says she was raped in the Air Force by superior officer. AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite
During a hearing by the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel about prevention and response to sexual assault in the military, Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., testifies she was raped in the Air Force by a superior officer. J. Scott Applewhite/AP
During a hearing by the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel about prevention and response to sexual assault in the military, Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., recounts her own experience while serving as a colonel in the Air Force, on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, March 6, 2019. McSally, the first female fighter pilot to fly in combat, says she was raped in the Air Force by superior officer. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite) J. Scott Applewhite, AP
Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., left, is greeted by Sen. Thom Tillis, R-N.C., chairman of the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel, as she prepares to testify about her experience with sexual assault while serving as a colonel in the Air Force, on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, March 6, 2019. McSally, the first female fighter pilot to fly in combat, says she was raped in the Air Force by superior officer. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite) J. Scott Applewhite, AP
Before a hearing by the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel about prevention and response to sexual assault in the military, Sen. Martha McSally, R-Ariz., prepares to recount her own experience while serving as a colonel in the Air Force, on Capitol Hill in Washington, Wednesday, March 6, 2019. McSally, the first female fighter pilot to fly in combat, says she was raped in the Air Force by superior officer. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite) J. Scott Applewhite, AP
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text:
GFA Basic – strukturalny język programowania stworzony przez Franka Ostrowskiego dla Atari ST wzwyż. Oferowany niegdyś przez firmę GFA Systemtechnik GmbH, obecnie ma status freeware i jest rozwijany przez entuzjastów, nie tylko na platformy oparte na Atari.

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 Strona o GFA-Basicu, wraz z narzędziami i przykładami.

BASIC