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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

In the {\em DFA-consistency problem} (\DFACONSspace) we are given
a pair of disjoint sets of strings $\posSet,\negSet\subseteq \Sigma^*$
and
a positive integer $k$. The goal is to determine whether there is a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) $A$ with at most $k$
states that accepts all strings in $\posSet$ and rejects all strings in $\negSet$.
Even though~\cite{DBLP:journals/jacm/PittW93} showed that the problem cannot be approximated within any polynomial factor,
\DFACONSspace~has become one of the most central problems in computational learning theory (see~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold67,DBLP:journals/iandc/Angluin78,DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78,DBLP:conf/aii/Pitt89,parekh2001learning})
with applications that span several subfields of artificial intelligence and related areas,
such as automated synthesis of controllers \cite{ramadge1987supervisory}, model checking \cite{groce2002adaptive,mao2016learning}
optimization \cite{najim1990optimization,yazidi2020team,bouhmala2015multilevel,coste2006learning}
neural networks \cite{meybodi2002new,hasanzadeh2018learning,mayr2018regular,guo2019learning}, multi-agent systems~\cite{nowe2005learning},
and others  \cite{rezvanian2018recent,najim2014learning,de2010grammatical}.

The \DFACONS problem has been studied for at least five decades, including parameterized analysis by~\cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15}, and it was stated multiple times that the \NP-completeness of the \DFACONS problem also holds in the case of binary alphabets, see~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Angluin78,de_la_higuera_2010,DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15}.
In~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Angluin78}, the work of~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78} is cited for this fact and in~\cite{de_la_higuera_2010} and \cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15} adaptations of the construction from~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78} are given.
The issue is that \NP-hardness results for variants of
\DFACONS considered in \cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78} are actually stated in terms of Mealy machines, and do not translate directly to the modern context of DFAs in the case of binary alphabets. By taking a closer look on the preliminaries, \cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Angluin78} is also considering Mealy machines.
For the adaptations in \cite{de_la_higuera_2010} and~\cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15}, both of them follow the
same approach, and both contain inaccuracies that invalidate the proofs.
They have in common that they are adaptations of the construction by Gold for the consistency problem of Mealy machines~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78}
but as the Mealy machines considered in~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78} (mapping $\Sigma^*\to \Gamma$, $|\Gamma| = 2$) can be more compact (when interpreted as language acceptors) than DFAs recognizing the same language, the difference in number of states causes the adaptations to fail.

We solve this issue by giving a new construction for the claim that the \DFACONS problem is \NP-complete when restricted to binary alphabets.

This work is structured as follows. After giving necessary definitions, we present our main result, a new construction for the \NP-hardness of \DFACONS restricted to binary alphabets. Then, we discuss in more detail why the reductions in~\cite{de_la_higuera_2010,DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15} fail and why the construction of Gold does not directly transfer to the setting of DFAs.

We thank an anonymous reviewer of LearnAut 2022 for suggesting a simpler construction than we had initially.

\section{Preliminaries}
For a finite alphabet $\Sigma$, we call $\Sigma^*$ the set of all words over
$\Sigma$. For a
regular expression~$r$ and a fixed number~$k$, we denote $k$ concatenations of
$r$ with $r^k$.  A \textit{deterministic finite automaton} (DFA) is a tuple
$A=(Q,\Sigma,\delta,s_0,F)$ where $Q$ is a finite set of states, $\Sigma$ a
finite alphabet, $\delta~\colon~Q \times \Sigma \rightarrow Q$ a total
transition function, $s_0$ the initial state and $F \subseteq Q$ the set of
final states. We call $A$ a \emph{complete} DFA if we want to highlight that
$\delta$ is a \emph{total} function. If $\delta$ is partial, we call $A$ a
partial DFA.
We generalize $\delta$ to words by $\delta(q, aw) = \delta(\delta(q, a), w)$
for $q \in Q, a\in \Sigma, w \in \Sigma^*$. We further generalize $\delta$ to
sets of input letters $\Gamma\subseteq \Sigma$ by $\delta(q, \Gamma) =
\bigcup_{\gamma\in\Gamma} \{\delta(q, \gamma)\}$. A DFA $A$ accepts a word
$w\in\Sigma^*$ if and only if $\delta(s_0, w) \in F$. We let $\lang(A)$ denote
the {\em language of $A$}, i.e., the set of all words accepted by $A$.
We denote the empty word with $\epsilon$, $|\epsilon|=0$.
The \DFACONS problem is formally defined as follows.

\begin{definition}[\DFACONSspace]
	\ \\
	Input: Finite set of words $P, N \subseteq \Sigma^*$ with $P \cap N = \emptyset$, and integer $k$.\\
	Question: Is there a DFA $A = (Q, \Sigma, \delta, s_0, F)$ with $|Q| \leq k$, $P \subseteq \lang(A)$, and $\lang(A) \cap N = \emptyset$?
\end{definition}

\section{Main Result}
As our main result, we present an adaptation for DFAs of the reduction by Gold.
\begin{theorem}
	\label{thm:WAA-Sigma-1}
	Restricted to binary alphabets, \DFACONS is \NP-complete.

\end{theorem}

	We show that there is a reduction
    from \textsc{All-pos-neg 3SAT}\footnote{Given a Boolean formula in conjunctive normal form where all clauses have at most three literals (this form is called 3CNF) and all literals in a clause are either all positive or all negative. Is there a variable assignment satisfying the formula?} to \DFACONS mapping each instance of \textsc{All-pos-neg 3SAT} with $n \geq 1$ variables and $m \geq 1$ clauses to an instance of \DFACONS with $k = n + m$, $|\Sigma| = 2$, $|\posSet| = \mathcal{O}(m)$, and $|\negSet| = \mathcal{O}(m^2+nm)$ in time $\mathcal{O}(n^3+n^2m)$.

    Let $\phi$ be a Boolean formula in 3CNF with $n \geq 1$ variables
$$V = \{x_0, x_1, \dots, x_{n-1}\}$$ and $m\geq 1$ clauses $C = \{c_0, c_1, \dots, c_{m-1}\}$, where each clause contains either only positive literals or only negative literals.
Given $\phi$, we let $k = n + m$ and
    \begin{align*}
        \posSet = &\{\epsilon, a^k\} \cup \{a^{i}bb \mid i \in [0, \ldots, m - 1], \text{$C_{i}$ positive} \}\\
        \negSet = &\{a^i\mid 0 < i < k\} \\
                  &\cup \{a^{i}bb \mid i \in [0, \ldots, m - 1], \text{$C_{i}$ negative}\}\\
                  &\cup \{a^{i}ba^{k-r} \mid (0 \leq i \leq  m - 1) \land (0 \leq r < k) \land (r < m \lor x_{r - m } \notin C_{i})\}
    \end{align*}
    be the corresponding instance of \DFACONSspace.

    We show that there exists a satisfying variable assignment $$\beta \colon V \to \{\texttt{false}, \texttt{true}\}$$ if and only if there exists a DFA with at most $k$ states that is consistent with $\posSet$ and $\negSet$.

    We start with a remark on the structure of a DFA $A$ with at most $k$ states accepting $\{\epsilon, a^k\}$ and
    rejecting $\{a^i\mid 0 < i < k\}$.
    Let $s_i$ be the state of $A$ reached after reading $a^i$. For each two distinct $i$ and $j$ in $\{0,1,\dots,k-1\}$,
$A$ accepts after reading $a^{k-i}$ from $s_i$, but rejects after reading $a^{k-j}$ from $s_i$. Therefore,
    the states $s_0,\dots,s_{k-1}$ are pairwise distinct. This implies that $s_k = s_0$, and that $A$ consists of
    a loop of $k$ states $s_0,s_1,\dots,s_{k-1}$   where $s_0$ is the sole initial and the sole accepting state, and for each $i\in \{0,1,\dots,k-1\}$,
  $s_i$ transitions to $s_{i+1\mod k}$ when reading letter $a$
   (see \autoref{fig:aut_reduction}).

    \begin{figure}[h!]
        \centering
        \begin{tikzpicture}
        	[->,>=stealth',shorten >=1pt,auto,node distance=1.5cm,
        	semithick,state/.style={circle, draw}]
        	\node[state,initial,accepting,fill=blue!20] (0) at (0,0) {};
        	\node[state, right of=0,fill=blue!20] (1) {};
        	\node[state, right of=1,fill=blue!20] (2) {};
        	\node[state, right of=2,fill=pink!40] (3) {};
        	\node[state, right of=3,fill=pink!40] (4) {};
        	\node[state, right of=4,fill=pink!40] (5) {};
        	\node[above of=1] {\textcolor{blue}{clauses}};
        	\node[above of=4] {\textcolor{pink}{variables}};

        	\path
        	(0) edge node {$a$} (1)
        	(1) edge node {$a$} (2)
        	(2) edge node {$a$} (3)
        	(3) edge node {$a$} (4)
        	(4) edge node {$a$} (5)
        	(1) edge[bend left] node {$b$} (4)
        	(2) edge[bend left] node {$b$} (5)
        	(0) edge[bend left] node {$b$} (3)
        	(4) edge[bend left=20] node {$b$} (0)
        	(5) edge[bend left=40] node {$a,b$} (0)
        	(3) edge[loop below] node {$b$} (3);
        \end{tikzpicture}
        \caption{Automaton for $\phi = \neg x_0 \wedge x_1 \wedge x_2$.
        \label{fig:aut_reduction}
    \end{figure}
    The intuition is that the first $m$ states, $s_0, s_1, s_{m-1}$, correspond to the clauses
    $C_0, C_2, \ldots, C_{m-1}$ and the $n$ last states, $s_m, s_{m+1}, \ldots, s_{m+n-1}$,
    correspond to the variables $x_0, x_1, \ldots, x_{n-1}$.

    We start by showing that if $\phi$ is satisfiable, then there exists a DFA $A$ with $k$ states consistent with $P$ and $N$.  Let $\beta \colon V \to \{\texttt{false}, \texttt{true}\}$ be
    a satisfying variable assignment. We let $A = (\{s_0, s_1, \ldots, s_{k-1}\},$ $\{a,b\}, \delta, s_0, \{s_0\})$.
     For each $i\in \{0,1,\dots,k-1\}$, we let $\delta(s_i, a) = s_{i+1 \mod k}$. The transitions corresponding to letter $b$ depend
    on the satisfying assignment $\beta$. For each $i\in \{0,1,\dots,m-1\}$, let $x_j$ be a variable in $C_i$ such that its assignment under $\beta$ satisfies $C_i$.
     Note that since $\beta$ is a satisfying assignment, such variable always exists.
     We set
    $\delta(s_{i}, b) = s_{m+j}$. Intuitively, if the automaton is at the state $s_i$ corresponding to clause $C_i$, then after reading symbol $b$
    it transitions to the state $s_{m+j}$ corresponding to variable $x_j$.
    For each $j\in \{0,1,\dots,n-1\}$, if $\beta(x_j) = \texttt{true}$, then we set  $\delta(s_{m+j}, b) = s_0$. Otherwise,
    we set $\delta(s_{m+j}, b) = s_{m+j}$. Intuitively, if the automaton is at the state $s_{m+j}$ corresponding to variable $x_j$, then after reading
symbol $b$, it transitions to the accepting state $s_0$ if $x_j$ is set to
\texttt{true} and to the state $s_{m+j}$ otherwise (note that $s_{m+j}$ is a rejecting state).

    See \autoref{fig:aut_reduction} for an example.

    Now, we show that $A$ accepts all words in $\posSet$ and rejects all words in $\negSet$.
    By construction, $A$ accepts $\{\epsilon, a^k\}$ and rejects $\{a^i\mid 0 < i < k\}$.
    Let $a^{i}bb \in \{a^{i}bb \mid i \in [0, \ldots, m - 1], \text{$C_{i}$ positive} \}$.
    After reading $a^i$, $A$ transitions to state $s_i$ corresponding to the positive clause $C_{i}$.
    By construction, reading $b$ from $s_i$ leads to the state $s_{m+j}$ corresponding to a variable
    $x_j$ contained in $C_i$ such that $\beta(x_j) = \texttt{true}$. Therefore,
    $\delta(\delta(s_i,b),b) = s_0$ and $A$ accepts $a^{i}bb$. Similarly, $A$
    rejects all the words in
    $\{a^{i}bb \mid i \in [0, \ldots, m - 1], \text{$C_{i}$ negative} \}$. Finally,
    $A$ rejects all the words in the set
    \begin{equation}
    \label{equation:NegativeSamples}
    \{a^{i}ba^{k-r} \mid (0 \leq i \leq m - 1) \land (0 \leq r < k) \land (r < m \lor x_{r - m} \notin C_{i})\}.
    \end{equation}
    To see this, note that for each $i\in \{0,\dots,m-1\}$, the state reached by the string $a^ib$ is the state $s_{m+j}$ corresponding to some variable
    $x_j$ in $C_i$. Therefore, given $r\in \{0,1,\dots,k-1\}$, the string $a^iba^{k-r}$ is accepted if and only if $r=m+j$.
    Nevertheless, this is never the case, since either $r< m$, or $m\leq r < k$ and $x_{r-m} \notin C_i$.

    For the converse, suppose that there exists a DFA $A$ with at most $k$ states consistent with $P$ and
    $N$. As we saw already, $A$ has exactly $k$ states $s_0, s_1, \ldots, s_{k-1}$
    that form a loop with the letter $a$, and $s_0$ is both the initial state and the unique accepting state.
    For each $i\in \{0,1,\dots,m-1\}$, the negative samples in (\ref{equation:NegativeSamples})

    ensure that the transition with $b$ from state $s_{i}$ points to the state $s_{m+j}$ corresponding to
    a variable $x_j$ contained in  $C_i$, since if this were not the case, some string in the set $(\ref{equation:NegativeSamples})$ would have been accepted by $A$.
    Now, we define an assignment $\beta$ of variables depending on the transitions labelled
    with $b$. For each $j\in \{0,1,\dots,n-1\}$, if the transition labeled by $b$ going from state $s_{m+j}$ points to the accepting state $s_0$, then
we set $\beta(x_j) = \texttt{true}$. Otherwise, we set $\beta(x_j) = \texttt{false}$.
    For each $i\in \{0,1,\dots,m-1\}$, let $C_i$ be a positive clause in $\phi$. By consistency, $A$ accepts the word $a^{i}bb$.
    Note that after reading string $a^{i}$, $A$ reaches the state $s_{i}$ corresponding to $C_i$, and then,
    by reading $b$ the automaton transitions to the state $s_{m+j}$ corresponding to some variable $x_j$ contained in $C_i$.
    Finally, after reading the last $b$ the automaton transitions to the unique accepting state $s_0$. Therefore, by construction,
    $\beta(x_j) = \texttt{true}$ and the assignment of $x_j$ satisfies $C_i$.
    A similar argument works if $C_i$ is a negative clause. Therefore $\beta$ satisfies
    $\phi$. $\square$

\section{Counterexamples Regarding \DFACONS with $|\Sigma| =2$}
\label{sec:counterex}
In the literature, several proofs for the \NP-hardness of \DFACONS for fixed alphabet size of $|\Sigma|=2$ have appeared. We give in the following a counterexample which contradict the proofs in~\cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15} and in~\cite{de_la_higuera_2010}. We further discuss in this section why the claim does not follow directly from the construction in~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78}.
\subsection*{Counterexample (\cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15})}
\input{counterexample1.tex}
\noindent We give a Boolean formula that is unsatisfiable and shows that the construction used in the proof of Lemma 15 in \cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15} allows us to construct an automaton that is consistent with $\posSet$ and $\negSet$. Consider the unsatisfiable formula
\[\phi=(x \lor y) \land (y \lor z) \land (v \lor x) \land (\lnot x \lor \lnot z) \land (\lnot v \lor \lnot y) \land (\lnot x \lor \lnot y)\] with $n=4$ variables and $m=6$ clauses. We index the clauses from left to right in the formula above, starting with $i=1$. We construct the \DFACONS instance $\posSet$, $\negSet \subseteq \{a, b\}^*$, $k=m+n+2=12$ according to the construction presented in the proof of Lemma~15 in~\cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15}:
\begin{align*}
	\posSet=\, &\{\epsilon, b, a^{12}, a^{11}b\}\cup \{a^ibbb\mid1 \leq i \leq 6\} \cup \{a^ibb\mid 1 \leq i \leq 3\} \cup \{a^ibba \mid 4 \leq i \leq 6\},\\
	\negSet=\, &\{a^k\mid1 \leq k \leq 11\} \cup \{a^ib,a^iba\mid 1 \leq i \leq 6\} \cup \{a^ibb \mid 4 \leq i \leq 6\}.
\end{align*}

Figure \ref{fig:cnt1} shows a DFA with 12 states over $\{a, b\}$ that is consistent with $\posSet$ and $\negSet$ despite the formula $\phi$ being unsatisfiable. This refutes Lemma 15 in \cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15}.

\subsection*{Counterexample (\cite{de_la_higuera_2010})}
\label{apx:counter2}
The set of clauses
$C = \{\{\lnot{x_2},\lnot{x_3},\lnot{x_5}\}_1,\{\lnot{x_8}\}_2,\{x_1,x_4,x_8\}_3,\{x_1,x_6,x_8\}_4,$ $\{x_6,x_7,x_8\}_5,$ $\{\lnot{x_4},\lnot{x_6}\}_6,\{\lnot{x_1},\lnot{x_6}\}_7,\{\lnot{x_1},\lnot{x_7}\}_8\}$
represents an \emph{unsatisfiable} Boolean formula $\phi$ with $n=8$ variables and $m=8$ where each clause is either purely positive or purely negative. The index imposes an ordering on the clauses. The variable-set
$V=\{x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4,x_5,x_6,x_7,x_8\}$
is also ordered. In accordance with the construction in the proof of Theorem $6.2.1$ in~\cite{de_la_higuera_2010}, page 120, we define the sets
\begin{align*}
	\posSet=&\{a^8\} \cup \{a^{i-1}ba^8b \mid i \in \{3,4,5\}\},\\
	\negSet=&\{a^k, a^{8+k} \mid 1 \leq k < 8\} \cup \{a^{i-1}ba^8b \mid i \in \{1,2,6,7,8\}\}\\
	&\cup \{a^{i-1}ba^{8-j+1} \mid i \in \{3,4,5\}, x_j \notin C_i\} \\
        &\cup \{a^{i-1}ba^{8-j+1} \mid i \in \{1,2,6,7,8\}, \lnot x_j \notin C_i\}.
\end{align*}
using the two orderings that are implicit in the proof for Theorem $6.2.1$ in the textbook. Claim~1 in the proof of Theorem $6.2.1$ claims that every DFA consistent with $\posSet$ and $\negSet$ has at least $n+1$ states. In contrast, Claim~3 speaks about the existence of an $n$-state DFA. The precise state-bound of the constructed instance in the proof of Theorem $6.2.1$ is not explicitly given. We show that the construction with the state-bound given in Claim~1 cannot be correct by giving an $(n+1)$-state DFA in Figure \ref{fig:cnt2}, which is consistent with the sets $\posSet$ and $\negSet$ obtained from an unsatisfiable formula.
Also for a bound of exact $n$ states, this proof is not correct, as the example discussed with respect to Gold's construction below in this section is also a counterexample for the construction of Theorem $6.2.1$ in~\cite{de_la_higuera_2010}.
Consider the formula $\varphi = \neg x_1 \wedge x_2 \wedge x_3$ with clause set $\{\{\neg x_1\}, \{x_2\}, \{x_3\}\}$ and variable set $\{x_1, x_2, x_3\}$ implicitly ordered from left to right. Here, $m=3$ and $n=3$.
This formula is clearly satisfiable and has pure clauses, but there is no DFA with~3 states that can separate the two sets of words of the de la Higuera construction properly.
Let's call the three states $q_1$, $q_2$, $q_3$. Since $a^3 \in \posSet$ and $\{a^1, a^2, a^4, a^5\} \subseteq \negSet$ we get for $a$:
$\delta(q_1, a) = q_2$, $\delta(q_2, a) = q_3$, $\delta(q_3, a) = q_1$ and $q_1$ must be an accepting state.
Now, consider the transition with $b$ for the state $q_2$.
Since the second clause $\{x_2\}$ $(i=2)$ is positive we have by the third item of the construction $a^{i-1}ba^nb \in \posSet$, hence $a^1ba^3b \in \posSet$.
By the second condition of this item we have for $x_3 \notin \{x_2\} \colon a^{i-1}ba^{n-j+1} \in \negSet$, hence $a^1ba^1 \in \negSet$. From this point we also get for $x_1 \notin \{x_2\} \colon a^1ba^3 \in \negSet$.
These three words now lead to a contradiction concerning $\delta(q_2, b)$.
We cannot have $\delta(q_2, b) = q_3$ since then $\delta(q_1, aba) = q_1$, which contradicts $aba \in \negSet$.
We cannot have $\delta(q_2, b) = q_1$ since then $\delta(q_1, abaaa) = q_1$, which contradicts $abaaa \in \negSet$.
Hence, we must have $\delta(q_2, b) = q_2$. But then, $\delta(q_1, a^1ba^3b) = q_2$, which contradicts $abaaab \in \posSet$.
Hence, we cannot find a three-state DFA consistent with the construction.
\input{counterexample2.tex}

\subsection*{General Issue}
Both of the constructions (\cite{DBLP:journals/jcss/FernauHV15} and \cite{de_la_higuera_2010}) rely on the construction in the proof of Theorem 2 in~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78} where a reduction from the `Satisfiability Question' to the problem `Is there a finite automaton with states reachable by $T$ which agrees with $D$?' is given. Here, $T$ is a finite set of words representing states, i.e., the words in $T$ are elements of the equivalence classes representing states of the sought automaton; moreover no two elements of $T$ are in the same class. The finite set $D$ (set of data) consists of pairs of words over the input alphabet and single output letters. The key point is that in~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78} the term automaton refers to `Mealy model finite state automaton' and hence, the automata do not include a set of final states, instead they are enhanced with an output function, which can be interpreted as indicating the acceptance or rejection of a word. For a binary output alphabet, these two models are equivalent considering the class of recognizable languages, but the number of states needed to recognize a language may differ. For instance, the language $\{0,1\}^*0$ can be accepted with a one-state Mealy automaton but for DFAs it can only be accepted by a two-state DFA.
Coming back to the consistency problem for DFAs, one is tempted to think that a proof for the \NP-hardness for \DFACONS is hidden in the corollary following Theorem 2 in~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78} (`$Q_\text{min}(D,n)$ is \NP-complete for Card($U$) = Card($Y$) = 2'; $U$ is the input alphabet and $Y$ the output alphabet and $Q_\text{min}(D,n)$ asks, given data $D$ and positive integer $n$, is there a finite automaton with $n$ states which agrees with $D$?) but with the arguments above, this is not the case.
For instance, we can give a counterexample to this claim.
Consider the satisfiable formula $\varphi_1= \neg x_1 \wedge x_2 \wedge x_3$ with $n=3$ and implicit variable order $x_1 < x_2 < x_3$ as well as clause order $\{\neg x_1\} < \{x_2\} < \{x_3\}$. Following the construction in Theorem~2 in~\cite{DBLP:journals/iandc/Gold78}, one can verify that there is a three-state Mealy machine recognizing the words in the state characterization matrix correctly, but there is no three-state DFA consistent with the data.
Another counterexample is the satisfiable formula $\varphi_2 = x_1 \wedge x_3 \wedge \neg x_2$ with variable order $x_1 < x_3 < x_2$ and clause order $\{x_1\} < \{x_3\} < \{\neg x_2\}$.

\paragraph{Acknowledgements:} Petra Wolf was supported by DFG project FE 560/9-1, and Mateus de Oliveira Oliveira
by the RCN projects 288761 and 326537.
We thank an anonymous reviewer of LearnAut 2022 for suggesting a simpler construction than we had initially.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The Houston Conservative: Democrat Bailout of Dying Liberal Print Media?
File this one under the "I should've seen this coming" category; Connecticut State Representative Frank Nicastro (D-Bristol/Forestville) is petitioning the Connecticut state government to bailout his local newspapers, the Bristol Press and the New Britain Herald.
This is the first such effort and it is strictly a local effort by Representative Nicastro and some of his fellow state legislators, but I predict that it won't be the last. With all of the large Liberal newspapers now struggling to survive due to dire reductions in revenue and readership, watch for a push from Democrats in Congress to follow suit.
This would set a dangerous precedent for the independence of our press, which is already highly questionable when it comes to its coverage of the Democrat Party. I call your attention to the fact that nowhere in the above article is Representative Nicastro identified as a Democrat. I was forced to go on line for that little nugget of information. When was the last time you saw a politician's name in the press without party identification...when it was a Democrat involved in something controversial; someone like Democrat Illinois Governor Blagojevich, perhaps?
The dying mainstream media (MSM) with its Leftist agenda, blatant advocacy for the presidential bid of Barack Hussein Obama and his fellow Democrat Party members, is "dying" precisely because of their firmly entrenched extreme Left-wing biases. People don't want to read a newspaper which has a blatant political agenda.
Some have already declared 2008 as "The year in which American journalism died," due to the exceptional bias exhibited by the MSM, including the almost universal cheerleading in support of Obama's candidacy in the broadcast media as well as the print media.
Americans might place in the press.
Taking this move in combination with the promised effort by Democrat legislators in Congress to move the (anything but) "Fairness Doctrine" forward through Congress, I predict that Democrats in Congress will not be far behind in suggesting the bail-out of such Liberal luminaries as the New York Times, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, and all of the other failing bastions of Liberal propaganda.
If I am right, this move should make all Americans shudder. There will be no independent voice remaining in the MSM and any individual seeking to know the truth rather than Leftist propaganda will be forced to rely on internet based new-sources such as blogs and small independent news outlets.
Throughout our nation's history, the press-for all of its flaws-has been called the "Fourth Estate" of our government because it has always served as a watch-dog on the excesses and corrupt practices of our government. If that Fourth Estate now becomes funded by that same government, how can its readers trust it to remain an independant voice?
Watch for it folks, I predict this will be the next movement coming out of the Democrat Party.


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by Giovana on jan.18, 2018, under japan
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by Giovana on dez.05, 2017, under japan
Rather than deride his decision, fans and fellow players alike encouraged what St Louis Rams defensive end Chris Long called a "logical" decision.
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But in this moment, with Trump spewing venom and the players needing direction, Commissioner Roger Goodell helped make Sunday special by communicating with team owners, NFL Players Association Executive Director DeMaurice Smith and others to ensure that the league reacted in a make ur own football jersey thoughtful manner..
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Reilly's 'Skins defense drew the wrath of a d
by Giovana on nov.27, 2017, under japan
Reilly's 'Skins defense drew the wrath of a dozen critics who called him names and compared him to Rush Limbaugh. Leroy Hill, a veteran linebacker who left the team this season, was arrested last year on two domestic violence charges, one a felony, after allegedly assaulting his girlfriend.
(Published Wednesday, April 19, 2017). No words can describe them. On Monday night, Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones a staunch supporter of Trump and his players knelt, arm in arm, before the anthem, then rose for the playing of the song ahead of the team 28 17 victory at the Arizona Cardinals..
"It's not compatible with the lifestyle of a professional football player on so many levels," says former NFL running back Ricky Williams, who became one of the league's first vegetarians before his 2005 season with the Miami Dolphins.
But the Bears defense also took a big hit: Starting inside linebacker Jerrell Freeman, a captain and part of a stout front seven, also was moved to IR, putting in doubt his return this season..
One of the many things I gained from spending time in the Middle East on the NFL USO Tour this spring, is an appreciation for America core values and an even greater appreciation for the men and women that defend those values.
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The team reached the Super Bowl stage in the
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That was the deciding factor in my decision.". "We're really excited to acquire a second round draft choice in this trade," said Executive Vice President of Football Operations Sashi Brown.
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Q: Android sharing generated code between test and androidTest I'm trying to share some code between my unit tests and my instrumentation tests. I've implemented something like the following in my build.gradle:
sourceSets {
    String sharedTestDir = 'src/sharedTest/java'
    test {
        java.srcDir sharedTestDir
    }
    androidTest {
        java.srcDir sharedTestDir
    }
}

This seems to work just fine for normal code. However, code that is generated from an annotation seems to produce problems in Android Studio only. (The code runs fine, but it produces red squiggles in Android Studio) Basically, Android Studio can't seem to find the generated classes for code that lives in src/sharedTest - even though the actual build is fine.
In case it's helpful, the generated classes are coming from Dagger (as I share a component/module between the two types of tests). I've got a custom Application object that lives in sharedTest which is where I notice the Android Studio error:
createApplicationComponent() {
    return DaggerMockApplicationComponent.create();
}

I've also added the apt command to both test and androidTest:
dependencies {
    testApt 'com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:2.7'
    androidTestApt 'com.google.dagger:dagger-compiler:2.7'
}

I'm clearly missing something in my understanding around source sets here. Is there a cleaner way to share the code between test and androidTest? Is there a way to get Android Studio to see this generated code? Or, worst case, can I make Android Studio at least ignore this error more easily?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Ford Electric Vehicles Are Having A Very Good Year
Ford electric vehicles are finding success in the market place among individual drivers as well as commercial fleet operators.
You are here: Home / News / Ford Electric Vehicles Are Having A Very Good Year
New vehicle sales are down significantly this year, including at Ford where total sales were off about 8% last month. That's the bad news. The good news is that Ford's sales of electric vehicles doubled to 6,255 units in November. That's up 103% compared to last November. Overall, EVs accounted for 4.5% of all Ford sales, which makes the Blue Oval brand the second best selling EV brand in the US behind Tesla.
"Ford share of the electric vehicle segment expanded about 2 percentage points over a year ago — standing at 8.6 percent share for the month. Ford's electric vehicles are conquesting from competitor vehicles at a rate of over 60 percent this year," the company says. Its lineup of electric vehicles includes one passenger car (the Mustang Mach-E), a truck (the F-150 Lightning), and light-commercial van (the E-Transit van).
Deutsche Post Orders 2,000 E-Transit Vans
The E-Transit flies under most people's radar, but Ford is seeing a nice uptick in sales each month. It signed an agreement this week to provide 2,000 E-Transit vans to Deutsche Post by the end of 2023. The agreement covers a full suite of solutions to operate the electric fleet, including access to Ford Pro's connected E-Telematics software and charging solutions in order to reduce costs and optimize efficiency.
Deutsche Post will invest €7 billion this decade to meet its goal of becoming a net-zero-emissions logistics company. To get there, it is targeting a share of 60 percent e-vehicles used for carbon-neutral pickup and delivery by 2030. It currently has about 27,000 vehicles in its global fleet.
"Ford Pro and Deutsche Post DHL Group share the vision of greater sustainability and a commitment to electrified solutions, and this agreement is a major step towards millions of deliveries being completed by electrified vehicles around the world. E-Transit is the top-selling commercial EV in North America and since June is also the best-seller in its segment in Europe, meaning the all-electric 2-tonne van is already making big strides to support this ambition," said Hans Schep, general manager for Ford Pro of Europe.
A large part of the order includes E-Transit panel vans designed for handling express shipments in the Americas and in Europe. Some of the vans will be specially equipped with a customized box for inner city distribution in Germany by Ford Pro Special Vehicles.
Ramping Up Production Of The Ford F-150 Lightning
Image courtesy of Ford
Ford says it has 200,000 reservations for its electric pickup truck, the F-150 Lightning. "That surprised us. I think it surprised a lot in the industry, how ready people already were for electric vehicles," says Darren Palmer, head of Ford's electric vehicle program. As we reported recently, Ford was also surprised by the demand for the Mustang Mach-E. It is rushing to expand the factory in Mexico where the Mach-E is assembled and it is doing the same at the factory in Michigan where it manufacturers the F-150 Lightning.
"They're actually building a factory almost the same size alongside the one that's producing at the moment," Palmer says. "We had to cut the walls open again and start again." Coping with the surge in demand has been a "huge piece of work. It will take most of this year and some of next year just to convert the reservations," he added. Ford has not accepted any new reservations for the truck since December of last year. When the renovations are complete, the factory will be able to manufacture 150,000 electric pickup trucks a year.
Linda Zhang, the Lightning's chief engineer, tells Business Insider she initially had to convince her colleagues to buy the truck, but now it's winning over customers who never owned an EV, as well as younger drivers who hadn't previously bought a Ford.
Palmer thinks the F-150 Lightning will go down in history as the vehicle that brought EVs into the mainstream in the US. He says there's more to come, with a renewed focus on in-car technology in the next phase of Ford's EV program. "The things we're going to bring in the next three years are just mind blowing. They're doing things that vehicles never did before," he adds.
CleanTechnica readers may scratch their heads and wonder why Ford (and GM and Stellantis) were so skeptical about the demand for electric vehicles. A big part of that may have involved just not wanting to disturb the goose that laid the golden egg. The F-150 has been a huge success for Ford and one of the most profitable vehicles ever sold. It's understandable why it wouldn't want to mess with such success.
But Ford has committed to investing $50 billion to its electric vehicle efforts. That is no small thing. Seeing the rise in sales — which is modest but steady — has got to be a great relief to Ford executives.


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Beginning with guiding lecturers in constructing a favorable and supportive studying surroundings for scholar success, Academic Success then provides a evaluate of behavioral, constructivist, and cognitive studying theories. those theories are mirrored in the 4 major different types with which academics needs to always deal, those being motivation; goals/objectives and suggestions; supplying unique studying; and reinforcement. educational luck provides various examples of school room functions that convey how the theories might be carried out. This booklet additionally bargains a case examine that demonstrates how with one teacher's initiative, studying theories have been utilized to actively contain scholars inside a college, university district, and beyond.
State-of-the-art scholars have to study greater than simply analyzing, writing, and mathematics. they should research existence talents to effectively deal with initiatives, shape relationships, clear up daily difficulties, and adapt to the calls for of easily transforming into up. to fulfill these wishes, many educators search potent and lasting courses for his or her scholars' educational, emotional, and social progress.
The problem of motivating underachieving scholars is addressed during this lecture room source consultant that advises lecturers and different involved adults to appear past try ratings and inspire under-performing center college and highschool scholars to discover their motivational spark. Developmental benchmarks, moderate expectancies for effects, and methods for charting development are mentioned for a myriad of situations—including people with studying disabilities, family members and environmental elements, assorted studying types, and different root motives of motivational deficit—and paired with lecture room suggestions to handle every one particular case.
Scholars usually worry the tutorial examine path. Don't fear. This e-book is known for its loss of jargon, for its transparent and urban motives, and its mild (often humorous) tone. As you learn the publication, you are going to construct abilities that you have to learn academic examine and convey your personal. The e-book may also help advisor you thru every one step in growing your personal study file.
When you were a student, consider your own learning experiences. Which were successful? What did success do to your attitude toward learning? If you were like most students, you probably were motivated to achieve even more. Peter Davies, the British composer and conductor, said, "Motivation is like food for the brain. You cannot get enough in one sitting. " Success is one factor that gives students these top-ups. Learning tends to improve as an individual experiences success. Students should be provided successful opportunities, and the sooner the better.
Probably immediately after taking the test. Several days or a week later you were likely to have lost interest. Goals/objectives and feedback complement each other. " Obviously, he needed this feedback from them so that he could change what he was doing and make improvements before it was too late. Students need to be constantly informed of their progress (obtain feedback), especially in knowing where their errors are. Quick knowledge of Setting Goals/Objectives and Obtaining Feedback 35 results allows students to correct errors before they become consistent.
This information helps her avoid problems immediately by not offering content that is too easy or too difficult so that she can provide the appropriate amount of stress. Not enough stress offers students little or no challenge, and too much stress turns them off (Jensen, 1998). Ms. Fuller deliberately introduces at the beginning of school some content with which the students are already familiar, and new content in small segments, after which her students experience satisfaction and gain the confidence to continue.


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Home Haunted Places Hotels The Abandoned Baker Hotel: What Led To The Downfall Of This Luxurious...
The Abandoned Baker Hotel: What Led To The Downfall Of This Luxurious Hotel
Joharah
Photo by Noel Kerns
Baker Hotel was once a very famous and lavish hotel in the early 1900's. If we talk about the famous abandoned hotels in the whole world, then Baker Hotel is definitely one of them. Theodore Brasher Baker, a famous hotelier, invested to build this hotel on mineral wells. The luxurious arrangements attracted visitors from everywhere. But due to financial crisis, it started facing problems and went bankrupt. Finally, the hotel closed in 1972. The owners attempted to reopen the hotel many times. From 2010, they raised funds to restore Baker hotel again and make it a top spot just like before.
Welcome To Baker Hotel…
Photo by Jeff Burkett on Wikimedia Commons
If we talk about the famous abandoned hotels in the whole world, then Baker Hotel is definitely one of them. It stood vacant for many generations. The location is in the city Mineral Wells, Texas. The city was very popular in 1900 for the mineral springs which had healing properties. The lavish hotel opened in 1929. It was very popular at that time. It was a 14 story building with 232,000-square-foot. For several years, it wowed tourists with its magnificent architecture. In 1982, the National Register of Historic Places included Baker Hotel to their list.
History Of Baker Hotel
As said before, the city was getting lots of attention because of the mineral wells. In 1890, local citizens were concerned that the outsiders were doing business from those water springs. Locals wanted to build a hotel so local shareholders get the maximum profit. They even raised $150,000 as a fund. They went to a famous businessman to propose the idea of building a hotel. Theodore Brasher Baker had a reputation of designing and also constructing many grand hotels in different hotels including Austin hotels and Fort Worth hotels at that time. In this Baker hotel, he added a big swimming pool in the design to build. They built an Olympic size swimming pool in front of the hotel. For the first time, a hotel in Texas has a swimming pool.
The water used for the pool came from the famous mineral water in the city. The construction work was going on in full swing. There were 450 guest rooms, a gymnasium, a beauty shop, two ballrooms, a bowling alley, etc. to entertain the guests. The luxurious arrangements attracted visitors from everywhere. The mineral water was the added attraction. The construction work started in 1926 and ended in 1929. The estimated cost was $1.2 million.
After the grand opening, it became one of the top favourite destinations for visitors. Not only the mineral water, the hotel also has an advanced system during that time. A hydraulic system with advanced technology, automatic lights and the fan control system, valet compartment, were available. Within 1940, the hotel is fully air-conditioned. They also built a convention attraction that can hold up to 2500 people. From the year 1930, it became one of the popular spa and health destinations for the rich and wealthy people. The guest list was packed with celebrities, famous politicians, and business persons.
Although the place was very famous, it faced bankruptcy due to financial problems in 1934. At this point in time, medical advancements happened, such as the new types of antibiotics like penicillin were introduced. Doctors started advising patients to take medicines instead of going to the mineral well.
Just when business was about to suffer, a military base Fort Wolters opened just a few miles away from the hotel. And fortunately, the hotel revived its popularity during World War II.
The war ended in 1945. After the war, the hotel's guest count declined once more. However, in 1951 a helicopter base opened in Fort Wolters. From 1952 to 1955, the hotel was the host of the convention of the Texas Republican Party. The Texas Democratic Party held its 1954 convention in Baker Hotel as well.
Apart from this small success, the hotel business suffered severely. It was difficult to run such a big place when the income was not enough. Finally, Earl Baker declared that the hotel would be closed down in 1963 during his 70th birthday. A few local investors have shown interest and decided to reopen the hotel in 1965. But the profit was not sufficient. The plan did not last long as Baker lost his life due to a heart attack. He fell unconscious in a suite of the hotel.
Many groups tried to revive the hotel and submitted their proposals. From 1970, the population started to decrease due to various reasons. People migrated to different states. In 1973, the military base closed once again. The mineral wells with natural hillsides were also destroyed due to industrial plants. After the hotel was closed in 1972, there was no successful plan to execute. The hotel is still standing there with a sign of past glorious history and unfortunate fate.
Baker Hotel is widely known as one of the most haunted places in Texas, or even in the country.
Baker Hotel Restoration
Hunter Chase Private Equity declared in 2010 that they would restore and reopen the hotel again. They even arranged a budget of $54 million for the repairing work. The Development Team of Baker Hotel joined them to make the hotel alive again, and many new plans were proposed as well.
Modern amenities and new designs would be added. They planned to make the current hotel rooms bigger. The room number would be reduced to 155. The arrangement of capital is going on as well. They have not dropped the mineral spa facility. The luxury will be still there.
The inhabitants of the city Mineral Wells also agreed to spend a portion of the sales tax of the city for the hotel renovation work. The team raised awareness about the project and the financial problem. Even a website had been created to inform the public about its progress.
However, the project has not been started yet. Everyone is anticipating its future restoration work. If that happens, the city will surely witness something new and different.
Explore Hotel Belvedere And Its Abandoned Grounds
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 Monastir, antic nom otomà de l'actual ciutat de Bitola, a Macedònia del Nord
 Governació de Monastir, divisió administrativa de Tunísia, a la part central de la costa oriental del país, limita amb la governació de Sussa al nord i la governació de Mahdia al sud

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Marshfield man accused of throwing bomb at woman's home, sending threatening texts
Marathon County prosecutors charged Corey Machtan, 48, of Marshfield, with threatening his ex-girlfriend and throwing a bomb at her Eau Pleine home.
Marshfield man accused of throwing bomb at woman's home, sending threatening texts Marathon County prosecutors charged Corey Machtan, 48, of Marshfield, with threatening his ex-girlfriend and throwing a bomb at her Eau Pleine home. Check out this story on wausaudailyherald.com: https://www.wausaudailyherald.com/story/news/crime/2019/11/12/marshfield-man-threw-bomb-ex-girlfriends-home-prosecutors-say/2576468001/
Natalie Brophy, Wausau Daily Herald Published 2:14 p.m. CT Nov. 12, 2019 | Updated 3:12 p.m. CT Nov. 12, 2019
Corey C. Machtan (Photo: Courtesy of the Marathon County Sheriff's Office)
WAUSAU – A Marshfield man faces over a dozen charges after prosecutors say he threw a homemade bomb at his ex-girlfriend's home and sent her threatening texts.
Marathon County prosecutors charged Corey C. Machtan, 48, on Tuesday with unlawful possession of explosives; fleeing an officer; strangulation and suffocation; making terroristic threats; possession of methamphetamine, marijuana and drug paraphernalia; battery; criminal trespassing; and two counts each of sending threatening messages and disorderly conduct.
Judge Gregory Strasser set a $50,000 cash bond for Machtan and ordered he not have contact with the victim.
According to a criminal complaint:
On Oct. 24, Machtan drove to the Eau Pleine home where his ex-girlfriend was staying, threw a homemade bomb at the house and shot off a gun at the end of the driveway. The bomb did not go off, and the woman did not report the incident to police until Nov. 1, when Machtan began sending her texts threatening her life and her mother's. He sent her more than 60 texts in an eight-hour time period.
When police arrived at the home Nov. 1, the explosive device Machtan threw at the home was sitting on the kitchen table. The Marathon County Bomb Squad deemed it safe and removed it from the home.
On Nov. 5, Machtan ran into the house, confronted the woman about money she owed him and threatened to hit her with a piece of wood from the fireplace. The woman tried to get Machtan out of the house when he grabbed her neck, pushed her to the ground and began punching her. He grabbed her by the hair and tried to push her into his truck.
Two days after the assault, police tried pulling Machtan over on Rangeline Road near Kraus Drive in the town of Day, near Marshfield. He drove for 2 ½ miles before he stopped and an officer arrested him.
Machtan could face over 34 years in prison if convicted. His next court appearance is scheduled for Dec. 10.
RELATED: Wausau cemetery gunman's explosive booby-traps could have killed hundreds, police say
RELATED: Marshfield man left newborn puppies in trash, now he must pay the shelter caring for them
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Cathay Pacific crew saw North Korean missile from plane
December 4, 2017 / Coffee Times News
A crew on board a Cathay Pacific aircraft saw a North Korean missile blow up over the Sea of Japan last week, the airline told CNBC on Monday
The crew of Cathay Pacific CX893, which was traveling to Hong Kong from San Francisco, reportedly saw the missile from their plane as it was passing over Japan
Cathay Pacific says it has no plans to change flight routes for now
A crew on board a Cathay Pacific aircraft saw a North Korean missile blow up over the Sea of Japan last week, the airline told CNBC on Monday.
Pyongyang launched the latest in a series of ballistic missiles last Wednesday in defiance of international sanctions and warnings against provocations. The rocket, which the regime said could reach the U.S. mainland, crashed into the sea near Japan.
The crew of Cathay Pacific CX893, which was traveling to Hong Kong from San Francisco, reportedly saw the missile from their plane as it was passing over Japan and alerted the country's air traffic control.
"On November 29, the flight crew of CX893 reported a sighting of what is suspected to be the re-entry of the recent DPRK test missile. Though the flight was far from the event location, the crew advised Japan ATC (air traffic control) according to procedures," Cathay Pacific told CNBC in an emailed statement.
"Operation(s) remained normal and was not affected," the company added.
Reporting the story Monday, the South China Morning Post added that the airline's General Manager of Operations Mark Hoey had posted on a staff communication platform that: "The crew of CX893 reported, 'Be advised, we witnessed the DPRK missile blow up and fall apart near our current location.'"
"We advised ATC and ops [operations] normal." Hoey added, according to the paper.
Despite the danger and unpredictability of North Korean missile tests, Cathay Pacific told CNBC that the airline had no plans to alter its routes in the region or its operating parameters.
"We have been in contact with relevant authorities and industry bodies as well as with other carriers. At the moment, no-one is changing any routes or operating parameters," Cathay Pacific said in its statement. "We remain alert and review the situation as it evolves."
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Disney+ will also be the exclusive home to 30 seasons of "The Simpsons" - TV's longest running prime time scripted series.
The price announced is well below's Netflix $12.99, about which Disney chairman and CEO Bob Iger said, "This is our first serious foray in this space, and we want to reach as many people as possible with it". Hopefully, that means more of the animated features will be available on the service. As for ESPN+, it costs $4.99 per month. All of the studio's short films, including Bao, will be available at launch.
Indeed, Disney used the day to showcase all the ways in which it is the world's biggest entertainment company, with tentacles and entities that expand around the globe. Episode VIII: The Last Jedi and Solo will follow later.
"Forky Asks a Question" will be a new series on Disney+. Disney now is also controlling 60 per cent stake in Hulu. After Netflix's Success, Google-Owned YouTube Working on Interactive & Live Content.
The Marvel studio boss on Thursday said series such as WandaVision and Falcon & Winter Soldier will have "ramifications that will be felt" throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe. according to the Hollywood Reporter. Anthony Mackie and Sebastian Stan are confirmed to reprise their roles.
Not only will the shows "change and evolve our existing characters", the series will be "introducing new ones in ways that deepen the mythology and significantly impact the future of the MCU", Feige said.
Finally, there's animated show Marvel's What If...?
Also available at the start will be 18 Pixar movies and every one of their theatrical shorts, as well as numerous Star Wars movies.
A look at Disney+ programming. On top of that, Disney will continue to invest in blockbuster theatrical movies and TV content for other channels.
There's also an original Christmas movie titled Noelle, starring Anna Kendrick and Bill Hader, a dogs-in-the-Alaskan-wilderness movie starring Willem Dafoe, titled Togo, plus Timmy Failure from Spotlight director Tom McCarthy, and Phineas And Ferb movie.
Will Disney+ be rolling out around the world? Disney had its official unveiling for Disney+ this week, which included everything from a $6.99 subscription price and November launch date, a massive MCU slate, and some new info on a couple of Star Wars spinoff series.
In addition, during a household interview, they answered whether they had used any dietary supplements in the previous 30 days. However, no link was found between increased consumption of foods containing calcium and the disease.
She's brushed off yet more pressure to step down - as one senior backbencher accused her of "abject surrender" to the EU. Labour is pushing for a general election that could bring it to power for the first time since 2010.
The money was wired to Avenatti in January 2015, but he hid it from Johnson for years, according to the indictment. Until last month, Avenatti had only provided $124,000 over 69 payments to Johnson, the indictment said.
Eastern from Space Launch Complex 39A in Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, with the 6,460-kilogram Arabsat-6A. During the rocket's first launch in 2018, the side boosters made it, but the center core missed its drone ship landing.
Peter Diamandis, co-founder and executive chairman of XPRIZE, was at Mission Control in Yahud, Israel, for the landing. Beresheet's slow-and-steady strategy paid off on April 4, when the moon's gravity captured the lander.
This particular black hole sits are the center of a galaxy known as Messier 87 , 55 million light years from Earth. The black hole observed by the scientific team resides about 54 million light-years from Earth.
Typically we see " bomb cyclones " form off the US East Coast in the form of nor'easters. However, over 26 million people are also receiving wind warnings.
Keita hit the back of the net first for the Reds , before Trent Alexander-Arnold laid it on a plate for Roberto Firmino . Depay has also been superb for his country's national team - scoring 16 goals and 12 assists from 46 global appearances.


Rolex watches have enjoyed serious demand over the last century for making phenomenal time pieces constructed of the finest materials. Many collect or inherit their Rolex from family members. If you no longer wear your watch, selling your Rolex in Kansas City has never been easier.
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We don't send your items off, you will get paid for your watch at the time of sale. Below is a Rolex GMT Master II that we purchased. What model do you have? We can help you with the details and pay you for the current market value of your Rolex.
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We don't just buy Rolex, we sell too! Call us to buy a new or pre-owned model today.


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As a new mother, Kayla Medina spends many a sleepless night caring for her 10-month-old son, Mason.
"I actually have someone that needs me for something. Even though I haven't been able to sleep, I stay calm. His crying is his way of talking right now," Medina, 22, said.
It's not solely Mason's crying that keeps her up. Sometimes it's her thoughts, worries and hopes for her son that keep her awake at night.
"How am I going to take care of him? He's asthmatic so he needs treatments. I have to be there to protect him and take care of him," she said.
Medina currently lives with the person she looks up to most in life, the person who taught her to cook, who gives her direction and who's always been there for her — grandmother, Patricia Trujillo.
"My grandmother has been with me through the ups and downs. She gives me the best advice."
Medina's boyfriend of two years, Mason's father, doesn't live with them, but she says he helps care and provide for their son.
Medina does not work — "My son is a full-time job." — but she's putting in overtime to become a good parent. She's almost finished a weekslong parenting class through Catholic Charities.
"There's a whole lot they've taught me in 13 weeks. Being a new parent, I'm going to need to know a lot more than what my parents told me. It helps getting advice from people with multiple kids," Medina said. "Even though I'm court-ordered to take the class, I still would've gone. It's a great program."
Medina and Mason attend the three-hour sessions once a week. The sessions benefit both mother and son, who learns to play with other children.
"It's good for him to interact with kids so when I put him in school, he's not the shy one," she said.
A large struggle in parenting, Medina said, is striking a balance: "Being able to know your child's needs and wants and providing that to them, but at the same time, you're trying not to spoil him."


I have Grandma's Rights. Perhaps you've heard of them. They are the rights every woman gets when she has grandchildren. When a grandchild is born, she automatically receives the right to blab on about how wonderful her grands are, show absolute strangers pictures of her cuties, and brag about all the wonderful things they are accomplishing. Love does that to you. It makes you proud.
One of the wonderful things my grandson, Hudson, has accomplished recently is ascending stairs. He's not quite a year old, but my son-in-law says he's going to be a mountain climber one day.
In an effort to capture these special memories, I have been writing letters in a journal to Hudson to give to him when he is a young man. Today, I am sharing my most recent entry, not just to brag, but to bless you. Because, what I share with Hudson is true of you, too.
I just think it's incredible how the Lord made people and animals and all of creation. You don't have to tell a fish to swim, a plant to grow, a duck to quack, or a baby to roll, scoot, crawl, and then climb stairs. It just happens—and it's utterly wondrous and beautiful!
"And God saw everything that he had made, and behold, it was very good" (Genesis 1:31).
As life goes on, it will be that you won't believe your magnificence, wonder and the marvelous creation you are, knitted together by the hand of God in your mother's womb (Psalm 139:13). And, there will even be times you see yourself through a dark lens created by the evil one designed for your destruction (Revelation 12:10).
But God is your champion, Dear One, cheering you on as the creation He has made. Satan will attack you, coming against you in your thoughts, telling you that you are a failure, a loser, that what you do is insignificant, that you aren't worth loving, that you are rejectable, that you have to perform to earn God's love, or any number of lies.
But you must remember that these lies are simply untrue. You are created. And God loves His creation. (John 3:16). You are God's fingerprint (Genesis 1:26-27). Never forget that, no matter what your failures, sin, the world, the devil, or people tell you.
Believe the truth about who you are, and you will act out your true identity as a beloved child of God. Then, the world around you will see God's glory.
You are a wonderful creation of God too, made on purpose just the way you are. Just think about that. How marvelous!
"For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things were created through him and for him" (Colossians 1:16).
Prayer: Lord, it's so amazing that I didn't make myself. You placed me here as your creation. And if everything else you made is so wondrous, I must be wondrous too! How I praise you. Help me to always live for you. Amen.
Application: Share what you learned today with someone else.


On this, our 66th episode, our returning guest is Sean Spicer.
You first heard Sean Spicer on Episode 23, Episode 44 and the very first episode of this show.
Sean has traveled tens of thousands of miles by heel, thumbs, wheels and wit. By the time he was 30 years old, he had hiked the length of South Korea, hitchhiked across America and somehow along the way managed to serve with the 101st Airborne Division and study philosophy at U.C. Berkeley. Driven by an intense need to redefine the impossible as well as himself, he now resides in his home state of California and is slowly teaching his son how to road trip.


What kind of student were you? The kind that got all your homework done before school ended so you could play guilt-free the whole weekend, or the kind that played all weekend and crammed your homework assignment in that space of time between Sunday dinner and bedtime?
Sorry if I just caused tonight's nightmare for you. No doubt these questions bring up horrible memories for those who the phrase "no more pencils, no more books…" was last uttered decades ago. Similarly, those still subject to the school bell probably wish to avoid these questions the same way they want to avert their eyes from the coming weeks' advertising circulars trumpeting all their "back to school" sales.


Richard Arkless, MP for Dumfries and Galloway, has welcomed an independent report which has shown that fairer transition arrangements for women's pension could be achieved for women born in the 1950s.
The report was commissioned by the SNP Westminster Group and undertaken by Landman Economics. It analysed the costs and distributional impacts of a number of potential changes to pension arrangements for women born in the 1950s and looked at various reform options for compensating women who lost out due to the accelerated increases in the state pension age (SPA) specified in the Pensions Act 2011.
Changes to the SPA for women were introduced by the coalition government in 2007 with the intention of equalising the state pension age for both men and women from 65 to 66 between the years 2024 and 2026. Further changes in 2011 saw the government accelerate pension age equalisation for women, giving all women born on or after 6th April 1951 only 5 years notice that their state pension would not be paid until they were 66.
A campaign group WASPI (Women Against State Pension Inequality) has argued that women born in the 1950s suffered disproportionately from the plans introduced in the 2011 Act, and has called on the government to make fair transitional state pension arrangements for 1950s women.
Mr Arkless said: "Despite growing pressure from MPs from across the House, the government have maintained that reversing the changes made to the 1995 Pensions Act would cost £30 billion and would simply be too expensive to implement.
The WASPI campaign group launched an e-petition which attracted over 190,000 signatures and they have now launched a new 'Public Petition to Parliament', with signatures to be collected on paper. Mr Arkless went on to explain that signatures are to be collected by each individual constituency and delivered to the House of Commons on the same day to create the maximum amount of impact.
Dumfries and Galloway's WASPI petition is available to sign at the constituency office, Unit 7, Loreburne Centre, Dumfries until Friday 7th October or it can be downloaded by visiting the WASPI Facebook page.
Mr Arkless added that on 11th October, each MP will present their constituencies petition independently to the House of Commons.


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Machikan means "townhouse" . We named it that to differentiate this dojo from the Phoenix Dojo out of town.
When Rob started Kita Kaze in 1991, he worked out of an aerobics studio in the same building as Machikan. The studio, at that time, was attached to the Squash and Raquetball club. When we moved the club back into the schools, we still needed a place for afternoon training for the senior members. For many, many years, we trained in dance studio spaces run by Andrea Simpson Fowler of Leaping Feats. Andrea moved into the building that held the old Squash and Raquetball club and created the Heart of Riverdale in the upstairs space formerly occupied by a restaurant. We went along with her and continued to use dance studio space but we always hankered after our own, dedicated space where we could keep gi and equipment and have a shinza set up. A dojo.
In 2014, Andrea took over management of the old squash courts and offered us one to set up as a dojo. The space was to be multipurpose and available to other user groups who were looking for a quiet working space.
The Machikan Dojo was done on a very limited budget, but Gordon Doerksen, Carolyn Steele-Lane and sensei put a lot of sweat into refinishing the walls and floors. Rob's wife Helene and carpenter friend Maureen Moore helped put in the door and Helene worked on the floor as well. Carolyn made window coverings, sensei made benches and, voila, we have a dojo.


Want to win a free pair of goggles? 14erskiers has partnered with Anarchy to offer a free pair of goggles. You choose between the Heist and the Deflekt as described below. Just register your contact information and we will select a winner at random. But hurry, entries will only be accepted until Tuesday, December 11, 2012 at 11:59 pm Mountain Time and we will be choosing a winner on Wednesday December 12th! Register to enter and spread the love by sharing this with your friends too!
Enter via Facebook or through the EasyPromo entry form.
Don't forget, you have to sign up for this contest by clicking one of the links at the top of the page. We've talked to a couple of people that seem to be having trouble with the app from their phones- so we'd suggest dong it at home.


To kick off a successful school year, Dr. John Hodge, president and co-founder of the Urban Learning and Leadership Center, addressed Burrell School District faculty as the opening-of-the-year keynote speaker on August 23.
A professional speaker and expert in helping schools create and sustain academic excellence, Dr. Hodge shared a powerful personal story to demonstrate that teachers have the unique ability to meet students where they're at and to instill a passion to succeed within them.
Dr. Hodge spoke about his success in life, his upbringing, his family experiences, and how all three of these factors blended together to form the person he is today. Growing up, Dr. Hodge vividly recalls watching his neighborhood drastically change from a bustling blue-collar area to one that went downhill very quickly with fall of the tobacco industry. Thousands of people who worked for the tobacco company were suddenly out of work, and the town quickly became a seedy, undesirable environment.
In particular, Dr. Hodge recounts his experience in school during this hardship. He and a group of eight close friends all received the same education, lived in the same community, and had similar backgrounds. Yet, four of those students went on to become a successful car salesman, a lawyer, a doctor, and a professional speaker. The other four wound up in jail or were hindered from becoming successful in other similar ways.
So what was the difference between the two groups of students? "He pinned it to the unrelenting focus and desire instilled in them by one very impactful teacher," says Assistant Superintendent Dr. Matthew Conner.
This particular teacher would visit them on the weekends; personally make sure they came to school, even if that meant going to their house when they didn't show up in the morning; and formed relationships with each of them.
The other four students in that group of friends, however, had a different teacher and an entirely different academic experience. Thus, Dr. Hodge boils his success down to this one difference, reflective of just how powerful teachers can be in the lives of students.
Following his keynote presentation, Dr. Hodge then lead a breakout session with staff to further emphasize the sheer impact that each and every teacher has on students. He asked faculty to consider what jobs are going to be available for our students in the future, and how to best prepare them with the necessary skill sets.
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